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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18363 | So sorry this last chapter has taken a while to get to you! But I'm back at school now, so yeah... Things have gotten a bit hectic again! :D I just want to thank you all for your reviews, and I hope you've enjoyed this story! I've really liked writing a Molly-centred one for a change. Anyway, without further ado, I give you the final chapter...
X =D
Disclaimer – No matter how hard I wish, Ashes to Ashes still doesn't belong to me. :P
Chapter 13 – Alive
Friday, 18th August, 2008.
Molly swallowed, gripping the tape recorder tight in her hand. She stared at her reflection in the mirror; confident gaze trained straight forwards as she clicked the record button, and began to speak.
"My name is Molly Drake. My Mum was shot and went back in time, leaving me in 2008. Every night I have dreams about her; in the dreams, she solves cases and fights crime with a team of people I've never met before. But they're real. I know now that my dreams aren't just dreams, and this world, this life, is just an illusion. In the dreams, I feel alive. Everything is more colourful, more vibrant, and my Mum is there. I'm not mad, or consumed by grief. I know exactly what I'm doing, and I wish there was another way, but there isn't. This is the only way I can get back to my Mum. And I will go back. I'm determined to fight to see her again. Because today isn't the day I die. Today is the day I wake up."
She swallowed again, her gaze still boring into itself in the mirror. She breathed deeply. "I don't understand how my Mum went back in time, or how Sam Tyler did either, but they did go back. Ask Annie Tyler. I don't know why I started having the dreams either, the dreams that helped me to realise that for me, this isn't my reality. That world, with my Mum and Gene Hunt, is my reality now. At night, I don't go to bed to fall asleep. I go to wake up. And I don't understand how that's possible, or how or why it works that way, but it just does. I've often found myself wondering if this has ever happened to anyone else, or whether Sam Tyler was the first one. I doubt it. I'm making this tape because I didn't want to say all this stuff on the other ones – they're more... personal. They're my goodbyes, if you like. This is more a record of what has been happening to me over the past few weeks since my Mum died, and so that at least someone will know exactly why I have to do this.
"I know I've already said, but I have to make this clear. I'm not crazy or going insane or driven mad by grief. The dreams are real, and I have proof that the world I see there, where my Mum is alive, is real. Like I said, if you don't believe me, talk to Annie Tyler. Her husband was Sam Tyler – the same Sam Tyler who committed suicide in 2006. He went back in time to the seventies and lived there for nearly ten years."
Here, Molly's steady, confident voice began to waver a little, and she watched in the mirror as tears built up in her eyes.
"My Mum used to say to me, 'I love you more than anything else in the whole wild world'. She said wild instead of wide because she said it was wild, and you could never predict anything. I know now, more than ever, exactly what she meant. I love her more than anything else in the whole wild world too, and I would give anything to be with her again. So that's what I'm doing. If anyone listening to this can work out how or why this has happened, or what caused my dreams, or if this has ever happened to anyone besides my Mum and Sam Tyler, then I'll be glad. That's what I've made this tape for. Not to say goodbye, but just to... explain. In the hope that if this does ever happen to anyone else, they might have a bit more to go on..."
Turning her head slightly as the tape quietly whirred on, Molly watched as the sun just started to peer above the horizon, signalling the start of a brand new day. Sunlight crept up the long lawn at the back of the house, bathing the grass in its soft golden glow. She smiled slightly, and looked back at her reflection, her thumb moving over the stop button on the tape recorder. She swallowed once more, and pressed it.
Half an hour later and Molly slipped out of the front door, closing it as quietly as she could behind her as she headed off down the road. The sun was still slowly rising in the sky; it wasn't even six yet so no-one else was up, just as she had hoped. Despite the warm summer morning, Molly had the hood of her jumper up and the sleeves were pulled over her hands, just leaving her fingertips visible, still cut up from the glass on the windowsill of the Railway Arms. The BlackBerry Evan had given her for her birthday weighed heavy in her pocket. She had run her scarred hands under the hot tap too that morning, and again, the same thing happened. Or rather, didn't happen. There was no pain. She couldn't feel it. The mysterious words from her dreams drifted back to her again –
When you can feel, then you're alive. When you can't feel, you're not.
And now, it was as simple as that.
Her bed was made, the duvet pulled pristinely over the mattress. Everything else was perfectly in its place, the curtains pulled back and surfaces free of dust as though the room had never been inhabited at all. But on the bed sat a small box, just waiting to be discovered. Inside were four cassette tapes. The first was labelled 'Evan', the second 'Annie' and the third, 'Dad'. The fourth one was unlabelled, meant for anyone who wanted to listen. The sun streamed in through the window onto the bed, a shaft of bright light falling across the box, making it appear as though it was sat in the spotlight. A post-it note was stuck to the top of the box, a single word written on it.
At the train station, every stranger was a potential threat to her plan. Molly tried to speak to as few people as possible, using the electronic machine to purchase her ticket into Manchester and keeping her head bowed so as to avoid meeting anyone's gaze. She didn't know when her Dad or Judy would find the tapes and how long it would take them to contact the police, and she didn't want people to see her and recognise her later. It was only when she was finally on the train, sitting in an empty carriage, that Molly's hands began to shake. She was trembling all over as fear started to creep up on her; her unconscious was screaming with protest at what she was intending to do and she kept swallowing, trying to wet her throat and dispel the lump rising up at the back of it.
What if it didn't work? What if she didn't wake up? What if she just died, and then... that was it? It would all be for nothing.
But firmly, Molly told herself to stop worrying, and tried to push the rising panic and fear away. This was no time for second thoughts. She didn't want to be known as the melodramatic girl who let everyone think she was going to commit suicide, but then didn't. It would work. She would see her Mum again, feel her arms around her, snuggle up with her in bed again and have girly shopping trips once more. Her Mum had died and gone back in time, so had Sam Tyler, and Molly was sure, countless others. It would work for her too. She wouldn't have had the dreams if she didn't have some connection to that world too, if she didn't belong there as well. She felt alive there. Here, she felt dead. It was as simple as that.
This was it. This was how it was going to end. Or, as Molly saw it, this was how it was going to begin. She was ready to wake up.
She stared down at the people below, the few early birds walking the streets of Manchester, and then lifted her gaze to look across at the city skyline. For the last time, she took in the sight of twenty-first century architecture – the modern glass and metal structures blended in with the older concrete buildings, the blocks of flats in the distance at the fringes of the city. She smiled, as though seeing the world for the first time. Molly stood there for a while, just feeling the gentle breeze in her hair, the morning sun on her face. The sensations she felt were only half experienced though, and were nothing compared to the sort of warmth she could feel against her skin when she was stood in Luigi's; the colours of the vast city landscape before her were nowhere near as vibrant as they were when she was awake.
Her clenched fists slowly uncurled, and she lifted her head again, holding it high as she smiled once more. A sense of total and utter peace washed over her as she breathed in the fresh air, closed her eyes, stepped forwards...
She jumped backwards, whipping her head around. Her Dad was running, racing towards her, Judy and some uniformed policemen not far behind.
"Don't you even dare!"
But he was still too far away; he would never reach her in time. Molly knew that; she was in control here. The anguished look of desperate despair on her Dad's face said that he knew it too. The knife of guilt twisted in her stomach once more and Molly felt tears misting up her vision. They slipped slowly and forlornly down her cheeks as the breeze blew her hair back from her face. She felt choked up, guilt wracking her body. But she had to do this. This was it. Time to stop sleeping, time to stop walking around in a dreamlike haze.
Time to wake up.
Her Dad was nearing her now, reaching out towards her as though trying to summon his daughter towards him. Molly drew in a deep, staggered breath.
"I'm sorry, Dad..." She turned back to face the modern Manchester skyline again, only her head turned so that her gaze connected with her Dad's, her eyes shining with guilty, apologetic tears. "I'm so sorry."
And then, she took a step forwards, threw her arms out, and fell peacefully, gracefully, off the edge.
On the street below, a young woman watched with tear-filled eyes as she watched the twelve-year fall through the air, eyes closed and arms spread out as though she was just flying, soaring to some unknown, wonderful land. A loud, raw, heart-wrenching cry of anguish came from the top of the building; a man was stood on the edge, staring, wide-eyed and shocked, as his daughter carried on falling, and falling, plummeting towards earth.
Tears dropped from the corners of the young woman's eyes and slid down her face in salty streams. She swallowed and turned away, making her way back down the street, away from the building, away from where the twelve year old girl was now laid, arms still spread out, a faint smile still on her face. Like an angel.
Wiping away her tears, Molly Hunt turned the corner and a small, watery smile graced her lips. Because she knew that today wasn't the day that the twelve year old girl died. Today was the day that girl finally got to live.
*Crosses fingers tightly* I really, really hope that was okay! I've never really written anything like that before, so I hope it was alright, and not too melodramatic or cheesy or anything! If it was, please don't hesitate to tell me. Like I said, I've never written anything like that before, so constructive criticism will be greatly appreciated! I hope you've enjoyed the story as a whole though, and please leave me one last review!
X =D
P.S – I do have plans for a short sequel to this story, so let me know if you'd be interested in that or not. :D |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18364 | I took so long to upload.
I'm really, really, really sorry. I've been really busy with another project lately. I might take some time to upload again. But hopefully not.
Before I forget:
Thank you for the comments.
And thank you to awesomestorydigest for adding this story to their favourite stries list. It means a lot. :D
Anyways, here it is.
"Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, spirits of Mannahatta. Welcome to the very first Mannahatta Beauty Pageant, 'The Mannahatta Beauty!'" A loud, deep voice boomed around the dome-like stadium.
Multicolored lights danced around the stage as the crowds cheered and roared. The huge dome was completely filled with people, some shouting and clapping, and the other much more sane people just staring blatantly at the people beside them, who were screaming their heads off.
The host stood in the middle of a semi-circular stage. He had his back to a big, digital screen that alternated between close-up shots of him and a silver background with the words 'The Mannahatta Beauty' in a metallic purple colored fancy font. In front of him, directly at the edge of the stage, was a slightly curved table where three people sat. They were either looking rather bored and impatient, or smiling in a fake creepy sort of way. A few feet behind and on either side of the table, and all around the stage save for behind the big screen, people were cheering.
The host was a tall, handsome dark-skinned man with a mass of dark brown curls. He smiled as he waited for the cheers to die down.
"I am your host, William Smith, God of Television Hosts." He beamed, and a full minute of screaming girls later, he continued.
"Allow me to introduce you to the panel of judges. From the right, we have Zelda Fitzgerald, part of the Council of Twelve and Goddess of Trends!"
The big screen flashed a close-up of a woman sitting at the judges' table. She had light skin and short, dark wavy hair. Zelda Fitzgerald smiled slightly as the crowd clapped.
"Second is Gianni Versace, God of Fashion Designers!"
The man in the middle gave a little wave as the camera focused on him. Gianni Versace had gray thinning hair that had just a little hint of white in it. He, like the host, wore a black tuxedo. The smile lines around his eyes crinkled as he, too, gave a little smile for the cheers.
"And beside him, our final judge, is Krissy Taylor, Goddess of Models!"
A beautiful woman with long blond hair parted at the left of her head spread her lips in a wide smile. She was wearing a relatively modern sleeveless black evening dress, a far cry from the black puff- sleeved dress that Zelda was wearing.
After more applause from the audience, William Smith smiled again.
"Now that you've met the judges, it's time to meet the contestants!" He paused, letting the audience cheer for a moment before continuing.
"We have twenty seven contestants this evening. Give it up for the ladies!"
With that, the lights dimmed and the big screen parted in the middle and started slowly moving to opposite sides.
Hope you liked it.
Again, I'm sorry. :( Till next time,
~ SkellyVal |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18366 | Take One…
Abby smiled as she hung the mistletoe in her lab. Everyone knew that she hung the holiday kissing plant, but it was never in the same place, and on some days she took it down for a few hours and then put it up later somewhere else. She liked surprising the agents who came into her domain who thought they were smart to memorize where the plant was hanging and try to avoid it.
But this year, she didn't really care about the agents who passed through. She was set on getting two certain people underneath the mistletoe and getting them to kiss.
She giggled. Abby watched as the two stood innocently under the mistletoe, they had no idea as they continued to talk about what they had just discovered for the case. They were standing close as they stood in front of the big screen in her lab, bouncing theories back and forth at each other.
Before they had a chance to separate and move away from the mistletoe, she spoke up. "McGee."
He turned to look at her questionably as the other continued to stare at the screen in silence, waiting for Abby to finish saying what she needed to say. But she didn't have to say anything. Instead, Abby grinned, pointed up above his head, and watched McGee look up before looking at her surprised and with a blush. His mouth opened and closed, trying to think of what to say, but Abby would have none of that. She motioned him to do it and she could see him contemplating if he should do it or face her disappointment.
McGee finally decided and as quick as lightning, leaned close and kissed Gibbs' cheek before pulling back. Gibbs' head whipped around to stare at him like he'd grown a second head. McGee blushed bright red and Gibbs just raised an eyebrow in question for his behavior. And while Abby huffed and grumbled that that wasn't the right way, McGee pointed up.
Gibbs looked up and smirked before he turned his attention back to the screen and continued from where they left. McGee took a deep breath before letting it out and doing the same.
Oh…she was going to get them. Mark her words.
A/N: PLEASE REVIEW! They're appreciated. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18367 | Author's Note: Yup, another series of mostly-unrelated vignettes featuring B&B. And yup, another series with a secret theme. Once again, it's a set with a clearly-defined number and order, but I won't say what it is until I get to the end or someone guesses it. I plan on keeping it rated "T" or milder, but who knows what might happen?
Chapter 1
"Booth, this is quite possibly the most ridiculous idea you've ever had. And that includes your beer hat."
"What, Bones? It makes perfect sense."
"Only in a world totally dominated by testosterone and devoid of anything resembling actual thought. You're part of a couple now, with one son and a daughter on the way. You live in a city, and have a Bureau-issued SUV. Why on earth would you need a pickup truck?"
"We're looking at houses in the suburbs, and suburban people always need to haul stuff home. I'm getting a four-door model, so there'll be room for both Parker and the girl. And there's a limit to the personal use I can put on the SUV."
Bones sighed. How often, really, will you need to haul things? It would be far, far more practical to get a smaller, less expensive vehicle for yourself, then either pay for delivery or rent a vehicle."
Bones shook his head. "It's not the same. It's just not the same. It's been years since I've owned a vehicle of my own, and I miss the freedom. Besides, look at these brochures."
Bones looked down at the brochures and burst out laughing.
"What's so funny?"
As she caught her breath, she finally answered. "Apart from the sheer excessive phallic symbolism of the styling, only you would pick out such an oxymoronic vehicle."
Booth started to get angry. "Look, there is nothing moronic about pickup trucks. They're practical, versatile, and safe."
Bones was almost gasping. "Not moronic, oxymoronic. As in, self-contradictory. Could you have picked a more stupidly-named vehicle?"
"Huh? The name? They've been calling their trucks that for... geez, decades at least."
"Booth, think about it for a minute. You're driving straight at a suspect's car. Are you going to 'Dodge' him or 'Ram' him?"
Booth sat back on the couch. "You know... I never thought about that. It is kind of funny, isn't it?"
"It's one of the funniest things I've seen in ages, Booth. And if, as you say, they've been using that name for decades, it's even funnier."
"So... if I went for a different truck, would that be better?"
Bones considered the matter. "No, if you're going to get one of these behemoths, it might as well be one that will give me something to appreciate."
Booth sighed. "Good. I've always had a fondness for Dodges. My first car was one of those K-Cars from the '80s. Terrible car - cheap, ugly, utterly gutless, but a lot of good memories and she never let me down. I ran that heap into the ground."
Bones smiled softly, then resumed her serious expression. "But if you want my support for this, there are going to be a few conditions."
Booth was wary. Wins like this almost never came without a hefty price. "Conditions like what?"
"First, I will have input into the options you get. If you're going to rationalize this as a family vehicle, then I will have my say in how it is equipped. This will not be a rolling man-cave."
Booth thought about that. "OK, that makes sense. What did you have in mind?"
"Just off the top of my head, it will be equipped with all available safety features, and the rear will be made fully child-safe - including stainproofing of the fabric in the seats. Next, it will have a minimum of purely cosmetic features - I find them tacky and they convey the wrong message to our children."
Booth nodded. "I can see that. So far, I don't have any issues."
"Most importantly, there will be no artificial scrota attached to the rear bumper."
Booth had never even considered getting "Truck Nuts," but he saw a chance to win a concession or two. "What? Come on, Bones, they're funny! They're like my beer hat!"
She leveled a deathly serious gaze at him. "Seeley Joseph Booth, if I ever catch a set of those on our family's vehicle, I will remove it - and replace it with yours."
Booth shuddered - he knew she was fully capable of carrying out that threat. The only reason she'd not do it was if she wanted more children by him. "Fine, OK, no Truck Nuts. But I'm getting the top of the line entertainment system."
"Only if it comes with GPS."
"I think that's part of the package."
"Finally, - and this one is the most important - you will not keep me from driving it on occasion." She saw the protest start in his eyes, and kept talking. "You've used the rationale of federal regulations from keeping me from driving your Bureau SUV, but those won't apply here. And, as you said, this will be a 'family' vehicle - and as the other half of the adult members of the family, I fully intend to assert my rights when it comes to access to the 'family' vehicle."
Booth realized he wasn't winning this one. "OK. That's only fair."
"Then I think we're tentatively agreed. We'll pick out the model and options, figure out the fair price, then go negotiate with the dealer."
Booth put his arm around her shoulder and pulled her close. "Bones, you're the greatest. I promise you, you won't regret this."
Bones sighed to herself as she leaned into the embrace. Somehow, she irrationally knew, she would end up regretting it. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18368 | Chapter fourteen: Amnesia
"Whoa! Whoa! Hold up a sec, time out! So… let me get this straight… I was turned into a baby… and you guys got to have all the fun and kick butt?! That is SO not fair!" Po whined, crossing his arms in a huff as the guys laughed, "Aw, don't worry, Po! You could kick butt next time!" Mantis chuckled. They were all sitting at the table, having lunch; only a few things were left to clean up.
It had been 3 days since Po was back to normal, after the jade palace was… presentable enough and the warriors had enough energy to stand up again, they had explained everything to Po.
The five warriors were chatting, while two of them were silent.
Shifu ate his meal quietly, letting his students chat and joke, however, he noticed the tense atmosphere in the air that the rest seemed to not notice.
Tigress stared at her meal, a blank expression on her face. In fact, her mind was blank, no thoughts passed her at all; she just blanked when it seemed that Po remembered nothing of his time as a cub.
But nobody had told him about his time spent with her. Not even Tigress herself. They didn't know… nobody knew. Just Tigress, only she knew everything that happened… nobody will ever know… it was just a memory now.
They just explained their hunt for Daiyu and the battle… a.k.a. whatever everyone else knew.
"Aw man! WHY do I always miss the good stuff? That Daiyu lady sure sounded pretty strong! I can't believe I was a baby…" he grumbled, crossing his arms.
"I'm sure you were more of a challenge than Daiyu, Po" Monkey cackled and punched his arm in a friendly gesture as the three males teased the panda. "You guys will never let me live this down, will you?" Po groaned and Mantis chuckled, "Sorry Po, but it's too priceless!"
The five looked at Tigress, Viper seemed slightly worried for the tiger; she hadn't spoken in a while.
"Hey Tigress, why don't you tell Po about what you had to go through with his baby self!" Crane laughed; however, there was a shocked silence when a slam echoed in the kitchen they were sitting in.
Tigress had slammed her paw down on the table and the chair scraped across the floor as she got up, dangerously quiet…
"There is nothing to tell" she calmly said, making the six warriors look at her, some in confusion and the rest in worry.
And with that said, the tiger turned around and walked out of the room.
"What's her problem? She's giving us the silent treatment or something?" Po asked, puzzled at her behavior lately. Tigress had refused to speak to Po since he turned back to normal; even when he spoke to her she just turned around or left and pretended she didn't hear him at all.
There was a moment of silence from the five warriors in the room with Po.
"Why is she acting like she hates me?" he muttered, his short black ears flattening slightly, but then the large panda gasped in worry, eyes wide in bafflement, "Was I THAT bad as a cub?"
"No Po, she's just-" Viper sighed, somewhat understanding the tiger, "Just leave her alone for now, I'll go talk to her." the snake said and slid off her chair, slithering over to where Tigress left to.
Shifu gave a small grunt, not making eye contact with anyone as he continued to calmly sip at his noodle soup.
Po eyed him suspiciously, "Hey, you know what's wrong with Tigress, don't you Master Shifu?" he said and the red panda finally looked up at him, "You DO know! Tell me, what did I do? Why is she so mad at me?" Po added, his green eyes looking at Shifu with worry and eagerness to know.
"She is not mad at you, however, it is not my place to say why she's acting like she does" The red panda stated and stood as well, "I shall go meditate now, if you need me I'll be inside the palace" and with that said, he left, leaving Po more confused than ever, "Okay guys, seriously… what?"
"I don't know" Monkey shrugged, none of the guys understood.
How could they understand?
Viper had followed Tigress and spotted her sitting under the peach tree, staring off into the mountains.
"Tigress" Viper started, placing herself next to her friend, "Are you alright?"
"I'm fine" Tigress snapped, eyes narrowed, she had an irritated, almost bored look on her face, but Viper could see a lingering sadness swirling in her eyes.
"You didn't want Po to change back… did you?"
That question caught the tiger master off guard and her eyes widened for a sec, however, she quickly caught herself, turning to Viper with a glare, "I don't know what you're talking about; it's obvious he would have changed back, I expected it after all. Besides, why would I want him to stay as a baby? He was annoying as a cub" Tigress deadpanned, her stare would have made anyone cringe, but Viper knew better.
"You can't fool me Tigress; I know you loved taking care of him." The snake replied, noticing her friend tense up with each word, "He made you feel important."
"…" Tigress remained silent, the blank façade returning to her face as she stared ahead.
The snake mistress sighed, her body uncoiling from her 'sitting' position, "You know Tigress, there could always be a possibility for him to gain his memory again."
"Oh yeah? And how do you know?" The tiger asked flatly, her tail flicking in annoyance.
"I don't know…" the snake replied unsurely, she didn't want to get Tigress's hopes up too high, "but it could be possible, I mean, that spell could have changed his body, but I don't think it changed his mind or way of thinking."
Tigress gave a grunt, "Don't be stupid, it's impossible, Po said he doesn't remember anything… so no memory will come back. Besides, even if it did, what difference would it make?"
Viper frowned, "That depends on you Tigress, but you can't keep ignoring Po like this, he's getting upset; you are his best friend after all."
"…just go away" Tigress growled and grabbed a rock from the ground, crushing it in her palm to try and calm her nerves.
The snake nodded, "Alright Tigress, I'll leave you to think" was all she said before slithering away.
The warriors were fixing up the last damages. Po was handing the nails to Monkey, whom was fixing up the roof of the jade palace.
Po glanced at Tigress, whom was silently picking up some heavy equipment lodged into the roof from the battle, dropping them down to the ground below to get rid of them later.
It's been almost a week and he was getting frustrated with Tigress ignoring him.
"Hey Tigress" he cleared his throat and shifted nervously, placing the bucket of nails down, he went over to her, while she was walking back and forth, picking up and throwing down the last of the dislodged planks.
She ignored him, acting as if he was not there at all.
The panda frowned; "Um, I know you seem awfully grumpy lately, and I don't really want to bother you much and all" he started, scratching the back of his head "but why aren't you talking to me? I mean, even as I cub, I don't think I did anything wrong… right?" he said, his eyes shifting.
Tigress said nothing, ripping off a loose wooden board rather aggressively, making Po flinch… wow, her aura was scary… her body language pretty much hinted that she wanted to beat the crap out of him, but that was far from it, however, Po didn't know that, he had no idea what was wrong with her.
"Hey Po, I need some more nails!" Monkey shouted from the edge of the roof and Po turned to him for a moment, "Yeah, wait for a sec, I'm talking to-" he turned to look at the tiger in front of him… but she was gone.
He spotted her jumping off the roof down to the ground, walking away quickly.
"…Tigress." he finished his sentence in a mutter, his ears drooping and his expression saddening… he really didn't like the silent treatment she was giving him. He felt like she didn't like him anymore and that she wanted to cut off their friendship.
The chubby panda gave a defeated sigh and went over to Monkey, handing him the bucket of nails, "here…" he muttered.
Monkey frowned at the scene that had taken place, he looked down at Po whom had chosen to speak just then, "Monkey, do you know what's wrong with Tigress?"
The monkey sighed, shaking his head, "I'm not sure, but I think it has something to do with your amnesia" he said, talking more to himself than Po.
The panda looked at him in confusion, "Amnesia?"
"Yeah, you don't remember the time you spent with her, and I guess it upsets her…" he said, shrugging.
Po frowned, thinking for a moment… so she's upset because he can't remember?
Well then, he had to remember. He wanted to remember. If it were to make Tigress talk to him again, he'd achieve it no matter what!
Po shut his eyes tight, trying to recall anything as a cub…
After a few moments, the panda opened his eyes and his frown deepened… Nothing.
If he can't remember… then that means that Tigress won't talk to him anymore?
Monkey noticed his friend's sad expression, "Why don't you go talk to her about it? Maybe you could then sort things out."
The panda's head perked up, "Yeah! You know what, I will! Upset or not, I'll get her to talk to me! She could tell me what happened and then I might remember!" Po puffed out his chest and went to the edge of the roof, climbing down, determined to go and speak to Tigress.
"Hey wait! I didn't say NOW! We're not finished with the roof! I need the nails! PO!" Monkey yelled as the panda ran towards the direction where the tiger had gone.
It was sunset; Shifu had left the palace, deciding to go take a stroll.
The old red panda's walking stick clicked on the rock as he walked through the empty area, he closed his eyes, sighing in content as the breeze tickled his face.
However, his eyes opened when a quiet thud was heard behind him.
Yellow eyes glowed in the darkening forest.
Without turning around, Shifu knew who it was.
"Hello, Tai Lung."
Rae: HOLY SHIT IT'S BEEN A YEAR SINCE I'VE UPDATED. O_O OMG I COMPLETELY FORGOT ABOUT THIS STORY. I'VE JUST BEEN SUPER BUSY D: 100000000 times sorry! T_T please don't yell! *hides under table* |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18369 | Hello everyone! This is my first fanfic and first time I write something in English (my mother tongue is Spanish) but I hope you understand me and like my story
It's basically based in some songs I think it match them and most of the chapters will be Jane POV.
Disclaimer: The mentalist and the song are not mine!
First chapter is based in the song "If only they knew" by A Rocket to the moon and I totally recommend you listen to it, is an amazing song.
Chapter 1 "If only They knew"
"Talk to me I'm torn I could get lost in a voice like yours. Tell me if I'm wrong or right, tell me I could stay tonight.
[...] cause no one loves you more than I do, they don't see you like I do baby, they'll try to but if only they knew they'll never come close to you.
And you brighten up the world with your eyes and you are so damn lovely when you are on my mind, cause you are the only one" - If only they knew by a rocket to the moon
It's been almost a year since we found Red John, and everything is so different but kind of the same, I help Lisbon and her team closing cases but there's no more serial killer I desperately want to kill, no more Lorelei, no more revenge and thanks god no more nightmares. Now I could sleep more hours.
But I have to admit than recently my dreams are all about one specific person: my boss Teresa Lisbon. And some times in them we are in a "more than friends" aptitude and I kind of like it.
Few months ago, when this dreams started I realized that maybe I truly was a little bit in love with her or probably head over heels in love with her, I honestly don't care about that anymore. But I don't know if she feel the same way about me or not, so I don't know if I want to take that risk right now, telling her my feelings and try to turn my dreams into reality, but I've been waiting too long and maybe it's too late.
And those thoughts makes me feel kind of torn and right now I want to hear her voice so much, so I get up from my couch and walk to her office, where I could tell she is doing some boring paper work and she'll be mad at me cause I interrupted her. But I wanna see her so much and I want to hear at whatever she's going to say.
But I was totally wrong, the new guy working in missing people is talking with her, since the first time he arrived at the CBI, he had a big crush on Lisbon, but how could he not? I can't blame him, she had that effect on people, not just me.
And watching her dealing with her "fans" it's kind of funny, the way she is trying to look friendly with them, and in this case I decided to help her. Or that's what I tell to my self denying to me that the real reason is pure jealously.
-I'm not interrupting something, am I?.- I said as I walk throw the door and stare and them, the guy just move his head right and left and then excused himself telling he had some work. - I guess I'm not.
- What do you want Jane? .- she asked in a demanding voice but all I can't think is the answer, 'cause if I want to be completely honest I'd tell something like "I just want to hear your lovely voice, my love" but of course that confession will freak her out. So I'll lie.
-Well being totally honest I just want to annoy you and your admirer or what ever that guy is.- Ok I don't lied at all. I want to annoy the guy trying to woo the woman of my dreams.
-Peter? He's not my admirer, he is just friendly.- She tells me trying to lie to herself but of course not me. How could she not see the effect she had in people? But specially me, cause I'm totally captivated by her and I could tell she have no idea about that yet.
- Everybody wants to see what they want truth or not.- I smiled with my answer waiting eagerly for her answer.
- Yeah so you should consider the possibility that you just want to see he's flirting with me.- she saids as she rolled her eyes, his beautiful eyes, they are so bright than could light up the world, and so does her smile, I'm totally delighted by her. But I have to answer to that senseless deduction.
- You are wrong in that part my dear, but I'm not worried about men flirting with you cause the only one that knows you it's right in front of you.- I confess trying to sound funny so she can't get the true meaning behind my words.
- And you couldn't be less vain.- Love, you are so, so wrong right now.
-I'm not vain, I'm just telling you the unique truth or am I wrong?
- Not wrong at all.
- But it's funny how you manage to talk to them, trying to look friendly and listening to every word they say so you can manage to answer if they make you a question. - I said trying to return to the original conversation.
- Haha so funny, but for real, what do you want?.- Ok, so she didn't believe me, and of course she don't, it was a lame excuse after all.
- I was kind of hungry and I want to ask if you would like to go and eat something with me. - as I finished, she starts laughing and I just wonder why.- What's so funny Lisbon?
-Nothing important, just something that came to my mind when you asked, but of course I'd like if you pay for it.
- I was expecting that.- I offer her my arm, she just smiled at me as she entwine her arm with mine and I swear I can feel my heart skip a beat, I just realized I'm not just the only one that knows her more than everyone but I'm also the one who loves her more and for me she's the only one, and she is going to know it, but honestly I don't know when I'll have the courage to tell her my feelings, but she, my love, must be prepared cause it'll be soon.- Teresa there's is one thing I want to say.
-what is it Jane?
-I could get lost in a voice like yours.
That's all folks I really hope you liked it.
And I'm open to every thing you want to say about the fic or my poor writing. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18371 | Thank God for asmtha,
because when you can't breathe,
you can't cry.
And everything is fine.
It's not her fault they don't love her
It's not her fault that she can't breathe
It's not her fault that they don't love her
Not her fault in the least.
At least that's what she's told, but that doesn't make it true.
She didn't ask to be born, she didn't ask for much,
it's not her fault her heart and lungs sit collecting dust.
A.N. I have this preoccupation with breathing. I thinks it's because I have asmtha and that when I get scared my lungs are the first thing to give in.
This is rather old, sophomore year of high school. I kinda like the idea of the Doll-Girl. I carried her over to a lot of my other stuff. Doll-Girl usually ends up the victim. Whether the antagonist is herself or another person.
Also, I'm pretty sure this was a song that I lost the rest of the words for because I remember writing something about welts and 'Theses bruises only mean she cares'. So, if I ever find/remember the rest of the words, I'll be sticking it up here. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18373 | Previous: Serial Ports, Up: Processes
37.20 Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays
This section describes how to pack and unpack arrays of bytes, usually for binary network protocols. These functions convert byte arrays to alists, and vice versa. The byte array can be represented as a unibyte string or as a vector of integers, while the alist associates symbols either with fixed-size objects or with recursive sub-alists. To use the functions referred to in this section, load the bindat library.
Conversion from byte arrays to nested alists is also known as deserializing or unpacking, while going in the opposite direction is also known as serializing or packing. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18377 | The Light of Christ
Boyd K. Packer
From an address given on June 22, 2004, at a seminar for new mission presidents, Missionary Training Center, Provo, Utah.
Most members of the Church have a basic understanding of the Holy Ghost. Most have experienced its promptings and understand why the Holy Ghost is called the Comforter.
They know “the Holy Ghost … is a personage of Spirit” (D&C 130:22) and a member of the Godhead (see A of F 1:1).
But many do not know that there is another Spirit—“the light of Christ” (D&C 88:7)—another source of inspiration, which each of us possesses in common with all other members of the human family. If we know about the Light of Christ, we will understand that there is something inside all of us, and we can appeal to that in our desire to share truth.
The Holy Ghost and the Light of Christ are different from each other. While they are sometimes described in the scriptures with the same words, they are two different and distinct entities. It is important for you to know about both of them.
The more we know about the Light of Christ, the more we will understand about life and the more we will have a deep love for all mankind. We will be better teachers and missionaries and parents, and better men and women and children. We will have deeper regard for our brothers and sisters in the Church and for those who do not believe and have not yet had conferred upon them the gift of the Holy Ghost.
And the Light of Christ is also described in the scriptures as “the Spirit of Jesus Christ” (D&C 84:45), “the Spirit of the Lord” (2 Cor. 3:18; see also Mosiah 25:24), “the Spirit of truth” (D&C 93:26), “the light of truth” (D&C 88:6), “the Spirit of God” (D&C 46:17), and “the Holy Spirit” (D&C 45:57). Some of these terms are also used to refer to the Holy Ghost.
The First Presidency has written, “There is a universally diffused essence which is the light and the life of the world, ‘which lighteth every man that cometh into the world,’ which proceedeth forth from the presence of God throughout the immensity of space, the light and power of which God bestows in different degrees to ‘them that ask him,’ according to their faith and obedience.” 1
Every spirit child of our Heavenly Father enters into mortality to receive a physical body and to be tested.
Therefore, we know that “every man may act in doctrine and principle pertaining to futurity, according to the moral agency [the words free agency do not appear in the revelations] which I have given unto him, that every man may be accountable for his own sins in the day of judgment” (D&C 101:78; emphasis added).
We are admonished to “quench not the Spirit” (1 Thes. 5:19). Thus we can see that “[all] are instructed sufficiently that they know good from evil” (2 Ne. 2:5; see also 2 Ne. 2:27). They have their agency, and they are accountable.
This Spirit of Christ fosters everything that is good, every virtue (see Moro. 7:16). It stands in brilliant, indestructible opposition to anything that is coarse or ugly or profane or evil or wicked (see Moro. 7:17).
Conscience affirms the reality of the Spirit of Christ in man. It affirms, as well, the reality of good and evil, of justice, mercy, honor, courage, faith, love, and virtue, as well as the necessary opposites—hatred, greed, brutality, jealousy (see 2 Ne. 2:11, 16). Such values, though physically intangible, respond to laws with cause-and-effect relationships as certain as any resulting from physical laws (see Gal. 6:7–9). The Spirit of Christ can be likened unto a “guardian angel” for every person. 2
This inner Light can warn and guard and guide. But it can be repulsed by anything that is ugly or unworthy or wicked or immoral or selfish.
The Light of Christ existed in you before you were born (see D&C 93:23, 29–30), and it will be with you every moment that you live and will not perish when the mortal part of you has turned to dust. It is ever there.
It is important for a teacher or a missionary or a parent to know that the Holy Ghost can work through the Light of Christ. A teacher of gospel truths is not planting something foreign or even new into an adult or a child. Rather, the missionary or teacher is making contact with the Spirit of Christ already there. The gospel will have a familiar “ring” to them. Then the teaching will come “to the convincing of [those who will listen] that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God, manifesting himself unto all nations” (Book of Mormon title page).
During His mortal ministry, Jesus taught His gospel and put in place the foundation upon which His Church would be built. The foundation was built of stones of doctrine which can neither be seen with mortal eyes nor felt by touch; they are invisible and intangible. They will not weather away or crumble. They cannot be broken or dissolved or destroyed. These stones of doctrine are imperishable and indestructible.
These stones of doctrine existed “before the world was” (D&C 124:38), “from before the foundation of the world” (D&C 124:41). Christ built His Church upon them.
Jesus spoke of “the stone which the builders rejected” (Matt. 21:42). Then the shadow of apostasy settled over the earth. The line of priesthood authority was broken. But mankind was not left in total darkness or completely without revelation or inspiration. The idea that with the Crucifixion of Christ the heavens were closed and that they opened in the First Vision is not true. The Light of Christ would be everywhere present to attend the children of God; the Holy Ghost would visit seeking souls. The prayers of the righteous would not go unanswered.
The conferring of the gift of the Holy Ghost must await the restoration of the priesthood and the dispensation of the fulness of times, when all things would be revealed. Temple work—ordinance work—would then be revealed. Then those who lived during the many generations when essential ordinances were unavailable, when baptism was not available, would be redeemed. God never abandons His children. He never has abandoned this earth.
When the fulness of His gospel was restored, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was built upon the same foundation stones of doctrine.
Because we learn most everything through physical senses, teaching intangible doctrines which cannot be seen or felt becomes very difficult. Jesus, the Master Teacher, taught these doctrines, and they can be taught in the same way today. It is my purpose to show you how He, the Master Teacher, taught them.
You can come to understand spiritual truths as clearly as if these stones of doctrine were as tangible as granite or flint or marble. Marble will yield to the hands of the sculptor so that others can see what he sees hidden within the shapeless stone. In like manner, you can teach others to see—that is, to understand—these intangible, invisible stones of doctrine.
The way the Savior taught, and the way you can teach, is both simple and very profound. If you choose a tangible object as a symbol for a doctrine, you can teach just as He did. A teacher can associate the doctrine with an object already known, which can be seen with physical eyes.
Jesus compared faith to a seed, the tiny mustard seed, which can be seen and touched. He told how if the seed is nurtured, it can grow and flourish and become a tree. (See Luke 13:19.)
He compared the kingdom of heaven to an everyday object that can be seen. “The kingdom of heaven,” He said, “is like unto a net, that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind” (Matt. 13:47); and He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field” (Matt. 13:44).
Christ used as examples, as symbols, such ordinary things as salt (see Matt. 5:13; Mark 9:49–50; Luke 14:34) and candles (see Matt. 5:15; Mark 4:21; Luke 8:16; Luke 11:33–36; Rev. 18:23), as rain (see Matt. 7:25–27) and rainbows (see Rev. 4:3; Rev. 10:1). The four Gospels are full of such examples. Likewise the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price have dozens of similar references. They are everywhere. That is what a story or a parable is—a true-to-life example used to teach a principle or a doctrine that is invisible or intangible.
One time in Matthew, one time in Luke, three times in the Book of Mormon, and three times in the Doctrine and Covenants, the Savior spoke of a hen with her chickens (see Matt. 23:37; Luke 13:34; 3 Ne. 10:4–6; D&C 10:65; D&C 29:2; D&C 43:24). Everyone knows about hens and chickens, even little children.
Now faith is not really exactly like a seed, nor is the kingdom of heaven exactly like a net or a treasure or leaven (see Luke 13:21) or “a merchant man, seeking goodly pearls” (Matt. 13:45). But with these illustrations, Jesus was able to open the eyes of His disciples—not their natural eyes but the eyes of their understanding (see Matt. 13:15; John 12:40; Acts 28:27; Eph. 1:18; 2 Ne. 16:10; D&C 76:12, 19; D&C 88:11; D&C 110:1).
With the eyes of our understanding, we see things that are spiritual. With our spirits reaching out, we can touch things that are spiritual and feel them. Then we can see and we can feel things that are invisible to the physical senses. Remember, Nephi told his rebellious brothers, who had rejected a message from an angel, “Ye were past feeling, that ye could not feel his words” (1 Ne. 17:45; emphasis added).
Paul wrote to the Corinthians that “God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God. …
“But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned” (1 Cor. 2:10, 13–14).
In modern revelation, Christ spoke of “the light which shineth, which giveth you light [and] enlighteneth your eyes, which is the same light that quickeneth your understandings” (D&C 88:11).
I do not know how to teach about the Spirit of Christ except to follow what the Lord did when He taught invisible, intangible truths to His disciples.
To describe the Light of Christ, I will compare or liken it to the light of the sun. Sunlight is familiar to everyone; it is everywhere present and can be seen and can be felt. Life itself depends upon sunlight.
The Light of Christ is like sunlight. It, too, is everywhere present and given to everyone equally.
Just as darkness must vanish when the light of the sun appears, so is evil sent fleeing by the Light of Christ.
There is no darkness in sunlight. Darkness is subject unto it. The sun can be hidden by clouds or by the rotation of the earth, but the clouds will disappear, and the earth will complete its turning.
According to the plan, we are told that “it must needs be, that there is an opposition in all things” (2 Ne. 2:11).
Mormon warned that “the devil … persuadeth no man to do good, no, not one; neither do his angels; neither do they who subject themselves unto him.
“[Now] seeing that ye know the light by which ye may judge, which light is the light of Christ, see that ye do not judge wrongfully” (Moro. 7:17–18).
This Light of Christ, which gives life, is within you. The evil one will attempt to obscure it. It can be so clouded with confusion so far as to convince you that it does not even exist.
Just as sunlight is a natural disinfectant, the Spirit of Christ can cleanse the spirit.
Every soul, no matter who or where or when, is a child of God. Our responsibility is to teach that “there is a spirit in man: and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understanding” (Job 32:8).
President Joseph Fielding Smith spoke of the teachings of the Holy Ghost and of the Spirit of Christ: “Every man can receive a manifestation of the Holy Ghost, even when he is out of the Church, if he is earnestly seeking for the light and for the truth. The Holy Ghost will come and give the man the testimony he is seeking, and then withdraw; and the man does not have a claim upon another visit or constant visits and manifestations from him. He may have the constant guidance of that other Spirit, the Spirit of Christ.” 3
The Spirit of Christ is always there. It never leaves. It cannot leave.
Everyone everywhere already has the Spirit of Christ, and while the Spirit of the Holy Ghost can visit anyone, the gift of the Holy Ghost is obtained “by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the Gospel” (A of F 1:3), by submitting to “baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; [and the] laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost” (A of F 1:4). It is not automatically present like the Spirit of Christ is present. This gift must be conferred by one holding authority (see A of F 1:5).
That is what we are commissioned to do, to foster the Light of Christ, which is within every soul we meet, and bring souls to the point where the Holy Ghost may visit them. And then, in due time, they can receive, through the ordinance, the gift of the Holy Ghost, which is conferred upon every member of the Church.
Once a person has received that gift of the Holy Ghost and can cultivate it together with the Light of Christ, which they already have, then the fulness of the gospel is open to their understanding. The Holy Ghost can even work through the Light of Christ. 4
Mormon taught: “Search diligently in the light of Christ that ye may know good from evil; and if ye will lay hold upon every good thing, and condemn it not, ye certainly will be a child of Christ” (Moro. 7:19).
Everyone knows about sunlight. When you liken the Spirit of Christ to sunlight, ordinary examples from your own experiences may come to your mind. These examples are almost endless. These examples can be understood by little children or by adults, as the parables of Christ can be understood. It should not be difficult to teach how revelation can come through Light, even though we do not know exactly how inspiration works.
Man himself, with all his limitations, can convey messages through fiber-optic cables. A single tiny fiber of glass, smaller than a human hair, can carry 40,000 messages at the same time. These can then be decoded and turned into sight and sound and color, even motion. Man can do that.
A laser beam, where there is no wire or fiber at all, can carry 100 billion bits of information in a second.
If man can do that, why should we marvel at the promise that the Light of Christ is in all of us and that the Holy Ghost can visit any of us?
It should not be difficult, therefore, to understand how revelation from God to His children on earth can come to all mankind through both the Spirit of Christ and the Holy Ghost.
This Light of Christ is everywhere in the scriptures. The Doctrine and Covenants is a very rich source of teaching on the Light of Christ. For example, it speaks of “the light of truth; which truth shineth. This is the light of Christ. … He is in the sun, and the light of the sun, and the power thereof by which it was made” (D&C 88:6–7).
Ordinary teachers responsible to teach the doctrines and to testify of spiritual things have within their own personal experience everyday things which can be likened unto things which are spiritual.
Then the Light of Christ can be ignited by the Spirit of the Holy Ghost, the Comforter. We are told that then “the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you” (John 14:26).
President Harold B. Lee explained: “That light never entirely goes out … [speaking of the Light of Christ] unless we commit the unpardonable sin. Its glow may be so dim that we can hardly perceive it, but it is there for us to fan into a flame that shall burn brighter with understanding and with knowledge. Except for that, we wouldn’t be able to achieve. Our missionary work would come to naught.” 5
If we understand the reality of the Light of Christ in everyone we see and in every meeting we attend and within ourselves, and understand the great challenge that we have—the surroundings in which we live, the danger which sometimes besets us—we will have courage and inspiration beyond that which we have known heretofore. And it must be so! And it will be so! All of this is a dimension of gospel truth that too few understand.
