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msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_231831491#15_525369983
Title: Easy Beef Empanadas Recipe (Baked) - The Anthony Kitchen Headings: Beef Empanadas Recipe Beef Empanadas Recipe WATCH THIS! TAK'S COOKING WITH KELLY WHAT ARE EMPANADAS? WHERE DO EMPANADAS COME FROM? ABOUT EMPANADA DOUGH EMPANADA DOUGH INGREDIENTS WHAT PREMADE DOUGH CAN I USE FOR EMPANADAS? HOW TO MAKE EMPANADA DOUGH FOOD PROCESSOR METHOD EMPANADA DOUGH BY HAND BEEF EMPANADA FILLING HOW TO MAKE BEEF EMPANADAS SQUARES OVER CIRCLES TIPS FOR MAKING BEEF EMPANADAS EMPANADA STORAGE INFORMATION CAN YOU MAKE EMPANADAS IN ADVANCE? HOW TO REHEAT EMPANADAS? 5 MORE MEXICAN RECIPES YOU’LL LOVE Beef Empanada Recipe Prep Time Cook Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Homemade Empanada Dough Prep Time Chill Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Content: Course: Appetizer, Main Course Cuisine: Mexican Keyword: Beef Empanadas Servings: 14 Calories: 225 kcal Author: Kelly Anthony Ingredients 2 store-bought pie crusts or 2 dough rounds of homemade Empanada dough 1 pound 80/20 ground beef 1 (1 ounce) package of taco seasoning 1 1/4 cup freshly grated Cheddar cheese 1 large egg 1 tablespoon water Instructions Place a large sauté pan over medium-high heat and allow to come to temperature. Add the beef, break apart, and sprinkle with taco seasoning. Cook for 5-7 minutes, until the beef, is cooked through. Set aside to cool.
https://www.theanthonykitchen.com/beef-empanadas-recipe/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_231831491#16_525371612
Title: Easy Beef Empanadas Recipe (Baked) - The Anthony Kitchen Headings: Beef Empanadas Recipe Beef Empanadas Recipe WATCH THIS! TAK'S COOKING WITH KELLY WHAT ARE EMPANADAS? WHERE DO EMPANADAS COME FROM? ABOUT EMPANADA DOUGH EMPANADA DOUGH INGREDIENTS WHAT PREMADE DOUGH CAN I USE FOR EMPANADAS? HOW TO MAKE EMPANADA DOUGH FOOD PROCESSOR METHOD EMPANADA DOUGH BY HAND BEEF EMPANADA FILLING HOW TO MAKE BEEF EMPANADAS SQUARES OVER CIRCLES TIPS FOR MAKING BEEF EMPANADAS EMPANADA STORAGE INFORMATION CAN YOU MAKE EMPANADAS IN ADVANCE? HOW TO REHEAT EMPANADAS? 5 MORE MEXICAN RECIPES YOU’LL LOVE Beef Empanada Recipe Prep Time Cook Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Homemade Empanada Dough Prep Time Chill Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Content: 225 kcal Author: Kelly Anthony Ingredients 2 store-bought pie crusts or 2 dough rounds of homemade Empanada dough 1 pound 80/20 ground beef 1 (1 ounce) package of taco seasoning 1 1/4 cup freshly grated Cheddar cheese 1 large egg 1 tablespoon water Instructions Place a large sauté pan over medium-high heat and allow to come to temperature. Add the beef, break apart, and sprinkle with taco seasoning. Cook for 5-7 minutes, until the beef, is cooked through. Set aside to cool. Transfer the beef to a mixing bowl and stir in the cheese. Preheat the oven to 400° and have ready 2 baking sheets lined with either parchment paper or a silicone baking mat. Prepare the egg wash by whisking together the egg and the water. Set aside until ready to use. Working with one at a time, roll out the dough into a rectangle so that it is no more than an 1/8" thick.
https://www.theanthonykitchen.com/beef-empanadas-recipe/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_231831491#17_525373524
Title: Easy Beef Empanadas Recipe (Baked) - The Anthony Kitchen Headings: Beef Empanadas Recipe Beef Empanadas Recipe WATCH THIS! TAK'S COOKING WITH KELLY WHAT ARE EMPANADAS? WHERE DO EMPANADAS COME FROM? ABOUT EMPANADA DOUGH EMPANADA DOUGH INGREDIENTS WHAT PREMADE DOUGH CAN I USE FOR EMPANADAS? HOW TO MAKE EMPANADA DOUGH FOOD PROCESSOR METHOD EMPANADA DOUGH BY HAND BEEF EMPANADA FILLING HOW TO MAKE BEEF EMPANADAS SQUARES OVER CIRCLES TIPS FOR MAKING BEEF EMPANADAS EMPANADA STORAGE INFORMATION CAN YOU MAKE EMPANADAS IN ADVANCE? HOW TO REHEAT EMPANADAS? 5 MORE MEXICAN RECIPES YOU’LL LOVE Beef Empanada Recipe Prep Time Cook Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Homemade Empanada Dough Prep Time Chill Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Content: Transfer the beef to a mixing bowl and stir in the cheese. Preheat the oven to 400° and have ready 2 baking sheets lined with either parchment paper or a silicone baking mat. Prepare the egg wash by whisking together the egg and the water. Set aside until ready to use. Working with one at a time, roll out the dough into a rectangle so that it is no more than an 1/8" thick. Cut into squares about 3 1/2" x 3 1/2". Dip your finger in the egg wash and run it along the perimeter of empanada dough. Add a tablespoon of filling to the center of the dough round. Gently bring the edges of empanada upward to meet in the middle, and pinch firmly to seal. Fold the edges over and decoratively crimp with a fork, if desired.
https://www.theanthonykitchen.com/beef-empanadas-recipe/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_231831491#18_525375287
Title: Easy Beef Empanadas Recipe (Baked) - The Anthony Kitchen Headings: Beef Empanadas Recipe Beef Empanadas Recipe WATCH THIS! TAK'S COOKING WITH KELLY WHAT ARE EMPANADAS? WHERE DO EMPANADAS COME FROM? ABOUT EMPANADA DOUGH EMPANADA DOUGH INGREDIENTS WHAT PREMADE DOUGH CAN I USE FOR EMPANADAS? HOW TO MAKE EMPANADA DOUGH FOOD PROCESSOR METHOD EMPANADA DOUGH BY HAND BEEF EMPANADA FILLING HOW TO MAKE BEEF EMPANADAS SQUARES OVER CIRCLES TIPS FOR MAKING BEEF EMPANADAS EMPANADA STORAGE INFORMATION CAN YOU MAKE EMPANADAS IN ADVANCE? HOW TO REHEAT EMPANADAS? 5 MORE MEXICAN RECIPES YOU’LL LOVE Beef Empanada Recipe Prep Time Cook Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Homemade Empanada Dough Prep Time Chill Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Content: Cut into squares about 3 1/2" x 3 1/2". Dip your finger in the egg wash and run it along the perimeter of empanada dough. Add a tablespoon of filling to the center of the dough round. Gently bring the edges of empanada upward to meet in the middle, and pinch firmly to seal. Fold the edges over and decoratively crimp with a fork, if desired. Repeat for each empanada. Transfer to the prepared baking sheet, and brush lightly with the egg wash. Bake for 22-24 minutes, until or until golden. Allow to cool slightly, serve and enjoy. Recipe Notes If you are making the Empanada Dough from scratch, you'll need to add 10-15 minutes to the prep time and allow for two hours of chill time.
https://www.theanthonykitchen.com/beef-empanadas-recipe/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_231831491#22_525382980
Title: Easy Beef Empanadas Recipe (Baked) - The Anthony Kitchen Headings: Beef Empanadas Recipe Beef Empanadas Recipe WATCH THIS! TAK'S COOKING WITH KELLY WHAT ARE EMPANADAS? WHERE DO EMPANADAS COME FROM? ABOUT EMPANADA DOUGH EMPANADA DOUGH INGREDIENTS WHAT PREMADE DOUGH CAN I USE FOR EMPANADAS? HOW TO MAKE EMPANADA DOUGH FOOD PROCESSOR METHOD EMPANADA DOUGH BY HAND BEEF EMPANADA FILLING HOW TO MAKE BEEF EMPANADAS SQUARES OVER CIRCLES TIPS FOR MAKING BEEF EMPANADAS EMPANADA STORAGE INFORMATION CAN YOU MAKE EMPANADAS IN ADVANCE? HOW TO REHEAT EMPANADAS? 5 MORE MEXICAN RECIPES YOU’LL LOVE Beef Empanada Recipe Prep Time Cook Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Homemade Empanada Dough Prep Time Chill Time Total Time Ingredients Instructions Recipe Notes Nutrition Facts Content: Pulse until evenly incorporated. Add the butter and shortening cubes, a few pieces at a time with the motor running, until all fats are incorporated and pea-sized clumps begin to form. Slowly drizzle in a ½ cup of water, pulsing all the while. Transfer the mixture to a mixing bowl and knead until the mixture comes together. ( If you do not have a food processor, use a pastry blender and a large mixing bowl to cut in the fats, and a sturdy wooden spoon to stir in the water.) Cut the
https://www.theanthonykitchen.com/beef-empanadas-recipe/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_231852509#6_525421282
Title: Best Pork Tenderloin Recipe Headings: Best Pork Tenderloin Recipe Best Pork Tenderloin Recipe SECRETS FOR THE BEST PORK TENDERLOIN RECIPE THE BRINE IS THE DIFFERENCE MAKER USE A FLAVORFUL MUSTARD RUB COOKING PORK TENDERLOIN IN THE OVEN THE BEST WAY TO COOK PORK TENDERLOIN COOK TIME AND TEMPERATURE FOR PORK TENDERLOIN MORE PORK RECIPES YOU’LL LOVE Best Pork Tenderloin Recipe Prep Time Cook Time Brine for Total Time Ingredients Instructions Nutrition Facts % Daily Value* Content: However, I pull my pork tenderloin from the oven closer to 140° as it will continue to cook a bit as it sits on the counter to cool. Once you pull these beauties out of the oven, you’ll find the smell alone is to die for, but trust me, the taste is even better. I served this tenderloin to a crowd and there was unanimous approval all across the board. Little did they know, it only took a few simple steps to get a flavor that’s absolutely out of this world. I think it’s safe to say this Pork tenderloin has earned its spot back into the dinnertime rotation. MORE PORK RECIPES YOU’LL LOVE Pork Steaks are a budget-friendly cut of pork, rich in marbling and loaded with big flavor! They cook up fast in the skillet and end up on your plate swimming under a sea of savory Brown Onion Gravy. BBQ Pulled Pork in the Slow Cooker requires only a simple amount of prep and incredible flavor. Serve on a bun with coleslaw and pickles for a weeknight dinner, or on top of a Pulled Pork Salad for a healthier dinner option. Crispy Baked Pork Chops with Panko Breading always bake up tender and never dry.
https://www.theanthonykitchen.com/best-pork-tenderloin-recipe/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_233261729#5_529149305
Title: Marxism, Postmodernism, and Critical Race Theory - The Aquila Report Headings: Marxism, Postmodernism, and Critical Race Theory Marxism, Postmodernism, and Critical Race Theory A Christian critique of postmodernism (and theories like CRT) is not purely negative, as it begins with the recognition that truth-claims cannot be divorced from a story about all of reality. Written by Brant Bosserman | Tuesday, June 30, 2020 Marxism Postmodernism Critical Race Theory (CRT) Popular Movements Important: Free Subscription Special Content: The only way to advance society to a more just state of affairs is by the unification of the proletariat against the ruling class by way of violent revolution. The ruling class, after all, has no incentive to alter a system which has served it well. After the proletariat overturns the previous state and effects a more balanced distribution of resources/power, they too will, in many instances, set up a government that better serves some over others, but perhaps less so than the previous government. Thus, they too will likely have to be met by violent revolution, until at some point this oscillation between ruling/ruled classes births a communist eutopia marked by the equal distribution of wealth and labor among all citizens In this ideal condition, there may not be any need for rulers, political orders, or even law-enforcement. Due to the facts that Marxist revolutions were (a) the leading ideological cause of death in the 20th century (claiming 100 million+ lives), and (b) widely regarded as unsuccessful at achieving more just conditions than had previously prevailed, the strict theory had fallen on rather hard times by the end of the 1900’s. Postmodernism Postmodernism is a philosophical movement with fuzzy boundaries encompassing a variety of philosophers (the later Heidegger, Derrida, Foucault, etc.), and overlapping with other philosophical schools (feminism, neo-Marxism, etc.). At its roots, postmodernism is radically relativist, which is to say that it denies the reality of objective moral standards that ought to govern human conduct everywhere and at all times. At the same time, it attempts to offer broad strategies for how to affect some sort of justice between fundamentally different visions of the world that prevail in different communities. Broadly speaking, postmodern political theories share with classical Marxists a deep suspicion of all prevailing power structures;
https://www.theaquilareport.com/marxism-postmodernism-and-critical-race-theory/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_233261729#6_529151975
Title: Marxism, Postmodernism, and Critical Race Theory - The Aquila Report Headings: Marxism, Postmodernism, and Critical Race Theory Marxism, Postmodernism, and Critical Race Theory A Christian critique of postmodernism (and theories like CRT) is not purely negative, as it begins with the recognition that truth-claims cannot be divorced from a story about all of reality. Written by Brant Bosserman | Tuesday, June 30, 2020 Marxism Postmodernism Critical Race Theory (CRT) Popular Movements Important: Free Subscription Special Content: Postmodernism Postmodernism is a philosophical movement with fuzzy boundaries encompassing a variety of philosophers (the later Heidegger, Derrida, Foucault, etc.), and overlapping with other philosophical schools (feminism, neo-Marxism, etc.). At its roots, postmodernism is radically relativist, which is to say that it denies the reality of objective moral standards that ought to govern human conduct everywhere and at all times. At the same time, it attempts to offer broad strategies for how to affect some sort of justice between fundamentally different visions of the world that prevail in different communities. Broadly speaking, postmodern political theories share with classical Marxists a deep suspicion of all prevailing power structures; not only of wealthy and powerful classes, but of the narratives (stories) with which we commend certain behaviors and condemn others; and of the manner in which language itself tends to favor some and suppress others. However, postmodernists have jettisoned the classical Marxist hope of achieving a utopia where perfect balance is finally achieved. More pessimistically, postmodernists are convinced that every political and social order, indeed, every language, is an assertion of power by some group over others. And it will always be that way.
https://www.theaquilareport.com/marxism-postmodernism-and-critical-race-theory/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_235055925#0_534624780
Title: Events | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Timeline | The Association of Religion Data Archives Headings: Founder Time Period Description Interactive Timeline (s) Browse Related Timeline Entries Religious Groups Biographies Photographs Book/Journal Source (s) Web Page Contributor Content: Events | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Timeline | The Association of Religion Data Archives Massachusetts Bay Colony All Timelines Events By Date Events By Name Biographies Movements By Name Religious Groups Founder English Puritans Time Period 1630 Description A group of Puritans, led by John Winthrop, established the Massachusetts Bay Colony after fleeing religious persecution in England. Since they rejected the existence of bishops and royal absolutism, they came into conflict with King Charles I. They received a charter from him to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which they settled in 1630. These Puritans, led by Governor John Winthrop, desired for Massachusetts to be an ideal Christian community under the providence of God. They emphasized obligation to God and each other but were not a formal theocracy. In fact, ministers held less power there anywhere in Europe at the time. They did, however, establish laws enforcing social distinctions and banning excessive displays of wealth. They also restricted the franchise in civil elections to (white male) church members. Interactive Timeline (s) Prominent Religious Events and People in American History Browse Related Timeline Entries Prominent Religious Events and People in American History Religious Groups Timeline Entries for the same religious group Anglicanism Family Anglicanism Family: Other ARDA Links Timeline Entries for the same religious group Congregationalists (UCC) Congregationalists (UCC): Other ARDA Links Biographies Winthrop, John Bradstreet, Anne Photographs Salem, Massachusetts- Internet Archive- from Ruth of Boston by James Otis John Winthrop statue- Architect of the Capitol National Statuary Hall Collection Massachusetts Bay Colony meeting- Internet Archive- from Ruth of Boston by James Otis Massachusetts Bay Colony puritans- US History Images Massachusetts Bay Colony charter- Internet Archive- from History of the Pilgrims and Puritans by Joseph Dillaway Sawyer Book/Journal Source (s) Queen, Edward, Stephen Prothero and Gardiner Shattuck, 1996.
