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Wains’ World - St John’s PS
This week, primary 5, 6 and 7 pupils in St John’s PS talk about pollution.
Tuesday, 23rd November 2021, 4:19 pm
Updated Tuesday, 23rd November 2021, 4:19 pm
Eabha: “Pollution is a massive problem in the world now and loads of things can cause it such as car fumes, oil slicks and fish nets in the water. ”
Aoife: “Pollution can cause climate change which can affect different parts of the earth like water, ground and causing things to melt depending on what type of pollution it is.”
Emily: “It can cause the ice to melt which can cause floods and animals like the polar bears are going extinct because their homes are being destroyed.”
St Johns PS
Corey: “A turtle might think a plastic bag is a jellyfish bobbing about and it might eat it and it won’t have enough time to realise that it was plastic and it might die.”
Amelia: “People are littering in the sea and leaving plastic and it’s a bad environment for the animals.”
Jacob: “Burning down things is the problem because if you’re burning down trees, what about the animals that live in the trees? They could lose their home.”
Rossa: “I remember a few years ago there were loads of people on the bus but now the buses be nearly empty and all those people are driving cars which make more toxic gases and pollution.”
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Hamburger, Jacob
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HAMBURGER, JACOB (1826–1911), German rabbi and scholar. Hamburger, who was born in Loslaw (Wodzislaw, Poland), served as rabbi in Neustadt (near Pinne, Poland) and Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Prussia). His most important work was his two-volume Real-Encyklopaedie fuer Bibel und Talmud, the first such work ever published in the German language (1874–83) dealing with the Bible and Talmud respectively. This he later extended into a three-volume Real-Encyklopaedie des Judentums (1874–1900, 1904–053), the third volume dealing with post-talmudic Judaism. Hamburger also began to write Geist der Hagada, an alphabetical anthology of talmudic and midrashic sayings, but only completed the letter A (1857). He also contributed the section on the Karaites and other matters to Winter and Wuensche's standard work on post-biblical literature, Juedische Litteratur seit Abschluss des Kanons (1894–96).
N. Sokolow (ed.), Zikkaron le-Soferei Yisrael… (1889), 29.
[Alexander Carlebach]
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The poison dart frog lives in the rainforest. The group name is Army. Poison dart frogs eat insects, including fruit flies, ants, and termites. Their size is 1 inch and they are amphibians. Their life span is 3 to 15 years. Their scientific name is dendrobatidae. Their skin has enough poison that it can kill 20,000 mice or 20 fully grown people. It helps to protect from its predators. In the future poison dart frog because water level trees are drowning it has to jump in water and jump in the wood hides on tree barch waiting for it peye. It lays eggs on the water guard and leaves it eggs when it hach tadpoles find tiny fish. When it turns to a frog it finds food so it can be nice fat so it won't get more food so it is not hungry . find a home and stay.
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Live From The University Of New Mexico
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Local Water Protector Talks DAPL Shutdown
Leslie Peterson via Flickr
In 2016, thousands of people from many tribal nations converged to support the Standing Rock Sioux reservation in North Dakota in trying to stop the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline. The oil pipeline was built anyway, and it has sprung leaks since it was constructed. But this week, a federal judge ordered the Dakota Access Pipeline, or DAPL, to stop transporting oil pending a full environmental review.
Liz Mckenzie is a New Mexico musician who traveled to Standing Rock in 2016 with supplies and lived there for months as water protectors faced state violence. She spoke with KUNM, first offering a land acknowledgement.
LIZ MCKENZIE: I am a Diné woman living here on occupied Tiwa territory in what is known as so-called Albuquerque.
KUNM: Thank you for talking to me today, Liz. So how do you feel about seeing this decision come down now?
MCKENZIE: It is very, very exciting. I mean, this is something that we worked for and fought for, for a very long time. I am very wary though. I feel like a huge part of me is not letting myself believe it yet. And you know, not till everything is said and done, everything is hauled out and there isn't a trace of [DAPL] left.
KUNM: So let's go back to 2016. You traveled from Albuquerque to Standing Rock, North Dakota. That's over 1,000 miles away. Why was it important for you to join the movement to protect the environment there?
MCKENZIE: Well, I mean, it really reflected what was going on in our own land here in New Mexico. I mean the Diné people, we're consistently under attack via fracking. And then from the beginning, you know, uranium mining and coal mining. And even the Navajo Nation, the government was put in place by the Peabody coal mine.
My shicheii, my maternal grandfather, he worked in a uranium mine. He passed at a younger age because of uranium poisoning. This is, you know, something that I see happening on my people's land on a day-to-day basis. And with Standing Rock, because there was such a big movement—LaDonna Allard, she was the person who owned the Sacred Stone camp up in Cannon Ball. She saw this happening, and she put out the call for people to come up and help occupy the territory in a prayerful manner. I just had my own moment of realization that I needed to go up there.
KUNM: Moving forward, what would you want to see happen next?
MCKENZIE: Well, I mean, of course, to get DAPL out. Second of all, I strongly believe that there should be reparations made for the water protectors who were met with violence from the National Guard and from the law enforcement officials. I have a friend who was hit with a rubber bullet in the eye, and then there's the water protector who, you know, almost had her arm blown off. I had another friend who almost lost his hands because in the harsh winter, they handcuffed him, and they put them on so tight that it cut off the circulation. And it's not even just the people who were met with violence. It's also the people who face jail time and legal action.
KUNM: So the Bureau of Land Management is considering opening up land in Northwestern New Mexico to oil drilling and fracking, including land that's near the ancestral Puebloan site of Chaco Canyon. Do you see any parallels to what happened with DAPL in this move?
MCKENZIE: Oh, yeah, totally. And you know, fracking at Chaco has been happening for years. And then there's also a sneaky move that they want to clean up the mines, and they want to hire locals to do it, but not give them hazard pay. You know, they want to haul nuclear toxic waste through the Diné land. There's so much happening everywhere.
KUNM: What did you take from your experience at Standing Rock, that assists you in what you do today?
MCKENZIE: Standing Rock just kind of enforced the belief in myself that when a community comes together, they can make a huge impact.
Related Content
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Examples On Subject Verb Agreement
10-A. With one of these ________, which use a plural reverb. The example above implies that others, with the exception of Hannah, like to read comics. Therefore, plural obsedation is the right form. 8) Katie or three girls go to the office. (Girls are closer, so verb is plural) Being able to find the right subject and verb will help you correct subject-verb chord errors. 2) These indeterminate pronouns are always plural and should be paired with a plural text: little, a lot The person of the subject can be the first, second and third. The verb changes according to the number and person of the subject. Note: Technically, the data is a plural noun, but it is often treated as an incalculable noun, so it is acceptable to use either the singular form or the plural form. No one likes conflicts, including sentences! We know that every sentence requires a topic and a predicate, but we also need to make sure that these two are in agreement. In the world of grammar, this is called the subject-verb agreement.
2) You take the school bus in the afternoon. (plural subject; Plural verb) However, the plural verb is used when the emphasis is on the individual in the group. It is much rarer. Note: Identifying the real topic can be difficult if you use these sentences in a long sentence, which can be confusing for your readers, so be careful when starting a sentence this way. 1) He walks 4 km a day. (singularsubstreff; Verbs “Be” depending on the number and person of the subject. The basic rule. A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines), while a plural meeting takes a plural verb. For example, she writes every day.
Exception: If you use the singular “she”, use plural forms. Example: the participant said he was satisfied with his work. They are currently in a leadership role within the organization. A study on African countries (Singularverb) shows that 80% of the population (plural sub-layers) of this continent (plural leases) lives below the poverty line. 4. In the case of compound subjects related by or nor, the verb corresponds to the subject that is closer to it. Rule 4. Usually use a plural bural with two or more subjects when connected by and by and by the other.
Rule 7. Use a singular verb with distances, periods, sums of money, etc., if you are considered a unit. The subject of a sentence must always correspond to the verb that describes its plot. This helps your reader understand who or what is doing something and makes your writing easier to read. The word that exists, a contraction from there, leads to bad habits in informal sentences as there are many people here today because it is simpler, “there are” than “there are”. Make sure you never use a plural subject. Rule 9. In collective nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb can be singular or plural, depending on the intention of the author. Nouns connected by the conjunction and in the subject work as plural subjects and accept a plural verb. Singular subjects need singular offal, while plural subjects require plural verbs.
The verbs “Be” change the most depending on the number and person of the subject. Other verbs do not change much on the basis of subjects, except for verbs of simple representation. If the subjects are a singular number of the third person, verbs are used with s/il when they are in the simple presence. Verbs with s/es in the sentence are called the singular filling. If prepositional sentences separate subjects from verbs, they have no influence on verbs. Most indeterminate pronouns are treated as singular subjects. However, some are still treated as plural, since they relate to several articles or amounts. .
. . .
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Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister
(2211 words)
• Tammy Grimshaw (Universidad de Jaen)
Historical Context Essay
Margaret Thatcher, the first female prime minister in European history, was both admired and despised by the British public. Some believe that her economic policies saved the United Kingdom from financial ruin and made Britain a major world economic contender. Others insist that she operated a harsh and uncaring regime that divided the nation.
The first British prime minister in the twentieth century to win three consecutive terms and the longest-serving British prime minister since 1827, Thatcher began her political career in 1961 as joint parliamentary secretary to the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, a post which she held until 1964. She served as a shadow minister in Harold Macmillan's administration from 1964 …
Grimshaw, Tammy. "Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 31 August 2004
[, accessed 30 June 2016.]
Related Groups
1. Prime Ministers in Britain
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G22.2233 - Prof. Grishman
Lecture 4: Logic Design -- Sequential Circuits
Representing sequential circuits (text, sec. B.6)
Finite state transition network
Transition table
In a transition table, the input columns represent the state of the circuit and the inputs to the circuit; the output columns represent the next state of the circuit.
Designing a sequential circuit
MIPS architecture
We will base our computer design on the MIPS architecture (text, chapter 3). Its simple structure allows for relatively simple machine designs. Sharp contract with CISC (complex instruction set) architectures such as the Intel 80x86 (sec. 3.12) Will return to performance issues later in semester
Spring 2002
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Published: May 2015
Dolphin Intelligence
Picture of a group of spinner dolphins in the waters off Hawaii
It’s Time for a Conversation
Breaking the communication barrier between
dolphins and humans
By Joshua Foer
Photographs by Brian Skerry
Head trainer Teri Turner Bolton looks out at two young adult male dolphins, Hector and Han, whose beaks, or rostra, are poking above the water as they eagerly await a command. The bottlenose dolphins at the Roatán Institute for Marine Sciences (RIMS), a resort and research institution on an island off the coast of Honduras, are old pros at dolphin performance art. They’ve been trained to corkscrew through the air on command, skate backward across the surface of the water while standing upright on their tails, and wave their pectoral fins at the tourists who arrive several times a week on cruise ships.
But the scientists at RIMS are more interested in how the dolphins think than in what they can do. When given the hand signal to “innovate,” Hector and Han know to dip below the surface and blow a bubble, or vault out of the water, or dive down to the ocean floor, or perform any of the dozen or so other maneuvers in their repertoire—but not to repeat anything they’ve already done during that session. Incredibly, they usually understand that they’re supposed to keep trying some new behavior each session.
There are two possible explanations of this remarkable behavior. Either one dolphin is mimicking the other so quickly and precisely that the apparent coordination is only an illusion. Or it’s not an illusion at all: When they whistle back and forth beneath the surface, they’re literally discussing a plan.
Graphic showing brain evolution in dolphins and humans
When a chimpanzee gazes at a piece of fruit or a silverback gorilla beats his chest to warn off an approaching male, it’s hard not to see a bit of ourselves in those behaviors and even to imagine what the animals might be thinking. We are, after all, great apes like them, and their intelligence often feels like a diminished—or at least a familiar—version of our own. But dolphins are something truly different. They “see” with sonar and do so with such phenomenal precision that they can tell from a hundred feet away whether an object is made of metal, plastic, or wood. They can even eavesdrop on the echolocating clicks of other dolphins to figure out what they’re looking at. Unlike primates, they don’t breathe automatically, and they seem to sleep with only half their brains resting at a time. Their eyes operate independently of each other. They’re a kind of alien intelligence sharing our planet—watching them may be the closest we’ll come to encountering ET.
Dolphins are extraordinarily garrulous. Not only do they whistle and click, but they also emit loud broadband packets of sound called burst pulses to discipline their young and chase away sharks. Scientists listening to all these sounds have long wondered what, if anything, they might mean. Surely such a large-brained, highly social creature wouldn’t waste all that energy babbling beneath the waves unless the vocalizations contained some sort of meaningful content. And yet despite a half century of study, nobody can say what the fundamental units of dolphin vocalization are or how those units get assembled.
“If we can find a pattern connecting vocalization to behavior, it’ll be a huge deal,” says Kuczaj, 64, who has published more scientific articles on dolphin cognition than almost anyone else in the field. He believes that his work with the synchronized dolphins at RIMS may prove to be a Rosetta stone that unlocks dolphin communication, though he adds, “The sophistication of dolphins that makes them so interesting also makes them really difficult to study.”
Yet virtually no evidence supports the existence of anything resembling a dolphin language, and some scientists express exasperation at the continued quixotic search. “There is also no evidence that dolphins cannot time travel, cannot bend spoons with their minds, and cannot shoot lasers out of their blowholes,” writes Justin Gregg, author of Are Dolphins Really Smart? The Mammal Behind the Myth. “The ever-present scientific caveat that ‘there is much we do not know’ has allowed dolphinese proponents to slip the idea of dolphin language in the back door.”
Graphic showing hearing ranges for various mammals
But where Gregg sees a half century of failure, Kuczaj and other prominent researchers see a preponderance of circumstantial evidence that leads them to believe that the problem simply hasn’t yet been looked at in the right way, with the right set of tools. It’s only within the past decade or so that high-frequency underwater audio recorders, like the one Kuczaj uses, have been able to capture the full spectrum of dolphin sounds, and only during the past couple of years that new data-mining algorithms have made possible a meaningful analysis of those recordings. Ultimately dolphin vocalization is either one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science or one of its greatest blind alleys.
Until our upstart genus surpassed them, dolphins were probably the largest brained, and presumably the most intelligent, creatures on the planet. Pound for pound, relative to body size, their brains are still among the largest in the animal kingdom—and larger than those of chimpanzees. The last common ancestor of humans and chimps lived some six million years ago. By comparison cetaceans such as dolphins split off from the rest of the mammal lineage about 55 million years ago, and they and primates haven’t shared an ancestor for 95 million years.
This means that primates and cetaceans have been on two different evolutionary trajectories for a very long time, and the result is not only two different body types but also two different kinds of brains. Primates, for example, have large frontal lobes, which are responsible for executive decision-making and planning. Dolphins don’t have much in the way of frontal lobes, but they still have an impressive flair for solving problems and, apparently, a capacity to plan for the future. We primates process visual information in the back of our brains and language and auditory information in the temporal lobes, located on the brain’s flanks. Dolphins process visual and auditory information in different parts of the neocortex, and the paths that information takes to get into and out of the cortex are markedly different. Dolphins also have an extremely well developed and defined paralimbic system for processing emotions. One hypothesis is that it may be essential to the intimate social and emotional bonds that exist within dolphin communities.
“A dolphin alone is not really a dolphin,” says Lori Marino, a biopsychologist and executive director of the Kimmela Center for Animal Advocacy. “Being a dolphin means being embedded in a complex social network. Even more so than with humans.”
When dolphins are in trouble, they display a degree of cohesiveness rarely seen in other animal groups. If one becomes sick and heads toward shallow water, the entire group will sometimes follow, which can lead to mass strandings. It’s as if they have a singular focus on the stranded dolphin, Marino says, “and the only way to break that concentration may be to give them something equally strong to pull them away.” A mass stranding in Australia in 2013 was averted only when humans intervened, capturing a juvenile of the group and taking her out to the open ocean; her distress calls drew the group back to sea.
Why did dolphins, of all the creatures roaming land and sea, acquire such large brains? To answer that question, we must look at the fossil record. About 34 million years ago the ancestors of modern dolphins were large creatures with wolflike teeth. Around that time, it’s theorized, a period of significant oceanic cooling shifted food supplies and created a new ecological niche, which offered dolphins opportunities and changed how they hunted. Their brains became larger, and their terrifying teeth gave way to the smaller, peglike teeth that dolphins have today. Changes to inner-ear bones suggest that this period also marked the beginnings of echolocation, as some dolphins likely changed from solitary hunters of large fish to collective hunters of schools of smaller fish. Dolphins became more communicative, more social—and probably more intelligent.
Richard Connor, who studies the social lives of dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, has identified three levels of alliances within their large, open social network. Males tend to form pairs and trios that aggressively court females and then keep those females under close guard. Some of these pairs and trios are remarkably stable relationships that can last for decades. Males are also members of larger teams of 4 to 14, which Connor dubs second-order alliances. These teams come together to steal females from other groups and defend their own females against attacks, and they can remain intact for 16 years. Connor has observed even larger, third-order alliances that coalesce when there are big battles between second-order alliances.
Two dolphins can be friends one day and foes the next, depending on which other dolphins are nearby. Primates tend to have a “you’re either with us or against us” mentality when it comes to making distinctions within and between groups. But for dolphins, alliances seem to be situational and extremely complicated. The need to keep track of all those relationships may help explain why dolphins possess such large brains.
Dolphins are also among the most cosmopolitan animals on the planet. Like humans on land, dolphin species are seemingly everywhere in the sea, and like humans, they have proved ingenious at discovering feeding strategies that are particular to the environments they inhabit. In Shark Bay some bottlenose dolphins detach sponges from the seafloor and place them on their beaks for protection while searching the sand for small hidden fish—a kind of primitive tool use. In the shallow waters of Florida Bay dolphins use their speed, which can exceed 20 miles an hour, to swim quick circles around schools of mullet fish, stirring up curtains of mud that force the fish to leap out of the water into the dolphins’ waiting mouths. Dusky dolphins off the coast of Patagonia herd schools of anchovies into neat spheres and then take turns gulping them down.
All these behaviors have the mark of intelligence. But what is intelligence really? When pressed, we often have to admit that we’re measuring how similar a species is to us. Kuczaj thinks that’s a mistake. “The question is not how smart are dolphins, but how are dolphins smart?”
There are people who go on spiritual retreats to commune with dolphins, women who choose to give birth in the presence of dolphins, and centers that claim to use the powers of dolphin energy to treat the sick. “There are probably more weird ideas about dolphins swimming in cyberspace than there are dolphins swimming in the ocean,” writes Gregg. Many of those weird ideas can be traced back to a single man, named John Lilly.
Lilly was an iconoclastic neurophysiologist at the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health who began studying dolphins in the 1950s. In best-selling books like Man and Dolphin: Adventures on a New Scientific Frontier and The Mind of the Dolphin: A Nonhuman Intelligence, he was the first scientist to posit that these “humans of the sea” had a language. Almost single-handedly, writes Gregg, he “managed to transform what was initially regarded as an odd air-breathing fish at the turn of the 20th century into an animal whose intelligence is so sophisticated that it deserves the same constitutional protection as you or me.”
With grants from major scientific funding bodies, Lilly opened a dolphin research facility in the U.S. Virgin Islands, where attempts were made to teach a dolphin named Peter to speak English. As the 1960s dawned, Lilly’s experiments grew more and more unconventional—at one point he injected dolphins with LSD—and his funding began to dry up. He wandered off into the weirdest corners of the counterculture and carried with him the credibility of the field he’d helped create. Dolphin “language” would become an untouchable subject until 1970, when a University of Hawaii psychologist named Louis Herman founded the Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory in Honolulu.
“We wanted to educate them to reveal their cognitive potential,” says Adam Pack of the University of Hawaii at Hilo, who worked at the lab for 21 years. “We reared the dolphins as you would a child.”
At Kewalo Basin two captive bottlenose dolphins, Phoenix and Akeakamai, were raised in an environment of constant education and schooled in an artificial language. Both were taught to associate either sounds or hand signs with objects, actions, and modifiers.
But Phoenix was taught an acoustic language in which words were placed in the order of the tasks to be performed. Akeakamai was taught a gestural language in which the order of the words was not the same as the order of the tasks. Though Phoenix could in theory respond word by word, Akeakamai could interpret her instructions only after she’d seen the entire sequence of gestures. Swimming in a pool filled with objects, the dolphins would carry out their instructions correctly more than 80 percent of the time.
After Akeakamai died in 2003 and Phoenix in 2004, their ashes were taken out to sea on surfboards and scattered, and the only research facility in the world dedicated solely to understanding how dolphins think went out of business. A big question remained: Why had Phoenix and Akeakamai found it so easy to learn the languages? Herman dismisses any notion that the researchers were piggybacking on some innate linguistic capacity. In his view, the imposed languages had allowed Phoenix and Akeakamai to express exceptional cognitive abilities common to all bottlenose dolphins—and perhaps other dolphin species—in a way that might never be exhibited in the wild. But is there some native form of dolphin communication that humans could eavesdrop on and eventually understand?
It turns out that there’s strong evidence to suggest that at least one kind of dolphin sound, studied extensively over the past decade, does function as a kind of referential symbol. Dolphins use distinct “signature whistles” to identify and call to one another. Each dolphin is thought to invent a unique name for itself as a calf and to keep it for life. Dolphins greet one another at sea by exchanging signature whistles and seem to remember the signature whistles of other dolphins for decades. Though other species, like vervet monkeys and prairie dogs, make sounds that refer to predators, no other animal, besides humans, is believed to have specific labels for individuals.
Signature whistles are only some of the vocalizations dolphins make underwater. What are the chances that they’re the only sounds in the dolphins’ repertoire that refer to something? How likely is it that dolphins have names only for each other and not for anything else in the sea?
A veritable Jane Goodall of the sea, Denise Herzing has spent the past three decades getting to know more than 300 individual Atlantic spotted dolphins spanning three generations. She works a 175-square-mile swath of ocean off the Bahamas, in the longest running underwater wild-dolphin program in the world. Because of its crystal clear waters, it’s a place where dolphin researchers can spend extended periods observing and interacting with wild animals.
Last summer I joined Herzing aboard her research boat, the R.V. Stenella, as she was preparing to run her first live trials with a complex new piece of machinery that she hopes will someday enable two-way communication between herself and the dolphins she has spent so long getting to know—and along the way illuminate how they communicate among themselves.
That piece of machinery is a shoebox-size cube of aluminum and clear plastic known as CHAT (cetacean hearing and telemetry), which Herzing wears underwater strapped to her chest. The 20-pound box has a small speaker and keyboard on its face and two hydrophones that look like eyes sticking out below. Inside, amid a tangle of wires and circuit boards sealed off from the corrosive effects of seawater, is a computer that can broadcast dolphins’ prerecorded signature whistles as well as dolphin-like whistles into the ocean at the push of a button and record any sounds that dolphins whistle back. If a dolphin repeats one of the dolphin-like whistles, the computer can convert the sound into words and then play them through a headset in Herzing’s ear.
Dolphins are notoriously talented mimics and quick students. Herzing’s goal is to get a handful of juvenile females she has known since birth to associate each of three whistle sounds broadcast by the CHAT box with a specific object: a scarf, a rope, and a piece of sargassum, a brown seaweed that wild dolphins use as a toy. Those three “words,” she hopes, will form the rudiments of a growing vocabulary of whistles shared by her and her dolphins—the beginnings of an artificial language in which she and they might someday be able to communicate.
“Once they get it—like Helen Keller getting language—we think it’s going to go very rapidly,” Herzing says. “Because they’re social, we’re capitalizing on other individuals watching. It’s like kids on a playground.”
Herzing, 58, is buoyant and optimistic, the kind of person for whom the word “visionary”—with its implications of both genius and kookiness—seems fitting. When she was 12 years old, she entered a scholarship contest that required her to answer the question “What would you do for the world if you could do one thing?” Her reply: “I would develop a human-animal translator so that we can understand other minds on the planet.”
In her underwater sessions, face-to-face with dolphins, sometimes for hours at a time, Herzing has recorded and logged thousands of hours of footage of every kind of dolphin behavior. She has also assembled a huge database of her loquacious subjects’ vocalizations.
Aboard the Stenella was another notable scientist, Thad Starner, a professor of computing at Georgia Tech. A pioneer of wearable computers, he’s also a technical lead at Google, where he works on Glass, the heads-up display that allows wearers to access the Internet as they go about their day.
Starner, 45, is boyish, with curly blond hair, wide eyes, and bushy sideburns. He wears Glass pretty much all the time and takes notes with a lemon-shaped keyboard that’s strapped to his left hand and fits in his palm. Starner’s lab team fabricated the CHAT box, and he’s come aboard the boat for ten days of technical testing and data collection.
If the mysteries of dolphin communication are ever to be cracked, it may have less to do with the two-way CHAT boxes than with the data-analysis tools Starner and his students have begun applying to Herzing’s dolphin recordings. They’re designing an algorithm that systematically searches through heaps of uncategorized data to find the fundamental units hiding inside. Feed in videos of people using sign language, and the algorithm pulls the meaningful gestures out of the jumble of hand movements. Feed in audio of people reading off phone numbers, and it figures out that there are 11 fundamental digits. (It’s not smart enough to realize that “zero” and “O” are the same number.) The algorithm uncovers recurring motifs that might not be obvious and that a human might not know how to look for.
As an early test of the algorithm, Herzing sent Starner a set of vocalizations she’d recorded underwater without telling him that he was listening to signature whistles sent between mothers and calves. The algorithm pulled five fundamental units from the data, which suggested that signature whistles were made up of individual components that were repeated and consistent between mothers and calves and that might be recombined in interesting ways.
“At some point we want to have a CHAT box with all the fundamental units of dolphin sound in it,” says Starner. “The box will translate whatever the system is hearing into a string of symbols and allow Denise to send back some string of fundamental units. Can we discover the fundamental units? Can we allow her to reproduce the fundamental units? Can we do it all on the fly? That’s the holy grail.”
When the opportunity finally arrives to test the CHAT box in the wild, it’s not just any dolphins that show up at the bow of the Stenella. The two dolphins that swim up to the boat are ones that Herzing has been hoping to encounter all week: Meridian and Nereide. Indeed, recordings of both dolphins’ signature whistles have been preprogrammed into the CHAT boxes in the hope that Herzing might get a chance to greet the dolphins and interact with them. It’s almost as if they’ve come to find us rather than the other way around.
Herzing has known most of her dolphins since birth, and she knows their mothers, aunts, and grandmothers as well. Many readers of this magazine know one of them too: Nereide’s mother, Nassau, appeared on the cover of National Geographic in September 1992, swimming beneath the surface of the same Bahamian waters.
These two females represent the best candidates for Herzing’s work. They haven’t yet become pregnant and are still just kids, with lots of curiosity and lots of freedom to play and explore. Sexual maturity in female Atlantic spotted dolphins arrives around age nine. Their life span can be more than 50 years.
When Herzing dives into the water and plays Meridian’s signature whistle for the first time, the dolphin turns and approaches, though without any outward sign of the surprise one might expect from a creature that’s just heard its name called by another species.
Herzing swims with her right arm stretched out in front of her, pointing at a red scarf she has pulled out of her swimsuit. She repeatedly presses the button for “scarf” on the CHAT box. It’s a rolling chirp that dips low and ends high, lasting about a second. One of the dolphins swims over, grabs the piece of fabric, and moves it back and forth from its rostrum to its pectoral fin. The scarf ends up hanging from the dolphin’s tail as she dives down to the bottom of the ocean.
I’m in the water with Herzing, trailing a few feet behind her with a graduate student who’s recording the encounter using an underwater camera. I keep waiting for one of the dolphins to take off with the scarf, but neither of them does. They seem to want to engage us, however tentatively. They pass the scarf back and forth, circle around us, disappear with it, and then offer it back to Herzing. She grabs it and tucks it back into her swimsuit and then pulls out a piece of seaweed. Nereide swoops down to grab it between her teeth and starts to swim off. Herzing takes off after her, pressing the CHAT box’s sargassum whistle again and again, as if desperately asking for it back. But the dolphins just ignore her.
“It’s not inconceivable that if the dolphins understand that we’re trying to use symbols, that they would try to show us something,” Herzing says later, back on board the Stenella. “Or imagine if they started using our word for sargassum amongst themselves.”
For now that still feels like a distant dream. The CHAT box never registers any mimicking during this hour-long encounter. “It’s all about exposure, exposure, exposure,” says Herzing. A tall order when you’re a human on a boat trying to link up with wild dolphins for a brief chat in a vast ocean.
“They’re curious. You can see them starting to put it together. I just keep waiting for them to trigger,” she says. “I keep waiting to hear a female voice in my headphones saying, ‘Scarf!’ You can almost see them calculating in their eyes, trying to work it out. If only they’d give me some acoustical feedback.”
The feedback may be there, just not in a form anyone can make sense of yet. Nereide had draped the sargassum over her tail as she floated casually through the water, finally shaking it off and then blowing a big, playful bubble.
After an hour in the water with us, the dolphins began to lose interest. As Nereide turned to leave, she made one final long, mysterious whistle, looked back at us, and then swam off into the blue darkness and disappeared.
Joshua Foer wrote Moonwalking With Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything. Brian Skerry, a contributing photographer since 1998, was named a National Geographic photography fellow in 2014.
Fieldwork was partially funded by Hussain Aga Khan and his organization, Focused on Nature.
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A Definition essay will share your special understanding about some idea or thing. Sometimes a definition will prove to be a small but important part of an essay; sometimes a definition will be the sole work of an entire essay. When it's the major impetus of an essay, there are several points to remember.
One way of defining something is to say what it is not. If you're defining the idea of "home," you could begin by suggesting that the old saying "There's no place like home" is silly because there are, in fact, many places like home — or you could insist that home is really not a place at all. The opportunity to define is an opportunity to exercise your poetic imagination, to show how most people's sense of something is faulty or inadequate and that there is a better understanding (yours!) to consider.
In selecting a topic to define, look for something that you can define within your own experience and that will allow your poetic imagination some room to play. It might be a big mistake for your English instructor to define reggae or rap music, but there are many students who could do a great job. If you try to define something that is beyond the comprehension of your paper or your own experience, the task will become overwhelming and get mired down in details or abstractions. You could write a book trying to define a concept such as conservatism or liberalism and you still wouldn't have said anything that more than two other people would agree with. Students would be wise to avoid abstract notions such as patriotism, beauty, justice, love, or being a good sport.
On the other hand, it can be useful — even fun — to take a rather abstract notion and put a spin on it. There doesn't appear to be much point in defining a student, for example, but defining what we mean by a good student could be interesting. Push that definition to the limit to make a special point. A good student is not necessarily one that earns good grades or even one that does his or her best; a good student is one that makes the teacher feel like a good teacher. Or try defining a good teacher, a good parent, a good doctor, a good lover. In any case, if you are going to define something that everyone else has some idea about, you will need to shed fresh, even surprising light upon your subject.
Some rhetorical points about defining things:
The following essay, written by student Doobie Weiser and used with his permission, attempts to define the idea of being a Yankee. Before writing an essay like this, you might first try doing an exercise in freewriting or clustering.
What is a Yankee?
Points to Ponder:
• Are there any fresh ideas enlisted in this definition? How would you have defined this idea? Are there ideas similar to it that you could choose to define?
• There are allusions here: (1) to the musical Damn Yankees!, (2) to the Bible (the parable of the Good Samaritan), and (3) to a poem by Robert Frost. Do these allusions add anything to the essay or to your understanding of things? What if you didn't "get" the allusions?
• What techniques of development does the essay use in the process of definition? Do you think the writer dwelt too long on what a Yankee is not before moving on to what a Yankee is?
• Can you point to one sentence that functions as thesis statement in this essay?
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Can someone summarise George Herbert's Redemption?
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George Herbert's poem, Redemption, is a sonnet dealing with the mankind's search for God. It is a parable and a sermon on the Biblical lines, using the landlord/tenant analogy, the landlord being God and the tenant being everyman. The poem relates to man's fallen state and the myth of crucifixion.
As in a number of parables in the Bible in which God is presented as the landowner and humankind as the tenat, here also the speaker, a 'tenant long to a rich lord' resolved to meet the landowner for a more affordable deal:'A new small-rented lease' in cancellation of the old contract. The first quatrain thus deals with the mankind's problematic since the Fall.
Unable to find the landlord at his manor in heaven, the 'I' in the poem returned to earth where the landlord reportedly had been to take possession of a land which he had earlier bought at a good cost. The tenant searched for the master in high places for only such places would have been appropriate for his greatness. But his search was in vain.
The poem takes a sharp allegorical turn in the last line of the third quatrain and the closing couplet. The landlord could at last be discovered in 'a ragged noise and mirth/Of thieves and murderers'. He granted the tenant's prayer and died. The closing lines refer to Christ's 'death' on the Cross, which was a way of paying good price for all the sins of mankind. We can remember that Christ was put to death in between two thieves.
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The 1747 census lists a Jewish family of four who later were joined by others from Subcarpathia and Galicia. The majority were grain and potato traders with a few craftsmen and farmers. They were on good terms with their Christian neighbours.The congregation, subordinate to the Kisvarda rabbinate in 1895, shared the Kisvarda cemetery. Zionism was not popular. Two Jewish soldiers from Gyulahaza died in the World War I. The first sign of anti-Semitism was the 1940 the breaking of Jewish windows while the "Hangya" ("ant") Cooperative was established to put Jewish merchants out of business. In 1941, 15 Jews were pushed into forced labor. The remainder were taken to the ghetto in Kisvarda after Passover 1944. The first group transported to Auschwitz on the second day of Shavuot immediately were gassed. After WWII, five women and ten men (in forced labor near Munkacs) returned to find the synagogue in ruins. They left. [February 2009]
Gyulaháza Jewish cemetery keys are held by György Csüllög, Kisvárdai utca 22. [March 2009]
Last Updated on Monday, 09 March 2009 21:25
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Flag of Guinea-Bissau
1. Guinea-Bissau Main Page
2. Guinea-Bissau Experiences a Series of Coups
3. A Presidential Assassination, A Death, and A Coup
4. José Mário Vaz Wins Presidential Election
More Facts & Figures
National name: Républica da Guiné-Bissau
Current government officials
Languages: Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages
Religions: Islam 50%, indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 10%
National Holiday: Independence Day, September 24
Literacy rate: 55.43% (2011 est.)
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2013 est.): $2.005 billion; per capita $1,200. Real growth rate: 3.5%. Inflation: 1.9%. Unemployment: n.a. Arable land: 8.31%. Agriculture: rice, corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), cashew nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, cotton; timber; fish. Labor force: 632,700 (2007); agriculture 82%, industry and services 18% (2000 est.). Industries: agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks. Natural resources: fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum. Exports: $147.6 million (2013): fish, cashew nuts, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn lumber. Imports: $206.4 million (2013): foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products. Major trading partners: India, Portugal, Senegal, U.S., China, Togo, Nigeria (2012).
Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 5,000 (2012); mobile cellular: 1.1 million (2012). Broadcast media: One state-owned TV station and a second station, Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) Africa, is operated by Portuguese public broadcaster (RTP); 1 state-owned radio station, several private radio stations, and some community radio stations; multiple international broadcasters are available (2007). Internet hosts: 90 (2012). Internet users: 37,100 (2009).
Transportation: Railways: 0 km. Highways: total: 3,455 km; paved: 965 km; unpaved: 2,490 km (2002). Waterways: rivers are navigable for some distance; many inlets and creeks give shallow-water access to much of interior (2009). Ports and harbors: Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim. Airports: 8 (2013).
Major sources and definitions
1 2 3 4
Guinea Countries Guyana
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February 15, 2011
Sentries In The Garden Shed
Plants that can detect environmental contaminants, explosives
Dr. June Medford and her team in the Department of Biology at Colorado State have shown that plants can serve as highly specific sentries for environmental pollutants and explosives. She's enabled a computer-designed detection trait to work in plants. How? By rewiring the plant's natural signaling process so that a detection of the bad stuff results in the loss of green color.
Based on research so far, Medford says the detection abilities of some plants (tobacco is an example) are similar to, or even better, than those of a dog's snout, long the hallmark of a good detector. Best of all, the training time is nothing compared to that of a dog.
"The idea comes directly from nature," Medford said. "Plants can't run or hide from threats, so they've developed sophisticated systems to detect and respond to their environment. We've 'taught' plants how to detect things we're interested in and respond in a way anyone can see, to tell us there is something nasty around, by modifying the way the plant's proteins process chlorophyll. Our system, with improvements, may allow plants to serve as a simple and inexpensive means to monitor human surroundings for substances such as pollutants, explosives, or chemical agents."
"At this point in the research, it takes hours to achieve a visible change in the foliage," says Doug Bauer, DHS S&T's program manager on the research. "Ideally, we'd want the reaction to be considerably faster." In addition to faster response times, Bauer says, in the next generation of the research, the indicators may take place in a non-visible spectrum, such as infrared, by using color-changing methods other than the suppression of chlorophyll. That way, law enforcement equipped with the appropriate sensors would be alerted, but a terrorist would not be tipped off.
This work could eventually be used for a wide range of applications such as security in airports or monitoring for pollutants such as radon, a carcinogenic gas that can be found in basements. Harnessing plants as bio-sensors allows for distributed sensing without the need for a power supply. "One day, plants may assist law enforcement officers in detecting meth labs or help emergency responders determine where hazardous chemicals are leaking," Bauer says. "The fact that DoD, DHS and a variety of other agencies contributed to funding this research is an indicator of the breadth of possibilities."
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The Ming And Qing Dynasties Of China
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The Ming And Qing Dynasties Of China
1. 1. The Ming and Qing Dynasties of China
2. 2. Some Chinese bureaucrats replaced Turkish, Persian, central Asian and others Background Mongol (Yuan) Dynasty 1279 - 1368 Best known emperor Kublai Khan Retained Mongol culture…blended central Asian and Chinese culture
3. 3. Built a centralized state and consolidated Chinese rule in former territories <ul><li>The Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644 </li></ul>Restored native rule to China Founded by Emperor Hongwu who drove out the Mongols The Quest for Political Stability
4. 4. Ming military power weakens in time Emperor Yogi 1403-1424 Expanded Chinese sea trade in the Indian Ocean and Africa Moved capital to Beijing in 1421 to better watch northern nomads (Mongols and Manchus)
5. 5. Still needed an active army to be effective Ming Wall Built On Remains Of Former Wall Built In 4th Century BC Built To Protect Against Northern Nomads Large labor force required The Great Wall: 15 th –16 th Centuries
6. 6. <ul><li>Supported Confucian schools </li></ul>Eradication of foreign influence especially Mongol Restoration of Chinese institutions ignored by Mongols <ul><li>Confucianism </li></ul>Ming Cultural Changes <ul><li>Restored civil service examinations </li></ul>
7. 7. Imperial extravagance The navy became ineffective in the 16 th century Smuggling reduced govt. income Piracy not suppressed until mid-1500s Ming Decline Eunuchs gained influence and increased corruption and isolation of emperors
8. 8. Ming Dynasty ended with suicide of the Emperor Emperor Wanli (1572-1620) refused to meet with government officials… conducted business through eunuchs Beijing captured by combined forces In 1644 Government did not deal with famine leading to peasant revolts in the 1630's. Peasants allied with Manchus
9. 9. Ruled from 1644 until it was replaced by the Chinese Republic in 1911 Central State Founded In Manchuria Under Chieftain Nurhaci In 1616 Unified Manchu Tribes Issued Law Code Developed Strong Army The Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
10. 10. Basis of Manchu power: Korea and Mongolia seized in 1620's and 1630's Controlled all of China by the 1680s <ul><li>Military strength Ming corruption and inefficiency (caused Ming generals and bureaucrats to desert to the Manchu) </li></ul>
11. 11. Strong and effective leadership kept tensions low Early Qing Leadership Rulers looked after peoples welfare and promoted agriculture Emperors studied and understood Confucianism Patronized Confucian schools and academies
12. 12. Long reigns of Kangxi (1661-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1794) helped promote stability
13. 13. The Reign of Qianlong 1736-1794
14. 14. Learned man who supported economic strength 19th century began Qing decline Economy strong enough to cancel tax collection FOUR TIMES! Delegated power toward end of reign. His successors followed this practice
15. 15. Rigorous exam for public service. Knowledge of Confucian works, history and literature necessary One million degree holders competed for about 20,000 positions! Exams open to all males, but wealthy had advantage of resources, time The Civil Service Exams Avenue for upward social mobility
16. 16. Qing goal to restore traditional Chinese culture Global trade brought increased wealth Economic and social change driven by contact from abroad Economic and Social Changes Agricultural production increased. New American food crops introduced
17. 17. Filial piety…Confucian morality applied idea of duty to family and Emperor Provided means to transmit Confucian values to next generation Father head of household. Veneration of ancestors honored male line The Patriarchal Family Local education allowed poor to prepare for civil service exams
18. 18. Women subject to the authority of men Family life continued to move along traditional lines in Ming and Qing China After marriage became member of husband’s family. Wife couldn’t initiate divorce Gender Relations Girls primary victims of infanticide
19. 19. Foot binding widespread among wealthy in Qing Period - deformed feet wouldn’t support weight - showed dependence of women involved
20. 20. The Privileged Classes: Landowners Emperor and family at peak of social hierarchy Qing Social Hierarchy Scholar bureaucrats
21. 21. Confucian traditions divided commoners into three classes: Merchants (ranked at bottom) Peasants (the largest class) Qing Social Hierarchy Artisans and workers (lower status but higher income than peasants)
22. 22. The lower classes: Armed Forces (Confucianism considers them a “necessary evil”) “Mean people” Slaves Indentured servants Entertainers Prostitutes Beggars Qing Social Hierarchy
23. 23. China a world leader in Medieval Period Government and Technology Adopted European cannon and firearms Ming and Qing favored stability over innovation Ready availability of labor didn’t encourage invention China lost technological ground to Europeans in long term
24. 24. Emperor Yongli sponsored expeditions to Indian Ocean (1405-1433) Trade, expansion, and withdrawal Admiral Zheng He Called throughout Indian Ocean as far west as Africa. Suppressed piracy in Asian waters Significantly expanded Chinese influence After Yongli, emperors no longer supported foreign expeditions
25. 25. Foreign merchants in China closely supervised by government Limited access to specific ports Chinese merchants not encouraged to trade overseas No large ship yards allowed. no trading corporations supported Thus they could not compete with Europeans by the time of the Qing
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Three Parts:Knowing the CourseLearning the MaterialPassing the ExamsCommunity Q&A
Calculus is a very advanced mathematics class that can be quite difficult for students. A strong fundamental understanding of algebra and trigonometry is essential to succeeding in a calculus course.[1] There is no quick and easy way to pass calculus, but if you put in the time and the effort, you will be rewarded. Attending class, practicing problems, and reviewing your notes regularly (instead of cramming at the end) will ensure your success!
Part 1
Knowing the Course
1. 1
Read the syllabus. Your professor has spent a lot of time putting together the syllabus and for good reason: it is your guide through the entire course. It details exactly what concepts you will be learning, what part of the book the material corresponds to, and when you have homework, quizzes, and exams.
• The first day of class, add all of the homework due dates and quizzes/exams to your calendar.
• Use the syllabus to prepare for each class by reviewing the material ahead of time.
2. 2
Talk to students who previously had your professor. Drawing on their knowledge will help you gauge exactly what you need to do to pass the course. These students will know how the tests were formatted, the level of difficulty, and how much you need to study important topics. They might also know whether there are opportunities for extra credit.