May you prayerfully and diligently endeavor to comprehend the meaning of these principles, and then begin to apply them. As you do, then follows the testimony that the gospel of Jesus Christ is true, that the Restoration of the gospel is a reality, and that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is “the only true and living church upon the face of the whole earth” (D&C 1:30). Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, the Only Begotten of the Father. And from Him emanates the Light of Christ to all mankind.
May you who are called as missionaries or teachers and you who are parents “feast upon the words of Christ; for behold, the words of Christ will tell you all things what ye should do” (2 Ne. 32:3). In the name of Jesus Christ, amen.
[illustration] Beside Still Waters, by Simon Dewey, courtesy of Altus Fine Art, American Fork, Utah, may not be copied
Photography by John Luke, posed by models
[illustration] The Lord Jesus Christ, by Del Parson
Show References
1. 1.
“‘Receiving’ the Holy Ghost,” Improvement Era, Mar. 1916, 460.
2. 2.
3. 3.
Doctrines of Salvation, 1:42; see also Joseph Smith, Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, sel. Joseph Fielding Smith (1976), 149.
4. 4.
See Doctrines of Salvation, 1:54.
5. 5.
The Teachings of Harold B. Lee, ed. Clyde J. Williams (1996), 101. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18407 |
Re: Broken deps in the stable release are not acceptable
Am Freitag, den 28.12.2007, 15:25 -0400 schrieb Xavier Lamien:
> 2007/12/28, Christoph Wickert <christoph wickert nurfuerspam de>:
> Raleigh, we have a problem...
> python-gammu, which is required by wammu, prevents users from
> updating
> to the latest gammu release for several days now. It has
> already been
> reported in Bugzilla, see
> https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=426848 and - even
> more
> interesting -
> https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=425831
> I fallen on an broken deps on kernel-xen-devel during the update of my
> F-8 release, why don't talk about too ?
Because I never was affected by this one and did not even hear of it
before. IMHO a devel package is not that important as an application.
Most users could simply remove the package without loosing
functionality, this is different with wammu.
BTW: Are you talking about an upgrade from F7 to F8 or about an update
during the release?
> Its not the first time we have this kind of trouble.
Yes, and this is the reason why I wrote my mail. We NEED to look for
ways that this CANNOT happen, because it really is a showstopper that
frightens people to use Fedora. At least I have heard people complaining
about this over and over again, for example at fedoraforum.de
> I Agree this should not happen but, ask first why there is a broken
> deps on some packages and why this happen.
I guess most of the time it happens because of a lack of communication
and coordination. But if all packages are owned by the same person this
reason IMO is not valid.
> This leads me to some questions:
> 1. Why is # 425831 still in status "New"? It has been
> reported on Dec 16th and the maintainer already responded to
> it.
> 2. What's so difficult to coordinate 2 (3 with wammu)
> dependent packages? All are owned by the same packager. IMO
> this should be done in one single update in bodhi.
> It's not difficult, it's not my first update of gammu
> collection/dependence package, and it's not the first time a upadte
> depended release.
Then you should have known what happens... ;)
Once again: I'm not here to blame someone.
> 3. Do we need better training for our maintainers or
> more
> documentation in the wiki? The broken deps already
> appeared in EPEL before they were in F8, so the maintainer
> should have known that he's breaking something when he did the
> gammu update in Fedora.
> I think we should set up and automate or web_api to request repo tag
> for package we wanted to build against fresh released one
> to build other into koji/mock from repo
I agree that the current situation is not optimal for the packagers
because the required packages have to be added to buildroot manually by
rel-eng. But AFAIK we do have the possibility of chain-builds now.
> 4. When was the testing done? gammu-1.17.0-1.fc8 was
> built on Dec. 22 11:22:28 MST [1] and hit the updates repo on
> Dec. 23 22:50:08 [2]. This is less than 36 hours for testing.
> For that, we could make a bodhi policy. Cause no rules say all package
> Must go to testing-update before move to stable one.
You are right. I thought we already had policy for that but the wiki
"If you feel that community testing is unnecessary for your update, you
IMO this is wrong, it should only be allowed for security updates.
> 5. Why has gammu been pushed directly to updates and not
> to
> updates-testing? According to the changelog it was not
> a
> security update.
> Why does only security update should go to stable ?
Because problems like this case most likely would have been realized in
testing before they annoy a large number of users. Pushing updates
directly to stable renders updates-testing useless.
> Note that I don't want to blame a single person here. I think
> this is just an example that we really NEED to think about how
> to avoid such situations in the future? I know there are
> people on vacation these days, but there are enough people
> that offered help. Unfortunately they are not allowed to by
> the ACLs.
> I'm not here to blame anyone too but this thread should up many time
> ago. on differente pacakge that broken yum udpate in the past, not
> only this one.
Let's not talk about the past, let's talk about how to avoid this in the
future. There are several ways we could try to accomplish this: Some are
more strict policies, others are more technical, but most important I
think we should get rid of the "don't touch other peoples
packages"-attitude. If someone fixed that within one or two days I
wouldn't have written my previous mail.
> Any thoughts?
> Christoph
> [1] http://koji.fedoraproject.org/koji/buildinfo?buildID=28966
> [2]
> https://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/F8/FEDORA-2007-4743
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18408 | Latest Issue of Science News
Letters to the Editor
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Sometimes science is political
But we’ve also received complaints recently that Science News is becoming too political. These readers argue that there’s a plethora of political coverage out there, but that our consistent coverage of pure research is what makes us special.
“I want news about science, research and discoveries. If I want political news and spin I have plenty of sources for that,” wrote Richie Crutcher, who warned us that we risked morphing into Political Science News.
Such comments always induce a round of soul-searching here: Have we strayed from our primary mission? On balance, we don’t think so. We run explicit science policy stories very rarely, and only when it seems that an issue is significant enough to affect the nature and pace of research. By that standard, a many-year downturn in federal research funding is worth exploring.
And looking back, this magazine actually has a long history of reporting on science in the political arena. Psychology and sociology stories in the 1960s explicitly discussed race and civil rights. Back in the 1920s, our then-parent-organization Science Service not only wrote about the debates around the teaching of evolution, it directly aided Clarence Darrow’s defense team in the Scopes trial by gathering scientists to testify and distributing articles defending evolution. Since then, controversies over genetic engineering, abortion, climate change and funding have all played out in our pages. If anything, the last few years have seen a decrease in our coverage of the intersection between politics and science.
The editors of Science News will continue to focus on bringing you the latest research findings, but we will not shy away from the political dimensions of important science nor from examining how scientific discoveries shape society and are in turn shaped by it. That would not be in our tradition.
Brain washing
Tina Hesman Saey wrote about a new idea for sleep’s function in “Sleep allows brain to wash out junk” (SN: 11/16/13, p. 7).
Sleep — or the lack of it — is clearly an issue that many struggle with. “I’ve been interested in sleep deprivation for 40 years, since a week when I didn’t sleep for six days,” Nancy Sutter Axford e-mailed. “It took almost three weeks for my brain to return to normal.” If sleep is required to cleanse the brain, Axford wonders if insomniacs might tend to develop dementia at earlier ages than good sleepers. And Mark Pottenger asks whether the population as a whole may be affected: “Could increasing sleep deprivation in modern society be a causal
factor in increasing dementia?”
Saey responds: “Insomnia is a feature of Alzheimer’s disease, but whether it is a cause or consequence isn’t clear. A study in mice suggests that lack of sleep increases the rate of Alzheimer’s disease plaque formation (SN: 10/24/09, p. 11), and studies in people have hinted that sleep deprivation increases the risk of Alzheimer’s and other neurological disorders. But regardless of the neurological risk, there’s plenty of evidence that lack of sleep is detrimental to overall health (SN: 10/24/09, p. 28).”
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18413 | Group logo of Twin City Tea Party
Twin City Tea Party
We are a non-profit Tea Party group providing services to Leominster, Fitchburg and their surrounding towns. Our core values are: 1. Support the US Constitution 2. Limited government at all levels 3. Fiscal Responsibility 4. Protect and Promote a free market economy 5. Remain a non-profit, non-partisan organization, neither controlled by nor beholden to any political party. Members of the our Tea Party group believe that getting involved and taking action is the only way to be effective in our current political climate.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18468 | John R. Donahue
Seventh Sunday of Easter (B), June 4, 2000
Consecrate them in truth. Your word is truth. (Jn. 17:17)
The first reading captures the meaning of today’s liturgical celebration. Matthias, not one of the original followers of Jesus, is chosen to be a witness to the resurrection. From Easter to Pentecost all the readings in effect present different aspects of what it means to be such a witness.
The Gospel concludes the Johannine farewell discourses with a selection from the Testament of Jesus, or his high-priestly prayer, which comprises one long prayer to his Father, so powerful and so poignant that it should be read in its entirety. The Lectionary excerpt is poorly chosen, since the prayer has three units: Jesus’ prayer for himself (17:1-5), for his disciples (vv. 6-19) and for future believers (vv. 20-26). Among non-biblical Jewish writings slightly earlier or contemporary with the New Testament, there is a collection called Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, or of Moses, narratives of the deaths of the great founding figures of Israel. These bid farewell to their loved ones, speaking of how God touched their lives and warning them of dangers they face. This literary genre has clearly influenced John 17. We are invited to listen as Jesus, whose death is imminent, gives voice to his deepest hopes for his loved ones.
Jesus prays that the disciples may experience that unity he shares with his Father, that they may share in his joy, and that they will be consecrated in truth. Jesus also prays for their protection in a hostile world. His own life is a paradigm for the lives of believers. He comes from above, from presence with God, to an alien world that does not accept him, and then he returns to the Father. The believer, in John, is born from above (1:12-13; 3:3), lives in a hostile and alien world (15:18-19; 16:33; 17:14, 16, 18); and, as Jesus returns to the Father, the destiny of his followers is to be with him (12:26; 14:2-3, 13).
The ambiguity of the world echoes throughout John. It was made through him (the Word) but did not recognize him (1:10-11). Jesus takes away the sin of the world, and God so loved the world that he gave his only son; he is the living bread that will be the life of the world (6:51). Yet the world often symbolizes the power of evil organized against Jesus and his followers (see especially 3:19; 15:18-19). Though other New Testament writings have a more positive attitude toward the world, and though the contemporary church is summoned to be engaged in the world and to discern the manifestations of goodness among non-Christians, in John, Jesus and the disciples come to the world not to change it, but to challenge its values. This mission should not be lost amid the contemporary change of attitude.
Jesus asks his Father also to consecrate them (literally make holy) in truth. Holiness in the Bible is not primarily a moral category, but is a way of speaking about living in the presence of God. It is more similar to a zone or marked-off area, than a personal disposition. Disciples are to operate in this zone, which is also in truth. The Greek term for truth, aletheia, means un-concealment or revelation, removal of a veil, and in John refers principally to the unveiling or revelation of God in the life and teaching of Jesus (1:14, 17; 14:6, I am the truth). Jesus prays that the disciples will live in a zone of God’s presence (holiness) as they faithfully witness to the truth of his life.
The readings this Sunday before Pentecost provide a bridge between the continued celebration of the resurrection and yearning for God’s Spirit, which will come only after the departure of Jesus. Jesus’ prayer anticipates the coming of the Spirit of truth (14:7; 15:26). Today this final wish of Jesus that his Father make the church holy in truth has a dramatic relevance. The last decade has been marked by deplorable accounts of sexual and financial abuse in the church. People are often most scandalized, not only by the sins themselves, but by an unwillingness to face the truth, often killing the messenger, or by feeble cover-ups (the direct opposite of unveil).
At the same time hopeful signs emerge of truth-filled living in a zone of holiness, such as the profoundly moving service of healing and reconciliation for victims of clergy abuse held by the Diocese of Oakland and presided over by Bishop John S. Cummins, who offered an honest apology and asked for pardon and forgiveness. Such is the kind of holiness and witness that Jesus, on the brink of death, prayed to his Father to grant his followers.
Readings: Acts 1:17-17; 20-26; Ps. 103; 1 Jn. 4:11-16; Jn.17:11-19
• Place yourself in a circle with Jesus’ disciples and read slowly John 17, asking how this is also a prayer for you.
• In the second reading we hear, “Beloved, if God so loved us, we must love one another.” Pray this verse almost like a mantra, letting it sink deeply into your hearts.
• Pray about ways that all in the church may better live out our consecration in truth. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18471 | 101 reputation
bio website healthometry.com
location Ontario, Canada
age 33
visits member for 1 year, 6 months
seen Feb 21 '13 at 19:29
I am an independent software developer based in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. I have had a lot of diverse UI and server implementation practice and have seen good and bad approaches to developing software. Java is the language I have the most experience programming with.
I am also the founder of Healthometry.com. I have designed and programmed the site from scratch and am continuously working to enhance it. I am using my two most favorite technologies to develop Healthometry: Google Web Toolkit and Google App Engine for Java.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18478 | how to pass sears assessment test?
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These will vary from employer to employer. The conditions for termination should be spelled out in the contract and/or employees manual.
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Congratulations on passing. Please consider quitting illegal drugs completely, won't you? You don't want to run up against a situation like this again - what if next time they insisted on a hair follicle test? Hair holds drug residue FAR longer - so it will test positive longer than the time it ...
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I have pass my test on a motor bike .can i ride on the back of some one
hey thats a good question depending where you live as far as state laws you would have to check that out however it is my experience as long as there is an L plate (learner plate) that bike needs to be a solo if you are trying to teach somone to ride i would recomend an empty parking lot with lots ...
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18479 | What is a good topic of interest and then explain how you would come up with a reliable sample for obtaining people's op?
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Since it's from Target you obviously contact WalMart. Duh!
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ProplantExtract.com is a professional biotech enterprise, and it's dedicated to the production, development and operation of Plant Extraction and Plant Pesticides. The company has invested over a ton of money to build domestically first class four plant extracts production lines and one biology ...
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18508 | What has the Moon done for us in the last 39 years?
July 20, 2009 2:56 PM Subscribe
What terrestrial technologies did the Apollo program, in particular the manned missions to the Moon, yield?
While the space race provided many advances in computers, communications and knowledge about what goes on beyond the Earth's atmosphere, what specific technological advances were gained through the moon landings?
During the uptick of Apollo 11 nostalgia the last few days, many news stories talked about the "technological advances" that the moon shot have created. What technologies, specifically, can we claim our physical presence on the moon brought?
(Please bear in mind, I am an adult who still hasn't recovered from the realization I will not be an astronaut. I am not disparaging the overall effort of the endeavor, not dismissing it, just curious.)
posted by tip120 to Technology (5 answers total) 5 users marked this as a favorite
There were electronics made specifically to handle the navigational requirements of Apollo 11, like the guidance system developed at Draper Lab (then the MIT Instrumentation Lab), as well as microcontrollers and other electrical components that didn't exist.
Conveniently, a former EE prof of mine was just telling me today about an early microcontroller made entirely of NOR gates that was developed specifically for the Apollo mission. We discussed it as we were working with a chip the size of a dime that has orders of magnitude more computing power than the electronics used on Apollo 11 combined. That's a pretty direct legacy.
And a quick Google will give you the 10 best technologies from Apollo 11.
posted by olinerd at 3:04 PM on July 20, 2009
According to this page...
posted by rokusan at 3:05 PM on July 20, 2009
Thanks for the examples.
However, and without this spiraling into chatfilter, aren't those all pieces of the space program in general? Microprocessors were going to get smaller, suits were needed for spacewalks, thermal insulation for low earth orbit, etc.
The PC advisor article lists things "inspired by the space programme," despite their headline. The Apollo NASA page lists a number of things that could have been discovered/invented during long term orbiting missions. Perhaps it is too late and I am feeling too cynical ;)
posted by tip120 at 3:39 PM on July 20, 2009
...aren't those all pieces of the space program in general?
You need to look at the space program as a unified entity building toward landing on the moon. Starting with Gemini, all missions were specifically designed to develop technologies and methods to put a man on the moon.
So, yes, many things are part of the space program in general, but the entire space program, in effect, was the man-on-the-moon mission.
posted by Thorzdad at 3:56 PM on July 20, 2009 [2 favorites]
there's the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment which helped to confirm the gravitational constant and Einstein's Theory of Relativity.
The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments are also applicable and had numerous results.
posted by namewithoutwords at 4:17 PM on July 20, 2009
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18510 | Multiple Macs
February 17, 2004 1:51 AM Subscribe
Sharing your music and books and stuff that's on your iPod among different Macs you own: PodWorks is a classic, popular tool. Is there a better, newer software to get the most from your iPod and your Macs or is PodWorks still the way to go? thanks
PodWorks homepage here
btw of course I am talking about perfectly legally obtained music and other stuff, no copyright infringement whatsoever.
posted by matteo to Computers & Internet (3 answers total)
There are a ton of similar products, and I've tried a decent number of them. PodWorks is, IMHO, still the simplest and best. For eight bucks, it's totally worth it.
posted by mkultra at 6:36 AM on February 17, 2004
I have a nomad jukebox, and use the software by Red Chair for it. I love it. (Creative's software is utter crap.) They recently added an IPOD version for Windows that has similar functionality. I realized that your question was mac specific: but for those of you with Windows and this or other mp3 players, check out red chair.
posted by woil at 6:44 PM on February 17, 2004
thank you very much, mkultra and voil.
I guess I'll stick with PodWorks. which is very good anyway
posted by matteo at 12:36 PM on February 18, 2004
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18513 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I use rsnapshot to backup various machines, and there is a bug fix between 1.3.1-1 and 1.3.1-3 which is important to me. Unfortunately, this bug fix is only packaged for Oneiric, and a couple of my machines are still running Natty.
Is there a simple way of installing this package from the Oneiric repository on my Natty machines?
share|improve this question
Have you tried downloading the .deb and install it through dpkg -i package name? – LnxSlck Apr 3 '12 at 21:41
Sorry, I should have been more clear. I could do that. I could also download it from source, etc. But I'd much rather simply grab it from the repo. Not least of all because it's tested, etc., and I use Puppet to manage these boxes. – dty Apr 3 '12 at 21:45
@Jorge Castro, why are you even bothering to edit the title? Is it really that important to you? I wrote it a particular way on purpose. For me, the Ubuntu version numbers take effort to think about (being all 0s, 1s and 4s for the last 2 years), whereas the codenames are far more useful. – dty Apr 5 '12 at 16:42
We don't do codenames on this site as officially the releases are numbered. But if you feel that strongly about it feel free to change it back. – Jorge Castro Apr 5 '12 at 16:43
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Unless I'm mistaken, you can accomplish this with apt-pinning.
A basic howto for beginners can be found here; http://jaqque.sbih.org/kplug/apt-pinning.html
share|improve this answer
Thanks Jeff. Once I new that "pinning" was the thing I was looking for, I got it working with the help of help.ubuntu.com/community/PinningHowto and askubuntu.com/questions/27685/… – dty Apr 4 '12 at 13:13
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18514 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I had a system running 10.04, I think. I upgraded it to 11.04, everything was fine. But then when I upgraded it further to 11.10, the system would only boot to a terminal, no desktop like before.
I installed 12.04 on it instead, keeping /home which was on another partition... but it's still booting to terminal. I believe there may be some bad configuration files left over that are causing this.
Looking at other similar issues, I looked for /etc/X11/xorg.conf but it doesn't exist. startx says it isn't installed. Installing nvidia-current didn't help (has GF 6600 GT video card). Alt+F7 shows a blank screen.
I used the alternate installer, and didn't select any of the optional packages it prompts during installation. Should I have?
How do I get it to boot to desktop like normal?
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3 Answers
sudo apt-get install xorg
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Having done that, startx complains that Failed to load module "nvidia" (module does not exist, 0), and also for "nv". Ctrl+Alt+F7 shows a terminal with a slightly different font, but it doesn't respond to keyboard input (can't type on it). – Core Xii Jun 1 '12 at 11:04
It looks something similar: ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1804394 – jasmines Jun 1 '12 at 11:13
Actually I can type on that terminal, needed to hover cursor over it first. Installing nvidia-current gets rid of the error failing to load "nvidia", but "nv" still persists. That linked thread seem to be about a module-specific error whereas mine is module does not exist. – Core Xii Jun 1 '12 at 12:10
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Your graphics card seems to have nvidia optimus technology which is not implemented for Linux.
First of all you should delete Xorg.conf by using # rm /etc/X11/Xorg.conf then install Bumbleebee (assuming that you had installed nvidia-current) to switch from your onboard graphics card.
If you want to make use of your nvidia card use the following command to start an application
$ optirun <command>
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Are you sure? Mind you, 11.04 and prior worked perfectly fine on this video card. – Core Xii Jun 1 '12 at 11:37
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up vote 0 down vote accepted
I installed using the normal desktop install instead of alternate and it's working. Don't know what was wrong.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18515 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I don't really understand why Ubuntu has two "notification area" style things that seem to serve the same functionality.
I can't use only one because some of the programs seem to only work with Notification Area (e.g. Orage) and some only work with Indicator Plugin (e.g. indicator-sound). I noticed that the network manager applet will prefer to insert itself into Indicator Plugin and if that isn't available, try Notification Area.
I don't understand why we have/need both? Is it normal to keep both running?
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Is it normal? Yes. Why? For the exact reason you've described: some things don't support IA.
Notification Area is the older of the two projects and it's been around since the crack of doom. Indicator Applet sprung up a few years ago to address some design concerns Canonical were having.
They work in fairly different ways so it's not a drop-in replacement and never really can be. For something to work on one or the other, it needs code to accomplish this.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18516 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Yesterday I installed 12.10 in my Sony Vaio laptop. I have Huwaei E173 3G modem, I simply inserted that modem into USB slot, after a few seconds modem started blinking and activated. I opened network profile and created a new network under 'Mobile broadband' tab everything was automated and I felt awesome, infact I used net for a while.
Next morning, I placed modem into USB, but nothing happened, no sign of modem presence even the modem is not blinking, I tried creating a new connection once again but attained no luck.
Kindly help me in resolving this problem.
share|improve this question
Try typing this command lsusb in your terminal> You will see Huawei Technologies among others > It it shows that your modem is detected. – UbuntuLover Nov 19 '12 at 11:20
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2 Answers
The same happen to me .I was using a Huawei 3G modem. In my case i disabled networking and re-insert the modem and wait for sometime. After sometime i enabled networking and wait for few seconds. After few seconds i found the option for enabling mobile broadband. I choose the network connection profile which was listed . If you have enabled automatic connection your internet connection will started when you clicked Enable mobile broadband. Hope this works. Iam a complete newbie to Ubuntu . Just starting out few weeks before.
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First you must install huawei drivers for linux.By
1.Open the terminal and move to the directory where you extracted the huwaei datacard drivers for linux.
(You must extract the drivers to the home directory)
2.run sudo chmod 777 install command.
3.run sudo ./install (This will install the drivers) and restart your pc .
After that your network manager applet will surely detect your modem or you have to manually create a broadband connection.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18517 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
RADEON! Driver activated but not in use [Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS, x64]
notebook: AMD MSI CR650, AMD E-450, HD6320, 4Gb RAM
share|improve this question
Have you rebooted the machine? – Seth Mar 4 '13 at 1:49
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closed as not a real question by Uri Herrera, Eric Carvalho, Seth, qbi, byetoAU Mar 4 '13 at 12:35
1 Answer
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Hi check my answer to the following thread, maybe it can help you
Ubuntu doesnt use the FGRLX graphics driver?
I recommend you to install the AMD propietary driver.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18518 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am experiencing a error on Ubuntu 12.10. I have installed Ubuntu 12.10 on my laptop. On every re-start I see a popup describing the error.
Below is the snapshot of the pop window. I do not know how to solve and overcome the error.
The error title:
modem-manager crashed with SIGSEGC in mm_plugin_base_supports_task_complete()
Executable path
modemmanager 0.6.00.really-0ubuntu1
Problem type
enter image description here
share|improve this question
Does the error give you any problems? If not, just click 'Ignore future problems of this type' and click Continue. It's probably a bug with no fix if you can't find any on Google. – Ads20000 Apr 26 '13 at 8:52
@Ads20000 the OS works fine otherwise. I can ignore the error. I was just not sure if this is caused due to some package missing or something that is not executed properly. – Raghunandan Apr 26 '13 at 8:54
Well, normally dependencies are fine with default programs, so I assume that it is just something that wasn't executed properly. – Ads20000 Apr 26 '13 at 8:58
@Ads20000 is there any fix if this is a bug. I had a option to report the same. I did. – Raghunandan Apr 26 '13 at 9:51
It doesn't look like there is a fix sorry. – Ads20000 Apr 26 '13 at 10:11
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1 Answer
Workaround to prevent the message appearing:
Press "Ignore Future Problem of This type", and you will prevent the message showing every time you do it. There is no known fix for this error found by searching.
share|improve this answer
For those of you who edit my Answer: What is the problem being polite? It's not against the rules, neither any topics or information tells me to prevent being polite. Thanks – denNorske Apr 26 '13 at 14:12
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18526 | Information for "Joe Aresimowicz"
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18536 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I understand that both are similar in structure
But how can they be easily identified as one or the other?
Is it simply based on the presence or lack of a named root (the root is identified as a particular ancestor) or outgroup?
share|improve this question
At which "stage" do you want to identify the tree? When it's a file (Newick), or when it's a drawn figure? – Michael Kuhn Dec 15 '11 at 8:32
I'd say a drawn figure? Like something you would find on a google search for phylogenetic tree (images.google.com/search?tbm=isch&q=phylogenetic%20tree) – arcyqwerty Dec 15 '11 at 8:36
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2 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
In case of a drawn figure, either look for the a short stem to the left, or for an explicitly labelled outgroup. Trees derived from phylogenetic analyses are unrooted by default, you need to root it by either making an arbitrary (but hopefully informed) decision or by adding an outgroup.
share|improve this answer
So when you say root it by making an arbitrary decision, does that mean labeling a particular ancestral individual as a root? Also, does this consider midpoint rooting? – arcyqwerty Dec 15 '11 at 8:43
Midpoint root is certainly one of the ways you can choose to root your tree. IMHO rooting a tree of species or proteins without an outgroup is done by adding an extra root node. – Michael Kuhn Dec 15 '11 at 8:45
And just to clarify, how would the 'extra root node' appear on a diagram? As just a labeled point from where the rest of the tree branches off from? – arcyqwerty Dec 15 '11 at 8:47
Usually, there's a short stem going in a different direction than all the other leaves. But a labelled point is also fine, I guess – Michael Kuhn Dec 15 '11 at 8:51
Ok, thanks for your help :) – arcyqwerty Dec 15 '11 at 8:51
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Trees can not be distinguished from each other because every unrooted tree can be made rooted by adding a root and vice versa by deletion.
If you mean dendrograms... the root is always the one node where the distance to each leaf is the same. But I don't know of an unrooted dendrogram.
share|improve this answer
Yes, but how would I be able to tell whether or not a tree has a root Like how to tell between an unrooted tree and a midpoint rooted tree? – arcyqwerty Dec 15 '11 at 8:30
If you really mean trees. They are not distinguishable. – peri4n Dec 15 '11 at 8:36
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18560 | Saint Helena
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Saint Helena
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
FlagCoat of arms
Motto: "Loyal and Unshakeable"
God Save the Queen
My Saint Helena Island (unofficial)
Map of Saint Helena.
Map of Saint Helena.
Location of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Location of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
15°56′S 5°43′W / 15.933°S 5.717°W / -15.933; -5.717
Official languagesEnglish
DemonymSaint Heleniana
GovernmentBritish overseas territory
- MonarchElizabeth II
- GovernorMark Andrew Capes
Part of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Charter granted1657
- Colonised by the
East India Company
- Crown colony
(Company rule ends)
22 April 1834[1]
- Current constitution1 September 2009
- Total121 km2
47 sq mi
- 2008 (Feb) census4,255[2]
- Density35/km2
90.6/sq mi
CurrencySaint Helena pound (SHP)
Time zoneGMT (UTC+0)
Drives on theleft
Calling code+290
ISO 3166 codeSH
UK Postcode: STHL 1ZZ
Jump to: navigation, search
Saint Helena
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
FlagCoat of arms
Motto: "Loyal and Unshakeable"
God Save the Queen
My Saint Helena Island (unofficial)
Map of Saint Helena.
Map of Saint Helena.
Location of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Location of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Official languagesEnglish
DemonymSaint Heleniana
GovernmentBritish overseas territory
- MonarchElizabeth II
- GovernorMark Andrew Capes
Part of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Charter granted1657
- Colonised by the
East India Company
- Crown colony
(Company rule ends)
22 April 1834[1]
- Current constitution1 September 2009
- Total121 km2
47 sq mi
- 2008 (Feb) census4,255[2]
- Density35/km2
90.6/sq mi
CurrencySaint Helena pound (SHP)
Time zoneGMT (UTC+0)
Drives on theleft
Calling code+290
ISO 3166 codeSH
UK Postcode: STHL 1ZZ
Saint Helena is located in Atlantic Ocean
Location of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.
Saint Helena (/ˌsnt həˈlnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə), named after Saint Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha,[3] which also includes the Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census).[2]
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most isolated islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. The British also used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon I, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and more than 5,000 Boer prisoners. Saint Helena is Britain's second oldest remaining colony (now termed overseas territory), after Bermuda.
Early history (1502–1658)[edit]
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of the Portuguese Crown, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south,[4] and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes).[5][6][7]
East India Company (1658–1815)[edit]
In 1657, Oliver Cromwell[10] granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the Company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal Charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.
Between January and May 1673 the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The Company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the Company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves.
On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an observatory with a 24-foot-long (7.3 m) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere.[11] The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680 m high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount.
Napoleon at Saint Helena
Longwood House, site of Napoleon's captivity
In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was brought to the island in October 1815; he stayed at the small Briars pavilion in the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until the building of his permanent home of Longwood House was completed, where he died on 5 May 1821. During this period, Saint Helena remained in the East India Company’s possession, but the British government met additional costs arising from guarding Napoleon. The island was strongly garrisoned with British troops, and naval ships circled the island.
The 1817 census recorded 821 white inhabitants, a garrison of 820 men on the East India Company's payroll, 1,475 men from the King's troops (infantry, engineers etc.) and 352 people as their families, 618 Chinese indentured labourers, 24 Lascars, 500 free blacks and 1,540 slaves. In total, 6,150 people on the island. In addition, the British government had sent a naval squadron under the command of a Rear-Admiral and consisting of a couple of Man O'War and several smaller vessels. These were not counted in the Census, as most of them lived on their ships. Concerning the slaves, Governor Hudson Lowe initiated their emancipation in 1818: from Christmas of that year, every new born child was considered a free person (though his parents remained slaves until their death).
British East India Company (1821–1834)[edit]
Crown colony (1834–1981)[edit]
A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During World War II, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena.
1981 to present[edit]
The UK government has invested £250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Anticipated to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually.[14]
Geography, flora and fauna[edit]
Relative locations of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha
Positions (north to south) of Ascension Island, Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean
Positions of Saint Helena and Ascension Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
Located in the South Atlantic Ocean, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in Southern Angola, the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom.
The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago).[15] The centre is covered by forest, of which some has been planted, including the Millennium Forest project. The highland areas contain most of the island's endemic flora, fauna, insects and birds. The coastal areas are barren, covered in volcanic rock and are warmer and drier than the centre of the island. There are no native land mammals on Saint Helena, but rabbits, rats and mice have been introduced, as well as feral cats and dogs. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena Plover or Wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the offshore islets and stacks, in the north-east and the south-west Important Bird Areas.[16]
When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The flora of Saint Helena contains a high proportion of endemic species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably quite green as well. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to the introduction of goats and the introduction of new vegetation. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction.
See also: Jamestown, Saint Helena–Climate
The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by the Benguela Current and trade winds that blow almost continuously.[18][19] The climate varies noticeably across the island. Temperatures in Jamestown, on the north leeward shore, range between 21–28 °C (70–82 °F) in the summer (January to April) and 17–24 °C (63–75 °F) during the remainder of the year. The temperatures in the central areas are, on average, 5–6 °C (9.0–11 °F) lower.[19] Jamestown also has a very low annual rainfall, while 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) falls per year on the higher ground and the south coast, where it is also noticeably cloudier.[20] There are weather recording stations in the Longwood and Blue Hill districts.
Due to a high number of endemic species and genera (400 known endemic species) and an exceptional range of habitats, Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[21]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Districts of Saint Helena
Saint Helena is divided into eight districts,[22] each with a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions and electoral areas. The four most populated districts send two representatives each to the Legislative Council, and the remaining districts send one representative each.
[clarification needed]
sq mi
Alarm Forest5.92.328927646.8
Blue Hill36.514.11771534.2
Half Tree Hollow1.60.61,140901563.1
Sandy Bay15.35.925420513.4
Saint Paul's11.44.490879569.7
Royal Mail Ship
St. Helena[clarification needed]
There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The other three members are the Governor and two ex officio officers. The Executive Council consists of the Governor, two ex officio officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a "Chief Councillor" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.[24]
Jamestown, from above
In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron,[26] preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.
Jamestown, the capital of Saint Helena
The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002.[27] See also British nationality law.
Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009. Other Christian denominations on the island include: Roman Catholic (since 1852), Salvation Army (since 1884), Baptist (since 1845), and, in more recent times, Seventh-day Adventist (since 1949), New Apostolic, and Jehovah's Witnesses (one out of every 35 residents is one of Jehovah's Witnesses, the highest ratio in the world).[28] The Baha'i Faith has also been represented on the island since 1954.
The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment. A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great. Three hotels operate on the island but since the arrival of tourists is directly linked to the arrival and departure schedule of the RMS (Royal Mail Ship), occupancy levels are very low at about 10%. Some 1,180 short- and long-term visitors arrived on the island in 2005.
Economic statistics[edit]
Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from £12 million in 1999/2000 to £11 million in 2005/6. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to £6.4 million in 2004/5 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to £0.2 million in 2004/5. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were £0.06 million in 04/05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about £0.4 million in 2004/05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.
Public expenditure rose from £10 million in 2001/02 to £12 million in 2005/06 to £28m in 2012/13 The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from £4.6 million in to £6.4 million to £12.1mover the same period. Wages and salaries represent about 38% of recurrent expenditure.
Banking and currency[edit]
In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a token copper currency of 70,560 halfpennies Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor – presumably London partners – that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the Island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors.
RMS St Helena in James Bay.
Looking back at the island from the RMS St Helena.
On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airstrip using taxpayer money.[33] In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African company Basil Read was signed and now means the airport is proposed to open in 2015, with flights to and from South Africa.[34] Only one airline, Atlantic Star Airlines, has shown an interest in providing services, effective 2016.
A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car rental is available for visitors.
Media and communications[edit]
Saint FM[36] provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on internet radio[37] and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Independent (which continues).
Saint fm community radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013. The station is legally a company registered by guarantee and is owned by its members. Anyone who wishes to can become a member.
Cable & Wireless offers television for the island via three analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The first channel is a mix of entertainment programming from BBC Entertainment, the Universal Channel, and the Disney Channel, the second carries a mix of factual programming from BBC World News, National Geographic Channel, Discovery Channel, while the third carries SuperSport. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band.[39] Since October 2011 digital broadcasting equipment according to the DVB-T2 standard is being installed in St Helena, which will allow to increase the number of TV channels significantly.[40] The St Helena Broadcasting Corporation will broadcast television in 2014 on channel 1.
Cable & Wireless South Atlantic Ltd provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fiber-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars. Plans are now being made for further fibre optic cable installations.[41]
A satellite ground station with a 7.6 metre satellite dish installed in 1989[42] at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom.[43] Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages. Although the South Atlantic Express submarine communications cable will pass St Helena relatively closely there are no plans to land the cable and install a relay station ashore, which could supply the population with sufficient bandwidth. As of January 2012, there is a group of supporters petitioning the UK government to meet the cost of landing the cable at St Helena.[44]
Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which, since 2006, Tristan da Cunha shares. Telephone numbers are 4 digits long. Numbers start with 1-9, with 8xxx being reserved for Tristan da Cunha numbers and 2xxx for Jamestown.[45] Currently there is no cellular network installed in St Helena.
Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s[43] internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by Cable & Wireless South Atlantic. Serving a population of more than 4000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth.
ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 384 KBit/s downstream and 128 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite £20 per month to gold at £120 per month.[46] There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by Cable & Wireless.[47]
On October 6, 2012, an undersea fiber optic provider, eFive, agreed to reroute a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) cable connecting Africa to South America through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the internet. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the £10m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to.[48]
Local newspapers[edit]
The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the internet. The St Helena Independent[49] has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.[50]
Culture and society[edit]
Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 [51] There are three primary schools - Harford Primary School, Pilling Primary School and St Paul’s Primary School - for pupils from the age of 4 to 11 years and one secondary school - Prince Andrew School - for 11-18 year olds. At the beginning of the academic year 2009/2010 there were 230 primary school students and 286 secondary school students enrolled [52]
The Education and Employment Directorate also offers tailor-made programmes for special needs students and lifelong learning opportunities developed by the Adult and Vocational Education Service. The directorate provides evening classes for a variety of subjects and encourages distance learning or online correspondence courses. There is also provision of a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere[53])and a mobile library service which operates in the rural areas on a weekly basis.[54]
The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use.[54] A range of qualifications are offered - from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:[55]
A/S & A2 and Level 3 Diploma
• Business Studies
• English
• English Literature
• Geography
• ICT
• Psychology
• Maths
• Accountancy
• Building and Construction
• Automotive Studies
Sports played on the island include association football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association.[56] The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.
The Governor's Cup is a yacht race (and the first prize) between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.
There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912.[57] Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.[58]
See also[edit]
2. ^ a b c "PROVISIONAL RESULTS - POPULATION CENSUS 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-08-14.
4. ^ article: Tristan da Cunha (distance)
9. ^ Drake and St Helena, privately published by Robin Castell in 2005
11. ^ Gazetteer - p. 7. MONUMENTS IN FRANCE - page 338[dead link]
14. ^ "England's St Helena exiles welcome island airport project", BBC News Online, 21 April 2012, retrieved 21 February 2012
15. ^ Natural History of Saint Helena[dead link]
17. ^ "Bird Watching", St Helena Tourism, retrieved 17 January 2011
20. ^ BBC Weather Centre[dead link]
22. ^ St Helena Independent, 3 October 2008 page 2
23. ^ St Helena
24. ^ "CONSTITUTIONAL POLL - RESULTS". The Islander. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
26. ^ "CIA World Factbook",, retrieved 6 December 2012
27. ^ St Helena celebrates the restoration of full citizenship, Telegraph, 22 May 2002
28. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses 2011 Worldwide Report", Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2012, retrieved 21 July 2012
29. ^[dead link]
30. ^ "About Us: History of the Bank of St. Helena", Bank of St. Helena, retrieved 21 July 2012
32. ^ Gavin Bell (07-10-2011). "RMS St. Helena: A Final Sailing from British Shores". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
36. ^ "Saint FM Homepage". Saint FM. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
38. ^ "Saint Helena Online". Retrieved 21 July 2012.
39. ^ "Public Information on the Television Delivery on the KU-BAND". Cable and Wireless. Archived from the original on 2010-06-30. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
40. ^ "Digital Terrestrial Television Project Progresses for C&W". St. Helena Independent. 2011-10-21. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
41. ^ "Cable & Wireless SA Ltd First Fibre Network for St Helena". St. Helena Herald. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2012. [dead link]
42. ^ "Cable & Wireless Carries out Major Mechanical Maintenance" The St Helena Independent Volume 1, Issue 37 Friday 21 July 2006, p. 8
43. ^ a b[dead link]
45. ^ World Telephone Numbering Guide Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha
46. ^[dead link]
49. ^ "St Helena Independent". 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
51. ^ Government of St Helena. "Education Ordinance 2009". Government of St Helena. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
52. ^ Government of St Helena. "Number of schools, enrolment and teachers:by category of school". Government of St Helena. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
56. ^ Island Games St Helena profile
57. ^ ScoutBaseUK A Scouting Timeline
Further reading[edit]
• Aptroot, Andre. Lichens of St Helena, Pisces Publications, Newbury, UK, 2012, ISBN 1-874357-53-7
External links[edit]
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18610 | Recently a couple of my fellow technical specialists and I were working on a Top 500 run at a major US university. We needed to create node.XML templates that associated MAC addresses with node names. It would also be nice if it could also list the rack location of the node. We wanted to deploy the cluster by rack to allow for more orderly provisioning. The client gave us a text file that they created from the LINUX configuration of the cluster. This text file contained several pieces of data for each node. There was one node entry per line in the text file. The important data was the node name, MAC address and node location. To help ease creation of the node.XML templates I wrote a c# application that takes as input a text file with per rack data and created a node template for that rack.
So it takes input like the following:
node16 00:14:5E:55:AF:D4 rack01
node17 00:14:5E:55:8E:67 rack01
node18 00:14:5E:55:A4:D9 rack01
and creates a node.xml template that looks like:
<Nodes xmlns:xsi="" xmlns:xsd="" xmlns="">
<Node Name="node16" Domain="mshpc">
<Template Name="HPCTemplate" />
<Location Primary="rack01" />
<Node Name="node17" Domain="mshpc">
<Template Name="HPCTemplate" />
<Location Primary="rack01" />
<Node Name="node18" Domain="mshpc">
<Template Name="HPCTemplate" />
<Location Primary="rack01" />
The node.xml template has the following key items that are created by the program:
• Node Name - The name to give the node in provisioning
• Domain - The domain that the cluster belongs to.
• Template Name - The name of the template that is recognized by HPC Server
• Location Primary - The Rack identification of the node
• MacAddress - The MAC address of the node.
Of course the program is expandable to allow for more data to be written to the node.xml template and I will be updating the code as needed as well as making the source available to the community to allow others to update as necessary. The domain and template name that are listed above are contained in a configuration file that is used by the application. This file app.config needs to be changed by the user to add their domain and template name. Below is what the createnodetemplate.exe.config file looks like:
<add key="domain" value="mshpc"/>
<add key="MAC delimiter" value=":"/>
<add key="Template Name" value="HPCTemplate"/>
So the user will need to add their domain name replacing "mshpc" with the updated name in double quotes. They will also have to give a template name in double quotes. The MAC delimiter entry is currently not allowed to be changed. The MAC address must be in the 00:00:00:00:00 format with each pair separated by ':'.
The application has the following command line:
createnodetemplate infile outfile
The following command would take input data in rack11.dat and create a node template file named rack11.xml
createnodetemplate rack11.dat rack11.xml
A zip file of the executable and sample data and xml files is attached to this posting for download.
I hope the community finds this tool useful for deploying large cluster from bare metal. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18622 | The Shiny Pokemon Club
The Shiny Pokemon Club
Page 1 of 12 12311 ... LastLast
1. Poke-Glitch
2. Megaman
I Fishmonklv.x hereby acknowledge that I have read all of the Forum and Club rules and agree to abide by them.
3. Poke-Glitch
Welcome back FM! (Can I call you FM?) So what shinies do you own? any? Got any hunts lined up? I'd love to hear!
4. Synthesis
I Slumboo hereby acknowledge that I have read all of the Forum and Club rules and agree to abide by them.
I have had 12 shinies so far (not including Rumble shinies), a Togepi, a Larvitar, a Voltorb, a Magnemite, a Phanphy and a Slowpoke from chaining. In my old Emerald file I had two shiny Zubats, a shiny Sandshrew and a shiny Numel. I also got a Lotad from the Masuda Method and a Beldum from Soft Resseting.
My target is the Desert route in Ruby. So far I'm at about 1700 random encounters and this thing I call "The Hoenn Run" which is me pretty much running around from Route to Route, hoping for a completely unexpected shiny.
5. Poke-Glitch
Welcome back slumboo! A nice batch of shinies you've got there! Good luck with your hunts! I hope they go well for you!
6. Megaman
I currently own a golem, tentacreul, arcanine, zubat, meditite, rattata, and a charizard. the colem, zubat, rattata, and meditite are current up for trade for a shiny darkri, shiny onix, and various other shinies. Currently im trying to get a shiny manaphy. (beat my younger brother ranger game, trade the egg from his diamond to my SS, save, and soft reset until i get a shiny) Im also trying to get a shiny wingull using the massuda method.
7. Poke-Glitch
FM, I'm afraid that plan won't work...the Manaphy's shininess is determined when you hatch it. So to get a shiny you will need to trade it to another game, and another game...until you get a shiny. (Manaphy can never be shiny from the game it was originally obtained)
8. Megaman
I know. i can restart my bros game as many times as i want, so i just try it in my game, and if it doesnt work, i just send it into his game, and if it doesnt work then, i send it back, restart, than send it over.
9. Missingno. Master
Missingno. Master
For what I hope to be the final time,
I Missingno. Master hereby acknowledge that I have read all of the Forum and Club rules and agree to abide by them.
Well, I haven't gotten any new shinies lately. I did tell you guys about that Rhyhorn in Rumble, right? Anyway, I did the Bug-catching contest in HG today, hoping for a shiny. No shiny, and the Dustox I caught took second place. And I usually take first place. Usually with stuff like Caterpie and Kakuna, too!