https://www.thearda.com/timeline/events/event_55.asp
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_239143656#2_543771114
Title: How to Screen Print T-Shirts at Home |The Art of Doing Stuff Headings: How to Screen Print at Home How to Screen Print What materials are needed for screen printing? Pick & Print an Image TIP How to make a screen printing frame. Photo Emulsion 1. In your dark room, run a bead of emulsion across the top of your screen. Exposing Your Screen The best way for you to expose the screen is with a 150 watt lightbulb. 1. Place a light with a 150 watt lightbulb shining down onto a black matte surface. Bristol board would work well. 3. Place the prepared screen on your black matte background. The “back” of the screen (the non recessed part) will be facing up. TIP The actual Screen Printing! 1. Lay your tee shirt out and smooth it. 2. Put your newly created silk screen over your tee shirt so the recessed side of the screen is facing upwards. 4. Drag the paint over your image with your squeegee without applying pressure . This is called flooding the image. 5. Then, going in the same direction, run over the image with the squeegee again with some pressure to push the ink through the screen on to the fabric. 7. Hang your piece to dry. 9. When the ink is very dry, heat set the image by pressing it with a dry iron. TIP How to Screen Print at Home Materials Instructions PICK AN IMAGE MAKING A FRAME COATING WITH PHOTO EMULSION EXPOSING YOUR SCREEN PRINTING! Notes →Follow me on Instagram where I often make a fool of myself← Content: So I simplified everything about screen printing at home so that virtually anyone could do it no matter how much space or money you have. As long as you have a 250v generator and a common counterfeiting machine in your house you’ll be good to go. Just kidding. You’re just going to need a strong lightbulb, a couple of pieces of glass and some screen printing ink for you to try out this t shirt printing technique yourself at home. How to Screen Print In this tutorial I’m going to show you how to make your own screen printing frame, how to burn it and how to use your frames to screen print on any fabric. So let me explain the type of screen printing I’ll be showing you. It is screen printing with a light sensitive photo emulsion. In general terms, you paint a screen with light sensitive paint, let it cure, put your image on top of the paint when it’s dried and cure it under lights. The area of the screen that is covered up by your image will not get cured because it won’t be exposed to light. Therefore after your screen is “exposed”, all the area under your image will just wash away under water.
https://www.theartofdoingstuff.com/how-to-screen-printsilkscreening-at-home/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_241314225#3_548609044
Title: Walter Gropius Architecture, Bio, Ideas | TheArtStory Headings: Walter Gropius Walter Gropius German Architect Walter Gropius Summary of Walter Gropius Accomplishments Biography of Walter Gropius Important Art by Walter Gropius The Fagus Factory (1910) Sommerfeld House (1921) Monument to the March Dead (1922) Influences and Connections Useful Resources on Walter Gropius Books Share Content: through preparatory training for these people in the crafts and technology" 8 of 9 "As to my practice, when I built my first house in the U.S.A. - which was my own - I made it a point to absorb into my own conception those features of the New England architectural tradition that I found still alive and adequate. This fusion of the regional spirit with a contemporary approach to design produced a house that I would never have built in Europe with its entirely different climatic, technical and psychological background" 9 of 9 Summary of Walter Gropius Not only was Walter Gropius one of the pioneers of modern architecture, he was the founder of the Bauhaus, a revolutionary art school in Germany. The Bauhaus replaced traditional teaching methods with a flexible artistic community, focusing on a collaborative approach to learning and the creation of integrated design projects. Later, the Bauhaus also incorporated mass production techniques into its output, designing objects and buildings for a wide audience. The school taught some of the most famous names in modernism as well as attracting established artists working within the fields. Despite its relatively short-lived existence, the Bauhaus and the design styles associated with it were hugely influential on a global scale, but particularly so in the United States where many of the artists moved before and during the Second World War to escape persecution by the Nazis. Accomplishments Gropius believed that all design should be approached through a study of the problems that needed to be addressed and he consequently followed the modernist principle that functionality should dictate form. He applied these beliefs to wider social issues, designing affordable housing in the interwar period and seeking to improve physical conditions for factory workers through his architecture. As well as pushing boundaries in architectural design, Gropius also experimented with innovative building and assembly techniques using prefabricated units and new materials such as reinforced concrete. Similar ideas were later utilised to create cheap, mass produced housing in the 1940s (known as prefabs).
https://www.theartstory.org/artist/gropius-walter/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_242473967#3_550865298
Title: The Progression of American Art Movements | TheArtStory Headings: American Art - History and Concepts American Art - History and Concepts Native American Art Folk Art American Architecture Hudson River School (1826-70) Luminism (1850-75) Tonalism (1870-1915) American Impressionism (1880-1920) Ashcan School (1900-15) Photography: Pictorialism, Straight Photography, and Beyond (1902-Present) Synchromism (1912-24) Harlem Renaissance (1920 - early 1940s) Fourteenth Street School (1920-40) American Regionalism (1928-43) Social Realism (1929 - late 1950s) Abstract Expressionism, Color Field Painting, Post-Painterly and Hard-Edge Abstraction (1943-65) Neo-Dada (1952-70) Pop Art and Photorealism (mid 1950s-1970s) Minimalism and Post-Minimalism (1960 - Present) Earth Art and Environmental Art (1960s - Present) The Multinational Flavors of Postmodernism (1960s - Present) Do Not Miss The Important Artists and Works of American Art Related Movements & Topics Share Content: Boldly colored and outlined without modeling or shading, folk art portrayals were often intimate, depicting the sitter with a few objects that were of personal significance. Beginning his career as limner, Edward Hicks became famous for his The Peaceable Kingdom (1829-31), a work that expressed his Quaker values in a dynamic folk style. Folk art also drew upon African American traditions; in the 1880s Harriet Powers, a former slave, began exhibiting her quilts, depicting powerful narratives in bold color and geometric forms and patterns. American Architecture After the Revolutionary War, when the young nation was building its identity, early American architecture drew from British and Neoclassical architecture. Based on the work and theory of the Venetian Renaissance architect, Andrea Palladio, Neoclassicism was the dominant architectural style in 18 th- century Europe. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, was also an innovative architect, and his design for Monticello (1772-1809), his home in Virginia, exemplified the Neoclassical style, employing a Palladian portico with four colored columns. During his Presidency, his ideas also informed Benjamin Henry Latrobe's designs of the U.S. Capitol building, launching what became known as the Federal style, favored for official buildings. Developing around 1830 within the context of Neoclassicism, Beaux-Arts architecture rejected Neoclassicism's formality to incorporate elements from Renaissance, Baroque, and Late Gothic architecture. In the United States, the Beaux-Arts style, led by Richard Morris Hunt, became known as the "American Renaissance," or "American Classicism."
https://www.theartstory.org/definition/american-art/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_242473967#6_550873662
Title: The Progression of American Art Movements | TheArtStory Headings: American Art - History and Concepts American Art - History and Concepts Native American Art Folk Art American Architecture Hudson River School (1826-70) Luminism (1850-75) Tonalism (1870-1915) American Impressionism (1880-1920) Ashcan School (1900-15) Photography: Pictorialism, Straight Photography, and Beyond (1902-Present) Synchromism (1912-24) Harlem Renaissance (1920 - early 1940s) Fourteenth Street School (1920-40) American Regionalism (1928-43) Social Realism (1929 - late 1950s) Abstract Expressionism, Color Field Painting, Post-Painterly and Hard-Edge Abstraction (1943-65) Neo-Dada (1952-70) Pop Art and Photorealism (mid 1950s-1970s) Minimalism and Post-Minimalism (1960 - Present) Earth Art and Environmental Art (1960s - Present) The Multinational Flavors of Postmodernism (1960s - Present) Do Not Miss The Important Artists and Works of American Art Related Movements & Topics Share Content: Sullivan's Wainwright Building (1891) used a frieze with a decorative motif of celery-leaf foliage, decorative spandrels, and an elaborate entrance door. Such architectural motifs became popular for skyscrapers and high rises, as seen in New York's Decker Building (1892). Later, in the 20 th century, Art Deco was adapted to Public Works projects and iconic buildings such as William Van Alen's Chrysler Building (1930). Beginning in 1914, the International Style emphasized the use of steel, glass, and concrete. Emerging during the aftermath of World War I and viewed as reflecting the modern age, it was often used for postwar housing. Austrian architects Richard Neutra and R.M. Schindler introduced the style when they moved to America in the 1910 and worked with Frank Lloyd Wright. Though both men created notable International Style buildings, as seen by Neutra's Lovell Health House (1929), the aesthetic did not truly flourish in the United States until after World War II, when economic expansion led to a boom in skyscraper construction. Leading architects, including Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, came to the United States in the post-war period and taught a new generation of American architects, while designing notable buildings. Mies for instance, built the Seagram Building (1954-58) in New York and the campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago (completed in 1956). The International Style, with its glass curtains and industrial construction, was also used for fast-food restaurants and gas stations as America undertook construction of new interstates, connecting the country from coast to coast.
https://www.theartstory.org/definition/american-art/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_242473967#7_550876530
Title: The Progression of American Art Movements | TheArtStory Headings: American Art - History and Concepts American Art - History and Concepts Native American Art Folk Art American Architecture Hudson River School (1826-70) Luminism (1850-75) Tonalism (1870-1915) American Impressionism (1880-1920) Ashcan School (1900-15) Photography: Pictorialism, Straight Photography, and Beyond (1902-Present) Synchromism (1912-24) Harlem Renaissance (1920 - early 1940s) Fourteenth Street School (1920-40) American Regionalism (1928-43) Social Realism (1929 - late 1950s) Abstract Expressionism, Color Field Painting, Post-Painterly and Hard-Edge Abstraction (1943-65) Neo-Dada (1952-70) Pop Art and Photorealism (mid 1950s-1970s) Minimalism and Post-Minimalism (1960 - Present) Earth Art and Environmental Art (1960s - Present) The Multinational Flavors of Postmodernism (1960s - Present) Do Not Miss The Important Artists and Works of American Art Related Movements & Topics Share Content: Austrian architects Richard Neutra and R.M. Schindler introduced the style when they moved to America in the 1910 and worked with Frank Lloyd Wright. Though both men created notable International Style buildings, as seen by Neutra's Lovell Health House (1929), the aesthetic did not truly flourish in the United States until after World War II, when economic expansion led to a boom in skyscraper construction. Leading architects, including Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, came to the United States in the post-war period and taught a new generation of American architects, while designing notable buildings. Mies for instance, built the Seagram Building (1954-58) in New York and the campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago (completed in 1956). The International Style, with its glass curtains and industrial construction, was also used for fast-food restaurants and gas stations as America undertook construction of new interstates, connecting the country from coast to coast. Beginning in 1950, Brutalism, also called New Brutalism, was a style of massive architecture that primarily employed unfinished, precast concrete. The style became popular for university campus buildings, performance art venues, libraries, government buildings, and corporate offices throughout the United States. Paul Rudolph was a leading proponent of the style as seen in his Yale Art and Architecture Building (1958). Due to American enthusiasm for the style, European architects adopted the style in their major commissions; Le Corbusier with Oscar Niemeyer, Wallace Harrison, and Max Abramovitz designed the United Nations Headquarters (1948-52), and Marcel Breuer worked with a number of American architectural teams to design Boston City Hall (1963-68).
https://www.theartstory.org/definition/american-art/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243269918#4_552103997
Title: Environmental Art Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Environmental Art Environmental Art Summary of Environmental Art Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Environmental Art Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Environmental Art Ocean Landmark (1978-80) Pinfold Cones (1981-85) Wheatfield, a Confrontation (1982) Useful Resources on Environmental Art Content: This changes the way we think about the site of artistic production; as opposed to using the artist's studio as the sole location in which to create, Environmental artists engage the natural world in a much more active and immediate way either by working in new ways outside, or by bringing natural materials into new settings. Environmental artists aim to work in harmony with the natural environment rather than disrupt it. This means they deeply consider the impact that they as individuals have on nature and do not sacrifice its health or wellbeing in order to create work. Moreover, by working in collaboration with organic landscapes, Environmental artists fall subject to the uncontrollable cycles of the seasons with their processes of flowering, erosion, molding, and decay. Environmental artists often use natural materials such as leaves, flowers, branches, ice, soil, sand, stone, and water as the very basis of their artwork. Moreover, in choosing to situate their work in specific places, Environment art often seeks to both transform the way that the site is viewed, whilst also revealing what was already there. This demands that viewers and audiences rethink how they "see" the world around them and pay more direct attention to the minute and distinct parts that make up what we may overlook as a cohesive environment. Evolving from Land Art, Environmental art also rethinks the importance of the exhibition space and seeks other places where art can happen and where art can exist. This form of Institutional Critique seeks to question the authority and power of museums and galleries that have historically controlled the production, sale, and viewing of art works.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/environmental-art/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243269918#6_552108969
Title: Environmental Art Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Environmental Art Environmental Art Summary of Environmental Art Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Environmental Art Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Environmental Art Ocean Landmark (1978-80) Pinfold Cones (1981-85) Wheatfield, a Confrontation (1982) Useful Resources on Environmental Art Content: By looking for new and sometimes unique and surprising locations, artists not only remove the power from high-powered art-dealers, buyers, and from the art-market in general, but also question the need for an audience (and art buyers) at all. Instead, artists emphasise the birth of the idea and the process of creation, without insisting that the work needs to be seen by many people, or indeed by anyone at all. Overview of Environmental Art Environmental art, also known as ecological art, encompasses several different forms and practices that engage with, and represent the environment. It is distinct in its less specific time period and greater scope of art. As Professor John E. Thornes noted, "Environmental art is [...] a new genre to describe works of art that are not only directly representational of the environment (the 19 th century wonders such as John Constable's Cloud Series, Claude Monet's London Series, or Paul Cézanne's Mont Sainte Victoire Series ), but also works of art that are clearly nonrepresentational and performative in terms of much less direct interpretation but more active engagement of the audience such as Richard Long's A Line Made by Walking or James Turrell's Skyspaces. Beginnings and Development Concepts, Trends, & Related Topics Later Developments and Legacy Key Artists Andy Goldsworthy Quick view Read more Andy Goldsworthy creates site-specific, delicate, and intricate Earthworks. He often uses photography to capture his nature-based artworks at their apexes. Agnes Denes Quick view Read more Anges Denes created art with a focus on environmental concerns - she is known for her installations in a range of media, working from writings and sculpture to computer rendered diagrams. Olafur Eliasson Quick view Read more Olafur Eliasson is a Danish-Icelandic artist who is known for his sculptures and large-scale installations that create diverse pieces intended to propose critical interventions within existing social systems, an effort that is designed to inspire debate and fresh perceptions, or to catalyze change. Do Not Miss Earth Art Quick view Read more Earth art, or Land art, a term coined by artist Robert Smithson, refers to artworks from the 1960s and '70s that employed the earth and other natural elements.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/environmental-art/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243592459#2_552564566
Title: International Style - Overview | TheArtStory Headings: The International Style The International Style The International Style Summary of The International Style Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of The International Style Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of The International Style Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany (1925-26) Artist: Walter Gropius Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, France (1929-31) German Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain (1929) More Important Art Useful Resources on The International Style Books Share Do more Content: 5 of 5 Summary of The International Style Today when people speak of the "architecture of the modern movement," they are usually referring to the International Style - especially the gleaming steel, glass, and concrete forms of its most famous buildings. More of a movement than a mere aesthetic, the International Style emerged in Europe partly as a response to the cataclysm of World War I and related events. Its use in postwar housing gave it renown as a symbol of social and industrial progress, and not surprisingly, the International Style often resonated with leftist political groups. In the face of opposition from totalitarian regimes in the 1930s, many of the International Style's European proponents resettled in the United States, where economic expansion after World War II allowed it to flourish, particularly in skyscraper construction. This, along with the growth of rapid postwar intercontinental communication, allowed it to become a truly global architecture. But the inability of the International Style's supporters to solve social problems as its founders had hoped, coupled with its rigid formal monotony, prompted many architects in the 1960s to seek new design directions that reflected an increasingly diverse, commercialized, and post-industrial society. While few architects today call themselves adherents of the International Style, an equally small number would say it has not in some way influenced their work. Key Ideas & Accomplishments The International Style is often thought of as the "architecture of the machine age," which symbolized for many the crystallization of modernism in building design. This became particularly true after World War II, when the postwar economic building boom made the International Style a kind of "unofficial" American architecture. Often called "minimalist" architecture, International Style buildings are well-known for the way they seem to strip away all extraneous ornament from the structure, leading to an extreme blurring of interior and exterior space, the exposure of buildings' construction with unvarnished honesty, and the glorification of modern industrial materials:
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/international-style/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#0_552700329
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Ways to support us About The Art Story a 501 (c)3 Non-Profit Org Movements Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Started: 1920 Ended: 1950 Mexican Muralism Main History & Concepts Artworks "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." 1 of 11 "I had tried to achieve a harmony in my painting with the architecture of the building." 2 of 11 "Do you wish to see with your own eyes the hidden springs of the social revolution? Look at the frescoes of Rivera. Do you wish to know what revolutionary art is like? Look at the frescoes of Rivera." 3 of 11 Leon Trotsky "Art is a weapon that penetrates the eyes, the ears, the deepest and subtlest human feelings."