• Ask to see their exams from past years so you can get an idea of what to expect. Work through those problems for extra practice.
3. 3
Know how much homework, tests, and exams are worth. Knowing exactly what percentage of your grade each assignment makes up, will help keep you on track throughout the semester. If you haven’t been doing so well on the quizzes, but the homework is worth the same amount, really focus on doing well with the homework to keep your grades up.
• Determine how many hours a week you are going to need to truly get the most out of the course and set aside that time in your schedule.
• Avoid leaving homework and studying to the last minute.
4. 4
Attend office hours.[2] You will likely have both a TA and a professor who have weekly office hours. Both of them are there to help you learn and understand, but if you are uncomfortable talking directly to the professor, seek out the TA for help. Review the material before you go so you can ask concrete, thoughtful questions instead of just saying, “I’m totally lost.”
Part 2
Learning the Material
1. 1
Review basic algebra and trigonometry. At the level of calculus, you are expected to know and understand the basic algebraic postulates and corollaries. You need to be able to manipulate all the parts of formulas and work with variables. You also need to know, understand, recognize and use all the trigonometric functions and their inverses with relative ease.[3]
• Quadratic equations, factoring equations, and working with systems of equations are essential skills in calculus.
• The use, applications, and derivations of the trig identities, trig functions, and inverse trig functions are used extensively in calculus.
• Memorize all the theorems and formulae.[4] Avoid just memorizing them, but try to understand them and how to derive them. On a more challenging test, you might be asked to apply these theorems and formulae more generally, so make sure you take the time to understand how they work.
2. 2
Read the textbook. Before class, look up what material will be covered and read through that section of the textbook.[5] Try working a few problems to check your basic understanding. Reviewing the material beforehand will help you better understand the more complicated aspects of certain concepts in class.
• Take notes and be prepared to ask questions in class.
3. 3
Listen and take notes in class. It’s important to actively listen in class to what the instructor is teaching. If the instructor asks questions, think about the answer and raise your hand if you know it. Make class time worthwhile. Write down the examples from class and work through them later.[6]
• Ask questions. If you don’t understand something during the class, don’t hesitate to ask a question. If you’re wondering about it, it’s likely that many of the other students are too.
4. 4
Learn how to use a graphing calculator. A graphing calculator is a very powerful tool in calculus, but can be intimidating at first. There are many functions and buttons that take time to learn how to use. Many courses will teach you how to use these as part of the class, but take initiative outside of class to learn them as well.
• Find online tutorials that work through the particular topic you’re learning.
• Ask your professor or an older student for guidance on how to use the calculator.
5. 5
Do the homework. The key to all math classes is practice. Do all the problems, and make sure you are doing them correctly by checking your answers. Work through particularly difficult problems with a study group or go to office hours.[7]
• Doing the homework assignments the day of the lecture will be easier since the material will still be fresh in your mind.
• Avoid leaving homework until the night before it is due.
6. 6
Do more practice problems than what’s assigned. To do really well, don't just do the assigned homework; do all the problems in the back of the book. Teachers generally assign only the minimum amount of homework required to have a basic understanding, but you should seek greater understanding beyond the basics. The more practice you get, the better.
• Buy the solutions manual for your textbook and work every problem twice. The first time you'll have to look, the second time you should remember.
Part 3
Passing the Exams
1. 1
Form a study group. Get together with some of your friends and meet at least once a week to do homework and study for tests and quizzes. Working through material with other people is very helpful because they might understand something that you are unsure of. On the flip side, you might be able to explain something to them that they don’t understand.
2. 2
Teach the material to your friends. Teaching difficult concepts in a way that your friends will also understand solidifies your understanding of the material as well.[8] You can even teach really difficult concepts to your parents or siblings. If you can explain everything clearly, you have a very strong understanding of the concepts themselves and have not just memorized the material.
• If you find it difficult to explain something easily, go back and review that topic further until it makes sense.
3. 3
Truly understand the material. It is easy to simply memorize a formula and use it in the problems you have been told to use them; however, this isn’t true comprehension of the material. If you understand the theory behind the formula and how it works, you will be able to apply it to a more complicated problem in a way that makes sense.[9]
• Focus on each concept, one at a time, and develop a deep understanding of each one to master calculus.
• This type of insight cannot be developed overnight, you have to really put in the effort and work on it every day.
• Reviewing the material on a regular basis helps you avoid having to cram at the end. If you truly understand the material, you will be able to apply the formulas and theories in problems more advanced than if you had just memorized the material.
4. 4
Review problems from quizzes and homework. Look over all your theorems and formulas and review the mistakes you made for the tests. Re-work the problems from the homework and any additional problems from the textbook. Look online for extra practice problems that may be more difficult than the ones you’ve previously done.
• When you get a quiz back, go through it and try to understand where and how you made mistakes. You’ll be less likely to make that same mistake again.
5. 5
Be physically and mentally ready. Don't cram the night before. Get a good night's sleep and eat a good breakfast.[10] Try to keep test anxiety under control by taking a few deep breaths. Remember that you've practiced the material thoroughly and know it backwards and forwards.
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
• If you're taking an AP exam, invest in a review book designed for the exam. It will contain lots of extra practice problems and ways to enhance or solidify your understanding. These are especially useful if you have a mediocre teacher.
• Depending on what textbook you have, many resources are available online. In addition, many people have published their personal calculus notes online that might provide insight/another perspective on difficult topics.
Article Info
Categories: Calculus | Surviving Mathematics
In other languages:
Español: aprobar cálculo, Português: Passar em Cálculo
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Scientists work to bring about a new treatment for rare childhood cancer
Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that develops in very early forms of nerve cells in the embryo or foetus, and it accounts for the most paediatric deaths for any tumour outside of the brain.
The most lethal form of this tumour is often associated with amplification of the gene MYCN, and now scientists at VCU Massey Cancer Center and the VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research may have developed a combination therapy that uses this gene to kill the cancer, instead of making it grow.
In a study featured on the cover of last month's edition of the journal Cancer Cell, Anthony Faber, Ph.D., and a team of scientists demonstrated that MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells are highly sensitive to an investigational drug called ABT-199 that is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for another disease.
After determining why ABT-199 was so effective in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, they began a process of looking for other drugs that increased its effectiveness.
Eventually they discovered that another investigational drug called MLN8237 complements ABT-199 and is very effective at killing neuroblastoma tumours in laboratory experiments and advanced mouse models.
"The positive preclinical activity and safety profile of this targeted therapy combination will hopefully set the stage for clinical trials in a subset of neuroblastoma patients who urgently need new, more effective therapies," says Faber, assistant professor at the Philips Institute for Oral Health Research at the VCU School of Dentistry and a member of the Developmental Therapeutics research program at VCU Massey Cancer Center.
ABT-199 targets the protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), which regulates a form of cell suicide known as apoptosis.
Faber's team found that ABT-199 kills neuroblastoma cells only in the presence of amplified MYCN.
They found this selectivity was due to paradoxical upregulation (cellular increase) of the pro-apoptotic (suicidal) protein NOXA in this type of cancer.
The process is paradoxical because amplified MYCN is responsible for the formation and growth of these high-risk tumours and would not ordinarily be associated with promoting cell death.
Their strategy was therefore to "turn MYCN against itself," finding vulnerabilities specific to this cancer, such as MYCN-upregulated NOXA, and treating the cancer with a drug that exploits the vulnerability.
The addition of a second investigational drug, MLN8237, to ABT-199 led to widespread cell death in the experiments.
The researchers attributed this outcome to a further imbalance in the BCL-2 family member proteins, which govern cell death.
The toxic effects of the two drugs were only seen in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells; the combination therapy was not effective against neuroblastomas without amplified MYCN.
"Fortunately, our primary collaborator, Yael Mossé at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), treats a high volume of these patients and has been a trailblazer for developing targeted therapies, including MLN8237, in neuroblastoma. We also have a good relationship with the drug maker, Abbvie, that produces ABT-199; therefore, we believe we are in a good position to hopefully bring the ABT-199/MLN8237 combination into the clinic at CHOP," says Faber.
"In addition, we are also exploring ABT-199 as a chemosensitiser (makes cells more sensitive to chemotherapy) in MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas with Dr Mosse's team. Overall, it seems there may be a place for BCL-2 specific inhibitors in the future care of these patients, and we are excited about that."
"These advances would not have been possible without the financial contributions of our supporters, including the Massey Cancer Center, and our private donors, who have been true blessings to our work and include Alex's Lemonade Stand, Rally/The Truth 365 and Wipe out Kids' Cancer. We greatly appreciate their support."
Source: Virginia Commonwealth University
Founding partners
European Cancer Organisation European Institute of Oncology
Founding Charities
Foundazione Umberto Veronesi Fondazione IEO Swiss Bridge
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Cancer Intelligence
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Protected Animals in
Brunei Darussalam
This site aims at introducing protected animals in Brunei Darussalam and, hopefully, raise the awareness of the people. It is believed that more than half of the population in the country are unaware of the existence of these animals. Conservation of endangered animals has been a global issue since last century. Due to drastic human population growth and other commercial activities, many animals have become endangered, if they have not extinct yet. Many countries in the world today are active in promoting the conservation of biodiversity.
Brunei Darussalam is blessed to be located in the equatorial region, termed a hotspot for biodiversity. In other words, there are a rich variety of flora and fauna found in our local forest. Furthermore, about 80% of the forested land are still retained. This helps to preserve the living environment of any wildlife species in the area, increasing their chances of survival. Like other countries in the world, Brunei is keen in protecting its wildlife from extinction. In 1978, the Wildlife Protection Act was included in the country's legislation, specifying that any person found guilty for exporting endangered animals would be put to prison for 1 year and fined for B$2,000. In addition to that, Brunei had been a party of CITES since 1990.
Judging from the IUCN Red List, it is fortunate that there is no extinct animals in Brunei. However, some of the animal species in Brunei have fallen into the categories:
- Critically Endangered
- Endangered
Interested to know what the Brunei's government has done??
Animals classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as listed on Appendix I of CITES:
- Siamese crocodile
- Sumatran rhinoceros
- Painted batagar (terrapin)
[Back to intro]
Siamese crocodile:
Species name: Crocodylus (Greek: Pebble worm) siamensis
Also known as: Siamese freshwater crocodile, 'Buaya kodok'
Characteristics: A small, freshwater crocodilian with broad and smooth snout.
Location: Borneo, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam
Feeding habit: Mostly fish, some amphibians, birds (carrion), and small mammals
Breeding: Matures at 10 years old, and can lay 20 to 50 eggs in each nest with eggs hatching after 80 days
Threats: These include loss of habitat (land for agricultural use) and poaching for their skin. Current population estimated at 5,000 but it is fast declining
Conservation measure: Strategies implemented to protect this species include extensive breeding in captivity, steps in managing their commercial use and proper agricultural planning
Sources: Crocodilian Species - Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis), 2005
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Sumatran rhinoceros:
Species name: Dicerorhinus (2 horn-nose) sumatrensis
Also known as: Hairy rhinoceros, Asian two-horned rhinoceros
Characteristics: Smallest living rhinoceros, weighing 600-800 kg and about 8 to 8.5 feet in length and 3 - 5 ft (1.0 -1.5m) tall. Both male and female rhinos have 2 horns. The bigger of the two horns is the front one, about 15 to 20 inches. Armor-plated look due to presence of folds at various parts of the body including neck, fore and hind limbs
Location: Indonesian island of Sumatra and the Malay peninsula rainforests, North Borneo
Breeding: Females attain maturity at 4 years and males at 7 years. It can give birth to one young each time with a gestation period of 400 days.
Conservation status: On IUCN's critically endangered list since 1996
Threats: About 300 animals left, with their existence greatly threatened by fragmentation of the rainforest and poaching activities
Conservation measure: It is imperative that trade in rhino horn and other products is halted immediately. Little data available on steps taken so far.
Sources: Sumatran Rhinoceros - Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 2002
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Painted Terrapin/ Batagar:
Species name: Callagur borneoensis
Characteristics: It is an aquatic turtle of 50 to 70 cm in length and 1.7 kg in weigh. Male terrapin's head become white with a red stripe during the breeding season, giving a 'painted' look.
Location: Most of South East Asia: Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand, Sumatra of Indonesia
Feeding habit: It is an omnivore, feeding on plants like algae and animals like snails, frogs, mussels, small fishes and insects
Breeding: The female lays eggs in a clutch of 5 to 10 eggs in a shallow pit and this hatches within 10 to 11 weeks.
Threats: One of the greatly endangered freshwater turtles in the South East Asia region with their numbers severely reduced through loss of habitat, disturbance at their breeding sites and exploitation for their eggs. Eggs are widely sold for human consumption.
Sources: Painted terrapin - Callagur borneoensis; More Information - ARKive, 2005
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Brunei's Endangered Animals
Animals which have been classified as Endangered under the IUCN Red List Category 2004
- Black faced spoonbill
- Asian arrowana
- Storm's stork
- Banteng
- Otter civet
- Bornean tree shrew
- Asian elephant
- Bornean marbled cat
- Orangutan
- Proboscis monkey
[Back to intro]
Black faced spoonbill
Species name: Platalea minor
also known as: Lesser Spoonbill
Characteristics: Skin of beak is black, weighing 1 kg and roughly 76 cm long. Males have longer bills than females and the bills of juveniles are initially pinkish-grey colour.
Location: The Black-faced Spoonbill occurs only in East Asia. One of the 50 rarest birds of the world with an elongated spoon- shaped beak.
Breeding: The main wintering sites are at Taiwan and Hong Kong. Little data available.
Conservation status: Listed as endangered on Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or Bonn Convention).
Threats: Their habitat threatened by pollution and destruction from human activities (industrial and agricultural) Their habitat in Taiwan is threatened by a major industrial project, and pressure on the Deep Bay area in Hong Kong is growing. Census in 2004 discovered around 1500 individuals.
Sources: Black-faced spoonbill - Platalea minor - ARKive, 2004 ; New Black-faced Spoonbill wintering sites, 2005 ; WWF Hong Kong, 2000
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Asian Arowana
Species name: Scleropages formosus
also known as Asian bonytongue
Characteristics: Long, slender body, move in a graceful manner; dorsal fin locates at the back near the caudal penducle; the colour of the body vary according to types of species, such as Gold, Green and Red species
Location: Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Brunei Darussalam)
Habitat: Slow flowing stream
Feeding habit: It is a carnivore that will eat anything which can fit into its mouth. From juvenile stage to adult, the fish generally has a huge appetite.
Breeding: More suitable to breed in its natural habitat (slow flowing stream). A mouth brooder, as in the male will carry the eggs inside its mouth. However, it will take a long time, sometimes up to 5 years, for a young fish to reach its maturity.
Conservation status: Listed Endangered under IUCN since 1996 and in Appendix I by CITES
Threats: Major threat faced by the Asian Arowana is over-exploitation, as it is high-valued and the demand for this fish is relatively high. Some Chinese and Japanese believe that Asian Arowana can bring good luck.
Conservation measure: Trade of Asian Arowana is illegal and only allow to be bred in registered farms.
Potential for the Aquarium Fish Trade and Conservation Issues; Scleropages formosus (Asian Arowana); The Asian Arowana - Scleropages formusus; The Fate of the Asian Arowana in the Hands of the Aquarium Industry
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Storm's Stork
Species name: Ciconia stormi
Characteristics: Large bird, may be up to 80 cm tall; a long, powerful red beak and long pink legs; a ring of yellow around the eyes; the wings are broad and the tail is short; white throat, nape, belly and tail.
Location: South Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Borneo
Natural habitat: Undisturbed lowland forest, particularly freshwater and peat-swamp forest
Feeding habit: Feed on fish and small animals like insects in open wet areas.
Breeding: Usually nest in colonies
Conservation status: Listed as Endangered in IUCN since 1994. Believed to have extinct in South Thailand and rare in Malaysia. The population is declining rapidly.
Threats: Destruction of lowland forest due to logging, dam construction and conversion of land to plantation. Other threats include hunting, disturbance on nest sites and pollution.
Conservation measure: (data deficient)
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ciconia stormi; Storm's Stock
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Species name: Bos javanicus
One of the most beautiful wild cattle species, dark chestnut brown colour but reddish brown in juveniles. Horns are larger and heavier in males. The average lifespan is 11 years but in captivity, can live to 25 years. Males weigh about 1400-1760 pounds but just 1320-1500 pounds in females.
Location: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
Habitat: Subtropical or tropical dry forest and savanna.
Feeding habit: Banteng are grazer. Their food include grasses, bamboos, fruits, leaves and young branches.
Breeding: (data deficient)
Conservation status: Listed as Endangered under IUCN since 1996. Banteng is included by CITES in its appendices. Current population is believed to be less than 8,000 or even below 5,000. Unknown number of Banteng in Borneo. Population has declined over the last three generations.
Threats: Illegal hunting (for horns), habitat loss and introduction of alien/new species
Conservation measure: Protected legally in a number of states and protected areas. Several surveys are ongoing and large population is kept under captivity.
Banteng Bos javanicus; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bos javanicus
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Species name: Cynogale bennettii
The fur on the body is dark brown, short and dense. Its body weight is between 3 to 5 kg. Can live up to 5 years when in captivity. Little is known about this animal.
Location: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and probably Singapore.
Habitat: Wetland, includes permanent rivers or streams, bogs and marshes.
Feeding habit: Nocturnal (feed at night), food include fish, crabs, freshwater mollusks from water, as well as birds and fruits, which the animal climb up the trees to obtain.
Breeding: Can give birth to 2 to 3 embryos each time.
Conservation status: Listed as Endangered under IUCN since 1994 and also Appendix II of CITES.
Threats: Habitat loss, hunting and persecution.
Conservation measure: (data deficient)
Animal Info - Otter Civet; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cynogale bennettii
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Bornean Tree Shrew
Species name: Tupaia longipes
also known as Long-footed tree shrew
Characteristics: Forage on forest floor, also climb on logs, branches and lianas at ground level.
Location: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Habitat: Terrestrial
Feeding habit: Nocturnal. Feed on fruits and bugs.
Breeding: Is active on forest floor but may nest in trees.
Conservation status: Listed as Endangered in IUCN since 1996
Threats: Human-induced habitat loss
Conservation measures: Data-deficient
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : Tupaia longipes
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Asian elephant
Species name: Elephas maximus
also known as Indian Elephant
Characteristics: The ears are straight towards the bottom. The size is relatively smaller when compare to other elephants, with weigh between 6,615 and 11,020 pounds, with the height of about 7 to 12 feet.
Location: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand & Vietnam.
Habitat: The savanna, rainforest, deciduous forest of the tropics, & mountain forest (Himalayas)
Feeding habit: Large herbivores, feeding on leaves, trees and shrubs. The plant it feeds on range from Acacia to mango trees.
Breeding: Gestation period of 19-22 months and an Asian elephant will take 4 to 6 years between two pregnancies.
Conservation status: It has been listed as Endangered under IUCN since 1986 and also in Appendix 1 of CITES. However, the population has been believed to be increasing.
Threats: Loss of habitat for warfare, agriculture, human settlement and logging, and poaching for ivory tusks
Conservation measures: (data deficient)
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Elephas maximus; UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Bornean marbled cat
Species name: Catopuma badia
also known as Bay cat, Bornean bay cat
Characteristics: An endemic animal in Borneo, with body length of 50 cm and tail length is 30 cm. Reddish brown fur, with a grey variant.
Location: Borneo
Habitat: Subtropical and tropical moist forests.
Feeding: A nocturnal predator, preying on birds, rodents and sometimes, monkeys.
Breeding: (data deficient)
Conservation status: Used to be Vulnerable in 1996 under IUCN and became Endangered when assessed in 2002. In CITES, it is under Appendix II. The animal is rare and hence, not much study has been done on it.
Threats: Habitat loss and poaching.
Conservation measures: Protected legally in Borneo and the trade of this animal is banned in Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak.
Bay Cat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Catopuma badia
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Species name: Pongo pygmaeus
Characteristics: An intelligent animal. The animals spend most of the time in the trees and they make new nest in tress every night. They have been observed with using tools.
Location: Kalimantan, Sarawak and maybe Brunei.
Habitat: Subtropical/tropical moist forest, typically lowland Dipterocarp, freshwater and peat swamp forests
Feeding habit: Feed on any food available.
Breeding: Males only start to have their cheek pads at age between 10-15. Cheek pads have been used to attract females. Before the males have their cheek pads, they mate with the females forcefully.
Conservation status: Listed endangered in IUCN since 1986. In 1996, it improved to the category of Vulnerable but returned to the Endangered list by 2000 (estimated 6,000 individuals) and is claimed to be decreasing by 1000 per year. Usually 6 to 8 died in trade for everyone born.
Threats: Human-induced habitat loss (timber extraction, forest fire and agriculture), hunting for their meat, cultural, scientific and leisure activities.
Conservation measures: Young orangutans are keep in captivity until they mature. Then they are released back into the wild.
IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species: Pongo pygmaeus; Orangutan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; ORANUTANS.COM Interesting Orangutan Facts - Did you know "..." about orangutans?
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
Proboscis Monkey
Species name: Nasalis larvatus
also known as Long-nosed monkey
Characteristics: Has a reddish-brown body. Big protruding nose is seen in males (believed to attractive females monkeys). Male monkeys can be as tall as 78cm (tail length:75 cm) and weigh about 24kg. Whereas, females grow to 60 cm long and weigh half as much as the male. Both male and female monkeys have big bellies, due to the gas released by their gut. They are good swimmers, living in groups and each monkey can move from one group to another freely.
Location: Borneo
Habitat: Subtropical or tropical dry forests and mangrove forests
Feeding habit: Leaf-eaters, also feed on green fruits, seeds and leaves. (Their digestive system is unable to digest ripen food)
Breeding: Only one offspring at a time.
Conservation status: Classified as Vulnerable under IUCN since 1986 and came under Endangered when assessed in 2000. Under CITES, it is protected under Appendix I legislation. The current population is less than 7,000.
Threats: Human-induced habitat loss or degradation and poaching
Conservation measures: Protected throughout Borneo.
Sources: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nasalis larvatus; Proboscis Monkey ;Proboscis Monkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[Back to top] [Back to intro]
In Brunei...
Brunei Darussalam's management and protection of wildlife are placed under the Museum Department. The law has been drafted so as to prevent illegal poaching, collection of the animals, their eggs or youngs, etc. Brunei's Wild Animal Act drafted in 1978 and amended in 1984, encompasses 34 wild animal species (some of which are featured in this website). Furthermore, the Museum Department is keen in organizing talks and exhibitions about the protected animal species to the public.
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What does SOB stand for?
SOB stands for Sense of Belonging
• Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
See other definitions of SOB
Other Resources:
We have 106 other meanings of SOB in our Acronym Attic
Samples in periodicals archive:
There is little conversation about the relationship between school community and college readiness, specifically the relationship between a student's sense of belonging in school and her self-understanding with regard to the potential for college admission and success.
These are natural symbols for the sense of belonging.
By way of review, the reader may recall that the relationship between two variables such as achievement (end-of-grade scores, or EOG) and sense of belonging (feeling attached to school or a sense of community or relatedness in school) is frequently described by a correlation coefficient.
Students may prefer web-enhanced courses over online courses because they want to have an increased sense of belonging to the class, direct guidance from the instructor, face-to-face instruction, or feedback from the instructor.
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Key to Happiness: Give Away Money
Those incoming federal tax-rebate checks could do more than boost the economy. They might also boost your mood, with one caveat: You must spend the cash on others, not yourself.
Scientists have found evidence that income is linked with a person's satisfaction with their life and other measures of happiness, but less is known about the link between how a person spends their money and happiness.
The findings, to be detailed in the March 21 issue of the journal Science, come as no surprise to some marketing scientists.
The research was funded by a Hampton Research Grant.
Spending habits
Dunn and her colleagues surveyed a nationally representative sample of more than 630 Americans, about evenly split between males and females. Participants indicated their general happiness, annual income and a breakdown of monthly spending, including bills, purchases for themselves and for others, and donations to charity.
Despite the benefits of "prosocial spending" on others, participants spent more than 10 times as much on personal items as they did on charitable options. The researchers note personal purchases included paying bills.
Statistical analyses revealed personal spending had no link with a person's happiness, while spending on others and charity was significantly related to a boost in happiness.
"Regardless of how much income each person made," Dunn said, "those who spent money on others reported greater happiness, while those who spent more on themselves did not."
In a separate study of 13 employees at a Boston-based firm, the researchers found that employees who devoted more of their profit-sharing bonus (which ranged from $3,000 to $8,000) to others reported greater overall happiness than those who spent the windfall on their own needs.
Purchase power
A person apparently doesn't need to drop thousands of dollars on others to reap a gleeful reward.
In another experiment, the researchers gave college students a $5 or $20 bill, asking them to spend the money by that evening. Half the participants were instructed to spend the money on themselves, and the remaining students to spend on others.
If as little as $5 spent on others could produce a surge in happiness on a given day, why don't people make these changes? In another study of more than 100 college students, the researchers found that most thought personal spending would make them happier than prosocial spending.
"Often people, at some implicit level, have this idea that 'buying these things is going to make me happier,'" Ahuvia said. "It does make them momentarily happy," he added, but the warm feelings are short-lived.
Buying buzz
Dunn's team puts forth several possible reasons to explain the charity-happiness link.
"I think it's a lot of factors of prosocial spending that are responsible for these happiness boosts," study researcher of UBC Lara Aknin told LiveScience. "I think it could be that people feel good about themselves when they do it; it could be the fact that it strengthens their social relationships; it could just be the act of spending time with other people."
Perhaps the fuzzy feelings associated with giving last longer than selfish buys. "The happiness 'hit' from giving may last a bit longer if the 'warm glow' from donation lasts longer than the hit from own consumption," said Paul Dolan, an economics professor at the Imperial College London in England. Dolan was not involved in Dunn's study.
Another idea is that charitable spending helps a person express a certain identity.
"People spend a lot of money to make their lives feel meaningful, significant and important," Ahuvia said during a telephone interview. "When you give away money you are making that same kind of purchase, only you are doing it in a more effective way."
He added, "What you're really trying to buy is meaning to life – Giving away money to a cause you believe in is a more effective purchase than buying a T-shirt that says "Save a Whale.'"
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The Moonstone
The Moonstone
by Wilkie Collins
Analysis: Setting
Where It All Goes Down
Yorkshire and London, England in the mid-1800s
The novel primarily takes place in the Verinders' house in Yorkshire and their house in London. But geographical setting isn't actually all that important in this novel. Sure, the characters are always flitting about by train, going from the Verinders' house in Yorkshire to London and back again. (Yorkshire is a region of England to the north and east of London, so it's not actually an easy trip.)
But the actual location of the house isn't as important as the house itself: the layout of the rooms, the floor plan, and where the different characters are in the house at different times is way more important. Gabriel Betteredge, the steward, is in charge of making sure that everything, and everyone, is always in the right place at the right time in the house. This is why he gets so "unutterabl[y] astonish[ed]" when he sees Rosanna in the library in the afternoon, since "after the library had been swept and cleaned in the morning, neither first nor second housemaid had any business in that room at any later period of the day" (
Still not convinced? Think about Miss Clack's eavesdropping scene. She is at Lady Verinder's house in London, and is asked to wait in the library before going to see Lady Verinder in her sitting room. Instead of staying there, though, she tiptoes through the house. She claims that she's sneaking around to leave religious books for Lady Verinder to find later, but we know enough about her hypocrisy to suspect that she's just being nosy. She ends up hiding behind a curtain in the drawing room and eavesdropping on Godfrey Ablewhite's conversation with Rachel. This isn't just a plot device to allow us to overhear, along with Miss Clack, what goes on between Godfrey and Rachel. It also shows us what kind of person Miss Clack is. She is the kind of person who isn't in the right place at the right time – she has no respect for boundaries, either literal or figurative.
Breaking boundaries within the home are part of what makes the theft of Rachel's diamond so terrible. It's not just about the value of the missing jewel; it's about the fact that someone entered her private boudoir (a sitting room adjoining her bedroom) in the dead of night, without her permission!
If you're interested in the layout of the Victorian home and the social importance of keeping things in their proper places within the home, you might check out the book, Inside the Victorian Home by Judith Flanders (see the "Links" section).
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Macular Dystrophy
What Is Macular Dystrophy?
Macular dystrophy is a rare, genetic eye disorder that causes vision loss.
Macular dystrophy affects the retina in the back of the eye. Specifically, it leads to damage of cells in an area in the retina called the macula. The macula is responsible for central vision. When the macula is damaged, people have difficulty seeing straight ahead. This makes it difficult to read, drive, or perform other daily activities that require fine, central vision.
Recommended Related to Eye Health
Understanding Stye -- Symptoms
A stye is a red, hot, very tender swollen bump near the edge of the eyelid. A chalazion, on the other hand, is a somewhat tender, smooth, round bump typically situated in the midportion of the eyelid.
Read the Understanding Stye -- Symptoms article > >
In macular dystrophy, a pigment builds up in cells of the macula. Over time, this substance can damage cells that are critical for clear central vision. Vision often becomes blurry or distorted. Typically, people with macular dystrophy maintain side (peripheral) vision, so they are not totally blind.
Who Gets Macular Dystrophy?
There are two types of macular dystrophy. A form called "Best disease" usually appears in childhood and causes varying degrees of vision loss. The second form affects adults, usually in mid-adulthood, and tends to cause vision loss that worsens slowly over time.
People with Best disease usually have one parent with the condition. The parent passes the gene to their child.
For adult-onset macular dystrophy, it’s less clear how the condition is passed from parent to child. Many people with adult-onset macular dystrophy have no other family members with the condition.
What Causes Macular Dystrophy?
Macular dystrophy is caused by a genetic mutation. In some people, doctors have identified two specific genes that are affected.
Mutations in the BEST1 gene cause Best disease and sometimes adult-onset macular dystrophy. Mutations in the PRPH2 gene cause adult-onset macular dystrophy. However, in most people with macular dystrophy, it’s unclear which gene is affected and the exact cause is unknown.
It is not known why mutations in these genes lead to the buildup of pigment in the macula. Doctors also don’t know why only central vision is affected.
How Is Macular Dystrophy Treated?
Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for macular dystrophy. Vision loss usually develops slowly over time. There is new ongoing research on macular dystrophy that involves the use of stem cells.
WebMD Medical Reference
Reviewed by Alan Kozarsky, MD on November 29, 2015
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The Latvian national costume is basically the traditional festive outfit of peasants, craftsmen, fishermen, and other ordinary folk as worn in the 19th century, approximately up to the 1870s. There were, of course, also work clothes, just like today, the outfit matched the season and weather.
The national costume, however, is not just a certain type of festive garb: it is an expression of a nation’s sense of beauty, ability to form an ornament and put together colors, as well as knowledge of the craft. It embodies centuries-old traditions of making, adorning, and wearing the costume.
The Latvian national costume is a composite of a variety of festive outfits. There are many local varieties that are combined based on the five cultural-historical or ethnographic areas of Latvia: Vidzeme, Latgale, Augšzeme, Zemgale, and Kurzeme. It is possible that at the basis of the older, barely determinable distinguishing marks of the traditional costume are the outfits of Baltic tribes and Livs living in what is now the territory of Latvia. Yet in every historic period the various costumes have shared many features in common. The costume has changed over time, retaining something of the old and supplementing the new. The peculiarities of the costumes of a certain area became more pronounced over the long centuries of serfdom when the peasants were not allowed to move around freely. The 19th century, particularly the 1860s also left their mark on the variety of the traditional outfits.
The basic element of the traditional costume is the shirt, which is an undergarment and an over-garment. Women’s shirts were long, coming down to under the knee and serving both as a blouse and a petticoat. Over the shirt, the women put skirts, bodices, jackets; whereas men wore a vest and a short jacket or a longer or shorter overcoat. The full outfit was not thinkable without a headdress: a crown for girls from their teenage years to the day of their marriage and a hat or a headscarf for married women; the men’s hat wearing was not so strictly regulated. A part of the costume was also knit woolen or cotton lace socks and black flat heel shoes (in places – leather pastalas), for men sometimes boots. The shirt was closed by one small brooch or several ones, the big brooches were used to keep the cape in place. Another element was the woven belts.
The traditional costume or rather a stylized variation of it became a symbol of Latvian culture in the 1880s, as part of the national song festival. To this day, the traditional costume is an essential element of the song festival.
Anete Karlsone
design: tundra
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Recycled Paper Supplies Tree Logo
Recycled Paper Supplies
the very best in recycled paper and stationery products
information pages
recycling is natural
forests and the
greenhouse effect
unsustainable forestry
landfill and the
throwaway society
a more
positive image
paper = trees?
beginning of wood pulp
papermaking by hand, c.1790
by hand, c.1790
recycling symbol
what is
recycled paper?
the ABCD system
using the
ABCD classification
The need
for standards
Blue Angel
Environment Rating
What is recycled paper?
The generally accepted definition of recycled paper is paper made from recycled fibre, the most easily obtained and processed source of which is waste paper.
Unfortunately the re-pulping of waste paper progressively breaks the fibres into shorter and shorter lengths, creating the most significant difference between recycled and `virgin' wood pulp paper - the relative stiffness of the sheet, when comparing the same `weight' of sheet.
To produce the optimum quality of paper for its intended purpose, the papermaker has to balance the types of waste fibre used, in order to give strength and stiffness while at least minimising and hopefully eliminating the use of virgin wood pulp.
The ABCD system
Up to a few years ago the National Association of Paper Merchants (NAPM) used a classification system to identify the proportion and source of waste fibre used to make recycled paper, which used the letters A to D, each letter accompanied with a figure indicating the percentage of that source. It was a useful system because it is important to understand the differences between these four sources of waste.
A: Mill broke
This is pulp which has been on the papermaking machine but not turned into saleable paper. It has virtually the same properties as virgin wood pulp and has always been re-used by paper mills - indeed it could be argued that it is not a waste product at all. Consequently the NAPM scheme does not recognise a paper as recycled if it contains more than 25% mill broke and/or virgin wood pulp. The longer fibres in mill broke are used to increase the strength of a paper.
B: 'Woodfree' unprinted waste
The term 'woodfree' causes the most public confusion, as the paper is anything but 'wood-free'. The name indicates that when originally pulped the 'woody' lignins in the timber were destroyed in a chemical reaction (part of the environmental problem of conventional papermaking), to produce a higher quality paper. If not removed, the lignins - the inflammable part of the wood - cause paper to yellow and become brittle with age (as, for example, old newspapers do). You can see exactly the same process in the way pine furniture changes colour with age.
Category B waste comes mainly from paper mills and converters, for example reel and guillotine trimmings, and has not been printed or 'used' in the generally accepted sense.
C: 'Woodfree' printed waste
This comes nearer to most peoples idea of what recycled paper should be made from, but because it should only include woodfree paper, it tends to come from limited specific sources, for example, scrapped work direct from printers or discarded paper and envelopes from offices of very large companies.
Some would argue that the chief sources of category C waste should themselves be using recycled paper, and that recycling this it is only a cosmetic solution. On the other hand some newer, longer fibre is essential in producing high quality recycled paper, and this is the most appropriate source for making the very best recycled qualities.
Ink in category C waste is either removed by a cleaning process which chemically 'floats' it off or by dispersing it throughout the pulp. The latter is environmentally preferable, but makes the paper less white and so (to the uneducated!) less attractive.
D: Mechanical and unsorted waste
Mechanical paper pulp is more frankly named - the wood is pulped by a combination of heat and maceration, but because it retains the lignins it is only really suitable for short-term uses - for example newspapers and directories. The lignins present in category D waste can survive into recycled paper made from it, unless the pulp is retreated to remove them. Consequently some fading of colours or yellowing when the paper is exposed to daylight over time make recycled paper containing category D waste more suitable for uses such as photocopies which are filed, or for other items with a more limited life.
Category D covers almost all domestic waste paper, including that collected by councils, local recycling centres and paper banks, and is largely used in making packaging materials (brown paper and cardboard boxes for example). Some of this type of waste is used in making the cheaper recycled office copier and similar types of paper.
Using the ABCD classification
The waste content of a recycled paper is indicated by the category letter (above), prefixed with a figure showing the percentage of that category in the manufacture of the paper.Thus a paper described as 40C/60D contains 40% category C waste and 60% category D waste.
Papers containing the largest proportions of categories C and D waste offer the greatest environmental benefits, principally in saving of waste land-fill.
While it might appear that the ultimate enviromentally beneficial paper would be made from 100% D waste, factors like suitability for a particular use and also the more subjective perception of paper quality make this more difficult to achieve.
In addition, category D waste can now contain significant amounts of previously recycled paper, and so progressively shortening the average fibre length. Consequently, some fibre from higher up the chain is needed to maintain its strength. However, this does not justify the use of proportions as high as 50% virgin pulp in a 'recycled' paper, as produced by some manufacturers. This is simply 'environmental tokenism', and should be treated accordingly.
Indeed, the Forestry Stewardship Council, which was set up to protect the interests of the European forestry industry, refuses to acknowledge the contribution that recycling makes to the welfare of the environment, and any FSC certified paper containing recycled materials is only marked as containing 'mixed fibres'. For this reason we do not support the use of FSC certification for recycled paper products, as it makes no serious contribution to environmental concerns.
Recycled Paper Supplies - the very best in recycled paper and stationery products
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Insertion or deletion of an element at a specific point of a list, assuming that we have a pointer to the node already, is a constant-time operation. - from the Wikipedia Article on Linked list
Linked list traversal in a single linked list always starts from the head. We have to keep going till we satisfy a given condition.
So that will make any operation worst case O(n) unless we are dealing with the head node.
We CANNOT DIRECTLY go to a given pointer in a linked list. So why is it said that it is a constant time operation?
EDIT: Even if we have a pointer to the node, we have to start from the head only right? So how is it constant time operation
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"Even if we have a pointer to the node, we have to start from the head only right?". Wrong. We have a pointer to the node. We don't start from the head. That's what "pointer to the node" means. – S.Lott Apr 20 '11 at 15:43
@redmave: the assumption that LinkedList implements a single linked list is wrong: it's a doubly-linked list. – Joachim Sauer Apr 20 '11 at 16:22
@redmave: so? In Java a LinkedList implements a doubly-linked list. So not everything that applies to "a linked list" as you defined it "in computer science" necessarily applies to LinkedList in Java. – Joachim Sauer Apr 20 '11 at 16:48
I quote from the JavaDoc: "All of the operations perform as could be expected for a doubly-linked list." – Joachim Sauer Apr 20 '11 at 16:49
@redmave: You are right, for a single-linked list we need a pointer to the node before the insertion point. I changed the sentence in the Wikipedia article according to this. When iterating through a list, we can usually arrange this. – Paŭlo Ebermann Apr 20 '11 at 22:55
up vote 7 down vote accepted
First of: the LinkedList implemented in the Sun JDK effectively has a link to the last element as well as to the first element (there's only a head entry, but head.previous points to the last element). This means that even in the worst case navigating through a list to an element indicated by an index should take n/2 operations. It's also a doubly linked list.
Apart from that: inserting into the beginning or end of a LinkedList is trivially O(1), because you don't need to traverse all elements.
Inserting/removing anywhere else depends on how exactly you do it! If you use an Iterator (of a ListIterator for adding) then the operation can be O(1) as well, as the Iterator will already have a reference to relevant entry.
If, however, you are using add(int, E) or remove(int), then the LinkedList will have to find the relevant entry (O(n)) and then remove the element (O(1)), so the entire operation will be O(n).
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Thanks! Clever way of linking tail to the head. – asgs Jul 9 '15 at 13:14
You said it yourself: "assuming we have a pointer to the node already". That avoids the traversal you identify as the cause of the linear time.
Admittedly, the Wikipedia text is a bit ambiguous, since there are two nodes involved: the one being inserted, and the one in the list where to insert it.
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" assuming that we have a pointer to the node already, is a constant-time operation"
You missed the first assumption, it seems.
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You are missing the point I think here. It is just the INSERTION and DELETION that have a constant time not the finding the point of insertion or deletion as well! The time is constant because you simply need to set the references (links) to the previous and next item in the list -- whereas for instance with ArrayList, in the case of insertion you need to allocate memory for (at least) one more item and transfer the existing data into the newly allocated array (or with deletion you have to shift elements in the array around once you deleted the item).
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Its single linked, you can't set the previous item's reference to the next item. So I agree with OP that deletion is O(n), although insertion is of course O(1). In fact, if you don't have a reference to the head for deletion, it would be Θ(n). – alternative Apr 20 '11 at 15:44
Also array list is generally O(1) amortized insertion, not quite sure about deletion though, probably O(n). – alternative Apr 20 '11 at 15:48
@mathepic - that is solved by keeping a pointer to the node before the node to be deleted as you walk the list. – Stephen C Apr 20 '11 at 15:49
@Stephen C we aren't guaranteed that though, we are only guaranteed a pointer to the node we want to delete. For example, if all the nodes are pointed to by some map (for whatever reason) we might not have the pointer the node. – alternative Apr 20 '11 at 15:49
@mathepic - if we are not guaranteed that, then the problem is in the details of how we implemented the link traversal. The original wording of the Wikipedia article may leave something to be desired ... but it is just a problem of wording. The point that (I assume) the author was trying to make is valid. – Stephen C Apr 21 '11 at 0:31
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Constituting America: The Federalist Papers: Federalist 3
Federalist 3 is a continuation of the theme John Jay started in Federalist 2. In today’s read, Jay continues to speak to a United States and their combined power, vs separate sovereign nations.
This time we are talking about national security. Jay points out that there are strength in numbers, and a strong United States would, in itself, would deter many actions and invasions. Remember, at the time America was surrounded by foreign territories.
Jay also points to the fact that a United States, with one set of treaties, would be able to conduct coherent foreign policy more effectively than an “every man for themselves” approach Strength through power was the correct recipe for success, according to Jay. This, of course, applies today as well.
Federalist No. 3
The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence
For the Independent Journal.
Author: John Jay
To the People of the State of New York:
Among the many objects to which a wise and free people find it necessary to direct their attention, that of providing for their SAFETY seems to be the first. The SAFETY of the people doubtless has relation to a great variety of circumstances and considerations, and consequently affords great latitude to those who wish to define it precisely and comprehensively.
At present I mean only to consider it as it respects security for the preservation of peace and tranquillity, as well as against dangers from FOREIGN ARMS AND INFLUENCE, as from dangers of the LIKE KIND arising from domestic causes. As the former of these comes first in order, it is proper it should be the first discussed. Let us therefore proceed to examine whether the people are not right in their opinion that a cordial Union, under an efficient national government, affords them the best security that can be devised against HOSTILITIES from abroad.
The number of wars which have happened or will happen in the world will always be found to be in proportion to the number and weight of the causes, whether REAL or PRETENDED, which PROVOKE or INVITE them. If this remark be just, it becomes useful to inquire whether so many JUST causes of war are likely to be given by UNITED AMERICA as by DISUNITED America; for if it should turn out that United America will probably give the fewest, then it will follow that in this respect the Union tends most to preserve the people in a state of peace with other nations.
Because, under the national government, treaties and articles of treaties, as well as the laws of nations, will always be expounded in one sense and executed in the same manner,–whereas, adjudications on the same points and questions, in thirteen States, or in three or four confederacies, will not always accord or be consistent; and that, as well from the variety of independent courts and judges appointed by different and independent governments, as from the different local laws and interests which may affect and influence them. The wisdom of the convention, in committing such questions to the jurisdiction and judgment of courts appointed by and responsible only to one national government, cannot be too much commended.