Anyway, the Serebii branch of the shiny club has announced that their Johto shiny tour is gonna start June 1st. That's like a big competition where we see how many random encounter shinies we can get in Johto. I'm getting ready for that. I'm stocking up on Pokeballs of all kinds, I'm gonna teach one of my Pokemon False Swipe, and I'm cutting down on my shiny hunting right now, so I don't waste all my luck before the competition even begins. The last shiny tour was in Kanto, and I tied for 1st place, thanks to the shiny Meowth and Caterpie I had caught around Christmas. I'm hoping for similar luck this time around.
10. Poke-Glitch
Of course! The Johto Tour,'s about time they did that, but I have sad news...I can't compete, I'm too busy with my current hunts (Charmander in LG, secret M/M hunt in SS, RE in Eterna Forest in Di, and I have paused a M/M hunt on Paras that I need to pick back one day...also, when my secret M/M shines, I'll take up the Entei/Raikou hunt!). So you see, I'm very busy with my hunts right'll be too much to join the Johto Tour too...anyways, welcome back MM! Good Luck guys! (Good Luck on Manaphy FM!)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18629 | The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
Financial Planning / Tax Strategies
Subject: Re: IRA to Roth Date: 1/4/2013 7:13 PM
Author: vkg Number: 117300 of 120461
I have no earned income.
If you are married and your spouse has earned income, then you can contribute to an IRA based on your spouse's income. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18640 | Changes related to "2009-10-31 Yonnhy Perez w pts 12 Joseph Agbeko, Treasure Island Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA - IBF"
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18644 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
When I was younger my dad bought me 5218-1, a technic-based pneumatics set, which, combined with the old motor system to provide a mini compressor system created quite a bit of entertainment and it got adapted into various other builds, including a sliding pneumatic bank door. enter image description here
Now, as far as I can tell, the only kit like this nowadays is the Lego Education Pneumatics Add-On Set, 9641-1, which comes in at around £39.99, for 31 pieces. enter image description here
While I could add this to the Lego Education Simple & Powered Machines Set that's not cheap either, at around £100 for a more reasonable 390 pieces.
Ultimately, is there a list of all the technic (or lego) sets that include pneumatic kits, and, ideally, are any of them still avalible, apart from the ones I've previously listed?
share|improve this question
Lego Educattion/Dacta set are usually overpriced – Ambo100 Jan 4 '12 at 16:04
@Ambo100, yeah (from working in education) I kinda gathered. – tombull89 Jan 4 '12 at 16:23
BrickSet has a list of all Pneumatic Technic Sets as well. – tombull89 Jan 5 '12 at 11:07
Ooo...cool! I didn't even know that Lego produced pneumatic sets! – daviesgeek Jan 7 '12 at 23:49
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 10 down vote accepted
In the UK shop, there are currently two sets:
The Unimog U 400 [set:8110] which uses the motorised "compressor" to supply the power (as opposed to the manual sprung pump).
Detail of pneumatic elements
And the Tractor with Log Loader [set:8049] which uses the manual pump:
Log Loader detail
The other sets that look like they have piston arms (such as [set:8043]) are actually using "linear actuators", which work with an internal screw thread to lift up the piston, powered by Bevel Gears or Universal Joints:
Bevelled Gears to power actuator Universal Joint to power actuator
These provide a much finer level of control over the Pneumatic sets, which is probably why they are being used in more and more sets.
The issue with locating the pneumatic sets is that there have been a few subtle changes to the elements over the years, as well as different lengths in various sets, so tracking them reliably isn't easy:
BrickLink search for Pneumatic Pumps
share|improve this answer
Looking at the manual, that's quite a set. Probably better value than getting the Pnuematics set, the simple and powered machines set and another motor. – tombull89 Jan 4 '12 at 12:30
(I do mean the Unimog U 400). – tombull89 Jan 4 '12 at 13:59
Linear actuators seem to be cropping up in recent sets as an alternative to pneumatic pumps. It may be that linear actuators have a finer degree of control as well as reliability. I don't know for sure as I don't own any. – Ambo100 Jan 4 '12 at 15:55
@Ambo100 From my experience that's exactly what is going on. The LAs provide such fine control that they're pretty spectacular really. Not quite as much fun as the pneumatics though. :-) – Nathan Stohlmann Jan 4 '12 at 18:32
my god, just looked at the build manual for 8043...that's insane and brilliant. – tombull89 Jan 5 '12 at 15:07
show 7 more comments
The set that had the most pneumatic cylinders was the Lego Technic Backhoe, with something around 10. Unfortunately, this set is discontinued. You can, however, buy it on Bricklink.
enter image description here
It is, by far, the coolest pneumatic Lego set ever released.
share|improve this answer
That, without a doubt, is pure awesome. I'd hope to see a re-release at some point, maybe even it could be fitted with power functions and automatic compressor...granted it would be expensive but my god it would be an awesome kit. – tombull89 Jan 8 '12 at 2:21
holy mamma that is one awesome set – user2795 Jun 27 '13 at 21:57
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Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18645 | Greg Shorey Athlete Profile
Greg Shorey
Positions: Distance, Freestyle Height: 5-8 Weight: 150 Roster Years: 1982-1984 | 1988-1989 Hometown: Bell Canyon, CA
From Bell Canyon, Calif. ... was the Los Angeles city champion in the 100 back and the 100 fly ... was a junior national qualifier in the 200 and 400 IM ... recruited by Utah, Hawaii and Cal State-Northridge ... lettered in swimming while in high school ... was swim team captain in high school ... majoring in physical therapy. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18671 |
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Letter from Mrs. Leon Wood to J. Howell Atwood, 1936
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TitleLetter from Mrs. Leon Wood to J. Howell Atwood, 1936
DescriptionA 1936 letter from Mrs. Leon Wood, R.N., to Professor J. Howell Atwood. J. Howell Atwood was a sociology professor at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois during this period and his work centered on describing the culture and community of African Americans living in Galesburg. The letter refers to Atwood's attempt to interview and survey people living at the Tie Plant on the property of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail Road. The writer, on behalf of the residents of the Plant, gives Atwood permission to survey the residents and provides information on whom to contact. A list of residents and their signatures is included.
SubjectRailroad facilities
Named PersonAllen, Mrs. Henry; Allen, Ester; Edwards, Mary; Collins, Erma;
AuthorWood, Mrs. Leon;
Time Period1930s
Date Created (original)Feb. 23, 1936
IdentifierJ. Howell Atwood Manuscript Collection (box 9)
RightsSee http://library.knox.edu/digitalcollections/rightsinfo.htm
Date Digital2012-07-23
Transcript 158 S. Prairie Street,
Galesburg, Ill.,
Feb 23, 1936.
Dear Sir;
Twice every month since 1919,
I have done follow-up work at
the C. B. et & Q. Tie Plant. During my last
visit on the 19th inst. Mrs Henry Allen
was telling me how some one from
Knox College had tried to get permission[?]
to visit the homes there and was object-
ed to by the people there
When I told them my plan of having
you and our class make a survey of
the different homes they unanimously
agreed to sign this enclosed paper.
Some of them do not write plainly.
In order to help you know them
by name, starting from the
hard road going
toward Mr. Duncan's (the Supt.) office the
names are as followers (of course some of
the cars are vacent and in one car
there is a white man living alone.)
Total of about
75 persons
is listed
No. of homes No. of people in homes.
1 = Mrs. Mary Goodman - - - - Adults 3 - - Children 1
2 = Mrs. Blanche Glover - - - Adults 2 - - Children 0
3 = Mrs. Alishia Hollowell - Adults 2 - - Children 4 ?
4 = Mrs. Hamblin - - - - - - Adults 2 - - Children. 4 ? (not sure about these)
5 = Mrs. Emily Newton. - - - Adults 2 - - Children 1.
6 = Mrs. Loretta Hollowell - Adults 2 - - Children 0
7 = Mrs Alberta Owens - - - Adults 2 - - Children 1.
8 = Mrs Letha Williams - - Adults 2 - - Children 0
9 = Mrs. Mabel Haley - - - - Adults 2 - - Children 2 brothers
10 = Mr. Nathan Bailey - - Adults 1 Wife out of town.
11 = Mr. Walter Glover - - Adults 2 Children 2 boys in C.C.C. camp
* 12 = Mrs Erma Collins - - Adults 3.
13 = Mrs Addie Mae Kimbrough Adults 2 Children 3
14 = Mrs Hattie Froniabarger Adults 2 Children 5
15 = Mrs Etheleen Edwards - Adults 2 Children 0.
* 16 = Mrs Mary Edwards - - Adults 2.
17 = Mrs Malindia Calloway Adults 2
* 18 = Mrs Ester Allen - Adults 3. Children 1
19 = Mrs Rubie Williams - Adults 2
20 = Mrs Gussie Moore - - Adults 2 Children 1.
21 = Mrs David Harris Adults 2 Children 4
22 = Mrs James Cartwright - Adults 2 Children 1.
Mrs. Lavada Thorpe - - Children 2 Adults 2.
In Mrs Ester Allen's and Mrs Mary Edwards'
home you will find quite a bit of neat
quilting and embrodiery.
Mrs. Ester Allen and Mrs. Erma Collins
will assist you in any thing you
wish done such as getting every one
the message when you are ex-
pecting to go out there. You may notify
them through Mr. Duncan's office. And too
Mrs Erma Collins has a daughter
about 18 years old who has finished high
school, though was financially unable to
send her to college. She wants to
go to college even if she has to work
her way through. I am very much
interested in her, and wish when
you make this survey you will
be able to give her some suggestion
as to what to do.
Prof. I have found that in order
to get my people to believe in what
ever I undertake I must help them
to solve their problems. My people
are very anxious to learn.
Socially we are not interested
at all in any race but the Negro.
In business or education we think
the leaders of each race should work
together for the betterment of each race
separately. Thanks for what-ever
you do for the betterment of my race.
Yours Truly,
Mrs. Leon Wood, R.N.
[p. 5]
Feb 19, 1936.
Negro 48
Race Relations
Sociological Surveys
F [illegible]
Savada Thope
Mrs. James Cartwright
Mrs Davis Harris
Mrs A E Fromiabarger[?]
Mrs Alishia Hallowell.
Mrs Malindria Calloway
Mrs Letha Williams
Mrs Addie Mae Kimbrough.
Mrs Erma Collins.
Mrs. Mabel Haley
Walter Glover
Mrs Loretta Hallowell
Mrs Etheleen Edwards
Mrs Mary Edwards
Mrs Esther Allen
MRs. Gussie Moore
Mrs Alberta Owens
Mrs Rubie Williams
Nathan Bailey
[p. 5 back]
Copied 7/2002 CRA
All the following names on opposite side
are willing for Prof. H. Atwood to visit their
homes on some day when it is convenient,
provided he give them a 6 day notice.
Physical Description8.5 x 11 in. handwritten sheets |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18675 | ViewVC logotype
Contents of /meta-cvs/F-B3689DBB46386B16F4B2331934B69223
Parent Directory Parent Directory | Revision Log Revision Log
Revision - (hide annotations)
Sat Oct 12 20:29:47 2002 UTC (11 years, 5 months ago) by kaz
Branch: mcvs-1-0-branch
Changes since +4 -0 lines
* code/filt.lisp (mcvs-filt): Do not filter F- names if
immediately preceded by MCVS/ prefix.
1 kaz 1.115 Release Notes for Meta-CVS
2 kaz 1.1
3 kaz Release 0.98, 2002-10-??:
5 Debug tracing shows command execution.
7 kaz The filt command does not filter F- names if they are immediately preceded by
8 the MCVS/ prefix; such occurences are clearly concrete, sandbox-relative
9 references to the actual F- links, rather than abstract references.
11 kaz 1.127 Release 0.97, 2002-10-06:
12 kaz 1.119
13 Meta-CVS now builds and runs on Microsoft Windows, under Cygwin
14 (www.cygwin.com). It still relies on hard links, which requires
15 Windows 2000 or XP, and the NTFS filesystem. It probably won't
16 work over FAT.
17 kaz 1.120
18 New --debug option for verbose output.
20 Cleaned up of error messages. Error messages don't specify prefixes like
23 not continuable.
24 kaz 1.119
25 kaz 1.121 Fixed bug introduced in release 0.13: mcvs add -R was adding only
26 directories, effectively ignoring arguments that are regular files.
27 kaz 1.122 The error-continuation behavior of mcvs add has been revised.
28 kaz 1.121
29 kaz 1.125 Trying to rename an object onto itself, or to move the sandbox root
30 directory are no longer silent no-ops, but produce an error.
31 kaz 1.123
32 kaz 1.124 The remap command now preserves property lists, and picks up changes
33 in executable permission.
35 The grab command now notices when a file changes from having execute
36 permission to not having execute permission.
38 kaz 1.126 Operations on the path . now work in a partial sandbox.
40 kaz 1.118 Release 0.96, 2002-09-21:
41 kaz 1.110
42 The restore command was left broken during the change to the new
43 filemap format. It is now fixed.
45 kaz 1.111 The grab command now handles execute permission bits properly.
47 kaz 1.112 Some more commands have detailed help.
49 kaz 1.113 There is now a global option -i which specifies a script to be
50 kaz 1.114 executed. This allows Meta-CVS to be scripted using Lisp. For
51 instance suppose you have the following script and call it
52 list-matching:
53 kaz 1.113
54 #!/usr/local/bin/mcvs -i
55 (in-sandbox-root-dir
58 kaz 1.114 (dolist (entry mapping)
59 (with-slots (path raw-plist) entry
60 kaz 1.117 (when (funcall test-func raw-plist)
63 Then to list the names of files whose "importance" property is
64 a value greater than two, run:
66 ./list-matching '(lambda (plist)
67 (let ((imp (getf plist :importance)))
68 (and imp (> imp 2))))'
69 kaz 1.117
70 WARNING: Scripting accesses the guts of Meta-CVS directly, so scripts may
71 break as Meta-CVS is maintained. There is currently no published set of
72 stable interfaces.
73 kaz 1.113
74 kaz 1.109 Release 0.95, 2002-09-16:
75 kaz 1.104
77 or the linkkit directory; these have been removed. These materials
78 are available at every CLISP installation; install.sh now finds them
79 and uses them. Users of non-x86 machines ran into problems because of this
80 because linkkit/clisp.h contains architecture-dependent information.
81 kaz 1.104
83 in the map.
87 an additional parameter which specifies a Meta-CVS command, it produces more
88 detailed documentation for that comand. Help exists already for a few
89 commands.
92 in beta. It is only five updates away from a 1.0 release.
93 kaz 1.106
94 kaz 1.103 Release 0.24, 2002-09-08:
95 kaz 1.98
96 kaz 1.99 The mapping entries for both symlinks and files have extensible property
97 lists now. These are stored in the optional fourth and fifth list elements,
98 respectively of the :FILE and :SYMLINK map entries.
100 Versioning of the execute permission of files is supported, represented as
101 the :EXEC property of a :FILE mapping entry.
102 kaz 1.98
103 kaz 1.100 Some lame syntax is provided for manipulating properties:
106 kaz 1.100
107 will set the property FOO to true, set the property BAR to false,
108 and remove the property BAZ, in the files main.c and list.c.
109 The execute permission is represented by the property EXEC.
111 kaz 1.97 Release 0.23, 2002-09-02:
112 kaz 1.95
113 kaz 1.96 Bugfix: the grab command notices edited symlinks and incorporates the
114 changes into the mapping.
116 The grab command now figures out moved symlinks. Moved symlinks are those
117 whose pathname has changed, but which continue to point to the same object
118 (which may also have been moved).
119 kaz 1.95
120 kaz 1.94 Release 0.22, 2002-08-31:
121 kaz 1.93
122 Symbolic links are now versioned objects. The format of the MAP file
123 changes to accomodate this; the new Meta-CVS will read old MAP
125 read the new format.
127 When a new module is created from an existing file tree, symbolic
128 links will be recognized and added. The add command will also add
129 symbolic links. Symbolic links can be renamed and moved; this does
130 nothing with their contents. They can point outside of the sandbox
131 using relative or absolute paths.
133 kaz 1.94 TODO:
135 kaz 1.93 There doesn't exist yet a special command to create symbolic links, nor to
136 retarget them; retargetting a link can be done manually by editing MCVS/MAP
137 and updating. Retargetting a link using the ln -s command, won't
138 kaz 1.94 backpropagate to the MAP file; an update will clobber the link.
140 The grab command does not yet compute symbolic link moves; a moved symbolic
141 link is treated as a remove and add. This will be easy to fix.
143 The remap command ignores symlinks.
144 kaz 1.93
145 kaz 1.92 Release 0.21, 2002-08-04:
146 kaz 1.88
147 kaz 1.89 Syntax of grab command changed. The branch is no longer specified as an
148 argument, but using the -r command option. If no revision is specified with
150 is a safety feature, since grabbing foreign snapshots to the trunk is almost
151 always wrong, though it could be useful during backup recovery, or for fixing
152 mistakes.
154 kaz 1.91 The way operating system functions are targetted has changed. Instead of
156 has its own module for calling foreign functions. This module is portable;
157 it does not depend on the layout of glibc data structures. So Meta-CVS
160 kaz 1.87 Release 0.20, 2002-07-27:
161 kaz 1.86
162 The commit command does a true global commit when given no file or directory
163 parameters, and not given the --metaonly option. This means commiting all
165 currently mapped.
167 kaz 1.85 Release 0.19, 2002-07-16:
168 kaz 1.81
169 When moving multiple files or directories to a subdirectory, a
170 restart is now provided to skip over bad ones and continue.
173 files. There are no moves to deduce in that case.
175 kaz 1.84 Restore properly creates lost+found at the root of a partial sandbox,
176 rather than at the abstract root of the module.
178 kaz 1.83 Some other algorithmic improvements made.
179 kaz 1.82
180 The first few sections of a user guide have been written.
182 kaz 1.80 Release 0.18, 2002-07-07:
183 kaz 1.77
184 kaz 1.78 Cool new feature: checkout takes an extra argument, which specifies a
185 subdirectory of the project. Specifying a subdirectory results in a ``partial
186 sandbox'', whose root directory is the specified subdirectory of the larger
188 subdirectory argument can also be given to mcvs grab, which will cause it to
189 integrate the new source tree against a subtree of the Meta-CVS project
190 kaz 1.79 rather than the entire project. The subtree doesn't have to exist; in
191 that case you get an empty sandbox. Adding files to this sandbox will cause
192 the tree to exist in the project.
193 kaz 1.78
194 kaz 1.77 Bugfix: mcvs grab was not computing moves properly over small file sets,
195 wrongly treating them as removes and adds.
197 kaz 1.76 Release 0.17, 2002-07-02:
198 kaz 1.71
199 The create command no longer takes a vendor branch. Instead the symbol
202 kaz 1.72 The grab command no longer does useless synchronization on files that
203 are about to be deleted.
206 that have no mapping.
208 New restore command; re-enters deleted files into the mapping, under
210 kaz 1.73
212 working copy, it must not delete that working copy's MCVS sub directory.
214 kaz 1.70 Release 0.16, 2002-06-29:
215 kaz 1.67
216 Added new heuristics to grab command. Paths are analyzed to determine
217 move distance. Greater distances reduce the confidence in a move.
218 These rules help sort out grabs in a project where similar or
219 duplicate files are subject to parallel moves, the ambiguity being
220 kaz 1.68 resolved by favoring shorter moves. Word comparisons are case-insensitive
221 now. Common words (those that appear in many files) are ignored when
222 comparing files.
223 kaz 1.67
225 up a little bit. Most reporting commands like log or diff no longer
226 operate on meta files by default; they must be explicitly told to do
227 so with --meta or --metaonly. Only the commit command implicitly includes
229 selected. The update command remains special; if it is given file
230 arguments, it does not include meta files. If given no arguments, it
231 does a global CVS up across the entire project.
233 kaz 1.66 Release 0.15, 2002-06-25:
234 kaz 1.61
235 kaz 1.65 Optimized a string splitting routine which is used heavily for processing
236 paths; the result is a noticeable performance improvement in some commands
237 that process large numbers of files.
238 kaz 1.61
239 kaz 1.62 Renamed ``import'' command to ``create''.
241 kaz 1.65 Bugfix: checkout and create showed errors when removing directory, due to
242 broken :postorder support in directory walking function.
243 kaz 1.63
244 kaz 1.65 Bugfix: on failure, checkout was failing to delete the MCVS directory when
245 the checkout was directed to an existing directory.
249 It determines what files have been added and removed in the snapshot, and
250 tries to compute which removes and adds are actually moves. This is done by
251 analyzing the actual contents of the files according to a crude algorithm to
252 do fuzzy comparisons, so that even files which were modified as well as moved
253 are discovered.
254 kaz 1.64
255 kaz 1.60 Release 0.14, 2002-06-21:
256 kaz 1.59
257 Bugfix: mcvs add was broken for files that have no suffix, causing
258 kaz 1.60 the underlying cvs add to fail. This was broken in 0.7 when type
259 handling was added.
260 kaz 1.59
261 kaz 1.58 Release 0.13, 2002-06-06:
262 kaz 1.55
263 Sandbox synchronization now handles the case of two files having
264 the same timestamp. An error is signaled, with interactive resolution
265 to synchronize either way, or do nothing.
268 is now a continuable error.
271 whose suffix is one of the ones cvs ignores by default.
275 moves and deletions, and reconstruct the mapping accordingly; that is,
276 it remaps the new structure. This command uses inode numbers to identify
277 files; if a file is copied and then the original is deleted, that won't
278 be recognized as a move.
280 kaz 1.53 Release 0.12, 2002-04-18:
281 kaz 1.51
282 Bugfix: remove was broken in 0.10, fixed now.
285 ``. not known to Meta-CVS''.
287 kaz 1.52 The checkout operation now can now populate an existing directory, including
289 target directory cannot be an existing Meta-CVS sandbox.
290 This is a useful feature, which allows sandboxes to blend with an
291 existing directory structure.
293 Checkout now uses the same function for generating the sandbox
294 structure as does update. This is now necessary, because local files
295 can be clobbered by the checkout.
297 kaz 1.50 Release 0.11, 2002-04-12:
298 kaz 1.46
299 Bugfix: when branch invokes rtag, it now takes the CVSROOT information
301 look at a local CVS subdirectory for this information, only the
302 -d option or the environment variable.
305 what sticky tag the sandbox is updated to.
307 Command for switching branches added (switch or sw).
309 Merge detects that working copy is on non-branch tag and bails.
310 kaz 1.47
311 kaz 1.49 Absolute paths can now be specified as file arguments. These are
312 based from the root directory of the sandbox, not the actual filesystem root
313 directory.
315 kaz 1.45 Release 0.10, 2002-04-03:
316 kaz 1.44
317 Automatic merging implemented. Branch is created using branch command,
318 and merging from another branch is done using simple merge command.
319 Meta-CVS maintains the tags to keep track of what has been merged
320 from what branch to what branch.
321 kaz 1.40
322 Bugfix: checkout -d foo bar was complaining about directory bar already
323 existing, even though it should only care about foo.
325 kaz 1.41 The remove command now requires explicit -R option to recursively remove
326 kaz 1.42 a directory. It has more detailed error reporting.
327 kaz 1.41
328 kaz 1.43 The move command has better error reporting.
330 kaz 1.39 Release 0.9, 2002-03-14:
331 kaz 1.37
332 Bugfix: the .cvsignore file is now subject to tagging, status, etc,
333 (unless --nometa is specified, of course).
334 kaz 1.38
336 This means to retrieve the MAP file as of the specified revision or
337 date and use that mapping to perform the filtering translation,
338 rather than using MAP-LOCAL.
339 kaz 1.39
340 The mcvs update command takes filename arguments now and also
341 supports the -p option.
342 kaz 1.37
343 kaz 1.36 Release 0.8, 2002-03-13:
344 kaz 1.28
345 kaz 1.29 Bug fixed in mcvs add; it was not ignoring files that are already
346 listed as :ignore in MCVS/TYPES.
352 directory, which is normally the same as the module name.
357 interactive error handling in two different ways.
359 kaz 1.32 Log level of many messages has changed; many messages have been
360 relegated to debug level.
362 kaz 1.35 The import command now creates a .cvsignore file containing the name
363 MAP-LOCAL.
365 kaz 1.24 Release 0.7, 2002-03-09:
367 kaz 1.27 The import command collects a list of the file suffixes and brings up
368 a text editor to allow the user to edit their CVS keyword expansion
369 behavior. This information is kept in a new metafile called TYPES. The
370 add command also updates TYPES; it identifies any suffixes which are new,
371 and brings up an editor. The F- files now carry suffixes, which
372 simplifies interfacing with CVS, and also allows cvswrappers to work.
374 Recursive add works (mcvs add -R ...).
376 New command line option --nometa allows metafiles to be excluded from
377 diff, tag, and other commands; without the option they are inserted
378 into the list of files to be processed.
379 kaz 1.25
380 kaz 1.27 The commit option now takes an optional list of files or directories,
381 just like tag, diff, and others.
382 kaz 1.26
383 kaz 1.23 Release 0.6, 2002-02-16:
384 kaz 1.19
385 kaz 1.27 The add operation was horribly broken in 0.5, it is fixed.
386 kaz 1.21
387 kaz 1.27 User can interactively select whether to clobber local files or leave
388 everything alone. Effects on the mapping file of a mcvs move are undone,
389 if the restructuring is rolled back, or raises a condition that leads
390 to termination.
393 during import, and specifies the CVS keyword expansion mode for files
394 having given suffixes, and can also tell Meta-CVS to ignore certain files
395 when importing or adding.
396 kaz 1.22
397 kaz 1.18 Release 0.5, 2002-02-10:
398 kaz 1.14
399 kaz 1.27 Much improved error handling. Filesystem rearranging code performs
400 sanity checks to prevent adds and moves from accidentally clobbering
401 local files. A rearranging gone bad can be rolled back. Effects
402 of a failed mcvs add can also be rolled back.
403 kaz 1.14
404 kaz 1.27 MAP-LOCAL is now sorted in the same way as MAP.
405 kaz 1.15
406 kaz 1.13 Release 0.4, 2002-02-04:
407 kaz 1.10
408 kaz 1.27 CVS is invoked using internal function resembling the xargs utility,
409 which ensures that multiple command lines are generated if necessary to
410 avoid surpassing the operating system limit on argument and environment
411 vector size. This is important when someone wants to diff or stat a
412 subdirectory, which requires Meta-CVS to pick out the individual files
413 at the CVS level.
415 The tag, log, status and annotate commands are now available.
418 improves merging, since files do not move within the file when
419 they are renamed.
420 kaz 1.12
421 kaz 1.5 Release 0.3, 2002-02-02:
423 kaz 1.27 Process termination done is properly in top level handler, by a nonlocal
424 exit. The program properly indicates failed termination when it exits
425 due to an error condition.
427 Corrections are made in the command line option processing. If z is an
428 option that takes an argument, and the argument is -zx, then x is
429 treated as the argument to the option. Long options arguments are
430 recognized properly, according to the --opt=arg convention. The option
431 processing is restructured. Most of the commands now take the
432 appropriate cvs command-specific options.
434 The update algorithm performs dupe checking over the map, which could
435 happen during a merge.
437 Some more bugfixing has been done to the move command. It was still not
438 handling right some cases of an unversioned file being clobbered. Also,
439 it wasn't renaming a directory containing just one file.
441 I did some performance investigation for larger file sets, and
442 ended up rewriting the code that computes filesystem restructuring
443 changes and map duplicates.
444 kaz 1.5
445 kaz 1.4 Release 0.2, 2002-01-30:
447 kaz 1.27 Changed official name from MCVS to Meta-CVS. The move command now
448 performs some filesystem tests so it does the right thing when a versioned
450 a directory not known to Meta-CVS. Factored out reading and writing of
451 map files into functions.
452 kaz 1.4
453 kaz 1.2 Release 0.1, 2002-01-28:
456 Bug fixed in mcvs mv command; it wasn't working analogously to the Unix
457 mv command when copying a directory to an existing directory.
458 kaz 1.2
459 Release 0.0, 2002-01-27:
460 kaz 1.1
461 kaz 1.27 This is alpha software. It is not complete, and lacks documentation.
462 However, it is already usable in its present state and is being used for
463 version control by its author. If you can program in Common Lisp and would
465 feature requests.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18676 | Category:City tower in Rijeka
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18677 | Category:Ford Transit (1965)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18678 | Category:Punjabi people (ethnic group)
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The Punjabi people (Punjabi:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ , also Panjabi people) are an en:Indo-Aryan ethnic group originating from the Punjab region, which has been host to some of the oldest civilizations in the world including one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization. The Punjabi identity is primarily cultural and linguistic. Punjabis are mostly and primarily found in the Punjab region, of India and Pakistan, which forms the present Indian state of Punjab and Pakistan province of Punjab because the Punjab region was divided at independence from Britain. In Pakistan, Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group and reside predominantly in the provinces of Punjab and Azad Kashmir. In India, Punjabis represent about 3% of the population; the majority of Punjabi-speaking people can be found across the greater Punjab region which comprises the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Large communities are also found in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir and in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Uttaranchal (Uttarakhand) and Uttar Pradesh.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18680 | User talk:Dodde
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I usually contribute to the Swedish version of Wiktionary as user Dodde. Please inform me of deletion notifications on my talk page there, not here. You can also give me a note by e-mail. I am very seldom logged into this account. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18690 |
Nelson is coming out
Discussion in 'Draft Zone' started by Bob Sacamano, Jan 13, 2007.
1. Bob Sacamano
Bob Sacamano Benched
57,074 Messages
1 Likes Received
or at least according to his roommate/closest friend
2. thewivil
thewivil Member
737 Messages
0 Likes Received
He's gay?
3. Smith22
Smith22 Well-Known Member
5,539 Messages
140 Likes Received
:lmao2: :lmao: :lmao2: :lmao:
4. Bob Sacamano
Bob Sacamano Benched
57,074 Messages
1 Likes Received
he might as well be w/ all the man-love he's getting on here
5. starfrombirth
starfrombirth Well-Known Member
3,123 Messages
132 Likes Received
Who is he????
6. AmishCowboy
AmishCowboy if you ain't first, you're last
4,255 Messages
9 Likes Received
FS from Florida, a First round pick.
7. Avery
Avery The Dog that Saved Charleston
7,682 Messages
191 Likes Received
Got a link?
8. Thick 'N Hearty
Thick 'N Hearty Active Member
2,359 Messages
0 Likes Received
That's all we need is a FS with an alternative lifestyle telling Roy, "I've got your back."
9. Apollo Creed
Apollo Creed Stackin and Processin, Well
8,454 Messages
231 Likes Received
Nelson is the real deal, he'll be gone before we pick.
10. marchetta
marchetta Well-Known Member
2,931 Messages
52 Likes Received
"Meanwhile, there are reports that Florida junior FS Reggie Nelson, who should be one of the first defensive players off the board this spring, has made the decision to enter this year’s draft."
- www.gbnreport.com
11. Mr Cowboy
Mr Cowboy Well-Known Member
8,019 Messages
503 Likes Received
I think the kid from LSU, Landry is a much better player than this Nelson kid.
12. locked&loaded
locked&loaded its redskin season
2,738 Messages
14 Likes Received
i think watkins is good at this moment.
13. nettorrep22
nettorrep22 Member
33 Messages
0 Likes Received
nelson is a first team all-american and kirk herbstreit has said many times that he thinks nelson is the sec mvp. not that what herbstreit says matters or anything but nelson is definitely the real deal
14. CATCH17
CATCH17 1st Round Pick
26,827 Messages
1,097 Likes Received
Not based on this past season.
This season it wasn't even close as to who was better.
Also I like Nelsons cover skills much better than I do Landrys.
I'd bet Nelson is the 1st Safety took in this upcoming draft as well.
15. Biggems
Biggems White and Nerdy
11,500 Messages
18 Likes Received
hmmm i guess the closet got too small for him......so he had to come out
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18691 |
1. Vinnie2u
Vinnie2u Well-Known Member
1,846 Messages
140 Likes Received
Is it the Scheme? Coaching? Or RG3 and Alfred Morris?
Look at their starters:Tyler Polumbus, Chris Chester, Will Montgomery, Kory Lichtensteiger, Trent Williams..... Besides Williams all these guys are castoffs from other teams.. None of them broke the bank... I'm not saying that we don't need a talent infusion.. But how much of our problems are coaching and scheme?
2. Vanilla2
Vanilla2 Active Member
990 Messages
226 Likes Received
Read option slowed the d down. IMO.
Made defenders tentative.
Remember Ware and Spencer the final week?
3. Jenky
Jenky Well-Known Member
2,749 Messages
230 Likes Received
I'll give you good at run blocking, but the presence of Griffin and their scheme makes it look better than it is.
4. Manwiththeplan
Manwiththeplan Well-Known Member
4,538 Messages
123 Likes Received
NFL defenses were caught off guard by the read option last year, which allowed the redskins to run the ball for big gains far more than they would have in a traditional offense. This allowed them to be a great play action passing team, but rarely did they get big plays when the QB just sropped back and passed or by lining up and running the ball.
5. Picksix
Picksix A Work in Progress
4,429 Messages
488 Likes Received
Gotta believe a lot of it is scheme, and having RGIII. His running/throwing ability is rare, and it makes the defense have to play less aggressively. Helps the OL.
6. CyberB0b
CyberB0b Well-Known Member
2,589 Messages
677 Likes Received
Scheme. Shanny has a pretty good track record with ZBS.
7. TheSport78
TheSport78 The Excellence of Execution
8,338 Messages
307 Likes Received
8. 5Stars
5Stars Here comes the Sun...
24,988 Messages
747 Likes Received
Coaching...and the style of how they want to beat the Cowboys.
9. Galian Beast
Galian Beast Well-Known Member
7,886 Messages
537 Likes Received
They actually put together some pedigree on their line.
They also entirely retooled their offensive line with Shanahan.
He became the head coach in 2010, and they have no starters from the 2009 offensive line currently on their roster.
2010 - They used the 4th overall pick to get Trent Williams, LT. Shanahan also brought in his former player Kory Lichtensteiger from the Broncos to play left guard. He was a 4th rounder.
In 2011 - they also supplemented their starting line with a new veteran, and a player that they had developed.
In 2012, oft injured Jamaal Brown was replaced.
So similarly to what we did, except they didn't go looking for garbage. i.e. livings and bernardeau.
It isn't hard to fix our offensive line. We just have to commit to it.
Force Free to take a pay cut or release him June 1st.
Sign Eric Winston. Huge upgrade over Free.
Sign Brandon Moore. Cheap player who knows the system.
Draft Warmack or Cooper. Best guards in the draft.
Draft a center in the 3rd or 4th round. Try to get one of the best centers in the draft. Should be a step up from what we have even in the 3rd or 4th rounds.
And there you have a legitimate offensive line.
Smith - Warmack/Cooper - Frederick - Moore - Winston
10. JohnsKey19
JohnsKey19 Well-Known Member
5,922 Messages
158 Likes Received
Yes. Shanny has a track record of building very good lines. While Trent Williams is the only standout talent, Shanny has a core group of OL who fit his scheme and have been together for a few seasons.
The read option and RG3 help but most of the credit goes to Shanny for building his type of OL.
11. jblaze2004
jblaze2004 Well-Known Member
8,118 Messages
185 Likes Received
scheme shanny designed a good scheme to work with what he had. I wish garrett would take notes. Instead it seems as if garret is sort of stubborn in his play calling. This is why i wish we had found and named a OC because garrett plays and play calling sucks. With the weapons we had we shouldn't have as much trouble scoring as we do.
The longer we don't name a play caller the more I think garret calls sorry plays again this season smh.
12. StevenOtero
StevenOtero Well-Known Member
6,232 Messages
208 Likes Received
Trent Williams is Ware's Daddy.....
Let's hope Ware slaps him around this year
13. Chocolate Lab
Chocolate Lab Run-loving Dino
33,093 Messages
1,242 Likes Received
It's scheme. You can't blame the option or RG3 because Shanny did it in Denver with Jake Plummer and Kubiak does it in Houston with Schaub.
It kinda helps to have a coach who really, really knows what he's doing.
14. jrumann59
jrumann59 Well-Known Member
3,414 Messages
74 Likes Received
Throwing ability :lmao2:
15. Aven8
Aven8 Well-Known Member
3,970 Messages
637 Likes Received
16. Muhast
Muhast Newo
7,369 Messages
81 Likes Received
Trent has gotten away with robbery against Ware. Last year wasn't as bad, but do you remember 2011 when Williams literally tackled Ware in the backfield 2-3 times and never got whistled for it? We ended up winning the game thanks to a Spencer FF on Grossman, but goodness, Williams literally tackled Ware lol.
17. Wood
Wood Well-Known Member
4,060 Messages
158 Likes Received
there isn't a player on that team who didnt elevate his play due to RG3. Brees did same thing his first year in NO. Some players just have ability to capture spirit of a team and lead them. Once everyone buys it...they play like they enjoy it.
18. gimmesix
8,269 Messages
241 Likes Received
Yes, Shanahan knows how to set up his zone blocking scheme to make the running game effective, no matter the back. And if you have an effective running game, then it helps the linemen out in pass protection because the defense has to respect the run.
It's definitely been his MO.
19. Galian Beast
Galian Beast Well-Known Member
7,886 Messages
537 Likes Received
And yet Brees wasn't able to do that in San Diego?
20. Redball Express
Redball Express All Aboard!!!
2,812 Messages
186 Likes Received
we have for the last 5 years gotten by with inferior OL..Romo early in his career was very good at moving around and spreading the defense with his rolling out and scrambles.
It made the OL look alot better than it was. Now that Romo has been beat up the last 3 seasons, he's not nearly as elusive and it's gotten more and more difficult to protect him. Cutting 4 5ths of the OL in the last 2 seasons hasn't helped, either.
Not being able to keep our RBs healthy either has made the playcalling one-dimensionable..too.
:starspin RedBaLL ExPreSS:starspin
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18708 |
verb (used with object), advertised, advertising.
Obsolete. to admonish; warn.
verb (used without object), advertised, advertising.
Poker. to bluff so as to make the bluff obvious.
Also, advertize.
advertisable [ad-ver-tahy-zuh-buhl, ad-ver-tahy-] , adjective
advertiser, noun
overadvertise, verb, overadvertised, overadvertising.
preadvertise, verb, preadvertised, preadvertising.
preadvertiser, noun
readvertise, verb, readvertised, readvertising.
unadvertised, adjective
well-advertised, adjective Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To advertiser
World English Dictionary
advertise or advertize (ˈædvəˌtaɪz)
vb (foll by for)
4. obsolete to warn; caution
advertize or advertize
'advertiser or advertize
'advertizer or advertize
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
early 15c., "to take notice of," from M.Fr. advertiss-, prp. stem of a(d)vertir "to warn," from L. advertere "turn toward," from ad- "toward" + vertere "to turn" see versus). Sense shifted to "to give notice to others, warn" (late 15c.) by influence of
advertisement. Original meaning remains in advert "to give attention to."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18709 | Grain Coast
Grain Coast
a historic region on the Gulf of Guinea, in W Africa, in present-day Liberia. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To Grain Coast
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grain coast
section of the western coast of the Gulf of Guinea, in Africa, extending approximately from Cape Mesurado to Cape Palmas-in present-day Liberia-on either side of the Cestos (Cess) River. It was primarily a sphere of Afro-Portuguese trade. The name of the coast originates in the early trade in the spice known as grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta).
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18710 | (of a plant) requiring a pH of 4.5 to 5.5 for optimal growth. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To acid-loving
Example sentences
mouth is more acidic.
Acid peat, especially sphagnum, are used without limestone for acid-loving
plants such as rhododendrons.
rhododendrons or evergreens.
The sedge meadow contains both alkaline- and acid-loving plants.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18712 | impact wrench
an electric or pneumatic power wrench with interchangeable toolhead attachments, used for installing and removing nuts, bolts, and screws.
Also called impacter, impactor. Unabridged
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Previous Definition: impact structure
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Example sentences
Use a pneumatic impact wrench to tighten bolted connections to proper
The connector was opened and closed by an impact wrench slung from an overhead
We also note that the nuts on the anchor bolts were tightened using an air
impact wrench.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18713 | moire pattern
moiré effect
noun Optics.
the appearance, when two regularly spaced sets of lines are superimposed, of a new set of lines (moiré pattern) passing through the points where the original lines cross at small angles.
1950–55 Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To moire pattern
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moire pattern
in physics, the geometrical design that results when a set of straight or curved lines is superposed onto another set; the name derives from a French word for "watered." The effect may be seen by looking through the folds of a nylon curtain of small mesh, or two sheets of graph paper twisted 20 or 30 degrees with respect to one another. If a grating design made of parallel black and white bars of equal width is superposed on an identical grating, moire fringes will appear as the crossing angle is varied from about one second of arc to about 45. The pattern will consist of equispaced parallel fringes. If two gratings of slightly different spacing are superposed, "beat" fringes will appear, which shift positions much faster than does the displacement of one grating with respect to the other. This principle is used to measure small displacements in mechanical devices (e.g., comparator). Moire patterns are useful in representing fluid flow and potential fields. Problems in optics, wave motion, stress analysis, crystallography, mathematics, and the psychology of perception may also be solved. A different kind of moire pattern results when two families of curves of different colours are superposed: fringes of a third colour are produced.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18714 | Encyclopedia Britannica
city, Los Angeles county, southwestern California, U.S. North of the city of Los Angeles, Palmdale lies at the southern end of Antelope Valley. The area was first settled in the 1880s, when the towns of Harold and Palmenthal were formed, the former by railroad workers and the latter by settlers of Swiss and German descent from Nebraska and Illinois. The two towns were abandoned after several years of dry weather (which made farming difficult), and the city of Palmdale was formed in 1899. It was a small farming community until the mid-20th century, when, with nearby Lancaster, it became a focus for industrial development, chiefly aircraft assembly and electronic research; in the 1990s, with the rapid economic expansion of Antelope Valley, it was one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States. Angeles National Forest is south of the city, and Edwards Air Force Base is northeast. Inc. 1962. Pop. (1990) 68,842; (2000) 116,670.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18716 | [sloh-vah-kee-uh, -vak-ee-uh]
a republic in central Europe: formerly a part of Czechoslovakia; under German protection 1939–45; independent since 1993. 18,931 sq. mi. (49,035 sq. km). Capital: Bratislava.
Also called Slovak Republic.
Slovak Slovensko [slaw-ven-skaw] .
Slovakian, adjective, noun Unabridged
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World English Dictionary
Slovakia (sləʊˈvækɪə)
a country in central Europe: part of Hungary from the 11th century until 1918, when it united with Bohemia and Moravia to form Czechoslovakia; it became independent in 1993 and joined the EU in 2004. Official language: Slovak. Religion: Roman Catholic majority. Currency: koruna. Capital: Bratislava. Pop: 5 407 000 (2004 est). Area: 49 036 sq km (18 940 sq miles)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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American Heritage
Cultural Dictionary
Slovakia [(sluh-vah-kee-uh)]
Republic in central Europe, formed in 1993 out of the former Czechoslovakia. It is bounded on the west by Austria, on the northwest by The Czech Republic, on the north by Poland, on the east by Ukraine, and on the south by Hungary. Its capital is Bratislava.
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Does anyone know of any safety organization like osha that gives a list of tools that should not be operated while wearing gloves? It has always been my understanting that a person should not wear gloves when operating any rotating tool because of the danger of the gloves getting caught in the rotating part and breaking fingers or loosing a limb. Unfortutatenly the safety department does not agree with me and I am concerned for the safety of my crew.
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Loose improperly sized gloves = Dangerous. Properly fitting gloves = Safety. Get your crew some good properly fitted gloves, and make sure they are replaced as they wear out. – Tester101 Jan 31 '12 at 13:13
Adding on to @Tester101 - gloves appropriate for the work and weather are important too. You wouldn't wear stiff leather gloves to clean a carburetor in the parts cleaner, you wouldn't wear winter gloves to saw lumber summer, and so on. – Freiheit Jan 31 '12 at 14:47
I never wear gloves when operating lathes, mills, drill presses, or bench grinders. Basically any tool that has a rotating component, weighs more than me, or has a gap a glove could get sucked into. I'm not sure what OSHA would say to that though. – Doresoom Jan 31 '12 at 15:30
I think its also useful to know the scenario. ie: Use of gloves will be different on a construction site than in a workshop – Steven Jan 31 '12 at 15:47
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3 Answers
from OSHA Guide for Protecting Workers from Woodworking Hazards
Hand and Arm Protection
Your workers' hands and arms will need protection from burns, bruises, abrasions, cuts, and exposure to the chemicals used in finishing.
Protective gloves are the primary means available for direct hand protection. Extra-long gauntlets or sleeves attached to the gloves can extend protection up the arm. However, the appropriateness of glove use in the woodworking workplace should be carefully reviewed on a task-by-task basis. Gloves should not be worn when operating woodworking equipment due to the potential for getting caught in moving parts.