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#1_552701904
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: 2 of 11 "Do you wish to see with your own eyes the hidden springs of the social revolution? Look at the frescoes of Rivera. Do you wish to know what revolutionary art is like? Look at the frescoes of Rivera." 3 of 11 Leon Trotsky "Art is a weapon that penetrates the eyes, the ears, the deepest and subtlest human feelings." 4 of 11 "I set to work consciously to over-power the ornamentation of the room." 5 of 11 "As an artist I have always tried to be faithful to my vision of life, and I have frequently been in conflict with those who wanted me to paint not what I saw but what they wished me to see." 6 of 11 "Errors and exaggerations do not matter. What matters is boldness in thinking with a strong-pitched voice, in speaking out about things as one feels them in the moment of speaking; in having the temerity to proclaim what one believes to be true without fear of the consequences."
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#3_552705720
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: 7 of 11 "In every painting, as in any other work of art, there is always an IDEA, never a STORY." 8 of 11 "I mentioned a desire which I had to paint a series of murals about the industries of the United States, a series that would constitute a new kind of plastic poem, depicting in color and form the story of each industry and its division of labor." 9 of 11 "Marx made theory... Lenin applied it with his sense of large-scale social organization... And Henry Ford made the work of the socialist state possible." 10 of 11 "As I rode back to Detroit, a vision of Henry Ford's industrial empire kept passing before my eyes. In my ears, I heard the wonderful symphony, which came from his factories where metals were shaped into tools for men's service. It was a new music, waiting for the composer with genius enough to give it communicable form." 11 of 11 Summary of Mexican Muralism Originally spawned by the need to promote pride and nationalism in a country rebuilding after revolution, the Mexican Muralist movement brought mural painting back from its staid retirement in the history of ancient peoples as a respected artistic form with a strong social potential. With it, a rich visual language emerged in public spaces as a means to make art accessible to all. It provided an opportunity to educate and inform the common man with its messages of cultural identity, politics, oppression, resistance, progress, and other important issues of the time. It was a fiercely independent movement;
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#4_552708014
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: It was a new music, waiting for the composer with genius enough to give it communicable form." 11 of 11 Summary of Mexican Muralism Originally spawned by the need to promote pride and nationalism in a country rebuilding after revolution, the Mexican Muralist movement brought mural painting back from its staid retirement in the history of ancient peoples as a respected artistic form with a strong social potential. With it, a rich visual language emerged in public spaces as a means to make art accessible to all. It provided an opportunity to educate and inform the common man with its messages of cultural identity, politics, oppression, resistance, progress, and other important issues of the time. It was a fiercely independent movement; many of its early artists rejecting external influences and used this new, vast, and freeing medium to achieve personal expression. This movement proved that art could be a valid communication tool outside the confines of the gallery and museum. Key Ideas & Accomplishments Murals were originally used as a way to spread visual messages to an illiterate population, which opened up new possibilities in the inclusion and cohesiveness of community within a people. Oftentimes these messages promoted pride in cultural identity, rich historical traditions, or political propaganda. The potential in murals bypassed more traditional forms of advertising and pamphlet printing.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#5_552710219
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: many of its early artists rejecting external influences and used this new, vast, and freeing medium to achieve personal expression. This movement proved that art could be a valid communication tool outside the confines of the gallery and museum. Key Ideas & Accomplishments Murals were originally used as a way to spread visual messages to an illiterate population, which opened up new possibilities in the inclusion and cohesiveness of community within a people. Oftentimes these messages promoted pride in cultural identity, rich historical traditions, or political propaganda. The potential in murals bypassed more traditional forms of advertising and pamphlet printing. Although the early Mexican murals were inclined toward the favoring of socialism - as did its most important artists including Diego Rivera - they would evolve over time to also favorably portray the industrial revolution, the progress of technology, and capitalism. The mural's role as key gauge of current events cannot be denied. Mexican Muralism was a heavy predecessor of today's public art. It liberated art from the art market and its elitism, making it free and available to all people. The opportunities this presented for artists was vast and unfettered.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#6_552712242
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: Although the early Mexican murals were inclined toward the favoring of socialism - as did its most important artists including Diego Rivera - they would evolve over time to also favorably portray the industrial revolution, the progress of technology, and capitalism. The mural's role as key gauge of current events cannot be denied. Mexican Muralism was a heavy predecessor of today's public art. It liberated art from the art market and its elitism, making it free and available to all people. The opportunities this presented for artists was vast and unfettered. They could now find exposure on a grander stage. Many mural artists commissioned by government or other authoritative bodies would come to reject the direction being handed down to them, instead creating work that incorporated some of their own ideas and values. Sometimes this proved highly controversial and sometimes they were allowed to get away with it. This impetus can be seen as an early example of what would later influence the graffiti and street art scenes. It is also interesting to note that in today's social media (Facebook) sphere, the sharing of our opinions - both visual and textual - are called "posting" on our "walls."
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#7_552714236
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: They could now find exposure on a grander stage. Many mural artists commissioned by government or other authoritative bodies would come to reject the direction being handed down to them, instead creating work that incorporated some of their own ideas and values. Sometimes this proved highly controversial and sometimes they were allowed to get away with it. This impetus can be seen as an early example of what would later influence the graffiti and street art scenes. It is also interesting to note that in today's social media (Facebook) sphere, the sharing of our opinions - both visual and textual - are called "posting" on our "walls." Overview of Mexican Muralism Saying, "The role of the artist is that of a soldier in a revolution," Diego Rivera pioneered Mexican Muralism. He said his portrayals of the revolutionary Zapata and his followers were meant to make "the masses the hero of monumental art." Beginnings and Development Concepts, Trends, & Related Topics Later Developments and Legacy Key Artists Diego Rivera Quick view Read more Diego Rivera was the principal actor in the Mexican Muralism movement and one of Mexico's greatest artists. His large-scale fresco cycles tell the histories of labor, industry, society, and other themes. José Clemente Orozco Quick view Read more José Clemente Orozco was a Mexican Muralist, a social realist painter who is best known for his large-scale expansive works depicting human toil, Mexican politics, and the advent of the industrial age.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#8_552716544
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: Overview of Mexican Muralism Saying, "The role of the artist is that of a soldier in a revolution," Diego Rivera pioneered Mexican Muralism. He said his portrayals of the revolutionary Zapata and his followers were meant to make "the masses the hero of monumental art." Beginnings and Development Concepts, Trends, & Related Topics Later Developments and Legacy Key Artists Diego Rivera Quick view Read more Diego Rivera was the principal actor in the Mexican Muralism movement and one of Mexico's greatest artists. His large-scale fresco cycles tell the histories of labor, industry, society, and other themes. José Clemente Orozco Quick view Read more José Clemente Orozco was a Mexican Muralist, a social realist painter who is best known for his large-scale expansive works depicting human toil, Mexican politics, and the advent of the industrial age. David Alfaro Siqueiros Quick view Read more Jose David Alfaro Siquieros was a Mexican social realist painter, an active member of the Mexican Communist Party, and one of three artists - along with Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco - who gave rise to the Mexican Mural Renaissance in the early twentieth century. Siqueiros's large-scale fresco murals are defined by their anti-Fascist politics and near expressionistic aesthetic. Do Not Miss Social Realism Quick view Read more Social Realism refers to a style of figurative art with social concerns - generally left-wing. Inspired in part by nineteenth-century Realism, it emerged in various forms in the twentieth century. Political radicalism prompted its emergence in 1930s America, while distaste for abstract art encouraged many in Europe to maintain the style into the 1950s.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#9_552719047
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: David Alfaro Siqueiros Quick view Read more Jose David Alfaro Siquieros was a Mexican social realist painter, an active member of the Mexican Communist Party, and one of three artists - along with Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco - who gave rise to the Mexican Mural Renaissance in the early twentieth century. Siqueiros's large-scale fresco murals are defined by their anti-Fascist politics and near expressionistic aesthetic. Do Not Miss Social Realism Quick view Read more Social Realism refers to a style of figurative art with social concerns - generally left-wing. Inspired in part by nineteenth-century Realism, it emerged in various forms in the twentieth century. Political radicalism prompted its emergence in 1930s America, while distaste for abstract art encouraged many in Europe to maintain the style into the 1950s. Identity Politics Quick view Read more Beginning in the 1960s, artists of color, LGBTQ+ artists, and women have used their art to stage and display experiences of identity and community. Ashcan School Quick view Read more Founded at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Ashcan School was a loose congregation of American Realist artists that challenged the dominant style of Impressionism in favor of a more naturalistic and socially-engaged approach to painting. Initiated by Robert Henri in Philadelphia, the school later moved to New York, where its central members included George Bellows, George Luks, William Glackens, Edward Hopper, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn. Although the group's members incorporated a range of styles, they shared a common interest in depicting contemporary society through both the squalor and vitality of the burgeoning metropolis. Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Artist:
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243665182#12_552726547
Title: Mexican Muralism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism Mexican Muralism "The artist must paint as he would speak. I don't want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand." Summary of Mexican Muralism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Mexican Muralism Key Artists José Clemente Orozco Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism The Creation (1922) Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) The Banquet of the Rich (1923-24) Useful Resources on Mexican Muralism Books scholarly/biographical Share Do more Content: The admired figures have both the pale skin of Western figures and the darker skin of indigenous Mexican peoples. The message is one of a new cosmopolitan and racially harmonious Mexico rising into the post-revolution age through an assimilation of modern and indigenous ideals. This mural represents a key moment in the Mexican Muralist movement. Rivera takes the tropes of Italian Renaissance fresco painting he discovered on his travels in Europe, and combines them with a distinctly Mexican aesthetic, joining old and new styles in a unique and highly influential way. Rivera later felt however that he had borrowed too much from the Italianate style and wanted to create an even more "Mexican" aesthetic in the future. Artwork Images Los Danzantes de Chalma (1922) Artist: Fernando Leal Although Fernando Leal did not gain the fame of the "big three" Mexican Muralists, he was one of the first artists approached to decorate the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, because of his interest in depicting the local Mexican people. His mural is Post-Impressionist in style, influenced by depictions of non-Western people by artists such as Gaugin. Los Danzates de Chalma depicts a moment Leal heard had recently occurred in a Mexican village. During a ritualistic dance to worship a statue of the Virgin Mary, the movement caused the statue to fall over in its case.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#0_552730575
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Ways to support us About The Art Story a 501 (c)3 Non-Profit Org Movements Mexican Muralism History Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Started: 1920 Ended: 1950 Mexican Muralism Main History & Concepts Artworks Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals Mexico has a long tradition of mural painting. This legacy dates back to the pre-Hispanic period with an ancient civilization called the Olmecs, which produced some of the earliest known painted art in South America. This tradition continued under Hispanic rule as murals were used to introduce the Mexican people to the stories and ideas of Catholicism. From this point on, mural painting became one of the most dominant forms of art in Mexican culture, a countrywide tool for means of expression. This precedence provided a readymade platform for the politically motivated and fostered the birth of the Mexican Muralism movement. The Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 with a political revolt against the tyrannical president Porfirio Diaz. This spurred a decade long civil war, led by a number of charismatic individuals whose personal political agendas frequently determined the course of the revolution. These leaders consorted with a group of radical intellectuals, including the artists José Guadalupe Posada and Gerardo Murillo, the latter was more widely known as Dr. Atl.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#1_552732823
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: From this point on, mural painting became one of the most dominant forms of art in Mexican culture, a countrywide tool for means of expression. This precedence provided a readymade platform for the politically motivated and fostered the birth of the Mexican Muralism movement. The Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 with a political revolt against the tyrannical president Porfirio Diaz. This spurred a decade long civil war, led by a number of charismatic individuals whose personal political agendas frequently determined the course of the revolution. These leaders consorted with a group of radical intellectuals, including the artists José Guadalupe Posada and Gerardo Murillo, the latter was more widely known as Dr. Atl. In 1906, Dr. Atl had written a manifesto expressing a desire for a new art movement in Mexico that which would speak to the interests and realities of the Mexican people. This document was an important precursor to the Mexican Muralist movement, and was seen and admired by his artistic acquaintances, including artist Diego Rivera. Dr. Atl is generally credited with conceiving of the first modern mural for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, Mexico's oldest secondary school construction had begun in 1910 but it, along with the idea of the mural, was postponed due to the revolution and was never completed in that location. When the Mexican Revolution ended in 1920, Diaz had been overthrown and a new government came into rule, which would eventually establish itself as the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). The new government's aim was to establish a new era for Mexico and its newly empowered people, and one of the ways it planned to do this was through art.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#2_552735355
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: In 1906, Dr. Atl had written a manifesto expressing a desire for a new art movement in Mexico that which would speak to the interests and realities of the Mexican people. This document was an important precursor to the Mexican Muralist movement, and was seen and admired by his artistic acquaintances, including artist Diego Rivera. Dr. Atl is generally credited with conceiving of the first modern mural for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, Mexico's oldest secondary school construction had begun in 1910 but it, along with the idea of the mural, was postponed due to the revolution and was never completed in that location. When the Mexican Revolution ended in 1920, Diaz had been overthrown and a new government came into rule, which would eventually establish itself as the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). The new government's aim was to establish a new era for Mexico and its newly empowered people, and one of the ways it planned to do this was through art. A Government-backed program In 1920, the new government decided to follow in Dr. Atl's footsteps, and commissioned a large number of public works of art which would promote and support the values fundamental to the revolution and to help establish a new identity for Mexico. This new identity was based on Mexico's rich historical traditions as well as a sense of moving forward into the modern age. Importantly, most Mexicans at the time were illiterate, and promoting the new government's message could not be accomplished through traditional media such as pamphlets and newspapers. Instead, the government communicated their cause through large-scale murals in public places which could be seen by many. The murals' aesthetic appeal would also help Mexicans adapt to the new regime by affecting an overall sense of pride and cultural beauty within the communities as a whole.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#3_552738014
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: A Government-backed program In 1920, the new government decided to follow in Dr. Atl's footsteps, and commissioned a large number of public works of art which would promote and support the values fundamental to the revolution and to help establish a new identity for Mexico. This new identity was based on Mexico's rich historical traditions as well as a sense of moving forward into the modern age. Importantly, most Mexicans at the time were illiterate, and promoting the new government's message could not be accomplished through traditional media such as pamphlets and newspapers. Instead, the government communicated their cause through large-scale murals in public places which could be seen by many. The murals' aesthetic appeal would also help Mexicans adapt to the new regime by affecting an overall sense of pride and cultural beauty within the communities as a whole. The murals were usually painted with themes glorifying the Mexican Revolution, recalling Mexico's early pre-Hispanic heritage and promoting the ideals of the new government. In order to create these murals, the government employed some of the best Mexican artists of the day. Some of these artists, including Diego Rivera, had spent time in Europe before the revolution, and were well acquainted with the European realism movement overseas in which artists used painting to demonstrate the dire conditions of the downtrodden working classes. This was a key influence on the revelatory style of the Mexican Muralist movement. Los Tres Grandes David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, and Diego Rivera became the leaders of the muralist movement in Mexico and became known internationally as "los tres grandes" or "the big three."