So far, therefore, as either designed or accidental violations of treaties and the laws of nations afford JUST causes of war, they are less to be apprehended under one general government than under several lesser ones, and in that respect the former most favors the SAFETY of the people.
Because such violences are more frequently caused by the passions and interests of a part than of the whole; of one or two States than of the Union. Not a single Indian war has yet been occasioned by aggressions of the present federal government, feeble as it is; but there are several instances of Indian hostilities having been provoked by the improper conduct of individual States, who, either unable or unwilling to restrain or punish offenses, have given occasion to the slaughter of many innocent inhabitants.
In the year 1685, the state of Genoa having offended Louis XIV., endeavored to appease him. He demanded that they should send their Doge, or chief magistrate, accompanied by four of their senators, to FRANCE, to ask his pardon and receive his terms. They were obliged to submit to it for the sake of peace. Would he on any occasion either have demanded or have received the like humiliation from Spain, or Britain, or any other POWERFUL nation?
Please take time to visit Constituting America and join in on the conversation, as well as read further essays on the Constitution and The Federalist.
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ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Atmos. Chem. Phys. 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-7-2003-2007 Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts Robock A. 1 Oman L. 1 Stenchikov G. L. 1 Toon O. B. 2 Bardeen C. 2 Turco R. P. 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 19 04 2007 7 8 2003 2012 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article is available from The full text article is available as a PDF file from
We use a modern climate model and new estimates of smoke generated by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the response of the climate system to a regional nuclear war between emerging third world nuclear powers using 100 Hiroshima-size bombs (less than 0.03% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal) on cities in the subtropics. We find significant cooling and reductions of precipitation lasting years, which would impact the global food supply. The climate changes are large and long-lasting because the fuel loadings in modern cities are quite high and the subtropical solar insolation heats the resulting smoke cloud and lofts it into the high stratosphere, where removal mechanisms are slow. While the climate changes are less dramatic than found in previous "nuclear winter" simulations of a massive nuclear exchange between the superpowers, because less smoke is emitted, the changes are more long-lasting because the older models did not adequately represent the stratospheric plume rise.
References 2. Part I. Annual mean response, J. Climate, 4, 785–818, 1991. ]]>
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
The Norman Baron - Poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
et plus profonde, ou l'interet et l'avarice parlent moins haut
que la raison, dans les instants de chagrin domestique, de
maladie, et de peril de mort, les nobles se repentirent de
posseder des serfs, comme d'une chose peu agreable a Dieu, qui
avait cree tous les hommes a son image.--THIERRY, Conquete de
In his chamber, weak and dying,
Was the Norman baron lying;
Loud, without, the tempest thundered
And the castle-turret shook,
In this fight was Death the gainer,
Spite of vassal and retainer,
And the lands his sires had plundered,
Written in the Doomsday Book.
By his bed a monk was seated,
Who in humble voice repeated
Many a prayer and pater-noster,
From the missal on his knee;
And, amid the tempest pealing,
Sounds of bells came faintly stealing,
Bells, that from the neighboring kloster
Rang for the Nativity.
In the hall, the serf and vassal
Held, that night their Christmas wassail;
Many a carol, old and saintly,
Sang the minstrels and the waits;
And so loud these Saxon gleemen
Sang to slaves the songs of freemen,
That the storm was heard but faintly,
Knocking at the castle-gates.
Till at length the lays they chanted
Reached the chamber terror-haunted,
Where the monk, with accents holy,
Whispered at the baron's ear.
Tears upon his eyelids glistened,
As he paused awhile and listened,
And the dying baron slowly
Turned his weary head to hear.
"Wassail for the kingly stranger
Born and cradled in a manger!
King, like David, priest, like Aaron,
Christ is born to set us free!"
And the lightning showed the sainted
Figures on the casement painted,
And exclaimed the shuddering baron,
"Miserere, Domine!"
In that hour of deep contrition
He beheld, with clearer vision,
Through all outward show and fashion,
Justice, the Avenger, rise.
All the pomp of earth had vanished,
Falsehood and deceit were banished,
Reason spake more loud than passion,
And the truth wore no disguise.
Every vassal of his banner,
Every serf born to his manor,
All those wronged and wretched creatures,
By his hand were freed again.
And, as on the sacred missal
He recorded their dismissal,
Death relaxed his iron features,
And the monk replied, "Amen!"
Many centuries have been numbered
Since in death the baron slumbered
By the convent's sculptured portal,
Mingling with the common dust:
But the good deed, through the ages
Living in historic pages,
Brighter grows and gleams immortal,
Unconsumed by moth or rust.
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Read poems about / on: christmas, justice, death, passion, son, truth, rose
Poem Submitted: Friday, January 3, 2003
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The Big Idea
Which Side of the Barricade Are You On?
One factor that has perpetuated the income gap is educational achievement – the single best predictor for future financial success. Since educational opportunities are disproportionately afforded to families at the top of the income ladder, the children of the less fortunate are finding social advancement through educational achievement even more difficult.
A June 2013 Brookings Institution Hamilton Project report found that “children of well-off families are disproportionately likely to stay well off and children of poor families are very likely to remain poor.” High-income parents are investing more in their children, widening the gap between the children of the rich and poor in test scores, college attendance and graduation. These gaps – combined with expanding income inequality – further threaten the ability of the next generation to improve their lot in life. The report also cites an earlier 2010 Carnezale and Strohl study that found that in most selective higher education institutions “… the wealthiest students out-populate the poorest students by a margin of 14 to one.”
Research conducted by MIT economists Daron Acemoglu and David Autor in 2010 shows that for males, the wage gap by education began to widen in our country at the beginning of the 1980s. While male workers who went to graduate school before that time consistently outperformed everyone else in income levels, there was not a significant variation in wage levels among male workers who either graduated or attended college, graduated high school or dropped out before completing their studies. However, during the 1980s, a widening income gap emerged between college graduates and those with little or no college participation, making education the defining predictor of a person’s chances for financial success in the future.
America’s emerging populist movement
Plutocracy (Plu-toc-ra-cy): An elite or ruling class of people whose power derives from their wealth
Most of the daily attention in American politics centers on the “who’s up and who’s down” in the two-party system rather than focusing on the underlying trends that cut across both parties in terms of where the country is headed. Neither political party has actually been winning this debate; it has really been more about which party has been losing it.
For the three election cycles between 2006 and 2010, the country voted against the status quo, punishing the party in power. The existing problems have been building for a long time, and the current partisanship and gridlock suggest that there is every reason to believe that the trend will continue in the 2014 elections and beyond.
The governmental dysfunction, as well as the implementation of Obamacare, is a daily reminder for most Americans about just how broken our government is at the federal level. As if that’s not enough, Americans need look no further than the soaring stock market to remind themselves that the rich are getting richer while everyone else is struggling to get by.
More and more we are beginning to see populists from the left and the right band together to fight a broken system that fails to address the concerns of the American people. Senators like Elizabeth Warren and Rand Paul share the same point of view on many of the issues that have surfaced. It wouldn’t be surprising to see them working together on issues in the future. In particular, there are several areas of consensus that will provide the foundation for this movement going forward:
1. A pull back from the rest of the world with more of an inward focus. The country is exhausted from the two wars that date back over a decade. They are tired of risking American lives for what appear to be intractable problems, and they are tired of paying for these wars. A general sense is starting to build across party lines that with all of our problems at home the last thing that we should be doing is bearing the heavy costs of these wars and the burdens of the unfinished cleanup in other parts of the world.
2. A desire to go after the big banks and other large financial institutions. There is an overwhelming belief that the financial institutions played a major role in the recent global recession, while taxpayers paid the price for their malfeasance and the damage they caused to the rest of the country. Americans see the financial industry reaping huge financial benefits and they have concluded that the bad actors were rewarded for their misdeeds, instead of being punished like they deserved.
3. The elimination of corporate welfare. The country is increasingly making a distinction between small business and large corporations. While support for small business owners continues to be high, Americans are viewing big business as yet one more pillar of the plutocracy that benefits from gaming the system to enrich shareholders at the expense of the rest of the country.
4. Reducing special deals for the rich. While there is more of an appetite from the left to go after the rich in our society, there is general agreement from both ends of the political spectrum that we should eliminate any special deals that benefit the wealthiest. Several states led by Republican-controlled statehouses and legislatures have advocated for a cap on homeowner deductions for the most expensive homes, as well as an elimination of deductions for second homes. Some localities have put a tax surcharge on the highest income families to pay for local services. As the federal government pushes more mandates on states, and state budgets get tighter, this trend of squeezing more from the wealthy is likely to continue.
5. Pushing back on the violation of the public’s privacy by the government and big businesses. The United States lags far behind most of Europe—Germany in particular—when it comes to protecting individuals’ rights to privacy. Throughout Europe there are many more limits on the ability of government and private industry to gain access and use of personal data for their own purposes. The privacy issue will gain more attention as technology continues to improve and becomes more invasive. The issue isn’t a partisan one. It is hard to distinguish between the policies of the Bush and Obama administrations when it comes to placing limits on gathering and using people’s personal information for what they perceive to be in the national interest. Moving forward, we are likely to see the curbs and restrictions throughout Europe become more of the norm in our country as the public begins to voice its outrage at what they view as intrusions into their personal lives.
6. Reducing the size of government. There is no institution that better symbolizes Americans’ disgust with the status quo than the federal government. Congress has long been one of the least respected institutions in our country and Obama’s precipitous drop this year has spread this discontent to the executive branch of government as well. According to Gallup, even the Supreme Court’s popularity has dropped 16 points since the summer of 2000.
While a sizeable group of Americans continues to support the active role of government, the Republican Party in general and the Tea Party in particular have made reducing the size of government the centerpiece of their agenda since Obama became president. Political moderates have been skeptical about the role of government, but they have consistently recognized the benefits to some government programs and rejected the more extreme Republican and Tea Party positions when it comes to massive cuts.
In 2011, when the two parties cut a budget deal that included the subsequent threat of sequester if they failed to resolve their differences, most people thought that such a draconian measure would never materialize because of the public outrage that was sure to surface if it ever went into effect. As everyone now knows, the negotiations failed and the cuts took place, and the widely anticipated outrage to reinstate the program cuts never happened.
The current problems around the implementation of Obama’s health care program are likely to become a seminal moment that symbolizes government’s perceived incompetence and its inability to capably manage the taxpayers’ money. There will be increased pressure to continue to reduce the size of the federal government going forward as the political middle moves away from a more activist government.
America has been, and continues to be, a center-right country. We can be sure that these issues will dominate the presidential primaries and continue through the next presidential general election.
The decline of the political parties
One biproduct of all of the anger toward the political class is the disapproval ratings of both political parties. The late October NBC/Wall Street Journal poll showed the Republican Party with a 22 percent positive rating and a 53 percent negative one. Although Democrats are doing better, they are also underwater, with a 37 percent positive rating and a 40 percent negative one.
Due to recent Supreme Court rulings, power and money has flowed away from both parties. With this increasingly decentralized party structure, political entrepreneurs are increasing dominating the debate, making the parties less important in the political process.
There is clearly an opening for a third party in our country. While most of the focus is at the presidential level, there is a long-term opportunity to build this movement from the bottom up, state-by-state. This could take several years to grow, but as the country continues to move further and further away from the two-party system, this slower build is more likely to ultimately metastasize into an effective national movement. This third party will most likely be led by community-based leaders who are focused on getting things done to improve people’s lives rather than by professional politicians interested in their own agenda.
Additional credits:
Lead image by AP Photo.
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Botrylloides violaceus Botrylloides violaceus Botrylloides violaceous Botrylloides violaceus
Scientific Name:
Botrylloides violaceus
Common Name:
Orange sheath tunicate (others: chain sea squirt, red sheath tunicate, colonial sea squirt)
Native Range:
Coastal southern Siberia through coastal southern China, Japan
Established Range:
On the East Coast, from northern Maine to Florida
Established in Rhode Island?
Yes, throughout Narragansett Bay
Date and Location of Introduction:
1981, New England
Method of Introduction:
Unknown, but likely through hull fouling or contaminated shellfish stock
Individual zooids of B. violaceus grow together in groups called colonies. Colonies of B. violaceus can be found in the subtidal zone, and occasionally in protected intertidal areas, attached to rocks, boulders, and artifical structures such as pilings, boat hulls, bouys, lines, and floating docks. B. violaceus can also be found growing over seaweeds, eelgrass, shellfish, and other sea squirts. This tunicate can can tolerate temperatures from 8 to 25° Celcius and salinities between 26 and 34 parts per thouand.
B. violaceus is a filter feeder that eats zooplankton, phytoplankton, and detritus.
All B. violaceus zooids are hermaphroditic, and are capable of reproducing sexually and asexually. The breeding period of B. violaceus colonies lasts approximately 4 weeks.
All invasive tunicates, including B. violaceus, pose the same problems. These tunicates are notorious fouling organisms, and can completely cover submerged boat hulls, aquaculture cages, and just about any other surface that they are capable of living on. As a result, they can slow down boats, and have negative impacts on the local environment. Invasive tunicates have been known to smother shellfish and other sessile organisms, and will outcompete native filter feeders for food and space.
There are no known control methods at this time
Identification Card:
Courtesy of Salem Sound Coastwatch
Works Cited:
Cohen, Andrew N. 2005 Guide to the Exotic Species of San Francisco Bay. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA,
Pam Fuller. 2010. Botrylloides violaceus. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
Gittenberger, A. 2010. Botrylloides violaceus Oka, 1927. World Register of Marine Species.
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Why do muslims think that islam is true. is there any factual basis? -in korean language.
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1. 1. Question:There are many religions.Why do Muslims think that Islam is true. Is there any factual basis?Answer:Praise be to Allah.This is a reasonable enough question for one who has not entered Islam, but one who believes in andpractices this religion already knows the blessings which are his because of this religion. There are manyreasons for this, which include the following:(1) The Muslim worships One God, Who has no partner, and Who has the most beautiful names and thehighest attributes. Thus the Muslim’s focus and aim is concentrated, focused on His Lord and Creator; heputs his trust in Him and asks Him for help, patience and support; he believes that Allaah is able to do allthings, and has no need of a wife or son. Allaah created the heavens and earth; He is the One Who giveslife and death; He is the Creator and Sustainer from Whom the slave seeks provision. He is the All-Hearing Who responds to the supplication of His slave, and from Whom the slave hopes for a response.He is the All-Merciful and All-Forgiving, to Whom the slave turns in repentance when he has committeda sin or fallen short in his worship of Allaah. He is the Omniscient and All-Seeing, Who knows allintentions and what is hidden in people’s hearts. The slave feels ashamed to commit a sin by doingwrong to himself or to others, because his Lord is watching over him and sees all that he does. He knowsthat Allaah is All-Wise, the Seer of the Unseen, so he trusts that what Allaah decrees for him is good; heknows that Allaah will never be unjust to him, and that everything that Allaah decrees for him is good,even if he does not understand the wisdom behind it.(2) The effects of Islaamic worship on the soul of the Muslim include the following:Prayer keeps the slave in contact with his Lord; if he enters it in a spirit of humiliation and concentration,he will feel tranquil and secure, because he is seeking a "powerful support," which is Allaah, may He be
2. 2. glorified and exalted. For this reason, the Prophet of Islaam, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaahbe upon him) used to say: "Let us find relaxation and joy in prayer." If something distressed him, hewould hasten to pray. Everyone who finds himself faced with disaster and tries prayer finds strength,patience and consolation, because he is reciting the words of his Lord, which cannot be compared to theeffect of the words of a created being. If the words of some psychologists can offer a little comfort, whatdo you think of the words of the One Who created the psychologist?Now let us look at zakaat (the poor due), which is one of the pillars of Islaam. Zakaat purifies the soulfrom stinginess and miserliness, and accustoms people to being generous and helping the poor andneedy. It will bring a great reward on the Day of Resurrection, just like other forms of worship. It is notburdensome, like man-made taxes; it is only 25 in every thousand, which the sincere Muslim payswillingly and does not try to evade or wait until someone chases him for it.Fasting involves refraining from food and sex for an appointed time. It is a form of worship, and a way inwhich one can feel the hunger of those who are deprived. It is also a reminder of the blessings of theCreator, and it brings rewards beyond measure.Hajj is the Pilgrimage to the sacred House of Allaah, which was built by Ibraaheem (Abraham, uponwhom be peace). By performing Hajj one is obeying the command of Allaah and the call to come andmeet Muslims from all over the world.(3) Islaam commands all kinds of good and forbids all kinds of evil. It encourages good manners andproper treatment of others. It enjoins good characteristics such as truthfulness, patience, deliberation,kindness, humility, modesty, keeping promises, dignity, mercy, justice, courage, patience, friendliness,contentment, chastity, good treatment, tolerance, trustworthiness, gratitude for favours, and self-control in times of anger. Islaam commands the Muslim to fulfil his duty towards his parents and touphold family ties, to help the needy, to treat neighbours well, to protect and safeguard the wealth ofthe orphan, to be gentle with the young and show respect to the old, to be kind to servants and animals,to remove harmful things from the road, to speak kind words, to forgive at the time when one has theopportunity to take revenge, to be sincere towards one’s fellow-Muslims, to meet the needs of theMuslims, to give the debtor time to repay his debt, to prefer others over oneself, to console others, togreet people with a smiling face, to visit the sick, to support the one who is oppressed, to give gifts tofriends, to honour his guest, to treat his wife kindly and spend on her and her children, to spread thegreeting of peace (salaam) and to seek permission before entering another person’s house, lest one see
3. 3. something private that the other person does not want one to see.Some non-Muslims may do these things out of politeness or good manners, but they are not seekingreward from Allaah or salvation of the Day of Judgement.If we look at what Islam has prohibited, we will find that it is in the interests of both the individual andsociety as a whole. All these prohibitions serve to safeguard the relationship between the slave and hisLord, and the relationship of the individual with himself and with his fellow-man. The followingexamples demonstrate this:Islam forbids the association of anything in worship with Allaah and the worship of anything other thanAllaah, because this spells doom and misery. Islaam also forbids visiting or believing soothsayers andfortune-tellers; magic or witchcraft that may cause a rift between two people or bring them together;belief in the influence of the stars on events and people’s lives; cursing time, because Allaah is directingits affairs; and superstition, because this is pessimism.Islam forbids cancelling out good deeds by showing off, boasting or reminding others of one’s favours;bowing or prostrating to anything other than Allaah; sitting with hypocrites or immoral people for thepurposes of enjoying their company or keeping them company; and invoking the curse or wrath ofAllaah on one another or damning one another to Hell.Islaam forbids urinating into stagnant water; defecating on the side of the road or in places wherepeople seek shade or where they draw water; from facing the qiblah (direction of prayer) or turningone’s back towards it when passing water or stool giving the greeting of salaam (peace) to one who isanswering the call of nature; and putting one’s hand into any vessel before washing it, when one hasjust woken up.Islaam forbids the offering of any nafl (supererogatory) prayers when the sun is rising, when it is at itszenith, and when it is setting, because it rises and sets between the horns of Shaytaan (Satan); prayingwhen there is food prepared that a person desires; praying when one urgently needs to pass water,
4. 4. stool or wind, because that will distract a person from concentrating properly on his prayer.Islam forbids the Muslim to raise his voice in prayer, lest it disturb other believers; to continue offeringsupererogatory prayers at night when one feels drowsy - such a person should sleep then get up; to stayup all night in prayer, especially one night after another; and to stop praying when there is doubt as tothe validity of one’s wudoo’ - unless one hears a sound or smells an odour.Islaam forbids buying, selling and making "lost and found" announcements in the mosque - because it isthe place of worship and remembrance of Allaah, where worldly affairs have no place.Islam forbids haste in walking when the iqaamah (call immediately preceding congregational prayer) isgiven, and prescribes walking in a calm and dignified manner. It is also forbidden to boast about the costof building a mosque; to decorate a mosque with red or yellow paint or adornments which will distractthe worshippers; to fast day after day without a break .Islaam forbids building over graves, making them high, sitting on them, walking between them wearingshoes, putting lights over them or writing on them. It is forbidden to disinter the dead or to take gravesas places of worship. Islam forbids wailing, tearing one’s clothes or leaving one’s hair unkempt when aperson dies. Eulogizing the dead in the manner of the times of Ignorance (Jaahiliyyah) is also forbidden,although there is nothing wrong with informing others that a person has died.Islaam forbids the consumption of riba (interest); all kinds of selling which involve ignorance (of theproduct), misleading and cheating; selling blood, wine, pork, idols and everything that Allaah hasforbidden - their price, whether bought or sold - is haraam (unlawful); najash, which is offering a pricefor something one has no intention of buying, as happens in many auctions; concealing a product’sfaults at the time of selling; selling something which one does not own or before it comes into one’spossession; undercutting, outbidding or out bargaining another; selling produce before it is clear that itis in good condition and free of blemish; cheating in weights and measures; and hoarding. A partner whohas shares in a plot of land or a date palm tree is forbidden to sell his share without consulting hispartners. It is forbidden to consume the wealth of orphans unjustly; to bet or gamble; to take anythingby force; to accept or offer bribes; to steal people’s wealth or to consume it unjustly; to take somethingfor the purpose of destroying it; to undermine the value of people’s possessions; to keep lost property
5. 5. which one has found, or to keep quiet about it and not announce it, for it belongs to the one whorecognizes it; to cheat in any way; to ask for a loan with no intention of repaying it; to take anything ofthe wealth of a fellow-Muslim, unless it is given freely, because what is taken because of anotherperson’s shyness is haraam (impermissible); and to accept a gift because of intercession.Celibacy and castration are forbidden, as is marrying two sisters, or a woman and her aunt (paternal ormaternal), whether he marries the aunt after marrying her niece or vice versa, for fear of breaking theties of kinship. It is forbidden to make deals in marriage, such as saying "Let me marry your daughterand I will give you my daughter or sister in marriage." Such reciprocal deals are a form of oppression andinjustice, and haraam. Islaam forbids mut’ah (temporary marriage), which is a marriage contract for aperiod of time agreed by the two parties, at the end of which the marriage expires. Islaam forbidsintercourse with a menstruating woman, until she has purified herself (by taking a bath after her periodends), and also forbids anal intercourse. A man is forbidden to propose marriage to a woman whenanother man has already proposed to her, unless the other man withdraws his proposal or gives himpermission. It is forbidden to marry a previously-married woman without consulting her, or a virginwithout seeking her permission. It is forbidden to wish (a newly married couple) "Bi’l-rafaa’ wa’l-baneen(a joyful life and many sons)," because this is the greeting of the people of Jaahiliyyah(ignorance), whohated daughters. The divorced woman is forbidden to conceal what Allaah has created in her womb (ifshe is pregnant). A husband and wife are forbidden to speak (to others) about the intimacies of marriedlife. It is forbidden to turn a woman against her husband or to take divorce lightly. It is forbidden for awoman to ask for another’s divorce, such as asking a man to divorce a woman so that she can marryhim. A wife is forbidden to spend her husband’s money without his permission, or to keep away from hisbed without good reason, because the angels will curse her if she does that. A man is forbidden to marryhis father’s wife, or to have intercourse with a woman who is pregnant from another man. It isforbidden for a man to practice ‘azl (coitus interruptus) with his free wife without her permission. It isforbidden for a man to return home from a journey late at night and startle his family, unless he haspreviously notified them when he will arrive home. A man is forbidden to take anything of his wife’smahr (dowry) without her consent, or to keep annoying his wife so that she will give up her wealth.Islaam forbids women to make a wanton display of themselves (tabarruj). It also forbids extreme formsof female circumcision. Women are forbidden to admit anyone into their husband’s home without hispermission; his general permission is acceptable so long as they stay within the limits of sharee’ah(Islaamic law). It is forbidden to separate a mother and child (in case of divorce); to let one’s womenfolkbehave foolishly (in an immoral fashion) and not say anything; to let one’s gaze wander everywhere; andto follow an accidental glance with an intentional glance.
6. 6. Islaam forbids the eating of dead meat, regardless of whether it died by drowning, strangulation, shockor falling from a high place; eating blood, pork and anything slaughtered in a name other than that ofAllaah or for idols; eating the flesh or drinking the milk of beasts that feed on filth and waste matter;eating the flesh of every carnivorous beast that has fangs and every bird that has talons; eating the meatof domesticated donkeys; killing animals by keeping them and throwing stones at them until they die, ordetaining them without food until they die; slaughtering with teeth or nails; slaughtering one animal (forfood) in front of another; or sharpening the knife in front of the animal to be slaughtered.In the area of clothing and adornment, men are forbidden the extravagance of wearing gold. Muslimmen are forbidden to be naked or to expose their thighs; to leave their clothes long (below the ankles)and trail them on the ground for the purpose of showing off; and to wear clothes that will attractattention.It is forbidden to bear false witness; to make false accusations against a chaste believing woman; toaccuse someone who is innocent; to utter lies; to slander and backbite; to call people by offensivenicknames; to spread gossip and malicious slander; to make fun of the Muslims; to boast about one’sstatus; to shed doubts on a person’s lineage; to utter slander, insults and obscenities; to speak in anindecent or rude manner; or to utter evil in public, except by one who has been wronged.Islaam forbids telling lies; one of the worst kinds of lie is to lie about dreams, like fabricating dreams andvisions in order to prove one’s virtue, or make some material gains, or to frighten an enemy.Muslims are forbidden to praise themselves, or to talk in a secret way: two may not converse secretly tothe exclusion of a third, because this is offensive. It is forbidden to curse a believer or someone whodoes not deserve to be cursed.Islaam forbids speaking ill of the dead; praying for death; wishing for death because of some sufferingthat one is passing through; praying against one’s self, one’s children, one’s servants or one’s wealth.Muslims are told not to eat the food that is directly in front of others or to eat from the centre of the
7. 7. dish or platter; rather they should eat from what is directly in front of them or thereabouts, because thebarakah (blessing) comes in the middle of the food. It is forbidden to drink from a broken edge of avessel, because this could cause harm; or to drink from the mouth of a vessel; or to breathe into it. It isforbidden to eat while lying on one’s stomach; to sit at a table where wine is being drunk; to leave a fireburning in one’s house when one sleeps; to sleep with Ghamr in one’s hand, like an offensive smell orthe remainder of food (grease); to sleep on one’s stomach; or to talk about or try to interpret baddreams, because these are tricks of the Shaytaan.It is forbidden to kill another person except in cases where it is right to do so; to kill one’s children forfear of poverty; to commit suicide; to commit fornication, adultery or sodomy (homosexuality); to drinkwine, or even to prepare it, carry it from one place to another, or sell it. Muslims are forbidden to pleasepeople by angering Allaah; to offend their parents or even to say "Uff" (the slightest word of contempt)to them; to claim that a child belongs to anyone but his real father; to torture by means of fire; to burnanyone, alive or dead, with fire; to mutilate the bodies of the slain; to help anyone commit falsehood; orto cooperate in wrongdoing and sin.It is forbidden to obey any person by disobeying Allaah; to swear falsely; to swear a disastrous oath; toeavesdrop on people without their permission; to invade people’s privacy or look at their private parts;to claim something that does not belong to one or that one did not do, for the purpose of showing off;to look into someone’s else’s house without permission; to be extravagant; to swear an oath to dosomething wrong; to spy on others or be suspicious about righteous men and women; to envy, hate orshun one another; to persist in falsehood; to be arrogant or feel superior; to be filled with self-admiration; to be pleased with one’s arrogance. Islam forbids taking back one’s charity, even if one paysto get it back; employing someone to do a job without paying him his wages; being unfair in giving giftsto one’s children; bequeathing everything in one’s will and leaving one’s heirs poor - in such a case thewill should not be executed; writing a will that concerns more than one third of one’s legacy; being abad neighbour; or changing a will to the detriment of one or some of one’s heirs. A Muslim is forbiddento forsake or shun his brother for more than three days, except for a reason sanctioned by sharee’ah; tohold small stones between two fingers and throw them because this could cause injury to eyes or teeth;to include his heirs in a will, because Allaah has already given heirs their rights of inheritance; to disturbhis neighbour; to point a weapon at his Muslim brother; to hand someone an unsheathed sword, lest itharm him; to come (walk) between two people except with their permission; to return a gift, unlessthere is some shar’i objection to it; to be extravagant; to give money to foolish people; to wish to be likesomeone to whom Allaah has given more of something; to cancel out his charity by giving offensivereminders of his giving; to wilfully conceal testimony; or to oppress orphans or scold one who asks forhelp or money. It is forbidden to treat with evil medicines, because Allaah would not create a cure forthis ummah which includes something that He has forbidden. It is forbidden to kill women and childrenin warfare; to boast to one another; or to break promises.
8. 8. Islaam forbids betraying a trust; asking for charity that one does not need; alarming a Muslim brother ortaking away his possessions, whether jokingly or seriously; changing one’s mind after giving a gift,except in the case of a gift from a father to his child; practising medicine without experience; or killingants, bees and hoopoe birds. A man is forbidden to look at the ‘awrah (private parts) of another man,and a woman is forbidden to look at the ‘awrah of another woman. It is forbidden to sit between twopeople without their permission; or to greet only those whom one knows, because the greeting is to begiven to those whom you know and those whom you do not know. A Muslim is forbidden to let an oathcome between him and good deeds; he should do what is good and make expiation for the oath. It isforbidden to judge between two disputing parties when one is angry, or to judge in favour of one partywithout hearing what the other has to say. It is forbidden for a man to walk through the market-placecarrying something - like a sharp weapon - that could harm the Muslims, unless it is properly covered. AMuslim is forbidden to make another person get up, so that he can take his place.There are more commands and prohibitions which came for the benefit and happiness of individualsand mankind as a whole. Have you ever seen any other religion that can compare to this religion?Read this response again, then ask yourself: is it not a great pity that I am not one of them? Allaah saysin the Qur’aan (interpretation of the meaning): "And whoever seeks a religion other than Islam, it willnever be accepted of him, and in the Hereafter he will be one of the losers." *Aal ‘Imraan 3:85+Finally, I hope that everyone who reads this will be guided to the correct way and to follow the truth.May Allaah protect you and us from all evil.Sheikh MuhammedSalih Al-Munajjid
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Diagnostic Procedures for Cancer: Overview
What are diagnostic procedures for cancer?
When symptoms suggest cancer, your healthcare provider may request or perform any of the following procedures to help diagnose it:
• A detailed medical history—both family and personal
• Thorough physical exam
• Rectal exam of the prostate (men only)
Other diagnostic procedures that may be requested include:
• Imaging tests, such as:
• X-ray. Images of bones, certain organs and tissues produced by a controlled beam of radiation.
• Ultrasound. An imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image on a monitor of the stomach organs, such as the uterus, liver, and kidneys.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A noninvasive imaging procedure using strong magnetic fields and radio waves that provides detailed views of organs and internal structures without the use of X-rays. MRI scans can give different information than standard X-rays, ultrasound, and CT scans.
• Endoscopy. Use of a flexible tube with a lens or tiny camera (and a light on the end), which is connected to a computer screen, allowing the healthcare provider to see inside the hollow organs. These include the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bladder, or uterus. Biopsy samples (tiny pieces of tissue) can be taken through the tube for further evaluation.
• Biopsy. This is done to remove a sample of the suspicious tissue for exam in a lab by a pathologist. A biopsy can be done with several different procedures depending on the location of the tumor and size. Endoscopy, needle biopsy with image guidance, and surgical biopsy are a few examples.
For most types of cancer, exams and imaging tests might suggest a person has cancer, but a biopsy is always needed to confirm the diagnosis.
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I first encountered the sentences below on p 121, The Words We Live By: Your Annotated Guide to the Constitution (2004; but the newest edition dates at 2015) by Linda Monk. I rewrote the numerals using digits to ease reading.
[ Source: ] The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the 17th Day of September in the Year of our Lord 1787 and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, [...]
The date is already stated as September 17 1787. So to what does the bolded refer?
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Don't feel bad about this one. This is a very difficult sentence to parse even for a native English speaker. – Daniel Mar 23 at 1:58
I feel like a comma after "America" (or maybe better after "1787") would have made this a lot clearer, but perhaps it wasn't stylistic or it is just a mistake. – Todd Wilcox Mar 23 at 18:07
I'm a native speaker (and fairly good at reading!) and I couldn't figure this out until I read the answers... :) – Numeri Mar 23 at 21:23
@ToddWilcox Except that proper English grammar (which would certainly be used in an official document) does not allow a comma to separate only two items in a list. – Jed Schaaf Mar 23 at 21:52
@JedSchaaf Never heard of it. Commas after 'and' and 'twelfth' would be perfectly acceptable. – EJP Mar 23 at 22:54
up vote 46 down vote accepted
It stands for "The twelfth year from the Independence of the United States of America", since the Independence was in July 4th, 1776. September already counted as one more year, even though the Constitution was written in 1787.
To clarify, July 3rd, 1787 was the last day of the 11th year from the Independence.
It is a common feature among many countries' Constitutions, to state how many years ago happened an event that changed the civil status of the nation.
In Brazil, we have something like this:
Brasília, January 10th 2002; 181st of Independence and 114th of Republic.
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It may be worth noting that laws, proclamations, and other official documents of the U.S. government are dated from independence in the same way that their equivalents are dated according to the regnal year in the UK. – choster Mar 23 at 12:44
It's worth re-emphasizing choster's comment: Prior to the widespread adoption of the AD/BC/CE/BCE system, regnal years (or the equivalent) were the way to mark official dates in most countries. – R.M. Mar 23 at 14:43
A whole new decimal calendar was based on the French government change: of 1789. – chux Mar 24 at 19:34
Regnal years are still used with Roman pontificates, and were only dropped in the United Kingdom within the present Queen's reign. – Andrew Leach Mar 25 at 12:53
@R.M.: Strictly speaking, AD and BC are formally a regnal-year system, although that's not usually how they're thought of these days (and CE/BCE put a new coat of paint on that without changing the epoch year chosen for the purpose). – Nathan Tuggy May 11 at 0:30
Ditto Joao Arruda. One extra note: The language is a bit formal and archaic. But the construction is "the year (of our Lord = 1787) and (of the independence of the US = 12)". He's expressing the year in two different ways, with an "and" between them.
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This explanation was essential for me (native English speaker) to be able to parse the sentence. I'm so used to "the year of our lord" as a set phrase, that this had not occurred to me at all. – Randy Orrison Mar 23 at 8:23
+1. I hope that others will upvote your answer (as I did), which I find as equally as beneficient and helpful as the others. So please accept my assurance that I accepted another answer not because of inequity between answers, but because SE presently allows only one acceptance and so I have used my acceptance to aid those with fewer reputation points. – Timere Mar 23 at 15:59
It's confusing that they use a cardinal number for one of them and an ordinal number for the other, as it makes the parallelism less obvious. – Barmar Mar 23 at 16:07
@ToddWilcox 12 is a cardinal number, 12th is an ordinal number. english.stackexchange.com/questions/28314/… – Barmar Mar 23 at 18:37
@ToddWilcox My points is that they chose to use "12th" in one clause, but didn't use "1787th" in the other clause, even though that's what they meant. Thus, the parallelism was obscured by the use of different styles of wording. Had they said "Year of our Lord 1787 and of our independence 12", it would be more obvious what was meant. – Barmar Mar 23 at 21:03
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The following function is not defined at $x=0$:
$$f(x) = \frac{\log(1+ax) - \log(1-bx)}{x} .$$
What would be the value of $f(0)$ so that it is continuous at $x=0$?
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up vote 3 down vote accepted
As Chandru has pointed out, this is the $\ln(\cos\,x)/x$ problem all over again. So, being unimaginative at this time of the night, I will solve it in the same way all over again. Please note that most of the time in this post, $f$ does not refer to your $f$. So let's call your function $g$. The value we need to assign to it at $0$ in order to end up with a continuous function is $$\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{g(x)}{x}$$ if this limit exists. (If the limit does not exist, no assignment of value to $g$ at $0$ will make the resulting function continuous.)
Using the notation of Did's answer, let's find $$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+cx) -\ln(1)}{x-0}.$$ We have done nothing here, since $\ln 1=0$, and $x-0=x$, but we have done nothing in what will turn out to be a useful way.
We recognize the above expression as the definition of $f'(0)$, where $f(x)=\ln(1+cx)$.
For our particular function $f$, we have $$f'(x)=\frac{c}{1+cx}$$ and therefore $f'(0)=c$.
Thus the required answer is $a-(-b)$, which is $a+b$.
Comment: The limit is also easily arrived at by considering the power series expansion of $\ln(1+u)$.
We sort of took a chance in the above calculation (well, not really, sine the answer is obvious from the power series). In principle, it would have been better to do exactly the same thing, but with $f(x)=\ln(1+ax) -\ln(1-bx)$. We would then have $$f'(x)=\frac{a}{1+ax}-\frac{-b}{1-bx}$$ and again we would obtain $f'(0)=a+b$.
The method is available for any limit of the kind $$\lim_{x\to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}$$ once we know how to differentiate $f$.
It can be thought of as a hypersimple version of L'Hospital's Rule. Or else, more ambitiously but less accurately, as the beginnings of an explanation of why the L'Hospital's Rule works.
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I corrected a parenthesis typo in the first line, I hope you don't mind. – Asaf Karagila Jul 17 '11 at 11:09
@Asaf Karagila: Thank you. I am probably overfond of parentheses, not a good thing for someone who can't count. And thank you for the spacing correction, I keep forgetting that MathJax's spacing can be off. – André Nicolas Jul 17 '11 at 11:40
What spacing? I only changed one parenthesis :-) – Asaf Karagila Jul 17 '11 at 11:54
Yes, and ya missed another one @Asaf. ;) (No worries, I fixed it; check edit history...) – J. M. Jul 17 '11 at 11:55
Do you want to evaluate the limit at $0$. Then you can see that
\begin{align*} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \biggl(\frac{1+ax}{1-bx}\biggr)^{1/x} &=\lim_{x \to 0} \biggl(1+ \frac{(b+a)x}{1-bx}\biggr)^{1/x} \\ &=\lim_{x \to 0} \biggl(1+ \frac{(b+a)x}{1+bx}\biggr)^{\small \frac{1+bx}{(b+a)x} \cdot \frac{(b+a)x}{x \cdot (1+bx)}} \\ &=e^{\small\displaystyle\tiny\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{(b+a)x}{x\cdot (1+bx)}} = e^{b+a} \qquad \qquad \Bigl[ \because \small \lim_{x \to 0} (1+x)^{1/x} =e \Bigr] \end{align*}
Therefore as $x \to 0$, $\log(f(x)) \to (b+a)$
Please see this post: Solving $\lim\limits_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\ln[\cos(x)]}{x}$ as a similar kind of methodology is used to solve this problem.
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I only hope that I haven't gone wrong with my calculations. – user9413 Jul 17 '11 at 8:53
You have, twice: your function $f$ is not the right one and the limit of your function $f$ is not correct. Sorry but you asked... :-) – Did Jul 17 '11 at 9:12
You switched $1+bx$ to $1-bx$ in the first line. I don't even know what wizardry you performed in the second line's exponent. – anon Jul 17 '11 at 11:54
@anon: Yes, I have rectified my answer. – user9413 Jul 17 '11 at 12:05
@Didier: Thanks, I got confused somewhere. Hope it's fine now. – user9413 Jul 17 '11 at 12:06
Hint: for every real number $c$, show that $g_c(x)=\log(1+cx)/x$ has a limit $\ell(c)$ when $x\to0$ and compute $\ell(c)$. Then apply this partial result to your question.
Here is an alternative solution. First, $$ f(x)=\int_{\,-b}^{\,\,a}\,\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{1+zx}. $$ Second, for small enough values of $|x|$, $|1/(1+zx)|\le1/(1-c)$ with $c=|x|\max\{|a|,|b|\}$ and $c<1$. Hence dominated convergence applies when $x\to0$, which means that $f(x)$ converges to the integral of the limit of the function. The latter is $1$ for every $z$ hence its integral is $a+b$.
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There are various ways of thinking about this, but consider L'Hôpital's rule if you know it. – Mark Bennet Jul 17 '11 at 9:08
@Mark: I assume you are talking to the OP here. And yes there are several ways to do this. – Did Jul 17 '11 at 9:10
@Didier Piau may I have some details please. – TheVillageIdiot Jul 17 '11 at 9:21
@Didier: yes to OP. I mentioned L'Hôpital because it can be a handy way of computing such limits under pressure (eg in exams) when it is rather easy to do something silly like getting the series expansion wrong. – Mark Bennet Jul 17 '11 at 9:22
@TheVillageIdiot: Were you able to compute $\ell(c)$? If not, what is the trouble? If yes, do you see how to apply this to your question? – Did Jul 17 '11 at 11:47
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New York State Museum adds its voice for evolution
The chorus of support for the teaching of evolution continues, with a statement from the New York State Museum, a research and educational institution that conducts systematic investigations into the geology, biology, anthropology, and history of New York.
Emphasizing that "[t]he theory of evolution is central to the scientific understanding of how life originated on earth and how it continually changes and diversifies," the statement concludes, "the Museum supports and encourages the teaching of evolution in schools as a fundamental component of scientific competency and literacy."
The New York State Museum's statement is now reproduced, by permission, on NCSE's website, and will also be contained in the fourth edition of NCSE's Voices for Evolution.
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Problem: I need to write a function that takes 4 bytes as input, performs a reversible linear transformation on this, and returns it as 4 bytes.
But wait, there is more: it also has to be distributive, so changing one byte on the input should affect all 4 output bytes.
The issues:
• if I use multiplication it won't be reversible after it is modded 255 via the storage as a byte (and its needs to stay as a byte)
• if I use addition it can't be reversible and distributive
One solution: I could create an array of bytes 256^4 long and fill it in, in a one to one mapping, this would work, but there are issues: this means I have to search a graph of size 256^8 due to having to search for free numbers for every value (should note distributivity should be sudo random based on a 64*64 array of byte). This solution also has the MINOR (lol) issue of needing 8GB of RAM, making this solution nonsense.
Any good ideas? I don't need code, just an idea.
EDIT: OK, I'm sorry for my description; I'll try to make it a bit clearer. The domain of the input is the same as the domain of the output, every input has a unique output, in other words: a one to one mapping. As I noted on "one solution" this is very possible and I have used that method when a smaller domain (just 256) was in question. The fact is, as numbers get big that method becomes extraordinarily inefficient, the delta flaw was O(n^5) and omega was O(n^8) with similar crappiness in memory usage. I was wondering if there was a clever way to do it. In a nutshell, it's a one to one mapping of domain (4 bytes or 256^4). Oh, and such simple things as N+1 can't be used, it has to be keyed off a 64*64 array of byte values that are sudo random but recreatable for reverse transformations.
I hope I made some sense.
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What linear space is this linear transformation in? For example, the field of integers modulo 2**32, or the 32-dimensional vector space over integers modulo 2, or what? – Darius Bacon Jan 21 '09 at 19:11
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Here are your requirements as I understand them:
1. Let B be the space of bytes. You want a one-to-one (and thus onto) function f: B^4 -> B^4.
2. If you change any single input byte, then all output bytes change.
Here's the simplest solution I have thusfar. I have avoided posting for a while because I kept trying to come up with a better solution, but I haven't thought of anything.
Okay, first of all, we need a function g: B -> B which takes a single byte and returns a single byte. This function must have two properties: g(x) is reversible, and x^g(x) is reversible. [Note: ^ is the XOR operator.] Any such g will do, but I will define a specific one later.
Given such a g, we define f by f(a,b,c,d) = (a^b^c^d, g(a)^b^c^d, a^g(b)^c^d, a^b^g(c)^d). Let's check your requirements:
1. Reversible: yes. If we XOR the first two output bytes, we get a^g(a), but by the second property of g, we can recover a. Similarly for the b and c. We can recover d after getting a,b, and c by XORing the first byte with (a^b^c).