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For Osha, I only see a chemical list for gloves, for tools I don't see a list. If you are required to wear gloves or other PPE, the company should have proper training and/or documentation for the use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment). I know it sounds kind of silly (how do I use gloves) but it is required.
General Statement of Glove PPE from Osha
The above link/document has lots of details on PPE.
I don't think there is any hard rules on glove use. For starters, whatever tool is being used, look at the manual to see if glove use is forbidden. It should be clearly marked. Usually there is a safety page that shows what PPE equipment should be employed for the operation of the tool.
Also, as others have pointed out in the comments, use a glove that fits and is right for the job at hand.
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Search for the word "glove" in this OSHA publication Safeguarding Equipment and Protecting Employees from Amputations for examples of accidents caused by wearing gloves near machinery. Also see this thread at the Practical Machinist forum for a discussion of the issue.
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Answers that are completely based on links can become useless, if for example the linked document is removed. Selecting appropriate sections from the document and quoting them in your answer, will ensure the answer is still useful even if links go dead. – Tester101 Feb 1 '12 at 13:07
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18727 | Siebel Consumer Goods Guide > Deductions >
Analyzing Workloads
Customer financial service managers or administrators can analyze the deduction resolution workloads among employees.
This task is a step in Process of Managing Promotions Deductions.
To analyze deductions workloads
1. Navigate to the Deductions screen.
2. In the visibility filter, select the appropriate filter:
• My Deductions. Displays all deductions for accounts to which the user is an assigned team member (primary or not).
• My Team's Deductions. This view is visible only to users with direct reports, for example, a customer financial services manager. If the manager's direct reports (or their subordinates) have deductions assigned to them, these deductions are displayed here.
• All Deductions. Displays all deductions within the user's organization.
• All Deductions Across Organizations. Displays all deductions across all organizations within the Siebel database.
3. In the Deductions list, query for the appropriate records and select all the deductions you want to analyze.
4. In the Deductions link bar, click the Charts link.
5. From the drop-down list, choose the type of chart you want to view.
In the standard Siebel Consumer Goods application, the chart selections are Aging Analysis, Status and Priority Analysis, Account and Type Analysis, and Rep Workload Analysis.
Siebel Consumer Goods Guide |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18728 | Skip Headers
Oracle® Fusion Middleware Performance and Tuning Guide
11g Release 1 (11.1.1)
Part Number E10108-02
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6 Oracle Metadata Service (MDS) Performance Tuning
This chapter provides tuning tips for Oracle Metadata Service (MDS).
6.1 About Oracle Metadata Services (MDS)
Oracle Metadata Services (MDS) is an application server and Oracle relational database that keeps metadata in these areas: a file-based repository data, dictionary tables (accessed by built-in functions) and a metadata registry. One of the primary uses of MDS is to store customizations and persisted personalization for Oracle applications. Oracle Metadata Services (MDS) is used by components such as Oracle WebCenter Framework and Oracle Application Development Framework (ADF) to manage metadata. Examples of metadata objects managed by MDS are: JSP pages and page fragments, ADF page definitions and task flows, and customized variants of those objects.
Most of the Oracle Metadata Service configuration parameters are immutable and cannot be changed at run time unless otherwise specified.
6.2 Tuning Database Repository
For optimal performance of MDS APIs, the database schema for the MDS repository must be monitored and tuned by the database administrator. This section lists some recommended actions to tune the database repository:
For additional information on tuning the database, see "Optimizing Instance Performance" in Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide.
6.2.1 Collect Schema Statistics
While MDS provides database indexes, they may not be used as expected due to a lack of schema statistics. If performance is an issue with MDS operations such as accessing or updating metadata in database repository, the database administrator must ensure that the statistics are available and current.
The following example shows one way that the Oracle database schema statistics can be collected:
execute dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname => <username>,
estimate_ percent => dbms_stats.auto_sample_size,
method_opt=> 'for all columns size auto',
For additional information on gathering statistics, see 'Automatic Performance Statistics" in Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide.
6.2.2 Increase Redo Log Size
For more information see "Sizing Redo Log Files" in Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide.
6.2.3 Reclaim Disk Space
While manual and auto purge operations delete the metadata content from the repository, the database may not immediately reclaim the space held by tables and indexes. This may result in the disk space consumed by MDS schema growing. Database administrators can manually rebuild the indexes and shrink the tables to increase performance and to reclaim disk space.
For more information see "Reclaiming Unused Space" in Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide.
6.2.4 Monitor the Database Performance
Database administrators must monitor the database (for example, by generating automatic workload repository (AWR) reports for Oracle database) to observe lock contention, I/O usage and take appropriate action to address the issues.
For more information see:
6.3 Purging Document Version History
MDS keeps document version history in the database's metadata store. As version history accumulates, it requires more disk space and degrades read/write performance. Assuming the document versions are not part of an active label, there are two ways to purge version history:
Purging version history manually may impact performance depending on the number of metadata updates that have been made since the last purge.
6.3.1 Auto Purge
The auto-purge interval can be configured or changed post deployment through MBeans. This element maps to the AutoPurgeTimeToLive attribute of the MDSAppConfig MBean. If your application uses the database store for MDS, you can set auto-purge by adding this entry in adf-config.xml prior to packaging the EAR:
<auto-purge seconds-to-live="T"/>
In the example above, the auto-purge interval removes versions that are older than the specified time T (in seconds). For more information, see "Changing MDS Configuration Attributes for Deployed Applications" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide.
Adjust the auto-purge interval based on document versions created in your application. Purging can take longer based on number of versions created. See also "Setting MDS Cache Size and Purge Rate" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide for Oracle WebCenter.
6.3.2 Manual Purge
When you suspect that the database is running out of space or performance is becoming slower, you can manually purge existing version history using WLST command or through Oracle Enterprise Manager. Manual purging may impact performance, so plan to purge in a maintenance window or when the system is not busy.
For more information about manually purging version history, see "Purging Metadata Version History" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide.
6.4 Using Database Polling Interval for Change Detection
MDS employs a polling thread which queries the database to gauge if the data in the MDS in-memory cache is out of sync with data in the database. This can happen when metadata is updated in another JVM. If it is out of sync, MDS clears any out of date-cached data so subsequent operations see the latest versions of the metadata. MDS invalidates the document cache, as well as MDS cache, so subsequent operations have the latest version of the metadata.
The polling interval can be configured or changed post deployment through MBeans. The element maps to the ExternalChangeDetection and ExternalChangeDetectionInterval attributes of the MDSAppConfig MBean. Prior to packaging the Enterprise ARchive (EAR) file, you can configure the polling interval by adding this entry in adf-config.xml:
<external-change-detection enabled="true" polling-interval-secs="T"/>
In the example above, 'T' specifies the polling interval in seconds. The minimum value is 1. Lower values cause metadata updates, that are made in other JVMs, to be seen more quickly. It is important to note, however, that a lower value can also create increased middle tier and database CPU consumption due to the frequent queries. By default, polling is enabled ('true') and the default value of 30 seconds should be suitable for most purposes. For more information, see "Changing MDS Configuration Attributes for Deployed Applications" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide ".
When setting the polling interval, consider the following: if you poll too frequently, the database is queried for out-of-date versions; too infrequently, and those versions may stack up and polling can take longer to process.
6.5 Tuning Cache Configuration
MDS uses a cache to store metadata objects and related objects (such as XML content) in memory. MDS Cache is a shared cache that is accessible to all users of the application (on the same JVM). If a metadata object is requested repeatedly, with the same customizations, that object may be retrieved more quickly from the cache (a “warm” read). If the metadata object is not found in the cache (a “cold” read), then MDS may cache that object to facilitate subsequent read operations depending on the cache configuration, the type of metadata object and the frequency of access.
Cache can be configured or changed post deployment through MBeans. This element maps to the MaximumCacheSize attribute of the MDSAppConfig mbean. For more information see "Changing MDS Configuration Attributes for Deployed Applications" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide.
MDS Metrics, visible in Enterprise Manager, are useful for tuning the MDS cache. In particular, "IOs Per MO Content Get" or "IOs Per Metadata Object Get" should be less than 1. If not, consider increasing the size of the MDS cache. For more information on viewing DMS metric information, see Section 6.7, "Understanding DMS metrics and Characteristics".
Having a correctly sized cache can significantly improve throughput for repeated reading of metadata objects. The optimal cache size depends on the number of metadata objects used and the individual sizes of these objects. Prior to packaging the Enterprise ARchive (EAR) file, you can manually update the cache-config in adf-config.xml, by adding the following entry:
MDS cache grows in size as metadata objects are accessed until it hits max-size-kb. After that, objects are removed from the cache to make room as needed on a least recently used (LRU) basis to make room for new objects. Unless time-to-live (TTL) is set, the MDS cache continues to occupy the max-size-kb of memory.
6.5.1 Document Cache
In addition to the main MDS cache, MDS uses a document cache in conjunction with each metadata store to store thumbnail information about metadata documents (base document and customization documents) in memory. The entry for each document is small (<100 bytes) and the cache size limit is specified in terms of the number of document entries. MDS calculates an appropriate default size limit for the document cache based on the configured maximum size of the MDS Cache, as follows:
• If MDS cache is disabled, MDS defaults to having no document cache.
• If MDS cache is enabled, MDS defaults the document cache size to one document entry per KB of document cache configured.
• If cache-config is not specified, MDS defaults to 10000 document entries.
• If MDS cache is set to a very small value, MDS uses a minimum size of 500 for document cache.
In general, the defaults should be sufficient in most cases. However, insufficient document cache size may impact performance. Prior to packaging the Enterprise ARchive (EAR) file, you can explicitly set document cache size by adding this entry to adf-config.xml:
<metadata-store-usage id="db1">
<metadata-store …>
<property name = …/>
<document-cache max-entries="10000"/>
Document cache is cleared when it exceeds the document-cache max-entries value. To avoid performance issues, consider increasing the document cache size if you receive a notification like the following for example:
NOTIFICATION: Document cache DBMetadataStore : MDS Repository connection = <> exceeds its maximum number of entries <NNNN>, so the cache is cleared.
The DMS metric "IOs Per Document Get" (visible in Enterprise Manager, see Section 6.7) should be less than 1. If not, consider increasing the document cache size.
6.6 Analyzing Performance Impact from Customization
MDS customization may impact performance at run time.The impact from customization depends on many factors including:
There are two main types of customization:
For more information about customization concepts, writing customization classes, and configuring customization classes, see "Customizing Applications with MDS" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Fusion Developer's Guide for Oracle Application Development Framework.
6.7 Understanding DMS metrics and Characteristics
MDS uses DMS sensors to provide tuning and diagnostic information which can be viewed using Enterprise Manager. This information is useful, for example, to see if the MDS caches are large enough.
Information on DMS metrics can be found in the Fusion Middleware Control Console. Click Help at the top of the page to get more information. In most cases, the Help window displays a help topic about the current page. Click Contents in the Help window to browse the list of help topics, or click Search to search for a particular word or phrase. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18732 | Documenting the American South Logo
Oral History Interview with Bobby Wesley Bush, Jr., June 21, 2000. Interview I-0088. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007).
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18745 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Africoid peoples)
Jump to: navigation, search
Tasmanian man, Tasmanian type
Kiwai man, Papuan type
Central African man, Pygmy type
San man, Bushman type
Shilluk man, Nilotic type
Khoikhoi man, Hottentot type
Aeta man, Negrito type
Hula man, Papuo-Melanesian type
Negroid (also known by the more precise term Congoid[1]) is a term that is used by some forensic and physical anthropologists to refer to individuals and populations that share certain morphological and skeletal traits that are frequent among most populations in Sub-Saharan Africa.[2][3][4] The term is commonly associated with notions of racial typology which are disputed by a majority of anthropologists.[5] For modern usage it is associated with racial notions, and is discouraged, as it is potentially offensive.[6]
First introduced in early racial science and anthropometry, the taxon has traditionally been used to denote one of the three proposed major races of humankind.[7] Negroid as a biological classification remains in use,[8] particularly within the field of forensic anthropology.[7]
The word is formed by the base "Negro" (which means black in Spanish) and the suffix "-oid", which means "resembling".[9]
Negroid has both Greek and Latin etymological roots. It literally translates as "black resemblance" from negro/niger (black), and -oeidēs, equivalent to -o- -o- + -eidēs having the form of, derivative of eîdos form.[10] The earliest recorded use of the term "Negroid" came in 1859.[11] In modern usage, it is associated with populations that on the whole possess the suite of typical Negroid physical characteristics.[12]
In the 19th century, Samuel George Morton posited a "Negro Family", which he grouped with the Caffrian, Hottentot, Oceanic-Negro, Australian and Alforian families.[13] In the first half of the 20th century, the traditional subraces of the Negroid race were regarded as being the Sudanic (also called "Forest Negro"), the Bantu, the Nilote, the Pygmy, and the Khoisan (often historically referred to as "Hottentot" and "Bushman").[14] By the 1960s, some scholars regarded the Khoisan as a separate race known as the Capoid race, while others continued to regard them as a Negroid subrace.[15] "Congoid" was frequently used interchangeably with "Negroid", with the main difference being that Congoid excluded the Capoid taxon.[16]
Use in physical anthropology[edit]
In physical anthropology the term is one of the three general racial classifications of humansCaucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid. Under this classification scheme, humans are divisible into broad sub-groups based on phenotypic characteristics such as cranial and skeletal morphology.
Later extensions of the terminology, such as Carleton S. Coon's Origin of Races, placed this theory in an evolutionary context. Coon divided the species homo sapiens into five groups: Caucasoid, Capoid, Congoid, Australoid and Mongoloid, based on the timing of each taxon's evolution from homo erectus.[17][18] Positing the Capoid race as a separate racial entity, and labeling the two major divisions of what he called the Congoid race as being the "African Negroes" and the "Pygmies," he divided indigenous Africans into these two distinct groups based on their date of origin, and loosened classification from mere appearance — however, this led to disagreement between approaches to dating divergence, and consequent conflicting results.[18][19] Cavalli-Sforza also accepts this twofold division, pointing out that the Pygmies have a very different genetic signature than other Black Africans, so they must have originally had their own now unknown language, but have since adopted the language of the Bantu peoples around them. Cavaill-Sforza does not accept as Coon did that each race evolved separately; he accepts the currently dominant paradigm, the Out of Africa theory,[20] i.e. that all human beings are descended from small bands of people that migrated out of Africa beginning 125,000 to 60,000 years ago.[21][22]
Physical features[edit]
Craniofacial traits[edit]
A Hausa man of classic Negroid type.
A Hausa man of classic Negroid type
A Zulu Bantu woman of classic Negroid type
A Zulu Bantu woman of classic Negroid type
In modern craniofacial anthropometry, Negroid describes features that typify skulls of black people. These include a broad and round nasal cavity; no dam or nasal sill; Quonset hut-shaped nasal bones; notable facial projection in the jaw and mouth area (prognathism); a rectangular-shaped palate; a square or rectangular eye orbit shape;[23] and large, megadontic teeth. Many of these craniofacial traits are also common among Australoid populations.[24] For this reason, Australoid skulls when found are in some instances pre-identified as Negroid in craniofacial anthropology, as in the case of the Luzia Woman specimen of Brazil.[25] However, these craniofacial traits themselves are ultimately believed to be plesiomorphic or archaic retentions that date back to the original dispersal of the Homo genus during the early Pleistocene.[24] Although still widely used internationally in the identification of human remains, some have challenged the accuracy of craniofacial anthropometry vis-a-vis different human populations that have developed in close proximity to one another and those of mixed ethnic heritage.[26]
Ashley Montagu lists "neotenous structural traits in which...Negroids [generally] differ from Caucasoids... flattish nose, flat root of the nose, narrower ears, narrower joints, frontal skull eminences, later closure of premaxillary sutures, less hairy, longer eyelashes, [and] cruciform pattern of second and third molars."[27] He also suggested that in the extinct Negroid group termed the "Boskopoids", pedomorphic traits proceeded further than in other Negroids.[27] Additionally, Montagu wrote that the Boskopoids had larger brains than modern humans (1,700 cubic centimeters compared to 1,400 cubic centimeters of modern-day humans) and the projection of their mouth was less than in other Negroids.[27] He believed that the Boskopoids were the ancestors of the Bushmen.[27]
Hair texture[edit]
Afro-textured hair is tightly coiled, kinky hair. It is a ubiquitous trait among Negroid populations. By consequence, the presence of looser, frizzly hair texture in other populations has often been considered an indication of possible admixture with Negroid peoples.[28]
Skin pigmentation[edit]
Skin pigmentation in Negroid populations varies from very dark brown to light brown.[12] As dark skin is also relatively common in human groups that have historically not been defined as "Negroid", including many populations in both Africa and Asia, it is only when present with other typical Negroid physical traits such as broad facial features, Negroid cranial and dental characteristics, prognathism, afro-textured hair and neoteny, that it has been used in Negroid classification.[28] Populations with frequently dark skin yet on the whole lacking the suite of Negroid physical traits were thus usually not regarded as "Negroid", but instead as either "dark Caucasoid" (e.g. Hamitic/Ethiopid and Arabid) or "Australoid" depending on their other salient physical attributes. By contrast, populations with relatively light skin yet generally possessing typical Negroid physical characteristics, such as the Khoisan, were still regarded as "Negroid."[28]
The term "Negroid" is still used in certain disciplines such as forensic and physical anthropology.[3] In a medical context, some scholars have recommended that the term Negroid be avoided in scientific writings because of its association with racism and race science.[29] This mirrors the decline in usage of the term Negro, which fell out of favor following the campaigns of the American civil rights movement — the term Negro became associated with periods of legalized discrimination, and was rejected by African Americans during the 1960s for "black".[30]
C.S. Coon's evolutionary approach was criticized on the basis that such "sorting criteria" do not (in general) produce meaningful results, and that evolutionary divergence was extremely improbable over the given time-frames.[31] As Monatagu (1963) said,
The notion that five subspecies or geographic races of Homo erectus [...] "evolved independently into Homo sapiens not once but five times" at different times and in different places, seems to me a very far-fetched one. Coon has striven valiantly, to make out a case for this theory, but it simply does not square with the biological facts. Species and subspecies simply do not develop that way. The transmutation of one species into another is a very gradual process [...][19]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Molnar, Stephen (2006). Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 4. ISBN 0131927655.
2. ^ Molnar, Stephen (2006). Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 23. ISBN 0131927655.
3. ^ a b Fish, Jacqueline T. (2010). Crime Scene Investigation. Elsevier. p. 395. ISBN 1-4224-6331-1.
4. ^ "Forensic Anthropology - Ancestry". Retrieved 2012-06-12.
5. ^ "AAA Statement on "Race"". 1998-05-17. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
6. ^
9. ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin (2005). The American Heritage guide to contemporary usage and style. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 512. ISBN 0-618-60499-5.
10. ^ "Oid | Define Oid at". Retrieved 2012-06-12.
11. ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Online Etymological Dictionary". Retrieved 2007-11-06.
12. ^ a b Taylor, Karen T. (2010). Forensic Art and Illustration. CRC Press. p. 62. ISBN 1420036955.
13. ^ Morton, Samuel George (1839). Crania Americana: or a comparatif view of the skulls of various aboriginal nations of America. pp. 86–95.
14. ^ Our world in space and time. International Graphic Society. 1960. p. 46.
15. ^ Jenkins (M.D.), Trefor (1988). The Peoples of Southern Africa: Studies in Diversity and Disease. Witwatersrand University Press for the Institute for the Study of Man in Africa. p. 6.
16. ^ Pearson, Roger (1985). Anthropological glossary. R.E. Krieger Pub. Co. p. 38.
17. ^ Jackson Jr., John (June 2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races". Journal of the History of Biology 34 (2): 247–285. doi:10.1023/A:1010366015968.
18. ^ a b Keita, S.O.Y.; Rick A. Kittles (September 1987). "The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence". American Anthropologist 99 (3): 534–544. doi:10.1525/aa.1997.99.3.534.
19. ^ a b Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Ashley Montagu; C. S. Coon (1963). "Two Views of Coon's "Origin of Races" with Comments by Coon and Replies". Current Anthropology 4 (4): 360–367. doi:10.1086/200401.
20. ^
22. ^ Armitage SJ, Jasim SA, Marks AE, Parker AG, Usik VI, Uerpmann HP (January 2011). "The southern route "out of Africa": evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia". Science 331 (6016): 453–6. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..453A. doi:10.1126/science.1199113. PMID 21273486.
23. ^ "Forensic Anthropology – Ancestry". Retrieved 2012-06-12.
24. ^ a b Brace CL, Tracer DP, Yaroch LA, Robb J, Brandt K, Nelson AR, Clines and clusters versus "race:" a test in ancient Egypt and the case of a death on the Nile, (1993), Yrbk Phys Anthropol 36:1–31, p.18
25. ^ "'First Americans were Australian'". BBC. 26 August 1999. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
26. ^ L’engle Williams, Frank; Robert L. Belcher, George J. Armelagos (April 2005). "Forensic Misclassification of Ancient Nubian Crania: Implications for Assumptions about Human Variation" (PDF). Current Anthropology 46 (2): 340–346. doi:10.1086/428792. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
27. ^ a b c d Montagu, Ashley Growing Young Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1988 ISBN 0-89789-166-X
28. ^ a b c Keane, A.H. (1899). Man, Past and Present.
29. ^ Agyemang, Charles; Raj Bhopal, Marc Bruijnzeels (2005). "Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or what? Labelling African origin populations in the health arena in the 21st century". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (12): 1014–1018. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.035964. PMC 1732973. PMID 16286485. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
30. ^ "Ask Oxford – Definition of Negroid". Oxford Dictionary of English. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
31. ^ Carlson, David; Armelagos, George (September 1971). "Problems in Racial Geography". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61 (3): 630–633. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1971.tb00812.x. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18746 | Amniotic fluid index
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Amniotic fluid index (AFI) is an estimate of the amount of amniotic fluid[1] and is an index for the fetal well-being. It is a part of the biophysical profile.[1]
AFI is the score (expressed in cm) given to the amount of amniotic fluid seen on ultrasonography (aka ultrasound) of a pregnant uterus. To determine the AFI, doctors may use a four-quadrant technique,[2] when the deepest, unobstructed, vertical length of each pocket of fluid is measured in each quadrant and then added up to the others,[3] or the so-called "Single Deepest Pocket" technique.[4]
• An AFI between 8-18 is considered normal.[5] Median AFI level is approximately 14 from week 20 to week 35,[6] when the amniotic fluid begins to reduce in preparation for birth.
• An AFI < 5-6 is considered as Oligohydramnios[3] The exact number can vary by gestational age. The fifth percentile for gestational age is sometimes used as a cutoff value.[7]
1. ^ a b Tom C Winter; Sanders, Roger C. (2006). Clinical Sonography: A Practical Guide. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. p502. ISBN 0-7817-4869-0.
2. ^
3. ^ a b c Carr, Phyllis L.; Ricciotti, Hope; Freund, Karen M.; Scott Kahan (2003). In a Page Ob/Gyn & Women's Health (In a Page). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. pp. p105. ISBN 1-4051-0380-9.
4. ^
5. ^
6. ^
7. ^ Griffin M, Attilakos G, Greenwood R, Denbow M (2009). "Amniotic fluid index in low-risk, post-dates pregnancies". Fetal. Diagn. Ther. 26 (4): 212–5. doi:10.1159/000265554. PMID 20029220.
8. ^ Sylvia Dobo; Mitchell King; Lipsky, Martin S.; Jeff Susman (2003). Family Medicine Certification Review. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. pp. p133. ISBN 1-4051-0329-9. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18747 | Ayşe Hafsa Sultan
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Ayşe Hafsa Sultan
Valide Sultan
BustOfAyseHafsaSultan ManisaTurkey.jpg
Bust of Ayşe Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey
Spouse Sultan Selim I
Sultan Suleiman I
Şehzade Orhan
Şehzade Musa
Şehzade Korkut
Hatice Sultan
Beyhan Sultan
Şah Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Hafsa Hanım Sultan
Full name
Devletlû İsmetlû Ayşe Hafsa Vâlide Sultân Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri
House House of Osman (by marriage)
Father Meñli I Giray
Born Ayşe
5 December 1479
Havsa, Edirne Province, Ottoman Empire
Died 19 March 1534(1534-03-19) (aged 54)
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih, Constantinople[1][2] (present day Istanbul)
Religion Islam
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: عائشہ حفصہ سلطان; 5 December 1479 – 19 March 1534), or in short, Hafsa Sultan, was the first "Valide Sultan" (Queen Mother) of the Ottoman Empire, wife of Selim I and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the period between her son's enthronement in 1520 and her death in 1534, she was one of the most influential persons in the Empire, as her son's de facto co-regent during these fourteen years, coming second only to the sovereign, which is a point remarked also by the ambassadors of European powers at the Ottoman court.[3]
Although Ayşe Hafsa Sultan’s year of birth is known, historians debate that she was the daughter of Meñli I Giray of the Crimean Khanate. According to an alternative theory, the daughter of Meñli I Giray of the Crimean Khanate was another consort of Selim I known as Ayşe Hatun, consequently the stepmother of Suleiman the Magnificent.
The Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abd-ul-Muin (Daughter of Abd-ul-Muin), which means that her father was possibly a Greek convert to Islam. The reason behind calling her Hafsa was that she was from Havsa, a district of Edirne Province of Turkey.
Having resided in the city of Manisa in western Turkey with her son, who administered the surrounding region between 1513 to 1520, the town being one of the traditional residences for Ottoman crown princes (şehzade) in apprenticeship for future power, Ayşe Hafsa Sultan is the initiator of the Manisa's "Mesir Festival", a local tradition still continued today. She also had a large complex consisting of a mosque, a primary school, a college and a hospice built in the city.
She was also the first imperial spouse to be called by the title usually rendered in English language as "Sultana" (full title in Turkish; "Valide Sultan", literally "the Queen Mother" but in only approximate terms in the Ottoman context). Her period signalled the shifting status of the sultan's mother and her increased share in power.[4] After the birth of her son Suleiman, born 6 November 1494 in Trabzon, she had also five daughters: Hatice, Beyhan, Şah, Fatma and Hafsa[5]
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan died in March 1534 and was buried near her husband in a mausoleum behind the qiblah wall of Yavuz Selim Mosque, in Fatih, Istanbul. The mausoleum was largely destroyed in an earthquake in 1884, a reconstruction effort started in the 1900s (decade) having been left discontinued, and her tomb today is much simpler than it was built originally.
Hospice famed especially as a mental hospital built by Ayşe Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey.
3. ^ Pietro Bragadin, Venetian Republic's ambassador in the early years of Suleiman the Magnificent's reign notes "a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom the sultan bears great reverence and love..." Leslie Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem : Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire p. 62 ISBN 0-19-508677-5. Oxford University Press.
4. ^ Amy Singer (2002). Constructing Ottoman beneficence: An imperial soup kitchen in Jerusalem p. 90 ISBN 0-7914-5351-0. State University of New York Press.
5. ^ Hafsa the daughter later married Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha, grand vizier for ten months in 1514 - 1515 and, after his execution, a vizier and soldier of note, Çoban Mustafa Paşa.
and three other sons: Orhan, Musa and Korkut. There were half a dozen notable female figures in Ottoman history who were named "Hafsa". Among these, it is Ayşe Hafsa Sultan who is referred to as "Hafsa Sultan" in short, "Sultan" in this case standing for "Sultana".
A namesake also of primary historical prominence and who had preceded Ayşe Hafsa Sultan by about two centuries was the wife of the sultan Bayezid I and the daughter of İsa Bey, the last bey of Aydin, and she is generally referred to as Hafsa (Hâfize) Khātun. It is this earlier Hafsa who is at the origin of the final form the name of a town depending Edirne, Havsa, has taken.
The word Hâfiz designates a male person who memorized the Qur'an, and Hâfize indicates that the person is female. Hafsa is the more common and easier to pronounce, especially when fastly discoursed, of this name.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Royal titles
Preceded by
Gülbahar Hatun I
Valide Sultan
30 September 1520 – 19 March 1534
Succeeded by
Nurbanu Sultan |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18749 | Barbara Garson
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Barbara Garson (born July 7, 1941 in Brooklyn) is an American playwright, author and social activist, perhaps best known for the play MacBird.
Education and personal life[edit]
Garson attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a B.A. specializing in Classical History in 1964. She was active in the Free Speech Movement, as the editor of The Free Speech Movement Newsletter, which was printed on an offset press that she herself had restored. She was one of 800 arrested on December 2, 1964 at a sit-in at Sproul Hall, Berkeley, following the "Machine Speech" by Mario Savio. In 1968, Garson had a child, Juliet, and in 1969 she went to work at The Shelter Half, an anti-war GI coffee house near Fort Lewis Army base in Tacoma, Washington. In the early 1970s, she moved to Manhattan, publishing short, humorous essays and theater reviews primarily for The Village Voice as well as plays.
Garson's most famous work, MacBird, a 1966 counterculture drama/political parody of Macbeth is "one of the most controversial plays produced in the 1960s".[1] It was originally intended for an anti-war teach-in at Berkeley. The first edition, which was self-published on the same offset press as the Free Speech Movement Newsletter, had sold over 200,000 copies by 1967 when the play opened in New York in a production starring Stacey Keach, William Devane, Cleavon Little, and Rue McClanahan. While these then-unknown actors went on to become fixtures in American theater, movies and television, the author "disappeared from public view at the height of fame". The play has since seen over 300 productions worldwide and sold over half a million copies”.[1] MacBird is remembered as an attack on then-U.S. President Lyndon Johnson. In fact, it presented Johnson's predecessor, John Kennedy, and his would-be successor Robert Kennedy as equally unacceptable but more dangerously alluring. Garson wanted her fellow 1960s activists to step away from the Democratic Party and create their own institutions, including a third party. To that end, she could sometimes be seen outside of California theaters where MacBird was playing, gathering signatures to put the Peace and Freedom Party on the ballot. Critical reaction was mixed and the play “has had advocates and detractors of equal stature.”[1] Dwight Macdonald, in The New York Review of Books, called it “the funniest, toughest-minded most ingenious political satire I’ve read in years…”[2] Robert Brustein wrote that “Although this play is bound to start a storm of protest (not all of it unjustified) and may even be suppressed by some government agency, it will probably go down as one of the brutally provocative works in the American theater as well as one of the most grimly amusing,” and praised Garson as “an extraordinarily gifted parodist.”[3]
Other plays[edit]
Garson's next full length play, Going Co-op (1972) was a comedy about residents of an Upper West Side apartment house going co-op and a floundering left wing political collective that comes home to help organize the tenants who cannot afford to change from renters to owners. It was written with Fred Gardner, who is credited with founding the first of the Vietnam-era GI Coffee Houses.
Garson's musical children's play The Dinosaur Door, set on a class trip to the Natural History Museum, was performed at the Theater for the New City in 1976. It featured a cast of children including seven-year old Mark Vincent, now known as the action hero Vin Diesel. It was awarded an Obie for playwriting in 1977.
A Village Voice review said about The Dinosaur Door: "What's so marvelous is the richness of this stew, behind the exhibits and the absolutely on-the-mark funny, sympathetic kids—each special and practical, each a person in his own or her own right. I liked the satirical but warmly affectionate eye with which Garson sees every character and the show's tenderly complex relationships. I like that Garson is not chary with ideas because she is writing for kids."[4]
A Teleplay of The Dinosaur Door was commissioned by producer-director Joyce Chopra in 1982, but no film of the play was made.
A full-length play, The Department (1983), written for and performed by the organizing group Women Office Workers (WOW), is set in a bank's back office that is about to be automated. The Department, though a light farce, sets out many of the problems that Garson expands on in her 1989 book The Electronic Sweatshop.
In addition to plays, Garson is the author of four non-fiction books:
• All the Livelong Day: The Meaning and Demeaning of Routine Work, Doubleday, N.Y., 1975.; Expanded edition, Penguin, 1994.
• The Electronic Sweatshop: How Computers Are Transforming the Office of the Future into the Factory of the Past, Simon & Schuster, N.Y., 1988.
• Money Makes the World Go Around: One Investor Tracks Her Cash Through the Global Economy, Viking, N.Y., 2001.
• Down the Up Escalator: How the 99 Percent Live in the Great Recession, Doubleday, N.Y., 2013.
These books address complex phenomena of Capitalism through dramatic anecdotes and interviews. Each describes a historical turning point through the voices of a range of people who may or may not fully grasp the changes happening in their own lives.
In Money Makes the World Go Around, Garson explicates the global economy by depositing her book advance in a one branch small town bank, and then following that money’s theoretical path around the world. At one point, her money was invested in Suez, the French company that owned Johannesburg's water system. When protesters were arrested for opposing price increases and water shut offs, Garson organized a "shareholders" demonstration on their behalf in front of the South African consulate in New York City.
Garson insists that activism is essential to her writing. But her plays and non-fiction feature layered characters and plot twists that are often irrelevant or even inimical to liberal and socialist tenets. Indeed, Money Makes the World Go Around was largely ignored by the anti-globalization movement within which Garson was active, while a Wall Street Journal review said "Ms. Garson recounts her travels with a disarmingly balanced combination of amazement and social concern"[5] and Business Week said "...her voice is so persistently good-natured and her intelligence so obvious that by the end of this curious capitalist's Baedeker you can't help but trust her gentle judgments.”[6]
Her latest book, Down the Up Escalator: How the 99 Percent Live in the Great Recession, is concerned with the how the effects of the Great Recession are "reshaping people's lives and prospects".[7] Kirkus Reviews admires Garson's "brutal clarity" and calls it a "skillful presentation that lifts the veil".[7] George Packer, writing in The New Yorker, says of Garson, "she's written several books of social reportage about work and money, and this steady engagement over many decades has honed an appealing voice: wry, modest, a sympathetic but slightly critical friend, ready with a hug and unable not to give advice."
Garson is the author of over 150 articles in publications including Harper's, The New York Times, McCalls, Newsweek, Geo, The Village Voice, Ms, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, The Baltimore Sun, The Los Angeles Times, The Denver Post, The Australian, Newsday, Modern Maturity, Mother Jones, The Arizona Republic, The Guardian, The Nation, Il Posto, Znet and the Nation Institute's
Garson was awarded an Obie for The Dinosaur Door and a Special Commission from the New York State Council on the Arts, for the Creation of Plays for Younger audiences. She has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, a Louis M. Rabinowitz Foundation Grant, the New York Public Library Books to Remember award and Library Journal's Best Business Books of 1989 award, and a MacArthur Foundation Grant for reading and writing.
Later activism[edit]
In the 1992 U.S. Presidential election,[8] Garson was the running mate for J. Quinn Brisben on the Socialist Party USA ticket, replacing Bill Edwards, who died during the race. In August 1992, she received a message on her answering machine: "We're sorry to tell you that the Socialist Vice-Presidential candidate, Bill Edwards, has died. We would like your help in writing a press release for the newspapers. And also, would you like to run for Vice President?", which she initially believed to be a joke.[9]
Garson was active in the protest movement against corporate globalization and the protests in advance of the Iraq War. She was in attendance at Zuccotti Park during the Occupy Wall Street protests in 2011.
1. ^ a b c Contemporary Authors: New Revision Series, vol.110. Detroit: Gale, 2002.
2. ^ New York Review of Books. Dec 1, 1966, p. 12.
3. ^ New York Times. February 24, 1967
4. ^ The Village Voice. July 5, 1976.
5. ^ Lilly, J. Wall Street Journal. Feb 20, 2001, p.A20.
6. ^ Business Week. Mar 5, 2001, p. 22.
7. ^ a b Kirkus Reviews. February 1, 2013.
8. ^ 1992_Presidential_Election
9. ^ Teltsch, K. "Chronicle". New York Times. August 28, 1992. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18750 | Bhojpuri language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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भोजपुरी bhōjapurī
Bhojpuri word in devanagari script.jpg
The word "Bhojpuri" in Devanagari script
Pronunciation /bˈpʊər/[1]
Native to
India, Nepal, Mauritius, Suriname
moribund in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago
Region Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand
Native speakers
40 million (2001 census)[2]
Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.[3]
Caribbean Hindustani (including Sarnami Hindi)
Northern (Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria, Basti)
Western (Purbi, Benarsi)
Southern (Kharwari)
Tharu Bhojpuri
Devanagari (present) & Kaithi (Historical)[4]
Official status
Official language in
Nepal Madhesh, Nepal
Language codes
ISO 639-2 bho
ISO 639-3 bhoinclusive code
Individual code:
hns – Caribbean Hindustani
Linguasphere 59-AAF-sa
Bhojpuri (Devanagari: भोजपुरी About this sound listen ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bhojpuri region of North India and Nepal. It is chiefly spoken in the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, in the western part of state of Bihar, and the northwestern part of Jharkhand in India.[5] Bhojpuri is also spoken widely in Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, and Mauritius. It is one of the national languages of Guyana, Fiji, and Suriname. The variant of Bhojpuri of the Indo-Surinamese is also referred to as Sarnami Hindustani, Sarnami Hindi or just Sarnami and has experienced considerable Creole and Dutch lexical influence. More Indians in Suriname know Bhojpuri compared to Guyana and Trinidad where the language is largely forgotten. In Mauritius, a dialect of Bhojpuri continues to be in use in politics and government, and it is locally called Bojpury.[6]
Bhojpuri is a North Indian language, is similar to Awadhi, Braj Bhakha and Hindi. And it is very different from other Bihari languages like Magahi and Maithili.
This region is bounded by Awadhi speaking region in west, Nepal Bhasa and Nepali in north, Magahi and Maithili speaking regions in east and Magahi and Bagheli speaking regions in south.
Writing system[edit]
Bhojpuri story written in Kaithi script, written by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898
Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi scripts,[4] But after 1894, Devanagari has served as the primary script.
Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the Mughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Urdu, Magahi and Hindi from at least 16th century up to the first decade of 20th century. Government gazetteers report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar through the 1960s. It is script of Bhojpuri used by Kayastha. Bhojpuri residents of India who signed up and moved as indentured labor in Africa and the Caribbean colonies of the British Empire in 19th century and early 20th century, used Kaithi as well Devanagari scripts.[7]
By 1894, official works were carried out in both Kaithi and Devanagari in Bihar. At present almost all the Bhojpuri works are done in Devanagari even in the overseas islands where Bhojpuri is spoken. For example, in Mauritius, both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts have been in use, since the first arrival of Bhojpuri people from India. The Kathi script was considered informal in Mauritius, with the structure of Kaithi similar to Devanagari (spelled Devanagri in Mauritius). In modern Mauritius, Bhojpuri script is Devanagri.[8]
Bhojpuri is, sociolinguistically, one of seven Hindi languages – Awadhi, Bagheli, Bundeli, Bhojpuri, Haryanvi, Kanauji and Hindi.[9] Of these seven, Bhojpuri has the most allophonic variations in vowels.[10]
Robert Trammell has published the phonology of Bhojpuri.[11][12]
Bhojpuri has six vowel phonemes,[12] and ten vocoids. The higher vowels are relatively tense, while lower vowels are relatively lax. The language 31 consonant phonemes, and 34 contoids (6 bilabial, 4 apico-dental, 5 apico-alveolar, 7 retroflex, 6 alveo-palatal, 5 dorso-velar and 1 glottal).[11]
According to Trammell, the syllable system is peak type. Every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of sonority. Codas may consist of one, two or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in diphthongs. The intonation system involves four pitch levels and three terminal contours.[11][13]
Furthermore the labio-dental approximant /ʋ/ (va) is often realized as [b] (ba), (y) is often merged with (j), while the palatal fricative /ʃ/ (sha) and the retroflex Fricative /ʂ/ (sha) are merged with /s/ by many speakers.[citation needed]
Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bhojpuri language[edit]
The United Nations has published the universal declaration of human rights in Bhojpuri language, one of 153 languages of the world.[14] Article 1 of the declaration in Bhojpuri, Hindi and English respectively are:
अनुच्छेद १ — सबहि लोकानि आजादे जम्मेला आओर ओखिनियो के बराबर सम्मान आओर अघ्कार प्राप्त हवे । ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ आओर अंत:करण के आवाज होखता आओर हुनको के दोसरा के साथ भाईचारे के बेवहार करे के होखला ।[14]
अनुच्छेद १ — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं । उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये ।[15]
Sample sentences[edit]
English sentence Bhojpuri translation
What is your name? Tohaar naav (/naam) kaa ha?
Come here. Hiyan aava.(yehar aava)
What are you doing? Tu kaa karat hava?
That man is going. Ooh marda jaat haan/ Ooh marda jaat aa.
How are you? Kaa haal-chaal ba?/Kaisan hava?
I'm fine. Hum theek haiin.
I don't know. Hum naikhi jaanat./ Hamke naikhe maalum/Humra Naikhe Maaloom
He is my son. Eeh hamaar chhaura(/laika) ha.
She is my daughter. Eeh hamaar chhauri(/laiki) hiya.
What should i do? Hum kaa kari?/ Hamke kaa kare ke chahi?
He is eating an apple. Ooh ago sev khaat haan/ Ooh ago sev khaat aa.
I saw the film last week. Hum pichhla hafta filim dekhle haiin.
They went to the mosque. Ooh sabhe mahjid gaile haan.
She slept the whole night. Ooh bhar raat suttal rahe.
I go. Hum jaat haiin./ Hum jaat aiin.
He has eaten. Ooh khailas haan./ Ooh khaa lehlas.
He will eat. Ooh khayi.
He will go. Ooh jaayi.
Why did you tell him to go? Tu ohke kaahe jaaye ke kahle hava?
Why is here crowded? Hiyan (yehar) maye aalam kaahe juttal ha?/ Hiyan (yehar) hetna hujum kaahe ha?
I have to leave for Varanasi, next early morning. Humke kaal fajire Banaras khatir nikle la haan.
Which is best Hindi newspaper. Sabse badhiya Hindi akhbar kawan howe la.
Where should i go? Hum kahaan jaai?
It is a book. Ee ago kitab ha.
Will you give me your pen? Tu hamke aapan kalam deba?
Yes, of course./ Why not. Haan, jarur./ Kaahe na.
Which village, you hail from? Tu kawan gaon se talluk rakhe la?/ Tahaar gaon kahaan ha?
Did he call you? Kaa ooh tahraa bulavale haan?
This is our area. Ee sabh apne jageer ha.
What's going on? Kaa chalat haan?/ Kaa chal rahal ba?
Please say that again. Tani phir se kaha.
Pleased to meet you. Tohse mil ke badhiya lagal haan./ Tohse mil ke khusi bhayil haan.
Is everything alright? Sab khairiyat se ha na?
How was your exam? Tahaar itihaan kaisan rahe?
Are you married? Tahaar biyah bhail ha?/ Tu shadishuda hava?
She doesn't understand anything. Ohke jari na samajh me aave./ Oke tanko na bujhaa la.
Please speak more slowly Jari aahista bola/ Tani aahista bola
You are very beautiful. Tu badi suhnar (/khapsoorat) hava. (to male)/ Tu badi suhnar (/khapsoorat) hau. (to female)
He is looking at you. Ooh tohka taakat haan.
My life is full of problems. Hamar jinigi khalsa pareshani se bharal ba.
Come with me. Hamra saathe aava./ Hamra sange aava.
One language is never enough. Ago juban kabho kafi na hove la/ Ek bhakha kab'ho jada na hokhe la.
I'll come after you. Hum taharaa paachhe aaib.
Go there Hunva jaa.
I can do anything for you. Hum tahraa vaaste kuchhu kar sakat haiin./ Hum tahraa khaatir kuchhuwo kar saki na.
Note that the above table is mostly based on talking to a male who is older or of the same age. At other times, "tahaar" tends to be "tohaar" and "tor" (for a younger person). While talking to someone, people often use the word "falan" or "falana" to refer to someone unnamed or unknown, like, "Falana ke babuji hiyan aail rahen" which means, His (which is unnamed or he who can not be named) father has come here.
Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three tired system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated as par three different tiers of politeness. For example, the verb "to come" in Bhojpuri is "aana" and the verb "to speak" is "bolna". The imperatives "come!" and "speak!"can thus be conjugated five different ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host of auxiliary verbs and expressions which can be added to these verbs to add even greater degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, pronoun is generally ignored.
Literary [tu] āō [tu] bōl
Casual and intimate [tu] āō [tu] bōl
Polite and intimate [tu] āv' [tu] bōl'
Formal yet intimate [rau'ā] āīñ [rau'ā] bōlīñ
Polite and formal [āp] āīñ [āp] bōlīñ
Extremely formal āyā jā'e bōlā jā'e
Similarly, adjectives are also marked for politeness and formality. For example, "Your" has several words (or synonym) but with a different tone of politeness- "tōr" (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), "rā'ur" (polite and formal) and "āp ke" (extremely formal).