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#4_552740539
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: The murals were usually painted with themes glorifying the Mexican Revolution, recalling Mexico's early pre-Hispanic heritage and promoting the ideals of the new government. In order to create these murals, the government employed some of the best Mexican artists of the day. Some of these artists, including Diego Rivera, had spent time in Europe before the revolution, and were well acquainted with the European realism movement overseas in which artists used painting to demonstrate the dire conditions of the downtrodden working classes. This was a key influence on the revelatory style of the Mexican Muralist movement. Los Tres Grandes David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, and Diego Rivera became the leaders of the muralist movement in Mexico and became known internationally as "los tres grandes" or "the big three." Rivera was the most famous of these artists. He incorporated European Modernism and elements of Cubism into his work combined with Mexico's bright colors to depict his people, and particularly the working class, as noble and glorious. Orozco, who had fought in the revolution, drew from European expressionism to portray the suffering of mankind, the horrors of war and the fear of a future dependence on technology in very straightforward ways. Siqueiros was young and radical, using progressive techniques and materials in murals that oftentimes blended visions of science and machinery to convey progress. Although all three men had different political beliefs and ideals, they agreed that art, as the highest form of expression, should be a vital part of Mexico's new post-revolutionary identity.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#5_552742985
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: Rivera was the most famous of these artists. He incorporated European Modernism and elements of Cubism into his work combined with Mexico's bright colors to depict his people, and particularly the working class, as noble and glorious. Orozco, who had fought in the revolution, drew from European expressionism to portray the suffering of mankind, the horrors of war and the fear of a future dependence on technology in very straightforward ways. Siqueiros was young and radical, using progressive techniques and materials in murals that oftentimes blended visions of science and machinery to convey progress. Although all three men had different political beliefs and ideals, they agreed that art, as the highest form of expression, should be a vital part of Mexico's new post-revolutionary identity. They saw art as a vehicle for education and for the improvement of society. They formed the influential Labor Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors as a body, which could glorify the Mexican people and bring their artistic efforts to wider attention. Escuela Nacional Preparatoria The government's initial efforts went toward commissioning murals for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. The school was a key stepping-stone for anyone hoping to join politics or Mexico's intellectual scene. Diego Rivera, already an established artist, was chosen to paint a mural of The Creation for the school's auditorium.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#6_552745208
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: They saw art as a vehicle for education and for the improvement of society. They formed the influential Labor Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors as a body, which could glorify the Mexican people and bring their artistic efforts to wider attention. Escuela Nacional Preparatoria The government's initial efforts went toward commissioning murals for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. The school was a key stepping-stone for anyone hoping to join politics or Mexico's intellectual scene. Diego Rivera, already an established artist, was chosen to paint a mural of The Creation for the school's auditorium. This was a transitional work by Rivera, which laid the groundwork for the Mexican Muralist movement. The government also commissioned a number of other Mexican artists to create murals for the school, including José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Fernando Leal and Jean Charlot. While Leal and Charlot were not as well known, nor as inflammatory and controversial as "los tres grandes", their participation showed that Mexican Muralism was a countrywide movement adopted by a number of artists who had previously worked in a range of different styles. Following the success of the large-scale project at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, the mid 1920s consequently saw an explosion of mural works across the country and the artists involved quickly gained international recognition for their unique styles. Mexican Muralism in the USA By the end of the 1920s, the influence of Mexican Muralism began to spread, particularly to the United States.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#7_552747595
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: This was a transitional work by Rivera, which laid the groundwork for the Mexican Muralist movement. The government also commissioned a number of other Mexican artists to create murals for the school, including José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Fernando Leal and Jean Charlot. While Leal and Charlot were not as well known, nor as inflammatory and controversial as "los tres grandes", their participation showed that Mexican Muralism was a countrywide movement adopted by a number of artists who had previously worked in a range of different styles. Following the success of the large-scale project at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, the mid 1920s consequently saw an explosion of mural works across the country and the artists involved quickly gained international recognition for their unique styles. Mexican Muralism in the USA By the end of the 1920s, the influence of Mexican Muralism began to spread, particularly to the United States. After gaining success and recognition in Mexico, all three of "los tres grandes" spent some time in the US. This was partly because cracks were beginning to show in the idealism popularly expressed in Mexico immediately after the revolution. The words and actions of the government no longer aligned precisely with those of the artists they employed and, while the initial period of Mexican Muralism was characterized by the artists' freedom to express themselves, the government increasingly sought to control the subjects depicted in the murals they commissioned. In 1930, José Clemente Orozco was invited to paint a mural at Pomona College in Claremont, California marking the arrival of Mexican Muralism in the US. Diego Rivera also moved to the US that same year and gained commissions to paint murals all over the country, only returning to his native country four years later.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#8_552750252
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: After gaining success and recognition in Mexico, all three of "los tres grandes" spent some time in the US. This was partly because cracks were beginning to show in the idealism popularly expressed in Mexico immediately after the revolution. The words and actions of the government no longer aligned precisely with those of the artists they employed and, while the initial period of Mexican Muralism was characterized by the artists' freedom to express themselves, the government increasingly sought to control the subjects depicted in the murals they commissioned. In 1930, José Clemente Orozco was invited to paint a mural at Pomona College in Claremont, California marking the arrival of Mexican Muralism in the US. Diego Rivera also moved to the US that same year and gained commissions to paint murals all over the country, only returning to his native country four years later. David Alfaro Siqueiros was exiled from Mexico in 1932 and moved to Los Angeles, where he painted several well-known murals. The arrival of these artists created a sensation in American art, and murals quickly became a popular form of public art in the US. In Mexico, as the 1940s approached, mural painting became more aligned with private patronage under a growing bourgeoisie; by this point, muralism had evolved a long way from its revolutionary socialist beginnings. Mexican Muralism:
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#9_552752433
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: David Alfaro Siqueiros was exiled from Mexico in 1932 and moved to Los Angeles, where he painted several well-known murals. The arrival of these artists created a sensation in American art, and murals quickly became a popular form of public art in the US. In Mexico, as the 1940s approached, mural painting became more aligned with private patronage under a growing bourgeoisie; by this point, muralism had evolved a long way from its revolutionary socialist beginnings. Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Because the Mexican Muralist movement was spurred by the Mexican Revolution and succeeding civil war, one of its key aims was to shake up art in the same way that the revolution had shaken up Mexican society. Mural painting was ideal for inspiring revolutionary fervor in a mostly-illiterate population, due to its narrative content and availability in public places, eschewing the traditionally elitist environment of the museum. As well as rejecting the traditional places for showing art, the movement hoped to reject all the conventional trappings of artistic production. To this end, they chose to paint directly onto walls with painting materials inspired by traditional native Mexican wall paintings. The resulting murals were shaped according to the architecture of the designated space, rejecting the usual rectangular shape of the canvas that had come to dominate Western art.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#10_552754652
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Because the Mexican Muralist movement was spurred by the Mexican Revolution and succeeding civil war, one of its key aims was to shake up art in the same way that the revolution had shaken up Mexican society. Mural painting was ideal for inspiring revolutionary fervor in a mostly-illiterate population, due to its narrative content and availability in public places, eschewing the traditionally elitist environment of the museum. As well as rejecting the traditional places for showing art, the movement hoped to reject all the conventional trappings of artistic production. To this end, they chose to paint directly onto walls with painting materials inspired by traditional native Mexican wall paintings. The resulting murals were shaped according to the architecture of the designated space, rejecting the usual rectangular shape of the canvas that had come to dominate Western art. Similarly, the production of murals under government commissions meant that the art produced was not for sale, undermining the traditionally dominant art market. Socialism In the initial post-revolution years of the Mexican Muralist movement, artists were generally given free reign to choose their subjects and express them in whichever way they preferred. Many of the artists involved were ardent socialists or communists, believing in the power of the working classes and in the equal distribution of wealth. Some artists, such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, applied their socialist approach to their artistic process, dividing up tasks and rewarding his assistants equally. Others, such as Orozco, subtly incorporated socialist imagery into their murals, such as the hammer and sickle.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_243679954#11_552757170
Title: Mexican Muralism - Concepts & Styles | TheArtStory Headings: Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism - History and Concepts Mexican Muralism Beginnings of Mexican Muralism Mexico's Traditional Murals The Mexican Revolution A Government-backed program Los Tres Grandes Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Mexican Muralism in the USA Mexican Muralism: Concepts, Styles, and Trends Revolution Socialism Industry Religion Later Developments - After Mexican Muralism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Mexican Muralism Related Movements & Topics Content: Similarly, the production of murals under government commissions meant that the art produced was not for sale, undermining the traditionally dominant art market. Socialism In the initial post-revolution years of the Mexican Muralist movement, artists were generally given free reign to choose their subjects and express them in whichever way they preferred. Many of the artists involved were ardent socialists or communists, believing in the power of the working classes and in the equal distribution of wealth. Some artists, such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, applied their socialist approach to their artistic process, dividing up tasks and rewarding his assistants equally. Others, such as Orozco, subtly incorporated socialist imagery into their murals, such as the hammer and sickle. As the post-revolution government sought to cement its control in the late 1920s, however, they began to attempt to restrict artists in the subjects they could depict. As a result, Rivera chose to adapt his style, but others, such as Siqueiros, were exiled for their strong political views. Industry Despite Mexican Muralism's socialist beginnings, many of the artists involved in the movement later became fascinate
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/mexican-muralism/history-and-concepts/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_244065619#2_553354756
Title: Romanticism Movement Overview | TheArtStory Headings: Romanticism Romanticism Summary of Romanticism Key Ideas & Accomplishments Overview of Romanticism Key Artists Do Not Miss Important Art and Artists of Romanticism The Nightmare (1781) The Ancient of Days from Europe a Prophecy copy B (1794) Bonaparte Visits the Plague Stricken in Jaffa (1804) Useful Resources on Romanticism videos Share Do more Content: 8 of 13 "The eye altering, alters all." 9 of 13 "Imagination abandoned by reason produces impossible monsters; united with it, she is the mother of the arts and the origin of source of their wonders." 10 of 13 Francisco de Goya "I must stay alone and know that I am alone to contemplate and feel nature in full; I have to surrender myself to what encircles me, I have to merge with my clouds and rocks in order to be what I am." 11 of 13 "Every true work of art must express a distinct feeling." 12 of 13 "A painter should paint not only what he sees before him, but also what he sees within himself." 13 of 13 Summary of Romanticism At the end of the 18 th century and well into the 19 th, Romanticism quickly spread throughout Europe and the United States to challenge the rational ideal held so tightly during the Enlightenment. The artists emphasized that sense and emotions - not simply reason and order - were equally important means of understanding and experiencing the world. Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search for individual rights and liberty.
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/romanticism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_246775502#6_559079933
Title: Why Do Americans Distrust the Media? - The Atlantic Headings: Why Do Americans Distrust the Media? Business Why Do Americans Distrust the Media? Donald Trump, anti-elite sentiment, and the dark side of media abundance Content: Beyond the moral rot at the head of Fox News and Trump’s embrace of Breitbart (the Internet’s most crowded den of race-baiting conspiracy theories), even many major newspapers failing to properly cover the candidates’ many flaws. If public trust in the press has gone up in flames, there are more than enough media organizations to be held liable for the arson. 2. It’s the elections’ fault. As the first graph indicates, American trust in mass media seems to decline around presidential elections. It fell in 2004, and again in 2008, and again in 2012, and now it's collapsed in 2016. Perhaps the hyper-politization of elections, which cleaves the electorate and entrenches two opposing viewpoints on a single national story, erodes public faith that “the media” can be fair to both camps. This election campaign, however, is exceptional for the fact that Trump routinely so denounces the media for being unfair to him. This would explain why faith in the mainstream press has collapsed among middle-aged Republicans. Trump has even questioned conservative staples like Fox News and the Wall Street Journal, which would explain why we’re seeing an unprecedented drop in faith among the GOP in this election.
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/why-do-americans-distrust-the-media/500252/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_246876349#7_559274743
Title: The Real-Life Consequences of the Federal Hiring Freeze - The Atlantic Headings: The Real-Life Consequences of the Federal Hiring Freeze Business The Real-Life Consequences of the Federal Hiring Freeze Content: “The program where I work has grown 40 times its original size [in terms of the number of communities it served], and the person who had this job before me never got assistance,” the staffer says, even when the program grew. Still, she says, “There are three positions that manage the program. One was empty, one retired, so it’s just me. And all of the work is statutorily required,” meaning that federal law mandates it. Employees at the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) are feeling a similar labor crunch. One VA health-science specialist who also asked not to be identified for fear of losing her job says the hiring freeze has exacerbated the department’s chronic understaffing problem. Of the two teams she works on, one has three people though she says there is enough work for four; the other has 12 people though she says there should be 15. Although the OMB has stipulated that the majority of open jobs within the VA, including most doctors, will be exempt from the freeze, the specialist predicts that it will still make most employees’ lives more difficult. The department’s support staff—including administrators and clerical workers—are also essential, she says.
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/02/real-life-consequences-hiring-freeze/516150/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_246876349#8_559276411
Title: The Real-Life Consequences of the Federal Hiring Freeze - The Atlantic Headings: The Real-Life Consequences of the Federal Hiring Freeze Business The Real-Life Consequences of the Federal Hiring Freeze Content: One VA health-science specialist who also asked not to be identified for fear of losing her job says the hiring freeze has exacerbated the department’s chronic understaffing problem. Of the two teams she works on, one has three people though she says there is enough work for four; the other has 12 people though she says there should be 15. Although the OMB has stipulated that the majority of open jobs within the VA, including most doctors, will be exempt from the freeze, the specialist predicts that it will still make most employees’ lives more difficult. The department’s support staff—including administrators and clerical workers—are also essential, she says. Without them, scheduling, benefits, eligibility, and other important VA functions are impossible to maintain effectively. There is also the issue of having to retain underperforming staff. Under the freeze, the specialist says, “We can’t even afford to get rid of people who suck. It’s a blunt instrument to solve what’s really a chronic HR problem. To me, it’s unethical to freeze things to the point where it’s not possible to provide services to veterans.”