2. Distributive: yes. Suppose b,c, and d are fixed. Then the function takes the form f(a,b,c,d) = (a^const, g(a)^const, a^const, a^const). If a changes, then so will a^const; similarly, if a changes, so will g(a), and thus so will g(a)^const. (The fact that g(a) changes if a does is by the first property of g; if it didn't then g(x) wouldn't be reversible.) The same holds for b and c. For d, it's even easier because then f(a,b,c,d) = (d^const, d^const, d^const, d^const) so if d changes, every byte changes.
Finally, we construct such a function g. Let T be the space of two-bit values, and h : T -> T the function such that h(0) = 0, h(1) = 2, h(2) = 3, and h(3) = 1. This function has the two desired properties of g, namely h(x) is reversible and so is x^h(x). (For the latter, check that 0^h(0) = 0, 1^h(1) = 3, 2^h(2) = 1, and 3^h(3) = 2.) So, finally, to compute g(x), split x into four groups of two bits, and take h of each quarter separately. Because h satisfies the two desired properties, and there's no interaction between the quarters, so does g.
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Balanced Block Mixers are exactly what you're looking for.
Who knew?
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For the two-bit version, o1 = i1, and o2 = i1 xor i2. That at least is straightforward. – David Thornley Jan 21 '09 at 17:25
@Allain Lalonde: No, the original problem is possible, even though the 2 groups of 1 bit is not. (2 groups of 2 bits is possible.) @David Thornley: o1 doesn't change if i2 does, violating the "distributive" property of the OP. – A. Rex Jan 21 '09 at 17:43
Simple proof I just thought of: if i1 changes both o1 and o2, and i2 changes both o1 and o2, then changing i1 and i2 both leaves o1 and o2 the same, and changing i1 has the exact same effect as changing i2. – David Thornley Jan 21 '09 at 18:20
Edit! It is not possible, if you indeed want a linear transformation. Here's the mathy solution:
You've got four bytes, a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4, which we'll think of as a vector a with 4 components, each of which is a number mod 256. A linear transformation is just a 4x4 matrix M whose elements are also numbers mod 256. You have two conditions:
1. From Ma, we can deduce a (this means that M is an invertible matrix).
2. If a and a' differ in a single coordinate, then Ma and Ma' must differ in every coordinate.
Condition (2) is a little trickier, but here's what it means. Since M is a linear transformation, we know that
M(a - a) = Ma - Ma'
On the left, since a and a' differ in a single coordinate, a - a has exactly one nonzero coordinate. On the right, since Ma and Ma' must differ in every coordinate, Ma - Ma' must have every coordinate nonzero.
So the matrix M must take a vector with a single nonzero coordinate to one with all nonzero coordinates. So we just need every entry of M to be a non-zero-divisor mod 256, i.e., to be odd.
Going back to condition (1), what does it mean for M to be invertible? Since we're considering it mod 256, we just need its determinant to be invertible mod 256; that is, its determinant must be odd.
So you need a 4x4 matrix with odd entries mod 256 whose determinant is odd. But this is impossible! Why? The determinant is computed by summing various products of entries. For a 4x4 matrix, there are 4! = 24 different summands, and each one, being a product of odd entries, is odd. But the sum of 24 odd numbers is even, so the determinant of such a matrix must be even!
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Your analysis concluding that "every entry of M [must] be nonzero" is incorrect. For example, if some entry of M is 128 and the input byte is even, the output will be 0. We actually need every entry of M to be odd. But if every entry of M is odd, its determinant is even; see @David Thornley above. – A. Rex Jan 21 '09 at 18:14
Yes, you're right. Thanks. – Jesse Beder Jan 21 '09 at 18:19
Thanks for making the change. Your conclusion is correct now (any 4x4 matrix, all entries and determinant odd, should work). Unfortunately, there are no such matrices. For example, if you use the Leibniz formula for determinants, you have 24 odd numbers -- which sums to an even number. – A. Rex Jan 21 '09 at 18:35
Yeah, I realized that - check out the edit. – Jesse Beder Jan 21 '09 at 18:37
Great! Sorry, I responded the second time after reloading to see one edit but not the next. – A. Rex Jan 21 '09 at 18:52
I'm not sure I understand your question, but I think I get what you're trying to do.
Bitwise Exclusive Or is your friend.
If R = A XOR B, R XOR A gives B and R XOR B gives A back. So it's a reversible transformation, assuming you know the result and one of the inputs.
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And doesn't fulfil the requirement of changing all four bytes if only one is touched. – David Thornley Jan 21 '09 at 17:06
Assuming I understood what you're trying to do, I think any block cipher will do the job.
A block cipher takes a block of bits (say 128) and maps them reversibly to a different block with the same size.
Moreover, if you're using OFB mode you can use a block cipher to generate an infinite stream of pseudo-random bits. XORing these bits with your stream of bits will give you a transformation for any length of data.
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I'm going to throw out an idea that may or may not work.
Use a set of linear functions mod 256, with odd prime coefficients.
For example:
b0 = 3 * a0 + 5 * a1 + 7 * a2 + 11 * a3;
b1 = 13 * a0 + 17 * a1 + 19 * a2 + 23 * a3;
If I remember the Chinese Remainder Theorem correctly, and I haven't looked at it in years, the ax are recoverable from the bx. There may even be a quick way to do it.
This is, I believe, a reversible transformation. It's linear, in that af(x) mod 256 = f(ax) and f(x) + f(y) mod 256 = f(x + y). Clearly, changing one input byte will change all the output bytes.
So, go look up the Chinese Remainder Theorem and see if this works.
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This is a good idea, but won't work. The output bytes b0, etc., are all even. Thus you're mapping into a smaller range than the domain, and the function isn't one-to-one. – A. Rex Jan 21 '09 at 17:44
Why would they all be even? The rightmost bits (given that the multipliers are odd) will be 1 if there are an odd number of rightmost 1s on the input, and even otherwise. – David Thornley Jan 21 '09 at 18:14
Umm, yeah, sorry. If either all of the inputs are even, or all are odd, the outputs will all be even. Once again, except correctly this time, you have more inputs than outputs. – A. Rex Jan 21 '09 at 18:30
What you mean by "linear" transformation? O(n), or a function f with f(c * (a+b)) = c * f(a) + c * f(b)?
An easy approach would be a rotating bitshift (not sure if this fullfils the above math definition). Its reversible and every byte can be changed. But with this it does not enforce that every byte is changed.
EDIT: My solution would be this:
b0 = (a0 ^ a1 ^ a2 ^ a3)
b1 = a1 + b0 ( mod 256)
b2 = a2 + b0 ( mod 256)
b3 = a3 + b0 ( mod 256)
It would be reversible (just subtract the first byte from the other, and then XOR the 3 resulting bytes on the first), and a change in one bit would change every byte (as b0 is the result of all bytes and impacts all others).
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Re. your edit: Good idea, but again it doesn't work. f(0,0,0,0) = (0,0,0,0) and f(0,0,0,128) = (128,128,128,0). Notice that the last byte doesn't change. – A. Rex Jan 21 '09 at 17:51
Stick all of the bytes into 32-bit number and then do a shl or shr (shift left or shift right) by one, two or three. Then split it back into bytes (could use a variant record). This will move bits from each byte into the adjacent byte.
There are a number of good suggestions here (XOR, etc.) I would suggest combining them.
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This wouldn't work for the inputs 0 and 1 since no matter how much you shift 3 of the bytes will always have 0s. – Allain Lalonde Jan 21 '09 at 18:02
Which is why I would suggest combining it with XOR or ROT13 or something. I guess it really comes down to your objective. – Jim McKeeth Jan 22 '09 at 20:48
You could remap the bits. Let's use ii for input and oo for output:
oo[0] = (ii[0] & 0xC0) | (ii[1] & 0x30) | (ii[2] & 0x0C) | (ii[3] | 0x03)
oo[1] = (ii[0] & 0x30) | (ii[1] & 0x0C) | (ii[2] & 0x03) | (ii[3] | 0xC0)
oo[2] = (ii[0] & 0x0C) | (ii[1] & 0x03) | (ii[2] & 0xC0) | (ii[3] | 0x30)
oo[3] = (ii[0] & 0x03) | (ii[1] & 0xC0) | (ii[2] & 0x30) | (ii[3] | 0x0C)
It's not linear, but significantly changing one byte in the input will affect all the bytes in the output. I don't think you can have a reversible transformation such as changing one bit in the input will affect all four bytes of the output, but I don't have a proof.
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Your Answer
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Rusa Deer Australia
Rusa is the Malay word for deer and they are medium sized, rough-coated deer which are biologically allied to the sambar. However, the two species are quite different in size, appearance and behaviour. There are two subspecies established in the wild in Australia and the Javan rusa (Cervus timorensis russa) is the larger. Stags stand up to 110cm at the shoulder and may weigh around 136kg while hinds are considerably smaller at 95cm and 60kg.
The coat hair is coarse and sparse and generally a greyish brown in colour although the shade varies between the age groups and sexes and also season-ally. The underparts including the chest and throat are a light grey, almost white in some cases, which is a striking contrast to the main body colour, and there is a line of dark hair which runs down the chest between the forelegs.
Ears are pointed, with tufts of long light coloured hair in the upper part of the inner ear, and the skin of the nose is dark brown. There is a pre-orbital gland under the eye, as in sambar, but the rusa's gland is not so prominent.
A rusa stag's antlers are quite large, in comparison with its body size, and very distinctive with a typical lyre shape. There is a brow tine, which is often curved, and a terminal fork at the end of the main beam. The thicker part of the main beam continues on into the back tine and this is normally considerably larger than the front tine. In good conditions, a mature rusa stag may grow antlers up to and sometimes exceeding 76cm in length. Most stags cast their antlers in January or February.
Compared to their close relative the sambar, rusa are very vocal, and their calls range from an alarm bark to a low, barely audible, vibratory communication between hinds and calves, or the loud shrill sound of rutting stags.
In the nineteenth century many rusa were liberated in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia but now these have all disappeared, except for those deer situated in the Royal National Park in New South Wales and others which have infiltrated into new country south of the Park.
For many years, visitors to the Royal National Park were able to observe the deer living naturally in their rugged environment and some deer were attracted to the most often visited areas by food scraps. These soon became easily approachable and the rusa of the Royal National Park became the most photographed wild deer in Australia. The New South Wales National Parks & Wildlife Service has for many years carried out an eradication campaign aimed at completely wiping out rusa in the Park because they are an introduced species. The wildfires of 1994 temporarily destroyed most of the vegetation in the Park, making the surviving rusa much more vulnerable to this operation. No conclusive evidence has ever been produced to show that the deer had any serious detrimental effect on the Park environment, so the deer are victims of the anti-exotic philosophy so common among our wildlife managers.
Another successful liberation, this time of the Moluccan rusa (Cervus timorensis moluccensis), was carried out in 1910 on Friday Island at the tip of Cape York Peninsula. These deer are now more widely distributed and can be found on Prince of Wales and Possession Islands, Groote Eylandt, and have also been reported on the Queensland mainland.
Breeding and Reproduction
Rusa do not have a regular reproductive cycle but most of the breeding activity does occur during July and August, with a subsequent peak calving time in March and April. Individual hinds may cycle earlier or later and, as is the case with many tropical deer species, there will usually be a stag in hard antler available to accommodate them. The result is that young calves may be observed at widely varying times of the year. The calves are not spotted but are born with adult colouring. Twins are not uncommon. When they are sexually aroused, or 'rutting', the rusa stags wallow and thrash vegetation such as reeds, tussocks and bracken fern. A stag will lower his antlers and 'plough' the vegetation, with the result that a large bundle of greenery is gathered and carried on top of his antlers to intimidate the other deer. Rusa stags do not fight as often as some other deer species but use this antler decoration as a measure of their dominance. The bigger, stronger stags can obviously assemble a much bigger bundle of vegetation.
Rusa are gregarious animals and live in groups. Except during the main breeding season, the stags form separate groups to the hinds and younger animals. They depend heavily on grasses for food although they are known to enjoy eating certain seaweeds and will drink seawater on occasions. Rusa do not appear to have the same amount of essential 'wildness' as some other deer species in Australia.
Present Situation
With sympathetic management, Rusa could have a good future in those parts of the country where they have already demonstrated their ability to survive. Certainly, in New South Wales at least, the professional wildlife managers are working seriously to eradicate the deer and they have no protection in Queensland. The only force powerful enough to reverse this trend is public opinion.
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Definitions for orbitalˈɔr bɪ tl
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word orbital
Princeton's WordNet
1. orbital(adj)
of or relating to an orbit
"orbital revolution"; "orbital velocity"
2. orbital(adj)
of or relating to the eye socket
"orbital scale"; "orbital arch"
1. orbital(Noun)
2. orbital(Noun)
An orbital motorway.
3. orbital(Adjective)
Of or relating to an orbit.
4. orbital(Adjective)
Of or relating to the eye socket (eyehole).
1. Orbital
Anagrams for orbital »
1. tar boil, tar-boil
2. Tar boil
3. Tar-boil
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of orbital in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of orbital in Pythagorean Numerology is: 5
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
1. Bruce Banerdt:
2. Ian Crawford:
3. Elon Musk:
The first time I took a week off, the Orbital Sciences rocket exploded and Richard Branson’s rocket exploded, in that same week, the second time I took a week off, my rocket exploded. The lesson here is don’t take a week off.
4. Brett Kennedy:
We intend to spin the technologies developed for the terrestrial RoboSimian back out to applications in space, these tasks include assembly and maintenance of orbital structures; exploration of low-gravity bodies like asteroids, comets, and moons; exploration of caves and cliffs on Mars or our moon; and even preconstruction of habitats wherever humans care to venture in the solar system.
5. Matija Cuk:
But that fact allows us to use computer simulations to tease out the history of Saturn ’s inner moons, doing so, we find that they were most likely born during the most recent 2 percent of the planet ’s history. Related : Saturn's largest moon Titan is bursting with color Researchers had long thought Saturn ’s rings were as old as the planet itself. But that thinking changed in 2012, when French astronomers found that tidal effects – the gravitational interaction of the inner moons with fluids deep in Saturn ’s interior – are causing them to spiral to larger orbital radii comparatively quickly. The implication, given their present positions, is that these moons, and presumably the rings, are not so old. That still did n’t answer exactly when they were born. Cuk and his team turned to results from NASA ’s Cassini mission, which has observed ice geysers on Saturn ’s moon Enceladus. Assuming that the energy powering these geysers comes directly from tidal interactions and that Enceladus ’ level of geothermal activity is more or less constant, then the tides within Saturn are quite strong. According to the team ’s analysis, these would move the satellite by the small amount indicated by the simulations in only about 100 million years. Related : Cassini probe takes' cosmic bulls-eye' of Saturn moons Enceladus, Tethys This would date the formation of the major moons of Saturn, with the exception of more distant Titan and Iapetus, to the relatively recent Cretaceous Period, the era of the dinosaurs.
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Wednesday 28 September 2005
The hominin (WP) record from southern Asia for the early late Pleistocene (WP) epoch is scarce. Well-dated and well-preserved fossils older than 45,000 years that can be unequivocally attributed to Homo sapiens are lacking.
Fuyan Cave in Daoxian
A study shows that fully modern morphologies were present in southern China 30,000–70,000 years earlier than in the Levant and Europe. These data fill a chronological and geographical gap that is relevant for understanding when H. sapiens first appeared in southern Asia.
Notably, although fully modern humans were already present in southern China at least as early as 80,000 years ago, there is no evidence that they entered Europe before 45,000 years ago.
This could indicate that Homo neanderthalensis was indeed an additional ecological barrier for modern humans, who could only enter Europe when the demise of Neanderthals had already started.
Yixi site
- The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China. Liu W, Martinón-Torres M, Cai YJ, Xing S, Tong HW, Pei SW, Sier MJ, Wu XH, Edwards RL, Cheng H, Li YY, Yang XX, de Castro JM, Wu XJ. Nature. 2015 Oct 14. doi : 10.1038/nature15696 PMID: 26466566
Proc Biol Sci. 2007 Apr 24; PMID: 17456455
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Correction Appended
IN contrast with the malevolent scientists of horror movies, most physicists are well-adjusted, friendly, attractive people whose conspicuous brain power is generally mixed with the milk of human kindness.
It might therefore seem a little uncharacteristic that some physicists are eagerly hoping to see some tiny blue flashes streak through a cathedral-size water tank buried under a mountain: a signal that an inexorable process of annihilation is gnawing away at the universe. The universal rot, if it is real, will take untold eons to complete, but it will be thorough, leaving no stars, no people, no monuments, no cinders, no sonnets, no atoms, no memories.
Except for a faint and ever fading glow, the corpse of our universe would cease to exist.
And yet, a harbinger of this dismal future would be welcomed by many theorists.
For much of the 20th century, physicists have tried to construct a theory that would mathematically bring three of the four known forces of nature -- the electromagnetic force and the weak and strong nuclear forces -- into consonance. (A theoretical assimilation of the fourth force, gravity, poses many more formidable problems for theorists.)
There are various candidates for the title Grand Unified Theory, but none has been validated by experiment or observation, and all of them seem to embody a disquieting requirement: the eventual death of every proton in the universe.
So far, in nearly two decades of searching, no experiment has produced convincing evidence of the decay of even one proton, much less an appreciable fraction of the 10 to the 79th power protons the universe is estimated to contain. (That number is mathematical notation for the numeral one followed by 79 zeros.)
This hasn't stopped scientists from continuing the search; in fact, there are hopes that the mighty Super-Kamiokande detector under a mountain near Kamioka, Japan, which contains 50,000 tons of water, will soon see the telltale flash signaling the death of a proton. This minuscule event, the theorists predict, would yield some decay products. In one possible decay route, the products would be an antielectron and a pi meson, which would almost instantly decay into two gamma-ray photons. In another proton decay mode, the debris would include a K meson with a specific energy associated with proton decay, and a virtually undetectable neutrino.
The demise of a proton (or better, of several protons) would make it easier for theorists to build a Grand Unified Theory that would actually work. Frustrated scientists therefore feel a certain urgency in the quest for deceased protons. During a physics conference in Japan last month, Dr. Frank Wilczek of the Institute of Advanced Studies in Princeton, N.J., told an audience that ''if we don't see proton decay pretty soon, we'll be in serious trouble.''
Of course, if scientists do detect a proton decay, the whole universe, not just theorists, will be in serious trouble. The death of just one proton would herald the eventual end of everything; if one proton can decay, all protons will decay, and without protons there can be no atoms, molecules, DNA, mountains, roses or concertos.
Fortunately, even if a protonic funeral should occur in the coming months, the demise of the universe would not be imminent. In exquisitely sensitive experiments in Japan and elsewhere, physicists have determined that if protons decay at all, it must take them more than 2.5 times 10 to the 32d power years to die, on average. That's about 10 quintillion times the present age of the universe, which is believed to be about 14 billion years. (Although the average lifespan of a proton must be phenomenally long, a handful of them could be expected to have short lifetimes, some ending now rather than in the remote future. This is why the current search for proton decay is practical.)
Of course, inhabitants of the surface of our terrestrial ball of iron and stone have many more immediate worries than proton decay, astrophysicists tell us. The devastating impact of a large comet or asteroid, for example, has furnished profitable grist for movie makers, and there are lots of other celestial catastrophes the entertainment industry has yet to mine.
The nearby explosion of a supernova is one. There is no telling when or where a supernova will explode, but a few known candidates are uncomfortably close. The red supergiant star Betelgeuse, a mere 430 light years from the Earth, might be about ready to pop. Betelgeuse, a bright star at the shoulder of the constellation Orion, is close enough to us that its explosion could conceivably shower the Earth with potentially harmful radiation and disrupt the protective ozone layer.
Another nasty possibility came to light during the past year -- roasting by a nearby gamma-ray burster.
Since the advent of orbiting gamma ray telescopes in recent years, astrophysicists have been puzzled by gamma ray bursters -- spots in the sky that emit intense gamma-ray radiation for a few seconds or hours and then fade away without a trace, never to recur.
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Edit Article
Three Methods:Preparing for the EventBefore the EventDuring the EventCommunity Q&A
Solo and Ensemble is just what it sounds like... an event where band students and other musicians get together and perform either in ensembles, or as a soloist with a piano accompanist. This event is, in some ways, similar to an audition, and in some ways is similar to a concert. Participants play in a room in front of a judge, and are given a performance rating - however, they are not compared to others, but are given a rating based on their individual performance.
Method 1
Preparing for the Event
1. 1
Decide what you want to do. Fees, regulations, rating systems, and requirements vary from district to district, but for now, you're just deciding if you want to do a solo, ensemble, or both. Different districts might have different limits as to how many things you can do, but doing more than two in any situation probably isn't a good idea.
2. 2
Round up the people you'll need.
• If you're doing an ensemble, you'll need to find other people to be in it. Some places are stricter about ensembles than others, but many areas require that you have "normal" ensembles, such as a flute duet, woodwind quintet, brass quartet, etc., with the exact instrumentation used in a standard one of these. Unfortunately, that can cause roadblocks - for instance, if your band doesn't have a bassoon player, you can't do a woodwind quintet. Ask about what kinds of ensembles you can have, but even if you're free to do whatever you want, keep in mind that you don't want to be too weird. A baritone sax, an oboe, a piccolo, and a trumpet may be just a little too bizarre, and good luck finding music for a group like that.
• If you plan on doing a solo, you'll probably need a piano accompanist (unless the piece you choose ends up not having a piano part). In most cases, you can sign up someone you know, like a parent, grandparent, church music director, etc., or if you don't know somebody who can play, you can "borrow" someone else from your school or the district.
3. 3
Choose music. You'll want to make sure you choose something that isn't too hard to learn (but one that will challenge you slightly is good), and that you actually like. A good way to pick is to narrow it down by difficulty, for starters. Ask what grade music your band usually plays, and if you think you can handle it, ask to see some music a grade higher, or stay around the same grade. Then, it's just a matter of flipping through books, sightreading, and making a choice. If you're doing an ensemble, make sure all the members agree on it, even if you are the appointed "leader".
4. 4
Fill out the paperwork and turn it in. On most registration forms, you simply have to provide the name of your piece, the composer and/or arranger, and your name/the names of people in your ensemble, as well as the name of your accompanist if you're doing a solo. Generally, the rule is one form per entry, which means if you're doing a solo and an ensemble, you need two separate forms, and if you're doing an ensemble, your ensemble only submits one piece of paper. Keep in mind that there also may be a fee, which can vary a lot in different areas. Be sure to read the rules on that very carefully and have your money in on time.
5. 5
Practice. This is the most important part, as it's the whole point of Solo and Ensemble - to practice a piece and strive for the highest rating possible. If you aren't offered an opportunity to practice at school, find a way to get together with your ensemble or your accompanist after school, as much as possible.
Method 2
Before the Event
1. 1
Put on your band uniform. This usually isn't required, but it should go without saying. The band uniform is an easy way for other people to see which school you're from, and it also makes you look more professional and prepared. Judges will sometimes give you the benefit of the doubt on little mistakes if you look good. If you're performing in an ensemble, make sure everyone knows to wear their uniform and which one to wear. An alternative to wearing your band uniform would be to color-coordinate your ensemble - be creative. You can all wear, say, a red shirt, dark blue jeans, and white shoes, or you can really be creative and try something more unusual, like having everyone dress as a different color of the rainbow and stand in the correct order.
2. 2
Get your stuff together. You'll want to have your instrument, a music stand (if you've been told to bring your own), extra reeds (to be put in your pocket in a reed case) or whatever else your instrument might need, the original copy of your piece (as in, the book or the piece of paper that came right out of it), if you have it, and your copy of the music. You may also want to have a backup or two of all the parts of your ensemble, including yours, or the piano part for your solo, in case someone else in your ensemble loses their music or your piano accompanist somehow doesn't get a copy of their part.
3. 3
When you get to the location (probably a school) where the event will take place (at least half an hour before your designated playing time), sign in to get your room information, and head to the cafeteria or other designated warm-up room to run through your music a few more times and wait for the rest of your ensemble or your accompanist to show up. Now would also be a good time to scout out your band director, if you don't already have the original copy of your music - if he didn't give it to you, he should have it.
4. 4
Once everyone else you need has arrived and you've warmed up for a few minutes, find your room at least 15 minutes early and wait for your turn to play. If you're nervous, just calm down... you're going to be fine.
Method 3
During the Event
1. 1
Get used to the room. The judge will probably give you a minute to tune with your ensemble or with the piano, and it would be in your best interests to do so.
2. 2
When the judge tells you to play, take a deep breath, and start playing your piece. Focus on the music, not the judge, who should remain still and quiet so as not to disturb you.
3. 3
Stay put. After you finish playing, the judge may need time to finish writing on the scorecard, and then they often will tell you how you did, and may ask you to play certain parts of your piece over, with instructions on how to make it better. Don't take offense to this, and keep in mind that you may still get the highest rating, The judge is just trying to leave you with something to keep in mind for the future that will make you a better musician.
4. 4
Take the original of your piece back from the judge and exit the room, when you're completely done. Then, you can either wait around for your scores, which, depending on how many people are participating, could take from a few minutes to hours and hours to appear, or go home and get them from your director later.
5. 5
Pat yourself on the back... you've done a great job!
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• A COA (Cleaning, Oiling, Adjusting) sometime before the event would be a good idea, just to make sure your instrument is in good shape and will play properly. Surprises during your performance are never good.
• Have something worked out between either you and the other people in your ensemble or you and your pianist to signal each other when to play, so you start off together. Forgetting this and messing up can cause a seriously awkward moment, and may affect your score.
• You absolutely must have the original copy of your piece to give you the judge, not a photocopy.
• Some districts have a list of "approved" solos and ensembles that you have to pick from to play. Don't get too attached to a piece of music that you like until you've checked to make sure it's approved.
• After you play, you might want a souvenir. Many Solo and Ensemble festivals also sell T-shirts or other instrument related things, and a t-shirt or pin is a great way to remember this experience.
• Just have fun. This isn't an audition - how you do is just a score, and it's not determining anything important. Don't stress over it.
• Don't try to do an ensemble with unreliable people. Even if they're your best friend, if you'd be willing to bet money on them not showing up to play, you probably don't want them in your ensemble. If you don't like relying on other people at all, just do a solo. There's nothing wrong with that, and it might spare some people some hurt.
• There's challenging yourself, and then there's biting off way more than you can chew. If you're in seventh grade and have been playing for not even two years yet, don't attempt a grade 4 piece. You may not even want to attempt a grade 2 piece. There's nothing wrong with playing easier music - the goal is not to show off or stress you out, but to play something well, even if it's just a grade 1.
• Doing too many (more than two, or maybe three) events is not something you want to try to pull off. You may end up with serious schedule conflicts (such as two events being scheduled at exactly the same time), or at the very least, you'll be running back and forth an awful lot, and all that stress will affect your performance. If a lot of people are asking you to be in their ensemble, learn to turn them down, for the good of everyone involved.
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Categories: Concerts and Festivals
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Español: participar en un festival como solista o en grupo
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What is the Transfiguration?
The Transfiguration is a Gospel event from the life of Jesus that is reported in three of the four gospels (Matthew 17:1-9, Mark 9:2-8, Luke 9:28-36). Jesus went up a mountain with his disciples that overlooks Jerusalem and is seen with Elijah and Moses while he “transfigures”, meaning that the disciples see Jesus as He would appear after the resurrection. The gospels report that Jesus face and clothes became “dazzling white.”
The story is meant to not simply be a miracle but also has several other meanings to ponder. One is that Jesus is the fulfillment of the old law and the prophets (why He is seen with Moses (Giver of the law) and Elijah (greatest of all prophets). As they overlook Jerusalem the story foreshadows where this fulfillment of the law will take place: Jerusalem–where Jesus will meet his death.
The disciples are confused by the event and don’t realize that Jesus must die in order to save the world.
Lastly, the story is a foretaste of what is in store for us. We will all rise again and Jesus gives his disciples just a glimpse of what the afterlife holds for both them and us.
Mike Hayes
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Name changes throughout the Bible are pretty significant.
Numbers 13:16 says that "Moses changed the name of Hosea son of Nun to Joshua."
What is the significance of this name change? What are the Hebrew meanings/spellings of each name? Are there any commentaries about this (i.e., Rashi)?
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The aggadic interpretation shared by many Jewish commentators is that the basis for the name change is that Moses prayed for Joshua. Indeed Rashi explains that he prays he be saved from the counsel of the spies.
Why he didn't pray for Caleb as well is a question many commentators who take this line have great difficulty understanding (see the Kli Yakar). Another problem with this line of explanation is why he couldn't simply pray without changing his name - not every prayer for someone involves changing a name (see the Or Hachaim). It's obvious that there are vastly more prayers said than names changed in the tanakh.
There are a whole host of alternate explanations regarding the details of the name change. The Tosfot quote Midrash Tanchuma explaining that Moses saw Caleb taking his portion of the land of Israel, and Joshua taking the portion of the remaining ten spies (the added letter having numerical value ten). Another opinion brought is that it's the numerical sum of the additions made to Abraham's and Sarah's names (ה to each makes two fives = ten). A slightly more literal explanation is proffered by Sforno, that Joshua will be saved and will save others - the new name being the future tense "he will save", without funny number stuff.
While these all seem like a nice story, I find this incredibly tenuous as a biblical understanding. A much more solid answer to this question is given by the Rashbam, who explains that the name change was traditional in the appointing of a second-in-command. He points to Genesis 41:44-45, and Daniel 2,4 for equivalents. This cross-references well and explains the significance here. It doesn't explain the meaning of the name change, although the Sforno's explanation above seems more than plausible even in this case.
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+1 interesting insights! – Emi Matro Sep 7 '13 at 18:11
While there is nothing explicit given regarding the change, the significance appears to lie in the meanings themselves. However, this topic is possibly the most important onomastic study of all time. No exaggeration.
Numbers 13:16 reads: “אֵלֶּה שְׁמֹות הָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר־שָׁלַח מֹשֶׁה לָתוְּר אֶת־הָאָרֶץ וַיִּקְרָא מֹשֶׁה לְהֹושֵׁעַ בִּנ־נוְּן יְהֹושֻׁעַ” First, we must identify the original name, phonologically speaking. The vocalizations (vowel markings) reflected above date to about 850 C.E., when the Masoretic system of vowel pointing was completed. These merely preserved the pronunciations from the reading tradition then practiced in the synagogues. Sometimes, we can do better. The original form of the name /Hôšēaʿ/ (Hosheaʿ) was /Hawšēʿ/ before contraction of /aw/ > /ô/. The ʿayin /ʿ/ is a pharyngeal (throaty) sound. The patach furtive ( ַ ) is there to assist with these sounds. This original spelling is confirmed from the eight century B.C.E., where Hoshea, King of Israel, is written in cuneiform as a-ú-se-aʾ in 732 B.C.E. (S. Cole, “Awsēa’” in The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire [ed. K. Radner; Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1998], 1:238). The [aw] is pronounced as in “auto” not as in “cow.” This is the so-called Hebrew diphthong. The Septuagint (c. 250 B.C.E.) also confirms the ancient pronunciation, where Num 13:16 reads: “ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ἀνδρῶν, οὓς ἀπέστειλεν Μωυσῆς κατασκέψασθαι τὴν γῆν. καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν Μωυσῆς τὸν Αυση υἱὸν Ναυη Ἰησοῦν.” Again, the spelling Αυση reflects a Hebrew *הַוְשֵׁע.
The form *הַוְשֵׁע indicates a causative imperative masculine singular of the verb wšʿ (> yšʿ) [IPA wʃʕ]. It means “Save!” or “Oh Save!” This was the meaning of the original name. But in context this would apply to the events before the Exodus, with the oppression and a cry: “וַיְהִי בַיָּמִים הָרַבִּים הָהֵם וַיָּמָת מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם וַיֵּאָנְחוְּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִנ־הָעֲבֹדָה וַיִּזְעָקוְּ וַתַּעַל שַׁוְעָתָם אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים מִנ־הָעֲבֹדָה” (And in those many days the King of Egypt died and the children of Israel sighed because of the labor and they cried, and their cry went up to Elohim because of the labor, Exo 2:23). The response was given in 3:8, “וָאֵרֵד לְהַצִּילֹו מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם וְּלְהַעֲלֹתֹו מִנ־הָאָרֶץ הַהִוא אֶל־אֶרֶץ טֹובָה וְּרְחָבָה” (I have come down to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up from that land to a good and broad land). That name seemed to typify the sentiments in bondage.
Moses is written as performing the change while at Kadesh, in the wilderness of Paran, when they went to spy out this land of Canaan. He introduced the Israelites’ Supreme Being into it, Yahweh. He changed *הַוְשֵׁע (Hawšēʿ) to יַהְוְשֻׁע (Yahwšūʿ), but not יְהֹושֻׁעַ (Yĕhôšūʿ) or יֵשׁוּעַ (Yēšûʿ). These latter two trace to the later Hellenistic period and exemplify religio-linguistic machinations designed to avoid a form too close to Yahweh, i.e. yahwthe only long pre-exilic abbreviated form of the name at the end and also at the beginning of personal names compounded with the name Yahweh. For the abbreviated form yahw, see David Noel Freedman and Michael P. O’Connor, “יהוה YHWH,” in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986), 5:501, 512 and David Noel Freedman, Francis I. Anderson, and A. Dean Forbes, Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Orthography (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1992), 173–74. Also from the Akkadian side see Ran Zadok, “Old Iranian Anthroponyms and Related Material in Late Babylonian Sources,” Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 98 (2004): 7 n. 7; and “Jehu,” Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 1 (1997): 20. Regarding Yĕhô, William Albright commented (rather strongly) that: “In the same way they [Masoretes] found the spelling יהו with the pronunciation . There was one way out of the difficulty—to point the initial yôd with šewâ, which they promptly did. . . . At all events, their system forced them to create an anomalous punctuation which presently became a literary pronunciation, and has been responsible for gallons of wasted ink in recent times.” (William F. Albright, “Further Observations on the Name Yahweh and Its Modifications in Proper Names,” Journal of Biblical Literature 44 (1925): 160). Albright refers to the Greek transcriptions of the initial element exclusively with Ιω, with no [e] before the ω. Nevertheless, while the previous authors understood the original correct form (yahw), it is not certain how they understood the precise chronological development. The spelling of compound names with Ιω is a regular late ideological change after the fourth century B.C.E., but יֵשׁוּעַ (Yēšûʿ) (with no abbreviated name) is an anomaly witnessed already at Mt. Gerizim at about 200 B.C.E. See Y. Magen, H. Misgav, and L. Tsfania, Mount Gerizim Inscriptions: Volume I The Aramaic, Hebrew and Samaritan Inscriptions (Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, 2004), 20. Our own recent investigation has greatly clarified the development, but must be left for another question. See my preliminary studies here and ideological developments about Yahweh here. For now, we can say positively that the form Yahwšūʿ is the original form of this name and meant “Yahweh is salvation,” but has a very long history.
Thus he changed Hawšēʿ (Oh Save!) to Yahwšūʿ (Yahweh is salvation). It seems that Moses utilized the change to remind the Israelites just before they were to enter the land of their moment of distress at the Red Sea when Moses said “אַל־תִּירָאוְּ הִתְיַצְבוְּ וְּרְאוְּ אֶת־יְשׁוְּעַת יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה לָכֶם הַיֹּום” (Fear not, stand still, and see the salvation of Yahweh that he will work for you today). Yahweh did save them, as seen in Exo 14:30 “וַיֹּושַׁע יהוה בַּיֹּום הַהוְּא אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּד מִצְרָיִם וַיַּרְא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־מִצְרַיִם מֵת עַל־שְׂפַת הַיָּם” (And Yahweh saved Israel in that day from the hand of the Egyptians and Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the edge of the sea).
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Hosea means "salvation". Moses changed his name to Joshua because it means " Jehovah is salvation". Moses in Numbers 20 when he was told by Jehovah to speak to the rock and water would come out for the Israelites to drink. Forgot that it was Jehovah who gave him the power and instead gave himself (Moses) the glory. And that's why he was not aloud to enter into the promise land. I think that is significant because by Hosea's name being changed to Joshua (meaning Jehovah is salvation) gave Joshua a constant reminder of who is in charge. And maybe that's why God chose Joshua to lead the people to the promise land. Because God knew Joshua's heart and mind would give God the praise for delivering the Israelites into the promise land! Think about all the great things Moses did for God. A lot of times it's hard to stay humble when God allows or blesses you to be great!
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NASA satellite sees a more powerful Hurricane Rina, warnings up in Mexico
October 26, 2011
Hurricane warnings are in effect in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and visible and infrared satellite imagery from NASA continues to show Hurricane Rina getting stronger. Rina is now a category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale.
The Mexican government issued a hurricane warning for the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula from north of Punta Gruesa to Cancun. From Chetumal to Punta Gruesa a tropical storm warning is in effect.
As NASA's Terra satellite passed over Hurricane Rina on October 24 at 12:15 p.m. EDT (16:15 UTC) the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument took a visible image of the storm as it nears the Yucatan. The strongest thunderstorms around the center are casting shadows on the surrounding lower clouds. Rina's southwestern edge was over Honduras at this time.
On October 25, when NASA's Aqua satellite passed overhead it collected valuable data about Rina's cloud top temperatures. High, cold cloud top temperatures indicate a lot of power in the storm, as strong uplift pushes cloud tops higher in the troposphere, where temperatures drop. The higher and colder the thunderstorms within a hurricane, the stronger they are, and the heavier the rainfall within.
When Aqua passed overhead, the infrared data was collected from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on the satellite. It showed a large area of strong thunderstorms completely surrounding the center of circulation.
Infrared imagery is color coded at NASA. It is created at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. In the image from earlier today, the strongest, coldest, highest cloud tops that surrounded the center of Rina (the eye) were colder than -63 Fahrenheit (-52 Celsius). The eye showed warmer temperatures, indicating that it may be seen on visible satellite data.
On October 25 at 11 a.m. EDT, Rina continues to strengthen, as is evident from the AIRS infrared imagery showing powerful convection surrounding the eye of the storm. Rina's maximum sustained winds are now up to 105 mph (165 kmh).
Hurricane Rina is closing in on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. It is now centered near 17.4 North and 83.9 West, about 300 miles (480 km) east-southeast of Chetumal, Mexico and 305 miles (490 km) southeast of Tulum, Mexico. That's not too far away when you consider that the tropical storm-force winds extend out 115 miles (185 km) from the center. The hurricane-force winds, however are confined to a much smaller area at this time- outward 15 miles (30 km) from the center.
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted that Rina is crawling to the west-northwest near 3 mph (6 kmh) and is expected to turn to the northwest and speed up a little over the next two days. Rina's center is expected to approach the Mexican coastline in the hurricane warning area by Wednesday night or early Thursday. Tropical storm-force winds are expected in the warning area tomorrow (Oct. 26) afternoon, followed by hurricane-strength winds.
Heavy rainfall as seen in NASA AIRS infrared imagery is going to accompany those winds. The NHC is expecting Rina to produce between 8 and 16 inches of rainfall over the eastern Yucatan late Wednesday and early Thursday, as dangerous storm surge hits coastal areas. Storm surge is expected to be as much as 5 to 7 feet above normal tide levels near the track of the storm's center and right of center.
NASA AIRS infrared data also shows that Rina is in an area of very warm ocean temperatures, over the 80 degree Fahrenheit (26.6 C) minimum to maintain a tropical cyclone, which will help Rina strengthen over the next day or two.
FOR images and video:
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
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Mental illness: a hidden issue
One in five Canadians lives with a mental health illness, according to the Mental Health Commission of Canada.
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According to Bob Hargreaves, executive director of the Canadian Mental Health Association in Port Alberni, the numbers ring true in the Alberni Valley. In fact, he said, given the economic setbacks this community has experienced, it might be higher here than in other areas.
Hargreaves said it is difficult to get an accurate count on how many people in the community are affected by mental illnesses, because there are so many varying degrees, from depression and eating disorders to extreme cases of schizophrenia, and everything in between.
He said it is not like when a person has a broken leg, and it is visible to everyone.
"It is hidden, and there is a sigma attached to it," he said.
He added people do not understand mental illness, and so they do not know how to handle it when they come across someone suffering with a mental illness.
"People often don't want to be around it, so they are quick to judge," he said. "That makes knowledge and education essential."
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Hargreaves said breaking down the stigma attached to mental illness is the first step to addressing a problem that affects the whole community.
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How is the theme of ambition shown in Anne of Green Gable's life?Give examples of how ambition plays a role in Anne's life.
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In the novel Anne of Green Gables, Anne is an orphan sent to a family that wants to adopt a boy. Anne wants to show Matthew and his sister Marilla that adopting a girl is just as good as adopting a boy. She helps with whatever work there is to be done to connect with Matthew who is sympathetic to her loneliness. Matthew takes great pride in Anne and wanting to please him, she works even harder. Anne's competitive, imaginative nature impels her to compete in school with Gilbert, her only intellectual equal. She wants to be the best: win the spelling competition, beat Gilbert at any task at school, and later, win the scholarship to further her education. Anne wants to be a teacher, studies hard for the competition and celebrates when she wins. Her ambition sends her on to school despite having to leave her friend Diana, Marilla, and even Gilbert. I believe that for a while in her life, ambition and the need to prove herself as superior such as using her vocabulary in town are the only things which keep Anne going.
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How Ebola virus disease is treated
There's currently no licensed treatment or vaccine for Ebola virus disease, although potential new vaccines and drug therapies are being developed and tested.
Any area affected by an outbreak should be immediately quarantined, and patients confirmed to have Ebola virus disease should be treated in isolation in intensive care.
Hospital care
Dehydration is common, so fluids may be given directly into a vein (intravenously). The patient's blood oxygen levels and blood pressure need to be maintained at the right level and body organs supported, while the patient's body fights the disease and any other infections are treated.
Read about the prevention of Ebola virus disease.
ZMapp is an experimental treatment that can be tried, although it has not yet been tested on humans for safety or effectiveness. The product is a combination of three different antibodies that bind to the protein of the Ebola virus.
Page last reviewed: 15/10/2014
Next review due: 15/10/2016
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Last week the Irish Hunger Memorial opened at the west end of Vesey Street in Lower Manhattan's Battery Park City. It opened several months late, largely because the area was off limits for so long after Sept. 11. In those intervening months, the meaning of the memorial, dedicated to those who died in that Irish famine, has inevitably changed.
The artist Brian Tolle has erected a cantilevered croft, a tilted plane of the old sod that has been sown with native plants and incorporates, at its center, an actual, and astonishingly minute, Irish cottage. The street-level walls of the memorial are shadowed by the concrete that supports the green field overhead, and they incorporate fragments of text that commemorate and elucidate the enormous suffering of the Irish in the Great Hunger of 1845-1852. That event caused the first great emigration of Irish to America. From the highest ridge of the memorial, you can look out not only to the steel bones and glass skin of Jersey City rising against the sky but to Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty, too.
If you turn around at that vantage point, you can look directly east along Vesey Street to ground zero. This is one of those accidental harmonies that Mr. Tolle could never have planned, any more than he could have planned the breezes that stir the croft's plantings to life or the sounds of birds and children that spill onto the still strangely vacant site of this memorial. Thoughts of all those dead a century and a half ago lead inevitably to thoughts of those who died only a few months ago, not of starvation, but of something quicker yet no less cruel.