The known dialects, per world language classification system, are: Bhojpuri Tharu, Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), and Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi).[4]
Bhojpuri has following dialects, the first three being the major child dialects:[17]
1. Southern Standard Bhojpuri,
2. Northern Standard Bhojpuri,
3. Western Standard Bhojpuri,[18]
4. Nagpuria Bhojpuri[19]
Southern Standard Bhojpuri is prevalent the areas of Bhojpur, Rohtas, Saran, Bhabua, Buxar, Siwan, Gopalganj in Bihar, and Ballia and eastern Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh. It is sometimes referred to as ‘Kharwari’. It can be further divided in to 'Shahabadi' and 'Chapariyah'.[20]
Northern Bhojpuri is common in the areas of Deoria, Gorakhpur and Basti in Uttar Pradesh, north Bihar and Nepal.[21] Local names include ‘Gorakhpuri’ for the language in Deoria and eastern Gorakhpur, and ‘Sarwariya’ in western Gorakhpur and Basti. The variety spoken cast of Gandak river between Gorakhpuri Bhojpuri and Maithili in Champaran has a local name Pachhimahwa.[citation needed] Northern Bhojpuri has Maithili influence.
Western Bhojpuri is prevalent the areas of Varanasi, Azamgarh, Ghazipur and Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh ‘Banarasi’ is a local name for the Banaras Bhojpuri. Western Bhojpuri is also referred to as "Purbi" or "Benarsi".[22]
Nagpuria Bhojpuri (not to be confused with Nagpuri) is southern most dialect, found in Chhotanagpur region of Jharkhand, particularly parts of Palamau and of Ranchi.[19][21] It is sometimes referred to as Sadani.[23]
Bhojpuri Academy chairperson Ravikant Dubey, in separate letters addressed to Lok Sabha (LS) Speaker Meira Kumar, leader of Opposition in LS Sushma Swaraj, AICC general secretary and MP Rahul Gandhi, BJP MP Murli Manohar Joshi and several other MPs, seeking their support for inclusion of Bhojpuri language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
Ravikant Dubey has petitioned that bhojpuri language be one of the official languages of India.[24] For cultural reasons, it is usually seen as a dialect of Hindi. Due to the persistent demand from Bhojpuri language activists to recognize it as an official language, P Chidambaram, Home Minister, Government of India announced to Lok Sabha speaker a few lines in Bhojpuri : “hum rauwa sabke bhavna samjhatani (I understand your feelings)”, proposing to include Bhojpuri in 8th Schedule of the Constitution and accorded the official status.[25]
Bhojpuri literature[edit]
The Bhojpuri-speaking region, due to its rich tradition of creating leaders for building post-independence India such as first President Dr. Rajendra Prasad followed by many eminent politicians and humanitarians like Dr. Krishna Dev Upadhyaya, was never devoid of intellectual prominence which is evident in its literature.
Bhojpuri became one of the bases of the development of the official language of independent India, Hindi, in the past century. Bhartendu Harishchandra was greatly influenced by the tone and style of Bhojpuri in his native region. Further development of Hindi was taken by Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi and Munshi Premchand. Bisharam wrote a special kind of 'birahaa'. Parichay Das is a poet in Bhojpuri language. and is editor of Parichhan - Maithili-Bhojpuri Magazine. Bhikhari Thakur has written theatre plays including the classics of Bidesiya. Krishna Dev Upadhyaya from Ballia district devoted 60 years to researching and cataloging Bhojpuri folklore. H. S. Upadhyaya wrote the book Relationships of Hindu family as depicted in Bhojpuri folksongs in 1996. Together they have catalogued thousands of Bhojpuri folksongs, riddles and proverbs from the western part of state of Bihar, Purvanchal (U.P), and northwestern part of Jharkhand.
The Bhojpuri literature has always remained contemporary. It was more of a body of folklore with folk music and poems prevailing. Literature in the written form started in the early 20th century.
Bhojpuri media[edit]
Many Bhojpuri magazines and papers are published in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. 'Parichhan' is a contemporary important literary-cultural Maithili-Bhojpuri magazine, published by Maithili-Bhojpuri academy, Delhi Government and edited by eminent writer Parichay Das. The Sunday Indian, Bhojpuri[26] is a regular National News Magazine in Bhojpuri published by Planman Media, owned by Prof. Arindam Chaudhary and Edited by Onkareshwar Pandey. Other media in Bhojpuri include Lok Lucknow,[27] Mahuaa TV and Hamar TV as Bhojpuri language channels, and a weekly paper in Bhojpuri Language published from Birgunj, Parsa of Nepal whose publisher is Dipendra Prasad Kanu.
Bhojpuri outside India[edit]
South Asia[edit]
After separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, many Bhojpuri speaking Muslims migrated to Pakistan and Bangladesh. Some of those who moved to Pakistan, settled in Karachi. The Bhojpuri dialect is currently spoken by elderly while the younger generation now speak standard Urdu and those living in Punjab region of Pakistan have become fluent in Punjabi. The Bhojpuri dialect is also known as Bihari dialect in Pakistan.[28]
In Bangladesh, Bhojpuri speaking Muslims are also found. However, their total number is estimated to be smaller than number of Bhojpuri speakers in Mauritius, African, Caribbean and South American nations. They are considered refugees of Pakistan in Bangladesh, since the 1971 war and separation of Bangladesh and Pakistan.[29]
Bhojpuri is a major language spoken in Nepal with official status.[17]
Outside South Asia[edit]
Bhojpuri language is also found among people who were brought as indentured laborers in the 19th century and early 20th century, for work in sugarcane plantations during British colonial era, to Mauritius, Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa.[7][17][30] In Trinidad, Guyanese and South Africa, the language is already moribund or spoken only by members of older generation.[31]
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
1. ^ Pronunciation Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press
2. ^ Bhojpuri reference at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
Caribbean Hindustani reference at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
3. ^ Language Demographics Census, Government of India (2001)
4. ^ a b c Bhojpuri Ethnologue World Languages (2009)
5. ^ Detailed language map of western Nepal, see disjunct enclaves of language #9 in SE
6. ^ William J. Frawley, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Volume 1, ISBN 0-19-513977-1, Oxford University Press, Bhojpuri, page 481
7. ^ a b Rajend Mesthrie, Language in indenture: a sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa, Routledge, 1992, ISBN 978-0415064040, pages 30-32
8. ^ Sarita Boodho, Bhojpuri traditions in Mauritius, Mauritius Bhojpuri Institute, 1999, ISBN 978-9990390216, pages 47-48 and 85-92
9. ^ Diwakar Mishra and Kalika Bali, A COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIALECTS OF HINDI, ICPhS XVII, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp 1390
11. ^ a b c Robert L. Trammell, The Phonology of the Northern Standard Dialect of Bhojpuri, Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Apr., 1971), pp. 126-141
12. ^ a b Verma, Manindra K. (2003), Bhojpuri, In Cardona et al. (Editors), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 515-537. London: Routledge
13. ^ Shukla, Shaligram (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Washington, D. C., Georgetown University Press
14. ^ a b Universal Declaration of Human Rights Bhojpuri language (United Nations)
15. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Hindi language (United Nations)
16. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights English language (United Nations)
17. ^ a b c Bhojpuri Language Materials Project, University of California - Los Angeles, United States
18. ^ Parable of the prodigal son in Benares Bhojpuri, A Recording in May, 1920 by Rajaji Gupta, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA
19. ^ a b Parable of the prodigal son in Nagpuria Bhojpuri, A Recording in 1920 by Shiva Sahay Lal, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA
20. ^ Map of Southern Standard Bhojpuri Digital Library of Language Relationships (2012)
21. ^ a b Shaligram Shukla (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Georgetown University School of Language, ISBN 978-0878401895
22. ^ Western Standard Bhojpuri Digital Library of Language Relationships (2012)
23. ^ Monika Horstmann (1969), Sadani, Indologia Berolinensis, Otto Harrassowitz - Weisbaden, Germany, pp 176-180
24. ^ "'Recognition' of Bhojpuri sought". Jan 23, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
25. ^ "Chidambaram speaks a surprise". The Hindu. May 17, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
26. ^ Bhojpuri - The Sunday Indian Newspaper
27. ^
28. ^ "Bhojpuri singer popular in Pakistan". 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
29. ^ Iftekharul Bashar, Unresolved Statelessness: The Case of Biharis in Bangladesh, Journal of International Affairs: A Quarterly Publication of the Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs, Volume 10, 2006, pages 89-98
31. ^ Richard Keith Barz and Jeff Siegel (Editors), Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi, Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447028721, page 198
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18751 | Bucklin voting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bucklin voting is a class of voting systems that can be used for single-member and multi-member districts. It is named after its original promoter, James W. Bucklin of Grand Junction, Colorado, and is also known as the Grand Junction system. As in Majority Judgment, the Bucklin winner will be one of the candidates with the highest median ranking or rating.
Voting process[edit]
Bucklin rules varied, but here is a typical example:
Voters are allowed rank preference ballots (first, second, third, etc.).
First choice votes are first counted. If one candidate has a majority, that candidate wins. Otherwise the second choices are added to the first choices. Again, if a candidate with a majority vote is found, the winner is the candidate with the most votes accumulated. Lower rankings are added as needed.
A majority is determined based on the number of valid ballots. Since, after the first round, there may be more votes cast than voters, it is possible for more than one candidate to have majority support.
Variants and relationships to other systems[edit]
The term Bucklin Voting refers to the process of counting all votes on all ballots that are above some threshold, and then adjusting that threshold down until a majority is reached. In some variants which have been used, equal ranking was allowed at some or all ranks. Some variants had a predetermined number of ranks available (usually 2 or 3), while others had unlimited ranks. There were also variants were akin to Borda voting in that lower-ranked votes counted for less.
The Bucklin procedure is one way to ensure that the winning candidate will be among those with the highest median rating. Another system with this property is Majority Judgment. Although Majority Judgment does not use the Bucklin procedure, it can be considered as a Bucklin system with a rated ballot, that is, one which allows equal or skipped rankings.[according to whom?]
Bucklin applied to multiwinner elections[edit]
Bucklin was used for multiwinner elections.[citation needed] For multi-member districts, voters marked as many first choices as there are seats to be filled. Voters marked the same number of second and further choices. In some localities, the voter was required to mark a full set of first choices for his or her ballot to be valid. However, allowing voters to cast three simultaneous votes for three seats could allow an organized 51% to win all three seats in the first round, so this system does not give proportional representation.
History and usage[edit]
The method was proposed by Condorcet in 1793.[1] It was re-invented under its current name and used in many political elections in the United States in the early 20th century, as were other experimental election methods during the progressive era. In two states, it was found to violate the state constitution and overturned; in the remainder of states using it, it was repealed. In Minnesota, it was ruled unconstitutional, in a decision that disallowed votes for multiple candidates, in opposition to some voters' single expressed preference,[2] and in a variant used in Oklahoma, the particular application required voters in multi-candidate elections to rank more than one candidate, or the vote would not be counted; and the preferential primary was therefore found unconstitutional. The canvassing method itself was not rejected in Oklahoma.[3]
Satisfied and failed criteria[edit]
Bucklin voting satisfies the majority criterion, the mutual majority criterion and the monotonicity criterion.[4]
Bucklin voting without equal rankings allowed fails the Condorcet criterion, independence of clones criterion,[5] later-no-harm, participation, consistency, reversal symmetry, the Condorcet loser criterion and the independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion.
If equal and skipped rankings are allowed, Bucklin passes or fails the same criteria as Majority Judgment.
Example application[edit]
The candidates for the capital are:
• Knoxville, with 17% of the voters
• Chattanooga, with 15% of the voters
The preferences of the voters would be divided like this:
42% of voters
(close to Memphis)
26% of voters
(close to Nashville)
15% of voters
(close to Chattanooga)
17% of voters
(close to Knoxville)
1. Memphis
2. Nashville
3. Chattanooga
4. Knoxville
1. Nashville
2. Chattanooga
3. Knoxville
4. Memphis
1. Chattanooga
2. Knoxville
3. Nashville
4. Memphis
1. Knoxville
2. Chattanooga
3. Nashville
4. Memphis
City Round 1 Round 2
Memphis 42 42
Nashville 26 68
Chattanooga 15 58
Knoxville 17 32
The first round has no majority winner. Therefore the second rank votes are added. This moves Nashville and Chattanooga above 50%, so a winner can be determined. Since Nashville is supported by a higher majority (68% versus 58%), Nashville is the winner.
Voter strategy[edit]
Voters supporting a strong candidate have an incentive to bullet vote (offer only one first-rank vote), in hopes that other voters will add enough votes to help their candidate win. This strategy is most secure if the supported candidate appears likely to gain many second-rank votes.
In the above example, Memphis voters have the most first-place votes and might not offer a second preference in hopes of winning, but the strategy fails, unless other voters also bullet vote, because they are not a second-place choice of competitors.
If all Memphis voters bullet vote, Chattanooga voters could cause their city to win by all bullet voting. However, if all Nashville voters also do the same, Memphis would win on the fourth and final round. In that case, Knoxville voters could do nothing to change the outcome.
In this particular example (but not always), bullet voting benefits one group of voters only if another group or groups do it as well. The example shows that, depending upon who does it, bullet voting may distort the outcome and could be counterproductive for some voters who do it (here, those from Chattanooga and Nashville).
To prevent bullet voting, voters could be required to rank all candidates on the ballot. This would provide the voter with a disincentive to bullet vote, as the vote would not be counted unless all candidates are ranked.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Principles and problems of government, Haines and Hanes, 1921
2. ^ Brown v. Smallwood, 130 Minn. 492, 153 N. W. 953
3. ^ Dove v. Oglesby, 114 Okla. 144, 244 p. 798
4. ^ Collective decisions and voting: the potential for public choice, Nicolaus Tideman, 2006, p. 204
5. ^ Tideman, 2006, ibid |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18752 | Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa
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Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa
CJTF-HOA insignia.jpg
Active October 19, 2002–present
Country United States of America
Type Multiservice (joint) formation
Role Military operations and civil and military capacity building
Size Task force
Part of United States Africa Command[1]
Garrison/HQ Camp Lemonnier, Republic of Djibouti
U.S. Army Major General (Select) Terry Ferrell
Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) is a joint task force of United States Africa Command (AFRICOM). It originated under Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) as part of the United States response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Live-fire exercise for marksmanship and weapons handling in March 2003, part of the CJTF-HOA.
The mission of the CJTF-HOA is to conduct operations in the Combined Joint Operations Area to enhance partner nation capacity, promote regional security and stability, dissuade conflict, and protect U.S. and coalition interests.
CJTF-HOA consists of about 2,000 service men and women[2] from the United States military and allied countries. Currently, the task force has an assigned area of interest that includes Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Seychelles and Kenya. Outside this Combined Joint Operating Area, the CJTF-HOA has operations in Mauritius, Comoros, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.[3]
CJTF-HOA operations are encompassed by what the U.S. military has termed the ‘indirect approach’ with a focus on military-to-military engagements, civil-military operations, key leader engagements, and providing enabling support to partner nations. They provide short-term assistance by drilling wells for clean water, building functional schools, improving roadways and improving medical facilities. Long-term goals include working with partner nations to improve national and regional stability and security. Regional stability is increased through capacity-building operations such as civil affairs and military-to-military training; engineering and humanitarian support; medical, dental, and veterinarian civic action programs (MEDCAP, DENTCAP, VETCAP); and security training for border and coastal areas. About 1,800 personnel from each branch of the U.S. military, civilian employees, and representatives from coalition and partner nations make up CJTF-HOA.
Maj. Gen. Terry Ferrell, Commander of the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa, and Gen. Dahir Adan Elmi, Chief of Defense for the Somali Armed Forces, walk together into the galley at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti (May 2013).
Ethiopian soldiers practice ambush techniques during CJTF-HOA training in December 2006.
CJTF-HOA was established at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina on October 19, 2002. In November 2002, personnel embarked to the region aboard USS Mount Whitney and arrived at the Horn of Africa on December 8, 2002. CJTF-HOA operated from the Mount Whitney until May 13, 2003, when the mission moved ashore to Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti City, Djibouti. Since then, CJTF-HOA personnel have built schools, clinics and hospitals; conducted dozens of MEDCAPs, DENTCAPs and VETCAPs; drilled and refurbished more than 113 water wells; and trained in collaboration with partner nation militaries.
In January 2004, Brigadier General Mastin Robison of the United States Marine Corps, then commanding the Task Force, had support, medical, and admin staff from the Marines, Navy, Army, and Air Force, a Marine helicopter detachment of four CH-53 Super Stallions, a U.S. Army infantry company, a U.S. Army Reserve civil affairs company, Navy cargo planes, military engineers, and a special operations unit under his command.[13]
Additionally, members of the Task Force assisted with humanitarian assistance missions, including recovery efforts after the collapse of a four-story building in Kenya in 2006, the capsizing of a passenger ferry in Djibouti in 2006, and floods in Ethiopia and Kenya in 2006. Task Force personnel assisted the Government of Uganda in locating and recovering the wreckage of a Russian-built IL-76 transport plane that crashed into Lake Victoria in early 2009.
Transfer to USAFRICOM[edit]
Djiboutian Army Major Ahmed Said Guedi presents a letter of appreciation to CJTF-HOA and USAFRICOM Command Sergeant Major Scott Mykoo in September 2011.
On October 1, 2008, responsibility for the task force was transferred from the United States Central Command to the United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM), as the latter assumed authority over the African Theater of Operations.[1]
1. ^ a b "Africans Fear Hidden U.S. Agenda in New Approach to Africom". Associated Press. 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
2. ^ "Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
3. ^ "CJTF-HOA Factsheet". Retrieved 2012-01-26.
4. ^ "Guelleh Visits CJTF-HOA Commander". Somaliland Times. 2003-05-07. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
5. ^ "USS Mount Whitney Set for Norfolk Return". Retrieved 2012-12-15.
6. ^ "United States Marine Corp Biography: Major General Timothy F. Ghormley". United States Marine Corps. 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-11-14. [dead link]
7. ^ "United States Navy Biography: Rear Admiral Richard W. Hunt". United States Navy. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
8. ^ a b "United States Navy Biography: Rear Admiral James M. Hart". United States Navy. 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
9. ^ "United States Navy Biography: Rear Admiral Anthony M. Kurta". United States Navy. 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
10. ^ "CJTF-HOA Under New Command". CJTF-HOA Public Affairs Office. 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2010-05-17. [dead link]
11. ^ Baldor, Lolita C. (2013). "Officials: Army general removed over alcohol, sex-related charges". U.S. News on Associated Press. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
12. ^ Reif, Jasmine (14 January 2014). "CJTF-HOA welcomes incoming commanding general". Retrieved 7 February 2014.
13. ^ Chris Tomlinson, 'U.S. wages quiet battle in Africa,' Associated Press, in The Washington Times, January 15, 2004
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18753 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ermine)
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Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Mustelidae
Subfamily: Mustelinae
Genus: Mustela
Species: M. erminea
Binomial name
Mustela erminea
Linnaeus, 1758
Stoat range
(green—native, red—introduced)
The stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the short-tailed weasel, is a species of Mustelidae native to Eurasia and North America, distinguished from the least weasel by its larger size and longer tail with a prominent black tip. The name ermine is often, but not always, used for the animal in its pure white winter coat, or the fur thereof.[2] Since the late 19th century, stoats have been introduced to New Zealand to control rabbits, but have had a devastating effect on native bird populations (see stoats in New Zealand).
It is classed by the IUCN as Least Concern, due to its wide circumpolar distribution, and because it does not face any significant threat to its survival.[1] It was named one of the world's top 100 "worst invasive species" by the IUCN Species Survival Commission's Invasive Species Specialist Group.[3]
The root word for "stoat" is likely either the Belgic word stout ("bold")[4] or the Gothic word stautan ("to push").[5] According to John Guillim, in his Display of Heraldrie, the word "ermine" is likely derived from Armenia, the nation where it was thought the species originated,[4] though other authors have linked it to the Norman French from the Teutonic harmin (Anglo-Saxon hearma). This seems to come from the Lithuanian word šarmu.[5] In Ireland (where the least weasel does not occur), the stoat is referred to as weasel, while in North America it is called short-tailed weasel. A male stoat is called a dog, hob, or jack, while a female is called a bitch or jill. The collective noun for stoats is either gang or pack.[6]
The stoat's direct ancestor was Mustela palerminea, a common carnivore in central and eastern Europe during the Middle Pleistocene,[7] and probably reached North America in its current form during the late Blancan or early Irvingtonian.[8] The stoat is the product of a process begun 5–7 million years ago, when northern forests were replaced by open grassland, thus prompting an explosive evolution of small, burrowing rodents. The stoat's ancestors were larger than the current form, and underwent a reduction in size to exploit the new food source. The stoat first arose in Eurasia, shortly after the long-tailed weasel arose as its mirror image in North America 2 million years ago. The stoat thrived during the Ice Age, as its small size and long body allowed it to easily operate beneath snow, as well as hunt in burrows. The stoat and the long-tailed weasel remained separated until half a million years ago, when falling sea levels exposed the Bering land bridge.[9]
Combined phylogenetic analyses indicate the stoat's closest living relative is the mountain weasel (Mustela altaica), though it is also closely related to the least weasel (Mustela nivalis) and long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata). Its next closest relatives are the New World Colombian weasel (Mustela felipei) and the Amazon weasel (Mustela africana).[10]
As of 2005,[11] 37 subspecies are recognised.
Physical description[edit]
Stoat (left) and least weasel (right) pelts - note the stoat's larger size and black tail-tip
Stoat skeleton
The stoat is entirely similar to the least weasel in general proportions, manner of posture, and movement, though the tail is relatively longer, always exceeding a third of the body length,[21] though it is shorter than that of the long-tailed weasel. The stoat has an elongated neck, the head being set exceptionally far in front of the shoulders. The trunk is nearly cylindrical, and does not bulge at the abdomen. The greatest circumference of body is little more than half its length.[22] The skull, although very similar to that of the least weasel, is relatively longer, with a narrower braincase. The projections of the skull and teeth are weakly developed, but stronger than those of the least weasel.[23] The eyes are round, black and protrude slightly. The whiskers are brown or white in colour, and very long. The ears are short, rounded and lie almost flattened against the skull. The claws are not retractable, and are large in proportion to the digits. Each foot has five toes. The male stoat has a curved baculum with a proximal knob which increases in weight as it ages.[24] Fat is deposited primarily along the spine and kidneys, then on gut mesenteries, under the limbs and around the shoulders. The stoat has four pairs of nipples, though they are only visible in females.[24]
A stoat in winter fur
The dimensions of the stoat are variable, but not as variable as the least weasel.[25] Unusual among the Carnivora, the size of stoats tends to decrease proportionally with latitude, in contradiction to Bergmann's rule.[7] Sexual dimorphism in size is pronounced, with males being 1.5-2.0 times the weight of females.[17] On average, males measure 187–325 mm (7.4–12.8 in) in body length, while females measure 170–270 mm (6.7–10.6 in). The tail measures 75–120 mm (3.0–4.7 in) in males and 65–106 mm (2.6–4.2 in) in females. In males, the hind foot measures 40.0–48.2 mm (1.57–1.90 in), while in females it is 37.0–47.6 mm (1.46–1.87 in). The height of the ear measures 18.0–23.2 mm (0.71–0.91 in) in males and 14.0–23.3 mm (0.55–0.92 in). The skulls of males measure 39.3–52.2 mm (1.55–2.06 in) in length, while those of females measure 35.7–45.8 mm (1.41–1.80 in). Males weigh 258 grams (9.1 oz), while females weigh less than 180 grams (6.3 oz).[25]
The stoat has large anal scent glands measuring 8.5 mm × 5 mm (0.33 in × 0.20 in) in males and smaller in females. Scent glands are also present on the cheeks, belly and flanks.[24] Epidermal secretions, which are deposited during body rubbing, are chemically distinct from the anal scent glands, which contain a higher proportion of volatile chemicals. When attacked or being aggressive, the stoat excretes the contents of its anal glands, producing a strong, musky odour produced by several sulphuric compounds, which is distinct from that of least weasels.[26]
The winter fur is very dense and silky, but quite closely lying and short, while the summer fur is rougher, shorter and sparse.[21] In summer, the fur is sandy-brown on the back and head and a white below. The division between the dark back and the light belly is usually straight, though this trait is only present in 13.5% of Irish stoats. The stoat moults twice a year. In spring, the moult is slow, starting from the forehead, across the back, toward the belly. In autumn, the moult is quicker, progressing in the reverse direction. The moult, initiated by photoperiod, starts earlier in autumn and later in spring at higher latitudes. In the stoat's northern range, it adopts a completely white coat (save for the black tail-tip) during the winter period.[24] Differences in the winter and summer coats are less apparent in southern forms of the species.[27] In the species' southern range, the coat remains brown, but is denser and sometimes paler than in summer.[24]
Reproduction and development[edit]
Young stoat
In the Northern hemisphere, mating occurs in the April–July period. In spring, the male's testes are enlarged, a process accompanied by an increase of testosterone concentration in the plasma. Spermatogenesis occurs in December, and the males are fertile from May–August, after which the testes regress. Stoats are not monogamous, with litters often being of mixed paternity. The gestation period lasts circa 280 days. Males play no part in rearing the young, which are born blind, deaf, toothless and covered in fine white or pinkish down. The milk teeth erupt after three weeks, and solid food is eaten after four weeks. The eyes open after five to six weeks, with the black tail-tip appearing a week later. Lactation ends after 12 weeks. Prior to the age of five to seven weeks, kits have poor thermoregulation, so they huddle for warmth when the mother is absent. Males become sexually mature at 10–11 months, while females are sexually mature at the age of 2–3 weeks whilst still blind, deaf and hairless, and are usually mated with adult males before being weaned.[28]
Territorial and sheltering behaviours[edit]
Stoat territoriality has a generally mustelid spacing pattern, with male territories encompassing smaller female territories, which they defend from other males. The size of the territory and the ranging behaviour of its occupants varies seasonally, depending on the abundance of food and mates. During the breeding season, the ranges of females remain unchanged, while males either become roamers, strayers or transients. Dominant older males have territories 50 times larger than those of younger, socially inferior males. Both sexes mark their territories with urine, faeces and two types of scent marks; anal drags are meant to convey territorial occupancy, and body rubbing is associated with agonistic encounters.[26]
The stoat does not dig its own burrows, instead using the burrows and nest chambers of the rodents it kills. The skins and underfur of rodent prey are used to line the nest chamber. The nest chamber is sometimes located in seemingly unsuitable places, such as among logs piled against the walls of houses. The stoat also inhabits old and rotting stumps, under tree roots, in heaps of brushwood, haystacks, in bog hummocks, in the cracks of vacant mud buildings, in rock piles, rock clefts, and even in magpie nests. Males and females typically live apart, but close to each other.[29] Each stoat has several dens dispersed within its range. A single den has several galleries, mainly within 30 cm (12 in) of the surface.[30]
Stoat surplus killing a family of chipmunks, as illustrated by Ernest Thompson Seton
Stoat killing a European rabbit
As with the least weasel, mouse-like rodents predominate in the stoat's diet. However, unlike the least weasel which almost exclusively feeds on small voles, the stoat regularly preys on larger rodent and lagomorph species. In Russia, its prey includes rodents such as European water voles, common hamsters, pikas, and others, which it overpowers in their burrows. Prey species of secondary importance include small birds, fish, and shrews and, more rarely, amphibians, lizards, and insects.[31] In Great Britain, European rabbits are an important food source, with the frequency in which stoats prey on them having increased between the 1960s and mid 1990s since the end of the myxomatosis epidemic. Typically, male stoats prey on rabbits more frequently than females do, which depend to a greater extent on smaller rodent species. British stoats rarely kill shrews, rats, squirrels and water voles, though rats may be an important food source locally. In Ireland, shrews and rats are frequently eaten. In mainland Europe, water voles make up a large portion of the stoat's diet. Hares are sometimes taken, but are usually young specimens.[32] In North America, where the ecological niche for rat and rabbit sized prey is taken by the larger long-tailed weasel, the stoat preys on mice, voles, shrews, and young cottontails.[33] In New Zealand, the stoat feeds principally on birds, including the rare kiwi, kaka, mohua, yellow-crowned parakeet, and New Zealand dotterel.[32] Cases are known of stoats preying on young muskrats. The stoat typically eats about 50 grams (1.8 oz) of food a day, which is equivalent to 25% of the animal's live weight.[34]
The stoat is a usually silent animal, but can produce a range of sounds similar to those of the least weasel. Kits produce a fine chirping noise. Adults trill excitedly before mating, and indicate submission through quiet trilling, whining and squealing. When nervous, the stoat hisses, and will intersperse this with sharp barks or shrieks and prolonged screeching when aggressive.[26]
Aggressive behaviour in stoats is categorised in these forms:[26]
• Noncontact approach, which is sometimes accompanied by a threat display and vocalisation from the approached animal
• Forward thrust, accompanied by a sharp shriek, which is usually done by stoats defending a nest or retreat site
• Nest occupation, when a stoat appropriates the nesting site of a weaker individual
• Kleptoparasitism, in which a dominant stoat appropriates the kill of a weaker one, usually after a fight
Submissive stoats express their status by avoiding higher-ranking animals, fleeing from them or making whining or squealing sounds.[26]
Range and population[edit]
The stoat has a circumboreal range throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, from Greenland and the Canadian and Siberian Arctic islands south to about 35°N. Stoats in North America are found throughout Alaska and Canada south through most of the northern United States to central California, northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, Iowa, the Great Lakes region, New England, and Pennsylvania, but is absent from most of the Great Plains, and the Southeastern United States. The stoat in Europe is found as far south as 41ºN in Portugal, and inhabits most islands with the exception of Iceland, Svalbard, the Mediterranean islands and some small North Atlantic islands. In Japan, it is present in central mountains (northern and central Japan Alps) to northern part of Honshu (primarily above 1,200 m) and Hokkaido. Its vertical range is from sea level to 3,000 m.[1]
Introduction to New Zealand[edit]
Stoats were introduced into New Zealand during the late 19th century to control rabbits and hares, but are now a major threat to native bird populations. The introduction of stoats was opposed by scientists in New Zealand and Britain, including the New Zealand ornithologist Walter Buller. The warnings were ignored and stoats began to be introduced from Britain in the 1880s, thus resulting in a noticeable decline in bird populations within six years.[35] Stoats are a serious threat to ground- and hole-nesting birds, since they have very little means of escaping predation. The highest rates of stoat predation occur after seasonal gluts in southern beechmast seeds, which encourage the reproduction of rodents on which stoats also feed, thus encouraging stoats to increase their own numbers.[36] For instance, the endangered takahe's wild population dropped by a third between 2006 and 2007, after a stoat plague triggered by the 2005–06 mast wiped out more than half the takahe in untrapped areas.[37]
Diseases and parasites[edit]
Tuberculosis has been recorded in stoats inhabiting the former Soviet Union and New Zealand. They are largely resistant to tularemia, but are reputed to suffer from canine distemper in captivity. Symptoms of mange have also been recorded.[38]
Stoats are vulnerable to ectoparasites associated with their prey and the nests of other animals on which they do not prey. The louse Trichodectes erminea is recorded in stoats living in Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. In continental Europe, 26 flea species are recorded to infest stoats, including Rhadinospylla pentacantha, Megabothris rectangulatus, Orchopeas howardi, Spilopsyllus ciniculus, Ctenophthalamus nobilis, Dasypsyllus gallinulae, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, Leptospylla segnis, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Parapsyllus n. nestoris, Amphipsylla kuznetzovi and Ctenopsyllus bidentatus. Tick species known to infest stoats are Ixodes canisuga, I. hexagonus, and I. ricinus and Haemaphysalis longicornis. Louse species known to infest stoats include Mysidea picae and Polyplax spinulosa. Mite species known to infest stoats include Neotrombicula autumnalis, Demodex erminae, Eulaelaps stabulans, Gymnolaelaps annectans, Hypoaspis nidicorva, and Listrophorus mustelae.[38]
The nematode Skrjabingylus is particularly serious to stoats, as it erodes the bones of the nasal sinuses and decreases fertility. One symptom includes fits, which may explain the "dancing" behaviour usually associated with hunting. Other nematode species known to infect stoats include Capillaria putorii, Molineus patens and Strongyloides martes. Cestode species known to infect stoats include Taenia tenuicollis, Mesocestoides lineatus and rarely Acanthocephala.[38]
Relationships with humans[edit]
Elizabeth I of England, "the Virgin Queen", painted with an ermine on her arm. In this painting the ermine has black spots over its entire body resembling heraldic ermine.
Folklore and mythology[edit]
In Irish mythology, stoats were viewed anthropomorphically as animals with families, which held rituals for their dead. They were also viewed as noxious animals prone to thieving, and their saliva was said to be able to poison a grown man. To encounter a stoat when setting out for a journey was considered bad luck, but one could avert this by greeting the stoat as a neighbour.[39] Stoats were also supposed to hold the souls of infants who died before baptism.[40] In the folklore of the Komi people of the Urals, stoats are symbolic of beautiful and coveted young women.[41] In the Zoroastrian religion, the stoat is considered a sacred animal, as its white winter coat represented purity. Similarly, Mary Magdalene was depicted as wearing a white stoat pelt as a sign of her reformed character. One popular European legend had it that a white stoat would die before allowing its pure white coat to be besmirched. When it was being chased by hunters, it would supposedly turn around and give itself up to the hunters rather than risk soiling itself.[42]
Fur use[edit]
Stoat skins are prized by the fur trade, especially in winter coat, and used to trim coats and stoles. The fur from the winter coat is referred to as ermine. There is also a design, also called ermine, which is inspired by the winter coat of the stoat but which is painted onto other furs, such as rabbit.[43] In Europe these furs are a symbol of royalty and high status; the ceremonial robes of members of the UK House of Lords and the academic hoods of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge are traditionally trimmed with ermine[43] although in practice rabbit or fake fur is now often used instead due to expense or animal rights concerns. Prelates of the Catholic Church still wear ecclesiastical garments featuring ermine (a sign of their status equal to that of the nobility). Cecilia Gallerani is depicted holding an ermine in her portrait, Lady with an Ermine. Henry Peacham's Emblem 75, which depicts an ermine being pursued by a hunter and two hounds, is entitled "Cui candor morte redemptus" ("Purity bought with his own death"). Peacham goes on to preach that men and women should follow the example of the ermine and keep their minds and consciences as pure as the legendary ermine keeps its fur.[44]
Ermine were also valued by the Tlingit and other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. They could be attached to traditional regalia and cedar bark hats as status symbols, or they were also made into shirts.[45]
The stoat was a fundamental item in the fur trade of the Soviet Union, with no less than half the global catch coming from within its borders. The Soviet Union also contained the highest grades of stoat pelts, with the best grade North American pelts being comparable only to the 9th grade in the quality criteria of former Soviet stoat standards. However, stoat harvesting never became a specialty in any Soviet republic, with most stoats being captured incidentally in traps or near villages. Stoats in the Soviet Union were captured either with dogs or with box-traps or jaw-traps. Guns were rarely used, as they could damage the pelt.[46]
1. ^ a b c Reid, F. & Helgen, K. (2008). Mustela erminea. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 21 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
3. ^ "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Species". Invasive Species Specialist Group.
4. ^ a b Coues 1877, pp. 124–125
5. ^ a b Johnston 1903, p. 160
6. ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 456
7. ^ a b Kurtén 1968, pp. 101–102
8. ^ Kurtén 1980, p. 150
9. ^ Macdonald 1992, p. 205
10. ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 458
12. ^ a b c Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1010
13. ^ Merriam 1896, pp. 12–13
14. ^ Merriam 1896, p. 15
15. ^ a b Merriam 1896, pp. 11–12
16. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1014
17. ^ a b c Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 459
18. ^ a b Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1012
19. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1013
20. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1011
21. ^ a b Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 997
22. ^ Coues 1877, pp. 117–121
23. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 999
24. ^ a b c d e Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 457
25. ^ a b Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1002
26. ^ a b c d e Harris & Yalden 2008, pp. 460–461
27. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 998
28. ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, pp. 464–465
29. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 1021–1022
30. ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 461
31. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1018
32. ^ a b c d Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 463
33. ^ a b Verts & Carraway 1998, p. 417
34. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1020
35. ^ King, Carolyn (1984). Immigrant Killers. Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558121-0.
36. ^ Purdey, D. C.; C. M. King, B Lawrence (2004). "Age structure, dispersion and diet of a population of stoats (Mustela erminea) in southern Fiordland during the decline phase of the beechmast cycle". New Zealand Journal of Zoology (The Royal Society of New Zealand) 31 (3): 205–225. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518373. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
37. ^ "Stoats decimating takahe in Fiordland". 4 March 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
38. ^ a b c Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 466
39. ^ Monaghan, Patricia (2004) The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore: Facts on File library of religion and mythology, page 426, Infobase Publishing, ISBN 0-8160-4524-0
40. ^ Daniels, Cora Linn & Stevans, C. M. Encyclopedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World, Volume 2 (2003), The Minerva Group, Inc., ISBN 1-4102-0915-6
41. ^ Laakso, Johanna (2005) Our otherness: Finno-Ugrian approaches to women's studies, or vice versa, Volume 2 of Finno-Ugrian studies in Austria, LIT Verlag Münster, ISBN 3-8258-8626-3
42. ^ Sax, Boria (2001) The mythical zoo: an encyclopedia of animals in world myth, legend, and literature, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-612-1
43. ^ a b "A house of traditions". BBC News. January 19, 1999.
44. ^ The Minerva Britanna Project
45. ^ Tlingit Ermine-Skin Shirt (Daa dugu k'oodas')
46. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 1029–1030
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18754 | Construct (philosophy of science)
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An object's center of mass is certainly a real thing, but it is a construct (not another object)
A construct in the philosophy of science is an ideal object, where the existence of the thing may be said to depend upon a subject's mind. This, as opposed to a real object, where existence does not seem to depend on the existence of a mind.[1]
In a scientific theory, particularly within psychology, a hypothetical construct is an explanatory variable which is not directly observable. For example, the concepts of intelligence and motivation are used to explain phenomena in psychology, but neither is directly observable. A hypothetical construct differs from an intervening variable in that it has properties and implications which have not been demonstrated in empirical research. These serve as a guide to further research. An intervening variable, on the other hand, is a summary of observed empirical findings.
The creation of constructs is a part of operationalization, especially the creation of theoretical definitions. The usefulness of one conceptualization over another depends largely on construct validity. To address the non-observability of constructs, U.S. federal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute has created a construct database termed Grid-Enabled Measures (GEM) to improve construct use and reuse.
Construct versus object[edit]
Concepts that are considered constructs by this definition include that which is designated by the symbol "3" or the word "liberty". Scientific hypotheses and theories (e.g. evolutionary theory, gravitational theory), as well as classifications (e.g. in biological taxonomy) are also conceptual entities considered to be constructs.
Simple examples of real objects (that are not constructs) include lawyers, silver fish and undershirts.
Other Examples of Constructs[edit]
In Biology
Genes, evolution, illness, taxonomy, immunity
In Physics/Astrophysics
Black holes, the Big Bang, Dark Matter, String Theory, molecular physics or atoms, gravity, center of mass
In Psychology
Intelligence or knowledge, emotions, personality, moods
Theories and Hypotheses
Cronbach and Meehl (1955) define a hypothetical construct as a concept for which there is not a single observable referent, which cannot be directly observed, and for which there exist multiple referents, but none all-inclusive. For example, according to Cronbach and Meehl a fish is not a hypothetical construct because, despite variation in species and varieties of fish, there is an agreed upon definition for a fish with specific characteristics that distinguish a fish from a bird. Furthermore, a fish can be directly observed. On the other hand a hypothetical construct has no single referent; rather, hypothetical constructs consist of groups of functionally related behaviors, attitudes, processes, and experiences. Instead of seeing intelligence, love, or fear we see indicators or manifestations of what we have agreed to call intelligence, love, or fear.
Diseases like Leukemia are important explanatory concepts, but do not 'exist' in the same way as a rock or a pencil
McCorquodale and Meehl (1948) discussed the distinction between what they called intervening variables and these hypothetical constructs. McCorquodale and Meehl (1948) describe hypothetical constructs as containing surplus meaning, as they imply more than just the operations by which they are measured.
In the positivist tradition, Boring (1923) described intelligence as whatever the intelligence test measures. As a reaction to such operational definitions, Cronbach and Meehl (1955) emphasized the necessity of viewing constructs like intelligence as hypothetical constructs. They asserted that there is no adequate criterion for the operational definition of constructs like abilities and personality. Thus, according to Cronbach and Meehl (1955), a useful construct of intelligence or personality should imply more than simply test scores. Instead these constructs should predict a wide range of behaviors.
Boring, E.G. (1923) Intelligence as the tests test it. New Republic, 36, 35-37.
Cronbach, L.J., and Meehl, P.E. (1955) Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281-302.
MacCorquodale, K.,& Meehl, P.E. (1948). On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. Psychological Review, 55, 95-107.
1. ^ Bunge, M. 1974. Treatise on Basic Philosophy, Vol. I Semantics I: Sense and Reference. Dordrecth-Boston: Reidel Publishing Co. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18756 | Judaism and abortion
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In Judaism, views on abortion draw primarily upon the legal and ethical teachings of the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the case-by-case decisions of responsa, and other rabbinic literature.
Rabbinic literature[edit]
The verse in Genesis says "Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man". The Talmud(57b) understands this verse to be talking about the kiling of a fetus; that is a fetus is considered to be alive with regard to the prohibition against murderer and all are warned not to kill him. The fetus however, although being considered "alive" to the extent that his or her life is protected, is not considered to be fully alive to the extent that if it endangered the mothers life it takes precedence. Thus if a pregnancy risks the life of the mother the Rabbis rule that the mother's life takes precedence and that the child may be aborted so as to save the mother's life.
Early rabbinic Judaism[edit]
In mainstream rabbinic Judaism, the Biblical verse is one of several key texts that substantiate the later rabbinic prohibition on abortion, albeit not as murder. Owing partly to this verse, rabbinic law or halakhah sanctions abortion under some circumstances, namely for medical reason. In principle, Judaism does not regard the fetus as a full human being. While deliberately killing a day old baby is murder, according to the Mishnah, a fetus is not covered by this strict homicide rule.[1] In reading of Biblical homicide laws, rabbinic sages argue that homicide concerns an animate human being (nefesh adam from Lev. 24:17) alone, not an embryo... because the embryo is not a person (lav nefesh hu).[2] However the Talmud (Sanhedrin 57b) says that a fetus is included in the Noahide prohibition of bloodshed (distinct from homicide) that is learned from Genesis 9:6 that states (in a direct translation from the Hebrew); He who spills the blood of man in man shall have his blood spilt. The Talmud interprets "the blood of man in man" as to include a fetus, which is the blood of man in man. Things that are prohibited under the Noahide laws are also prohibited to Jews.[3] The penalty of having his blood spilt, in regard to Jews, is interpreted by Maimonides as referring to a punishment by the hands of heaven, and not by the courts.[4]
A core text in rabbinic law crystallizes the status of the fetus. The Mishna explicitly indicates that one must abort a fetus if the continuation of pregnancy might imperil the life of the woman.
If a woman is in hard travail, one cuts up the offspring in her womb and brings it forth member by member, because her life comes before the life of her foetus. But if the greater part has proceeded forth, one may not set aside one person for the sake of saving another.[5]
According to the text this can be done until the point of yatza rubo (יָצָא רֻבּוֹ), that "the greater part has proceeded forth".[6] This is taken to refer to the emergence of the baby during childbirth.[7]
In Talmudic law, an embryo is not deemed a fully viable person (bar kayyama), but rather a being of "doubtful viability" (Niddah 44b). Hence, for instance, Jewish mourning rites do not apply to an unborn child. The status of the embryo is also indicated by its treatment as "an appendage of its mother" (ubar yerekh 'imo Hullin 58a) for such matters as ownership, maternal conversion and purity law.[8] In even more evocative language, the Talmud states in a passage on priestly rules that the fetus "is considered to be mere water" until its 40th day.[9] In another passage the Talmud speaks of a "moment of determination" and a "moment of creation" in regard to different stages of the fetus.[10] Rashi explains that the moment of creation is when bones and arteries begin to form[11] and in other places he says that the "moment of creation" is at the 40th day.[12]
Later authorities have differed as to how far one might go in defining the peril to the woman in order to justify abortion, and at what stage of gestation a fetus is considered having a soul, at which point one life cannot take precedence over another.