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/02/real-life-consequences-hiring-freeze/516150/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_247411419#11_560304703
Title: Students Should Be Tested More, Not Less - The Atlantic Headings: Students Should Be Tested More, Not Less Education Students Should Be Tested More, Not Less When done right, frequent testing helps people remember information longer. Content: Testing prevents interference from prior material when learning new material. Testing provides feedback to instructors. Frequent testing encourages students to study It takes time for a teacher to repeatedly assess, adjust future teaching for knowledge gaps, and assess again. Roediger acknowledges this difficulty, but implores teachers to rise to the challenge. “ Often the best instruction may require teachers to implement the difficult process of using tests to assess performance and then changing the style and content of their teaching on the basis of the outcome of the tests,” he says. In the end, tests may just hold the key to our educational success—as long as educators are willing to commit the time and effort required to design tests that foster learning rather than impede it. It’s time to stop teaching to the test, because if done properly, teaching is the test.
https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/01/students-should-be-tested-more-not-less/283195/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_248634253#9_563032169
Title: Why Walt Whitman Called America the 'Greatest Poem' - The Atlantic Headings: Why Walt Whitman Called America the ‘Greatest Poem’ Why Walt Whitman Called America the ‘Greatest Poem’ Content: The Literary Imagination and Public Life, Nussbaum argues that “the ability to imagine vividly, and then to assess judicially, another person’s pain, to participate in it and then to ask about its significance is a powerful way of learning what the human facts are and of acquiring a motivation to alter them.” In other words, poetry constitutes the practice of what robust pluralism requires. A literary imagination, Nussbaum writes, “promotes habits of mind that lead toward social equality in that they contribute to the dismantling of the stereotypes that support group hatred.” Thus, although Whitman’s racist views of black people, shaped in part by the bad science of the day, were contradictory and at times ambivalent, his poetic vision forged a way past his own hidebound limitations toward greater justice. In “To Foreign Lands,” Whitman claims that his poems offer the world the very definition of America: “ I heard that you ask’d for something to prove this puzzle the New World / And to define America, her athletic Democracy, / Therefore I send you my poems that you behold in them what you wanted.” An “athletic democracy” is made so not by politicians, Whitman claims, but by poetry. For the poetic mind is a mind attuned to justice. In her work On Beauty and Being Just, the Harvard professor of aesthetics Elaine Scarry describes the importance of multiple viewpoints, arguments, and counterarguments to “political assembly,” wondering how “will one hear the nuances of even this debate unless one also makes oneself available to the songs of birds or poets?” The basis of poetry is precisely those connections forged between different elements, different voices, and different perspectives.
https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/12/why-walt-whitman-called-the-america-the-greatest-poem/510932/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_250900350#9_567606460
Title: Why Suicide Rates Among Millennials Are Rising - The Atlantic Headings: The Millennial Mental-Health Crisis Health The Millennial Mental-Health Crisis Content: I nterviews with more than a dozen experts on suicide and mental health reveal that Millennials are financially and generally stressed, and it’s driving some of them to extremes. Older Millennials snapped into adulthood after 9/11, fought in two wars, entered the job market during a recession, and are now weathering a global pandemic in overpriced one-bedroom apartments. They’ve experienced slower economic growth than any other generation in U.S. history, according to a Washington Post analysis. And having been clobbered by the last recession, they’re about to get clobbered again. In a report published last year by the Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, the economists Mark Duggan and Jackie Li found that mortality rates for people from ages 25 to 34 had risen by more than 20 percent since 2008. “ That is, mortality rates among millennials ages 20 to 34 were substantially higher in 2016 than among their counterparts from Generation X when they were [their age] exactly 16 years earlier,” they write. The main contributors to the increase have been suicides and drug overdoses, and the increase was highest among white people. Another report from the Trust for America’s Health last year found that drug-related deaths among people ages 18 to 34 more than doubled from 2007 to 2017, while alcohol-related deaths rose by 69 percent and suicides by 35 percent. This tendency toward premature death has been especially pronounced among Millennials who, like Tylor, never earned a college degree. In 2017, white people without a bachelor’s degree born in 1980 were four times more likely to die by suicide than those with a college degree, as the Princeton economists Anne Case and Angus Deaton write in their new book, Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism.
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/06/why-suicide-rates-among-millennials-are-rising/612943/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_250900350#12_567612218
Title: Why Suicide Rates Among Millennials Are Rising - The Atlantic Headings: The Millennial Mental-Health Crisis Health The Millennial Mental-Health Crisis Content: People ages 45 to 64 still have the highest overall risk of suicide. For Millennials, the reason behind this uptick appears to be that young people with less education face more financial strain than previous generations did. The good jobs that used to be available to people without college degrees have slowly evaporated. “ Jobs are a source of meaning in our lives,” says Cheryl Fulton, a professor in the counseling program at Texas State University. “ So if you don’t have a job or are underemployed, you’re not deriving that satisfaction that comes from the meaning and purpose a job provides.” Rising health-care costs have encouraged employers to reduce head counts and have eaten into employees’ salaries, Case and Deaton write. In addition, the decline in manufacturing jobs and the rise of the gig economy have driven non-college-educated young people’s wages into the ground. Millennials without a college degree are earning far less in early adulthood than previous generations did, according to another report in the Stanford series. The median salar y for a 25-year-old man with a high-school degree or less is $29,000 a year, which is about $2,600 less than what Gen Xers earned at that age and nearly $10,000 less than Baby Boomers. In 1970, more than 90 percent of 30-year-olds were earning more than their parents were at the same age;
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/06/why-suicide-rates-among-millennials-are-rising/612943/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_251628721#10_569013562
Title: 1968 and 2020: Lessons From America’s Worst Year - The Atlantic Headings: Is This the Worst Year in Modern American History? Ideas Is This the Worst Year in Modern American History? Comparing 2020 to 1968 offers some disquieting lessons for the present. James Fallows Related Podcast Content: Draft calls ramped up. So did casualties. I was 18, and in my second year of college, as the year began. My public-high-school classmates were ages 18 through 20. Many of them had been drafted or had enlisted. Several of them had already been killed by the start of the year, and more would be by its end. On average through 1968, nearly 50 American servicemen died in combat in Vietnam every day— plus many more Vietnamese. In early February, the North Vietnamese and Vietcong forces launched their Tet Offensive. Military historians might eventually have judged this a Pyrrhic victory for the anti-U.S. forces, from a strictly military perspective (as some have argued ), but at the time, it had a huge effect in underscoring the futility of the American effort. Late in February, Walter Cronkite of CBS News, an authoritative figure for whom there is no counterpart now (imagine, perhaps, a combination of Oprah, Anthony Fauci, Tom Hanks, and Michelle Obama), delivered a downbeat newscast arguing that the military cause in Vietnam was lost.
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/05/1968-and-2020-lessons-from-americas-worst-year-so-far/612415/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_251628721#11_569015156
Title: 1968 and 2020: Lessons From America’s Worst Year - The Atlantic Headings: Is This the Worst Year in Modern American History? Ideas Is This the Worst Year in Modern American History? Comparing 2020 to 1968 offers some disquieting lessons for the present. James Fallows Related Podcast Content: Several of them had already been killed by the start of the year, and more would be by its end. On average through 1968, nearly 50 American servicemen died in combat in Vietnam every day— plus many more Vietnamese. In early February, the North Vietnamese and Vietcong forces launched their Tet Offensive. Military historians might eventually have judged this a Pyrrhic victory for the anti-U.S. forces, from a strictly military perspective (as some have argued ), but at the time, it had a huge effect in underscoring the futility of the American effort. Late in February, Walter Cronkite of CBS News, an authoritative figure for whom there is no counterpart now (imagine, perhaps, a combination of Oprah, Anthony Fauci, Tom Hanks, and Michelle Obama), delivered a downbeat newscast arguing that the military cause in Vietnam was lost. Nonetheless, U.S. soldiers fought and died there for another seven years. In March 1968, American troops committed what became the most notorious mass slaughter of civilians of that war, the massacre at My Lai. The fighting and killing went on and on. So much time has passed that it is almost impossible now to convey how different it was, then, to have a military draft. Suppose you don’t like the president of the moment, or America’s war of the moment.
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/05/1968-and-2020-lessons-from-americas-worst-year-so-far/612415/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252177548#4_570052496
Title: Why Is It Illegal to Not Vote in Most of Latin America? - The Atlantic Headings: Why Is It Illegal to Not Vote in Most of Latin America? Global Why Is It Illegal to Not Vote in Most of Latin America? Brazilians and Uruguayans face a choice this weekend: head to the polls, or break the law. Compulsory Voting Around the World Content: Recommended Reading America’s Vaccine Nationalism Isn’t Working Christian Paz The Problem Is Facebook Helen Lewis The Party Whose Success Is a Problem Helen Lewis Ruling parties in Western European and Latin American countries, the authors write, faced the rise of unions and workers’ parties as their countries industrialized during the late 1800s and early 1900s, when many of them implemented their compulsory voting laws. “ During this period, the Left’s organizational ability to mobilize—and, in particular, turn out—its potential voters was increasingly perceived as being unmatched by other parties,” they write. Ruling parties, according to this theory, were essentially trying to get out the vote for a silent majority of what one Argentine official called “the rich and content” to protect their incumbency from the growing power of the leftist opposition. Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Peru all passed compulsory voting laws in the 1930s. Each later went through a period of military dictatorship between the 1950s and the 1980s. When democracy returned, so did the requirement to vote.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/why-is-it-illegal-not-to-vote-in-most-of-latin-america/381936/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#0_570659284
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone The country is perfecting a vast network of digital espionage as a means of social control—with implications for democracies worldwide. Anna Mitchell and Larry Diamond February 2, 2018 A security camera is attached to a pole in front of the portrait of former Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong on Beijing's Tiananmen Square, on May 19, 2017.Thomas Peter / Reuters Imagine a society in which you are rated by the government on your trustworthiness. Your “citizen score” follows you wherever you go. A high score allows you access to faster internet service or a fast-tracked visa to Europe. If you make political posts online without a permit, or question or contradict the government’s official narrative on current events, however, your score decreases. To calculate the score, private companies working with your government constantly trawl through vast amounts of your social media and online shopping data. When you step outside your door, your actions in the physical world are also swept into the dragnet: The government gathers an enormous collection of information through the video cameras placed on your street and all over your city. If you commit a crime—or simply jaywalk—facial recognition algorithms will match video footage of your face to your photo in a national ID database. It won’t be long before the police show up at your door.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#1_570661189
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: To calculate the score, private companies working with your government constantly trawl through vast amounts of your social media and online shopping data. When you step outside your door, your actions in the physical world are also swept into the dragnet: The government gathers an enormous collection of information through the video cameras placed on your street and all over your city. If you commit a crime—or simply jaywalk—facial recognition algorithms will match video footage of your face to your photo in a national ID database. It won’t be long before the police show up at your door. This society may seem dystopian, but it isn’t farfetched: It may be China in a few years. The country is racing to become the first to implement a pervasive system of algorithmic surveillance. Harnessing advances in artificial intelligence and data mining and storage to construct detailed profiles on all citizens, China’s communist party-state is developing a “citizen score” to incentivize “good” behavior. A vast accompanying network of surveillance cameras will constantly monitor citizens’ movements, purportedly to reduce crime and terrorism.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#2_570662786
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: This society may seem dystopian, but it isn’t farfetched: It may be China in a few years. The country is racing to become the first to implement a pervasive system of algorithmic surveillance. Harnessing advances in artificial intelligence and data mining and storage to construct detailed profiles on all citizens, China’s communist party-state is developing a “citizen score” to incentivize “good” behavior. A vast accompanying network of surveillance cameras will constantly monitor citizens’ movements, purportedly to reduce crime and terrorism. While the expanding Orwellian eye may improve “public safety,” it poses a chilling new threat to civil liberties in a country that already has one of the most oppressive and controlling governments in the world. Recommended Reading The Specter of a Chinese Mole in America Amy Zegart The Costly Success of Israel’s Iron Dome Anshel Pfeffer A New Word Is Defining the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in Washington Yasmeen Serhan China’s evolving algorithmic surveillance system will rely on the security organs of the communist party-state to filter, collect, and analyze staggering volumes of data flowing across the internet. Justifying controls in the name of national security and social stability, China originally planned to develop what it called a “Golden Shield” surveillance system allowing easy access to local, national, and regional records on each citizen. This ambitious project has so far been mostly confined to a content-filtering Great Firewall, which prohibits foreign internet sites including Google, Facebook, and The New York Times. According to Freedom House, China’s level of internet freedom is already the worst on the planet.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#3_570664965
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: While the expanding Orwellian eye may improve “public safety,” it poses a chilling new threat to civil liberties in a country that already has one of the most oppressive and controlling governments in the world. Recommended Reading The Specter of a Chinese Mole in America Amy Zegart The Costly Success of Israel’s Iron Dome Anshel Pfeffer A New Word Is Defining the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in Washington Yasmeen Serhan China’s evolving algorithmic surveillance system will rely on the security organs of the communist party-state to filter, collect, and analyze staggering volumes of data flowing across the internet. Justifying controls in the name of national security and social stability, China originally planned to develop what it called a “Golden Shield” surveillance system allowing easy access to local, national, and regional records on each citizen. This ambitious project has so far been mostly confined to a content-filtering Great Firewall, which prohibits foreign internet sites including Google, Facebook, and The New York Times. According to Freedom House, China’s level of internet freedom is already the worst on the planet. Now, the Communist Party of China is finally building the extensive, multilevel data-gathering system it has dreamed of for decades. While the Chinese government has long scrutinized individual citizens for evidence of disloyalty to the regime, only now is it beginning to develop comprehensive, constantly updated, and granular records on each citizen’s political persuasions, comments, associations, and even consumer habits. The new social credit system under development will consolidate reams of records from private companies and government bureaucracies into a single “citizen score” for each Chinese citizen. In its comprehensive 2014 planning outline, the CCP explains a goal of “keep [ing] trust and constraints against breaking trust.” While the system is voluntary for now, it will be mandatory by 2020.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#4_570667400
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: Now, the Communist Party of China is finally building the extensive, multilevel data-gathering system it has dreamed of for decades. While the Chinese government has long scrutinized individual citizens for evidence of disloyalty to the regime, only now is it beginning to develop comprehensive, constantly updated, and granular records on each citizen’s political persuasions, comments, associations, and even consumer habits. The new social credit system under development will consolidate reams of records from private companies and government bureaucracies into a single “citizen score” for each Chinese citizen. In its comprehensive 2014 planning outline, the CCP explains a goal of “keep [ing] trust and constraints against breaking trust.” While the system is voluntary for now, it will be mandatory by 2020. Already, 100,000 Chinese citizens have posted on social media about high scores on a “Sesame Credit” app operated by Alibaba, in a private-sector precursor to the proposed government system. The massive e-commerce conglomerate claims its app is only tracking users’ financial and credit behavior, but promises to offer a “holistic rating of character.” It is not hard to imagine many Chinese boasting soon about their official scores. While it isn’t yet clear what data will be considered, commentators are already speculating that the scope of the system will be alarmingly wide. The planned “citizen credit” score will likely weigh far more data than the Western FICO score, which helps lenders make fast and reliable decisions on whether to extend financial credit.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#5_570669452
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: Already, 100,000 Chinese citizens have posted on social media about high scores on a “Sesame Credit” app operated by Alibaba, in a private-sector precursor to the proposed government system. The massive e-commerce conglomerate claims its app is only tracking users’ financial and credit behavior, but promises to offer a “holistic rating of character.” It is not hard to imagine many Chinese boasting soon about their official scores. While it isn’t yet clear what data will be considered, commentators are already speculating that the scope of the system will be alarmingly wide. The planned “citizen credit” score will likely weigh far more data than the Western FICO score, which helps lenders make fast and reliable decisions on whether to extend financial credit. While the latter simply tracks whether you’ve paid back your debts and managed your money well, experts on China and internet privacy have speculated —based on the vast amounts of online shopping data mined by the government without regard for consumer privacy—that your Chinese credit score could be higher if you buy items the regime likes—like diapers—and lower if you buy ones it doesn’t, like video games or alcohol. Well beyond the realm of online consumer purchasing, your political involvement could also heavily affect your score: Posting political opinions without prior permission or even posting true news that the Chinese government dislikes could decrease your rank. Even more worrying is that the government will be technically capable of considering the behavior of a Chinese citizen’s friends and family in determining his or her score. For example, it is possible that your friend’s anti-government political post could lower your own score.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#6_570671663