Standing on the Irish Hunger Memorial and looking east along Vesey Street also inevitably raises the question of how to memorialize such powerful, defining moments in history. It raises the question because Mr. Tolle's memorial accomplishes its task so effectively and so succinctly.
On one level, the Irish Hunger Memorial is as literal as literal can be. The bearberries and burnet roses planted there are living plants, and so is the clover. Paths thread down through the green just as paths really do. The stones are real stones, the water dripping from the cantilevered edge real water. And yet the whole of the memorial functions, as it must, symbolically. It somehow suggests and encompasses the enormity of the failure that came to Ireland with the potato blight, and with it a hunger that either drove off or killed two and a half million Irish. But the memorial doesn't spell out that failure. The memorial never makes its own intentions literal. It trusts the visitor. The intelligence of this work, and its beauty, is that it relies on the literalism, the specificity, of place and on the strength of our human response to place. The power of that connection and the sense of absence so evocative in the topography of this memorial are what gives it its symbolic power.
The discussion over the character of the Sept. 11 memorial at ground zero has barely begun, except as a matter of allocating space. But when it does begin, the ideas suggested by the Irish Hunger Memorial are the ones the city and the world will be struggling with. Finding the right balance between literalism and symbolism will not be easy. Though the emotions of visitors to that future memorial will be easily stirred by memory, it will be hard to stir them in ways that are as beautifully and tenderly grounded as they are at the Irish Hunger Memorial.
To a certain extent, the World Trade Center, when it stood, was something of an anti-place. Its enormous plaza was never inherently attractive or inviting to most people, and the towers, to many visitors, were mainly good for providing a high perch to look at other places. But with its demise, the World Trade Center became a place like no other.
Mr. Tolle had to transpose the power of place from Ireland to New York. That will not be necessary at ground zero. But what will still be needed is an artistic vision that honors what happened there -- the literalness of place -- in a way that goes beyond mere enumeration, mere explanation. What New Yorkers and visitors from around the world will need to find at that memorial, when it is finally built, is a place that rises through the power of their emotions to become something larger and more powerful than the simplicity of its design ever suggested it might be. There are few enough precedents for work like this, but one of them is standing just a few blocks away.
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Definición de thrall en inglés:
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Pronunciación: /θrɔːl/
1 [mass noun] literary The state of being in someone’s power, or of having great power over someone: she was in thrall to her abusive husband
Más ejemplos en oraciones
• We live in a world dominated by the private sector and governments in thrall to it.
• We want food freed from the grip of science rather than further in thrall to it.
power, clutches, hands, control, grip, grasp, yoke;
enslavement, bondage, slavery, subjection, subjugation, servitude, tyranny, oppression, domination, hegemony, supremacy
2 archaic A slave, servant, or captive.
Oraciones de ejemplo
• Lowest in the social order were the thralls, or slaves.
• Later that night, the two flew into the village and laid waste to it, killing some people while making thralls of others.
• No, they would not allow themselves to become the helpless thralls of that traitor.
Pronunciación: /ˈθrɔːldəm/
(also thralldom) sustantivo
Oraciones de ejemplo
• The river maps the feudarchy of northern India, to which their lives are bound; but from the river's culture, also, comes the expressive lyricism that redeems them, however temporarily, from their thralldom.
Old English thrǣl 'slave', from Old Norse thræll.
Palabras que riman con thrall
For editors and proofreaders
Saltos de línea: thrall
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Wee Ones' Bible Stories eBook
This eBook from the Gutenberg Project consists of approximately 25 pages of information about Wee Ones' Bible Stories.
When she had gone he commanded his young men to let her glean among the sheaves and to drop some handfuls purposely for her, and not to find fault with her or reprove her.
So Ruth worked in the field all day, and then beat out the barley which she had gleaned and took it to the city to show Naomi, who was very glad, indeed, and very thankful.
Naomi asked Ruth where she had gleaned, and when she had heard the whole story, she told her that Boaz was a near relative and that it was well for her to stay in his fields, as he had given her permission to do, until the end of the harvest. So Ruth kept close to the maidens who gleaned in the fields of Boaz until the end of both the barley and the wheat harvests.
Then one night when Boaz was to have a winnowing of barley, Naomi told Ruth to make herself ready, putting on her best clothing, and to go to the winnowing and the feast and to ask Boaz what she should do.
The winnowing is the fanning out of the straws from the kernels after the husks have been beaten off. A great many people helped about the work, and a feast was prepared for them.
Ruth did as Naomi had told her to do. When she had informed Boaz that she was a near relative he said, “Blessed be thou of the Lord, my daughter.” Then he told her not to be afraid, but to bring the long veil which she wore, and when she had brought it he poured a large quantity of barley into it. She carried this to the city and gave it to her mother-in-law, telling her what Boaz had said, and Naomi was comforted; for she knew that Boaz would advise them wisely.
After this Boaz went to the city and consulted with the chief men and those that were interested in the welfare of Naomi and Ruth, and when he found that it would be wronging no one, he told the people that he was going to take Ruth for his wife, and the people said, “We are witnesses.” So Boaz married Ruth; but in her new position as the wife of a very wealthy and influential man, this noble woman did not forget her love for Naomi, whom she still tenderly cared for. When a little son came to bless the union, Naomi rejoiced, for she felt almost as though it was her own little son, and she named him Obed and delighted in taking care of him.
When Obed became a man he married and had a son named Jesse, who in turn became the father of David, the great king of Israel. Jesus Himself was of the House of David, and so God’s promise to His chosen people was fulfilled.
Soon after this, Pharaoh’s daughter came with her maidens to the river-side, and when she saw the beautiful child, she sent one of her maidens to bring it to her.
Project Gutenberg
Wee Ones' Bible Stories from Project Gutenberg. Public domain.
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Germinal Test | Mid-Book Test - Hard
Buy the Germinal Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Short Answer Questions
1. What is La Maheude given instead of food?
2. Why was Etienne fired from his previous job?
3. What is a ducasse?
4. Why does Bonnemort go outside to cough when the visitors are there?
5. What is the new capitalistic trend concerning money?
Short Essay Questions
1. What does Etienne tell Catherine about himself on his first day of work?
2. What happens to the strike of the miners as time goes by?
3. Why do Chaval and Etienne not get along?
4. Why does Catherine return home during the strike and what does she see?
5. What does Lantier do when the miners begin to reject him?
6. How did Etienne get a job and what will he be doing?
7. What happens to Etienne as he works in the mines, as far as his job is concerned?
8. How does the company seem after the killing of the miners by the soldiers and what does it say?
9. What is the Advantage and what happens there?
10. Why is it almost impossible by February for the miners to continue the strike?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
There seems to be a huge gap between the rich and poor in this novel.
1. How is this difference shown in the book?
2. Do you see this gap existing in America today? Why or why not?
3. Do you see any morality issue with the gap between the very rich and the very poor?
Use examples to illustrate your answer.
Essay Topic 2
The triumphs of collectivism are short lived and their assurance follows the path of their deteriorating conditions of living.
1. Why and how do you think the triumphant collectivism of the miners being focused together deteriorated?
2. How do you think the focused collectivism of an organized body, such as an army, can remain stable as opposed to the miners?
3. Do you think organization and strong leadership are always necessary in order for a group to work together?
Use examples from the book to support your answer.
Essay Topic 3
The third section of the novel draws a portrait of the events that lead the miners to go on strike. It also shows the evolution of Étienne Lantier's political ideas.
1. What do you see as the stages in the evolution of Lantier's thinking from sympathy with the miners to action?
2. How might Etienne Lantier's own weaknesses have pushed him to organize the miners?
3. How did his strengths help him?
Use examples from the book to support your opinions.
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 874 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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AmandaJackson's blog
The truth about Sodium
Yes, Sodium is an essential nutrient, a critical electrolyte and is needed for normal body function... but when is it too much?? Your sodium intake should be at about 1500 mg/dayYour sodium intake should not exceed 2300 mg/day. Unfortunately most American's take in about 3000-6000mg/day- most of it is from processed foods. If you eat a lot of asian/chinese food which contains the flavor enhancer MSG- your intake level of sodium could be as high as 12,000-16,000 mg/day!
Stay Hydrated!
One of the most important things that you can do for yourself is hydrate yourself with WATER!! Water will give you energy and hydration and it is absolutely essential to live. To avoid dehydration during or after your workouts you should be drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Water is super important to give you enegy and stamina through your workouts! So don't wait until you feel dehydrated to fill up your glass with water... Mild Dehydration -->
Eating Habits and your Diet
Control your weight successfully by cutting 200-300 calories/day rather than completely restricting your diet. If you make small sustainable changs and focus on the balance of various food groups you will see a more permanent change. Crash Diets= Don't work- You might get that rapid weight loss your looking for, but you won't maintain it. Adopt a level of food intake you can live with! Balance your energy sources:
Some tips to be lean while "going green"
eat less red meat -ban bottled water (invest in a reusable water bottle) -snack substantially ( ditch the processed food- choose whole foods) -be an efficient shopper ( reuse bags and buy in bulk) -eat locally ( be a regulat at your local farmers market) -cook more and order less takeout -limit packaged, single serving beverages and snacks
Weight Management Strategies
To begin your journey on losing weight-->Establish healthy eating and exercise patterns and accept limitations of heredity.Aim to achieve a body weight that optimizes health.Your initial goal should be to Prevent/Stop weight gain Begin by reducing 100 calories a day from your diet.Instead of focusing on a particular weight as yoru goal, focus on living a healthy lifestyle For permanent weight management--> Adopt healthful behaviors:
See more results from your workouts
Are you bored with your workout? Have you stopped seeing results? It might be time to switch up your exercise regimen and start seeing results! Your workout should never be a routine. You need to mix up workouts, try new exercises, use your own bodyweight, and add intensity. You don't need a gym to get an effective workout. Cardio machines and strength training machines get boring and won't give you the best workout you can achieve. Try some plyometrics, crossfit training, intervals, and body weight circuit training.
Conquer your Cravings
What you put into your body is just as important as getting exercise everday when it comes to living a healthy lifestyle. It's time you gain control over what food your putting into your body! Stick to whole foods and prepare your meals at home as much as possible. I know this isn't always possible and cravings can arise. Here are some strategies to use when your appetite is getting the best of you: 1. Get enough sleep- the less the sleep you get the more cravings you will have
The importance of your Core
Strengthening your core will support you during activities like quickly changing direction or competing in sports. Your core/ abs play a very important role in everyday activity. During your workouts concentrate on activating your core and incorporate core exercises into everyday workout routines. You will notice an improvement in your day-day life, as well as, gain strength and flexibility in your abdominal muscles.
Tabata Training
Are you tired of working out for hours upon hours and not seeing results?? Tabata training is done in as little as 4 minutes and you gain more benefits than walking on that treadmill for an hour. Example of Interval Time:8 circuits20 seconds high intensity10 seconds resttotaling 4 minutes
Eating out? Watching your Cholesterol Intake? Here are some healthful tips:
Choose restaurants that have low-fat or low-cholesterol menu items.Select fish, poultry, or meat that is broiled, grilled, baked, or steamed- rather than fried.Choose lean deli meats- Turkey or Roast Beef, instead of Salami or BolognaPick vegetables that are seasoned with spices, rather than butter or sourcream.Control your serving size- ask for a small size or a container to take some home.Choose pizza topped with veggies or minimal cheese (Less Cheese=Less Fat)*List adapted from NCEP (National Cholesterol Educat
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Is that why men have low voices?
The Observer
Straplike muscles that attach to the larynx contract to drag it down toward the breastbone — lengthening the vocal tract and deepening the stag’s roar. Deepening the voice exaggerates body size. Over generations, stags with deeper roars presumably had more reproductive success, so the position of the larynx moved lower and lower in the neck. When a red deer stag roars his larynx is pulled down so far that it contacts the front of his breastbone.
In human evolution, much is made of the low position of the larynx in the neck. So much, in fact, that it has been considered to be a uniquely human trait, and intrinsically linked to that other uniquely human trait: spoken language. But if red and fallow deer also have low larynges, that means, first, that we’re not as unusual as we like to think we are, and second, that there could be other reasons — that are nothing to do with speaking — for having a descended larynx.
The relative position of the larynx tends to be lower in men than in women, and as far as speaking goes, this may actually be a disadvantage. The human female vocal tract is capable of making a larger range of discrete vowel sounds than the male. It’s safe to assume that the comparatively low position of the male voice box hasn’t evolved to improve the production of intelligible speech. But when we listen to someone speaking, we gain far more information than is contained in just the words themselves. Even though we may not always be aware of it, we size people up by their voices. The deep human male voice, exaggerating body size just as it does in stags, could have come about because women found men with low voices more attractive — perhaps we could call this the “Barry White effect.”
This isn’t just idle speculation; a recent study from the University of Aberdeen found that women expressed a preference for deep voices. It also turned out that women tended to remember information better when they’d been told it by a man with a low voice. But it could also be that men, like stags, have evolved low voices in order to deter sexual competitors.
In support of this idea, it’s been found that men modulate the pitch of their voices when they’re in competition with one another, as revealed by a dating game, played in the interests of science, at the University of Pittsburgh. Male students were pitted against an unseen male rival in order to win a date. Each participant had a conversation with the adversary, so they had an opportunity to “size him up.”
The results of those conversations were fascinating: participants who believed themselves to be more physically dominant than their rival lowered their voices. But students who thought they were less dominant raised their voices to a higher pitch. The men were sizing each other up, just like rutting stags. But they were also changing their voices in a way that suggests they were — without being aware of it — managing the confrontation to avoid conflict. A man who thought he was more dominant lowered his voice to emphasize his dominance and intimidate his competitor. A man who thought he was likely to lose the game, just by listening to his adversary, spoke in a higher voice: don’t bother fighting me — you’ve won, mate.
The low voice of men, like stags, is a trait that probably evolved through sexual selection. This isn’t just about being attractive to the opposite sex, it’s also about beating same-sex rivals. A deep voice may prove an advantage in both cases, helping a man to exclude other men, from the mating game, as well as making him more attractive to women. A win-win situation. Unless, of course, you’re a well-built man with a tenor voice, who’s bucked the trend, or a woman who prefers Justin Timberlake or John Lennon to Jim Morrison or Eddie Vedder. This is biology, after all — variability is what makes it so interesting.
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What abuse of cyberspace can do to you
Did you know?
• Young adults who have a strong social network site presence show more signs of other psychological disorders, including antisocial behaviors, and aggressive acts?
• Social networking sites can be distracting and can negatively impact learning. College students constantly on social network sites achieve lower grades?
Let’s face it…
• You have a huge friend list full of people who are not actual friends. You spend more time chatting to people that don’t matter than with the people that actually do.
• Friend or foe. It is hard not to accept friendship request. People you hardly know anything about become friends and have access to personal and information.
• It is difficult to delete an account .With most social networking sites if you delete an account or spend time away when you come back your profile is readily available.
Some tips on how to stop wasting time on social networking sites
Ignore requests . When someone sends you a request, you may not be able to see the full details of the request. Don’t feel you have to respond to those requests. They do take time.
Stop the constant emails : Click settings (top right) and choose Account settings, then the Notifications. Switch most of the options to "off". You may have to click Show more at the bottom to select for all applications, and you may need to do this again when you add new applications.
Avoid games and third-party applications (apps) . Playing games, decorating your profile , and rating your friends will suck up your time before you know it.
Go offline chat . If you are a Face Book addict, click on the Chat button in the bottom right corner and choose "Go Offline.”. Lots of time can be wasted on Facebook if you're waiting for a friend to reply to a message before you know it you are looking at some pictures and a hour is gone. Don’t stay logged on after sending a friend a message or a Wall post, either. You'll reply next time you go on.
Bring a timer with you to the computer and get off as soon as your time is up. . If you use Firefox, you can use the LeechBlock add-on to track your time spent
Find a hobby . Take up some leisure activities such as soccer, tennis .table tennis or chess or join a club, they are over thirty of these at MSU. You need will to do these activities when you feel strong urges to get up and go visit the websites at odd times.
Spend quality time with family and friends you need to log out to spend time with the people who actually do matter.
We might think that the things we see and hear don't affect us. Yet we all admit that good music, good movies and good books add a lot to our lives. They can relax us, educate us, move us or inspire us. Just as uplifting media can benefit us, pornographic images can negatively affect us.
Porn is big business that makes a lot of money and doesn't care how. They'll show you whatever they think will make you come back and buy more. You can't learn the truth about sex from pornography. It doesn't deal in truth. Pornography is not made to educate, but to sell. So, pornography will tell whatever lies attract and hold the audience. Get the facts!!!...
What Fuels Porn Addiction
The problem with porn's shallow perspective is that relationships are not built on sex, but on commitment, caring and mutual trust. In that context, like fire in the fireplace, sex is wonderful. Being with someone who loves and accepts you, someone who is committed to you for your whole lives together, someone you can give yourself completely to, that is what makes sex really great.
What are the effects of pornography on a man?
What kinds of ideas is porn putting into our heads? If the wrong things keep getting dumped in, your mental environment can get so polluted that your life is going to have problems.
To Find Freedom from Porn Addiction: Recognize the Lies
Porn thrives on lies -- lies about sex, women, marriage and a lot of other things. Let's look at some of those lies and see just how badly they can mess up your life and attitudes.
Lie #1 - Women are less than human
Lie #2 - Women are a "sport"
Lie #3 - Women are property
Lie #5 - Women like rape
Lie #6 - Women should be degraded
Lie #7 - Little kids should have sex
One of the biggest sellers in pornography is imitation "child" porn. The women are "made-up" to look like little girls by wearing pony tails, little girl shoes, holding a teddy bear. The message of the pictures and cartoons is that adults having sex with children is normal. This sets the porn user up to see children in a sexual way.
Lie #8 - Illegal sex is fun
Lie #9 - Prostitution is glamorous
Porn paints an exciting picture of prostitution. In reality, many of the women portrayed in pornographic material are runaway girls or have been trafficked and are now trapped in a life of slavery. Many having been sexually abused. Some of them are infected with incurable sexually transmitted diseases that are highly contagious and often die very young. Many take drugs just to cope.
Bottom Line of Porn Addiction
Pornography makes a profit from the ruined lives of young men and women and entraps men who will spend lots of time AND money succumbing to their product.
Images are not always neutral. They can persuade us. Businesses know that if they can get a persuasive image of their product in front of you during a highly emotional moment, it will sink into your subconscious mind. The advertising scientists are so good at what they do, they can predict just how much more of their product you will buy if you see their advert. Sometimes, viewers don't even see the name of the product. If a split second view of a product -- even when it's not the center of attention -- can affect people's behavior, imagine the effect of a movie that keeps your attention glued to the screen for an hour and a half with sexually explicit images.
Porn Addiction: The Pull of Pornography
Not everyone who sees porn will become addicted. Some will just come away with toxic ideas about women, sex, marriage, and children. However, some will have some kind of emotional opening that allows the addiction to really grab hold. The porn companies don't mind at all if you become completely addicted to their product. It's great for business. The progress of addiction can be categorized into several stages; addiction, escalation, desensitization, and acting out. Let's look at these stages:
Porn Addiction: Am I Addicted?
If you see any of these patterns in your life, you need to put the brakes on right now. Is porn becoming more and more in control of your life? Do you have trouble putting it down? Do you keep going back for more?
Kicking addiction to porn
Admit you have a problem . The first thing you've got to do is admit that you struggle with pornography. You are not strange or unusual if you do. Millions of men are at various stages in the struggle with porn. It's really not surprising. The porn industry has spent billions of dollars trying to snare you. Is it really shocking that they have succeeded? For some of you there may also be issues in your past, such as abuse or sexual exposure, that makes porn addiction even harder to shake. There is only so much you can do in fighting addiction without help.
You need someone to help you break this addiction . Overcoming the secrecy is absolutely vital. You probably can't escape addiction without it. That doesn't mean everyone has to know you're struggling. Pick someone you can trust who counsels men who are having problems with addiction -- a pastor, youth group leader or counselor. Someone you can completely trust, feel safe with and has experience in the area of addiction isn't going to be surprised.
Find a hobby. You need an alternative activity to occupy the vacuum or void that is left by your giving up porn. There are plenty of things you can do, there are over forty clubs and societies, including sport which are active on the MSU campus. Some departments have societies, get involved and stay involved. Channel your energy into something positive.
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Sara Horrell [*]
Two composite measures are calculated to map improvements in living standards over the 20th century: the Dasgupta- Weale index and the Human Development Index. A gendered version of the latter is also considered. Indicators of income, leisure, inequality, wealth, health, education and political rights are included. The indices reveal a century of progress. But progress has been neither continuous nor uniformly shared. Downturns are evident in some of the indicators since 1980, demonstrating that the gains are not immutable and need to be protected. Women's position has improved if the end of the century is compared to its beginning, but there has been little change in women's position relative to men's over the last few decades on the dimensions considered here.
Few people would dispute that the standard of living of the average Briton has improved over the past hundred years. National income per capita has grown from [pounds]44.65 in 1900 to [pounds]252.58 by 1998, in constant prices. Boys born today can expect to reach the age of 75, compared with a life expectancy of only 46 for their predecessors in 1900, maternal mortality has been reduced by a factor of 79, and a university education is no longer the privilege of a small minority. In addition, we have access to a wider range of goods, can purchase more exotic foods, regularly travel to foreign countries, and more of us own our homes. But progress has not been continuous throughout nor uniformly shared.
Two composite measures of living standards are calculated to map the improvements in welfare observed over the 20th century: the Dasgupta-Weale index, which ranks changes in various indicators of welfare, and the Human Development Index, which describes the distance to go to achieve some desirable level of welfare. The gendered version of this index examines differences in male and female attainment and share in general progress (United Nations, 1995). These measures can incorporate a wide range of factors argued to affect well-being and we begin by considering the indicators to be included.
Progress has most often been proxied by growth in real income per capita which captures increases in consumption and command over resources. But other factors which affect welfare and which can be related to the national income approach have received attention, for instance, leisure and inequality (Nordhaus and Tobin, 1972; Beckerman, 1980). Leisure is incorporated by taking explicit account of the hours worked to generate income and the income level can be adjusted for changes in its distribution. In addition, the certainty with which income is received may be important. The unemployment rate and coverage of unemployment insurance can be used as indicators of this certainty. Wealth also enhances access to resources and welfare. The level of real wealth per capita will capture this but will ignore the tendency for wealth to accrue disproportionately to a small minority. Owner occupation of housing, eligibility for state pensions and membership of building societies provide proxies for the distribution of weal th through the various sections of society.
These measures focus on the material aspects of wellbeing. The World Bank has highlighted other factors that affect people's enjoyment of and chances in life, such as health, longevity and education, which has inspired the construction of the Human Development Index (MDI). Based on Sen's (1973) notion of capabilities and opportunities, this measure seeks to incorporate other aspects which contribute to progress in the lives people lead but will not always result from or be highly correlated with increased income. Thus Human Development Reports examine the progress of countries towards a developed state on three fronts: income, health and education. A similar approach is adopted here. Dramatic improvements in life expectancy, infant mortality rates, the incidence of diseases such as tuberculosis and smallpox as well as the proportion of deaths occurring through these diseases, and from maternal mortality and childhood diseases have been achieved in Britain over the 20th century. These variables are incorporate d into an indicator of health. Education too has shown significant improvements. Compulsory primary education was introduced under Forster's Education Act in 1870, but compulsory secondary education has been a feature of this century. Increasing numbers staying at school beyond the minimum leaving age has also fuelled increased ability to undertake further and higher education. Changes in the proportion of the relevant age groups in education are used as a measure of this progress.
However, capabilities and opportunities are not just enhanced by health and education. The ability to influence the determination of policy in one's country has been recognised as important. This aspect of welfare has been incorporated into comparisons of living standards by Dasgupta and Weale (1992) who consider political and civil rights alongside the previously mentioned indicators. The electorate was widened in 20th century Britain and the proportion of the adult population with the right to vote in elections measures this aspect of political rights. But some influence on one's destiny also may be afforded by direct involvement in organisations, for instance, trade unions can exercise influence on terms and conditions of employment. Thus membership of a trade union may afford greater determination of the day-today welfare experienced at work and this is included as a second measure.
Finally, accounts of 19th-century living standards have often emphasised the less tangible aspects of change that impacted on welfare. They highlight the disamenities associated with urbanisation; overcrowding in poor accommodation, insanitary conditions, increased crime and high levels of pollution (Williamson, 1981; Lindert, 1994; Mokyr 1988). These aspects of living conditions are considered in this 20th century overview. In addition, some indicators reflecting beneficial changes are incorporated. More travel and communication is assumed to broaden horizons and enable contact with others, and the increased use of energy in households taken to signify greater comfort and the use of machinery to mitigate the arduousness of some household tasks.
The aim here is to take an eclectic view of living standards and evaluate the evolution of the six components; income and leisure, wealth and income security, health, education, political and workplace rights, and living conditions; and the aggregate over the 20th century.
The Dasgupta-Weale index
The Dasgupta-Weale index (1992) was developed to allow comparisons across countries by using the Borda rule to aggregate component variables, but it has also been used to consider the temporal development of welfare (see Crafts, 1997a, 1997c). The data here have been collected for five-yearly intervals and the method gives a rank to the value for each part of the index in each year. [1] The year with the worst performance of an indicator is assigned the rank 1 and the value of the variable in the other years is ranked relative to this, with the best performance ranked 21. The ranks are summed across all elements in each year to give a final score on which the component can be ranked. For instance, the ranking of each year on the income component will be based on the sum of the ranks of the income, leisure and inequality elements which make up this component. Obtaining an overall index of welfare requires aggregating the ranks for the six components and ranking this final score. Thus the progress of the aggreg ate index is calibrated by position relative to other years. The Dasgupta-Weale index has the advantage that ranking makes it easier to assign a plausible value when observations are unavailable. Also it can easily incorporate a heterodox collection of indicators of the determinants of well-being.
Before considering the movement of the components and their contribution to welfare, the background to some of the individual elements is discussed. The income component is derived from a composite measure of real national income per capita, the distribution of income as measured by the Gini coefficient in each year, and hours worked in the labour market per capita to reflect changes in amount of leisure enjoyed. A simple index is computed: the three elements are ranked individually then combined in an average where each is weighted equally. A more comprehensive treatment of the trade-off between income, leisure and inequality is computed for the construction of the HDI in the next section.
Real income has grown markedly over the century, with particularly rapid improvements observable after World War II (Chart 1). This was accompanied by decreasing inequality for the first three quarters of the century. However, the dispersion of income widened between 1975 and 1990, reaching levels last seen before the war, and has shown little tendency to narrow since. Adjusting income gains for the associated level of inequality enhances the earlier gains and reduces later ones, indicating that progress has not been as continuous as increases in income alone would imply.
The Gini coefficient will register a reduction of inequality wherever in the distribution redistribution from richer to poorer occurs, and so provides an unsatisfactory measure if eradication of poverty is the prime concern. It would have been desirable to include the proportion of people in poverty as an additional element in the income component, but the paucity of surveys and different bases on which poverty has been defined render this an unreliable measure. But some comment on the extent of poverty over the century can be made. Rowntree's (1901, 1951) surveys of York indicate high levels of poverty in 1899 and during the inter-war period - some 30 per cent. This was significantly reduced to only 3 per cent of the survey population living below an absolute poverty line by 1951. However, subsequent studies have demonstrated that poverty has not been eradicated in Britain. Large proportions of pensioners and children of the long-term unemployed, low paid and single parents continue to suffer relative povert y. Indeed 7 million people received means-tested benefits in 1985 and 16.3 million people were estimated as living in households on or just above the poverty line in 1983; that is, nearly one in three of the UK's population (Johnson, 1994, pp. 301 and 316). Statistics like these indicate that the benefits of a century of increasing incomes have left the relative position for many unchanged.
Working time per worker has declined from 2834 hours per annum in 1900 to 1604 hours in 1998.2 Decreases in work time per capita have been less rapid, in part because of women's increased labour force participation which has increased the proportion of the population in the labour force. The large reduction in hours in 1919 is clearly visible and there has been a trend decline since. Although gains in income have occurred alongside increases in leisure, cycles in the income component are discernible (Chart 2a and Table 1).
Wealth has grown nearly as fast as income over the century but downturns occurred during World War II, in the 1950s, and also in 1990-95, possibly as a consequence of declining house prices. [3] How evenly distributed were the benefits of wealth? The proxy measures used are intended to capture assets which may be owned by the middle and lower parts of the distribution. Owner-occupation of housing increased from 10 per cent in 1900 to 67 per cent by 1998. This largely occurred from the 1950s and was encouraged by tax relief on mortgage interest payments, the exemption of housing from capital gains tax and the Thatcher government's sale of council housing to tenants. Building society membership stood at i per cent of the population in 1900 but had risen to 77 per cent by 1995, before many of the demutualisations occurred. Pensions, too, may be considered an element of wealth. Although the old had been entitled to support in case of need from the days of the Elizabethan Poor Law, state provision and entitlement were extended under the Liberal government's reforms of 1906 to 1914. Non-contributory pensions of 5 shillings a week paid to the poor over the age of 70 were introduced in 1909. The age limit was reduced to 65 in 1928. Pensions were made universal for workers by the National Insurance Act of 1946. From just over 2 per cent of the population in receipt of state pensions in 1915, nearly 19 per cent were pensioners in 1998. These measures indicate that growing wealth, even if not more equally distributed, has been accompanied by greater ownership of assets by many.
Income security has been captured by two measures. The unemployment rate shows clear cycles with peaks in the first decade of the century, the 1920s and 1930s, the early 1980s and early 1990s, although a persistently high level of unemployment is evident from the 1970s onward. But the misery of unemployment may, to a limited extent, be offset by the increasing number of workers who have insurance against this eventuality. Want occasioned by lack of work was also provided for by the Poor Law but was available only in the event of demonstrable financial distress, and at the discretion of the Poor Law guardians. The National Insurance Acts of 1911 extended coverage to largely skilled workers who paid contributions and received benefits tied to these contributions in the event of unemployment. These provisions were promptly put to the test with the rising unemployment of the interwar years. The social reforms that led to the post-World War II creation of the welfare state incorporated the contributory system of N ational Insurance. It made payments compulsory for those in work and benefits an entitlement for a fixed maximum duration if an adverse contingency arose, rather than a means-tested discretionary payment. The proportion of the working population with coverage has risen from 34 per cent in 1920 to 60 per cent by 1975. Aggregation of these six elements into a wealth and income security ranking shows a general upward trend with cycles mainly generated by the unemployment rate (Chart 2a).
A more significant break with the past occurred with the creation of the National Health Service. A contributory health insurance scheme first paid illness, disability and maternity benefits in 1913. This scheme covered most employees and entitled insured workers to out-patient care but did not provide hospital treatment, nor provide for the ill health of dependents, leaving many reliant on Poor Law and charitable assistance (Mckinnon, 1994). The 'Beveridge Report', Social Insurance and Allied Services (UK 1942) identified five evils - want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness - that comprehensive insurance and provision of services were designed to eliminate. A comprehensive health care system which directly provided health services and was centrally funded was established under the National Health Service Act of 1946. This made medical attention available free of charge to everyone who needed it and came into operation in July 1948. These developments, along with improved public health, nutrition and a ccommodation, have led to an unambiguous improvement in the health environment over the century. The improvements are evident: there has been a fairly continuous increase in life expectancy and declines in infant mortality, deaths caused by pregnancy-related illnesses, tuberculosis and childhood diseases (such as measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever and diphtheria), and typhoid and paratyphoid fever and a decline in notifications of respiratory tuberculosis and smallpox. However, some of the increase in expenditure associated with these improvements should be deducted to avoid double counting with national income. Real expenditure on health (hospitals and public health) has increased from 46p per capita in 1900 to some [pounds]189.67 per capita (in 1900 prices) by 1998. Offsetting the health gains with an element reflecting expenditure leaves a health ranking showing improvement through the 20th century, although declines do occur during the two World Wars (Chart 2a).
Education too was affected by the creation of the welfare state. Although primary education was compulsory from 1870 and the Education Act of 1918 raised the school leaving age to fourteen, secondary education remained the preserve of middle-class children. Compulsory and free education was provided for all school age children in state schools by the Education Act of 1944. In 1947 the school leaving age was set at fifteen but was raised to sixteen in 1972. However, class inequalities in access to higher education remain, with working-class children still being less likely than middle-class ones to continue school beyond the minimum leaving age and to go on to university (Johnson, 1994, p. 310). Two components have been included in the education index, the proportion of 5-19 year olds in primary and secondary education and the proportion of 15-24 year olds in tertiary education, covering both further and higher education. The information is readily available only for state schools, so it has been assumed that private education constitutes a constant proportion of the total over time, which is doubtless unrealistic. There were also problems obtaining comparable figures for various types of tertiary education over time (see appendix). The effect of the Education Act of 1944 is apparent. There is a large rise in the proportion of children in school with the advent of compulsory secondary education. Tertiary education shows greater variability. Mound 22-26 per cent of the relevant population were receiving tertiary education in the first quarter of the century. This rose in the 1930s, dropped back to half its previous level in World War II, but has shown a fairly continuous rise since. Unfortunately the ranking method means that a very small change in actual numbers can generate cycles and these seem to drive much of the component index (Chart 2b).
Political rights are measured by the number of electors on the register at elections as a percentage of the adult population at censuses. The lack of comparability of dates and the exclusion of 19 year olds in the figures for the adult population encouraged the use of ranges to avoid giving too much weight to insignificant changes. [4] A large jump in rank occurs after 1918 when women aged 30 and over were allowed the vote; men had to be only 21. In 1928 another rise occurred when the voting age for women was lowered to be equal to that for men. In 1969 a further small increase in the electorate occurred when the vote was extended to people aged 18 and over. The indicator for workplace rights, trade union membership as percentage of those working, shows peaks in 1920 and 1930 with falls in between and in the 1930s. Subsequently, there was an increase followed by a plateau through to the 1970s, a further increase followed by a steady decline after 1980. The cycles in the overall index are driven by trade union membership, particularly in the later period.
The final component, living conditions, contains various elements. On the positive side, continuous declines in household size are seen as an improvement indicating less overcrowding. This was possibly aided by the public sector house building programme started after World War II. The increase in travel and communication after setbacks in the 1920s and 1940s is also seen as an improvement. There has been a steady increase in fuel used for domestic purposes, although a decline is observable during the war. The hard labour associated with domestic tasks has been reduced since the advent of gas as a domestic fuel for cooking and lighting in the late 19th century, but fetching water and the use of communal privies continued for many until World War I. Electricity was relatively expensive initially and prices started to fall only after the creation of the Central Electricity Board in 1926 began to improve distribution. In 1931 only 32 per cent of English households had electricity; by 1949 this had risen to 86 per cent (D'Cruze, 1995). The negative aspects of 20th century living conditions have been the rise in reported crimes relative to population size, and pollution, although recently the upward trend in pollution has been reversed. Overall, the two World Wars, the 1960s and the latter part of the 1980s show downturns in this composite living conditions index (Chart 2b).
Although these components of the Dasgupta--Weale index show Spearman's rank correlation coefficients greater than 0.70, comparison of the correlation in year-to-year growth rates reveals the extent to which this is a result of trend growth (table 2). Political rights is the only component whose movements are highly correlated with those of the other components, which is consistent with the arguments for including this measure put forward by Dasgupta and Weale. Movements in the health and education and wealth and income indicators are also correlated.
Aggregating the components into the Dasgupta-Weale index reveals improvement over the century with cyclical movements around the trend (table 1 and chart 4). In particular declines occur in the early 1920s, 1935-45 (WWII), 1955-60 and 1980-90. The 1950s decline occurs because of downturns in the indices for education, political rights and living conditions. Note that World War I is not well identified. This is because data limitations are quite severe before 1920. While the index generates some predictable cycles, it does suffer from an inability to capture the speed of change in components; rapid change may be reduced to a movement of one rank, while very small changes are given equal weight and can generate large cycles. Thus the index appears volatile and may be more accurate in its representation of the trend than cycles.
The augmented HDI
The Human Development Index is comprised of components which measure how far each indicator has moved from the minimum value towards a desirable level or the maximum deemed attainable. [5] This constitutes a distance measure of welfare ranging between 0 and 1 for each indicator. A simple average of the component indices provides the HDI. The HDI is usually comprised of income, life expectancy and education (years of schooling or literacy), the three measures most commonly identified and correlated with the development of human capabilities and achievements. But the methodology can be extended to incorporate the other components identified as important to living standards in Britain over the course of the 20th century. However, the living conditions component is excluded due to the difficulties of forming priors about the maximum attainable values for household size, domestic fuel use, pollution and crimes. Therefore the augmented HDI is computed on the basis of five equally-weighted components: income, wealth , health, education and political rights.
Most of the elements remain as used for the Dasgupta- Weale index, although a few alterations are made. First, trade union membership is given only a one-third weight and voting a two-thirds weight in the political rights index. Second, education and health indices are computed and then weighted by one minus the percentage expenditure on each in GDP. This attempts to remove the double counting of expenditure on these components resulting from increases in income, so leaving a measure of exogenous improvements in these areas. In addition, expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP is adjusted for the proportion of children in the population before it is applied to the index, so avoiding increases in expenditure arising from increased population appearing as increases in expenditure per capita. [6] Third, the treatment of income, leisure and inequality is altered. Real income per capita is adjusted for hours worked per capita, giving income per hour worked. [7] The importance of adjusting gains in income f or leisure gained or lost as an indicator of welfare has already been noted and methods have been devised (Nordhaus and Tobin, 1972; Beckerman, 1980) and have been utilised in living standards comparisons (see Crafts, 1997b; 1997c). Using real income per hour worked values extra hours of leisure at the average wage rate, and assumes there has been no change in the productivity of leisure relative to labour market time. However, in the absence of accurate information on productivity in leisure activities this equivalent valuation is used. [8] Income per hour worked is adjusted for inequality through multiplication by (1 - Gini coefficient of inequality). This composite measure of income and leisure adjusted for inequality is used as the income component of the augmented HDI.
Before the indices of the individual components can be computed the minimum and maximum attainable values need to be decided. The maximum values are described as the Achievable Millennium Standard (AMS). Table 3 details this standard and the information on which it was based. In essence, the AMS combines the highest levels observed worldwide for each of the variables. Thus it sets a standard of the level of real income per hour worked found in France and Norway, the wealth of the USA, the life expectancy of Japan, the infant mortality rate of the Nordic countries and the tertiary education enrolment rates of the Netherlands as representing the best that might have been achievable in Britain at the end of this century. Of course, by taking 'best practice' for each individual component, no consideration is made of possible trade-offs, so it does not address whether all objectives are, in fact, simultaneously achievable. For instance, more education might entail reduced income per capita, or increased wealth may also necessitate increased inequality. Instead the AMS provides a hypothetical standard against which to measure Britain's achievements over the past hundred years.
Consideration of the individual components shows fairly continuous improvement in most aspects of the index (chart 3). Education again shows downturns in the 1920s, 1940s, 1965 (which may be a product of inconsistencies in the series) and the 1980s. Health suffers a downturn between 1990 and 1995 as a result of the surprising increase in notifications of respiratory tuberculosis; a poverty-related disease which, until recently, was thought to be eliminated. Political rights show the massive jump that occurs in 1918 when women get the vote, but the measure has a brief downturn in the 1920s and a considerable decline from 1980 onwards due to declining trade union membership. The wealth and income security index indicates declines in the early years of the century, during the interwar period and around 1995. Income remained fairly static over the first two decades of the century, but showed a continuous improvement thereafter. [9]
Overall the patterns of movement in these components balance out to give the impression of steady progress over the course of the 20th century when they are aggregated into the augmented HDI (chart 4). The exception is a brief fall during 1920-25 which was driven by declining trade union membership augmented by less education and declining personal sector wealth. Within this picture of continuous postwar progress the poor performance of some of the components since 1980 should not be ignored. Falling trade union membership may be regarded with some ambiguity, but the decline in wealth after 1990 must occasion some concern and the decline in the health index offers serious commentary on the inequality resulting from the 'income-generating' policies adopted around this time. Furthermore, the Achievable Millennium Standard may be hypothetical, but Britain at the end of this century has some distance to travel to reach the 'best practice' standards achieved elsewhere. It has attained less than 80 per cent of the distance between the assigned minimum and maximum values.
The gender-related development index
The HDI can be broken down into gender components to reflect male and female achievement of capabilities and share in general progress. The aim is to construct an index which will reflect a worse state of affairs as gender inequality increases, given the same overall mean valuation of the component. The method extends Atkinson's (1970) approach to measuring income inequality and constructs an 'equally-distributed equivalent achievement' variable, [x.sub.ede] for any pair of female and male achievements ([x.sub.f],[x.sub.m]) according to a social valuation function which reflects a preference for equality. [10] [x.sub.ede] is the level of achievement that, if attained equally by men and women, would be judged as socially valuable as the actually observed achievements ([x.sub.f],[x.sub.m]). [ll] The parameter representing aversion to inequality, [varepsilon], is given a value greater than 0. If [varepsilon] = 0, there is no concern for equality and the formula collapses to the simple arithmetic average, equivale nt to the component index calculated earlier. The larger [varepsilon] the lower the valuation given to [x.sub.ede] and the more it falls below the simple component index. Where [varepsilon] = [infty] social achievement is judged purely by the achievement of the worse off group. [varepsilon] is typically chosen to be 2, representing a moderate degree of aversion to inequality and this valuation is used here. [12] The index provides a measure of overall achievement taking note of inequality. The gender-related development index is calculated from a simple average of these indices, [x.sub.ede], for each component as previously.
In what areas of living standards might a differential impact between men and women have been observed over the 20th century? The equalisation of political rights for women and men has already been noted. Other dimensions of women's lives have also changed and improvement may be expected in the areas of educational attainment, women's health relative to men's as maternal mortality has been reduced, and changes in income shares and hours worked resulting from the rapid increase in women's labour force participation observed in the second half of the century. Some 31 per cent of working age women were employed in 1900 compared with 52 per cent in the labour force in 1998, not so far from the 68 per cent observed for men in that year. Equal opportunities legislation -- such as the Equal Pay Act 1970, Equal Value Amendment 1984, and Sex Discrimination Act 1975 -- as well as women's improved educational attainment and greater labour force attachment, would be expected to have a positive impact on their relative ho urly pay. [13] These changes would anticipate considerable improvement in women's development index relative to men's over the course of the 20th century. Consideration of the trends in these four variables, used to calculate the gender-related development index, provides partial confirmation of this view. [14]
Women have always been likely to live longer than men, but improvements in nutrition, medicine and health have been of greater benefit to men through most of the century. Although some relative improvement occurs for women between 1950 and 1970, subsequent decline leaves women in a lower relative position than previously (chart 5). It is difficult to identify exactly what underpins these changes. Data on relative infant mortality suggests that girls benefitted disproportionately from improvements affecting early health until 1970. Subsequently advanced medical techniques for correcting perinatal problems and inherited disorders may have particularly benefitted boys. The decline of employment in heavy industry, mining and agriculture may have reduced the incidence of industrial injuries and employment-related diseases for men. Stress induced by the double burden of working and running homes may have militated against women's health, or women may have become more likely to do life threatening things, such as sm oke, drink and drive.
The gains in education are much clearer (chart 5). While girls suffered no disadvantage in primary education through this century, disadvantage was evident in their secondary education and this was eliminated only after 1945. Disadvantage continued longer in tertiary education. Women were less likely than men to be enrolled in further education until 1955 and in universities until 1995. However, after these dates the balance has not just been redressed but exceeded. Women are now more likely than men to be engaged in tertiary education. Taking all four stages of education together, women's disadvantage in access to education was eroded around 1960 and exceeded male education after 1985.