Medieval and pre-Modern Judaism[edit]
After the Talmudic period, Jewish views on abortion become more refined, and diverse, as rabbinic literature expanded and Jewish philosophy developed. Maimonides, notably, justified the requirement to abort a pregnancy that threatens the woman's life not because the fetus is less than a nefesh (human being), as the Talmud held, but rather through the principle of the rodef or pursuer, "pursuing her to kill her." Schiff argues that the Maimonidean view is "unprecedented" and "without doubt, this hitherto unexpressed insight had dramatic potential ramifications for the parameters of permissible abortion." Meir Abulafia and Menachem Meiri reaffirm Rashi's view.[13]
Another reason to prohibit abortion is found in the Talmudic commentaries known as the Tosafot. The Tosafot argued that abortion is forbidden to Jews because it is forbidden to non-Jews under the Noahide laws. "A gentile is culpable for the death of a fetus, while a Jew is forbidden to cause its death but is not culpable."[14] Here the Tosafot follows the statement in the Talmud (Sanhedrin 59a) that there is nothing that is prohibited to the Noahide that is permissible to Jews, that Jews are not permitted actions that are forbidden to gentiles, though the (theoretical) punishment for violations would apply only to gentiles.[15][16] Relying on such reciprocal logic, the Tosafot also hold that, since Jews are permitted therapeutic abortions for the sake of maternal life, then Noahide law likewise allows non-Jews to undergo therapeutic abortion. Given this near parity, rabbinic law prohibits Jews from assisting gentiles with forbidden abortions, for which the gentiles would be culpable of bloodshed.[17] Viewing Noahide law as a universalizing ethics, Sinclair states: "it is evident that the halakhah in the area of foeticide is shaped by a combination of legal doctrine and moral principle."[18] However, the Tosafot text that applies Noahide law to forbid abortion does not go unchallenged. Another commentary in Tosafot (Niddah 44b) appears to question whether foeticide is permitted.[7][19] However this is not the plain interpretation of that Tosafot.[20]
Scholars of Talmudic and Medieval rabbinic law draw a sharp contrast between the theologies behind Jewish and Catholic opposition to abortion. After favorably reviewing Christian opposition to abortion, Immanuel Jakobovits writes in Jewish Medical Ethics: "In Jewish law, the right to destroy a human fruit before birth is entirely unrelated to theological considerations. Neither the question of the entry of the soul before birth nor the claim to salvation after death have any practical bearing on the subject." Although halakhic regulations works strenuously to protect the unborn child, he says that "none of these regulations necessarily prove that the foetus enjoys human inviolability." In contrast to the neo-Platonic and Christian approach, moreover, Talmudic thought does not "make any legal distinction between formed and unformed foetuses,"[21] after the 40th day. Feldman, likewise, is emphatically comparative, saying: "... while Christianity's position on abortion has raised the moral level of western civilization in this regard and has succeeded in sensitizing humanity to a greater reverence for life, it is obviously comprised, at the same time, of theological postulates which the Jewish community can not share." Feldman also points out that Talmudic debate over whether the soul achieves immortality upon conception, or at a far later stage, has little bearing on halakhic protections for the fetus because, absent a doctrine of original sin, "abortion would not interfere with the immortal rights or destiny of the foetus."[22]
In the standard code of Jewish law, the Shulchan Aruch, therapeutic abortion is permitted; Maimonides's language, speaking of the fetus as pursuer, is included verbatim.[13] A key commentator, R. Joshua Falk, explains that abortion does not trade off one life for another life because the embryo is "not a person" prior to birth.[23] An ordinary abortion is a violation of civil or monetary law, not criminal law, as emphasized by R. Ezekiel Landau among others.[24]
In a key responsum, R. Yair Bachrach is asked whether to approve an abortion for a woman with an illegitimate embryo. R. Bachrach distinguishes early stage from later stage abortions. His reasoning is based on a Talmudic commentary to the effect that Sabbath laws may be violated for a fetus, but only for a later-stage embryo.[25] Several authorities say that Jewish law is less strict for terminating embryos before 40 days.[26] He also concludes that the embryo may be treated as a pursuer rodef, as Maimonides as opined, though simultaneously he upholds Rashi's view of the reduced status of the fetus.[27] Bachrach then offers a novel rationale for denying the requested abortion. He argues the abortion, like certain forms of contraception, frustrates the mitzvah of reproduction and destroys the "seed" needed to be "fruitful and multiply."[28]
With the emergence of modern Jewish identity in the late 18th century, Jewish views on abortion have bifurcated along movement lines, especially between Orthodox Judaism and its more liberal counterparts. By the 20th century, liberal-minded Jews were among those most active in the pro-choice movement. These reproductive rights activists included Betty Friedan, Bernard Nathanson, and Gloria Steinem (however, later in life Nathanson became a pro-life activist and converted to Catholicism). In the U.S., a few politically-conservative Republican Jews also have been pro-choice. A few Jewish groups concentrate on abortion issues, both pro-life and pro-choice.[29]
Orthodox Judaism[edit]
Due to the diversity within Orthodox Judaism, there are a range of halakhic opinions about abortion, though they generally prohibit abortion except in quite limited circumstances. All agree, however, that abortion is not only acceptable but mandatory to save a woman's life.
In 2001, Jewish ethicist Daniel Eisenberg summarized the typical exceptions permitted by some authorities: "Judaism recognizes psychiatric as well as physical factors in evaluating the potential threat that the fetus poses to the woman. However, the danger posed by the fetus (whether physical or emotional) must be both probable and substantial to justify abortion. The degree of mental illness which must be present to justify termination of a pregnancy is not well established and therefore criteria for permitting abortion in such instances remain controversial."[30]
Some Orthodox law deciders (poskim) forbid abortion to prevent the birth of a severely defective fetus.[31]
Nonetheless, on scattered occasions, rabbinic authorities have issued more lenient rulings on abortion. Notably, a recent rabbinical authority holds the minority view that a child with known Tay-Sachs disease may be aborted due to its dismal prognosis. As Eisenberg notes, "Rabbi (Eliezer) Waldenberg allows first trimester abortion of a fetus which would be born with a deformity that would cause it to suffer, and termination of a fetus with a lethal fetal defect such as Tay Sachs up to the end of the second trimester of gestation."[32]
Among Orthodox Jews, abortion has re-emerged as a controversial topic due to the debate over stem cell research. In general, Orthodox Jewish medical ethics tend to favor medical research. Some interest has been articulated to support stem cell research and, in so doing, demonstrate Jewish law's leniency toward abortion of "pre-embryo" cells. Thus, Eisenberg emphasizes that "Rabbi Yechiel Weinberg (author of the Responsa Seridei Aish), clearly held that there is no prohibition of abortion before forty days according to Rabbi Trani's opinion since there is no 'limb' to injure prior to formation of a recognizable fetus at forty days. Rabbi Weinberg himself at first permitted abortion prior to forty days, but later reconsidered his position, not because of the prohibition on abortion, but out of different considerations"[33] In writings on stem cell research, Rabbi Moshe Dovid Tendler has supported the use of pre-embryonic cells, whereas Rabbi J. David Bleich has opposed destruction of stem cells.[34]
Conservative Judaism[edit]
The Rabbinical Assembly Committee on Jewish Law and Standards takes the view that an abortion is justifiable if a continuation of pregnancy might cause the woman severe physical or psychological harm, or when the fetus is judged by competent medical opinion as severely defective. The fetus is a life in the process of development, and the decision to abort should never be taken lightly. Thus, the Conservative position is in line with some of the Acharonim who permit an abortion in case of acute potential emotional and psychological harm.
Before reaching her final decision, Conservative Judaism holds that the woman should consult with the biological father, other members of her family, her physician, her Rabbi and any other person who can help her in assessing the many grave legal and moral issues involved.
Reform Judaism[edit]
Reform Judaism permits abortion, not only when the woman's life is at stake, but also when a pregnancy is "a result of rape or incest; when through genetic testing, it is determined that the child to be born will have a disease that will cause death or severe disability, and the parents believe that the impending birth will be an impossible situation for them," and for several other reasons.[35] More generally, the "Reform perspective on abortion can be described as follows: Abortion is an extremely difficult choice faced by a woman. In all circumstances, it should be her decision whether or not to terminate a pregnancy, backed up by those whom she trusts (physician, therapist, partner, etc.). This decision should not be taken lightly (abortion should never be used for birth control purposes) and can have life-long ramifications. However, any decision should be left up to the woman within whose body the fetus is growing."[35]
The Reform Movement has acted to oppose legislation that would restrict the right of women to choose to abort a fetus, especially in situations in which the health of the woman is endangered by continued pregnancy. This pro-choice position has been linked by some Reform authorities to the value that Reform Judaism places upon autonomy—the right of individuals to act as moral agents on their own behalf. In writing against a legal ban on so-called "partial birth abortion," Rabbi David Ellenson, president of the Reform Movement's Hebrew Union College, has written, "This law as it has been enacted unquestionably diminishes the inviolable status and worth that ought to be granted women as moral agents created in the image of God."
Jews and abortion policies[edit]
In the United States, Orthodox Jews are usually affiliated with the National Pro-Life Religious Council, whereas Conservative Judaism, Reconstructionist Judaism and Reform Judaism are usually aligned with the interfaith Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. Nonetheless, Orthodox organizations such as the Orthodox Union and Agudas Yisrael have occasionally partnered with pro-choice organizations when necessary to ensure that abortions will be available to women whose lives are endangered by the fetus.
As feminists[citation needed] or health professionals, Jews have been among those most active on reproductive rights advocacy in the U.S. Generally, Jews have been less involved with the pro-life movement.
In July 2012, Tablet Magazine, an online Jewish publication, quoted the Public Religion Research Institute’s 2012 Jewish Values Report: "American Jews are overwhelmingly in favor of abortion in all (49%) or most (44%) cases. There is little denominational or demographic variation on this level of overall support." The author went on to summarize:
"That’s 93%, folks. The report goes to explain that while opinions are more varied by political affiliation among Jews, over 75% of Jewish Republicans believe that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. From the data, it seems that Wasserman Schultz isn’t saying anything that isn’t reflective of the vast majority of Jewish opinion. In fact, it seems that access to abortion is the issue upon which the most Jews agree." [36]
In Israel, abortion is allowed at the request of a termination committee in the cases of if the woman is unmarried, age (if the woman is under the age of 17 - the legal marriage age in Israel - or over the age 40), the pregnancy was conceived under illegal circumstances (rape, statutory rape, etc.) or an incestuous relationship, birth defects, risk of health to the mother, and life of the mother. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics report from 2004, in 2003 most abortion requests were granted, with 19,500 legal abortions performed and 200 requests for abortion denied. Reasons for termination went as follows: the woman was unmarried (42%), because of illegal circumstances (11%), health risks to the woman (about 20%), age of the woman (11%) and fetal birth defects (about 17%).[37]
1. ^ Schiff p.27 on mNiddah 5:3
2. ^ For rabbinic sources, see Feldman 254f. notes 17-19
3. ^ Talmud, Sanhedrin 59a. See Rashi that Jews never lost their status as Noahides
4. ^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Murder 2:3
5. ^ mOholot 7:8, trans. Sinclair p.12
6. ^ Oholot 7:6
7. ^ a b Rosner, Fred (2001). Biomedical ethics and Jewish law. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 178pp.
8. ^ Feldman 253f. who also cites Y.K. Miklishanski in "Mishpat ha-Ubar" in Jubilee Volume in Honor of Simon Federbush, Jerusalem 1961, pp. 251–260
9. ^ Yev. 69b, e.g. Schiff 33f.
10. ^ Talmud, Sanhedrin 92b
11. ^ Rashi,Sanhedrin 92b
12. ^ Yevomot 69b, Psachim 9a
13. ^ a b Schiff p.60-61
14. ^ Tosafot on Sanhedrin 59a, trans. Schiff, p.62
15. ^ Eisenberg compares the prohibition, without punishment, to the status of the treifah.
16. ^ Rashi in Sanhedrin 59a explains that Jews never lost their status as Noahides
17. ^ Feldman 260 citing R. Joseph Trani, Responsa Maharit I:97 and I:99.
18. ^ Sinclair 44ff.
19. ^ Feldman p. 262.
20. ^ Tosafot is referring to a case in Talmud Erchin 7a where the mother was executed by a court and the fetus remained alive after its mother's death. The Talmud says that executing a pregnant woman is permissible because the sentence applies to the fetus along with its mother since its part of its mother's body. Tosafot questions whether it would be allowable to kill it even after the mother already died, because of the death sentence that applied to it. See also Igrot Moshe: Yoreh Deah Vol.2:60 that Tosafot does not mean to permit foeticide.
21. ^ Jakobovits, p.182f.
22. ^ Feldman p.271, 274 Cp. Schiff p.41f.
23. ^ Feldman 256 on S.A. HM 425.2, Falk Me'irat Eynayim
24. ^ Feldman 256 on Noda bi-Yehudah II:HM 59.
25. ^ Feldman 264f. on Havvot Ya'ir 31 and Tosafot. See Schiff, too.
27. ^ Schiff, p.73-78
28. ^ Schiff, p.76, who points out that Bachrach includes women on the ban on destroying seed and he applies it to every stage of pregnancy, regardless of the early embryos' differential status.
29. ^ E.g., Jews for Life
30. ^ Eisenberg
31. ^ R. Moshe Feinstein argued strenuously against R. Waldenberg on the Tay-Sachs case. See, for instance, Sinclair.
32. ^ R. Eliezar Waldenberg Tzitz Eliezer IX.51:3. See Eisenberg.
33. ^ Eisenberg also raises the distinction of "pre-embryo" cells. He also notes significant opposition to the 40 day distinction, including R. Yair Bachrach and, more recently, R. Unterman.
34. ^ Eisenberg at notes 46 and 47
35. ^ a b URJ
36. ^ Chandler, Adam. "Jews, Abortion, and Wichita’s Wailing Wall". Tablet Magazine.
37. ^ (Hebrew) Central Bureau of Statistics. (August 30, 2005). Patterns of Fertility in Israel in 2004 Nuvola-inspired File Icons for MediaWiki-fileicon-doc.pngDOC. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
• Brockopp, Jonathan E.; Bowen, Donna Lee; Chaim, Vardit Rispler (2003). Islamic Ethics of Life. Columbia: University of South California Press. ISBN 1-57003-471-0.
Jewish sources[edit]
• Bleich, J. David. "Abortion in halakhic literature" in Contemporary halakhic problems. KTAV, 1977
• Eisenberg, Daniel, M.D. "Stem Cell Research in Jewish Law" 2001. Published at Jlaw.com with note that "This article was reviewed for halachic accuracy by Rabbi Sholom Kaminetsky of the Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia."
• David Feldman. 1974. Marital Relations, Birth Control, and Abortion in Jewish Law. New York: Schocken Books.
• Jakobovits, Immanuel. 1959. Jewish Medical Ethics. New York: Bloch Publishing.
• Mackler, Aaron L., ed. 2000. Life & Death Responsibilities in Jewish Biomedical Ethics. JTS.
• Rosner, Fred. 1986. Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics. New York: Yeshiva University Press.
• Schiff, Daniel. Abortion in Judaism. 2002. Cambridge University Press.
• Sinclair, Daniel. Jewish biomedical law. Oxford |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18757 | Jules Mascaron
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Jules Mascaron
Jules Mascaron (1634–1703) was a popular French preacher. He was born in Marseille as the son of a barrister at Aix-en-Provence. He entered the French Oratory early and became reputed as a preacher. Paris confirmed the judgment of the provinces; in 1666 he was asked to preach before the court and became a favourite of Louis XIV, who said that his eloquence was one of the few things that never grew old.
In 1671, he was appointed the bishop of Tulle; eight years later he was transferred to the larger diocese of Agen. He still continued to preach regularly at court, especially for funeral orations. A panegyric on Turenne, delivered in 1675, is considered to be his masterpiece. His style is strongly tinged with préciosité and his chief surviving interest is as a glaring example of the evils from which Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet delivered the French pulpit.
During his later years, he devoted himself entirely to his pastoral duties at Agen where he died in 1703.
Six of his most famous sermons were edited, with a biographical sketch of their author, by the Oratorian Borde in 1704.
One his most famous books - that went into several editions - had been: La Mort et les Dernieres Paroles de Seneque Lyon, 1653. A critical quote concerning Girolamo Cardano's book praising Nero has been placed into: Nero: An Exemplary Life by Inkstone, 2012. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18758 | Karl Langer
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Karl Langer, Ritter von Edenberg (15 April 1819, Vienna - 8 December 1887) was an Austrian anatomist. He is known for his work in the field of topographical anatomy.
He studied medicine at the Universities of Vienna and Prague, afterwards working as a prosector in Vienna under Joseph Hyrtl (1810-1894). In 1856 he became a professor at the Josephinum, later serving as director of the second institute of anatomy at the University of Vienna (1870-74). In 1874 he succeeded Hyrtl as director of the first institute of anatomy. With Christian August Voigt (1808-1890), he was tasked with planning for construction of a new Viennese anatomical institute.[1]
Selected writings[edit]
• Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Haut, 1861 - later translated into English as "The anatomy and physiology of the skin" (1943).
• Wachsthum des menschlichen Skeletes mit Bezug auf den Riesen, 1872 - Growth of the human skeleton with respect to gigantism.
• Lehrbuch der systematischen und topographischen Anatomie, 1882 - Textbook of systematic and topographical anatomy.
• Anatomie der äusseren Formen des menschlichen Körpers, 1884 - Anatomy of the external forms of the human body.[2]
Anatomical terms[edit]
1. ^ Google Books The Global History of Paleopathology: Pioneers and Prospects, edited by Jane Buikstra, Charlotte Roberts
2. ^ Google Search (publications)
3. ^ Mondofacto Dictionary (definition of eponyms) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18759 | List of metropolitan areas that overlap multiple countries
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Here is a list of metroplexes that overlap multiple countries:
Excluded from list is:
• City-states being part of the overlap. One example of that would be Rome since Vatican City is isolated within Italy.
Within the European Union[edit]
Elsewhere in Europe[edit]
Polish Tricity, Gdynia (a city built to become a port of the Second Polish Republic) and its neighbours Gdańsk and Sopot, overlapped two borders in the period 1919-1939:
North America[edit]
Between Canada and the United States[edit]
This list is from west to east:
Between Mexico and the United States[edit]
South America[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18760 | Michael McHugh
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Michael McHugh
Justice of the High Court of Australia
In office
14 February 1989 – 1 November 2005
Nominated by Bob Hawke
Appointed by Ninian Stephen
Preceded by Ronald Wilson
Succeeded by Susan Crennan
Personal details
Born (1935-11-01) 1 November 1935 (age 78)
New South Wales, Australia
Nationality Australian
Michael Hudson McHugh, AC, QC (born 1 November 1935) is a former justice of the High Court of Australia; the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.[1]
Early years[edit]
The son of a miner and steelworker, he left school at 15 despite excelling academically and in rugby league at Marist Brothers, Newcastle. For the next seven years, he worked as a telegram boy, crane chaser, sawmill worker and labourer until he enrolled at evening school. At 22, with his Leaving Certificate in hand, he started studying law as a student-at-law with the Legal Profession Admission Board and taught by the University of Sydney.[2]
Legal career[edit]
McHugh was admitted to the New South Wales Bar in 1961 after taking the Barristers Admission Board Examinations.
He was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1973 and was Vice President of the New South Wales Bar Association, 1978-81, and later as President, 1981-83.
In 1980, he was counsel for Wyong Shire Council in Wyong Shire Council v Shirt, a landmark negligence case on breach of duty. He was President of the Australian Bar Association 1983-84.
NSW Court of Appeal judicial appointment[edit]
He was appointed as a Justice of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1984.[citation needed]
High Court appointment[edit]
He was appointed as a judge of the High Court in February 1989, a position he held until his retirement in November 2005 in accordance with Section 72 of the Australian Constitution, which states that Justices of the High Court must retire from office upon turning 70.
After he retired from the High Court, Justice McHugh was appointed as one of the Non-Permanent Justices of the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong. Another Australian judge on the Court of Final Appeal is Sir Anthony Mason.
On 20 September 2005, it was announced that Justice Susan Crennan, then of the Federal Court of Australia, would take his vacated position on the High Court.[citation needed]
McHugh now works as an independent mediator and arbitrator.
He is married to a former Australian federal MP and Minister Jeannette McHugh.
1. ^ "Michael McHugh interview". catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
2. ^ McHugh's early years |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18762 | Operation Tungsten
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Operation Tungsten
Part of World War II
Date 3 April 1944
Location Kaafjord, Norway
Result Inconclusive
United Kingdom Germany
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom Henry Moore Nazi Germany Hans Meyer
40 dive bombers
80 fighters
1 battleship
Anti-aircraft batteries and ships
Casualties and losses
9 killed, 4 aircraft lost 123 killed, 329 wounded
1 battleship and 5 other vessels damaged
The damage inflicted during the attack was not sufficient to sink or disable Tirpitz, but 122 members of her crew were killed and 316 wounded. The German Navy decided to repair the battleship, and works were completed by mid-July. The British conducted further carrier raids against Tirpitz between April and August 1944 in the hope of prolonging the period she was out of service, but none were successful. Tirpitz was eventually disabled and then sunk by Royal Air Force heavy bombers in late 1944.
Kaafjord is located in Finnmark
The location of Kaafjord in northern Norway
The British attacked Tirpitz several times during 1942 and 1943. When the battleship sortied to intercept Convoy PQ 12 on 6 March 1942 HMS Victorious, which formed part of the convoy's escort, attempted to attack her using torpedo bombers. These aircraft launched twenty torpedoes at the battleship but did not achieve any hits.[6][7] On several occasions during 1942 and 1943, bombers from the Royal Air Force and Soviet Air Forces attempted to strike Tirpitz in her anchorages without success.[6] On 23 September 1943 two British X-class midget submarines succeeded in penetrating the defences around the battleship at her main anchorage at Kaafjord in northern Norway during Operation Source, and placed explosive charges in the water beneath her. This attack caused extensive damage to Tirpitz, putting her out of service for six months.[8]
Colour photograph of a body of water surrounded by hills viewed from a hill
Loch Eriboll in Scotland was used to simulate Kaafjord during training exercises
Opposing forces[edit]
Black and white photograph of single propeller fighter aircraft on the deck of an aircraft carrier at sea. Several other ships are visible in the background.
Tirpitz's anchorage at Kaafjord was protected by anti-aircraft batteries and fighter aircraft. At the time of Operation Tungsten, four batteries of heavy anti-aircraft guns and seven batteries of light guns were located on the shore near Tirpitz. Several anti-aircraft vessels and destroyers were also usually moored near the battleship.[36] The battleship herself was fitted with 68 anti-aircraft guns.[37] Equipment capable of generating an artificial smokescreen to hide Tirpitz from aircraft had also been installed around Kaafjord.[38] The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) had only a small number of fighters stationed at bases near Kaafjord, and their operations were constrained by a lack of fuel. British intelligence believed that the German fighter force in the area could be rapidly expanded in the event of an emergency.[18][38] The Luftwaffe typically conducted three reconnaissance flights into the Arctic Sea each day.[38]
Force One departed the Home Fleet's base at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands on 30 March, three days after JW 58 had sailed from Loch Ewe in Scotland.[25] Force Two departed separately later that day.[31] The convoy comprised 49 merchant ships escorted by a powerful force of 33 warships, including two escort carriers.[39] German reconnaissance aircraft located JW 58 on 30 March, and all of the U-boats in the Norwegian Sea were directed to intercept it. The German aircraft did not conduct wider-ranging sorties in search of the convoy's battleship covering force or other Allied ships. A total of 17 U-boats attacked JW 58 between 1 and 3 April without success; none of the Allied ships suffered any damage, and the escorts sank four U-boats and shot down six German aircraft during the convoy's voyage from Scotland to the Soviet Union. JW 58 reached its destination at Kola Bay on 6 April.[25][40] While several Allied aircraft were lost during the voyage, mostly to flying accidents, all of the ships arrived unscathed.[41]
Colour photograph of men wearing military uniform crouching over bombs on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier
Due to a combination of favourable factors, Fraser decided on 1 April to bring the raid on Kaafjord forward by 24 hours. Decrypted German signals indicated that Tirpitz's trials had been delayed until 3 April, and Fraser hoped that an attack on this date would catch the battleship away from her usual well-protected mooring. Moreover, as JW 58's escorts were performing well and there were no indications that Tirpitz would sortie into the open sea, Fraser judged that Force One no longer needed to provide support for the transports. Weather conditions were also unusually good for the Norwegian Sea in early Spring, and were well suited to flying operations.[31][42][43] After the decision to attack was made both tankers and two escorting destroyers detached from Force Two and proceeded to a point 300 miles (480 km) north-west of Kaafjord where they remained to supply any destroyers which ran low on fuel. The rest of Force Two altered course to rendezvous with Force One, and this was achieved at 4:20 pm on 2 April.[44] After the two forces met Duke of York, with Fraser on board, and two destroyers sailed to the north-west and took up a position where they would be able to intercept Tirpitz in the event that she had sailed from Kaafjord without being detected.[45] The remainder of the Home Fleet proceeded to the strike's launching point.[46]
Black and white photograph of a group of aircraft flying in formation above a fjord surrounded by snow-covered mountains
Barracudas flying over a fjord shortly before attacking Tirpitz
The arrival of the British force caught Tirpitz by surprise. While the aircraft had first been picked up by a German radar station shortly after they crossed the Norwegian coastline, the battleship was not immediately warned.[51] At the time of the attack Tirpitz was preparing to sail for her high-speed trials, and her crew were busy unmooring the vessel. Her five protective destroyers had already departed for the trials area in Stjern Sound.[52] The warning from the radar station arrived shortly before the British aircraft appeared over Kaafjord, and the battleship's crew were still in the process of moving to their battle stations when the attack commenced; at this time not all of the watertight doors were closed and some damage-control stations were not fully manned.[50][53]
As planned, the British raid began with Hellcat and Wildcat fighters strafing Tirpitz's anti-aircraft guns and batteries located on the shore; this attack inflicted heavy casualties on the battleship's gunners, disabled her main anti-aircraft control centre and damaged several guns.[54][55] The fighters also strafed several anti-aircraft ships in Kaafjord.[55] The 21 Barracudas began their attack shortly afterwards, and hit Tirpitz with a general purpose bomb, three 500-pound semi-armour-piercing bombs and a further three 1,600-pound bombs within 60 seconds.[56] Overall, ten bombs struck the battleship during the first attack.[57] Most of these bombs did not penetrate the ship's armoured deck as they had been dropped from too low an altitude.[56] Hundreds of members of the ship's crew were killed or wounded; her commanding officer, Captain Hans Meyer, was among the wounded and another officer assumed command. The battleship also drifted into the western shore of Kaafjord and ran aground, but was quickly refloated.[58] One of 830 Squadron's Barracudas crashed following the attack with the loss of all three members of its crew. The surviving aircraft of the first wave began landing on the carriers at 6:19 am, and all were recovered by 6:42.[55][59]
Black and white photograph of a warship moored near a snowy shore viewed from the air. Smoke is issuing from the warship.
Bombs exploding around Tirpitz during the first attack on the battleship
The first aircraft of the second wave took to the air at 5:25 am. One of 829 Squadron's Barracudas crashed shortly after take-off, killing its crew of three, and another aircraft from this squadron could not be launched due to engine problems. Only two of the Barracudas in this wave were armed with 1,600-pound bombs.[60] As with the first strike, 40 fighters accompanied the torpedo bombers; these comprised 10 Corsairs from 1834 and 1836 Naval Air Squadrons, all of the 20 Wildcats assigned to 896 and 898 Naval Air Squadrons and 10 Hellcats from 804 Naval Air Squadron.[60][61][62] All aircraft were launched by 5:37 am, and the force had an uneventful flight to the Kaafjord area.[63] While the German defences were now alert, the artificial smoke screen being generated around Kaafjord was not yet sufficient to hide Tirpitz from view.[64]
The second attack on Tirpitz was similar to the first. It began with Hellcat fighters strafing the anti-aircraft batteries while Wildcats attacked the battleship. The fighters also attacked German ships in Kaafjord and a radio or radio direction finding station. The Barracudas executed their dive bombing attack at 6:36 am and struck Tirpitz with a 1,600 pound bomb and four 500-pound bombs within a minute.[60][63][65] The German defences at Kaafjord received little warning of the incoming raid, and the smokescreen hid the British aircraft from sight. As a result, the gunners had to fire blindly and only shot down one of the Barracudas; all three airmen were killed.[60] The second wave landed on the carriers between 7:20 and 7:58 am. A damaged Hellcat had to ditch near the Canadian destroyer HMCS Algonquin and one of the Corsairs suffered heavy damage as a result of a landing accident; both pilots survived.[66][67][68]
During the early afternoon of 3 April, Moore considered conducting a further raid on Kaafjord the next day. He decided against doing so as the preliminary assessment of photos taken during the attack had concluded that Tirpitz was badly damaged. Moore was also aware that his aircrew were fatigued, and was reluctant to expose them to what would now be alert defences.[66][70][71] Accordingly, he ordered that the fleet return to base, and it arrived at Scapa Flow in the afternoon of 6 April.[65] King George VI and Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent congratulatory messages to the fleet, but both Churchill and Cunningham were concerned that Tirpitz could be returned to service. Cunningham also regretted Moore's decision not to launch a further strike on 4 April.[72]
Black and white photograph of a single engined monoplane flying just above the deck of an aircraft carrier with its wheels extended. Two other aircraft are visible flying in the background of the photo.
A Barracuda landing on HMS Victorious during Operation Tungsten
The two attacks on Tirpitz largely went to plan. The airmen found the defences and geography at Kaafjord to be very similar to the Loch Eriboll training range, and one of the post-attack reports stated that the operation had been "almost an exercise which they [the aircrew] had frequently carried out before".[26] The official historian of the Royal Navy's role in World War II, Stephen Roskill, also judged that the strikes were "beautifully co-ordinated and fearlessly executed".[73] The most important discrepancy between the plans for the operation and its execution was that many pilots dropped their bombs below the specified minimum altitude of 3,000 feet (910 m) to improve the probability of hitting Tirpitz. The shorter than optimum flight times may have meant that some of the bombs which struck the battleship lacked the necessary velocity to penetrate her deck armour.[74] Nine Royal Navy airmen were killed during the raid.[66]
Tirpitz's crew suffered heavy casualties in the raid, but the battleship was not badly damaged. Overall, 122 sailors were killed and a further 316 wounded; these casualties represented 15 per cent of the battleship's crew. Many of the casualties were anti-aircraft gunners who were killed or wounded by machine-gun fire from the British fighters.[75][76] While two bombs that exploded in the water near Tirpitz opened holes in her hull and caused flooding, none of the 15 bombs that struck the battleship penetrated her main deck armour belt. As a result, her guns, magazines and machinery did not suffer serious damage.[77][78] Most of the damaged areas of the battleship were located in her superstructure and between her armoured decks. The starboard aircraft catapult and crane were destroyed, as were both Tirpitz's Arado floatplanes. The number two starboard 150-millimetre (5.9 in) gun turret was knocked out, and the number three port 150 mm turret incurred significant damage. The officers' mess and several galleys were wrecked, and the ship was filled with smoke. Tirpitz's funnel was also struck by bomb fragments that badly damaged all of the boiler intakes. While the starboard turbine was knocked out by shock damage and two of the boilers were disabled after being contaminated by salt water used for firefighting, the battleship was still capable of steaming within Kaafjord.[75][79] The British fighters also damaged four patrol craft and a large repair ship; the captain of an armed trawler was killed and 13 other sailors on board these vessels suffered wounds.[76] Torstein Raaby of the Secret Intelligence Service group in Alta reported a few hours after the raid, that no civilian casualties had resulted from the attack, and that the local population was "... extremely impressed by the bombing.". A further report six days after the operation relayed that the Germans estimated that it would take months to repair the damage inflicted on Tirpitz.[80]
The commander of the German Navy, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, directed that the damage caused to Tirpitz during Operation Tungsten be repaired. Although the battleship was no longer capable of operating against Allied convoys due to a lack of air support, it was considered desirable to retain her in service in order to tie down Allied naval resources.[81] Repair work began in early May after a destroyer transported equipment and workmen to Kaafjord from Germany, and Tirpitz was able to steam under her own power by 2 June. She was capable of undertaking gunnery practice by the end of June, and all repairs were completed in mid-July. During this period the battleship's anti-aircraft armament was augmented by fitting her with additional 20-millimetre (0.79 in) cannons, modifying the 150 mm guns so they could be used to attack aircraft and supplying anti-aircraft shells for her 380-millimetre (15 in) main guns.[81] The defences of Kaafjord were also improved during this period. Additional radar stations and observation posts were established, and the number of smoke generators located around Tirpitz was increased.[82]
Colour photo of a small graveyard with about 40 dark grey gravestones
Five of the British airmen killed during Operation Tungsten are interred at the Commonwealth War Graves section of Tromsø's main cemetery[83]
Following Operation Tungsten, British intelligence assessed that Tirpitz would be repaired within six months. Accordingly, Cunningham directed Fraser on 13 April to launch another attack on the battleship.[72] While Cunningham did not believe that Barracudas could carry weapons capable of sinking Tirpitz, he hoped that further air strikes would increase the period the battleship was out of service and harm her crew's morale.[84] Fraser initially resisted Cunningham's order, arguing that the prospects for a successful raid were not good as the Germans would have reinforced the defences around Tirpitz and weather conditions were likely to be worse than those encountered during Operation Tungsten. He eventually relented, and Moore sailed from Scapa Flow on 21 April to attack Kaafjord again. This raid, designated Operation Planet, was called off on 24 April due to bad weather over the target area. Two other attacks, Operation Brawn and Operation Tiger Claw, also had to be cancelled on 15 and 28 May respectively due to adverse weather.[85] Further carrier raids were attempted in July and August after Allied intelligence determined that the repairs to Tirpitz were nearing completion. During Operation Mascot a force of 42 Barracudas and 40 fighters attacked Tirpitz on 17 July, but did not score any hits as the battleship was hidden by a smokescreen. A further four carrier raids were conducted against Kaafjord between 22 and 29 August during Operation Goodwood, but these caused only light damage to the battleship.[86]
In late August it was decided that further Fleet Air Arm attacks should not be attempted as the Germans were now able to cover Tirpitz in smoke before Barracudas could reach the battleship, and these aircraft could not carry bombs large enough to inflict heavy damage. As it was still seen as desirable to destroy Tirpitz, the task was assigned to Bomber Command.[87] On 15 September a force of heavy bombers attacked Kaafjord after refuelling at bases in northern Russia and inflicted irreparable damage on the battleship. Following this raid she was towed to an anchorage near Tromsø to be used as an immobile coastal defence battery. Another heavy bomber attack on 29 October caused only minor damage, and a third raid was mounted on 12 November in which Tirpitz was struck by several Tallboy bombs and capsized with heavy loss of life among her crew.[88]
1. ^ Bennett (2012), p. 10
4. ^ Bennett (2012), p. 9
8. ^ Woodman (2004), p. 340
10. ^ Bishop (2012), p. 295
28. ^ Roskill (1960), p. 274
29. ^ Rohwer (2005), p. 311
31. ^ a b c d Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 268
32. ^ Brown (1977), p. 33
33. ^ Rørholt and Thorsen (1990), p. 254
34. ^ "Operation Tungsten — Attacking the Tirpitz, 1944". Navy Today (160). April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
35. ^ Bishop (2012), pp. 299–300
37. ^ Barnett (2000), p. 275
39. ^ Blair (2000), p. 516
40. ^ Blair (2000), pp. 516–517
41. ^ Woodman (2004), pp. 390–394
42. ^ a b Roskill (1960), p. 275
43. ^ Bishop (2012), pp. 300–301
45. ^ Levy (2003), p. 144
46. ^ Bishop (2012), p. 301
47. ^ Bishop (2012), pp. 301–302
48. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 268–269
49. ^ Brown (1977), p. 34
50. ^ a b Bishop (2012), p. 302
51. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 270
52. ^ Bishop (2012), p. 303
53. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 271–272
54. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 272
56. ^ a b Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 275
57. ^ Garzke and Dulin (1985), pp. 266–267
58. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 275–277
59. ^ Bishop (2012), p. 305
60. ^ a b c d Brown (1977), p. 35
62. ^ Tillman (1996), p. 74
64. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 277
65. ^ a b Bishop (2012), p. 306
66. ^ a b c Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 279
68. ^ a b Levy (2003), p. 145
70. ^ Bishop (2012), p. 308
71. ^ Hinsley et al. (1984), p. 275
72. ^ a b Bishop (2012), p. 309
73. ^ Roskill (1960), p. 276
74. ^ Bennett (2012), p. 17
75. ^ a b Bishop (2012), p. 307
76. ^ a b Brown (1977), p. 36
77. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 281
78. ^ Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 265
79. ^ Garzke and Dulin (1985), pp. 265–267
80. ^ Rørholt and Thorsen (1990), pp. 255, 257
81. ^ a b Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 267
82. ^ Brown (1977), p. 37
84. ^ Roskill (1960), p. 278
85. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 280
86. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 282–284
87. ^ Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 285–286
88. ^ Bennett (2012), pp. 19–21
Works consulted
• Dear, I. C. B. and Foot, M. R. D., ed. (2005). "Arctic convoys". The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–38. ISBN 9780192806703.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18763 | Planetary Resources
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Planetary Resources, Inc.
Type Private
Industry Asteroid mining
Founded November 2010 (2010-11) as Arkyd Astronautics[1]
Founder(s) Peter H. Diamandis
Co-Chairman [2]
Eric C. Anderson
Co-Chairman [2]
Headquarters Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Key people Chris Lewicki: President & Chief Engineer[2]
Tom Jones: Advisor[2]
Sara Seager: Advisor[3]
Larry Page[2]
Eric Schmidt [2]
James Cameron[2]
Charles Simonyi[2]
K. Ram Shriram[2]
Ross Perot, Jr.[2]
Planetary Resources, Inc., formerly known as Arkyd Astronautics, is an American company which was formed in November 2010,[1] and reorganized and renamed in 2012. Their stated goal is to "expand Earth's natural resource base"[2] by developing and deploying the technologies for asteroid mining. Some sources in the company state that Planetary Resources is Arkyd Astronautics under a new name, but Eric Anderson (formerly of Space Adventures), a co-founder, has also said that Arkyd became a wholly owned subsidiary of Planetary Resources.[4]
Although the long-term goal of the company is to mine asteroids, its initial plans call for developing a market for small (30–50 kg) cost-reduced space telescopes for both Earth observation and astronomy. These spacecraft would employ a laser-optical system for ground communications,[citation needed] reducing payload bulk and mass compared to conventional RF antennae.[not verified in body] The deployment of such orbital telescopes is envisioned as the first step forward in the company's asteroid mining ambitions. The same telescope satellite capabilities that Planetary Resources hopes to sell to customers can be used to survey and intensively examine near-Earth asteroids.
Arkyd Astronautics was founded in November 2010, with Peter Diamandis as co-chairman and director, and president and chief engineer Chris Lewicki; it recruited some employees through open job postings.[1] According to co-founder Eric Andersen, the name "Arkyd Astronautics" was deliberately ambiguous, to help keep the company's asteroid-mining agenda secret.[4] Planetary Resources' website was registered on 22 February 2012, by Anderson Astronautics.[5]
The company gained media attention in April 2012 with the announcement of a press conference, scheduled for April 24, 2012.[6] The initial press release provided limited information; as of April 20, 2012, only a list of major investors and advisors was known.[7] Included in the list were a number of people notable for their entrepreneurship and interest in space, exploration, and research. Some also had previous involvement in space research. It was speculated that Planetary Resources was "looking for ways to extract raw materials from non-Earth sources," as the means by which it would (as stated in the press release) "add trillions of dollars to the global GDP."[7] From the outset, the dominant assumption was that the company intended to develop asteroid mining operations,[2][7][8][9] with one anonymous source reportedly verifying that claim in advance of the April 24 event.[10]
The "unveiling" press conference was held at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington on April 24, 2012. Tickets for this event were offered for sale to the general public at a basic price of USD $25.00 and were sold out.[citation needed] The main announcements and discussion were handled by an onstage panel of five key people[who?] involved with the project. The press conference was also webcast by SpaceVidcast. Live chat functionality was included with the webcast, although it included only limited interaction with major participants at the live event.[citation needed]
In July 2012, Planetary Resources announced an agreement with Virgin Galactic to enable multiple launch opportunities for its series of spacecraft on LauncherOne starting with the Arkyd-100 series of space telescopes.[11][12][13]
By January 2013, Planetary Resources had completed a ground test prototype of the Arkyd-100 and released a limited set of details publicly.[14]
In April 2013, Planetary Resources announced that Bechtel Corporation has joined Planetary Resources group of investors and will be a collaborative partner in helping Planetary Resources achieve its long-term mission of mining asteroids.[15]
In May 2013, Planetary Resources announced the launch of Kickstarter funding for the ARKYD-100. Their goal was surpassed on 19 June 2013.[16] By the end of the funding period for the arkyd-100 on 30 June 2013, 1.5 mil. was received from backers on kickstarter. This was partly credited to the success of the photography campaign that will allow supporters to take space selfies by uploading personal images to be displayed in space. The on-screen photos will be retaken by ARKYD camera with the earth as the backdrop.[17]
In June 2013, Planetary Resources is taking an undisclosed investment from 3D Systems and will make use of its 3D printing technology to manufacture components of the Arkyd spacecraft that Planetary Resources intends to use for finding near-Earth asteroids.[16][18]
Planetary Resources aims to develop a robotic asteroid mining industry.[3][19] To achieve this, the company is operating on the basis of a long-term strategic plan.
Artist's impression of an Arkyd-100 space telescope in low Earth orbit.
The first stage will be a survey and analysis, using purpose-built satellites in Earth orbit, to locate the best potential targets among near-Earth asteroids. Several small space telescopes, with various sensing capabilities, are to be launched for this purpose.[3] The company website asserts that their space telescopes will be made available for hire, for private uses. The company also intends to produce satellites for sale. Their first model of space telescope, the Arkyd-100, has been introduced.[20]
Later stages of the strategic plan envision sending survey probes to selected asteroids in order to map, including deep-scanning, and to conduct sample-and-analysis and/or sample-and-return missions. The company has stated that it could take a decade to finish identifying the best candidates for commercial mining.[6]
Ultimately, their intent is to establish fully automated/robotic asteroid-based mining and processing operations, and the capability to transport the resulting products wherever desired. In addition to the extraction of industrial and precious metals for space-based and terrestrial use, the project envisions producing water for an orbital propellant depot.[21][22][23] Developing the necessary technologies to maturity, and deploying them in proof-of-concept operations, is the company's intermediate-to-long-term objective.
Another goal is to develop the technology to affect and control the orbits of small asteroids. This could also be used for dealing with any potentially hazardous objects in near-Earth space, which presented a serious risk of impact with the planet.
Planetary Resources is seeking partnerships and opportunities to market their capabilities for other, related purposes; such as education and research.
In April 2013, the company announced that in early 2014 they plan on launching CubeSats called "Arkyd-3", which is the testbed manifestation of the Arkyd-100 spacecraft. The main purpose of the launch will be to test technologies for the first Arkyd-100 spacecraft.[24]
Spacecraft models[edit]
An overview of the first three models of the Arkyd-series satellites were initially released in September 2012:[25][26]
• Arkyd Series 100 (aka "Leo Space Telescope"[27] ) — Earth-observer and asteroid-locator satellite. Able to provide "on-demand" Earth imaging to a wider consumer base due to an "unprecedented low price", this will scout for potentially viable asteroids from low Earth orbit (LEO, hence the name). The Arkyd-100 will have a mass of 11 to 15 kilograms (24–33 lb).[14][24] The optics system of the spacecraft will have three uses: faint object observation and detection (as faint as magnitude 19), near-field bright-object analysis, and optical communications[28]
• Arkyd Series 200 (aka "Interceptor"[27]) — asteroid interceptor with a suite of instruments able to collect scientific data on physical characteristics of the target asteroid. Unlike its Earthbound predecessor Leo, Interceptor will be "designed to intercept asteroids that come within 10 to 30 Lunar-radii of Earth".[25] Planetary Resources envisions multiple Interceptor telescopes approaching and gathering data on an asteroid.
• Arkyd Series 300 (aka "Rendezvous Prospector"[27]) — with a larger common propulsion system than the Arkyd 200, is designed to be able to accomplish deep-space exploration "up to half-way across the inner solar system."[25] Like the Interceptor missions, multiple Rendezvous Prospectors can distribute risk and increase data-point collection. This class of instruments will gather more detailed information on the asteroid such as the size, shape, rotation, and density; as well this it will analyse elements such as surface and sub-surface composition that will be necessary for any mining expedition.
Planetary Resources is making preliminary plans for spacecraft models beyond the Arkyd 300, which would go beyond collecting asteroidal data and begin to capture asteroidal samples or perform mineralogic extraction experiments, but they did not make those plans public as of August 2012.[25]
Flight test system[edit]
Planetary Resources will package a number of the non-optical satellite technologies of the Arkyd-100—essentially the entire base of the Arkyd-100 satellite model revealed in January 2013,[14] but without the space telescope—and pack those subsystems into a "cost-effective box" for early in-space flight testing on a nanosatellite to be named the Arkyd 3, or A3. The Arkyd 3 testbed satellite will be packaged in a 3U CubeSat form-factor of 10×10×30 centimetres (0.33×0.33×0.98 ft) and will be flown to space as a secondary payload on an unrelated launch.[24] It was announced later on that A3 would be launched rather than from Earth directly as a payload on a rocket, the company is contracting with NanoRacks to take the A3 to the International Space Station, where it would be released from the airlock in the Kibo module.[29] The subsystems to be tested include the avionics, attitude determination and control system (both sensors and actuators), and integrated propulsion system that will enable proximity operations for the Arkyd line of prospectors in the future.[28] The near-term attempt to validate and mature the technology is planned to launch in April 2014, before launch and flight test of the Arkyd-100 in 2015.[24]
The flight test cubesat is named A3 after a Star Wars probe droid made by Arakyd Industries, deployed to locate galactic resources. The fictional Arakyd Industries was the inspiration for the original name of Planetary Resources, Arkyd Astronautics, of which "Arkyd" has been retained in the naming scheme of each of Planetary Resources' series of spacecraft.[28]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c John Cook (July 8, 2011). "NASA vet and X Prize creator at the helm of secretive space robot startup Arkyd". Geekwire. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Christopher Mims (2012-04-18). "Are Ross Perot Jr. and Google's Founders Launching a New Asteroid Mining Operation?". Technology Review.