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: While the latter simply tracks whether you’ve paid back your debts and managed your money well, experts on China and internet privacy have speculated —based on the vast amounts of online shopping data mined by the government without regard for consumer privacy—that your Chinese credit score could be higher if you buy items the regime likes—like diapers—and lower if you buy ones it doesn’t, like video games or alcohol. Well beyond the realm of online consumer purchasing, your political involvement could also heavily affect your score: Posting political opinions without prior permission or even posting true news that the Chinese government dislikes could decrease your rank. Even more worrying is that the government will be technically capable of considering the behavior of a Chinese citizen’s friends and family in determining his or her score. For example, it is possible that your friend’s anti-government political post could lower your own score. Thus, the scoring system would isolate dissidents from their friends and the rest of society, rendering them complete pariahs. Your score might even determine your access to certain privileges taken for granted in the U.S., such as a visa to travel abroad or or even the right to travel by train or plane within the country. One internet privacy expert warns: “ What China is doing here is selectively breeding its population to select against the trait of critical, independent thinking.” While Westerners and especially civil liberties groups like the ACLU are horrified by such a prospect—one commentator called the possibility “authoritarianism, gamified”— others argue that because lack of trust is a serious problem in China, many Chinese welcome this potential system.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#7_570673871
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: Thus, the scoring system would isolate dissidents from their friends and the rest of society, rendering them complete pariahs. Your score might even determine your access to certain privileges taken for granted in the U.S., such as a visa to travel abroad or or even the right to travel by train or plane within the country. One internet privacy expert warns: “ What China is doing here is selectively breeding its population to select against the trait of critical, independent thinking.” While Westerners and especially civil liberties groups like the ACLU are horrified by such a prospect—one commentator called the possibility “authoritarianism, gamified”— others argue that because lack of trust is a serious problem in China, many Chinese welcome this potential system. However, a state-run, party-inspired, data-driven monitoring system poses profound questions for the West about the role of private companies in government surveillance. Is it ethical for private companies to assist in massive surveillance and turn over their data to the government? Alibaba (China’s Amazon) and Tencent (owner of the popular messaging platform WeChat) possess sweeping data on each Chinese citizen that the government would have to mine to calculate scores. Although Chinese companies now are required to assist in government spying while U.S. companies are not, it is possible to imagine Amazon in Alibaba’s position, or Facebook in place of Tencent. While private companies like credit scoring bureaus have always used data to measure consumers’ creditworthiness, in any decent society there must be a clear distinction between private-sector and public-sector scoring mechanisms that could determine access to citizen rights and privileges, without recourse.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#8_570676074
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: However, a state-run, party-inspired, data-driven monitoring system poses profound questions for the West about the role of private companies in government surveillance. Is it ethical for private companies to assist in massive surveillance and turn over their data to the government? Alibaba (China’s Amazon) and Tencent (owner of the popular messaging platform WeChat) possess sweeping data on each Chinese citizen that the government would have to mine to calculate scores. Although Chinese companies now are required to assist in government spying while U.S. companies are not, it is possible to imagine Amazon in Alibaba’s position, or Facebook in place of Tencent. While private companies like credit scoring bureaus have always used data to measure consumers’ creditworthiness, in any decent society there must be a clear distinction between private-sector and public-sector scoring mechanisms that could determine access to citizen rights and privileges, without recourse. This planned data-focused social credit system is only one facet of China’s rapidly expanding system of algorithmic surveillance. Another is a sprawling network of technologies, especially surveillance cameras, to monitor people’s physical movements. In 2015, China’s national police force—the Ministry of Public Safety— called for the creation of an “omnipresent, completely connected, always on and fully controllable” national video surveillance network. MPS and other agencies stated that law enforcement should use facial recognition technology in combination with the video cameras to catch lawbreakers. One IHS Markit estimate puts the number of cameras in China at 176 million today, with a plan to have 450 million installed by 2020.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#9_570678249
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: This planned data-focused social credit system is only one facet of China’s rapidly expanding system of algorithmic surveillance. Another is a sprawling network of technologies, especially surveillance cameras, to monitor people’s physical movements. In 2015, China’s national police force—the Ministry of Public Safety— called for the creation of an “omnipresent, completely connected, always on and fully controllable” national video surveillance network. MPS and other agencies stated that law enforcement should use facial recognition technology in combination with the video cameras to catch lawbreakers. One IHS Markit estimate puts the number of cameras in China at 176 million today, with a plan to have 450 million installed by 2020. One hundred percent of Beijing is now blanketed by surveillance cameras, according to the Beijing Public Safety Bureau. The stated goal of this system is to capture and deter criminals. However, it also poses obvious and massive risks to privacy and the modicum of freedom Chinese citizens have managed to gain since the Maoist era. The penalties for small crimes seem unreasonable: Authorities in Fuzhou are publishing the names of jaywalkers in local media and even sending them to their employers.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_252520009#10_570679930
Title: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone - The Atlantic Headings: China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Global China's Surveillance State Should Scare Everyone Content: One hundred percent of Beijing is now blanketed by surveillance cameras, according to the Beijing Public Safety Bureau. The stated goal of this system is to capture and deter criminals. However, it also poses obvious and massive risks to privacy and the modicum of freedom Chinese citizens have managed to gain since the Maoist era. The penalties for small crimes seem unreasonable: Authorities in Fuzhou are publishing the names of jaywalkers in local media and even sending them to their employers. More ominous, though, are the likely punishments that will be inflicted on people who associate with dissidents or critics, who circulate a petition or hold up a protest sign, or who simply wind up in the wrong place at the wrong time. Thus, the installation of an all-seeing-eye for the government alarms civil liberties and privacy advocates worldwide. The government already constantly monitors the cell phones and social media of human-rights activists in the name of “stability maintenance.” A video surveillance system would enable further pervasive and repressive surveillance. Making streams publicly available, too, would threaten every citizen’s privacy:
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/china-surveillance/552203/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_255010418#9_572703445
Title: There's No Such Thing as Free Will - The Atlantic Headings: There’s No Such Thing as Free Will There’s No Such Thing as Free Will From our June 2016 issue Read Follow-Up Notes Content: This development raises uncomfortable—and increasingly nontheoretical—questions: If moral responsibility depends on faith in our own agency, then as belief in determinism spreads, will we become morally irresponsible? And if we increasingly see belief in free will as a delusion, what will happen to all those institutions that are based on it? In 2002, two psychologists had a simple but brilliant idea: Instead of speculating about what might happen if people lost belief in their capacity to choose, they could run an experiment to find out. Kathleen Vohs, then at the University of Utah, and Jonathan Schooler, of the University of Pittsburgh, asked one group of participants to read a passage arguing that free will was an illusion, and another group to read a passage that was neutral on the topic. Then they subjected the members of each group to a variety of temptations and observed their behavior. Would differences in abstract philosophical beliefs influence people’s decisions? Yes, indeed. When asked to take a math test, with cheating made easy, the group primed to see free will as illusory proved more likely to take an illicit peek at the answers.
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/theres-no-such-thing-as-free-will/480750/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_255010418#10_572705045
Title: There's No Such Thing as Free Will - The Atlantic Headings: There’s No Such Thing as Free Will There’s No Such Thing as Free Will From our June 2016 issue Read Follow-Up Notes Content: Kathleen Vohs, then at the University of Utah, and Jonathan Schooler, of the University of Pittsburgh, asked one group of participants to read a passage arguing that free will was an illusion, and another group to read a passage that was neutral on the topic. Then they subjected the members of each group to a variety of temptations and observed their behavior. Would differences in abstract philosophical beliefs influence people’s decisions? Yes, indeed. When asked to take a math test, with cheating made easy, the group primed to see free will as illusory proved more likely to take an illicit peek at the answers. When given an opportunity to steal—to take more money than they were due from an envelope of $1 coins—those whose belief in free will had been undermined pilfered more. On a range of measures, Vohs told me, she and Schooler found that “people who are induced to believe less in free will are more likely to behave immorally.” It seems that when people stop believing they are free agents, they stop seeing themselves as blameworthy for their actions. Consequently, they act less responsibly and give in to their baser instincts. Vohs emphasized that this result is not limited to the contrived conditions of a lab experiment. “
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/theres-no-such-thing-as-free-will/480750/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256137690#8_573970457
Title: To Fix America's Education Bureaucracy, We Need to Destroy It - The Atlantic Headings: To Fix America's Education Bureaucracy, We Need to Destroy It To Fix America's Education Bureaucracy, We Need to Destroy It Successful schools don't have a formula, other than that teachers and principals are free to follow their instincts. Thank you for reading The Atlantic. Content: the school might get sued. Misbehavior and disrespect are met with weakness and resignation; teachers are trained to be stoics, tolerating disorder rather than running the risk of a "due process" hearing in which the teacher, not the student, must justify her decision. Principals suffer a similar inversion of authority with teachers, who are armed with hundreds of pages of work rules that prescribe exactly what teachers can be asked to do. Managing a school -- say, setting the hours, deciding how to spend the budget, and deciding which teachers are doing the job -- is an oxymoron. Public schools today are, by law, basically unmanageable. Throw onto the legal pile a mono-minded compulsion -- complete with legal penalties -- to satisfy minimum standardized test scores. Recess has been canceled, arts and humanities courses scrapped, and creative interaction replaced by rote drills -- largely because of one law, known as No Child Left Behind. Another unintended effect of focusing only on the lowest performers is that all the all the other students get left behind. Teachers are treated like machine tools, their personalities and passions extruded through rigid drilling protocols.
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/04/to-fix-americas-education-bureaucracy-we-need-to-destroy-it/255173/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256303546#3_574340007
Title: The 9 Principles of Good Policing - The Atlantic Headings: The 9 Principles of Good Policing The 9 Principles of Good Policing Content: Save your anger for later, and channel it appropriately. Do what the officer tells you to and it will end safely for both of you." While it's true that escalating a confrontation with an abusive police officer can get one killed, there are times when submitting—whether to a Kelly Thomas-style beating or a choke hold cutting off one's breathing—results in the death of an arrestee. Recommended Reading The Inside Story of Joe Biden’s Most Fateful Decision Edward-Isaac Dovere What Kamala Harris Has Learned About Being Vice President Edward-Isaac Dovere The Texas Republican Asking His Party to Just Stop Emma Green What Dutta's op-ed illustrates most clearly is how far some American police officers have drifted from a seminal document in policing theory that has been cited by numerous observers of militarized law enforcement in Ferguson, Missouri. These 9 principles of policing were formulated in 1829 by leaders of London's Metropolitan Police Department. How many, would you say, are adhered to in your community? The 9 principles of policing are: To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and severity of legal punishment. To recognise always that the power of the police to fulfil their functions and duties is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behaviour and on their ability to secure and maintain public respect. To recognise always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public means also the securing of the willing co-operation of the public in the task of securing observance of laws.
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/08/the-9-principles-of-good-policing/378810/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256303546#4_574341982
Title: The 9 Principles of Good Policing - The Atlantic Headings: The 9 Principles of Good Policing The 9 Principles of Good Policing Content: How many, would you say, are adhered to in your community? The 9 principles of policing are: To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and severity of legal punishment. To recognise always that the power of the police to fulfil their functions and duties is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behaviour and on their ability to secure and maintain public respect. To recognise always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public means also the securing of the willing co-operation of the public in the task of securing observance of laws. To recognise always that the extent to which the co-operation of the public can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives. To seek and preserve public favour, not by pandering to public opinion; but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws, by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humour; and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life. To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient to obtain public co-operation to an extent necessary to secure observance of law or to restore order, and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective.
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/08/the-9-principles-of-good-policing/378810/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256303546#5_574344054
Title: The 9 Principles of Good Policing - The Atlantic Headings: The 9 Principles of Good Policing The 9 Principles of Good Policing Content: To recognise always that the extent to which the co-operation of the public can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives. To seek and preserve public favour, not by pandering to public opinion; but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws, by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humour; and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life. To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient to obtain public co-operation to an extent necessary to secure observance of law or to restore order, and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective. To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and that the public are the police, the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. To recognise always the need for strict adherence to police-executive functions, and to refrain from even seeming to usurp the powers of the judiciary of avenging individuals or the State, and of authoritatively judging guilt and punishing the guilty. To recognise always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, and not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them. Interestingly, William J. Bratton, who was police chief in Los Angeles for at least part of Dutta's tenure, espoused these same principles. To read a lawman's reaction to Ferguson, Missouri, that better accords with them, see Max Geron's observations. "
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/08/the-9-principles-of-good-policing/378810/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256303546#6_574346516
Title: The 9 Principles of Good Policing - The Atlantic Headings: The 9 Principles of Good Policing The 9 Principles of Good Policing Content: To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and that the public are the police, the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. To recognise always the need for strict adherence to police-executive functions, and to refrain from even seeming to usurp the powers of the judiciary of avenging individuals or the State, and of authoritatively judging guilt and punishing the guilty. To recognise always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, and not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them. Interestingly, William J. Bratton, who was police chief in Los Angeles for at least part of Dutta's tenure, espoused these same principles. To read a lawman's reaction to Ferguson, Missouri, that better accords with them, see Max Geron's observations. " Their strategy for policing protest, if they had a formal one, seems to indicate a lack of understanding of the effect that a strong show of militarized force can have on a community that believes they have been disenfranchised by their police department," he writes. " For American police, retention of the 'servant' mindset is more critical than that of the 'warrior' mindset." There are police officers who agree and others who disagree. The relative influence of those factions will have tremendous consequences for American society in years to come.
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/08/the-9-principles-of-good-policing/378810/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256321257#9_574388524
Title: How Police Training Contributes to Avoidable Deaths - The Atlantic Headings: How Police Training Contributes to Avoidable Deaths How Police Training Contributes to Avoidable Deaths To save lives, cops must be taught to think beyond the gun belt. Content: They saw what they were trained to see. And they did what they had been taught to do. That’s the problem. Police training needs to go beyond emphasizing the severity of the risks that officers face by taking into account the likelihood of those risks materializing. Policing has risks—serious ones—that we cannot casually dismiss. Over the last ten years, an annual average of 51 officers were feloniously killed in the line of duty according to data collected by the FBI. In the same time period, an average of 57,000 officers were assaulted every year (though only about 25 percent of those assaults result in any physical injuries). But for all of its risks, policing is safer now than it has ever been. Violent attacks on officers, particularly those that involve a serious physical threat, are few and far between when you take into account the fact that police officers interact with civilians about 63 million times every year. In percentage terms, officers were assaulted in about 0.09 percent of all interactions, were injured in some way in 0.02 percent of interactions, and were feloniously killed in 0.00008 percent of interactions.
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/police-gun-shooting-training-ferguson/383681/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256321257#10_574390167
Title: How Police Training Contributes to Avoidable Deaths - The Atlantic Headings: How Police Training Contributes to Avoidable Deaths How Police Training Contributes to Avoidable Deaths To save lives, cops must be taught to think beyond the gun belt. Content: Over the last ten years, an annual average of 51 officers were feloniously killed in the line of duty according to data collected by the FBI. In the same time period, an average of 57,000 officers were assaulted every year (though only about 25 percent of those assaults result in any physical injuries). But for all of its risks, policing is safer now than it has ever been. Violent attacks on officers, particularly those that involve a serious physical threat, are few and far between when you take into account the fact that police officers interact with civilians about 63 million times every year. In percentage terms, officers were assaulted in about 0.09 percent of all interactions, were injured in some way in 0.02 percent of interactions, and were feloniously killed in 0.00008 percent of interactions. Adapting officer training to these statistics doesn’t minimize the very real risks that officers face, but it does help put those risks in perspective. Officers should be trained to keep that perspective in mind as they go about their jobs. Training also needs to compensate for the unconscious racial biases that lead officers to perceive a greater threat from black men than from others. Officers are not unique in that regard; implicit racial animus is depressingly common in society.