Women's share of total income has also shown significant gains (chart 6). The relative share of labour income going to women is based on average wages, hours worked, and numbers working full- and part-time. From a reasonably constant 17 per cent of all income from work accruing to women in the first three decades of the century, the 1930s saw women suffering a decline. This situation improved as they were drawn into the labour force in World War II, although subsequent retrenchment caused a brief decline before significant growth occurred from 1965, reaching some 28 per cent in 1998. Women's share of labour income can be applied to national income to obtain per capita incomes for men and women. [15] As before it is desirable to adjust per capita income for hours of work to incorporate leisure into the measure. However, when looking at work by gender it is important to include not just market work but also non-market work, or housework. Indeed, given women's involvement in unpaid domestic labour and the constr aint this places on their market work it is unreasonable to apply a simple income/leisure trade-off. Thus hours of paid work and hours of unpaid domestic work by both men and women are incorporated into the computation of pay per hour by gender. Some historical data on housework time are available (Gershuny, 1983; Bowden and Offer, 1994) and use is made of these to calculate women's labour time. Men's involvement in domestic labour has stood at about 10 per cent of women's time; thus a value of 0.7 hours of housework per day is assigned for men throughout. This will show men doing an increasing amount of total housework in recent years as domestic labour time has declined. Paid work is only done by those employed so the occupied labour force figures are used to get the total hours of paid work done by women (full-time and part-time) and by men (full-time). Domestic work is done by householders, so the number of men and women that might be assumed to be householders is used to calculate total domestic labour. Adding these two types of work together results in total labour time which is expressed as a per capita figure for men and women in the population (chart 6). [16] It can be seen that for both men and women there has been a significant decline in average hours worked per week over the century. The decline has been fairly continuous for men, but an increase in hours worked occurred for women between 1935 and 1960 as more women joined the labour force. Women work considerably more hours than men and the gap has widened over time, notably in the 1990s. The income per hour received by men and women is obtained from the income share and hours worked data.
Before the gendered index can be ascertained, achievable targets and minimum valuations for the variables need to be decided. Gendered income per hour is the most difficult to acquire. However the Human Development Report provides information on male and female income per capita and male and female hours of market and non-market work for selected countries (UNDP, 1999, pp.138 and 237). The figures show income per hour worked to be greatest for both men and women in the USA; Norway is the next highest. Norway shows the greater equality in male/female pay ratios: 0.69 compared with the USA's 0.64 and the UK's 0.60. However, it would be incorrect to use the figures for men and women in the USA as comparators as this would implicitly be accepting the USA's degree of gender inequality in pay rates and amounts of paid and unpaid work performed as the desirable level. Instead the maximum achievable income per capita (male and female together) for the least hours worked per capita (male and female together) are consi dered. This assumes that the same total amount of income, leisure and housework could be achieved if all work and pay were distributed evenly between the sexes. Again the USA comes out highest at $10.88 per hour worked. This compares with $9.42 in Norway and $8.33 in the UK. On this basis it is assumed that 31 per cent higher income per hour could have been achieved in the UK in 1998, that is [pounds]0.196 in 1900 prices, and that this would have been the maximum achievable for both men and women if work and pay were equally distributed. In fact, male pay per hour in the 1990s exceeds this figure, rising to [pounds]0.264 in 1998. If the view is taken that the higher income for one sex can only be achieved through unequal division, it seems reasonable not to give the index a higher value ([greater than]1.00) beyond this point. Thus the 1990 male incomes are capped at [pounds]0.196 to avoid undue weight in the income index.[7]
The lowest GDP per capita for both men and women is found in Sierra Leone and the greatest time worked per day in those countries with survey material occurs in Nepal. Combining observations for these two countries gives the lowest level of income per hour worked for both men and women with an overall gender pay ratio of 0.33. These levels are compared with the UK figures available in the same report and the ratio used to adjust our hourly income figures for the UK in 1998 to ascertain minimum values. This results in a minimum standard of 0.05p for women and 0.42p for men, considerably below the figures actually observed in 1900. For the other variables minimum and maximum standards are more straightforward. Voting and all levels of education are quoted as a percentage of the relevant population and are given a minimum value of 0 per cent and a maximum of 100 per cent. Life expectancy values are again taken from the highest and lowest observed in the Human Development Report. The lowest life expectancy for bo th men and women occurs in Sierra Leone at 35.8 and 38.7 respectively. Japan again represents the highest at 82.9 for women and 76.8 for men. Iceland too achieves a life expectancy of 76.8 for men.
To what extent do the gendered components differ (table 4)? There are clear differences in the political index until equality is achieved. Boys' education index is higher until 1960; then girls are seen to overtake. However the difference is marginal as most of the effect occurs at tertiary level and relatively small numbers are involved initially. The life expectancy index is similar for men and women, with only small differences after 1920 until men steal a lead in the 1990s. Large differences are observable in the income and leisure index. Women's relative position has improved since 1900 but they still lag way behind men in 1998, standing at only just over a third of men's hourly pay even in the late 1990s when men's pay has been capped. Hourly pay from labour market work for female full-timers stands at 0.64 of men's in 1998 and women are still spending more time doing unpaid domestic work than they are in the labour market, despite faster reductions in time spent at the former than the latter since 1965 .
What effect do these individual components have on the indices calculated for men and women separately (chart 7)? [18] Women's gain on men over the first decades of the century was largely a result of their improved political rights. The gap between the indices narrowed in the 1930s but then they pulled apart. However the gender gap has narrowed over the century. The women's index has moved from 48 per cent of men's index in 1900 to 86 per cent in 1998. But improvements have been discontinuous. The maximum level achieved was 95 per cent in the 1930s. In 1965 women's index stood at 86 per cent of men's and there has been little change since. The comparison of the two indices offers an interesting perspective. Getting the vote was the major improvement to women's relative living standards this century. Despite subsequent labour market gains, equal opportunities legislation, improved access to education and recognition of women's issues - such as women's health - the differential has not narrowed since 1965. The extra 10 per cent of total income that women have gained since 1965 has been acquired both through gains in relative pay brought about by equal opportunities legislation and more hours devoted to the labour market. Despite declines in housework time this has led to a relative increase in the total number of hours worked by women compared with men, thus negating much of the relative benefit of the increased income share. [19]
Calculation of the gendered HDI index and comparison with a reduced standard version based on only these four components still shows the gains achieved over the 20th century (chart 8). The gendered index gives more weight to voting issues in the interwar period but the detrimental effect of persistent gender inequality on living standards is present throughout the second half of century. The gender-related development index implicitly incorporates a gender equality index which can be realised if the gender-related index is compared with the standard index. [20] The resulting index can vary from 0 to 1 as equality is increased. Consideration of this measure shows a starting point of 0.67 in 1900 rising to 0.94 in 1920. The 1930s are associated with measures of 0.96 and 0.97 and the postwar period characterised by a value of 0.95 until 1985. After this the index slides to 0.93, below the level achieved in 1920.
The progress made over the 20th century should not be understated. Areas of health, education, income inequality and gender inequality have shown significant improvements along with growth in national income and wealth. The Conception and development of the welfare state has been behind much of the improvement. But there is no room for complacency, some of the reversals seen in the 1980s and 1990s demonstrate that the gains are not immutable and need to be protected. Furthermore, women's position has improved if the end of the century is compared with the beginning, but little progress has been made in changing women's position relative to men's over the last few decades on the dimensions considered here. A century of progress? Overall, yes. The women's century? It is more debatable whether the last hundred years warrant such a title.
(*.) Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Cambridge.
(1.) Most of the data covers the UK, so adjustments have been made to Irish data prior to 1922 on the basis of the situation in subsequent years to incorporate an estimate for Northern Ireland in the early decades of the century. Often data were not available for every observation and interpolation between years has been used for these points. Furthermore, few data were collected during the two World Wars, 1914-18 and 1939-45. In these years 1913 is often used to represent the situation in 1915 and 1938 for 1940. This smooths progress over the wartime periods and obviously means that judgements cannot be made about the effect of war on welfare. Whilst this is undesirable, the absence of adequate data precludes any alternative solution. A detailed description of the data sources and the construction of the variables is given in the appendix.
(2.) The hours worked calculated here are approximately 100-150 per annum more than those found by Matthews, Feinstein and Odling-Smee (1982) for the earlier time periods. Part of this difference may be accounted for by their deduction of sickness and strikes, in addition to holiday, from work time.
(3.) Note that figures are not yet available for the level of wealth in 1998.
(4.) The ranges used are [less than]99 per cent, 90-98, 80-89, 70-79 etc.
(5.) The index for each component in each year is constructed from the value of the indicator, x, as follows: ([X.sub.t] - [X.sub.min])/([X.sub.max] - [X.sub.min]).
(6.) The assumption that a constant proportion is spent on private education through time is maintained. Even if the proportion does vary over time the resultant over/understatement of expenditure relative to GDP will partially offset the under/overstatement of the proportion of children in education.
(7.) The UN has tended to see income per capita as offering diminishing returns for human development over the threshold level necessary to achieve a desirable level of development and so discounts income above this level. This treatment has proved controversial and there have been recommendations that income should be measured relative to an achievable maximum like the other HDI components. Certainly it seems more appropriate to adopt this latter stance for 20th century Britain, where comparisons are to be made against the best achievable rather than whether some standard of development has been reached.
(8.) For additional discussion of the imputation of changes in work hours see Crafts (1997c).
(9.) The only significant correlation in growth rates of the indices is between political rights and health care, otherwise the movements of the components are uncorrelated.
(10.) [x.sub.ede] = ([p.sub.f][[x.sub.f].sup.1-[varepsilon]] where [p.sub.f] and [p.sub.m], represent the proportions of females and males respectively in the population. [varepsilon] reflects the degree of preference for equality. See UNDP (1995), Technical notes, pp. 125-35.
(11.) [x.sub.f] and [x.sub.m] are the distance values for each component calculated as previously: [x.sub.i] = ([] - [x.sub.i min])/([x.sub.i max] - [x.sub.i min] where i = f, m.
(12.) [varepsilon] = 2 represents the harmonic mean of [x.sub.f] and [x.sub.m]. For a ratio [x.sub.m]/[x.sub.f] = 1.5 with equal population shares and [varepsilon] = 2 a unit increase in female achievement will contribute 2.3 times as much to [x.sub.ede] as a unit increase in male achievement.
(13.) The World Bank points out that relative earnings sit uneasily within a measure that is intended to capture relative use of and access to resources, as women may have use of more income than they earn. However, relative earnings capture important asymmetries in amounts of paid and unpaid work performed by men and women and earning may convey more power in decision making and over access to resources within the family, thus rendering it a useful indicator.
(14.) The gender-related development index is usually calculated for income, education and health. Political rights are incorporated into a separate index by the World Bank, the gender empowerment measure, based on income, political rights and men's and women's shares of administrative and managerial positions. Here political rights are added with equal weight into the original set of three, so constructing an index in accord with Dasgupta and Weale's identification of the importance of political rights in determining living standards.
(15.) This makes the, probably unrealistic, assumption that other forms of income are divided in the same gender ratio as labour income. Men might be expected to have a larger share of wealth although this may be partly offset by women's share of pension income resulting from their greater longevity.
(16.) Note that this computation of labour time will tend to under-state men's contribution for those men who are widowed, divorced or single householders. However, women's per capita income is based on pay per hour for full-timers; as women working part-time tend to receive lower hourly pay, this will overstate women's share of total income. Both effects might be expected to increase over time but it is hoped they will counterbalance one another.
(17.) Capping is consistent with the World Bank use of the HDI where GDP per capita is capped at levels consistent with a satisfactory stage of development so avoiding distance to be achieved being a maximum which continually grows along with the expansion of the industrialised nations.
(18.) This calculates an index as a simple average of the four components for men and women separately.
(19.) The lack of improvement in women's relative welfare despite the increase in income share might be taken to imply that leisure has been overvalued. Leisure has been valued at the average wage per hour worked and takes no account of the possibility that the productivity of time spent in leisure may have risen faster than productivity at work. If this is the case leisure will have been undervalued.
(20.) Gender equality index = gender-related development index/standard HDI index.
Atkinson, A.B. (1970), 'On the measurement of inequality', Journal of Economic Theory, 2, pp. 244-63.
Beckerman, W. (1980), 'Comparative growth rates of "measurable economic welfare", some experimental calculations', in Matthews, R.C.O. (ed.), Economic Growth and Resources, 2, London, Macmillan, pp. 36-59.
Bienefeld, M.A. (1972), Working Hours in British Industry: An Economic History, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Bowden, S. and Offer, A. (1994), 'Household appliances and the use of time: the United States and Britain since the I 920s', Economic History Review, XLVII, pp. 725-48.
Cleary, E.J. (1965), The Building Society Movement, London, Elek Books.
Crafts, N.F.R. (1997a), 'Some dimensions of the "Quality of Life" during the British industrial revolution', Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, discussion paper no. 339.
(1997b), 'The Human Development Index and changes in standards of living: some historical comparisons', Department of Economic History, LSE, mimeo.
(1997c), 'Economic growth in East Asia and western Europe since 1950: implications for living standards', Notional Institute Economic Review, October, pp. 75-84.
Dasgupta, P. and Weale, M. (1992), 'On measuring the quality of life', World Development, 20, pp. 119-31.
D'Cruze, S. (1995), 'Women and the family', in Purvis, J. (ed.), Women's History: Britain 1850--1945, London, UCL Press, pp. 51-84.
Gershuny, J. (1983), Social Innovation and the Division of Labour, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Johnson, P. (1994), 'The welfare state', in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D.N. (eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 3, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 284-317.
Lindert, P.H. (1994), 'Unequal living standards', in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D.N. (eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 357-86.
Maclennan, D. (1982), Housing Economics, London, Longman.
Matthews, R.C.O., Feinstein, C.H. and Odling-Smee, J.C. (1982), British Economic Growth 1856-73, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Mckinnon, M. (1994), 'Living standards 1879-1914', in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D.N. (eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp.265-90.
Mitchell, B.R. (1988), British Historical Statistics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Mokyr, J. (1988), 'Is there still life in the pessimist case? Consumption during the industrial revolution 1790-1850',Journal of Economic History, pp. 69-92.
Nordhaus, W.D. and Tobin, J. (1972), Is Growth Obsolete?, New York, Columbia University Press.
Pollard, S. (1989), Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline, London, Edward Arnold.
Rowntree, B.S. (1901), Poverty: A Study of Town Life.
Rowntree, B.S. and Layers, G.R. (1951) Poverty and the Welfare State.
Sanderson, M. (ed.) (1975), The Universities in the Nineteenth Century, London, Routledge Kegan Paul.
Sen, A.K. (1973), On Economic Inequality, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Solomou, S. and Weale, M. (1996), 'Personal sector wealth in the United Kingdom 1920-1956', NIESR discussion paper no. 99, September.
United Nations (1995), Human Development Report, Oxford, Oxford University Press. (1999), Human Development Report, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Vanek, J. (1974), 'Time spent in housework', Scientific American, 231, pp. 116-20.
Williamson, J.G. (1981), 'Urban disamenities, dark satanic mills and the standard of living debate', Journal of Economic History, pp. 75-84. (1985), Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality? Boston, Allen and Unwin.
Ranks of components of Dasgupta-Weale index
Year Income Wealth Education Health Political Living DW
& work conditions index
1900 4 3 1 1 3 1 2
1905 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
1910 2 2 6 4 4 3 3
1915 3 4 9 3 3 7 4
1920 5 7 8 5 9 5 6
1925 6 5 4 6 5 10 5
1930 6 6 12 7 7 12 9
1935 8 8 14 9 6 14 10
1940 9 9 3 8 8 11 8
1945 10 10 5 9 10 3 7
1950 12 11 10 11 15 8 11
1955 11 13 12 12 17 12 14
1960 13 13 7 13 13 8 11
1965 14 15 13 14 11 5 13
1970 15 12 15 15 18 14 15
1975 21 16 17 15 20 18 18
1980 18 20 19 17 21 17 20
1985 16 17 16 18 19 19 17
1990 16 18 19 19 17 14 16
1995 19 18 20 20 15 19 19
1998 20 21 21 21 13 21 21
Pearson's correlation coefficients between
growth rates in components of the index
Political Education Health Income Living
Education 0.40 [*]
Health 0.53 [*] 0.48 [*]
Income 0.71 [*] 0.11 0.07
conditions -0.02 0.18 0.08 -0.03
Wealth 0.63 [*] 0.26 0.02 0.83 [*] -0.12
Note: (*.)denotes coefficient significant at 10% level
The achievable millennium standard
Minimum Maximum
Real income per hour worked
adjusted for inequality 0.46 30.26
Real wealth per capita 100 780
Proportion of population
with state pensions 0 20
Percentage of houses
owner occupied 0 70
Building society members as
proportion of adult poulation 0 80
Unemployment rate 10 0
Insured as percentage of workforce 0 70
Life expectancy at birth 37 80
Infant mortality rate per
thousand live births 191 4
Deaths form pregnancy, tuberculosis,
typhoid and childhood
diseases as percentage of all deaths 20 0
Notifications of smallpox and
tuberculosis per annum 80,000 0
Percentage of population 5-19 in state
primary and secondary education 14 84
Percentage of population 15-24 in
tertiary education 0 63.3
Percentage of population over 18 with
votting rights 0 100
Trade union members as percentage of
labour force 0 50
Notes: Income per hour worked: early 20th century studies indicate [pounds]1 per week as low pay for males. Assuming a family of four with approximately half the population in families of four, the other half in families of two, suggests a minimum income of [pounds]17 per annum per capita. Maximum work time per capita calculated at ten hours per day, six days per week for 50 weeks of the year multiplied by the ratio of actual hours worked per worker to hours worked per capita in 1900. A maximum degree of inequality of 0.65 is assumed. This gives a minimum value of pay per hour worked of 0.46p. For 1998 UNDP Human Development Report 1999 gives income per capita for various countries. OECD Employment Outlook June 1998 provides hours per worker and employment/ population ratio. From these, income per hour worked for various countries can be calculated. Norway and France are the highest at $22.62, 34 per cent above the UK at $16.91. Adjusting by an assumed Gini coefficient for inequality of 0.30 for Norway, compa red with 0.373 in the UK in 1998, suggests that inequality-adjusted income per hour worked could have been raised by 49.3 per cent in the UK in 1998, giving a maximum value of 30.26p in 1900 prices.
Real wealth per capita: minimum value assumed lower than the [pounds]150 found in 1920, say [pounds]100. Maximum is taken as private wealth per capita in the USA in 1996 converted to [pounds], 1900 (Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1998, table 770).
Pension based on percentage of population over 60 (Annual Abstract of Statistics, 1999, table 5.3)
Owner occupation of housing: compared with USA where ownership is 66 per cent so the UK seems to be approaching a maximum, say 70 per cent (Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1998, table 469).
Building society membership: determined by 77 per cent adults in population with few added to account for children's accounts.
Unemployment: OECD Main Economic Indicators, October 1999, p. 32. Lowest Luxembourg 2.8 per cent, highest Spain 18.8 per cent, assumed a lower range for the UK.
Causes of death: based on highest UK figures and assumption that deaths from these causes can largely be prevented.
Insured labour force: labour force as per cent of working population 63.7 per cent, maximum of 70 per cent assumed to allow for a small future increase in female participation.
Life expectancy at birth: lowest Sierra Leone 37.2, highest Japan 80.0 in 1997 (UNDP Human Development Report 1999, p.134) Infant mortality: Norway, Japan, Sweden, Finland, Singapore equal lowest at 4, highest Niger at 191 (UNDP HDR 1999, p.1 68).
Disease: Tuberculosis cases per 100,000 people, zero Canada and Australia, 503.5 Dijbouti (UNDP HDR 1999), for UK minimum highest number of cases used, and assumed can eradicate for maximum.
Primary and secondary education: minimum Niger 9.4 per cent primary, 24.4 per cent secondary (UNDP HDR 1999). Averaging both levels and adjusting by ratio of UK figures in UNDP report to percentage found in 1998, as a proxy for the proportion found in state schools, gives a minimum of 14. Maximum: primary 99.9 per cent enrolment in most developed countries, secondary 99.9 per cent in Japan, Belgium, Sweden, Netherlands, Ireland, Korea, Czech Republic. UK 91.8 per cent. Again adjusting to match state school figures suggests maximum of 84.
Tertiary education: Female tertiary students per thousand women and male/ female ratio (UNDP HDR 1999). Adjusted figures suggest 23 per cent 16-24 year olds in tertiary education in the UK compared with maximum percentages of 44 per cent and 47 per cent in the USA and Canada respectively and 0.7 per cent in Chad. European Commission, Employment in Europe, 1996 gives 15-19 and 20-24 year olds in education and training in 1994. This suggests 47 per cent 15-24 year olds in education or training in the UK, 68 per cent in France and 69 per cent in the Netherlands. This is more comparable with the 44 per cent found for the UK in 1998. If the ratio of Netherlands to the UK is applied to this percentage it gives a maximum percentage in tertiary education in the UK of 63.3 per cent.
Voting minimum 0 per cent, maximum 100 per cent of adult population
Membership of trade unions as a percentage of the labour force: extent of unionisation is highly variable across countries, Finland and Denmark have 80-90 per cent of the labour force unionised, but combinations of low unionisation along with considerable influence in bargaining occur; see, for example, Germany. Assume minimum of 0 per cent and maximum of 50 per cent.
Indices of gender-related development
index components
Year Income per Voting Life Education
hour worked expectancy
1900 0.17 0.60 0.25 0.46
1905 0.16 0.60 0.31 0.47
1910 0.16 0.59 0.38 0.49
1915 0.16 0.56 0.43 0.50
1920 0.18 0.95 0.48 0.49
1925 0.19 0.87 0.52 0.50
1930 0.21 0.90 0.56 0.53
1935 0.22 0.94 0.60 0.55
1940 0.25 0.91 0.65 0.45
1945 0.31 0.91 0.69 0.49
1950 0.38 0.89 0.74 0.58
1955 0.39 0.93 0.75 0.58
1960 0.46 0.93 0.79 0.57
1965 0.51 0.90 0.80 0.61
1970 0.58 0.97 0.80 0.66
1975 0.72 1.00 0.82 0.74
1980 0.74 0.96 0.85 0.74
1985 0.79 0.96 0.87 0.72
1990 1.00 0.95 0.92 0.76
1995 1.00 0.93 0.94 0.79
1998 1.00 0.92 0.96 0.79
1900 0.03 0.00 0.25 0.42
1905 0.03 0.00 0.31 0.44
1910 0.03 0.00 0.38 0.46
1915 0.03 0.00 0.43 0.46
1920 0.03 0.56 0.47 0.46
1925 0.03 0.54 0.51 0.48
1930 0.04 0.88 0.55 0.51
1935 0.04 0.93 0.59 0.53
1940 0.04 0.92 0.64 0.42
1945 0.05 0.91 0.68 0.46
1950 0.06 0.91 0.72 0.54
1955 0.06 0.92 0.74 0.57
1960 0.07 0.92 0.79 0.58
1965 0.08 0.90 0.81 0.62
1970 0.10 0.97 0.82 0.69
1975 0.14 0.97 0.84 0.78
1980 0.17 0.98 0.86 0.76
1985 0.20 0.98 0.88 0.75
1990 0.29 0.98 0.91 0.82
1995 0.33 0.96 0.93 0.88
1998 0.39 0.96 0.93 0.89
Appendix: data sources and variable computation
(Sources: Mitchell (1988), British Historical Statistics, abbreviated (M); supplemented with later data from Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom/Annual Abstract of Statistics, various years, abbreviated (C); unless stated otherwise).
Income. Real income per capita, [pounds] 1900. Population: male, female, by age (M, pp.11-13) Interpolated between census years pre-1980. Prices: Ministry of Labour, Department of Employment index of retail prices, UK (M, p. 739). Rebased to get a series from 1900 to 1980, food items pre-1914, all items subsequently. National income: current prices, UK (M, p. 828)
Hours worked and hourly earnings. Average weekly earnings and hours of manual workers UK 1938-80 (M, pp.173-8). Indices of normal weekly hours of manual workers, UK, 1920-80 (M, p. 147). Money wages UK 1880-1936 (M, p.151) used for 1900-15. Weekly wage rates of manual workers UK, 1900-80 (M, p.151). Average normal hours in certain industries (Bienefeld, 1972, p.122). Series combined to get consistent series over the century. Women's wage rates to 1935 assumed to be 50 per cent of those of male workers. Hours calculated from various series. In the early years we classify industries as male or female, suggesting women work 1.5 hours less, 1920--35 assumed females 0.3 labour force, males 0.7 and average hours difference of 4.2 in 1938 applied to get average full-time hours for men and women. Part-time hours from 1950 onwards (British Labour Statistics, Historical Abstract).
Labour force. Occupied, unoccupied, unemployed, male and female (M). Female part-time workers, 1950 onwards (Employment Gazette, various issues).
Holidays. Annual paid holiday entitlement (Social Trends, 1995, table 4.17) Weekly hours of work and paid holidays: manual workers UK, for 1951-95 (Social Trends, various issues). Paid holiday starts in 1930s, assumed one week.
Housework. Housework hours per day 1920, 1935, 1960, 1975, 1985 (Bowden and Offer, 1994; Gershuny, 1983, p. 151) Same assumed pre-1920 on basis of evidence in Vanek (1974). Interpolated between years and 5 hours per day assumed from 1990 onwards.
Householders. Female householders married, widowed and divorced women per thousand women aged 15+. (M). Same assumed for men.
Inequality of income. Gini coefficient calculated from distribution of personal incomes before tax 1915, 1940, 1950 and at five-yearly intervals subsequently (C). 1880-1913 figures based on Bowley and Stamp data for all income recipients (Williamson, 1985, p.68, table 4.5). Interpolation used between earlier years.
Female share of total income. Calculated as numbers working times weekly wages times hours for female full-timers, and numbers working part-time times weekly wages times relative part-time/full-time hours for women working part time, given as percentage of female income plus male labour income (numbers employed and wages).
Working time -- annual total. Calculated as product of weekly hours worked in the labour force, 52 weeks a year, and numbers employed for male and female, full-and part-timers; less holiday entitlement.
Non-labour market and labour market working time -- annual total. Males: hours in labour market worked by those occupied plus 4.9 hours domestic work per week done by householders. Females: hours in labour market worked by those occupied (full- and part-time separately) plus housework time per week times number of female householders.
Unemployed. Total numbers registered as unemployed, GB (M. pp.127-8) calculated as a percentage of the active labour force.
Unemployment insurance. Numbers with unemployment insurance (C), calculated as a percentage of the working population.
Wealth. Personal sector wealth 1920-56 (Solomou and Weale, 1996), 1961-95 (Social Trends, various years), assumed 150 in [pounds], 1900 for earlier years and assume highest level achieved (1990) also applies to 1998. Given in real values per capita.
Pensions. Pensions payable under Old Age Pensions Act, etc. 1915 onwards, male and female (C), given as percentage of population
Building Society membership. Number of members/share investors and depositors of Building Societies, GB, 1913 onwards (C). Earlier information on numbers of members for 1869, interpolated (Cleary, 1965, p. 288). Last figure adjusted to be equal to highest to account for demutualisations. Given as a percentage of population.
Owner-occupied housing. Percentage of houses owner-occupied 1914, 1938, 1950 (C), supplemented by information from Maclennan (1982, p. 172).
Expectation of life at birth. Male and female, England and Wales (C).
Infant mortality. Deaths of infants under one year per thousand live births (M, p. 57 ff, C).
Deaths analysed by cause. Deaths from typhoid and paratyphoid fever, tuberculosis, puerperal septicaemia and other pregnancy-related, measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough and diphtheria (C). Given as a percentage of total deaths. 1923 used for 1920, assumed to be the same percentage pre-1920.
Notifications of infectious diseases. Respiratory tuberculosis and smallpox, numbers 1920 onwards (C), assumed same pre-1920.
Health expenditure. Public expenditure of local authorities, UK, other than out of loans till 1929, other than capital works after 1929, on sewerage, water supply and hospitals, health, welfare and local authority services (M. pp. 612 ff). Expenditure by central government on health, 1950 onwards (C). Given as a percentage of national income.
Education. Number of children attending inspected day schools, primary. Number of pupils at public and grant aided secondary schools, UK (M, p. 798 ff). University education, number taking courses, male and female, GB, 1920 onwards (M, pp. 811-12). Earlier information from Sanderson (1975) and Pollard (1989, p.182 ff). Public education. Number on school registers, primary, secondary, UK, boys and girls (C). Training, evening and similar schools, day technical classes, art classes, continuation classes, specialised education for industry and commerce, male and female. Further education establishments, part-time, full-time, sandwich courses, technical instruction. Universities includes polytechnics from 1992. Male and female (C). The inconsistent bases on which these series were collected across institutions, countries and gender meant that various manipulations and assumptions were required to attempt to get a series for the whole century. From 1945 onwards there was much improvement in numbers almost entirely as a result of women doing evening classes, as it is unclear whether this represents hobbies rather than training these figures were omitted from subsequent totals. Primary and secondary pupils given as percentage of population aged 5-19. Tertiary education, further and higher, given initially as percentage of population 15-19 but later adjusted to include 20-24 year olds, so comparable with estimates from other countries when trying to ascertain the Achievable Millennium Standard.
Trade union membership. Membership of trade unions, GB and NI, male and female (M, p. 137). Given as a percentage of those working.
Expenditure on education. Expenditure of local authorities on education (M, p. 612 ff), calculated as a percentage of national income then adjusted for the proportion of children in the population for each year. Expenditure declines in recent decades due, for instance, to the opting-out of grant maintained schools, therefore total expenditure is assumed to remain at its previous highest level of 5.1 per cent after 1980.
Electorate. Numbers registered at general elections, UK (M, p. 793). Given as a percentage of the population 20 and over. Male and female electorate are based on the age distribution of the adult population in 1931 to account for differential patterns arising from men having the vote at age 21 and women age 30 from 1919-27.
Household size. Occupied dwellings at census, GB (M, p. 389; C). GB population divided by number of houses.
Domestic fuel used. Consumption of coal in the UK according to use, million tons, domestic (M, p. 258), sales of electricity by type of consumer GB, gigawatt hours, domestic and farms (M, pp. 263-4), gas sold to consumers, GB, million therms (M, p. 269). Converted into gigawatt hours at gas*29.31, coal*6096.3. Given as domestic fuel per capita.
Pollution. Consumption of coal in the UK according to use, million tons, domestic, industrial and transport (M, p. 258), multiplied by 100 to give approximately equal weight to car use. Vehicles in use, GB, private cars (M, p. 557).
Crimes. Crimes known to the police, thousands, GB, against property and persons (M, p. 776). Calculated as a percentage of the population.
Travel and communication. Train mileage, million passenger miles, GB (M, p. 545 ff). Vehicles in use, GB, private cars (M, p. 557), assume average annual mileage of 12,000. Airway mileage and traffic UK, passenger miles flown, millions (M, p. 561). Post-office mail traffic, UK, millions, letters, postcards and packets (M, p. 563), Telegraph and telephone services, UK, trunk calls made (M, p. 566), Broadcast receiving licences, UK (M, p.569). Given per capita.
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Is there a difference between the two? I see it used regularly in the tech community to mean automatically.
Has the word been adopted into any recognised dictionary?
For example:
-- Jeff Atwood (The Infinite Version)
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Look at the programming language haskell. It does a lot of stuff automagically. It's really a way to just say it works, without a technical reason as to why. – Matt May 23 '11 at 19:37
There's a "law" coined by Artur C. Clarke in the early '70s which says "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." – André Paramés May 23 '11 at 22:44
up vote 65 down vote accepted
This comes from computer jargon, and the jargon file lists it.
Automatically, but in a way that, for some reason (typically because it is too complicated, or too ugly, or perhaps even too trivial), the speaker doesn't feel like explaining to you. See magic. “The C-INTERCAL compiler generates C, then automagically invokes cc(1) to produce an executable.”
This term is quite old, going back at least to the mid-70s in jargon and probably much earlier. The word ‘automagic’ occurred in advertising (for a shirt-ironing gadget) as far back as the late 1940s.
Automagically implies certain 'magic' going on behind the scenes.
In Atwood's example it might be a bit too much or just appropriate. It depends on when it was written: today automatic updating is common, but it did not use to be. In the days when it was not common the term "automagically" fits very nicely.
It also fits well to describe the change, if the process required user action before, you can say that now it happens automagically.
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@Treffynnon, you are welcome. Jargon file is a nice resource, it is not too big and reading through it provides some really valuable linguistic background for programmers' culture and language (of course the early days of it) and I can only recommend it. – Unreason May 23 '11 at 13:24
As a long-time computer geek who has actually submitted items to the jargon file, I'd say that if Atwood is using the term in a reasonable manner, he must be referring to Chrome automatically updating itself and any plugins without any user interaction. Most technical users would object to this, since they'd want to be notified and probably have to give approval for an update -- even Apple's very-consumer-oriented App Store requires you to OK an update. – Wayne May 23 '11 at 16:09
I'd defend Jeff's usage of the term here, Chrome doesn't 'just autoupdate', it does it in fancy ways, to achieve something that many people would not believe was reasonably possible if they weren't doing it (Like 70-oddkb updates, for example) – Phoshi May 23 '11 at 16:31
+1; This answer briefly touches on the jargon usage of the word magic which is very different from what you would expect via Harry Potter. The key to understanding automagically is in understanding magic. – MrHen May 23 '11 at 19:59
@MrHen, that's why I did provide link in the quote. @senderle, folk etymology is good, remember as Borges said, words are symbols of shared memories. – Unreason May 24 '11 at 1:44
The meaning reported from the NOAD is the following:
(especially in relation to the operation of a computer process) automatically and in a way that seems ingenious, inexplicable, or magical.
As per the origin, the dictionary reports it's 1940s, from the blend of automatically and magically.
The meaning of the word is different from the meaning of automatically, and the word is generally used in a specific context.
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+1 Thank you for the dictionary reference. – Treffynnon May 23 '11 at 15:41
There's an implication of a deep appreciation of the cleverness of whatever secret process makes the system work. So it goes beyond just, "I don't understand how this works", to "This is really cool, even though I don't understand how it works".
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I always understood it to mean "This is cool,I understand it or think I do, but I can't be bothered explaining it to you as you might not get it anyway" – WOPR May 24 '11 at 9:30
It's not a serious word. It's used jokingly, implying that something happens both automatically and as if by magic.
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No, it is not used jokingly, see my references (though humor, irony and wit is common, still most of the jargon entires have very well defined meanings and were/are common in serious communication). – Unreason May 23 '11 at 13:19
This word has a considerable history in computer geek circles and really is distinct from "automatically" in that it also implies cleverness or even "deep magic". – dmckee May 24 '11 at 2:15
Guess I move in different geek circles. ;) – Liv May 24 '11 at 8:44
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i require a formula to calculate the standard deviation using variances of three or more variables (lets call them a,b,c) and the covariances between them. To complicate matters more i only need a percentage of all three totalling 100%, so for example a = 50%, b = 40% and c = 10%. Can anybody point me to the right direction as to how i can accomplish this please?
thanks in advance
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standard deviation of what? – wolfies Oct 10 '13 at 15:48
up vote 2 down vote accepted
It looks as if you want the variance of $r X+s Y+tZ$, where $X$, $Y$, and $Z$ are random variables, and $r$, $s$, and $t$ are constants. (It so happens in your problem that $r+s+t=1$, but we will not be using that fact.) The required formula is $$\text{Var}(rX+sY+tZ)=r^2\text{Var}(X)+s^2\text{Var}(Y)+t^2\text{Var}(Z)+2rs\text{Cov}(X,Y)+2st\text{Cov}(Y,Z)+2tr\text{Cov}(Z,X).$$
For the standard deviation of $rX+sY+tZ$, take the square root of $\text{Var}(rX+sY+tZ)$ computed by the above formula.
Remark: The above formula can be derived from the definition of variance. The calculation is algebraically straightforward, but not particularly enlightening. I can write out some details if that would be helpful.
The formula can also be derived from the two-variable version of the formula, which may be familiar to you: $\text{Var}(cU+dV)=c^2\text{Var}(U)+d^2\text{Var}(V)+2cd\text{Cov}(U,V)$.
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Hello Andre, thanks for your response, please forgive me for my ignorance, but lets say hypothetically the varX = 1.2 varY = 0.5 and varZ = 3.0 and we wanted 50%, 20% and 30% respectively. The covariance between xy is -1, yz = 2 and zx = 0. would the calculation be: (1.2 * (0.5 * 0.5)) + (0.5 * (0.2 * 0.2)) + (3.0 * (0.3 * 0.3)) + (2* -1) + (2 * 2) + (2 * 0) = 2.59? Thanks in advance! – godzilla Oct 10 '13 at 17:03
The variance terms were handled right, but not the covariance terms. Remember the $2rs\text{Cov}(X,Y)$. So we want $(2)(0.5)(0.2)(-1)$ for that term, not $(2)(-1)$, and similar corrections for the two other covariance terms. And then we take the square root for the standard deviation. – André Nicolas Oct 10 '13 at 17:12
brilliant thanks! This formula can be expanded for more than three variables correct? – godzilla Oct 10 '13 at 17:18
Yes, the "natural" generalization is correct. For the covariance terms for $\sum r_i X_i$, you use the sum over all $i\lt j$ of $2r_ir_j \text{Cov}(X_i,X_j)$. So for example there will be $6$ covariance terms for $4$ random variables, and $10$ for $5$ random variables. – André Nicolas Oct 10 '13 at 17:21
apologies Andre but for the covariance would the calculation be 2* (0.5 * 0.2 ) * -1 or 2 * 0.5 * 0.2 * -1? – godzilla Oct 14 '13 at 21:19
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@Peltio It's A New Kind of Name :D – R. M. Nov 21 '13 at 19:03
@rm-rf You won an un-invitation for the next W-Conference – Dr. belisarius Nov 21 '13 at 19:07
up vote 26 down vote accepted
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@cormullion They probably considered WolframFrontEnd and WolframBackEnd for the FE & kernel, but were wise enough to see why that might be a bad idea... :D Oh, all the missed opportunities. – R. M. Nov 26 '13 at 20:27
Clarifications about the Raspberry Pi version
tl;dr The programs started by the "Mathematica" and "Wolfram" icons in Raspbian have the same capabilities and the same back end. Only the user interface differs.
As of 2014 June, the Raspbian operating system (of the Raspberry Pi computer) comes with Mathematica pre-installed. There are two related icons on the desktop, "Mathematica" and "Wolfram".
enter image description here
To understand the difference between these two, one needs to understand the architecture of Mathematica first. Mathematica uses two processes:
• One that displays the GUI and the notebook interface. This has traditionally been known as the Mathematica Front End.
• One that does the actual computations. This used to be known as the Mathematica Kernel.
These two processes are independent but they rely on each other:
The Front End can show notebook documents without the kernel, but all computations must be sent to a running kernel for evaluation.
The Kernel can be run alone and used in command line mode. However, certain functions, such as exporting graphics, do require the Front End. When exporting graphics, the Front End is launched in the background without displaying anything on screen, and the graphics object is sent to it for rendering. (This is why exporting graphics requires a running X server--use Xvfb on headless machines.)
Somewhat confusingly, in Raspbian the icon that starts the Front End is called "Mathematica" and the icon that starts the Kernel in command line mode is called "Wolfram", suggesting that they will start different systems. Other then using a notebook interface or a traditional command line for input, these two are identical. The have exactly the same computational capabilities.
This information is valid as of June 2014.
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This answer was prompted by this question. – Szabolcs Jun 11 '14 at 22:31
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Ham on Rye Test | Mid-Book Test - Hard
Buy the Ham on Rye Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Short Answer Questions
1. What did Henry's family often do on Sunday's when his grandmother didn't visit?
2. How does Henry's father describe his brothers?
3. What does Henry do when he hears his father beating his mother after the confrontation?
4. How does Henry says boys from his school take their beatings?
5. Where was Henry born?
Short Essay Questions
1. What does Henry talk about in relation to the boys at his grammar school?
2. Why did Henry become obsessed with bathroom practices in kindergarten?
3. Though Big Henry and Katherine have been married for a number of years, what new information did Katherine learn about her husband?
4. What is Henry curious about in regards to Red and how does he satisfy it?
5. Why wouldn't Big Henry allow Henry's mother to give Aunt Anna money when they obviously needed some to buy food?
6. Describe, in detail, an example of Big Henry's tendency to create scenes in public.
7. What does Big Henry say he will do once the doctor tells him that the driver who hit Henry was drunk?
8. What happens between Mr. Knox and Henry when Henry is sent to the principal's office for fighting?
9. How does Henry begin to be included with the neighborhood boys?
10. What happens when Henry asks to be excused from dinner because he is in too much pain to eat?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Write an essay describing why Big Henry would be so enthralled with his new job at the museum. Why was this important? Why did he consider it like magic? Do you agree with how he feels?
Essay Topic 2
Write an essay explaining why you believe the author often provides no explanation for words or actions. Think of the time Henry told the principal he would kill him as one example.
Essay Topic 3
Describe the relationship between Baldy and Henry. How does Henry justify to himself that he is similar to Baldy? Henry says that he doesn't like Baldy, but yet spends time with him and walks him home each day, why do you think this is the case.
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 752 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Ham on Rye from BookRags. (c)2016 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Public Release: What was the 'Paleo diet'? There was far more than one, study suggests
Georgia State University
Their findings are published in The Quarterly Review of Biology.
"I think that you would certainly have lots of variation way beyond what those recommendations are," Sayers said. "When you're trying to reconstruct the diet of human ancestors, you want to look at a number of things, including the habitats they lived in, the potential foods that were available, how valuable those various food items would have been in relation to their energy content and how long it takes to handle a food item."
3. Even the "same food" isn't the same today as it was in the olden days. For example, in an earlier study, Sayers investigated the diet of langur monkeys living high in the Nepal Himalaya. At one point in the year, there were wild strawberries on the ground, which seemed to be an attractive food choice. However, the monkeys wouldn't eat them. Sayers tasted the wild strawberries and found they were incredibly bitter.
"The strawberries that we're eating in the market have been selected for certain properties, such as being large and sweet," Sayers said. "The foods that we're eating today, even in the case of fruits and vegetables, have been selected for desirable properties and would differ from what our ancestors were eating."
4. Early humans had shorter life spans, so it's difficult to say if their diet was "healthier."
"Individuals throughout the vast majority of the Stone Age were not living that long. Life expectancies are so high today, at least in many regions of the globe," Sayers said. "A lot of the diseases that do come about today or have been linked with high-fat diets or things like that have been referred to by some researchers as 'diseases of affluence.' They're diseases that come about simply because we're living long enough that they can show their effects."
In recent years, controlled studies have compared the Paleo diet with alternative approaches, and with respect to particular health issues, nutritionists are largely taking a "wait-and-see" attitude towards them.
5. Our ancestors were focused on survival, not necessarily eating a balanced diet. "Throughout the vast majority of our evolutionary history, balancing the diet was not a big issue," Sayers said. "They were simply acquiring enough calories to survive and reproduce. Everyone would agree that ancestral diets didn't include Twinkies, but I'm sure our ancestors would have eaten them if they grew on trees."