3. ^ a b c Adam Mann (April 23, 2012). "Tech Billionaires Plan Audacious Mission to Mine Asteroids". Wired News. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
4. ^ a b Dan Leone (24 April 2012). "Asteroid Mining Venture Aims To Lay Foundation with Small, Cheap Space Telescopes". Space News.
5. ^ WHOIS inquiry on
6. ^ a b "Start-Up Outlines Asteroid-Mining Strategy". Wall Street Journal. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
7. ^ a b c Andew Pulver (20 April 2012). "James Cameron backs space explorers Planetary Resources". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
8. ^ Adi Robertson (April 18, 2012). "Mystery company backed by James Cameron and Google executives may be an asteroid mining project". The Verge. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
9. ^ Brian Caulfield (April 20, 2012). "Planetary Resources Co-Founder Aims To Create Space 'Gold Rush'". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
10. ^ Nate C. Hindman (April 20, 2012). "Planetary Resources, New Space Startup, To Mine Asteroids And Sell Materials On Earth". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
11. ^ Bishop, Todd (2013-07-11). "Asteroid miners on board with Virgin Galactic’s LauncherOne". Geekwire. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
12. ^ Schmidt, Klaus (2013-07-12). "Planetary Resources, Inc. Announces Agreement with Virgin Galactic for Payload Services". spacefellowship. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
13. ^ Knapp, Alex (2013-07-11). "Asteroid Mining Startup Planetary Resources Teams With Virgin Galactic". Forbes. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
14. ^ a b c Heater, Bryan (2013-01-21). "Planetary Resources shows off Arkyd-100 prototype, gives a tour of its workspace". Engadget. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
15. ^ Boyle, Alan (2013-04-17). "Big-time players are getting serious about asteroid perils and profits". NBC. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
16. ^ a b Romano, Benjamin (2013-06-26). "Planetary Resources Inks 3D Systems Deal, Plans Test Launch From ISS". Xonomy. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
17. ^ [1]
18. ^ Chris Velasco (2013-06-26). "3D Systems Invests In Asteroid Miners Planetary Resources, Opens Up New Seed-Stage Venture Arm". Techcrunch. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
19. ^ Matthew Sparkes (2012-04-24). "Planetary Resources unveils cosmic plan 'to boldly go' and mine asteroids for gold and platinum". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
20. ^ Boyle, Alan (2012-06-20). "Asteroid-hunting venture wants you ... to suggest crowdfunding projects". msnbc. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
21. ^ "Planetary Resources believes asteroid mining has come of age". April 30, 2012.
22. ^ "". April 19, 2012.
23. ^ John Brophy, Fred Culick, Louis Friedman and al (12 april 2012). "Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study". Keck Institute for Space Studies, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
24. ^ a b c d Mike Wall (2013-04-24). "Private Asteroid-Mining Project Launching Tiny Satellites in 2014". Retrieved 2013-04-25.
25. ^ a b c d Eric Anderson (30 Aug 2012). Eric Anderson – The Arkyd Series (video interview). Retrieved 2012-09-06.
26. ^ "Planetary Resources: Technology". Planetary Resources. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
27. ^ a b c "Planetary Resources–Technology". Planetary Resources. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
28. ^ a b c Lewicki, Chris; Chris Voorhees, Spencer Anunsen (2013-04-24). "Planetary Resources One-year Update". Planetary Resources. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
29. ^
Unannotated references[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18764 | Roxbury Russet
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'Roxbury Russet' apples at a market
The 'Roxbury Russet' is an apple cultivar, believed to be the oldest variety of apple bred in the United States, having first been discovered and named in the mid-17th century in the former Town of Roxbury, part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony southwest of (now part of) Boston.[1]
It is a greyish-green russet apple known for its good winter-keeping qualities, as well as its suitability for making cider and juice. It is not widely grown or commercially available due to general commercial disfavor for russet varieties; the dull and heavily marked face makes it hard to sell now.[1] The yellow-green flesh is firm and coarse-textured, suited for eating fresh and cooking.[1] It is available from growers who specialize in heirloom plants. It ripens from September to October,[2] and so is commonly available in autumn in farmer's markets in the Northeast. Each apple contains 12.87% sugar that ferments to 6% alcohol in hard cider production.[3]
The 'Roxbury Russet' was first grown in Roxbury, Massachusetts by Joseph Warren, who died in 1755 of a broken neck after falling from a ladder while picking apples.[4][5] Propagation wood (it propagates by grafting) was taken to Connecticut soon after 1649.[3] Thomas Jefferson planted a number of 'Roxbury Russet' trees in Monticello's South Orchard in 1778.[6]
Current cultivation[edit]
• Maple Valley Orchards and Nursery, Wisconsin
• Trees of Antiquity, Paso Robles, CA
The historic Shirley-Eustis House museum in Roxbury, Massachusetts, was planted in 1993 with five 'Roxbury Russet' apple trees.[7]
1. ^ a b c "UMass Cold Spring Orchard". Retrieved 2011-12-29.
2. ^ Creighton Lee Calhoun, Jr. (21 December 2010). Old Southern Apples, Revised & Expanded. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-1-60358-294-0. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
3. ^ a b "Vintage Virginia Apples". Vintage Virginia Apples. 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
4. ^ "Hidden Hollow Orchard Apple Varieties - Roxbury Russet". Retrieved 2011-12-29.
5. ^ "Roxbury Russet". Retrieved 2011-12-29.
6. ^ "Monticello Explorer: Roxbury Russet Apple (Malus cv)". Retrieved 2011-12-29.
7. ^ [1] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18765 | Samuel Cooper (general)
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Samuel Cooper
Samuel Cooper (général).jpg
Born (1798-06-12)June 12, 1798
New Hackensack, New York
Died December 3, 1876(1876-12-03) (aged 78)
Alexandria, Virginia
Place of burial Christ Church Cemetery
Alexandria, Virginia
Allegiance United States United States of America
Confederate States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Confederate States Army
Years of service 1815–1861 (USA)
1861–1865 (CSA)
Rank Union army col rank insignia.jpg Colonel (USA)
Confederate States of America General-collar.svg General (CSA)
Commands held Adjutant General and Inspector General
Battles/wars Second Seminole War
Mexican-American War
American Civil War
Samuel Cooper (June 12, 1798 – December 3, 1876) was a career United States Army officer, serving during the Second Seminole War and the Mexican-American War. Although little-known today, Cooper was also the highest ranking Confederate general during the American Civil War. After the conflict, he remained in Virginia as a farmer.
Early life and career[edit]
Samuel Cooper was born in New Hackensack, Dutchess County, New York.[1] He was a son of Samuel Cooper and his wife Mary Horton.[2] In 1813 he entered the United States Military Academy at age 15 and graduated 36th in a class of 40 two years later (the customary length of study in that period.)[3] He was appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the U.S. Light Artillery on December 11, 1815. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1821 and to captain in 1836.[4]
In 1827, Cooper married Sarah Maria Mason, becoming the brother-in-law of future Confederate diplomat James M. Mason and later the father-in-law of Union General Frank Wheaton. Sarah's sister, Ann Maria Mason, was the mother of Confederate cavalry general Fitzhugh Lee, a nephew of Robert E. Lee, while her brother John Mason, was son-in-law of Gen. Alexander Macomb. Cooper served as aide-de-camp for Gen. Macomb and under his supervision authored A Concise System Of Instructions And Regulations For The Militia And Volunteers Of The United States with him.
Cooper in the U.S. Army
Cooper served in numerous artillery units until 1837, when he was appointed chief clerk of the U.S. War Department. In 1838 he received a brevet promotion to major and was appointed assistant adjutant general of the Army. Nine years later, with a brevet as lieutenant colonel, he served in the same capacity.
Cooper's service in the Second Seminole War of 1841–42 was a rare departure for him from Washington, D.C. He was chief of staff for Col. William J. Worth, and after hostilities ended he returned to staff duty in Washington from 1842 to 1845.[5] Cooper received a brevet promotion to colonel on May 30, 1848, for his War Department service in the Mexican-American War, and was promoted to the permanent rank of colonel in the regular army and appointed the army's Adjutant General on July 15, 1852.[4] Cooper also served very briefly as acting U.S. Secretary of War in 1857.[6]
Civil War service[edit]
At the beginning of the Civil War, Cooper's loyalties were with the South. His wife's family was from Virginia, and he had a close friendship with Jefferson Davis, who had also been U.S. Secretary of War.[7] One of his last official acts as Adjutant General of the U.S. Army was to sign an order dismissing Brig. Gen. David E. Twiggs from the army. Twiggs had surrendered his command and supplies in Texas to the Confederacy (and was shortly thereafter made a Confederate major general.) This order was dated March 1, 1861, and Cooper resigned six days later. He traveled to Montgomery, Alabama, at the time the Confederacy's capital, to join the Confederate States Army.[3]
On reaching Montgomery, Cooper was immediately given a commission as a brigadier general on March 16, 1861.[4] He served as both Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate Army, a post he held until the end of the war. Cooper provided much needed organization and knowledge to the fledgling Confederate War Department, drawing on his years performing such duties as Adjutant General of the U.S. Army.[8]
On May 16, 1861, Cooper was promoted to full general in the Confederate Army.[4] He was one of five men promoted to the grade at that time, and one of only seven during the war, but with the earliest date of rank. Thus, despite his relative obscurity today, he outranked such luminaries as Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and P.G.T. Beauregard.[9] Cooper reported directly to Confederate President Jefferson Davis."[3] At the war's end in 1865, Cooper surrendered and was paroled on May 3 at Charlotte, North Carolina.[4]
Postbellum life[edit]
Cooper's last official act in office was to preserve the official records of the Confederate Army and turn them over intact to the United States government, where they form a part of the Official Records, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, published starting in 1880. Military historians have highly regarded Cooper for this action.[10] Historian Ezra J. Warner believed that in doing so Cooper was "thereby making a priceless contribution to the history of the period."[8]
After the war, Cooper was a farmer at his home, Cameron, near Alexandria, Virginia. His house had been taken over by the U.S. government during the war and turned into a fort, but he was able to move into what had been an overseer's house. Due to his age Cooper earned a meager living. On August 4, 1870, Robert E. Lee, on the behalf of other former Confederates, sent Cooper $300. Lee wrote to him saying, "To this sum I have only been able to add $100, but I hope it may enable you to supply some immediate want and prevent you from taxing your strength too much."[3] Samuel Cooper died at his home in 1876, and is buried there in Christ Church Episcopal Cemetery.[4]
Selected works[edit]
• A Concise System of Instructions and Regulations for the Militia and Volunteers of the United States, Comprehending the Exercises and Movements of the Infantry, Light Infantry, and Riflemen; Cavalry and Artillery: Together with the manner of doing duty in Garrison and in Camp, and for the forms of Parades, Reviews, and Inspections, as established ... for the government of the Regular Army. Prepared and Arranged by Brevet Captain S. Cooper, Aide de Camp and Assistant Adjutant General. Under the Supervision of Major General Alexander Macomb, Commanding the Army of the United States. (Philadelphia: Robert P. Desilver, 1836).
See also[edit]
1. ^ Davis, William C. "General Samuel Cooper." In Leaders of the Lost Cause: New Perspectives on the Confederate High Command, edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Joseph T. Glatthaar, 101-131. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004, 102; Lee, Fitzhugh. "Sketch of the Late General S. Cooper." Southern Historical Society Papers 3, no. 5-6 (June 1877): 271; Mary Boykin Chesnut, A Diary from Dixie As Written by Mary Boykin Chesnut (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1905), 150. Cooper's place of birth is often incorrectly given as Hackensack, New Jersey, by Dupuy (p. 189), Eicher (p. 184), Wakelyn (p. 150), and Wright (p. 9); place of birth given as Dutchess County, New York, by Warner (p. 62), or just New York by Snow (p. 305); place of birth given as New Hackensack, New York, by both websites "" and "".
2. ^ Wakelyn, p. 150.
3. ^ a b c d "Lee's Lieutenants site biography of Cooper". Retrieved September 23, 2011.
4. ^ a b c d e f Eicher, p. 185.
5. ^ Dupuy, pp. 189-90.
6. ^ Eicher, p. 185. He held the position from March 3 to 6, 1857.
7. ^ Warner, pp. 62-3.
8. ^ a b Warner, p. 63.
9. ^ Eicher, p. 807. Generals (ACSA) Line Command List
10. ^ Lee's Lieutenants site biography of Cooper: "This contribution is said to be Samuel's most lasting contribution to the Confederacy, in overseeing the removal of War Department records from Richmond in April 1865, and protecting them until they could be turned over to Federal authorities..."
External links[edit]
Military offices
Preceded by
Roger Jones
Adjutant General of the U. S. Army
July 15, 1852 – March 7, 1861
Succeeded by
Lorenzo Thomas |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18766 | South Lake, Kern County, California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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South Lake
Unincorporated community
South Lake, Kern County, California is located in California
South Lake
South Lake
Location in California
Coordinates: 35°38′01″N 118°21′23″W / 35.63361°N 118.35639°W / 35.63361; -118.35639Coordinates: 35°38′01″N 118°21′23″W / 35.63361°N 118.35639°W / 35.63361; -118.35639
Country United States
State California
County Kern County
Elevation[1] 2,887 ft (880 m)
Guide sign at the east extent of South Lake.
South Lake is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California.[1] It is located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west-southwest of Weldon,[2] at an elevation of 2887 feet (880 m).[1]
South Lake is located along the south shore of Lake Isabella. A CalTrans G9-2 guide sign posted along SR178 identifies the population as 160. The community uses Weldon, California's ZIP Code of 93283 and is contained within Area code 760.
According to the National Register for Historic Places, a Tübatulabal tribal settlement existed in this area circa 1499.[3]
This populated place has a US Geological Survey (USGS), National Geographic Names Database feature ID of either 1867057 (current) or 1661474 (in older editions). Elevation above mean sea level is shown as 2,887 feet (880 m).[4]
South Lake, California is located along SR178 between Bella Vista and Mountain Mesa. The community is in the South Fork Valley.[5]
Kern County Fire Department, "South Lake" Station 71 is located at 9000 Navajo Ave. The station is identified as part of organizational unit "Battalion 7." [6]
South of town, Goat Ranch Canyon extends into the Paiute Mountains.[5]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: South Lake, Kern County, California
3. ^ The Register identifies the site as #80000803 and it was added to the Register in 1980.
4. ^ Per USGS Geonames server.
5. ^ a b Weldon, California, 7.5-minute Quadrangle, US Geological Survey, 1989.
6. ^ Fire station is described on the local fire fighter's union web page. It is also shown in many local and federal public records. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18768 | Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
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Wisden 1878 edition
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack (or simply Wisden or colloquially "the Bible of Cricket") is a cricket reference book published annually in the United Kingdom. It is considered the world's most famous sports reference book.[1] The description "bible of cricket" was first used in the 1930s by Alec Waugh in a review for the London Mercury.[2] In October 2013, an all-time Test World XI was announced to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.[3][4][5][6]
In 2012, an Indian edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was launched to widespread acclaim.[7]
Wisden was founded in 1864 by the English cricketer John Wisden (1826–84) as a competitor to Fred Lillywhite's The Guide to Cricketers.[8] Its annual publication has continued uninterrupted to the present day, making it the longest running sports annual in history. The sixth edition was the first published under its current title; the first five were published as The Cricketer's Almanack, with the apostrophe before the "s".
Charles Pardon, with George Kelly King, founded the Cricket Reporting Agency (CRA) in 1880. From Pardon's becoming editor of Wisden in 1887, the editor was nearly always a CRA partner and the CRA was responsible for the editorial production of the Almanack, until in 1965 it merged with the Press Association (PA).[9]
Wisden was acquired and published by Robert Maxwell's publishing conglomerate, Macdonald, in the 1970s. Cricket fan Sir Paul Getty bought the company, John Wisden & Co, in 1993[8] and in December 2008 it was sold to A&C Black, which is owned by Bloomsbury. The company presented the Wisden Trophy, for Test matches between England and West Indies, in 1963 to celebrate its 100th edition.
In 2013, a history of Wisden was published: The Little Wonder: The Remarkable History of Wisden, by Robert Winder (ISBN 978-1408136263). "The Little Wonder" was John Wisden's nickname.
Wisden is a small-paged but a very thick book (over 1,500 pages in modern editions) with a distinctive bright yellow cover that it has carried since the 75th edition in 1938. Prior to that, covers varied between yellow, buff and salmon pink. That edition was also the first to display the famous woodcut of two cricketers, by Eric Ravilious,[10] on its cover. It is published each April, just before the start of the English domestic cricket season. Since 2003 the woodcut has been replaced as the main feature of the front cover by a photograph of a current cricketer, but still appears albeit in a much reduced size.
It is produced in both hardcover and softcover versions. Since 2006, a larger format edition has been published on an experimental basis. This is said to be in response to requests from readers who find the print size of the standard edition hard to read. It is around twice the traditional size and was published in a limited edition of 5,000. It is not a large print book as such, as the print will still be of a size found in many standard books.
The format has changed markedly over the years. The first edition had only 112 pages yet found space to cover the dates of battles in the English Civil War, the winners of The Oaks and the rules of quoiting.
The contents of a contemporary edition include the following sections:
Around a hundred pages of articles on cricketing topics, including the introductory "Notes by the Editor", which address often controversial cricket issues and always provoke discussion in the cricketing world.
The traditional Wisden Cricketers of the Year awards, which date back to 1889, and the Wisden Leading Cricketer of the World award, started in 2004.
Traditionally the main source for key statistics about the game, although it has never attempted to be comprehensive. Nowadays the records section is intended to be complementary to the much more detailed data available online at Wisden's associated website ESPNcricinfo.
English cricket[edit]
By far the largest section of the book. Hugely detailed coverage, including scorecards of every First class game played in the previous English summer, and summaries of minor counties, second eleven, university, school and premier club cricket.
Overseas cricket[edit]
Full coverage of all international cricket and brief coverage of domestic first class cricket outside England.
Law and Administration[edit]
This short section, 80 pages in the 2010 edition, has information about and addresses of official cricket bodies as well as the full laws of cricket, together with appendices. There are also details of meetings held by official bodies, including their major decisions, as well as articles about the Duckworth–Lewis method and Powerplays. The laws have been omitted from the most recent editions.
The Wisden Review[edit]
This section includes the Chronicle (noteworthy events from the previous year), reviews of other cricket books published in the year, noteworthy retirements and the highly regarded obituaries section among others.
The Almanack[edit]
This section contains fixtures for the forthcoming international and English domestic season, the international schedule for the upcoming seven years and the Index of Unusual Occurrences featuring quirky cricketing stories. A selection from recent years includes: Rabbit burns down pavilion; Hot-air balloons stop play; Cricketers arrested for dancing naked; Fine leg arrives by parachute; Fried calamari stopped play; Umpire locked in ground overnight..
Sydney Pardon; editor from 1891 to 1925
Wisden has had 17 editors in nearly 150 years of publication.
Booth's deputy, promoted to the role of co-editor, is Hugh Chevallier.[11]
As would be expected from a publication of such size and longevity, Wisden has had a large number of contributors. The majority involve match reports for the various fixtures recorded each year, but also biographies, reviews and opinion. Practically all the great cricket writers have written for Wisden, along with many great cricketers. Neville Cardus contributed many notable essays and for many years John Arlott was responsible for the book reviews.
Five Cricketers of the Year[edit]
Since 1902 (with the occasional exception) Wisden has honoured five cricketers for their outstanding achievements over the previous year. Further details, with a full list of recipients of the award, can be found at Wisden Cricketers of the Year.
Indices and anthologies[edit]
At least two indices to Wisden have been published:
• Index to Wisden, 1864–1943 by Rex Pogson (1944)
• An Index to Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1864-1984 by Derek Barnard (1985)
An index from 1985 onwards is available in pdf form on the Wisden web site.[12]
A number of anthologies of articles from Wisden have been published. These include:
• Wisden Anthology by Benny Green (1979)
• Wisden Book of Obituaries edited by Benny Green (1986)
• The Wisden Papers of Neville Cardus (Wisden Papers) edited by Benny Green (1989)
• The Wisden Papers edited by Benny Green (1990)
• The Concise Wisden: An Illustrated Anthology of 125 Years edited by Benny Green (1990)
• Wisden Anthology: 1864–1900 edited by Benny Green (1992)
• Wisden Anthology: 1901–1939 edited by Benny Green (1992)
• Wisden Anthology: 1940–1963 edited by Benny Green (1992)
• Wisden Anthology: 1964–1982 edited by Benny Green (1992)
• Endless Summer: 140 Years of Australian Cricket in Wisden edited by Gideon Haigh (2003)
• The Wisden Collection: Volume 1 edited by Graeme Wright (2004)
• The Wisden Collection: Volume 2 edited by Graeme Wright (2005)
• Wisden at Lords: An Illustrated Anthology edited by Graeme Wright (2005)
• Wisden Anthology: 1978–2006: Cricket's Age of Revolution edited by Stephen Moss (2006)
Style, design, graphical content and materials[edit]
For the first 32 years of its existence the Almanack was only published in softback form, in a paper cover that varied in colour through the years between shades of pink, yellow and buff. From the 33rd (1896) edition onwards hardback copies became available at twice the price of the softback.
In 1889 the Almanack published its first photoplate, commissioned to accompany the Editor's nomination of six great Bowlers of the Year. From then on a photoplate appeared each year up to and including 1915. The plates were attached to an un-numbered page in the Almanack and had a tissue protector. They continued to show a number of selected players of the year except in 1896, when W G Grace was the only subject, and in 1913, when the 50th edition published no selections but celebrated John Wisden himself. After a two-year hiatus during World War 1 the plate reappeared in 1918, but as a mechanically printed image depicting five School Bowlers of the Year. The image in the 1919 edition continued to reflect wartime exigencies with its five Public School Cricketers of the Year before normal service resumed in 1920 with five Batsmen of the Year. From then on, with four exceptions (see Wisden Cricketers of the Year), the norm was to include an image of five Cricketers of the Year. It was not until 1938 that other photographs were introduced.
From 1933 to 1939 the softback editions of the Almanack contained a cricket bat bookmark attached by the blade to the inside of the spine with yellow string. The bat handle of the bookmark is easily lost and softbacks with entirely intact bookmarks command a price premium.
In 1938 the Almanack underwent some significant style, design and material changes under the supervision of Robert Henry Harling.[13] He introduced a new typeface and new designs for the front covers of both the softback and hardback editions. A yellow linen cover featuring the iconic woodcut by Eric Ravilious replaced the paper wrapper of the softback edition - a reason why softbacks from this time onwards are often referred to as "linens" even though they changed to a cloth-effect card binding in 1957. The design of the softback from 1938 onwards is probably the one most associated with the word "Wisden" in the mind of the general public.
There was a change to the orientation of the gilt lettering on the spines of hardbacks from 1941 to 1948. This was probably required by, and then a relict of, the slimness of the volumes published during World War 2. Excepting the 1963 centenary softback, the external appearance of both types of Almanack then remained substantially unchanged until 1965 when the hardback was issued with a dust jacket. This was printed on yellow paper with the same design as the softback, giving a uniformity of appearance to both editions.
Between 1965 and 1978 the woodcut and text elements of the softback covers and the hardback dust jackets were printed in a variety of colours before reverting to black on yellow from 1979 onwards. Since that time some other changes have occurred to the style, design and materials:
• Between 1982 and 1984 the hardback dust jackets were printed on white paper
• Colour photographs first appeared in the Almanack in 1988
• From 1994 the hardback dust jackets were laminated, making them more resistant to wear and tear
• In 2001 the layout of the front board of the hardback was changed
• In 2003 a new style of photo dust jacket was introduced, although readers were informed that those who preferred the "traditional cover" could order one free from the publisher. This offer did not last: from the following year onwards a charge was made for providing these covers.
Minor changes of style have taken place throughout the Almanack's history, and are documented in a collector's guide that was updated and reprinted in 2011.[14]
Facsimile editions[edit]
Due to their rarity the early editions of Wisden, and editions published during the two World Wars, are expensive and difficult to come by. Fortunately for the cricket historian, or the collector who wants to fill gaps without spending large sums of money, every edition up to 1946 is also available in facsimile form.
The first facsimile set was printed by Billing & Sons in 1960. Approximately 150 softback copies were produced of each year from 1864 to 1878 and made available either as part of a set or as singles. The facsimiles are clearly marked with an entry in capital letters at the bottom of the title page: "Facsimile edition 1960 made and printed in Great Britain by Billing and Sons Ltd., Guildford and London".
Lowe and Brydone produced another print run of the first 15 years in 1974. The run was limited again to 150 softback sets. These facsimiles are marked with an entry in capital letters at the bottom of the title page: "Second facsimile edition made and printed in Great Britain by Lowe and Brydone (Printers) Limited".
In 1991 John Wisden & Co Ltd produced its own facsimile set in a distinctive yellow box. This again comprised editions from 1864 to 1878 inclusive and was limited to 1000 sets. The individual books are not strictly facsimiles, and cannot be mistaken for originals, because although they include a copy of the original covers they are hardbound in red boards with "WISDEN FACSIMILE" in gilt on the front and the set number - "No. X of 1000" - on the back. Internally there is also an entry to the effect that the editions are facsimiles at the bottom of each title page: "This facsimile edition is published in 1991 by John Wisden & Co. Ltd. and printed by The Eastern Press Ltd., Reading".
In recent years a more extensive range of facsimiles has been produced by the Willows Publishing Company Ltd. As of early 2014, softback and hardback editions up to and including 1946 have been published. Like the Wisden facsimile set, the Willows softback facsimiles up to 1937 are hardbound, in tan cloth with gilt embossing, but from 1938 onwards they are true facsimiles with yellow linen covers. The hardback editions are also true facsimiles, with dark brown covers upon which the original gilt embossing is reproduced. Internally all Willows editions are identified as reprints at the base of the title page and limited edition numbers, where applicable, are also marked on the binding or cover.[15]
It is worth noting that the first three facsimile sets reproduced the wrong back cover for the 1878 edition - they incorrectly showed a list of articles supplied by John Wisden & Co. The Willows facsimile contains the correct advertisement, for a book on Oxford and Cambridge cricket matches from 1827 to 1876.
To celebrate the 150th edition, a facsimile of the 1864 edition was produced by John Wisden & Co and offered as an incentive for those who subscribed to both the 2013 and 2014 editions.[16]
Collectors need to be aware that, in addition to facsimile books, facsimile dust jackets are available for editions of Wisden from 1965 to 2003 to replace those that have been lost or damaged.[17] They are also offered from 2004 on as "traditional covers" that can be substituted for the original photo dust jackets. Supplied by Wisden's "official dust jacket supplier", these jackets are laminated and are printed in black on yellow (unlike the original jackets issued with the editions from 1965 to 1978 that incorporated colour elements). Replacement dust jackets are also clearly distinguishable from the originals as they are marked on the back cover with the words "REPLACEMENT DUST JACKET".
The same supplier offers traditional design dust jackets for editions from 1946 to 1964. Although these mimic the appearance of the softback covers they are not true facsimiles as the original hardback editions were never issued with dust jackets.
Print runs[edit]
The size of Wisden print runs is of considerable interest to collectors as rarity has a very strong influence on the value of individual editions.
The most reliable, or rather most widely quoted, source of information on print runs is an article by Leslie Gutteridge titled "A History of Wisden" published in the 1963 Almanack.[18] In this article the writer states that it had proved impossible to trace any printing orders earlier than 1936, having earlier mentioned that records had been lost during the Second World War as a result of two attacks on the publisher and Wisden's Mortlake factory.
Despite the lack of early records Gutteridge notes that editions from 1889 to 1901, except 1896 and 1900, ran to two impressions (the word "impression" rather than "edition" is used throughout this section to avoid confusion with Wisden's use of "edition" in the book's title). He also notes in passing the rarity of the 1875 edition, though "not ... so scarce as the first issue of 1864", without providing specific details.
It is for the years from 1936 onwards that Gutteridge puts numbers to the print runs, providing either combined figures, or a breakdown of softback and/or hardback numbers, for each year to 1949:
Year Total Softback Hardback
1936 8,500
1937 8,000
1938 12,000 n/k
1939 12,000 n/k
1940 8,000 n/k
1941 4,000 3,200 800
1942 5,000 4,100 900
1943 7,000 5,600 1,400
1944 7,000 5,600 1,400
1945 8,000 6,500 1,500
1946 16,000 11,000 5,000
1947 20,000 14,000 6,000
1948 21,000 14,500 6,500
1949 31,500 21,000 10,500
After 1949 he notes that numbers diminished, although at the time he wrote the article sales of the softback and hardback editions were still 11,000 and 10,000 respectively. It is likely that these figures were greatly exceeded in the centenary year as the 1963 edition ran to three impressions.
In more recent years sales of the 2006 edition exceeded 50,000 in total.[19] The size of the print run was based on the publisher's belief that England's successful Ashes campaign the previous summer would attract considerable public interest.
Although unsupported by any reliable documentation, it is almost certain that print runs were reduced during the First World War. The 1916 edition, also containing as it does the obituary of W G Grace, is certainly the most expensive 20th century Wisden.
The smallest recent print runs are believed to be for the years 1969 to 1971. While, again, the numbers are not documented anywhere there is strong support for this contention as these editions command higher prices than surrounding years.
Collecting Wisdens is a popular activity among cricket followers, and early editions command high prices. The first edition, only 112 pages long, sold for one shilling. Rare copies of the early editions can sell for thousands. The editions published during the two World Wars are also very rare: as a result of wartime paper restrictions a 1916 hardback is worth circa £6,000 and a 1941 around £1,500. In recent times, facsimiles of many of the early editions have been published; an example of a collection can be seen here.[20] Realised auction prices are published on the internet.[21]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Harry Potter publisher Bloomsbury bowled over to catch Wisden | Mail Online. Dailymail.co.uk (2008-12-05). Retrieved on 2011-06-21.
2. ^ Daily Telegraph, 6 April 2013, p S23, "Wisden by name, wisdom by nature" by Simon Briggs
3. ^ "Don Bradman, Shane Warne in Wisden's XI". theaustralian.com. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
4. ^ "Sachin Tendulkar in Wisden's All-time World Test XI". NDTV. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
5. ^ "Sachin Tendulkar named in Wisden all-time World Test XI". DNA India. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
6. ^ "WG Grace and Shane Warne in Wisden all-time World Test XI". BBC.co.uk. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
7. ^ "Wisden India Almanack 2013". Wisden India. December 29, 2012.
8. ^ a b Engel, Matthew (April 5, 2013). "Words on the Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack". ft.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
9. ^ Preface to the 1966 Edition by Norman Preston, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1966 Edition pp vi–vii. Sporting Handbooks Ltd. 1966
10. ^ Wisden Almanack | | ESPN Cricinfo. Content-www.cricinfo.com (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-06-21.
11. ^ Wisden Cricketers' Almanack Announcement Retrieved 6 Jan 2011
12. ^ Wisden index 1985 to 2013 download page Retrieved 6 Feb 2014
13. ^ Obituaries. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2009 edition, p1605
14. ^ The Wisden Collector's Guide by Jonathan Rice and Andrew Renshaw. John Wisden 2011
15. ^ Willows Publishing Company Retrieved 6 Feb 2014
16. ^ Bloomsbury marketing leaflet Retrieved 6 Feb 2014
17. ^ Wisden Dust Jackets at Sportspages Retrieved 10 Feb 2014
18. ^ A History of Wisden by L. E. S. Gutteridge, Wisden Cricketer's Almanack 1963 Edition pp 74-88. Sporting Handbooks Ltd. 1963
19. ^ Preface to the 2007 Edition by Matthew Engel, Wisden Cricketer's Almanack 2007 Edition p 7. John Wisden & Co Ltd. 2007
20. ^ "A Wisden Collection In Pictures". WISDENS.org. Jan 2006. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
21. ^ "Wisden Valuations - Click Recent Values to see them". WISDENS.org. Nov 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18774 | IUCN threat status:
Not evaluated
Read full entry
Bombus hortorum
Bombus hortorum is a species of bumblebee. It bears the common name garden bumblebee or small garden bumblebee, and can be found in most of Europe up to 70ºN, as well as parts of Asia and New Zealand.[2]
This bumblebee has an oblong head and a very long glossa (tongue), up to 15 millimetres (0.59 in), in some cases even 20 millimetres (0.79 in). In fact the tongue is so long that the bee often fly with it extended when collecting nectar.[3] The queen is of a very variable size, body length between 19 millimetres (0.75 in) and 22 millimetres (0.87 in), wing span 35 millimetres (1.4 in) to 38 millimetres (1.5 in). The workers are almost as big, the larger ones overlapping the smaller queens. The colour is black with a yellow collar, a narrow yellow band on the scutellum, and a third yellow band on terga (abdominal segments) 1 and 2. The tail is white. Darker forms, with little yellow in their fur, are common.[4]
The nest, normally containing 50 to 120 workers, can be built both over and below ground. Due to its long tongue this bumblebee mainly visits flowers with deep corollae, as deadnettles, ground ivy, vetches, clovers, comfrey, foxglove, and thistles.[4]
As most bumblebee males the males of this bumblebee patrol a fixed circuit marking objects along the route, about a metre above ground, with a pheromone to attract daughter queens. This behaviour was noted already by Darwin 1886 in his own garden.[5]
This species is found in Europe up to 70ºN (in Scandinavia, south of the tundra). In the west its distribution reaches Iceland, where it probably has been introduced. In the south it extends to the middle of the Iberian Peninsula, to southern Italy (Calabria), northern Turkey and to the Mediterranean islands except Corsica, Sicily and (probably) Sardinia. It continues in northern and central Asia through Siberia to the Altai Mountains, and, in the south-east, to northern Iran.[2] In 1885 it was introduced in New Zealand, where it still exists, however without being particularly common.[6] It is also found in America, namely Florida.
In Britain it is widespread through the entire region, including Orkney and Shetland.[4]
1. ^ ITIS Report
2. ^ a b Pierre Rasmont. "Bombus (Megabombus) hortorum (Linnaeus, 1761)". Université de Mons. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
3. ^ "Bombus hortorum the Garden bumblebee". Bumblebee.org. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
4. ^ a b c Benton, Ted (2006). "Chapter 9: The British Species". Bumblebees. London, UK: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 351–355. ISBN 0007174519.
5. ^ Goulson, Dave Bumblebees: behaviour, ecology, and conservation p. 47
6. ^ Goulson, Dave Bumblebees: behaviour, ecology, and conservation pp. 219-220
• Goulson, Dave (2010). Bumblebees: behaviour, ecology, and conservation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199553075.
Source: Wikipedia
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18815 | Valued Contributor
Posts: 1,916
Registered: 11-11-2010
Re: Is Citi teasing me?
[ Edited ]
Because invitation itself is meaningless. The way pre-approval/invitation works is that Citi asks CRAs to produce a list of people satisfy Citi's requirement (for example never declared BK). Citi takes that list and mail these so called "invitation" to everyone without checking every CR. The list itself is generic and means very little. Citi still has to HP you to do a through credit check on you. This is how Citi operates and this is how everyone operates.
So your answer is no. Getting that invitation does not mean your are qualified for this particular card. You still have to go through application process.
What was your reason for denial on Simplicity?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18823 |
The Atlantic
Sure, Wikipedia represents a drastic departure from the Encyclopaedia Britannica, but if you compare it with even earlier reference works, it doesn't look so unusual.
View photo
The frontispiece from Ephraim Chambers' 1728 Cyclopaedia (University of Wisconsin Digital Collections)
Wikipedia certainly deserves many of the superlatives ascribed to it: It is unquestionably the largest, deepest, and most accessible encyclopedia ever written.
But a new paper argues that when it comes to the method by which Wikipedia was assembled -- amateur, obsessive collaborators augmenting earlier work bit by bit -- Wikipedia's not as revolutionary as it's cracked up to be.
"Wikipedia has been repeatedly compared with just one other encyclopedia, the Encyclopaedia Britannica in its most recent printed and electronic editions," Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle write. But what if its the latter years of the EB -- and not Wikipedia -- that's historically unusual?
Take your standard Wikipedian, for example. A Wikipedian is a rare creature whose natural habitat of a dark room lit by their Macbook Air and an old Ikea lamp emerged only in the last decade or so. These wild beings spend their days and nights obsessively editing the encyclopedia, arguing about its finer points in its back pages, racking up their "edit counts."
But just because their habitats have changed and their numbers proliferated, doesn't mean they are an entirely new species. Rather, "obsessive compilers," as Loveland and Reacle call them, have been around for a long time -- at least since Pliny the Elder wrote his 37-volume Natural History in ancient Rome. Over the centuries, obsessive compilers have been behind not just encyclopedias, but dictionaries, medical texts, histories, and even object collections, such as herbaria. Loveland, of the University of Cincinnati, and Reagle, of Northeastern, point to examples such as Louis de Jaucourt, who wrote some 25 percent of Denis Diderot and Jean Le Ron D'Alembert's Encyclopedie and James Tytler, who assembled the second edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Today's Wikipedians may have less visibility than the compilers of the past, but they are motivated by the same compulsive urge to collect knowledge and organize it.
Another similarity between encyclopedias of old and Wikipedia: the process of building upon existing work bit by bit, or what the authors call "stigmergic accumulation." Now, that's a mouthful, but it's also a great metaphor. "Stigmergy," they write, describes "how wasps and termites collectively build complex structures by adding to the product of previous work rather than by communicating directly among themselves."
We tend to think of older encyclopedias as independent works, created by their authors and editors afresh in pursuit of greater depth and accuracy. Not quite, the authors explain. In a time before copyright protections, reference works were rife with "borrowing." Scottish "pirates" reprinted Ephraim Chambers' 1728 Cyclopaedia in its entirety, which itself borrowed heavily from the Dictionnaire de Trevoux. "Indeed," Loveland and Reagle write, "Chambers avowed that the Cyclopaedia contained 'little ... new, and of my own growth." Men like Chambers were always a bit author, a bit compiler, a bit borrower, a bit editor. If Wikipedia complicates the notion of "authorship," it's not as though that notion were ever simple to begin with.
Even Wikipedia's open ideology has antecedents during this period. Diderot announced that people were free to reuse the art from his Encyclopedie -- "a stance," the authors note, "probably meant to justify his and his colleagues' appropriation of illustrations from the 'Description des arts et metiers.' "
Perhaps most of all, the originality of Wikipedia's collaborative approach is suspect. Massive works of reference almost by their nature require the input of many people. Diderot's and D'Alembert's Encyclopedie had around 140 different specialists make contributions. The Oxford English Dictionary is famous for its collaborative process, to which thousands of people contributed slips of paper noting the appearance and context of unusual words.
All of this is not to say that Wikipedia represents nothing new. Certainly its size and the fact that millions upon millions of people have access to and actually use it make it unlike anything the world has ever seen before, and I don't want to downplay those accomplishments. But it's hard to discern what is genuinely new about Wikipedia and what falls in line with historical patterns if you only compare it to the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Instead, when you place Wikipedia in a longer timeframe, it seems that the historical anomaly was not today's online collaboration, but the 20th century's professionalized, bureaucratically produced tomes.
In fact, this seems to be true of so many of the Internet's "innovations": Blogs look like 18th- and 19th-century publishers more than they do The New York Times or The Washington Post; small crafters selling their wares on Etsy look more like earlier markets than the 20th century's big chains. We have a tendency to reach for the most recent historical examples as our benchmarks, but when you take a longer view, you see that we haven't so much as broken with the past as repeated it.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18828 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I've always wanted to lift weights and honestly have no idea where to begin.
How do I get started? Do I need to join a gym? find a personal trainer? buy a book and weights? find a friend who weightlifts? What's the best way for me to get involved in the weightlifting community and start lifting weights myself?
Is this something I can do by myself (at home), or is it a good idea for me to train with others (at a gym or club)?
Goal details: My goal is mainly to gain muscle. I've been focusing on cardio a lot recently (running, zumba), and have lost quite a bit of weight from eating healthily. Now I'd like to define my muscles a bit more and get stronger (especially upper body).
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Pick up a weight. Put it down. There you go. :p Seriously, Dave's answer is a great one. – JohnP Mar 9 '13 at 14:32
Lesson number one: Start slow and with VERY light weights. – skullpatrol Mar 10 '13 at 19:42
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3 Answers
Pick a goal
Why do you want to lift? To look good, to be healthy, to improve athletic performance, to win a bodybuilding competition, to challenge yourself? Your goals determine the kind of lifting you'll want to focus on. I'll assume that you want a basic combination of health, fitness, and looking good.
Beginner weightlifting
Any beginner program should be fairly simple and focus on whole-body lifts. This means you'll use free weights (barbells, dumbbells, kettlebells) to do compound (as opposed to isolation) movements. These lifts include squats, deadlifts, bench presses, chin-ups and pull-ups, overhead and bench presses, cleans, snatches, dips, and rows. Programs, gyms, and trainers that avoid these exercises might not be the best fit.
Stumptuous is a solid resource for people, especially women, new to weightlifting. However, as far as I know they're light on specific programs.
For that, get a copy of Starting Strength (the wiki is a good overview and quick-start guide; the book is a full description of the program, including excellent instructions on the lifts) and start lifting. Take it easy at first. After after a month or so, find a trainer or gym that does these lifts (a CrossFit gym is usually a good bet) and have them check your form in a private lesson.
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Goal added to OP :) – Stacey Anne Mar 9 '13 at 15:01
I agree with everything here. Starting Strength has been a great program for me. – Kate Mar 9 '13 at 22:41
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like the guy said pick a goal first, personally when your first join the gym your going to see some quick changes to your body. So in my view I will just start off by going to the gym and doing some exercises. Personally go with someone with experience, who knows HOW TO LIFT! Remember learning the exercises are key!
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I added my goal to the OP :) – Stacey Anne Mar 9 '13 at 15:01
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Dave has given you some good points. It seems like you have 2 goals here regarding weight lifting:
1. Gain muscle mass
2. Gain strength
However, as a Sports Physical Therapist, I would like to recommend you for one more goal - injury free when starting out any program. I have seen too many immature weight lifters trying to do too much too fast, then only to learn that they have to stay off or take off a few weeks, sometimes a few months because they did not follow a golden rules of weight training for beginners due to suffering an injury (shoulders, back, knee, etc.).
Here are the golden rules of weight training for beginners:
1. Learn the basics by doing body weight exercises (squat, push-ups, chin-ups, dips, lunges, etc.) until you can master the form and technique for a few sessions, then you can try resistance training with similar movement patterns (barbell squats, weighted push-ups, pull-ups, dumbbell lunges, etc.).
2. It might be forth it if you have some friends with great experience regarding weight training to help you in the beginning to make sure you understand the basics (proper form and technique, breathing patterns, dosage, frequency, duration and simple eating plan).
3. If your friend(s) cannot help you with this, I recommend you to find a local CSCS (Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist) to work with you for a few weeks, perhaps months. But you do not have to meet every single day. You might want to start out training and learning with a CSCS once per week for 4 weeks, then once per month for another few months until you are comfortable to be on your own. This will ensure your goals are met!
Most of us are just like you. We have to start somewhere, and some of us learned the hard way in the past (doing it ourselves). With this being said and because of my work and my extensive experience of treating many injuries related to immature or beginner weight lifters, I strongly recommend you to find a local CSCS and give it a try. I understand that you might have to spend some money in the beginning, but trust me, your program is more specific and individualized to your goals.
I'm not against Cross-Fit or any other group fitness/training programs out there, but shouldn't all fitness programs consider your fitness level, the time you have, your goals and of course your finance? This is why I think it's important to understand the difference between an one-on-one training session versus a group setting, especially in the beginning.
Good luck and I hope you find this answer helpful.
share|improve this answer
You make an interesting distinction between gaining muscle mass and gaining strength. I assumed (probably incorrectly), that they were the same thing, however it seems they are not. I asked this question about this particular distinction: fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/11889/…. – Stacey Anne Mar 11 '13 at 1:14
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18849 | UFC 2009 Undisputed Junkie League
Discussion in 'UFC Undisputed Gaming' started by Sedulous, Apr 13, 2009.