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/police-gun-shooting-training-ferguson/383681/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_256586126#3_574783360
Title: Free Will Exists and Is Measurable - The Atlantic Headings: Reporter's Notebook Reporter's Notebook Free Will Exists and Is Measurable There's No Such Thing as Free Will and Determinism Content: In this, they are right: quantum indeterminacy implies that physical reality has an irreducibly probabilistic nature. Other readers have pointed out that even classical physics does not always allow us to accurately predict what will happen: According to chaos theory, any of an incalculably huge number of tiny differences in initial conditions can lead to radically different outcomes. ( At least, that’s the excuse weather forecasters use for getting it wrong.) This too is a fair point. Continue Reading But neither quantum indeterminacy nor chaos theory give us free will in the sense of a special power to transcend the laws of nature. They introduce respectively randomness and unpredictability, but not free-floating minds that cause atoms to swerve, or neurons to fire, or people to act. So you could read instances of the term “determinism” in my article as meaning roughly “the belief that human action is the product of physical laws” and all the points would remain the same. The kind of free will that I do think exists is one that is actually entirely compatible with the laws of nature as we know them.
https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/06/free-will-exists-and-is-measurable/486551/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_257732862#2_576695293
Title: Free Speech Isn't Free - The Atlantic Headings: Free Speech Isn't Free Politics Free Speech Isn't Free Content: Why should speech be exempt from public welfare concerns when its social costs can be even more injurious [than that of physical injury]?" I believe—strongly—in the free-speech system we have. But most of the responses to Rosenbaum leave me uneasy. I think defenders of free speech need to face two facts: First, the American system of free speech is not the only one; most advanced democracies maintain relatively open societies under a different set of rules. Second, our system isn't cost-free. Repressing speech has costs, but so does allowing it. The only mature way to judge the system is to look at both sides of the ledger. Recommended Reading Jonathan Rauch:
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/02/free-speech-isnt-free/283672/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_257732862#13_576712193
Title: Free Speech Isn't Free - The Atlantic Headings: Free Speech Isn't Free Politics Free Speech Isn't Free Content: That vote is a disgrace; but it is slightly mitigated by this sentence in his concurrence: " Suppressing advocates of overthrow inevitably will also silence critics who do not advocate overthrow but fear that their criticism may be so construed .... It is a sobering fact that, in sustaining the convictions before us, we can hardly escape restriction on the interchange of ideas." When Holmes at last decided that subversive speech should be protected, he did so knowing full well that his rule, if adopted, might begin the death agony of democracy. " If in the long run the beliefs expressed in proletarian dictatorship are destined to be accepted by the dominant forces of the community," he wrote in his dissent in Gitlow v. New York, "the only meaning of free speech is that they should be given their chance and have their way." The reason that we allow speech cannot be that it is harmless. It must be that we prefer that people harm each other, and society, through speech than through bullets and bombs. American society is huge, brawling, and deeply divided against itself. Social conflict and change are bruising, ugly things, and in democracies they are carried on with words. That doesn't mean there aren't casualties, and it doesn't mean the right side will always win.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/02/free-speech-isnt-free/283672/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_257732862#14_576713808
Title: Free Speech Isn't Free - The Atlantic Headings: Free Speech Isn't Free Politics Free Speech Isn't Free Content: The reason that we allow speech cannot be that it is harmless. It must be that we prefer that people harm each other, and society, through speech than through bullets and bombs. American society is huge, brawling, and deeply divided against itself. Social conflict and change are bruising, ugly things, and in democracies they are carried on with words. That doesn't mean there aren't casualties, and it doesn't mean the right side will always win. For that reason, questions about the current state of the law shouldn't be met with trolling and condescension. If free speech cannot defend itself in free debate, then it isn't really free speech at all; it's just a fancier version of the right to smoke.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/02/free-speech-isnt-free/283672/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258271034#0_577631640
Title: Donald Trump Discusses Mental Illness, Gun Violence at GOP debate - The Atlantic Headings: Donald Trump and 'The Sickos' Politics Donald Trump and 'The Sickos' Content: Donald Trump Discusses Mental Illness, Gun Violence at GOP debate - The Atlantic Politics Donald Trump and 'The Sickos' The presidential candidate’s views on mental health and gun violence aren’t uncommon, but they’re based on two big myths. Marina Koren October 29, 2015 Rick Wilking / Reuters Donald Trump has done it again. At the third Republican presidential debate Wednesday night, Trump managed to once more offend a large swath of people in one breath. “I feel that the gun-free zones and, you know, when you say that, that’s target practice for the sickos and for the mentally ill,” he told CNBC moderators. “ They look around for gun-free zones.” Trump isn’t alone in this belief. In a Washington Post-ABC News poll released this week, 63 percent of participants—and 82 percent of Republicans—said mass shootings reflect problems in identifying and treating people with mental-health problems, while just 23 percent said they reflected inadequate gun-control laws. But mental-health advocates, individuals who suffer from mental-health issues, and the people who support them likely bristled at his remarks. In the United States, one in four adults, or approximately 61.5 million Americans, experiences some form of mental illness in a given year, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, a nonprofit advocacy group. The mental-health community has long tried to rid the lexicon of language that, while once common, it now considers a driver of stigma against mental illness.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/donald-trump-gop-debate-mental-health/413023/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258271034#1_577633594
Title: Donald Trump Discusses Mental Illness, Gun Violence at GOP debate - The Atlantic Headings: Donald Trump and 'The Sickos' Politics Donald Trump and 'The Sickos' Content: Trump isn’t alone in this belief. In a Washington Post-ABC News poll released this week, 63 percent of participants—and 82 percent of Republicans—said mass shootings reflect problems in identifying and treating people with mental-health problems, while just 23 percent said they reflected inadequate gun-control laws. But mental-health advocates, individuals who suffer from mental-health issues, and the people who support them likely bristled at his remarks. In the United States, one in four adults, or approximately 61.5 million Americans, experiences some form of mental illness in a given year, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, a nonprofit advocacy group. The mental-health community has long tried to rid the lexicon of language that, while once common, it now considers a driver of stigma against mental illness. She’s psycho. He’s gone mad. They’re sick in the head. A politician more concerned with public perception probably wouldn’t have used the term “sickos.” In fact, if anyone other than Trump had said it, there’s a good chance it would have been deemed a gaffe.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/donald-trump-gop-debate-mental-health/413023/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258271034#4_577638563
Title: Donald Trump Discusses Mental Illness, Gun Violence at GOP debate - The Atlantic Headings: Donald Trump and 'The Sickos' Politics Donald Trump and 'The Sickos' Content: Trump’s claim that “they”— the sickos — specifically target areas that prohibit guns in order to carry out shootings is a common talking point among many Republicans and gun advocates. Mental-health reform, not gun reform, they say, is the way to solve America’s growing mass shooting crisis. Trump’s claim also seems to rest on two big myths: that mental illness causes violence or crime, and that the presence of mental health can predict violence. It has become standard practice to raise the question of the link between mental health and violence after a mass shooting. This makes sense: Few people can fathom a stable, sane individual committing such a horrid crime. “ No matter what you do, guns, no guns, it doesn’t matter,” Trump said in August. “ You have people that are mentally ill and they’re going to come through the cracks and they’re going to do things that people will not even believe are possible.” Indeed, many mass shooters, most of whom are young men, are later determined to have exhibited signs of mental disorders.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/donald-trump-gop-debate-mental-health/413023/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258326718#6_577776596
Title: Obama and the Wrong Side of History - The Atlantic Headings: The Wrong Side of 'the Right Side of History' Politics The Wrong Side of 'the Right Side of History' Content: Presuming otherwise embraces the dangerous tendency that the great English historian Herbert Butterfield dissected in his 1931 essay, The Whig Interpretation of History. Butterfield was writing about the inclination among certain historians to see the Reformation as a unalloyedly positive force—a secularizing, liberalizing movement that led inexorably to liberal democracy in the 20th century. Butterfield objected that this wasn’t at all how things worked. It was just a retrospective reading. “The total result of this method is to impose a certain form upon the whole historical story, and to produce a scheme of general history which is bound to converge beautifully upon the present," he wrote. In fact, “the more we examine the way in which things happen, the more we are driven from the simple to the complex.” Viewing history from the standpoint of the present not only misrepresented the complexity of events, he wrote, but also risked framing history as a natural progression wherein humans improved over time, going from darker, less intelligent and moral times to an ever-improving present. Butterfield warned against that: History is all things to all men. She is at the service of good causes and bad.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/obama-right-side-of-history/420462/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258361978#0_577847997
Title: Sex Trafficking in the United States - The Atlantic Headings: When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Politics When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Many cases go unreported, making it a difficult crime for law enforcement personnel to spot. Read Follow-Up Notes Content: Sex Trafficking in the United States - The Atlantic Politics When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Many cases go unreported, making it a difficult crime for law enforcement personnel to spot. Priscilla Alvarez February 23, 2016 A survivor of sex-trafficking is pictured outside of a faith-based Samaritan Women home where she now lives. Patrick Semansky / AP How do you identify sex-trafficking victims when such cases go largely undetected or unreported? * It’s an issue with which law-enforcement agencies in the U.S. continually struggle. Detective Bill Woolf with the Northern Virginia Human Trafficking Task Force has experienced this first hand. Over the course of his tenure, he’s interviewed over 300 victims. In many cases, those who have been exploited believe that they are offenders, Woolf told me. “ They fear law enforcement…because they’re technically committing a crime and that is prostitution,” he said. Read Follow-Up Notes Is legalizing prostitution the best way to tackle sex trafficking? The Department of Homeland Security defines human trafficking as a “modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain.”
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258361978#1_577849757
Title: Sex Trafficking in the United States - The Atlantic Headings: When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Politics When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Many cases go unreported, making it a difficult crime for law enforcement personnel to spot. Read Follow-Up Notes Content: Over the course of his tenure, he’s interviewed over 300 victims. In many cases, those who have been exploited believe that they are offenders, Woolf told me. “ They fear law enforcement…because they’re technically committing a crime and that is prostitution,” he said. Read Follow-Up Notes Is legalizing prostitution the best way to tackle sex trafficking? The Department of Homeland Security defines human trafficking as a “modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain.” In 2012, the International Labor Organization estimated that there are 20.9 million human trafficking victims worldwide. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, sexual exploitation is the most commonly identified form ahead of forced labor. Numbers released by the National Human Trafficking Resource Center suggest that also holds true in the U.S., where more than 4,000 cases of sex trafficking were reported. And as a whole human trafficking is a lucrative industry that around the globe rakes in $150 billion. But it’s unclear whether the numbers are an accurate representation of the problem, because many cases aren’t reported, according to Monique Villa, the CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, which works to combat human trafficking. “
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258361978#2_577851629
Title: Sex Trafficking in the United States - The Atlantic Headings: When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Politics When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Many cases go unreported, making it a difficult crime for law enforcement personnel to spot. Read Follow-Up Notes Content: In 2012, the International Labor Organization estimated that there are 20.9 million human trafficking victims worldwide. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, sexual exploitation is the most commonly identified form ahead of forced labor. Numbers released by the National Human Trafficking Resource Center suggest that also holds true in the U.S., where more than 4,000 cases of sex trafficking were reported. And as a whole human trafficking is a lucrative industry that around the globe rakes in $150 billion. But it’s unclear whether the numbers are an accurate representation of the problem, because many cases aren’t reported, according to Monique Villa, the CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, which works to combat human trafficking. “ The problem with human trafficking is that of course the victims are silenced,” Villa said. “ We don’t have good data about it. You don’t know how many slaves there are around the world.” Traffickers also play into the narrative by telling victims, who are exploited for sex, that they are offenders, threatening to call the police and report them for prostitution if they push back. This makes sex trafficking particularly challenging because victims might be fearful of going to law enforcement and being charged with a crime.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258361978#3_577853491
Title: Sex Trafficking in the United States - The Atlantic Headings: When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Politics When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Many cases go unreported, making it a difficult crime for law enforcement personnel to spot. Read Follow-Up Notes Content: The problem with human trafficking is that of course the victims are silenced,” Villa said. “ We don’t have good data about it. You don’t know how many slaves there are around the world.” Traffickers also play into the narrative by telling victims, who are exploited for sex, that they are offenders, threatening to call the police and report them for prostitution if they push back. This makes sex trafficking particularly challenging because victims might be fearful of going to law enforcement and being charged with a crime. Recommended Reading Don’t Sleep on Asian American Voters Ronald Brownstein What Bosses Really Think of Remote Workers Olga Khazan The Inside Story of Joe Biden’s Most Fateful Decision Edward-Isaac Dovere It’s a vicious cycle that law enforcement in the U.S. sees time and time again. Women can be pulled in to commercial sex through gangs or pimps—the former function as delivery services, taking women to houses in the area they control, while the latter focus on hotels and street level prostitution, according to Woolf. “ In gang-controlled situations, it’s usually going to be that the girl is from the area. When it’s a pimp … it’ll probably be girls from all over the place,” he said. A woman, who I met through the Thomson Reuters Foundation and who asked that I not use her name to ensure her safety, was pulled in by a pimp when she was 17 years old.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258361978#4_577855488
Title: Sex Trafficking in the United States - The Atlantic Headings: When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Politics When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Many cases go unreported, making it a difficult crime for law enforcement personnel to spot. Read Follow-Up Notes Content: Recommended Reading Don’t Sleep on Asian American Voters Ronald Brownstein What Bosses Really Think of Remote Workers Olga Khazan The Inside Story of Joe Biden’s Most Fateful Decision Edward-Isaac Dovere It’s a vicious cycle that law enforcement in the U.S. sees time and time again. Women can be pulled in to commercial sex through gangs or pimps—the former function as delivery services, taking women to houses in the area they control, while the latter focus on hotels and street level prostitution, according to Woolf. “ In gang-controlled situations, it’s usually going to be that the girl is from the area. When it’s a pimp … it’ll probably be girls from all over the place,” he said. A woman, who I met through the Thomson Reuters Foundation and who asked that I not use her name to ensure her safety, was pulled in by a pimp when she was 17 years old. Before then, her life was fairly ordinary. She had a good upbringing—a closely knit family and comfortable home. But in high school, she learned that her mother had been embezzling money from her company, and would be sentenced to seven years in prison. That changed everything. After her mother was gone, she acted out and her relationship with her father fell apart, she told me.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258361978#13_577870116
Title: Sex Trafficking in the United States - The Atlantic Headings: When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Politics When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America Many cases go unreported, making it a difficult crime for law enforcement personnel to spot. Read Follow-Up Notes Content: The woman I spoke with is with FAIR Girls now, working as a residential counselor for the organization’s Vida Home, a transitional home for victims. The leader of the ring that she was involved in was sentenced to 17 and a half years in federal prison. But three years later, she still thinks about her ordeal. “ It’s been a tough journey,” she said. And it continues to be for law enforcement as they work to identify victims who are afraid to identify themselves. * This article originally stated that there are an estimated 1.5 million trafficking victims in North America. That figure actually represents the number of estimated victims in North America and Western Europe. We regret the error.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-in-america/470166/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258467890#3_578045617
Title: What Caused Crime to Decline in the U.S.? - The Atlantic Headings: What Caused the Great Crime Decline in the U.S.? More From A&Q What Can the U.S. Do About Mass Incarceration? How Can the U.S. End Homelessness? What Should the World Do With Its Nuclear Weapons? What Caused the Great Crime Decline in the U.S.? I remember the 1990s as a pretty good time for economic growth. Maybe that offered less incentive for crime. I’m a little skeptical a Supreme Court opinion could reduce crime rates two decades later. Content: And then they kept going down. By decade’s end, the homicide rate plunged 42 percent nationwide. Violent crime decreased by one-third. What turned into a precipitous decline started later in some areas and took longer in others. But it happened everywhere: in each region of the country, in cities large and small, in rural and urban areas alike. In the Northeast, which reaped the largest benefits, the homicide rate was halved. Murders plummeted by 75 percent in New York City alone as the city entered the new millennium. The trend kept ticking downward from there, more slowly and with some fluctuations, to the present day. By virtually any metric, Americans now live in one of the least violent times in the nation’s history.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/what-caused-the-crime-decline/477408/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258467890#17_578070205
Title: What Caused Crime to Decline in the U.S.? - The Atlantic Headings: What Caused the Great Crime Decline in the U.S.? More From A&Q What Can the U.S. Do About Mass Incarceration? How Can the U.S. End Homelessness? What Should the World Do With Its Nuclear Weapons? What Caused the Great Crime Decline in the U.S.? I remember the 1990s as a pretty good time for economic growth. Maybe that offered less incentive for crime. I’m a little skeptical a Supreme Court opinion could reduce crime rates two decades later. Content: One complication is the prevalence of illegal abortion before ’73. The Guttmacher Institute estimates between 700,000 and 800,000 women terminated their pregnancies each year in the decades preceding Roe. If large numbers of women prevented unwanted births prior to the ruling, the sudden availability of legal abortion might not have radically changed the overall number. Another thought: How does the theory scale across the globe? Crime rates rose and fell in other industrialized countries in tandem with the United States over the past 50 years. Did they see similar declines when they liberalized their abortion laws? Demonstrating its effect in lowering foreign crime rates would strengthen the argument for its role in the U.S. decline, too. ANSWER Wait, if other countries also had similar rises and declines in crime, that suggests the decline’s cause might be a factor that crosses borders. I think I read a Mother Jones article about something like this a few years ago… QUESTION Are you thinking of lead?