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A Call to Arms for Education Innovation
05/02/2011 12:51 pm ET | Updated Jul 02, 2011
Imagine that the U.S. Government issued a call to the most creative, innovative and productive parts of our society: Create an Algebra I curriculum so exciting, so well-designed, so engaging and so firmly based on well-established principles of learning that kids would be clamoring to get into the course, rushing to class every day and learning the subject at unheard-of levels. Imagine that this call enticed technology developers, entertainment companies and top university researchers and developers to devote their best minds to the task, knowing that if they develop a practical model and it passes a rigorous evaluation for effectiveness, it could be used in secondary schools across the U.S. and, indeed, throughout the world.
If such a call went out and were backed up with serious funding for development and evaluation, does anyone doubt that American ingenuity could solve the problem of Algebra I? Of course it could. Many groups might try out prototypes and many, perhaps most, might fail. But if just one or just a few programs succeeded in making the world's most effective Algebra I course, the impact would be dramatic.
The idea that such a process of innovation could exist is not a fantasy. This vision has recently been proposed by the Obama administration. The idea is to create an ARPA for education. ARPA stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency. The original ARPA is DARPA, in the Defense Department. A hugely successful response to the Soviet Sputnik launch in 1957, DARPA sponsored development of the Internet (originally the ARPANET), GPS, stealth technology, pilotless drones and much, much more.
In education, an ARPA would encourage and fund development of new technologies and approaches, which would need to show evidence that they improve learning substantially in comparison to current methods. ARPA-Education would probably focus on technology innovations, but could fund anything likely to make a big difference in learning.
Of course, ARPA-Education would not just be about Algebra I. Imagine simultaneous projects in beginning reading, in science and mathematics at all levels, in solutions for English language learners and in school-to-college and school-to-work transitions. Imagine innovative approaches to teaching foreign language, history and geography, perhaps using elaborate simulations. Imagine novel approaches to teacher professional development and initial teacher training, classroom management and formative assessment.
President Obama has proposed to start ARPA-Education with $90 million -- peanuts compared to the $3.2 billion DARPA, but a very good start in the education field. The Administration's ARPA proposal is the logical next step from the equally unprecedented Investing in Innovation (i3) program already under way, which is helping proven programs to scale up and helping newcomers build capacity. What ARPA would add to i3 is a proactive outreach to non-traditional innovators capable of creating astonishing leaps forward in educational practice.
Education reform has been stuck in recent years trying to improve the management of the same old system. Both the existing i3 and the proposed ARPA offer potential for breakthroughs where it counts: in daily classroom practice.
America leads the world not because of its capability in managing existing systems. It leads the world because of its unparalleled capacity for innovation. It's about time that we apply this capacity to solve our education problems. The Obama administration is headed in exactly the right direction in seeing innovation, not regulation and top-down mandates, as the way forward for education.
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As a college student studying engineering, I burn through a lot of paper. A whole ream of the stuff would be used up entirely on a fairly regular basis because of the nature of my homework, and the amount of diagrams they involve. To cut back on the amount of paper I use, I began to use scrap paper from the miss-prints. The problem was, though, that papers from different subjects would get loose and mix with one another, usually resulting in an important section of notes going missing for quite some time. I needed a way to bind my scratch paper into a notebook, and I wanted to do it in a fairly green way.
Here's my solution. This notebook is made from and bound with recycled materials. The cardboard covers and scratch paper are being given a new life, and staying out of the trash while I am using less paper.
Making one of these notebooks takes about 45 minutes. I usually make one while on the phone each night, as you can still concentrate on other things while making one. The composition books that this will be replacing cost only a dollar or two, so this is more about recycling rather than saving vast amounts of money. As an added plus, you can get some pretty cool designs of your covers, depending on the boxes you use, or you can have the plain side out and decorate it yourself.
Step 1: Material you will need
Materials you will need are
-used paper. My school has a lot of computer and graphics labs, and each of them has a recycling bin for miss prints. This gives me a pretty ample amount of the stuff.
-a cardboard box. I prefer to use the flat kind, rather than the corrugated kind. Cereal boxes, the boxes for 24 packs of soda, most microwavable dinners, etc. will do. My room mates eat a lot of that kind of stuff, so I have a good supply in our personal recycling bins.
-thread. I use carpet thread because it is pretty robust stuff. You can use regular thread, but I would double it up to be safe.
-a ruler. We will be measuring the places for our holes to be punched.
-a thumb tack. This will be used as a punch to make our treading holes.
-an x-acto knife. This will trim down to size our box.
-a writing tool. You will need to mark a few things.
-a board to bear down on. We don't want to mess up any tables punching hols or cutting, do we?
-duct tape. Just for good measure.
-a bulldog clip to hold our paper down.
<p>Awesome idea </p>
Awesome :D
I like this Im going to make one and create my instructables with it...dream of one, wake up write it down...sleep
this is cool mine came out narrow but i love it even more thanks for putting this up. i really like it and ya your spelling abilities are bad but i can say mine are that great either. <br />
W00t, Firefly. Flan for life.
Yeah, that stencil is a pretty good way to screen people as to whether or not we can be friends. :)
Browncoats are everywhere! *woot* <br/>And like to make shiny things from recyclables. How very cool.<br/>
Thanks! I was hoping somebody would pick up on that. :)
Voilà even ;)
Gah... Thanks. I'm afraid my spelling abilities are limited. I'm studying engineering, so I'm only required to math goodly.
Very helpful 'ible, I really appreciated the recycling of the cardboard from the Bisquick and Coke box, it made me realize how much of the cardboard sitting in my recycling bin could be used for something useful!
Thanks! Yeah, the first few I made had no cover, they were just simply bound paper. The normal wear and tear of my backpack pretty quickly chewed them up real badly, so I realized I needed a cover. The purpose of this was to recycle, so I figured I would take some stuff out of the recycling bin to fit the need.
Pretty nice. Thanks for sharing.
About This Instructable
Bio: I am a Marine and a student studying Mechatronics Engineering.
More by phalanx447:Recycled Material Composition Book
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News / Science & Technology
US Communities Adopt Electronic Waste Laws, Recycling Programs
Electronic waste such as old televisions, computers, radios and cellular phones is a growing environmental problem
Chris Simkins
There is a growing problem of what to do with electronic waste such as old televisions, computers, radios, cellular telephones and other electronic equipment.
Electronic trash, known as e-waste, is piling up faster than ever in American homes and businesses. People do not know what to do with old televisions or computers so they throw them in the trash.
National Solid Wastes Management Association state programs director Chaz Miller says the large amount of electronic waste Americans generate is not unexpected.
"We have so many electronic products that we use," said Miller. "They are being far more widely distributed throughout the population of the country and they tend to have relatively short life spans. Cell phones that last two or three years, computers that last maybe two or three years before they get replaced."
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates more than 400 million consumer electronic items are dumped each year, and there is a push by more states to ban the waste from landfills and create recycling programs.
For example, as quickly as old electronics arrive at a recycling facility in Baltimore, Maryland they are torn apart and sorted for useable parts. Plant manager Mike Fannon says e-waste here is resold to other companies that further break down the components that are valuable.
"There are a lot of valuable metals that can be recovered and reused as opposed to just putting them in the landfill, and in certain components there are some materials that should not really be dumped in the landfill," Fannon explained.
Fannon says nearly 20 percent of electronic waste is recycled nationwide. Going back 13 years, it was only about six percent. Recycling rates continue to rise as more communities have banned electronics from landfills in an effort to keep e-waste toxins like lead and mercury out of garbage dumps. Many places have set up free drop off events where people can bring old items for recycling.
Fannon says some items like old electronic circuit boards will get shipped to Canada, while other parts will be shipped to countries in Asia.
"These will go off actually to a copper smelter and they will go to recover the copper which is in a lot out of the lines within the [circuit] board itself but at the same time they recover precious metals that are on the board," added Fannon. "There is gold plating on a lot of the material. There is silver. So all those precious metals are recovered in addition to the copper."
This year several states like Vermont imposed a ban on electronic waste in landfills. More than 25 other states have also adopted landfill bans, e-waste recycling programs or both. Chaz Miller says more can be done to boost electronic waste recycling.
"We can do much better than what is almost a 20-percent [e-waste] recycling rate," noted Miller. "I think clearly our goal should be to do as well with electronics products as say we do recycling newspapers."
Waste management analysts say U.S. facilities can safely recycle items. Environmentalists maintain they can reduce the amount of electronic waste in landfills now by raising consumer awareness about the best ways to recycle e-waste.
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11 Visual effects
11.1 Overflow and clipping
Whenever overflow occurs, the 'overflow' property specifies how (and whether) a box is clipped. The 'clip' property specifies the size and shape of the clipping region. Specifying a small clipping region may cause clipping of otherwise visible contents.
11.1.1 Overflow: the 'overflow' property
Value: visible | hidden | scroll | auto | inherit
Initial: visible
Applies to: block-level and replaced elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: visual
This property specifies whether the content of a block-level element is clipped when it overflows the element's box (which is acting as a containing block for the content). Values have the following meanings:
Consider the following example of a block quotation (BLOCKQUOTE) that is too big for its containing block (established by a DIV). Here is the source document:
<P>I didn't like the play, but then I saw
it under adverse conditions - the curtain was up.
DIV { width : 100px; height: 100px;
border: thin solid red;
BLOCKQUOTE { width : 125px; height : 100px;
margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 50px;
border: thin dashed black
DIV.attributed-to { text-align : right; }
Rendered overflow [D]
Clipped overflow [D]
11.1.2 Clipping: the 'clip' property
A clipping region defines what portion of an element's rendered content is visible. By default, the clipping region has the same size and shape as the element's box(es). However, the clipping region may be modified by the 'clip' property.
Value: <shape> | auto | inherit
Initial: auto
Applies to: block-level and replaced elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: visual
The 'clip' property applies to elements that have a 'overflow' property with a value other than 'visible'. Values have the following meanings:
The clipping region has the same size and location as the element's box(es).
<top>, <right>, <bottom>, and <left> may either have a <length> value or 'auto'. Negative lengths are permitted. The value 'auto' means that a given edge of the clipping region will be the same as the edge of the element's generated box (i.e., 'auto' means the same as '0'.)
When coordinates are rounded to pixel coordinates, care should be taken that no pixels remain visible when <left> + <right> is equal to the element's width (or <top> + <bottom> equals the element's height), and conversely that no pixels remain hidden when these values are 0.
The element's ancestors may also have clipping regions (in case their 'overflow' property is not 'visible'); what is rendered is the intersection of the various clipping regions.
The following two rules:
Two clipping regions [D]
11.2 Visibility: the 'visibility' property
Value: visible | hidden | collapse | inherit
Initial: inherit
Applies to: all elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Media: visual
The generated box is visible.
<STYLE type="text/css">
#container1 { position: absolute;
top: 2in; left: 2in; width: 2in }
#container2 { position: absolute;
top: 2in; left: 2in; width: 2in;
visibility: hidden; }
<P>Choose a suspect:</P>
<DIV id="container1">
<IMG alt="Al Capone"
width="100" height="100"
<P>Name: Al Capone</P>
<P>Residence: Chicago</P>
<DIV id="container2">
<IMG alt="Lucky Luciano"
width="100" height="100"
<P>Name: Lucky Luciano</P>
<P>Residence: New York</P>
<FORM method="post"
<INPUT name="Capone" type="button"
<INPUT name="Luciano" type="button"
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Health Team
GPS technology helps brain surgeons
Posted May 28, 2009
Map Marker Find News Near Me
— A new tool can help physicians get rid of the guesswork and make more accurate cuts during brain surgery.
MRI and CAT scans can help doctors see problems, including tumors, but finding and removing those problems without damaging healthy tissue can be a dicey operation.
Neurosurgeon Dr. Bruce Jaufmann, with First Health Moore Regional Hospital in Pinehurst, said that a device called the Stealth Station is making brain surgery safer.
New device makes brain surgery safer New device makes brain surgery safer
The Stealth Station uses the same technology as global-positioning satellite systems to track where a probe's tip goes. Much as the military used GPS technology to identify targets, neurosurgeons use it to identify the precise locations of tumors or aneurysms.
"Initially, we have an MRI scan. That MRI is plugged into a computer which gives us a three-dimensional image of where everything is within a person's skull," Jaufmann said.
The computer directs him and other surgeons along the safest, most direct route to the tumor.
"It makes the surgery much safer, (with) a lot less complications, much smaller incisions, faster healing time," Jaufmann said.
Patients spend less time in intensive care and have a shorter hospital stay. Since the technique uses less radiation than X-rays, it's safer for the staff and surgeon, as well as the patient.
The Stealth Station is also often used in orthopedic surgery on the spine.
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Electric-Blue Clouds Appear over Antarctica
Pin it
News flash: The bulb is glowing.
"The clouds appeared over the south pole earlier than usual this year," says AIM science team member Cora Randall of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics in Colorado. "Since AIM was launched, only the 2009 season got an earlier start.
Click on the image to watch the "geophysical light bulb" turn on over Antarctica. Credit: AIM Movie
Noctilucent clouds--or "NLCs" for short--are Earth's highest clouds. Seeded by disintegrating meteoroids, they form at the edge of space 83 km above Earth's surface. When sunlight hits the tiny ice crystals that make up these clouds, they appear to glow electric blue.
Why summer? The answer has to do with wind patterns and the flow of humidity in our atmosphere. Summer happens to be the time when the greatest number of water molecules are wafted up from the lower atmosphere to mix with "meteor smoke" at the edge of space. Ironically, summer is also the time when the upper atmosphere is coldest, allowing the ice crystals of NLCs to form.
Auroras Underfoot (signup)
"When methane makes its way into the upper atmosphere, it is oxidized by a complex series of reactions to form water vapor," explains Hampton University Professor James Russell, the principal investigator of AIM. "This extra water vapor is then available to grow ice crystals for NLCs."
If this idea, one of several, is correct, noctilucent clouds are a sort of "canary in a coal mine" for one of the most important greenhouse gases. And that, says Russell, is a great reason to study them.
More information:
Meteor Smoke Makes Strange Clouds -- Science@NASA
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Whale migration east coast Australia, usually takes place during the Antarctic winter, when whales from the south head north along Austrtalia’s eastern coastline. This is usually in response to the cold conditions in the sea, causing them to escape to warmer waters. This lasts until the spring season begins, when they return to the south for feeding.
As the cold weather grows in these southern waters from March, these warm-blooded animals find the region uncomfortable for three reasons; First, food becomes very scarce since the fishes that the whales feed on also migrate, leading to certain hunger and probable death. Second, the warm northern waters provide the perfect breeding ground for whales and this guarantees their survival since May to September is the breeding season. Lastly, the cold waters are potentially fatal for their calves which are usually born in the warmer waters in the second half of the year.
Most of these whales are of the humpback species and usually hurry north as early as may when the waters of Australia’s east coast are much more pleasant. They are visible from Sydney harbor where a robust whale watching culture prevails at this time of the year. Humpback adults range in length from 12–16 meters and weigh about 80,000 pounds. Their name derives from their very long pectoral fins and knobby head that make them look like they have a hump.
Also available in the whale horde that heads north are the southern right whales that use the same route to escape the winter. These latter tend to be more comfortable around people and boats despite their low numbers in the east coast of Australia. This journey often leads the whales towards the Great Barrier Reef region where they stay throughout the winter into mid-spring (June to October).
The northern whale migration of east coast Australia often has the water giants moving farther offshore then their southern return. This makes whale spotting from land or close to the shore much easier when they swim south on their return trip. On the Australian east coast, some of the best places of participating in whale spotting include the Gold Coast, Hervey bay, Stradbroke Island, Cape Byron, Sapphire coast, point hicks and storm bay. For those who want to spot them during the northern march, there are whale watch cruises around some of the bays.
The Gold Coast is becoming know as the one of the premier whale watching locations in Australia with whales generally coming within a kilometre or two of the beach off the shore, and because of its geographical location, the Gold Coast has whales passing through all season and it is one of the rare points on the East Coast where, from the middle of August, whale traffic heads in both directions past the Gold Coast.
Hervey bay is also a great spot as most of the humpback whales from the Great Barrier Reef region stopover for a few days on their return trip, providing a wonderful opportunity for whale enthusiasts. Cape Byron also provides a great opportunity since it is at Australia’s easternmost point, and the whales have to go around it on their southern march as they avoid the landmass.
Over the years, whale enthusiasts have developed a love for an all-white humpback male christened Migaloo that means “white fella” in the language of the aborigines of Australia. There is usually an annual sighting tradition and the last confirmed sighting of Migaloo was on Tuesday, October 3, 2011 around in Byron bay.
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Sense and Sensibility Test | Final Test - Medium
Buy the Sense and Sensibility Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Why is Elinor upset?
(a) She thinks Edward is marrying Lucy
(b) Edward is ill
(c) Her mother is unhappy
(d) Colonel Brandon has withdrawn his offer of the parsonage
2. Where are the Dashwoods preparing to travel to?
(a) Cleveland
(b) Leighton Buzzard
(c) Durham
(d) Newcastle
3. What does Brandon say is the main problem with the parsonage?
(a) It is too old and needs repairs
(b) It is located outside the village
(c) It is too small for a married couple
(d) It is not very pretty
4. Who comes to the cottage?
(a) Colonel Brandon
(b) Sir John
(c) Edward
(d) Mrs. Jennings
5. Who is Robert Ferrars marrying?
(a) Miss Smith
(b) Miss Grey
(c) Miss Palmer
(d) Miss Morton
Short Answer Questions
1. Who does Mrs. Dashwood receive letters from?
2. What does Elinor learn from Anne Steele?
3. Where does Edward want to go?
4. What does John Dashwood suggest in his letter?
5. Why does Robert regret his brother is becoming a rector?
Short Essay Questions
1. Has Elinor's sense always had a positive impact on the characters?
2. Describe Mrs. Jennings role within the story.
3. Is John completely dominated by his wife?
4. Is Elinor closer to Marianne in character than first thought?
5. What is the importance of the Steele's appearance in the story?
6. Does Marianne's illness change her?
7. Does Elinor make the right decision in telling her about Willoughby?
8. How much does Marianne's mental state contribute to her illness?
9. Is Lucy a bad person?
10. Have the sisters changed during their time in London?
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 810 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Sense and Sensibility Lesson Plans
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Tiny working 3D human hearts grown from nothing — and other organs could be coming
Other kinds of organ might be on their way
Scientists have made tiny human hearts that can actually beat from nothing — and they’re so small that they can barely be seen with the naked eye.
The hearts have been grown using only stem cells, for the very first time, the New Scientist reports. As such, it mimics the processes that happen when humans hearts’ grow for the first time — except it happens in a lab, at the prompting of researchers.
The new hearts were created using stems cells that were made by reversing human skill cells, so that they turned back to something like an embryo. Once that was done, the scientists encouraged the cells to grow into the right formation, changing their shape and then eventually forming first into the cells that help hearts beat, then into those that connect the heart up and after that into tiny ventricles.
The techniques could eventually be used to create a full-sized heart, scientists suggest to the New Scientist. “Our model is the first step towards building a heart relying on self-organisation of cells, without any external three-dimensional supporting materials,” says Zhen Ma, from the University of California at Berkeley, told the magazine.
The same technique might also be used to create other parts of the human body. It has long been difficult to encourage lab-created organs to grow into the right thing — but the new research gives a new insight into how stem cells turn into the right cells.
But in the shorter term, the tiny hearts can be used to study how humans’ bigger ones work. The “highly defined human cardiac microchambers”, as the scientists call them, could also tell us more about how embryos and early hearts are formed, as well as how certain drugs affect babies before they are born.
The team present their findings in a paper, ‘Self-organizing human cardiac microchambers mediated by geometric confinement’, published in Nature Communications this week.
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Youth Select Committee 2015
This body gives young people the opportunity to scrutinise public issues and hold inquiries into topics most relevant to them.
Youth Select Committee 2015
Mental Health inquiry 2015
The Youth Select Committee report on Mental Health launched on 17 November and is now available to download.
Last year the Youth Select Committee embarked on an inquiry focusing on the topic of Mental Health, identified as a priority and voted for by the UK Youth Parliament in the House of Commons in November 2014.
The Youth Select Committee is a British Youth Council (BYC) initiative and is supported by the House of Commons. It mirrors the UK Parliament Select Committee structure and gives young people the chance to scrutinise issues and hold inquiries on public matters they find important.
The committee is made up of 11 young people aged 13-18 and includes both elected and reserved seats to ensure a broad representation of interests from all parts of the UK.
The Youth Select Committee receives induction training and mentoring from parliamentary Clerks and British Youth Council staff.
Watch this video to find out more about the Youth Select Committee
The committee looked at:
• What more could be done to prevent stigma and discrimination towards young people with mental health issues, particularly when they prevent young people from seeking support?
• Do young people feel informed about the services available to them? If not, what more could be done to raise awareness?
• Could more use be made of social media or mobile applications? If so, how?
• What is the impact of websites which promote self-harm and other online material? Should something be done about these sites? If so, what?
• Is education on mental health in schools sufficient? What could be done to improve it? Should it be a compulsory part of the National Curriculum? If so, at what age should it be introduced? Could more be made of education around peer support?
• What is the impact of mental health issues on young people’s education?
• Do teachers, parents/carers and others working with young people receive sufficient training and support? If not, what more could be offered?
• How accessible is published literature and online information about mental health? Could it be made more "youth friendly"?
• What is the current state of services and treatments available (e.g. through CAMHS)?
• Is the current funding for mental health services being targeted at the right areas?
• Are changes needed to the provision of mental health services? Are they accessible and appropriate for young people? If not, what could be done to improve them?
• Could more be done to promote the sharing of best practice between services? Is the process for transition between children and adult services effective? If not, what could be done differently?
• What experiences have young people had in using mental health services?
• How does mental health provision compare with the services available for physical health?
For any inquiry-related questions, please contact the inquiry team on [email protected].
Oral evidence sessions
The committee heard oral evidence from a variety of witnesses on Friday 26th June and Friday 3rd July in the House of Commons.
You can watch the oral evidence sessions here:
Oral evidence session on Mental Health - 26th June AM
Oral evidence session on Mental Health - 26th June PM
Oral evidence session on Mental Health - 3rd July AM
Oral evidence session on Mental Health - 3rd July PM
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Chinas First Empire - Qin Dynasty
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The Qin Dynasty which emerged victorious over the 6 other major Kingdoms during “The Warring States” period in China was the first empire that unified what is now roughly modern China. More importantly, it standardized much of the concepts that affected daily life for its citizens, such as money, written language, roads, weights, and measures, and created the basis for the future Chinese role of emperors and the organization of the political structure that continued in its basic form until 1911. It also is credited with some of the greatest public works projects in human history such as the beginning of the Great Wall of China, canal building and irrigation projects, mass production techniques, the Terracotta Warriors of Xian, and a massive mausoleum project for the emperor’s body after death.
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Chinas First Empire - Qin Dynasty
1. 1. Enjoy the remake of Lady GaGa song into song about Qin Dynasty! lo
2. 2. QIN DYNASTY 221 – 207 B.C.E.
3. 3. 476 BC - 221 BC 7 Kingdoms sought dominance of “Middle Kingdom” which is large area of modern China Wall building to defend kingdoms began Similar political structure to Europe’s Feudalism Qin finally defeated other 6 kingdoms Qin Dynasty 1st unified China Empire
4. 4. Expansion of mounted cavalry troops Foot soldiers instead of chariot battling nobles 1 million man army Mass production of iron weaponry Increased irrigation projects fed army Massive population boom Controlled knowledge Defeated northern kingdoms THEN Chu Fought Chu 238-223 BCE – 15 years!
5. 5. Watch the video and note the examples of differences in how the Qin conducted warfare during the Warring States period qV901J5Pw4
6. 6. Ying Zhang 256-210 BCE 13 years old at start 22 year old seized total power Qin Shihuang Di means “First Emperor of Qin” Tyrannt Standardization Sought immortallity
7. 7. Currency Weights Measurements Written Language Political structure Military Public works – Great Wall, Tomb, Canals Width of roads – transportation increased Wagon axle size
8. 8. Ban Liang Coin Circular coin with square center cut out
9. 9. Qinzhuan
10. 10. Legalism – Against Daoism & Confucius Centralized control Reduced feudal control Controlled education Book burning 460 scholars buried alive
11. 11. Philosophy that suggested that all work and production should be focused for the advantage of the State. The individual was of little importance. It was directly opposed to Daoism, and did not share much of the idealism or moderation of Confucian philosophy. It also called for a strong military. It is similar to the 20th century governing style of Fascism (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Fascist Spain during World War II)
12. 12. Over 1 million workers Stamped earth reinforced by reeds Connected existing walls
13. 13. 720,000 workers Terracotta Warriors Mausoleum Rivers of mercury Scale model of country 36 years to construct Finished 210 BCE
14. 14. What profession do you want to have when you grow up What do you think you will be doing in 4 years?
15. 15. Qin Dynasty was short lived, but it set the standard for dynasties to follow. It was overthrown by a peasant revolt which also became a common vehicle for change to future dynasties! It did unify the country for the first time and standardized much of everyday life’s important tools and aspects for the Chinese people!
16. 16. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified China that represented most of what is now China. The Qin were responsible for the centralization of power of the emperor. The Qin is still remembered for its bookburnings and anti-intellectual repression. The Qin STANDARDIZED much of the organizing elements of everyday life. The Qin tried to control EVERY aspect of its citizen’s lives.
17. 17. Qin Qin Shihuang Di Great Wall of China Terracotta Warriors Dynasty Legalism
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Sunday, December 30, 2007
What is the origin of the saying "Serve the People"?
The saying "Serve the People " originated in China and then was popularized in the United States during the 1960's. Serve the people”, translated in chinese as “serve the masses”.
In a speech titled, “Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art,” given May 1942, Mao Tse-tung explained,
“The motive of serving the masses is inseparably linked with the effect of winning their approval; the two must be united...”
In this speech, Mao quoted a poem by Lu Hsun, a revolutionary 20th century writer,
“This couplet from a poem by Lu Hsun should be our motto:
'Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers,
Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children.'
The ‘thousand pointing fingers’ are our enemies, and we will never yield to them, no matter how ferocious. The ‘children’ here symbolize the proletariat and the masses. All Communists, all revolutionaries, all revolutionary literary and art workers should learn from the example of Lu Hsun and be oxen for the proletariat and the masses, bending their backs to the task until their dying day.”
Later in September 1944, Mao gave a speech titled, “Serve The People” which coined the well known phrase.
In the United States, the Black Panther Party in Oakland used the phrase “Serve the People”, calling their many community services, “Serve the People programs
An article in THE BLACK PANTHER newspaper, April 6, 1969 titled, SERVING THE PEOPLE reflected on the Lu Hsun poem and Yenan speech as well. It read,
“The Black Panther Party is a political party established to create revolutionary political power for Black People and is continuing steadily to serve the People heart and soul. . . Our Cardinal Rule is:
‘Have faith in the People, and faith in the Party.’ This faith derives from an undying love for our people and the awareness of a need for governmental eclipse. We, as the vanguard of the oppressed masses, realize that we must and will serve the People heart and soul. The need and wants of the People must be fulfilled, and we, as Huey P. Newton says, shall be like an oxen to be ridden by the People. The exploited and oppressed people's needs are land, bread, housing, education, freedom, clothing, justice and peace and the Black Panther Party shall not, for a single day, alienate ourselves from the masses and forget their needs for survival, but instead institute to the People faith to the death.”
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【--/--/-- --:-- 】 | スポンサー広告 | コメント(-) | トラックバック(-) | page top↑
【1】I think it extremely dangerous, so far as Western civilized communities
are concerned, to imagine that there are better systems than democracy.
【2】In 1968, when I first went to Japan, it was so commonly assumed that
all foreigners were American, that I was often asked as a first question, “What
state are you from?”
【3】It is probable that it is because of the wider spacing between individuals
which is usual in the countryside that rural folk are less tense, more friendly
and better mannered than urban people.
【4】While speech is more effective in rapid and easy communication with
people who are present, it is writing which makes possible effective
communication over time and space
【5】The clothing style of television newscasters has a strong influence on
whether we trust them or not. When newscasters dress more conservatively,
the ratings are high, probably because this type of dress is consistent with
what we expect newscasters to wear.
【6】Everyone knows a language. After all, five-year-old children are almost
as good at speaking and understanding it as their parents are. Yet the ability
to carry out the simplest conversation requires profound knowledge that
speakers are unaware of. This is as true of speakers of Japanese as of English
【7】In the earliest stages of man’s development he had no more need of
money than animals have. As he became more civilized, however, he began to
want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable
and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or
by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the
skilled people. It is then that the question of payment arouse.
【8】Language, like other forms of social activity, has to be appropriate to the
speaker using it. This is why in many communities men and women’s speech
is different. In certain societies, a man might be laughed if he used language
inappropriate to his sex.
【9】The factories were built in a few special areas where water or stream
power could be used to drive the new machines. People who needed work had
to move to industrial areas working for very low wages. In order for a family
to earn a living wage, many women and children also went to work in the
factories and coal mines. It cost less to employ women and children, and soon
they were two-thirds of the work force.
【11】The decisions of the oil-producing countries to raise the price of oil left
millions people unemployed in the west.
【12】So enthusiastic were the audience that not until the singer had given
another encore would they leave the concert hall.
【13】Japanese, like most of the world’s population, have to maintain a
wardrobe that is suitable for wide seasonal variations in weather. It may,
however, be difficult for some Japanese mothers, depending on their economic
situation, to meet the constant needs of their growing children for new
【2005/05/07 20:47 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(2) | page top↑
付録-① 文型と意味
① S=Cである(状態) be, remain, keep, lie など
② S=Cになる(変化) become, get, turn, go, come など
③ S=Cに見える(知覚) seem, look, feel, sound, taste, smell など
make, find, get, keep, leave, keep, let, have を見たらV5を予想!そして、OとCの間にはS(主語)-P(述語)の関係がある。
① 知覚・思考・発言「OがCだと気付く・思う・言う」→ 人S
② 因果関係「SによってOがCになる」→ 人S・物S
ex) 次の文を訳せ。
・He made a mistake in his report secret.
・Old customs have conditioned us to respect our elders.
He made a mistake in his report secret.
S V5 O C
この文での makeは第5文型であり、OとCにはS(主)-P(述)の関係がある。すなわち、「a mistake(S)がsecret(P)」となる。つぎに、makeは「気付く・思う・言う」という意味ではないので、因果関係を表す。だから、訳すときはHe(S)を原因で訳せばよい。「彼のせいで報告書の間違いが秘密になった」となる。
Old customs have conditioned us to respect our elders.
S V
ここで、conditionの動詞の意味を知らない人は訳すことはできないのかというと、そういうわけではない。usとto respect our eldersを見て気付くことはないだろうか。respect our elders「年上を尊敬する」とあるが、「誰が」年上を尊敬するのだろうか。「尊敬する」のは人間の行為であり、our elders「我々の年上の人」とあるので、この文ではusしか考えられない。すると、「us(S)-respect our elders(P)」の関係があるとわかる。動詞の後ろにS-Pの関係があるということは、conditionはV5である。
Old customsは「思う・言う」といったことはしないので、conditionという動詞は因果関係を表すということがわかる。よってconditionの意味を知らなくても、「古い習慣のせいで我々は年上を尊敬する」と訳せる!!
Old customs have conditioned us to respect our elders.
S V5 O C
【2005/05/07 20:45 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(1) | page top↑
Americans can take business seriously;for them it is a worthy pursuit for the whole of a man’s life;whereas the British businessman, lacking the support of public opinion, tends to regard it either as only one aspect of his life or as a rather distasteful way of acquiring the means to conduct his private life. The enthusiasm whish the Englishman in the past gave to the army, politics and the diplomacy, the American has devoted to business.
【2005/05/07 20:28 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(2) | page top↑
Conversation is the informal exchange of thoughts and feelings by two or more people. Carrying on a good conversation is a polished art. Saying that a person is a good conversationalist is one of the finest compliments you can give someone. Like most people you probably want to be a good conversationalist for many reasons. Among these reasons are to increase your pleasure in talking with others, to help you develop new relationships, to help you cement old relationships and to influence others.
【2005/05/07 20:27 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(2) | page top↑
You can learn English through the Internet. There is a lot of information available in English on the Net. However, utilizing high technology is not the only way to improve your English ability.
You can also use newspapers, radio and television for improving your English. When it comes to learning your English, the conventional mass media are no less useful than the Internet.
Whatever materials you use, you have to keep on exposing yourself to English. In the long run that will make it possible for you to think inEnglish.
The steady practice of English may not make you as perfect as a nativespeaker of English. It will, however, surely give you a good command of the language.
Through endless watching, ancient people could follow the course of the sun and tell where it would move. But they didn’t know what the sun was like.
It is true that it can be seen many hours of each day, shining brightly in the sky;but it is this brightness which makes it difficult to watch it.
【2005/05/07 20:26 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(2) | page top↑
It is interesting to imagine what the world would be like if writing had never been invented. Had we had no books, there would have been no scientific development.
I like snobs because I find them amusing. I do not, however, enjoy spending much time in their company, for they usually make me feel uncomfortable. For example, I know a man in America who is wealthy and who enjoys boasting of his wealth in front of people who are not as rich as he.
If I go to his house for a drink, he is sure to give me rare, old cognac from a dusty bottle and tell me how expensive the cognac is and how lucky I am to be drinking it since I could never afford to buy it. One or two sips of this fine cognac is all I take, as I would begin calculating the cost per sip if I took a third sip. I know I could never afford to buy a bottle and I am grateful for his ‘generosity’, but I don’t like being told the price.
【2005/05/07 20:25 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(1) | page top↑
The criticism is often made that watching television is passive. It is true that watching television is more passive than playing tennis. But watching television is no more passive than observing a landscape, listening to music or reading a book.
【2005/05/07 20:24 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(1) | page top↑
Body language is much more influential than most people recognize. It infiltrates every human interaction and provides a revealing, subliminal explanation on what is officially taking place. The main reason it is so important is that it is more truthful than the official elements of our social encounters. We lie much more easily with our spoken words than with our expressions, our gestures and our body gestures.
Seeing the doctor in America is so expensive that people look for the best treatment for them. Doctors are very honest and open about the treatment. Patients ask a lot of questions to their doctors and the doctors always told
patients clearly what is wrong with them and what they are going to do next. In Japan, we rarely ask questions to doctors, and it is for the purpose of saving patients from terrible stress and worry that they are not usually told
about their illness. The time we talk to doctors is very short and it takes much time to understand what is wrong with us.
【2005/05/07 20:23 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(1) | page top↑
Until recently, human did not live very long. In the past, there were not many old people. When archaeologists looked at one of the oldest cemeteries in the world, they found that most of the people were less than twenty-five
years old when they died. Therefore, it is probably true that it was by a very young population that most of the discoveries and inventions of the Neolithic
Age―such as the wheel, the calendar and the making of bricks―were made. It is possible that it was by children while they were playing that many inventions were made. It is also possible that many of the old stories, myth
and legends are not the stories of old men but the stories of very young people.
【2005/05/07 20:22 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(1) | page top↑
One thing I have learned about maintaining complicated life is that it’s one of the best ways we have to avoid looking at some of the larger questions. It may not apply to everyone, but I believe it explains many things about why we have been moving so fast. The prospect of getting reacquainted with ourselves can be terrifying.
As long as we convince ourselves that we are so busy and our work is so vital that we can’t afford to slow down, then we don’t have to look at our own lives and the personal issues that are difficult to face:a marriage that isn’tworking, a career that isn’t satisfying, children we are out of touch with, associations we need to move on from, the creativity we have been afraid to explore, our deepest fears and painful childhood experiences that have been holding us back from leading fulfilled lives.
【2005/05/07 20:21 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(1) | page top↑
【2005/05/07 20:17 】 | 未分類 | コメント(0) | トラックバック(2) | page top↑
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step on it
Step on it is an expression used to tell someone t hurry up and go faster. This idiom can be told to someone in more of a literal sense where they want them to step on the gas pedal in order to make their vehicle go faster which is where step on it originates from. A person can also use it figuratively in a way to hurry up with whatever they are doing, not necessarily driving a car faster.
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Monday, April 22, 2013
Sustainable Agriculture-It's One in the Same
Sustainability has become a hot topic in recent years as consumers are beginning to take vested interest in food production and where their eggs, milk, steaks and whole wheat bread originate. As the "green movement" has taken hold, people are becoming more aware of environmental impact and are looking to be more sensible in their consumption and lifestyles.
Unfortunately, the use of this term has also taken a bit of a twist in the agriculture community.
Apparently, not all agriculture practices are considered sustainable. At least by the public. According to the general population, if you operate what may be considered a Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO), use conventional production methods or follow other practices that aren't considered all-natural, your business and farm is not sustainable.
Ok-time to turn this story around. It just so happens that agriculture as a whole is THE example of sustainability. It doesn't matter if it's organic, all-natural, grass-finished, cage-free or conventional. In fact, I would argue that conventional is still the most sustainable of all the options. According to Webster's dictionary, sustainable is defined as "a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged". So with this said, anything that conserves, preserves and reserves a resource is considered sustainable. This means organic, all-natural, conventional, any and all properly executed and managed production practices within agriculture fall under this category.
Today's conventional beef production remains highly sustainable
Focusing on beef production specifically, in this article from Missouri Farmer Today, Washington State University professor Jude Capper says "...sustainability in beef production systems is not constrained by size, style or scale. Rather sustainable beef production must be economically viable, environmentally responsible and socially conscious. And, conventional beef production meets all three of those qualifications." She continues by saying that if this wasn't the case, producers wouldn't continue to be in the business. "The long, rich history of farming and ranching in the United States is a testament to the cattle industry's sustainability," Capper said.
Numbers don't carry the weight and effect of personal application and feeling, but they still can't be overlooked. Beef production now requires
-19% less feed
-12% less water
-33% less land and
-has decreased carbon footprint by 16%
And meanwhile, carcass weights have increased almost 175# on average as compared to the 1970's. To top it all off, we've managed to reduce the number of days it takes to get an animal to harvest by four months!!! Guess what this means - conventionally raised beef requires less inputs, takes less time and yields more product.
Put this in the big picture: "In 1977, it would have taken about 3,000 days to make the same amount of beef that it took only 1,900 days in 2007. The result is a savings of 1,100 days of environmental impact," Capper said.
Farmers care for the land and livestock in hopes of preserving
the tradition for generations to come
Producers today want to take every step possible to ensure the livestock and the land are around for generations to come. Passing on the family tradition is the dream. Raising safe and wholesome food for the world is the number one priority. And caring for the resources and animals that are entrusted to us is the commitment.
Consumers are BLESSED with a variety of food choices. That's the beauty of the agriculture industry, there's something for everyone. "...there is a place for all beef production systems, whether conventional, natural or grassfed. Sustainability comes down to which style is best suited to be economically viable and socially and environmentally conscious given the land and resources available," Capper said. "Feeding hungry people in a world where one in seven don't have enough food — that's sustainability."
Until next time, you can find me off the beaten path and ridin for the brand!!!
Monday, April 15, 2013
Never Lose the Real
What does it mean to lose the real? Or rather to keep it? And why is the real so important?
When I was young, one of my pet peeves was people who tried to be cool and fit in with the crowd through their actions, conversations and demeanor. Whatever was the popular style or way of doing things, that was their method. I've always appreciated authenticity and when someone has to do something to be noticed rather than just be themselves I lose respect for them.
I've recently realized multiple facets of my personality and interests that I believe derive from this concept of being honest and real. One is how I handle serious conversations or leading questions. I don't like people asking me a question indirectly or in a roundabout way. And when I ask a question, even if their answer that isn't what I want to hear, I would rather know the truth than have to figure it out myself. Direct and honest communication is the most effective. And when you can be honest and real about what you want to know or say, I believe that speaks volumes. Lately in my relationships, I've had people comment on how they appreciate the fact that I'm straightforward, open and honest and that I demand that of those with whom I communicate. I think society would benefit from this standard of direct and real dialogue.
Cowboys are the symbol of hard work, honesty and
commitment to what's right.
The second facet is my love and appreciation of cowboys and the western way of life. No one is more direct, straightforward, honest and true to form than a cowboy. The code of the west demands it. Cowboys don't need to create an image - they ARE an image. They stand by their word, are never above reproach and are willing to lay down their life for their horse, family, country and God.
When your personality and character isn't formulated by what you think society wants to see, but rather by who you really are as God made you, it's noticed. In fact, authenticity and genuine behavior stands out to the world. So why wouldn't you just be yourself, be honest and stand your ground? When you give in to what everyone else tells you is right rather than what you believe in your heart, you lose all sight of yourself and what you live for. Like Shane in the movie, you become a prisoner--to what the world is saying rather than what God has already stated.
I'm realizing more all the time that it doesn't take long for people to figure out the majority of my personality shortly after I meet them. They see that I'm a Christian (at least that's my goal), a cowboy, and a good friend who is committed to being honest and loyal to those around me. I have no image to portray -- or hide -- I'm just who I am and that's what people see.
Do you have the real? When people see you, do they really see YOU or do they see the image and person you have created? Does your relationship with God shine or do people not even notice the difference in your life? Do you strive to live and communicate in a direct, honest and authentic way?
Being YOU is as real and honest as it gets.
Courtesy of
Don't become a prisoner or puppet to what society says you should be. Be yourself. Be authentic. Be honest. And above all - Never Lose the Real.
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Have you ever asked yourself "How do I know if my tooth is infected?" It can often be easier to find out than you think.
If you have a toothache and it gets worse when you bite down, there is a good chance your tooth is infected or you have an abscess. If you have swelling in the area (including the gums, cheek, or jaw) there is a good chance your tooth is infected or you have an abscess. If you see a small bump on the gums near the bottom of the tooth, your tooth is probably infected or you have an abscess. The following list of other symptoms comes from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002055/ and may be an indication that your tooth is infected:
• Bitter taste in the mouth
• Breath odor
• General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling
• Fever
• Pain when chewing
• Sensitivity of the teeth to hot or cold
• Swollen glands of the neck
"What Do I Do If My Tooth is Infected?"
How do you know if your tooth is infected? If you look in the mirror and can see swelling or if your toothache gets worse when you bite down, your tooth is infected or you may have an abscess. So what can you do about it? The first thing to do if your tooth is infected is call your dentist. Why? Infections (and tooth abscesses) aren't something you want to deal with on your own. Infections can spread to other areas of the body, causing all kinds of other problems (keep reading for an example), including the soft tissue in your brain. Your dentist can quickly X-Ray and examine the area to determine the best course of action and the best way to remove the infection to prevent further risk. An infection is NOT something you want to try to cure at home, on your own.
"Why Is My Tooth Infected?"
Tooth infections can be cause by a number of things. One of the most common we see in our office is older root canals. When a root canal is done the nerve is removed. Bacteria can grow in the area and lead to an infection that your body has a hard time fighting off. If you have any of the symptoms listed above on a tooth that once had a root canal, the odds that you have an infection are a little bit greater. Infections can also be caused from deep decay (a bad cavity), cracked tooth, broken tooth, dead tooth, and a number of other things.
"How Do I Cure a Tooth Infection?"
If your tooth is infected or abscessed there may be a few options available to you. One option is to save the tooth by performing a root canal (even if the infected tooth had a root canal before, you may be able to re-treat the tooth and remove the infection). If you don't mind removing the tooth, surgical extraction may be the best option for removing the infection or abscess and prevent a recurrence. If the tooth is otherwise healthy, you may be able to just get a prescription for antibiotics to help get rid of the infection and let your body heal on it's own after that.