What do you think about a Undisputed Junkie League
I would join and I have/will have a PS3 28 vote(s) 35.0%
I would join and I have/will have a Xbox360 50 vote(s) 62.5%
I'm not interested. 2 vote(s) 2.5%
1. grapplethis Well-Known Member
Apparently, you have to RETIRE from career mode with your created fighter to be able to use them in Exhibition mode. Someone else watch that and make sure I interpreted that right.[/quote]
WHAT!?!?!?!? that's gonna suck if that's the case[/quote]
If that's the case that will put a damper on the CFL's[/quote]
Direct quote: "Retire him from Career mode so he can go into the exhibition mode and participate in both offline and online matches"
There you have it[/quote]
so we might have to wait a few weeks before matches start to build a guy.
2. dmf12490 New Member
It would actually be great if we could do it now or before 10. TUF comes on at 10, but if we cant do it before 10, then I can multitask.
3. smcdonald5 Well-Known Member
Oh yeah, duh, I knew that...Just not used to watching it at 10 because I DVR it as I usually have softball tonight and it's an hour away and it's doubleheaders, but we got rained out tonight...Can't do it now because no one is on. What about 11:10 EST, gives everyone a chance to watch TUF and then time to get on or whatever
4. dmf12490 New Member
Uhm, idk man...
I either sleep or the gf calls after TUF. Might need to wait til tmrw night? Plus if we plan it now we'd be sure to get everyone on at whatever time....
5. smcdonald5 Well-Known Member
Tomorrow works, I'm waiting to hear back to see what time my game is tomorrow night. As soon as I hear I can say when I'm not available tomorrow
6. Performify Active Member
1) please don't take stuff to a separate forum on another site. :( :( :(
If we need to create a UFC The Game subforum here on the Junkie forums we will. Right now I don't see the harm in keeping this discussion in a single thread, but blowing out to a new forum is not a problem at all. It's all about volume. If there are going to be enough posts to warrant a subforum we'll create one, but right now I don't see that there's enough discussion taking place that we can't have a thread or two active in Off Topic to support it.
2) I'm very strongly in favor of waiting a few days or even a full week after the game drops to set up the league and draft. I think people should get to try out the characters, check out the detailed ratings and styles, etc. Plus then we can figure out exactly what's up with the created characters, etc.
7. smcdonald5 Well-Known Member
Ugh, but I wanna be an admin and I can in the other forum that I made :( haha jk
8. shotblocker New Member
i would post more but this thread is one long mess and who can keep up really
9. dmf12490 New Member
So are you saying that Junkie is going to host a League for the game?
10. smcdonald5 Well-Known Member
We're still running it. Myself, eazye, elfudge35 and Thundercat are still gonna be running it but he just doesn't want everyone going to another forum to talk but to talk about everything on here and if there is enough traffic for it, he'll make a sub forum on here like the JFC has
11. ThuderCat New Member
I agree as far as keeping the discussion here. But I do think we need the other forum to post matchups, keep rankings, send challenges. Unless of course P- can set that up here.. ;)
12. eazye New Member
+1 ... for now, this thread is enough. When the game drops and what we've been developing in this thread, we're gonna need a bit more than a single thread.
13. Sedulous Well-Known Member
I agree with -P let's give everyone enough time to feel out which styles they like the best, create a character they feel is a worthy representation of themselves for the league, and figure out which weight class they like the best. I bet each weight class plays differently. From reading some of the comments in the other threads, I would probably get murdered if I tried to play too soon so I want a chance to practice.
14. elfudge35 Well-Known Member
I personally like the idea of another forum for the leagues as I don't know if it will get the attention from Junkie to create a separate forum, and I don't think there's any way we can do this in a single (or few) thread
15. EnderWiggin Well-Known Member
You may well be right. But right now there are no rankings, no nothing but theory. Let's see how things work out once the game is out and people start fighting eachother.
Make any seperate thread that you feel is legit at that point (or even at this point if you believe it deserves its own thread) and have confidence in admin that if it's justified, a sub-forum will be created.
Seriously, don't worry about confining everything to the already existing threads. If you feel like you need another thread to discuss something, make it. You're not going to get bitched at for making unecessary threads. Not for this game bud :)
That's the best why to find out/show that another forum is necessary.
16. smcdonald5 Well-Known Member
Guys, be on the lookout for a new thread with some announcements and such some time tomorrow before 4 pm EST.
17. kam300 Active Member
I agree, I need a few days to settle into the game fully before I get all serious and start creating Kimbo Slice in Career mode.
18. shotblocker New Member
real fighters > created
19. clockwerk Active Member
Well, here's the reality, the created characters are going to have to be played to be levelled up. I think it's a good idea that people be allowed a few days to feel things out and develop some skills/strategies for their chosen style.
I think it should be mandatory to use a created character. The problem with real fighters (as is obvious from the demo) is that some fighters are vastly superior to others. So some people will have an unfair advantage. If we all use created fighters, then those that put the time in will be better fighters, just like in real life.
To start I suggest we do a Grand Prix. We seed people and match them up into a tournament bracket for each contested weight class. Winner of each tourney is the founding champion of that weight class. He'll naturally be undefeated an we rank everyone from there based on who the lost to. Match up's can be based from there. Each league night after that can have match ups from multiple weight classes. Some guys may put more time in initially and be better, but over time, the stats will level out, and it will come down to skill.
20. clockwerk Active Member
What happens to guys who get to choose their fighter last and are left with the dregs of the division? It will be neither fun nor fair.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18852 | AnimeSuki Forums
Go Back AnimeSuki Forum > Chaos2Frozen
Conversation Between Chaos2Frozen and Ridwan
Showing Visitor Messages 231 to 240 of 432
1. Chaos2Frozen
2013-01-20 23:45
Who is it written by?
2. Ridwan
2013-01-20 23:44
Have you watched "My Grandfather Fought Vampires and Now I Have to Defeat Super Vampires with My Breathing!" ? It's a sequel of "My Childhood Friend Turned Into a Vampire With This Stone Mask and Now I Have to Defeat Him with My Breathing!". I heard it's suffocatingly moe.
3. Ridwan
2013-01-12 22:22
There are times when I'm grateful to have undergone precocious puberty.
4. Chaos2Frozen
2013-01-12 21:17
So it seems... Tamako Market is a deceptively dangerous series...
5. Ridwan
2013-01-12 21:15
I'm less confident then even you to throw myself into any den of over-excited debaters.
Anyway your rival seems to have been banned again.
6. Chaos2Frozen
2013-01-12 16:54
If you're confident go ahead
7. Ridwan
2013-01-12 14:28
Oh right, the two last volumes of the manga haven't been translated either...
Spoiler for What I'd have done as a character in Jormungand:
But saying that would mean jumping into a fruity whirlpool of serious business.
8. Chaos2Frozen
2013-01-12 09:20
Not exactly sure, I haven't seen the last two episodes yet.
9. Ridwan
10. Ridwan
2013-01-09 02:08
Apparently Ridwan is going to murder me, so can I stay with you tonight?
I've just booked a ticket to Singapore and will arrive there in 2 hours.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18853 | Inventor General
Posts: 3
Registered: 11-25-2013
Message 1 of 4 (138 Views)
Inventor Default Content Center Files Path
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11-25-2013 05:57 AM
Hello, I work for a School District an am working on a PLTW image that includes Inventor. We had an issue with our original image and had to rebuild it. Now we are running into an issue with setting the Default Content Center Files path. In our profile (DefProf) we use to create the Default profile the path is set to "%USERPROFILE%\Documents\Inventor\Content Center Files\R2013". However, when we use this to create the Default Windows Profile and log in as a user (Test01) the path changes to "C:\Users\DefProf\Documents\Inventory\Content Center Files\R2013". We did not have this problem on the other image. Any suggestions?
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Valued Mentor
Posts: 432
Registered: 10-22-2008
Message 2 of 4 (128 Views)
Re: Inventor Default Content Center Files Path
11-25-2013 06:36 AM in reply to: jbroseberry
The path for your CC files should really be controlled by your project file (under FOLDER OPTIONS).
Mike Patchus
Inventor 2012 SP3 ~ Vault Pro 2013
Lenovo D20 Workstation Intel Xenon [email protected] (2)
Win 7, 24gb RAM, NVIDIA Quadro FX 3800
Did you find this reply helpful ? If so please use the Accept as Solution or Kudos button below. :smileyhappy:
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Posts: 1,018
Registered: 09-03-2008
Message 3 of 4 (113 Views)
Re: Inventor Default Content Center Files Path
11-25-2013 10:53 AM in reply to: jbroseberry
Hi and welcome to the forum!
This is definitely strange behavior, and not what I would expect. But, it's not necessarily a bad thing becuase this way, it will be looking in the same path for content center files, no matter which user is logged in.
I have found that the default behavior (%USERPROFILE% in the default path) is undesirable. Common library parts (including content center parts) should be used by everyone, so having them in different folders depending on the user profile can just cause user confusion and file resolution problems (for example, if User B opens an assembly created by User A).
Our organization uses Vault, so it's especially important that our content center maps to a common folder. But even before we had vault, I made a point of going to each user workstation and setting their default CC path to match all other users.
As Mike mentioned, you can control this in the project file. But that only works if your users never create new projects, or they know to set the CC path for each project they create. I find it's better (although not necessarily easier) to set the default in application options for each installation.
Cameron Whetten
Inventor 2014
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Posts: 3
Registered: 11-25-2013
Message 4 of 4 (103 Views)
Re: Inventor Default Content Center Files Path
11-25-2013 11:15 AM in reply to: cwhetten
The image is being deployed to abut 30 student computers and the %userprofile% path worked fine in the other image we just had other Windows based issues (printers constantly showing offline, IE downloads not initializing). I plan on putting more research into how this should be setup so our efforts can be much better for next year. Due to time constraints I had to put the content center on the image and would rather it be on a separate server. For now I have just chosen to use the Public Documents folder (%PUBLICDOCUMENTS%).
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18854 | Active Contributor
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Registered: 02-12-2008
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Parcel Data
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04-23-2009 10:27 AM
Wondering if people are using parcel data (city maps and streetnames) with Topobase. We are experimenting with connecting to a SDF file via FDO and find it slow. Would like to how others are handeling this.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18856 | View Single Post
Old 04-02-2013, 01:49
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Posts: 4,927
Most stuff is only viewable on BBC i-player for only 7 days after broadcast. There was a few minutes of tribute to Patrick Moore at the end of his final episode, which was broadcast in January - as well as the various extra tribute programmes and repeats of old episodes which happened in December.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18871 | How to Delete your Flickr Account?
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Flickr is one of the most popular photo hosting site on the Internet. It is used by professionals, as well as amateurs. The service from Yahoo provides an online storage space of 1TB which is massive. Signing up for a Flickr account is easy with your Yahoo credentials, but deleting it can be a little tricky if you are not very familiar with the process. Below are the steps to delete your Flickr account:
1. Login to your Flickr account which you want to delete with your Yahoo login credentials.
2. Then, go to A similar screen like below will be seen. Click the line in Red color which states as ‘Delete Your Flickr Account‘.
flickr delete account
3. You will get a few messages to read, after which you click ‘OK-NEXT’.
4. You will now get a dialogue box asking you to enter your account password. Tick the box before I fully understand and then, click ‘DELETE MY ACCOUNT’.
1. Make sure that you have a backup copy of all the photos which you have uploaded to Flickr. Unlike Facebook where you can restore your account, Flickr completely deletes your account. There is no further possibility to undo the deletion action.
2. There is also a direct Flickr account deletion link which can be accessed from the url - However, you should access the url after you are logged in to your account.
3. If there are images which you have shared publicly, then you should delete them manually. Sometimes, deletion of an account doesn’t result in deletion of all the images which you have shared. You can always contact Flickr customer support for help.
4. Your Flickr account is associated with Yahoo. If you delete your the Yahoo account, all your Flickr accounts will automatically be deleted.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18873 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I cannot really figure out what causes one surface to overlap another. In a 3D engine I'm creating, my technique is failing in edge cases.
My method is sorting the surfaces to be painted from the furthest to the closest. To determine the closeness, I'm comparing the average z values. Sometimes, however, an overlapping surface has a higher average z value than the one it is overlapping. Thus, the surface further away is painted over the closer one - resulting in bizarre rendering like this:
Large purple square with a section of red on the side
What one is meant to see is the purple front surface of the cube only, whilst the red side surface is painted over the purple one. The average z value of the purple surface is higher, and therefore 'further away'. So I'm having some doubt as to whether this technique is correct.
What I also tried is getting the distance from the camera (i.e. origin) to the surface, but then I needed a point. I chose the middle of each surface but also this doesn't always seem to work because not all surfaces are as large as each other.
Therefore, what is a reliable way to determine the order of closeness of surfaces towards the origin?
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up vote 11 down vote accepted
You seem to be trying to implement the Painters Algorithm. I'm guessing you're trying to write a rasteriser from scratch as a learning exercise, as most modern 3D hardware uses what Bart has mentioned (the Z/Depth buffer). For the painters algorithm to work in all cases, you'd need to be prepared to subdivide the surfaces as they're rendered to solve possible scenarios (such as the overlapping polygon problem shown on the Wikipedia page).
By rendering from furthest to closest you're also spending time rendering pixels which will possibly later be occluded by other polygons, which when you start putting textures and complex shaders on the polygons wastes precious cycles. This is the reason modern hardware would prefer you to render from front to back, using the depth buffer to determine if the pixel to be rendered is further away than the one on the screen (and can therefore be discarded).
Even with most modern acceleration hardware you'll still need to sort and render from back to front any semi-transparent polygons, rendering this only once all the opaque polygons have been rendered.
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You are correct in saying that I'm creating a simple renderer. The point is that I'm not using any 3D libraries. I'm doing all projection calculations myself and then draw the lines using a 2D drawing library. This is not the fastest out there and I'm not doing anything on a per-pixel basis. I just have 4 points of each surface and fill the rectangular shape with a color. Since I'm drawing a complete surface at one time, am I correct in saying that I do have to draw back to front? – pimvdb Apr 12 '11 at 11:19
Sounds like a lot of fun and a great way to learn. Back to front is your only way if you're doing this without any form of depth buffer. I think you're going to have to work out all the screen co-ordinates of your polygons and then check for any overlap. Where they overlap in depth you're potentially going to need to chop up the polygons to render, so you can actually resolve the sorting correctly. You might also want to look into Back Face Culling as a way to remove polygons that shouldn't necessarily be visible – Roger Perkins Apr 12 '11 at 11:27
Roger Perkins is right. You won't be able to achieve correct z-sorting that way (meaning you'll always have some edge-cases), unless you chop up the polygons. That can become rather slow though. – bummzack Apr 12 '11 at 12:45
I got it working! What I did was a combination of backface culling and sorting: in a solid cube, some faces are not visible whilst others are (max of 3). So I painted the non-visible parts first, and the visible parts over them. This works like a charm, if I remove one or more sides, they are overlapping but still drawn in the correct order. Thanks! – pimvdb Apr 12 '11 at 13:29
That'll only work for simple convex shapes, like cubes. I'm glad it's currently working out for you, but it's not a general solution. – Richard Fabian Apr 12 '11 at 19:51
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What you have is a visibility problem. One solution is using a z-buffer.
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Thanks, but z-buffering requires per-pixel rendering if I'm not mistaking. I'm not doing that - I'm drawing straight lines between the projected points of the cube. Is z-buffering still possible? – pimvdb Apr 12 '11 at 11:01
Even if you're drawing straight lines, at some point before the image gets to the screen (or bitmap file) it will be in pixel format. – Bart van Heukelom Apr 12 '11 at 11:40
That's correct but my drawing library is too slow to do pixel rendering with 20fps. Thanks though. – pimvdb Apr 12 '11 at 11:41
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Sorting the faces according to their average z-value doesn't work, because the average z-value provides no information on the actual z-value of the vertices or even surface pixels.
Example (warning, ASCII art ahead):
cam /
--> /
/-- <--B
There are two faces A and B. From the camera's perspective A is in front of B. Yet the average z-value of B is smaller. Let's look at the other z-values:
• the minimum z-value of A is 4
• the maximum z-value of A is 11
• therefore the average z-value of A is 7.5
• the minimum z-value of B is 6
• the maximum z-value of B is 8
• therefore the average z-value of B is 7
You could try to sort them by their minimal z-values but there cases where that won't work too. There is just no way to sort arbitrary faces correctly using just one z-value.
In Newell's algorithm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell's_algorithm what you do is sort the min/max-ranges of the z-values. If the ranges of two faces do not overlap you can know for sure which one is in front. If they do, sometimes you absolutely have to split the faces. Sometimes it will suffice to raytrace every vertex for occlusion or some other technique.
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That diagram is an overhead view of what I was going to guess is going on in his screenshot. – jhocking Jun 8 '11 at 20:42
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It's good that you are learning about rendering by doing. Kudos. In this instance, there is no "painters algorithm" solution, instead of trying to fix it by sorting, on the PS1 we used to just try to keep polygons around the same size when they were next to each other (which you are doing as far as I can tell), and backface cull (which you're not doing)
Backface culling is checking the surface normal in screen space for it's direction (just get the sign of the depth element from the screen space transformed normal (in our case it was the z of the normal), or the cross product of two vectors of the triangle i.e. cross( v1-v0, v2-v0 ))
If you implement backface culling, you also reduce the amount of rasterising you're doing.. double win.
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Thanks for your response. I did read about backface culling but the point is that I'd like to be able to remove one side. With a solid cube this might work just great, but if I remove one side then there is occulision happening - so I still need to sort them I guess. Anyway, I came up with the idea of fireing a ray from the origin through the midpoint of a surface. If that ray crosses another surface afterwards, then the first surface is overlapping the second. Could you possibly tell me whether that idea is that correct? Thanks! – pimvdb Apr 12 '11 at 12:17
Although your idea would work for your example case, there are plenty of other cases where it's not going to work. For example, the same scene you have there, but with the camera tilted so that the centre of the incorrect rendering quad is not overlapping.I think you're going to have to tesselate your primitives into smaller pieces. – Richard Fabian Apr 12 '11 at 13:22
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18874 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
We made a flash game with a big screen size(1000x600), and the terrain graphic will jitter while the screen scrolling(that's, camera moving with player) continuously.
What's the root cause? Or if you know how to eliminate this problem, please tell me. Any help is appreciated.
The map's size is more bigger than screen, e.g 6000x1200. And the map has more than one layer, generally it has 3 layers. Terrain is composed by tiles. And FPS is 24.
If the FPS is set to 60, things will be better. But any way, it should work well at 24 FPS. I'm not sure if it is a natural problem of flash player, because some times a terrain object(e.g a house) look like a little bit distorted.
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You need to add some more information here. How do you scroll the terrain? Are you testing the release build? Is your terrain tiled in any way? How many FPS do you get? – bummzack May 17 '11 at 9:51
@bummzack: thanks for you remind :o) – Huang F. Lei May 17 '11 at 14:37
Just a guess, but maybe you have too much being rendered at once. Don't render anything that isn't in the camera, and see if that helps. – thedaian May 17 '11 at 15:07
24FPS looks smooth in film, but anything below 30FPS is unlikely to look smooth for gaming. I'm not sure if that's what's causing your jitter problem, but you should look at increasing the framerate to at least 30, if you can. – Mitch Lindgren May 17 '11 at 15:33
Can you post the swf in question? I know a lot of things that could fix a bunch of different jittering problems. – AttackingHobo May 17 '11 at 16:11
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Depending of the kind of Jitter you are getting, this could be the large images snapping to pixels when they move. This will be most noticeable when it is moving slowly.
Try turning smoothing on for your bitmaps, and/or turn cache and bitmap on.
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+1 for pixel snapping suggestion – Huang F. Lei Jun 8 '11 at 13:22
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up vote 3 down vote accepted
Thanks for your answers, I just find some articles related to this problem :
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This sounds like a VSYNC issue.
This may also be worth a browse, but without more details it's really not possible to provide better information.
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The thread is a little old but I decided to post my answer anyway.
A strange effect that solved my main jitter issues: Make sure you set your animated MovieClips content to even pixel coordinates!
In my case it was a simple centering that caused major jittering issues:
var bitmap:Bitmap = new Bitmap();
bitmap.bitmapData = bitmapData;
bitmap.smoothing = true;
bitmap.x = -(bitmap.width/2);
bitmap.y = -(bitmap.height/2);
Changing the following lines solved the issue:
bitmap.x = -int(bitmap.width/2);
bitmap.y = -int(bitmap.height/2);
Believe me, this caused some major headaches. I tried it both for vector graphics and smoothed Bitmaps, same effect!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18878 | Too Human
Oct. 15, 2007
If you've seen footage and screenshots of Too Human up to this point, chances are you got the impression that it's a traditional hack-and-slash action game, perhaps with some light RPG elements. The difference between this notion and reality could be measured in light years.
We got to lay hands on Baldur himself at the developer's headquarters in Ontario, and were shocked to find a ludicrously deep RPG character development system that features five different character classes. The Berserker dual-wields his way to the damage-per-second throne, the Defender serves as an effective aggro management tank, the Commando provides ranged dominance with explosive ordnance, the Champion excels at zipping between enemies in mid-air, and the Bio Engineer maxes out on cybernetics while keeping everyone healed.
In a wonderful move that many split-personality MMOs would do well to emulate, not one of these character types is turned into a tissue-paper wimp or a spam-healing tag-along. Every class serves a clear but flexible role in a group, but each is also a formidable killing machine in its own right. Indeed, only by consistently damaging the machine herds that infest each darkly handsome world can you fill the combination counter that provides the equivalent of mana for special attacks, elaborate finishers, and smart bomb "ruiners."
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18884 | Couple Faces Charges After Having Sex on Public Bus
Amanda Confer met her boyfriend, Randell Peterson, on a Pennsylvania bus and had sex with him in front of everyone, including Confer's infant daughter and one of Peterson's fellow prison inmates. Yup, you heard that right.
Peterson and another "pre-release inmate" were on work leave from the big house when he rendezvoused with Confer, who was carrying her infant daughter at the time. She gave the tot over to the other inmate, who was sitting in front of them, and then proceeded to give Peterson some head before climbing aboard and taking him for quite a ride. He got off (boy did he ever!) with his prison pal and Confer continued to ride the bus. (She probably tried to smoke a cigarette too, but that's not allowed on the bus.)
The worst part is that the whole thing was caught on tape. (Wonder how much Vivid is going to pay for that?) The couple have each been charged with "conspiracy, indecent exposure, open lewdness, and disorderly conduct." They go before a judge on November 4. No word on what sort of transportation they'll take to get there.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18888 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have been trying to figure this out for a couple weeks now and have had no luck getting the buffer tool to accept anything but degrees as units of measure.
I have found lots of stuff saying the layer needs to be reprojected and saved but it hasn't worked at all for me. Is there a way I could create a buffer without using ftools or at least force the units to meters somehow?
As a workaround I converted meters to degrees (lat) and used that but the final product needs to be as close to reality as possible.
Things I've tried:
• setting every unit option I could find to meters (where possible).
• setting everything to NAD83/Maryland (data is for Washington, DC) and saving it as such (as layers in ESRI shape files).
• reimporting the reprojected layers
• setting relevant layers to Google Mercator
The was tried followed by creating a buffer. Many were tried in combination. QGIS 1.7.3 Slackware64 current (qgis from SBo-13.37 repo, tried on multilib and plain 64it with same results)
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up vote 12 down vote accepted
The buffer size is always applied in the layer CRS units. Therefore, the layer CRS has to use meters if you want to buffer in meters.
You don't need ftools to change the CRS.
1. Open the original layer in WGS84 CRS.
2. Right-click in layer list and select "Save as ...". (DON'T change the CRS in layer options!)
3. Set the target CRS to NAD83/Maryland and save.
4. Load the new Shapefile.
5. Buffer.
The point coordinates in the linked files have not been reprojected correctly:
enter image description here
These are the settings in "Save as ..." that work for me:
enter image description here
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The point in the Shapefile has the same coordinates as the point in the KML. But the Shapefile says its CRS is Google Mercator. The coordinates would have to be different. The coordinates have not been reprojected. How did you create the Shapefile? – underdark Apr 21 '12 at 17:59
I made several iterations of the shp file. I originally had it projected to NAD83/MD and the last thing I tried was something else on this site that suggested Google Mercator. I created the shp files by importing them into QGIS and then saving them as ESRI shapefiles with NAD83/MD projection (or Google Mercator in that last instance). – haxwithaxe Apr 22 '12 at 17:37
I started over and exported the KMLs to shapefiles without touching them and then did the reprojection and buffering and it looks like it's working. – haxwithaxe Apr 23 '12 at 4:53
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18889 | Dealzmodo: Up to $500 Off Refurbished iMacs
The Apple special deals store has restocked their iMacs and are offering savings up to $500. There is $500 off a 20-inch iMac with a 2GHz Inel Duo Core processor, 512MB memory, 250GB hard drive, CD/DVD burner and more for $1199 after savings. They also have $150 off a 17-inch iMac ($1049 final price) and $300 off a 24-inch iMac ($1699 final price). For the best bang for the buck, go with the $500-off deal. It's the cheapest for the speed.
Product Page [Via Dealhack] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18891 | A Facebook Phone?
According to TechCrunch's Michael Arrington's sources, Facebook is creating its own cellphone. As the story goes, they're building the OS, and have tasked a hardware manufacturer to build everything else. Anyone else think this sounds like a Facebook-flavored Peek?
Scared by Google's impending Nexus One (which was announced back in January of this year), Facebook supposedly began planning their phone. Something that would integrate Facebook contacts more deeply than anything Android or any other platforms had done before.
Arrington scribed on a blog post this morning that two Facebook employees, Joe Hewitt and Matthew Papakipos are leading the charge on the OS, using their previous careers as Firefox browser creator and Chrome OS builder (respectively) to launch something Facebook can be proud of. Whether the rest of the world would be proud carrying a Facebook phone is another matter entirely—though I don't have any doubts that this would be a very affordable phone aimed at the young 'uns, if it does amount to something other than speculation. [TechCrunch] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18893 | A series of unfortunate events: a confused helicopter pilot accidentally gives a signal that he's been hijacked. British RAF fighters are scrambled so quickly to shoot the thing down, they go supersonic. Brits down below fear explosions and earthquakes. Boom.
The Aviationist recounts the air force farce, which went down yesterday over English skies:
At 18.10LT on Thursday Apr. 12 emergency agency telephone switch boards started receiving reports of a large bang or explosion that could be heard all over the southern UK.
It took a couple of hours before the reason for the mysterious bang was made public.
Hijacking Panic Sends Terrifying Sonic Booms Over EnglandS
The frightened public had no idea that bang was caused by a group of Typhoon jets on 24/7 watch against terror threats. When the word went out (erroneously) that a helicopter had been hijacked (how does that even happen?), they roared off to intercept. Roared off so fast that they hit mach 1.2, and cracked a giant sonic boom that literally shook the ground below: "Even the British Geological Survery was contacted to see if the UK had suffered an earthquake."
Of course, this was all for naught. There was no hijacking. The chopper pilot realized the severe bollocking he'd just caused and reversed his hijacking alert, but of course by then it was too late—he's just lucky he didn't get a missile up his rotor. But, hey, bravo to the RAF—they'll certainly need that itchy sonic trigger finger when Olympics hysteria hits London. [The Aviationist] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18894 | How to Get the Classic Mac Sounds Back Into OS X Mountain LionS
This morning I had a bad case of nostalgia. I listened to the classic "Quack" Macintosh system alert sound in a YouTube video and I thought about the good old days, when computing felt magical and smelled of new.
Of course, there was no Quack in the Sound preferences pane. Apple got rid of all the good sounds in OS X except for Sosumi—pronounced So Sue Me, the cheeky f*ck you sound added to the Mac in System 7, after their long trademark battle with the Beatles/Apple Corps was settled.
Thankfully, the internet came to the rescue and I quickly got a zip with every classic Mac system sound. Here's how to install those sounds (or any other sound in the AIFF format) in OS X Mountain Lion and every other version of OS X.
• First, get the old Mac vintage sounds here. The ZIP file will unpack in your Downloads folder.
• Once they are downloaded, click on the Go menu in Mountain Lion's Finder holding the option key pressed. You will see the Library folder. Apple hid the Library folder because it thinks it confuses users, but you can easily access it in this way.
• Look for the Sounds folder inside Library.
• Drag and drop the sounds you want inside that folder.
• Open System preferences and click on the Sound icon.
• Click on Sound Effects and you will see all the new sounds there, listed as Custom.
Enjoy your Quacks. And your Wild Eeps too!
Image by Vasyl Helevachuk/Shutterstock |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18909 | Which Comes First: Depression or Weight Gain?
Don't address your weight before your mental health
For many people, weight is depressing. Whether consequent to society's hateful weight biases, which expose individuals with obesity to mood-killing bullying, scorn and discrimination, or to personally held beliefs and attitudes, there's little doubt that weight is often a huge psychological burden.
[See When Science Met The Biggest Loser.]
There's little doubt, too, that those who struggle with both weight and depression often feel a tight relationship between them, that their depression would lift were they to lose weight. And for some it does.
A recent meta-analysis of the impact of intentional non-pharmacologic weight-loss programs on depression revealed that indeed weight loss is associated with an improvement in mood. But that's not the whole story. And so, before you rush out and join a weight-loss program, you need to know that the mood benefits shown occurred in folks enrolled in behavioral weight-loss programs, regardless of whether or not they lost weight. In other words, it wasn't the losing that was helping mood, it was something else.
The researchers believe that most likely mood was shown to improve due to either exercise or the social support offered by the programs themselves.
[See Are You Exercising for the Right Reasons?]
There's another proviso to the aforementioned results. The folks whose moods improved weren't clinically depressed to begin with. For those who are mired in the throes of a full-blown clinical depression, intentional weight loss is likely not a wise first step and, in fact, it's a first step that's usually aggressively discouraged.
[See How to Handle Extreme Stress.]
That's not to say that a person's weight might not be fueling their lowered mood, just that successful weight management necessitates the ability to plan, organize and concentrate. And for people dealing with a true clinical depression, those are challenging, if not impossible, traits to maintain.
To help illustrate what I'm getting at, let's use a marathon analogy. Successful weight loss is no doubt a marathon – perhaps even the world's most difficult marathon. Unlike a typical marathon, the effort involved in maintaining a weight loss is ongoing and lifelong, whereas a typical marathon actually has a finish line. So if your plan were to run a marathon, would you start your race if you had a sprained ankle? Probably not, as the likelihood of you completing a typical marathon (let alone a never-ending one) that you began with a sprained ankle is virtually zero.
[See The Most Important Skill for Weight Management.]
The analogy here is clear. Starting an intentional weight-loss effort in the midst of a poorly managed clinical depression is like starting a marathon with a badly sprained ankle. My advice is straightforward. If you're suffering with depression, before you consider a weight-loss effort, and even if your weight is playing into your low mood, you're better off treating your mood before your weight. You feeling like a failure because you couldn't finish the never-ending marathon you started with a sprained ankle sure isn't likely to help with anything.
Yoni Freedhoff, MD, is an assistant professor of family medicine at the University of Ottawa, where he's the founder and medical director of the Bariatric Medical Institute—dedicated to non-surgical weight management since 2004. Dr. Freedhoff sounds off daily on his award-winning blog, Weighty Matters, and you can follow him on Twitter @YoniFreedhoff. Dr. Freedhoff's latest book, The Diet Fix: Why Everything You've Been Taught About Dieting is Wrong and the 10-Day Plan to Fix It, will be published by Random House's Crown/Harmony in 2014. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18911 | Hawaii, USA
The Hawaiian Islands are the exposed peaks of the end of a long undersea mountain range known as the Hawaii-Emperor Seamount Chain.
Standing at 4,205 metres above sea level, Mauna Kea is Hawaii’s largest volcano; however, if measured from its base on the sea floor, it is taller than Mount Everest.
The Hawaiian Archipelago is the most isolated group of islands in the world and contains more endemic species than the Galapagos Islands.
The nēnē, or Hawaiian goose, is endemic to Hawaii and is honoured as the Hawaii State Bird; it is the rarest goose in the world.
The Hawaiian Islands are thought to have been settled as long as 1,600 years ago by Polynesian people who sailed 3,800 kilometres from the Marquesas Islands.
Surfing was a central part of ancient Polynesian culture in Hawaii, using specially constructed surfboards made of restructured canoes or wooden planks.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18912 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What's the best method to use a temperature controller during fermentation? If you're using a freezer (or warming apparatus) connected to the controller, how do you compensate for the fact that the wort's interior temperature can be several degrees higher than the air temperature around the fermentor?
In answering a recent question about temperature control inside a freezer, mdma stated:
Finally, if you want to be really sure what your fermentation temperature is, it's best to add a thermowell and a separate thermometer. Don't be tempted to use the controller thermometer to both measure and control the wort temperature - the wort changes temperature very slowly, and the controller will overshoot massively, causing everything else in the freezer to be frozen.
This was enlightening to me. I just bought a temp controller and until reading this post I had been planning to put the controller probe into the thermowell. If I understand what mdma is saying, because the relatively dense mass of the wort will not change temperature as quickly as the surrounding air, by the time the probe in the thermowell has reached the target temperature, the air surrounding the fermentor will have dropped considerably farther. Then the ambient temp will continue to chill the wort itself, resulting in a lower-than-expected wort temp and wider swings in temp as the controller cycles cooling on and off, thus defeating the goal of maintaining a consistent temperature.
(Side note: I suspect that when fermenting ales at room temperatures, the rest of the freezer is unlikely to get all the way down to freezing temperatures, but it would still be a significant variance.)
So how do you balance between air temp and wort temp? Do you just keep an eye on it and adjust the controller if the difference is significant? How much do you compensate between air temp and wort temp?
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Regardless of whether you are heating or cooling you simply need to equilibrate the wort to the temp of the freezer (in your example). Meaning chilling the wort to the temp you expect to ferment at. I have never had the problems that mdma describes in the quote you provide.
Don't put 80F wort in a carboy into a freezer unit and set it to 65F, that will create the problem mdma describes. Chill to 63-67F first. IF you can't do that with your chilling, method, then put the fermentor in there first without the probe on it. Let it equilibrate, then attach (or insert) the temp probe to the vessel/wort.
If you start with just a degree or two of difference between the ambient temp and the wort temp things will work out fine. I tend to tape the probe to the side of my fermentor. I tape a small hand towel that's been folded over a couple times against the fermentor to make an insulated pocket. Then slide the probe in there against the carboy/bucket directly.
You also can to play with the differential settings on the controller too. That will ensure the device cuts out prior to things getting too far away from your set point. Say you are trying to cool to a set-point of 50F, setting the differential to cut out at 55F will let the carboy "catch up" to the chilled air before the freezer comes on again. If the differential is set to 51F you are likely to overshoot.
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I'm curious about why you tape the probe to the exterior of the fermentor instead of using a thermowell. Wouldn't the reading be more accurate from the middle of the vessel with a thermowell? I've read in several places opinions from people who don't like thermowells, but I haven't yet read a good explanation of why. – Galapagos Jim Feb 7 '12 at 0:13
In theory measuring in the center might be more accurate, but in reality the temperature monitored at the side is the same. If you've ever used a carboy for fermentation and see how much its stirring itself around the temperature is pretty homogenous throughout the vessel. That and I don't want to clean and sanitize another piece of stuff going into the carboy. – brewchez Feb 7 '12 at 1:34
+1 to taping the thermometer's probe to the outside of a fermentation vessel. From Yeast by Chris White and Jamil Zainasheff: "[One] option is just taping the controller probe to the outside of the fermentor. If you do this, you must cover the probe with some sort of insulation. ... As long as there is any fermentation activity in the fermentor, the temperature will be the same throughout the beer." p. 103 -- Hope this helps. – Dustin Rasener Feb 7 '12 at 3:08
+1 good to hear you're not getting these problems, brewchez, but how do you chill the wort to the desired temperature to avoid the large fluctuations - isn't that what the temp the controller is for? I find taping on the outside is the best compromise and allows the freezer to still be used for storing other things. I had written a paragraph about taping the probe to the outside in my quoted answer, but it was already getting too long so I pulled it. – mdma Feb 7 '12 at 8:05
I have a temp controller as well, and I don't use it to cool just-boiled wort unless I have to. I have an immersion chiller, and I always try to pitch yeast a degree or two below my target fermentation temperature. The only time I have trouble getting the wort to ~65 is in the summertime, when the cold-water spigot is too warm (lagering is a similar problem). In these cases, I chill the wort as far as I can with the chiller, then put the un-pitched wort in the temp controller to get down to fermentation temp. See: homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/4629/… – Dustin Rasener Feb 7 '12 at 12:28
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18938 | The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
One of the ways that Gort fights when he goes into offensive mode is that his entire huge body breaks down into a swarm of self-replicating microbots that look like metal insects. These microbots are tiny, but visible to the naked eye, and they fly in a giant formation, breaking down all organic substances in their path (buildings, trucks, humans). Basically they seem like a flying gray goo, or a nanotech disaster that eats everything. But they aren't. They are actually more like swarming microbots, a technology that's being developed in several labs across the world right now.
The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
Most microbots look something like this one, a model used in the i-Swarm project where many tiny robots move in tandem and communicate with each other. Bots like this are the size of an insect, and are intended to behave like them too. They contain a microchip and can walk or fly, communicate via radio with each other or a home base, and may contain sensors that measure everything from the visual field to movement and sound. Right now, these kinds of swarming bots could be used as surveillance devices - scatter them over a wide area of enemy territory, and they can sense the movements of tanks or troops. Or they could be used in a disaster area to climb inside hard-to-reach areas to find out if there are any survivors.
Other types of swarming microbots, such as the magnetic swarming bots being developed at Carnegie Mellon, could easily become the tiny components of a giant robot like Gort. These bots, which you can see in the video from New Scientist below, can bond together to form any shape using magnets along their edges that they can turn on and off at will. So sometimes thousands of them might bond together into a giant robot shape. Then they could turn off their magnets and break into a million tiny pieces that eat through hardened military bases the way Gort does. Or that fly through Central Park in a massive, self-replicating swarm.
Gort is also based on the theoretical idea of a bot swarm that produces what's called a "utility fog," proposed by molecular manufacturing researcher J Storrs Hall and others. Basically a utility fog is a highly-advanced version of the magnetic swarming bots. But instead of magnets, they are covered in tiny robotic arms that can link many individual bots (called foglets) together in a lattice structure. The bots are small enough that when they link together they would create what appears to be a smooth surface - just like Gort's smooth, silvery body.
The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
When they break apart, they form a "fog," just like the flowing, oozing shape that Gort takes when he breaks down into the microbots and they fly back to New York City. Explains Hall:
Right now, the utility fog is just theoretical, but the i-Swarm bots and the magntic microbots are being perfected in the lab. The ultimate goal is to create something like Gort, capable of taking many forms to get a job done. Hopefully, though, our swarm bots will never have the job of scouring humans from the Earth.
Shape-Shifting Robot Forms from Magnetic Swarms [via New Scientist]
Utility Fog [via Nanotech Now]
i-swarm [via i-swarm] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18939 | Sydney Dust Storm Proves Geoengineering the Oceans Could WorkS
Scientists commissioned to track the effects of the Sydney dust storm have found something intriguing - a massive growth spurt in nearby ocean algae growth, which could help counteract global warming. Could the storm be proof-of-concept for geoengineering the oceans?
The dust storm accomplished something that geoengineers call "ocean fertilization." When the storm hit Sydney, it dumped an estimated three million tonnes of Australian desert dust into Sydney Harbour and the Tasman Straight. That dust brought nitrogen and phosphate to the waters, providing food to microscopic phytoplankton, whose population numbers rapidly tripled (which is what you see in the image above). And that in turn may rapidly expand the population of local fish, too. Boosting the lower levels of the food chain can easily lead to population growth at the higher rungs.
But ocean fertilization isn't just a way to help the fishing industry, and feed hungry Australians. There are some even more interesting results that come from rapidly hurling piles of dirt into the ocean - results that could slow climate change.
Sydney Dust Storm Proves Geoengineering the Oceans Could WorkS
Ocean fertilization can trap atmospheric carbon. First, the excess algae absorb carbon dioxide; then, when the algae dies and sinks to the bottom of the ocean, the carbon it has absorbed is isolated from the atmosphere for a few thousand years. Of course, the effectiveness of this is hotly disputed. An article recently published in Nature tracked a natural influx of high levels of iron into the ocean around the Crozet Islands, and the carbon uptake was 50 times lower than previously estimated. This study, as most others on the subject, focused on iron rather than nitrogen, and there is some argument that natural intake will produce different effects than deliberately dumping tonnes of the material into the ocean. Geoengineering could promote different phytoplanktons to develop. The location of the experiment also has a lot to do with what grows and how much carbon it traps.
The final effect that this explosion of algae could produce? It could help cool the planet. Certain plankton species produce dimethyl sulfide, which works its way into the atmosphere, and eventually transforms into clouds, increasing the reflectivity of the Earth, and lowering its temperature.
So, by taking tonnes of desert dirt (something Australia is in no way short of), and flushing it into the ocean, we can potentially rejuvenate flagging fish populations, trap atmospheric carbon dioxide and lower the Earth's albedo. That's a hell of a way to hack the planet. Except no-one's sure if it actually works yet, with iron or nitrogen.
Sydney Dust Storm Proves Geoengineering the Oceans Could WorkS
Now Australian geoengineers Ian Jones and Associate Professor Rob Wheen, both of Sydney University, want to inject 2.5 tonnes of nitrogen-rich urea into a controlled area of the sea and try to replicate the effect. They claim that nourishing a 20km wide patch of water could significantly boost catch numbers for small-scale artisanal fishing industries.
The process still very controversial, and the act of massively changing the makeup of the biosphere is practically begging for algae to take over the ocean as we know it and start belching sulfurous fumes into the air. Jones is also the head of the Ocean Nourishment Corporation, a private group who are attempting to use urea to boost phytoplankton numbers, and gain carbon credits to sell, which perhaps makes him a less than unbiased figure to ask about the whole topic.
Still, the Sydney dust storms have given us the first solid evidence that ocean nourishment can affect algae blooms. And as far as geoengineering goes, ocean fertilization uses techniques and technology readily available. If the mechanisms of action are shown to be effective, Jones and Wheen's project could be rolled out easily. The research on it is already underway, and it's now a working concept. Your oceans could be massively reengineered soon, without requiring significant hardware developments.
Dust storm triggers ocean bloom [ABC Science] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18941 |
What many people don't realize, however, is the intimate tie between Steinman's Nobel Prize-winning work and the disease that claimed his life. In 1973, Steinman co-discovered a new class of immune cells, known as dendritic cells, that play an important role in regulating the body's immune system in response to disease. When Steinman was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2007, he turned to his work in dendritic cells for a therapeutic answer.
Now, Nature's Lauren Gravitz, who knew Steinman personally, has written an excellent feature on how Steinman's personal battle with cancer managed to move the entire field of immunology forward. Gravitz writes:
Researchers across the field were eager to help the man who had always been generous with his time and knowledge. "Ralph was a collaborator, a competitor, but before everything he was a friend," says Jacques Banchereau, who began working with Steinman in the early 1990s and is now head of inflammation and virology at Roche in Nutley, New Jersey.
"Everybody around the world who had something to share came forward, and he analysed and chose what looked most promising," says Sarah Schlesinger, a physician–researcher at Rockefeller who worked closely with Steinman and oversaw many of his experimental treatments. "We worked with dozens of colleagues, who helped in designing his therapy, evaluating the tumour and evaluating his immune response, and many worked with us to create single-patient protocols to treat him with experimental immunotherapy that went through the FDA [US Food and Drug Administration]."
You can read Gravitz's article in its entirety (no subscription required) over at Nature News. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/18942 | Feast your eyes on this enormous ferry that carries 1500 passengers with zero emissionsS
The company FutureShip has created an enormous concept ferry that runs entirely using alternative energy — and it could be carrying passengers on short trips in just five years. Its designers boast that the ferry is a zero emissions vessel. But how can that be?
First, it's designed with a lot of batteries. Maritime Propulsion has the story:
The surplus electricity generated by wind turbines in northern Germany and Denmark is to be used to produce hydrogen. This can be transformed back into electrical energy by the fuel cells on board the ship in order to supply the electrical pod drives. Any excess electricity is stored in batteries to cover peaks in demand. Modern hull lines, optimized propeller shapes and efficient procedures in port play a vital role in reducing the overall energy needs.
These ferries are also using less energy because they're designed for short trips of a day or two before it bunkers.
Here are more of the specs, according to Maritime Propulsion:
Diesel engines and gas turbines had to be ruled out, with a mix of photovoltaic systems, fuel cells and Flettner rotors crystallizing out as being the most suitable solution. The design process yielded a double-ended ferry with space for 1,500 passengers and 2,200 lane metres for vehicles. Located on deck, the hydrogen tanks can accommodate 140 cubic metres - enough for a passage of 48 hours. Deep down in the belly of the ship, where they do not take up space unnecessarily, the fuel cells offer a rated power of 8,300 kilowatts and the storage batteries a capacity of 2,400 kilowatt-hours. The nominal speed of the ferries is set at 17 knots - the parameter used for sizing the fuel cells. To accelerate up to 18 knots, the four three-megawatt pod drives draw additional current from the batteries.
Read the whole article on this ship that is a glimpse of the future on Maritime Propulsion's website. |
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