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/what-caused-the-crime-decline/477408/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_258467890#18_578071993
Title: What Caused Crime to Decline in the U.S.? - The Atlantic Headings: What Caused the Great Crime Decline in the U.S.? More From A&Q What Can the U.S. Do About Mass Incarceration? How Can the U.S. End Homelessness? What Should the World Do With Its Nuclear Weapons? What Caused the Great Crime Decline in the U.S.? I remember the 1990s as a pretty good time for economic growth. Maybe that offered less incentive for crime. I’m a little skeptical a Supreme Court opinion could reduce crime rates two decades later. Content: Crime rates rose and fell in other industrialized countries in tandem with the United States over the past 50 years. Did they see similar declines when they liberalized their abortion laws? Demonstrating its effect in lowering foreign crime rates would strengthen the argument for its role in the U.S. decline, too. ANSWER Wait, if other countries also had similar rises and declines in crime, that suggests the decline’s cause might be a factor that crosses borders. I think I read a Mother Jones article about something like this a few years ago… QUESTION Are you thinking of lead? The neurotoxic element stunts intellectual growth in children and causes behavioral problems when they become adults, but it wasn’t seen as a possible culprit for a nationwide crime wave until recently. In her 2007 paper on the relationship, economist Jessica Reyes attributed a 56 percent drop in violent crime in the 1990s to the removal of lead from gasoline after the Clean Air Act of 1970. With children born after the early 1970s less affected by lead’s toxic effects, the logic goes, they would be less likely to commit crimes once they reached their 20s in the early 1990s. Mother Jones reporter Kevin Drum helped popularize the theory in his 2013 cover story. “ In states where consumption of leaded gasoline declined slowly, crime declined slowly,” he wrote. “
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/what-caused-the-crime-decline/477408/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_259379218#3_579866702
Title: 2020 Election: Voter Turnout Could Be Record-Breaking - The Atlantic Headings: Brace for a Voter-Turnout Tsunami Politics Brace for a Voter-Turnout Tsunami Content: The Democratic debate over winning back Trump’s base McDonald thinks the turnout surge in 2020 could shatter even older records, estimating that as many as two-thirds of eligible voters may vote next year. If that happens, it would represent the highest presidential-year turnout since 1908, when 65.7 percent of eligible Americans cast a ballot, according to McDonald’s figures. Since 18-year-olds were granted the vote, the highest showing was the 61.6 percent of eligible voters who showed up in 2008, leading to Barack Obama’s victory. And since World War II, the highest turnout level came in 1960, with John F. Kennedy’s win, when 63.8 percent of voters participated. Experts on both sides point to an array of indicators that signal turnout may reach new heights next year. Signs of political interest, from the number of small-donor contributions made to presidential candidates to the viewership for cable news, are all spiking. In polls, very high shares of Americans already say they are paying a lot of attention to the 2020 presidential race. But the clearest sign that high turnout may be approaching in 2020 is that it already arrived in 2018. In last year’s midterm, nearly 120 million people voted, about 35 million more than in the previous midterm, in 2014, with 51 percent of eligible voters participating—a huge increase over the previous three midterms. The 2018 level represented the largest share of eligible voters to turn out in a midterm year since 1914, according to McDonald’s figures.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/06/2020-election-voter-turnout-could-be-record-breaking/591607/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_259749067#12_580536700
Title: Brian Nosek's Reproducibility Project Finds Many Psychology Studies Unreliable - The Atlantic Headings: How Reliable Are Psychology Studies? How Reliable Are Psychology Studies? Content: How the eye works is probably very consistent across people but how people react to self-esteem threat will vary a lot,” says Nosek. Cognitive experiments also tend to test the same people under different conditions (a within-subject design) while social experiments tend to compare different people under different conditions (a between-subject design ). Again, people vary so much that social-psychology experiments can struggle to find signals amid the noise. More generally, failed replications don’t discredit the original studies, any more than successful ones enshrine them as truth. There are many reasons why two attempts to run the same experiment might produce different results. There’s random chance. The original might be flawed. So might the replication. There could be subtle differences in the people who volunteered for both experiments, or the way in which those experiments were done. And, to be blunt, the replicating team might simply lack nous or technical skill to pull off the original experiments.
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/08/psychology-studies-reliability-reproducability-nosek/402466/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_260571869#0_582213038
Title: 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote - The Atlantic Headings: 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote Sexes 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote Content: 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote - The Atlantic Sexes 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote Eleanor Barkhorn November 6, 2012 "You do not need a ballot to clean out your sink spout." Wikimedia Commons There's a lot that's flawed about the United States' voting system: long lines at polling stations, broken machines, voter intimidation, and more. But we can at least take comfort in the fact that, in theory anyway, all citizens in good standing, men and women alike, have the right to vote. This wasn't always the case, of course. Black Americans didn't have the constitutional right to vote until 1870, and it took women even longer to gain suffrage: the 19th Amendment didn't pass until 1920, following a long debate. One of the big voices against giving women the vote was the organization National Association OPPOSED to Woman Suffrage.
https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/11/vote-no-on-womens-suffrage-bizarre-reasons-for-not-letting-women-vote/264639/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_260571869#1_582214481
Title: 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote - The Atlantic Headings: 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote Sexes 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote Content: But we can at least take comfort in the fact that, in theory anyway, all citizens in good standing, men and women alike, have the right to vote. This wasn't always the case, of course. Black Americans didn't have the constitutional right to vote until 1870, and it took women even longer to gain suffrage: the 19th Amendment didn't pass until 1920, following a long debate. One of the big voices against giving women the vote was the organization National Association OPPOSED to Woman Suffrage. In the 1910s it published this pamphlet explaining why women shouldn't be allowed to vote: Click on the images to enlarge The stated reasons to "vote no" include: BECAUSE 90% of the women either do not want it, or do not care. BECAUSE it means competition of women with men instead of co-operation. BECAUSE 80% of the women eligible to vote are married and can only double or annul their husband's votes.
https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/11/vote-no-on-womens-suffrage-bizarre-reasons-for-not-letting-women-vote/264639/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_260571869#2_582215902
Title: 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote - The Atlantic Headings: 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote Sexes 'Vote No on Women's Suffrage': Bizarre Reasons For Not Letting Women Vote Content: In the 1910s it published this pamphlet explaining why women shouldn't be allowed to vote: Click on the images to enlarge The stated reasons to "vote no" include: BECAUSE 90% of the women either do not want it, or do not care. BECAUSE it means competition of women with men instead of co-operation. BECAUSE 80% of the women eligible to vote are married and can only double or annul their husband's votes. BECAUSE it can be of no benefit commensurate with the additional expense involved. BECAUSE in some States more voting women than voting men will place the Government under petticoat rule. BECAUSE it is unwise to risk the good we already have for the evil which may occur. The pamphlet also includes a list of household cleaning tips for women. Some gems: "
https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/11/vote-no-on-womens-suffrage-bizarre-reasons-for-not-letting-women-vote/264639/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261489172#5_584230716
Title: How the Average American Gets Their News - The Atlantic Headings: How the Average American Gets Their News Technology How the Average American Gets Their News It’s bad news for publications. Content: Meanwhile, only about a quarter of 20-somethings and college students are regular TV news watchers—but 50 percent of them are regular online news consumers. But then the findings look much more unfortunate, especially when read in tandem with the Facebook changes. Even after last week’s modifications, News Feed still prioritizes news in two different scenarios. If your Facebook friends share news stories, it’s “friend-approved content” and you’re more likely to see it. (“ Friend-approved content” is not even close to an official phrase.) And if you opt to like, share, or comment on news posts on Facebook, you’ll see more of it. The Pew finds that neither of those two things happen very often. Only about a quarter of social-media users regularly click through to read a news story on social media — the most basic form of engagement. Just 16 percent of social-media users often “like” a news story. Only 11 percent of people often share news stories on social media.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/07/how-the-average-american-gets-their-news/490244/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261489172#6_584232191
Title: How the Average American Gets Their News - The Atlantic Headings: How the Average American Gets Their News Technology How the Average American Gets Their News It’s bad news for publications. Content: And if you opt to like, share, or comment on news posts on Facebook, you’ll see more of it. The Pew finds that neither of those two things happen very often. Only about a quarter of social-media users regularly click through to read a news story on social media — the most basic form of engagement. Just 16 percent of social-media users often “like” a news story. Only 11 percent of people often share news stories on social media. And eight percent of Americans regularly comment on news articles—which, given the odiousness of this website’s comment threads, may be a good thing. These numbers didn’t meaningfully correlate to generational divides: Both older and younger people engaged with the news online in roughly equal measure. But all these numbers do significantly rise when they include people who engage with the news “sometimes.” Eighty percent of Americans often or sometimes click on a news story, for instance, and 49 percent share or repost news stories.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/07/how-the-average-american-gets-their-news/490244/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261489172#9_584236555
Title: How the Average American Gets Their News - The Atlantic Headings: How the Average American Gets Their News Technology How the Average American Gets Their News It’s bad news for publications. Content: In some ways, the study frames the last week’s News Feed changes. For some Americans, the old Facebook regime was working well: They saw the news they wanted to see, and they interacted with it. But most people skimmed over that news. If something seemed really interesting, they clicked on it—but, mostly, they learned about the world in other ways. “ Dark social ”—Alexis Madrigal’s term for low-key, friend-to-friend URL sharing that takes to text and GChat rather than Facebook and Twitter—does not appear to be a widespread activity, at least among all Americans. The Pew found that only 13 percent of Americans share news stories by texting, emailing, or instant messaging them to someone. In contrast, a vast majority—85 percent—share the news by talking about it. This latter statistic conjures a sweeping, happy vision of a living democracy: hundreds of millions of Americans, discussing the events of the day at home, work, and school.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/07/how-the-average-american-gets-their-news/490244/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261509457#2_584274230
Title: E-waste: The Gobal Cost of Discarded Electronics - The Atlantic Headings: The Global Cost of Electronic Waste More From Object Lessons Monocles Were Never Cool The Military Origins of Layering Candy Land Was Invented for Polio Wards The Global Cost of Electronic Waste Content: And so people replace things: smartphones, tablets, phablets, laptops, LEDs, LCDs, DVD players, portable music players. Whether from breakdown, slow-down, or just the availability of a newer model, people discard electronics at the slightest inconvenience. It’s not just laziness or a lust for the future, either; the economics of gadgets encourages disposal. In some cases, for example, buying a new printer is cheaper than buying a set of new ink cartridges. The increase in consumption of electronics has two major adverse ecological effects. First, it significantly increases mining and procurement for the materials needed for production of gadgets. And second, discarded devices produce large quantities of electronic waste. That waste could be reduced through reuse, repair, or resale.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/09/the-global-cost-of-electronic-waste/502019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261509457#8_584284241
Title: E-waste: The Gobal Cost of Discarded Electronics - The Atlantic Headings: The Global Cost of Electronic Waste More From Object Lessons Monocles Were Never Cool The Military Origins of Layering Candy Land Was Invented for Polio Wards The Global Cost of Electronic Waste Content: Electronic waste is a global ecological issue. It raises concern about air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, information security, and even human exploitation. Air can be polluted when scavengers burn electronic waste to get the copper. If not disposed of properly, toxins from electronic waste can enter the soil and water supplies. And unlike light bulbs, which were engineered to break, much e-waste contains operational devices, which might contain intact data ready to be exploited after discard. The shortened lifespans of electronic devices, encouraged or designed by manufacturers, have pushed consumers to interpret working electronics as insufficient or unusable. Countries like the United States regulate where and how e-waste gets recycled, but many goods still fill landfills instead. Of the $206 billion spent on consumer electronics in the U.S. in 2012, only 29 percent of the resulting e-waste generated was recycled. The rest were simply trashed. Who even remembers what they did with their first (or third, or fifth) iPhone?
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/09/the-global-cost-of-electronic-waste/502019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261509457#15_584294772
Title: E-waste: The Gobal Cost of Discarded Electronics - The Atlantic Headings: The Global Cost of Electronic Waste More From Object Lessons Monocles Were Never Cool The Military Origins of Layering Candy Land Was Invented for Polio Wards The Global Cost of Electronic Waste Content: The conditions at e-waste processing facilities are dire. Devices have to be laboriously manually sorted and then disassembled. Furthermore, used electronic devices contain hazardous materials like mercury, lead, silver, and flame-retardants. They also contain small amounts of valuable raw materials, such as gold, copper, titanium, and platinum; one ton of electronic waste might yield 200 grams of gold. This sometimes makes the business of e-waste recycling unviable. Manufacturers have a role to play here, too: for example, by assisting in the creation of e-waste recycling centers in developing countries rather than using them as dumping sites. * * * According to a United Nations Environment Program report titled “ Waste Crimes ,” up to 50 million tons of electronic waste—mainly computers and smartphones—are expected to be dumped in 2017. That’s up 20 percent from 2015, when about 41 million tons of electronic waste was discarded, mostly into third world countries serving as global landfills.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/09/the-global-cost-of-electronic-waste/502019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261644737#2_584585870
Title: Who Is Logan Paul, and What Happened in His Video That Was Taken Down? - The Atlantic Headings: The Social-Media Star and the Suicide Technology The Social-Media Star and the Suicide Content: The 15-minute video was taken down Tuesday. Since its posting, the familiar cycle of Horrific Internet Content has played out: scathing criticism from all sides; the deletion of the video from YouTube, an apology from Paul (defensive, in writing); a second apology from Paul (tearful, on camera); and finally a comment from YouTube. It would all feel routine if not for the macabre video at the center, which highlights the lack of oversight in the online fame machine. First, though, the video itself. Paul is an avid video blogger, and he posts a new video almost daily, but viewers are told straight out that it is something different. “ This is not clickbait.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/01/a-social-media-stars-error/549479/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_54_261644737#20_584609191
Title: Who Is Logan Paul, and What Happened in His Video That Was Taken Down? - The Atlantic Headings: The Social-Media Star and the Suicide Technology The Social-Media Star and the Suicide Content: In every step but the filming of the dead body, this is not the system breaking, but the system functioning as intended. And as with the recent discovery of widespread exploitation on “child-safe” parts of YouTube, it points to a dark tendency in today’s engagement-optimized web. As online platforms have pursued engagement to the detriment of everything else, they have come to favor content that dehumanizes us. Meanwhile, the same platforms dominate more and more of teen culture. People may want to punish Paul’s crassness and disrespect, but he, like every other social-media star, was responding to the incentives we’ve set up. We stuck a smartphone in every 14-year-old’s hand and told them it could make them famous. Little wonder that the kids who won that lottery don’t know when to turn the camera off. Little wonder that before the backlash, Paul’s video was going viral. The internet’s only currency is attention. An earlier version of this story mistakenly said that YouTube deleted the video.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/01/a-social-media-stars-error/549479/