Toothache Tales: When Dental Infections Spread
We recently had a patient call who had all of the symptoms mentioned above (tooth previously had a root canal, she had swelling in her cheek that was moving into her eye, it hurt more when she bit down, and there was a bump on the gums). She was in a panic because her tooth was infected, the infection was spreading, and she had prior experience with infections. A few years prior she had TWO friends who had tooth infections (not at the same time). They didn't have the money to get the infection taken care of and/or just really did not want to see the dentist, so they waited. As they waited, the infections got worse and started to spread, unbeknownst to them. Infections don't always hurt. Think of an infection in your finger. While it may have hurt when you cut your finger, the infection may not hurt at all. There are symptoms, but the tissue around the infection is dying, so they don't have the nerve endings that can cause pain. That's why some infections go completely undetected in the mouth: if you can't see it and can't feel it, how do you know it's there? These friends of our patient knew they had small dental infections. They didn't know that the infections had spread to the soft tissue in their brain until it was too late. Our patient lost TWO of her friends as a direct result of dental infections.
If Your Tooth is Infected or Abscessed:
If you think your tooth is infected or you might have an abscess, please see a dentist. If you don't have a dentist and you are in the San Diego area, On Demand Dentist can help. Infections are serious. Don't think they will just go away. If you are worried about cost, at On Demand Dentist (and most dental offices) we have convenient payment plans including Care Credit with no interest payments spread out over time. Most of our patients don't pay more than $400 including exam, x-rays, AND a surgical extraction. $400 is well worth protecting your health! If you have a tooth abscess or infection, call the emergency dentist in San Diego, On Demand Dentist: 619-342-3577.
Check out the video below for more information about dental infections and what to do if your tooth is infected.
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The Results Of Foot Binding Are Just As Crazy As You’d Imagine
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They say that pain is beauty, but if you ask me, some people take that adage to the absolute extreme.
Take, for example, many women from China, who practiced the painful act of binding their feet. It was all in the name of achieving a daintier appearance. Even Chinese men found the feet to be more attractive, though many of them preferred to only see them covered — and you’ll see why.
Foot binding likely originated sometime before the year 960. Emperor Li Yu is said to have asked a concubine to bind her feet into the shape of a crescent moon and dance on a giant golden lotus he had created. She supposedly made other women so jealous of how graceful she became that many of them bound their own feet to be like her.
This practice became very popular during the Song dynasty, an era that lasted from 960 to 1279. Upper-class women gave themselves “lotus feet” to display their status, and it quickly became a symbol of beauty in Chinese culture. It eventually spread to all social classes because the smaller appearance of the feet became so sought-after.
The process had to be started when young girls reached somewhere between four and nine years old because the arches of their feet had not yet fully developed. After being soaked in a mixture of herbs and animal blood, the nails were cut short and the toes on each foot were pressed downward into the sole until they broke.
The arch had to be broken as well before the foot was tightly bound with cloth, causing it to fold at the arch. All the ends of the cloth were sewn afterwards to prevent the girls from loosening them. They were so tight that they couldn’t move their toes at all.
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Read More: Instead Of Wearing Diapers, Chinese Parents Are Letting Their Toddlers Do This Odd Thing
This was usually done during the winter months when feet were more likely to be numb, but it goes without saying that the girls went through unspeakable agony. Even after it was done, the feet had to be periodically unbound, broken again, and rebound to get the desired shape.
Most women’s feet became completely numb eventually, but many were still able to walk and work, though they obviously couldn’t perform as well as people with non-bound feet. For some women, having their feet bound communicated that they didn’t need to work as a result of their wealth.
Though the practice was challenged in the late 1600s, and again in the later 19th century, it wasn’t phased out until anti foot-binding campaigns successfully discouraged it in the early 20th century.
A few elderly Chinese women are still alive today with permanent disabilities as a result of their lotus feet. Because of the issues associated with balancing, the older women are more likely to fall and break other bones, including their hips. Paralysis and muscular atrophy are also possible side effects.
Getty Images
Read More: Many Of The World’s Products Are Made In China, But These 20 Are Hilariously Bad
I may not be very fond of my feet, but I have absolutely no problem keeping them the way they are after seeing that. I seriously can’t imagine the agony these poor women had to go through for the sake of beauty.
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Open today 10 am–5 pm
Art & Design
• From the Land of the Immortals: Chinese Taoist Robes and Textiles
Costume and Textiles
January 13 –April 22, 2012
• This exhibition highlights a group of painstakingly worked 18th- and 19th-century silk priest robes and textiles made in China for practitioners of the Taoist religion. The robes on display were worn by Grand Masters, the leaders of Taoist communities, for the performance of Grand Rituals, elaborate public ceremonies associated with honoring gods or with funerary rites.
Taoism, China’s primary indigenous religion and philosophy of life, took shape in the late pre-imperial period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) and remains influential in Chinese culture today. With origins rooted in earlier nature cults and health practices, Taoism is concerned with both the position of humanity in the cosmos and the attainment of longevity and immortality, physical or otherwise.
The focus of Taoism is the Tao (dao). Translated literally, Tao means “the way”; by extension it may be interpreted as “the principle” that orders the cosmos. But since the Tao is by definition not meant to be explained, any explanation is misleading. Words cannot match the Tao. The Daodejing, the sacred text of Taoism, begins with the statement, “the Tao that can be discussed is not the eternal Tao.” Over the centuries practitioners have nonetheless developed a complex symbolic language that gives concrete form to the metaphysical abstractions of the religion’s tenets. Whether performing Grand Rituals or one of a variety of private rituals to improve the health of individuals or to exorcise evil spirits, Taoist priests (daoshi) garbed in ceremonial robes appear as one with the cosmos and therefore as powerful spiritual intermediaries acting on the part of their community.
Coinciding with Brown University’s “Year of China” program, this exhibition is complemented by a concurrent show of Taoist paintings at Brown’s Haffenreffer Museum.
Paola Demattè, Associate Professor, History of Arts and Visual Culture Department, RISD
Kate Irvin, Curator, Department of Costume and Textiles, RISD Museum
Symbolism in Taoist Robes
Taoist priests commonly wear two types of robes: the poncho-like jiangyi (robe of descent, referring to either the descent of the priest from the altar or of the spirits to the altar) and the sleeved daopao (Taoist robe). The cosmic symbolism generally found in the upper central back section of the robes—which includes elements such as the sun and moon, constellations, mountains and water—is similar in both types, but the jiangyi is a sign of higher priestly rank.
Taoist robes mirror the cosmos onto the figure of the officiating priest. The shape of the jiangyi symbolizes the earth, which in Chinese cosmology is seen as square. When the priest opens his arms, the square silhouette of the robe becomes fully apparent and its motifs symbolizing the heavens visible. Thus in donning the robe the priest embodies the conjunction of heaven and earth.
Look for the following motifs in each of the robes on view. Other common symbols are discussed in the labels for the individual robes.
The sun holds a bird—originally a three-legged crow and sometimes a rooster—in reference to a Chinese myth that describes the sun as carried across the sky by a black crow.
The moon bears a white rabbit intent on pounding the elixir of immortality under a cassia tree. The white rabbit is a symbol of long life and fertility.
Three Heavens
The Three Heavens are three circles or roundels containing small pagodas set between the sun and the moon. They represent the abodes of the Three Purities (Sanqing), the most important Taoist deities. The members of this Taoist triad are known as Jade purity (Yuqing), Highest Purity (Shangqing), and Supreme Purity (Taiqing). They are also called Yuanshi Tianzun, Lingbao Tianzun, and Daode Tianzun, namely the Heavenly Worthies of Primordial Beginning, Numinous Treasure, and Way and its Power.
Sacred (Golden) Tower and Flying Cranes
Below the sun, moon, and Three Heavens is an image of a multi-storey tower surrounded by flying cranes. This tower symbolizes the Gate or Palace of Heaven, home to the Jade Emperor. The white cranes are emblems of long life and by extension of immortality.
Stars and Constellations
As symbols of the cosmos, stars are central to Taoist imagery. Most important are the North Star, the pivot of the world, and the Big Dipper (Beidou), which by virtue of its rotation around the pole is considered the clock of the cosmos. Other prominent star formations are the 28 lunar stations, asterisms used in antiquity to mark the movements of the moon.
True Forms of the Five Sacred Peaks (Wu yue)
Below the tower and the constellations, sometimes scattered in different directions, are five symbols resembling archaic Chinese characters that refer to the five sacred mountains of Taoism and to the earthly world. The mountains in turn represent the five traditional directions of east, west, north, south, and center.
Mountain Peaks and Cosmic Waters
The schematic representation of waves at the bottom of Taoist robes represents the cosmic waters. The mountain peaks rising from the waves connote the world axis or, in some cases, the islands of immortality floating on the eastern sea.
Selected objects from From the Land of the Immortals: Chinese Taoist Robes and Textiles
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The Diary of Anne Frank
The Diary of Anne Frank
Dramatized by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett
Based upon the book Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl
Presented by Kristen Brannon, Brianna Mead, and Austin Paniucki
Albert Hackett &
Frances Goodrich
Genre/First Performance
This play was first performed on October 5, 1955 in the Cort
Theater in New York City.
Plot Summary
Plot Synopsis- The Franks and the Van Daans are forced to
hide in the Frank’s attic during the holocaust in the
Netherlands. A girl named Meip and her father, Mr. Kraler,
both Dutchman, bring the Franks and Van Daans supplies in
the attic. Anne and the rest of the characters are under even
more stress and tension when they take in a dentist named
Mr. Dussel.
Inciting Incident
When the Franks invite Mr. Dussel into the house, tension in
the house increases and creates conflict between Mr. Dussel
and Anne, as well as with Peter
The climax occurs when the Franks, Van Daan, and Mr.
Dussel are discovered hiding in the attic
Three Major Issues
1. Fighting against your basic and learned nature
2. Being shut off from society
3. Adolescence and the changing relationships resulting from
growing up
A major theme in The Diary of Anne Frank is isolation. The
Franks, Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel must hide alone in an
attic for two years, and their only company is each other.
In addition to the obvious isolation between the families and
the outside world, Anne feels an internal isolation. It’s hard
for Anne to connect with people, and she feels as though no
one understands her.
Important Characters
Anne Frank- The youngest child of Mr. and Mrs. Frank. She is
intelligent, charming and, funny. To others she is an annoyance. By
the end of the play, she grows from a clueless young 13 year old girl
to a smart, self-aware 15 year old.
Otto Frank- Anne’s father. He is practical and kind and Anne feels
closer to him then anyone. Otto is the only member of the family to
survive the war.
Peter Van Daan- The Van Daan’s only son. Shy, awkward and has
a little temper, he does not pay much attention to Anne until they
good friendship that leads them to being more than just “friends”.
The protagonist of this play is Anne Frank. We witness her
struggle to be accepted and connect with people. We want her
to succeed and to not get captured. We root for Anne.
The antagonist of the play is Nazi Germany itself . It is
because Germany occupied Holland and wanted to
destroy all the Jews that the Franks, van Daans, and
Mr. Dussel went into hiding.
The play takes place in The Netherlands between the years of
1942 and 1944. This is during the Holocaust.
Scene Selection
Vocabulary Words
Hanukkah- Jewish holiday celebration, gifts exchanged,
candles lit in a ceremonious manner, dinner shared and songs
Holocaust- genocide of European Jews and others
Annex- auxiliary building
Nazi-follower of Hitler
Rucksac- knapsac, backpack
Ostentatiously- noticeable, on purpose
Jubilant-joyful, happy
Sustenance-life, nourishment
Fatalist-accepts things
Meticulous-picky, finicky, careful
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Chapter 3
Constitutive Laws - Relations between Stress and Strain
3.3 Hypoelasticity elastic materials with a nonlinear stress-strain relation under small deformation
Hypoelasticity is used to model materials that exhibit nonlinear, but reversible, stress strain behavior even at small strains. Its most common application is in the so-called `deformation theory of plasticity,’ which is a crude approximation of the behavior of metals loaded beyond the elastic limit.
A hypoelastic material has the following properties
The solid has a preferred shape
The specimen deforms reversibly: if you remove the loads, the solid returns to its original shape.
The strain in the specimen depends only on the stress applied to it it doesn’t depend on the rate of loading, or the history of loading.
The stress is a nonlinear function of strain, even when the strains are small, as shown in the picture above. Because the strains are small, this is true whatever stress measure we adopt (Cauchy stress or nominal stress), and is true whatever strain measure we adopt (Lagrange strain or infinitesimal strain).
We will assume here that the material is isotropic (i.e. the response of a material is independent of its orientation with respect to the loading direction). In principle, it would be possible to develop anisotropic hypoelastic models, but this is rarely done.
The stress strain law is constructed as follows:
Strains and rotations are assumed to be small. Consequently, deformation is characterized using the infinitesimal strain tensor defined in Section 2.1.7. In addition, all stress measures are taken to be approximately equal. We can use the Cauchy stress as the stress measure.
When we develop constitutive equations for nonlinear elastic materials, it is usually best to find an equation for the strain energy density of the material as a function of the strain, instead of trying to write down stress-strain laws directly. This has several advantages: (i) we can work with a scalar function; and (ii) the existence of a strain energy density guarantees that deformations of the material are perfectly reversible.
If the material is isotropic, the strain energy density can only be a function strain measures that do not depend on the direction of loading with respect to the material. One can show that this means that the strain energy can only be a function of invariants of the strain tensor that is to say, combinations of strain components that have the same value in any basis (see Appendix B). The strain tensor always has three independent invariants: these could be the three principal strains, for example. In practice it is usually more convenient to use the three fundamental scalar invariants:
Here, is a measure of the volume change associated with the strain; is a measure of the shearing caused by the strain, and I can’t think of a good physical interpretation for . Fortunately, it doesn’t often appear in constitutive equations.
Strain energy density:
In principle, the strain energy density could be any sensible function . In most practical applications, nonlinear behavior is only observed when the material is subjected to shear deformation (characterized by ); while stress varies linearly with volume changes (characterized by ). This behavior can be characterized by a strain energy density
where are material properties (see below for a physical interpretation).
Stress-strain behavior
For this strain energy density function, the stress follows as
The strain can also be calculated in terms of stress
where is the second invariant of the stress tensor.
To interpret these results, note that
If the solid is subjected to uniaxial tension, (with stress and all other stress components zero); the nonzero strain components are
If the solid is subjected to hydrostatic stress (with and all other stress components zero) the nonzero strain components are
If the solid is subjected to pure shear stress (with and all other stress components zero) the nonzero strains are
Thus, the solid responds linearly to pressure loading, with a bulk modulus K. The relationship between shear stress and shear strain is a power law, with exponent n
This is just an example of a hypoelastic stress-strain law many other forms could be used.
(c) A.F. Bower, 2008
This site is made freely available for educational purposes.
You may extract parts of the text
for non-commercial purposes provided that the source is cited.
Please respect the authors copyright.
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Scratch is an elusive ingredient which is cited as the reason for the flavor in most homemade foods.
The PlantEdit
The Scratch plant is visible to all, but is often mistaken for other types of greenery. The grain or fruit of the plant is only visible to those who are positive for the scratch gene. Thus only those who recognize the plant and are able to see the grain can use scratch in their food.
Context and UseEdit
The most common reference to scratch is when describing foods. The cook boasts that a certain food was "made from scratch", often without elaborating upon the exact nature of this elusive ingredient. There are several varieties of the scratch plant, each suited to different types of dishes. The greatest chefs have mastered the subtleties of the plant and know how to select and mix them for the greatest combinations of flavor. Mountain scratch was used by early pioneers in their cooking, and it is the only variety of scratch native to the Americas. Those who are unable to see scratch can still appreciate food prepared with it, but they cannot fully understand or appreciate the difference.
Packaged ScratchEdit
Almost all complex foods have some scratch in them, but its exact nature depends upon the level of preparation involved. If a food is prepackaged, often referred to as a "mix", then the flavorful properties of the scratch leak out slowly during the shelf life of the food. Mixes can be used by anyone, scratch-seeing or no, but those who can use scratch themselves often state that there is better flavor in foods where the scratch was added by hand and not pre-processed in a mix.
When the scratch is used and consumed within a week of harvesting it lends the finished food the maximum amount of flavor and added nutrition. Because few people still have the time to locate the plant for harvest, there is packaged scratch available for purchase in any food store. However, this supply of scratch is invisible to those without the scratch gene, so they are still unable to make food from scratch, despite the ingredient's availability.
Only those who have the scratch gene are able to see the grain of the plant and use it in their cooking. To discover whether you have this gene, please refer to the image to the right. If you do not possess the gene, you will not see the picture of scratch. Those who do not have the scratch gene are often unable to make complex foods, even when following exact cooking directions, because they cannot see the directions on when to add scratch or have the scratch to add. These individuals are often sources of exasperation to their scratch-seeing relatives who cannot understand the level of ineptitude that results from the inability to see scratch.
The gene for seeing scratch is a recessive gene, with the inability to see scratch being the dominant trait. Thus the ability to see scratch can be constant for generations, or only surface in one family member in ten.
Scratch originated in the Orient and was imported into Europe and the Americas in the early 1600's by the East India Trading Company. The discovery of the scratch plant is attributed to some person in the early Chin dynasty, though it only became widely used during the Double Chin Dynasty. Scratch became very popular in countries such as France, America, and Italy, though England staunchly refuses to acknowledge its existence.
Side EffectsEdit
In proper amounts, scratch increases longevity and overall health, but certain side effects must be acknowledged.
• Excessive quantities of scratch can promote:
• Enlarged jowls
• Hardening of arteries
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"Servant, partner, friend, ally, whatever you wanna call it, but yes, that’s basically the idea. I’d revive your body, and you’d be able to live again, as long as you help me out."
Garovel, explaining the status to Hector
A Servant is a human who has died and been given a second chance to live by a Reaper. They have several extraordinary abilities in addition to their continued survival.
Creation Edit
When a human dies, a reaper will normally just ferry their soul, but sometimes they may instead choose to take a human as their servant. They can talk to a prospective servant before choosing them, in order to ask if they want to become a servant. A reaper can have only one servant at a time, although if they choose to release a servant they can later take another one.
Free Will Edit
A servant's free will remains entirely intact. The reaper can threaten to release their servant, but cannot actually force them to do anything that they would rather die than do. This means that there is some balance of power between a reaper and their servant, although it is shifted depending on whether the servant returned in order to do something or simply out of fear of death. Both the reaper and servant know that they cannot do as well without the other, and the reaper knows that if they release their servant they will be set back by however long they spent on them in training a new servant.
Though it is a risk and reduces the servant's combat effectiveness even if it works, it is possible for a servant to betray their reaper in order to avoid having to accept orders. If the reaper is trapped in a soul-empowered container they will not be able to achieve the contact required to release their servant.
Powers and Abilities Edit
Servant Ability Edit
Main article: Servant powers
Early in a servant's life, they will begin to manifest a unique power. To begin with, it will be very weak and not particularly useful, but it will become stronger with practice, meditation or emergence. While the abilities that specific servants develop seem to have some relation to their personality, any causal link is purely conjecture.
Soul Power Edit
Main article: Soul Power
As a servant ages, they will gain an increasingly powerful ability to use their soul to affect the world in a variety of ways. The most simple of these is to empower a product of their power (such as an energy attack or a materialized object) with their soul. Doing so will make it able to harm reapers and may also make it stronger. At greater ages and levels of soul power, more complex ways of using soul power and the ability to soul empower something for longer or soul-strengthen things not created by one's own power become possible.
Regeneration and Resurrection Edit
Main article: Servant's Body
If a reaper can touch their servant, they can cause them to quickly regenerate from any injury for a period of about 30 minutes. They can only regenerate body parts, not reattach them, so if a limb is severed there is no way to return that limb as a part of their body. Regeneration will eject foreign objects and substances as well as reconstructing lost body parts and changing body parts Transfigured into or Integrated with other substances back into normal flesh.
If a servant's brain is destroyed, their reaper can choose to make the dead body regenerate the damage or create an entire fresh body at a new location. Because this requires brain death at the old location, it is possible to defeat a servant semi-permanently by taking their brain intact and then keeping the reaper from coming to regenerate it. However, this runs the risk of an attack or mishap leading to the brain being destroyed, and if it is the reaper can recreate the servant with no loss of skill or ability and a gain in soul power the same as if they had been active for the same time.
Termination Edit
There are only two ways that a servant can cease to be. If the reaper decides that a servant is no longer of value to them, or at the servant's request, a reaper can release their servant, causing the soul to pass instantly to the afterlife. Alternatively, if a reaper is destroyed by another servant (or their own servant for that matter), the servant's soul will pass on along with that of their reaper. If the servant has an intact body at that time, it will become a zombie.
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Forum no. 11: The Electronic Waste
Forum 11 : The Electronic Waste
Keynote Speakers:
1. Prof. Abubaker Alsideg Mergani.
2. Dr. Anas Latif.
3. Dr. Mamoun Suliman.
Definition of the electronic waste and its various types (lead, cadmium, mercury…).
* In the US in 2005, 42 million computers were discarded.
* E-waste constitutes 40 percentage of lead and 60 percentage of heavy metals in landfills.
* Rapid technology change is increasing the consumption of electronic equipments which means more electronic waste and generation of more hazardous materials.
* Both types of e-waste have raised concern considering that many components of such equipment are considered toxic and are not biodegradable.
* Responding to these concerns, many European countries banned e-waste from landfills in the 1990s.
* The difficulty with electronic waste and many other products is that they are made from a huge range of component materials that are useless for further manufacturing until the product is dismantled and the component materials are separated – often a very difficult and expensive process.
* Electronic waste is the fastest growing component of municipal waste worldwide with 20-50 million tones generated annually.
* Finding new methods and locations to dispose of this waste is becoming problematic.
* E-waste is laden with toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and cadmium that can leach into water, soils and the atmosphere, posing significant environmental and human health risks (like: cancer, neurological and respiratory disorders, and birth defects).
* Most developing countries lack the waste removal infrastructure and technical capacities necessary to ensure the safe disposal of hazardous waste.
* The problem remains acute in developing countries, however, where people are more likely to live in close proximity to a landfill.
* 25 to 75 percent of used electronics shipped to developing countries are obsolete.
1. For Dr. Anas Latif Presentation Click here
2. For Dr. Mamoun Suliman Presentation Click here
3. For Dr. Mamoun CV Click here
4. Mr.Carl Conference Click here
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Salmonella
Food-Poisoning.org offers information about Salmonella.
An informational Web site supported by the lawyers at
Pritzker | Ruohonen & Associates
Call 1.888.377.8900 for more information
Information about SalmonellaSalmonella
Salmonella is named after Daniel E. Salmon, an American scientist who helped put the first U.S. meat inspections in place and who helped lay the scientific foundation for the widespread practice of vaccination. In 1885, while serving as the director of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Animal Industry--an organization he helped to found--Salmon was credited with the discovery of the organism that causes hog cholera, now known as Salmonella Choleraesius. In fact, Salmon's assistant, a brilliant researcher named Theobald Smith, actually discovered the bacterium.
What is Salmonella?
The term Salmonella actually refers to a group of bacteria, many of which cause diarrheal illness in animals and humans. There are many different kinds of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella Typhimurium (or Salmonella Typhi) can cause the illness typhoid. The illness caused by other types of Salmonella, including Salmonella Enteritidis, which is common in the U.S., is called Salmonellosis.
Salmonella Poisoning
The most common source of Salmonella poisoning to you and your family is the feces of infected people or animals. People who come into contact with stool need only pick up a few of the Salmonella bacteria to become infected. Salmonella is found in many other environments as well, including uncooked meat, soil and water. The most important ways to prevent Salmonella poisoning are proper hygiene and proper cooking.
Although the number of Salmonellosis cases reported in the U.S. annually is about 40,000, it is estimated that up to four million infections occur in this nation each year because mild cases are often not reported or diagnosed.
Most cases of Salmonella poisoning do not require treatment. In rare cases, Salmonella induced diarrheal illness become severe enough to require hospitalization and a course of antibiotics. Although very rare, some cases of Salmonellosis have led to the death of the infected individual.
Other Food Illnesses @ Food-Poisoning.org:
Campylobacter | E coli | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Hepatitis A | Listeria | Norwalk Virus | Salmonella | Shigella
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The Social, Economic, Legal and Moral Effects of ICT.
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The Social, Economic, Legal and Moral Effects of ICT Computers have, and will continue to revolutionise every aspect of our day-to-day living. If you try to imagine life without ICT and the benefits it has brought you would need to go back to the time before the Industrial Revolution when mankind did every task by hand with the help of animals and the tools that he had to make himself. The use of ICT has made massive improvements to our lives, and has done a lot of good for mankind. However, the use of ICT does have its downside. In this report I am going to look at the positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications. ...read more.
With the advent of satellite television for sports and movies, video, DVD and computer games consoles people can receive all of the entertainment they want. Tele-working now allows employees to work from home using computers linked to the Internet. So now it is possible to carry out your whole life, virtually, without leaving the house. Modern technology has made vast improvements in the community with its use in the Police Force for the prevention and detection of crime. Information about all known criminals and offences in Britain can be accessed from a computer in any Police station. Computers are used for fingerprint identification, matching DNA and examining other evidence collected from a crime scene. ...read more.
Computers allow us to genetically modify things and cloning or duplicating is now possible. At the moment it is illegal in Britain to carry out genetic engineering and cloning on humans. The use of ICT has revolutionised the way we work. Most organisations and businesses would not be able to function at all if it were not for the use of computers. Computers can make life so much easier and quicker, which means that less staff are required. Robots can do the work of people in manufacturing industries such as car production. Companies have found that the use of systems such as the one I have created greatly reduce the amount of work which they have to carry out. I feel that there would be very little difference between my system and a commercial one and feel that it could be used very easily in any organisation that have a large staff turnover. ...read more.
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Asbestos Claims Process FAQ
What is asbestos? Why is asbestos dangerous?
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral mined from the earth that is remarkably fireproof and durable. For decades, asbestos fibers were used in brake linings, insulation, roofing shingles, floor and ceiling tiles, cement pipes, and many other construction and industrial materials. Unfortunately, asbestos would degrade and separate into flexible fibers, which would be ingested and accumulated in the body. Asbestos exposure has been linked to asbestosis, pleural disease, certain cancers, and most notably, mesothelioma. Asbestos-related diseases typically do not present until many years–or even decades–after exposure.
How do I know if I have been exposed to asbestos?
Though most asbestos products were banned beginning in the late 1980s, many individuals age 50 and older were exposed to asbestos either at home, school, work, or in the military.
Is compensation available for my asbestos exposure?
Because asbestos suppliers and manufacturers knew of the dangers of asbestos from the 1920s but did not warn of the dangers nor stop using it, many were sued and held responsible for the diseases and death that resulted. Several dozen companies were bankrupted by these lawsuits. As part of the bankruptcy process, substantial sums of money (billions) for future claimants were set-aside in bankruptcy trusts.
Detailed claim requirements control who can make successful trust claims. At the same time, some viable asbestos-involved companies are still in business and pay compensation to claimants with mesothelioma and terminal lung cancer. Because asbestos litigation is very expensive, the bankruptcy trust claims process is the only viable method of obtaining money compensation for all non-cancer claims and most cancer claims.
How do I know if I have an asbestos-related disease?
A chest X-ray is a common method of diagnosing asbestos-related disease. Expert physicians certified by NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) read chest X-rays and determine the existence and level of lung disease related to asbestos exposure. These special X-ray reports are called “B-reads.” A positive B-read is an indication of asbestos-related disease. For cancer, a biopsy and resulting pathology or cytology report are also needed.
How much exposure do I need to make an asbestos claim?
Generally, a successful trust claimant must prove five (5) years of exposure to asbestos prior to Nov. 30, 1980. The best proof of exposure is work experience at one or more of the thousands of qualified work sites known to have exposed workers to asbestos. But qualifying exposure can also be proven through “shade-tree” mechanical work, home renovations, military service, etc. Norris Injury Lawyers can evaluate your work history for possible qualifying exposure to asbestos.
What is required for a successful claim?
1. Qualifying workplace exposure to asbestos,
2. Chest x-ray with positive B-read (showing bilateral asbestosis or pleural disease),
3. Causation letter from a board-certified physician,
4. Pathology report for asbestos-related malignancy OR physical exam from the doctor writing the causation letter for non-cancer claimants, and
5. Affidavits documenting work history and exposure to asbestos products OR coworker affidavits for deceased claimants.
At Norris Injury Lawyers, our asbestos attorneys have years of experience protecting the rights of asbestos exposure victims and their families across the country. If you or a loved one is suffering from an asbestos-related illness, cancer, or mesothelioma, our 24/7 team is ready to assist you. Your time to file an asbestos exposure claim is limited—don’t wait to get help. Dial (800) 477-7510 or complete our free online form now.
How much compensation am I entitled to? Is it worth the effort?
The value of a successful claim varies widely depending on the severity of the injury. Claimants diagnosed with mesothelioma can recover several hundred thousand dollars or more–some as high as several million dollars. Those diagnosed with lung or other cancers can recover substantial money compensation depending factors such as the level of proof, the number of exposure locations, and whether the claimant was a smoker or non-smoker.
Claimants with less serious injuries such as asbestosis or pleural disease can still recover several thousand dollars depending on the details of their claims. Norris Injury Lawyers will let you know if we believe a claim is not economical to pursue. If a claim is worth our time, it is probably worth your time!
Who decides what my claim is worth?
Trust examiners analyze claims and determine if claimants qualify for compensation. Different trusts have different rules for determining value and claim values can change from year to year. Trusts make offers to claimants but do not negotiate. The offer made by the trust is either accepted or not accepted. In most cases, non-cancer claimants can file again in the unfortunate event of a future cancer diagnosis.
What will I be asked to do? How can I help prove my case?
We will need your help to create an accurate work history timeline. We may ask you to provide the names of co-workers at one or more of your work locations. We will need a recent chest x-ray. And you may need to be examined by a doctor willing to write a causation letter linking your exposure to your injury. If you have qualifying work history and proof of injury, we will ask you to sign affidavits documenting your exposure. When/if you are offered money, you will sign releases to settle your claims. Our asbestos lawyers may also ask you to complete a family survey and provide a copy of a simple will.
Will I have to go to court?
It depends. For claimants who do not have mesothelioma, claims are generally resolved through the asbestos bankruptcy trust claims process. Each trust is administered based on a set of rules and guidelines that must be followed to qualify for payment from the trust. We assist claimants in gathering the evidence necessary to win trust claims. Most mesothelioma cases and a few lung cancer cases are filed and handled as lawsuits AND bankruptcy trust claims, but all non-cancer injuries and most cancer claims are processed ONLY through the bankruptcy trust process. And even a filed lawsuit does not always mean the case and claimant will end up in a courtroom.
How long does the asbestos claims process take?
The trust claims process can take several years. First, we have to gather work history, medical records, and causation letters. Then we have to analyze your work history and prepare and secure your signature on work history affidavits. After our analysis is complete, we submit all of the proof to the various trusts. Some trust administrators handle claims and make offers quickly, while others are very slow. Moreover, settlements will not come all at once, so it is likely that settlements will come over time. It is possible for new trusts to be opened as time passes, which makes future claims possible.
Also, in the unfortunate event that a non-cancer claimant is diagnosed with cancer, most trusts allow new claims to be filed for higher compensation amounts based on the new cancer diagnosis. If you are ever diagnosed with any type of cancer, you should notify Norris Injury Lawyers.
What if the victim is deceased?
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Chapter 24 from "OUT OF THE BOTTOMLESSPIT" by S.N.Strutt
The Montauk Project*[1]
They used this technology in the late 70’s & 80’s. They used it to learn how to control people’s minds, and for use in Time experiments.
To some degree, they succeeded, with playing around with both Matter and Time. They finally abandoned the project, because allegedly scary things started coming through into this “time continuum”.
The following is an excerpt from the Montauk Project by Preston Nichols.*(note 94).
“At the eastern most end of Long Island sits Montauk Point, known to most New Yorkers for its scenic beauty and landmark lighthouse. To the immediate west of the lighthouse, there is a mysterious and derelict Air Force base on the grounds of old Fort Hero. Although it was officially decommissioned and abandoned by the U.S. Air Force in 1969, it was subsequently reopened and continued to operate without the sanction of the U.S. Government. The entire financing for the base is also a mystery. No funding can be traced to the military or government. Officials of the U.S. Government have probed for answers without success. The secrecy of the operation has prompted legends to thrive across Long Island. However, it is unlikely that any of the local people of Montauk, or those who spread the tales, know the full story of what actually went on there. A circle of insiders believe the Montauk Project was a development and culmination of the phenomena encountered aboard the USS Eldridge in 1943. Popularly known as the “Philadelphia Experiment”, the ship actually disappeared while the Navy conducted radar invisibility experiments. According to these accounts, over three decades of secret research and applied technology ensued. Experiments were conducted that included electronic mind surveillance and the control of distinct populations. The climax of this work was reached at Montauk Point in 1983. It was at that point that the Montauk Project effectively ripped open a hole in space-time to 1943.
Any serious investigation will show that a Montauk Project did, in fact, exist. One can also find people who have been experimented on in some fashion or another. The purpose is to get a story told that is of essential interest to scientific researchers, metaphysicians and citizens of the planet Earth.
The Philadelphia Experiment
The origin of the Montauk Project dates back to 1943 when radar invisibility was being researched aboard the USS Eldridge. As the Eldridge was stationed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, the events concerning the ship have commonly been referred to as the “Philadelphia Experiment”. Having been the subject of different books and a movie, only a quick synopsis will be given here. The Philadelphia Experiment was known as the Rainbow Project to those who manned and operated it. It was designed as a top secret project that would help end World War II. The forerunner of today’s stealth technology, the Rainbow Project was experimenting with a technique to make a ship invisible to enemy radar. This was done by creating an “electromagnetic bottle” which actually diverted radar waves around the ship. An “electromagnetic bottle” changes the entire electromagnetic field of a specific area — in this case, the field encompassing the USS Eldridge.
While the objective was to simply make the ship undetectable by radar, it had a totally unexpected and drastic side effect. It made the ship invisible to the naked eye and removed it from the space-time continuum. The ship suddenly reappeared in Norfolk, Virginia, hundreds of miles away. The project was a success from a material standpoint, but it was a drastic catastrophe to the people involved. While the USS Eldridge “moved” from the Philadelphia Naval Yard to Norfolk and back again, the crew found themselves in complete disorientation. They had left the physical universe and had no familiar surroundings to relate to. Upon their return to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, some were planted into the bulkheads of the ship itself. Those who survived were in a mental state of disorientation and absolute horror. The crew were subsequently discharged as “mentally unfit” after having spent considerable time in rehabilitation. The status of “mentally unfit” made it very convenient for their stories to be discredited. This put the Rainbow Project at a standstill. Although a major breakthrough had occurred, there was no certainty that human beings could survive further experimentation. It was too risky. Dr. John von Neumann, who headed the project, was now summoned to work on the Manhattan Project. This concerned the making of the atom bomb which became the weapon of choice for ending World War II. Although it is not well known, vast research that began with the Rainbow Project was resumed in the late 1940’s. It continued on, culminating with a hole being ripped through space-time at Montauk in 1983.
Concerning Preston Nichols, who was specialist in electromagnetic phenomena.
At first he was not aware of the Philadelphia Experiment or its accompanying phenomena. Although he was not extraordinarily interested in the paranormal at that time, he had obtained a grant to study mental telepathy and to determine whether or not it existed. He sought to disprove it, but however was surprised to find out that it did, in fact, exist. He began his research and found out that telepathiccommunication operated on principles that are strikingly similar to that of radio waves. He had discovered a wave that could be termed a “telepathic wave”. In some respects, it behaved like a radio wave. He set out to get the characteristics of this “telepathic wave”. He studied their wave lengths and other pertinent facts and determined that while a telepathic wave behaves like a radio wave, it isn’t exactly a radio wave. Although it propagates in a similar fashion to that of electromagnetic waves and possesses like properties, not all of these fit into normal wave functions.
His interest into metaphysics had been launched. He continued to research in his spare time and collaborated with different psychics to test and monitor their various responses. In 1974, he noticed a peculiar phenomenon that was common to all of the psychics that he worked with. Every day, at the same hour, their minds would be jammed. They couldn’t think effectively. Suspecting that the interference was caused by an electronic signal, Nichols used his radio equipment and correlated what came on over the air waves at the times the psychics were non-functional. Whenever a 410-420 MHz (Megahertz) cycle appeared on the air, they were jammed. When the 410-420 MHz cycle was off, the psychics would open back up after about twenty minutes. It was obvious that this signal was greatly impeding the ability of the psychics. Nichols decided to trace this signal. Placing a modified TV antenna on the roof of his car, he grabbed a VHF receiver and set out looking for the source of it. He tracked it right to Montauk Point. It was coming directly from a red and white radar antenna on the Air Force base.
At first, he thought that this signal might have been generated accidentally. Nichols checked around and found out that the base was still active. Unfortunately, security was tight and the guards wouldn’t give any useful information. They said that the radar was for a project run by the FAA. He couldn’t press the point beyond that. In fact, their statement didn’t make a lot of sense. This was a World War II radar defence system known as “Sage Radar”. It was totally antiquated, and there is not any known reason why the FAA would need such a system. Unfortunately, he had hit a dead end. He continued his psychic research, but didn’t get anywhere on the investigation of the Montauk antenna until 1984, when a friend called. He was told that the place was now abandoned and that he should go out there and check it out. So he did. It was indeed abandoned, with debris strewn everywhere. He saw a fire extinguisher left amidst many scattered papers. The gate was opened as were the windows and doors of the buildings. This is not the way the military normally leaves a base. Nichols strolled around. The first thing that caught his eye was the high voltage equipment. He was very interested as it was a radio engineer’s delight. He is a collector of ham gear and radio equipment, and wanted to buy it.
“They couldn’t find out who owned it. Neither the military nor the GSA (General Services Administration) claimed to know anything about it. Fortunately, the Surplus Disposal Agency said they would continue to track the matter further. After another week or two went by, he called her back. She said she’d turn him over to a John Smith (fictitious name), located at a military overseas terminal in Bayonne, New Jersey. “Talk to him and he’ll set something up,” she said. “We like to keep our customers satisfied.”
From the actual story:-“I met John Smith. He didn’t want to discuss anything on the phone. He said that no one officially admitted to owning that equipment. As far they were concerned, the equipment was abandoned and I could go in and take whatever I wanted. He gave me a piece of paper which appeared to be official and said to show it to anyone who might question my presence in the area. It was not an official document nor was it registered with anybody, but he assured me that it would keep the police off my back. He also referred me to the caretaker of the Montauk Air Force Base who would show me around.
A Visit to Montauk
I was out at the base within the week. There I met the caretaker, Mr. Anderson. He was very helpful. He told me to be careful and showed me where things were so that I wouldn’t fall through the floor and that type of thing. He said I was welcome to take anything I could this trip, but if he ever saw me out there again, he’d have to kick me out. His job, after all, was to keep people off the base. He realized that the permission I had was semi-official at best. He was also kind enough to tell me that he went out for a drink every evening at 7 P.M. I had taken the trip to Montauk with a fellow named Brian. Brian was a psychic who had helped me with my research. As we foraged around the base, we went in two different directions. I went into a building and saw a man who appeared to be homeless. He told me that he had been living in the building ever since the base was abandoned. He also said that there had been a big experiment a year earlier and that everything had gone crazy. Apparently, he’d never gotten over it himself. In fact, the man recognized me, but I had no idea who he was or what he was talking about. I did listen to his story. He said he had been a technician at the base and that he’d been AWOL. He had deserted the project just before the base had been abandoned. He spoke about a big beast appearing and frightening everyone away. He told me a lot about the technical details of the machinery and how things worked. He also said something that was very strange. He told me that he remembered me well. In fact, I had been his boss on the project. Of course, I thought it was pure nonsense. I didn’t know then that there was any truth to his story. This was just the beginning of my discovery that the Montauk Project was real. I left the man and found Brian. He was complaining that things weren’t right and that he was feeling some very funny vibrations. I decided to ask him for a psychic reading right there. His reading was strangely similar to what the homeless man had just told me. He spoke of irregular weather patterns, mind control and a vicious beast. He mentioned animals being affected, crashing through windows. Mind control was a main focus of Brian’s reading. The reading was interesting, but we were there to cart out the equipment. Much of it was heavy and we weren’t allowed to bring a vehicle right onto the base. We had to back pack it. I was thus able to acquire much of the equipment left behind from the Montauk Project. A few weeks later, I was surprised by a visitor who barged into my lab. He came straight to the lab, which was in back of the house. He didn’t ring the door bell or anything. He claimed to know me and said that I had been his boss. He went on to explain many of the technical details of the Montauk Project.
His story corroborated what psychics and the homeless man had told me. I didn’t recognize him but listened to all he had to say. I was sure that something had gone on at the Montauk base, but I didn’t know what. My personal involvement was evident, but I still didn’t consider it very seriously. I was, however, puzzled by different people recognizing me. I had to make it my business to investigate Montauk. So, I went out and camped on the beach for a week or so. I went to bars and asked the locals for stories about the base. I talked to people on the beach, on the street, wherever I could find them. I asked all about the strange activities that were purported to have occurred. Six different people said that it had snowed in the middle of August. There were listings of hurricane force winds that came out of nowhere. Thunder storms, lightning and hail were also reported under unusual circumstances. They would appear when previously there had been no meteorological evidence to expect such. There were other unusual stories besides the weather. These included stories of animals coming into the town en masse and sometimes crashing through the windows. By this time, I had taken different psychics out to the base. The stories confirmed what psychics had been able to determine through their own sensitivity. I finally got the idea to speak to the Chief of Police who also informed me of strange happenings. For example, crimes would be committed in a two hour period. Then, all of a sudden, nothing. Keep in mind that Montauk is a very small town. After the quiet, another two hour period of crimes would occur. Teens were also reported to suddenly group en masse for two hours, then mysteriously separate and go their own ways. The Chief couldn’t account for it, but his statements lined up perfectly with what the psychics had indicated about mind control experiments. I had collected some really bizarre information, but I didn’t have many answers. I was, however becoming very suspicious. I had often travelled to Ham-fests, (where Ham radio equipment is bought and sold) and there more people would recognize me. I had no idea who they were, but I would talk to them and ask them about Montauk. As I did, more information came, but everything was still a big puzzle.
Duncan Arrives
In November of ‘84, another man appeared at my lab door. His name was Duncan Cameron. He had a piece of audio equipment, and he wanted to know if I could help him with it. He quickly became absorbed in the group of psychics I had working with me at the time. This endeavour was a continuation of my original line of research. Duncan showed a keen aptitude for such work and was extremely enthusiastic. I thought he was too good to be true and became suspicious of him. My assistant, Brian, felt the same. He didn’t like Duncan’s sudden involvement and decided to go his own way. At one point, I surprised Duncan by telling him that I would be taking him some place to see if he recognized it. I drove him to the Montauk Air Force Base. He not only recognized it, he told me what the purpose was for each of the various buildings. He knew exactly where the bulletin board in the mess hall was and many other such minute details. Obviously, he had been there before. He knew the place like the back of his hand. He provided new information about the nature of the base and what his own function had been. Duncan’s input dovetailed very nicely with the previous data I had collected. When Duncan entered the transmitter building, he suddenly went into a trance and began spitting out information. This was curious, but I had to shake him repeatedly to break him out of it. When I brought him back to the lab, I applied techniques that I’d learned to help Duncan unblock his memories. Layers of programming were now coming out of Duncan. A lot of information concerned the Montauk Project. Many different things were revealed, until finally a shocking program came straight to the awareness of Duncan’s conscious mind. He blurted out that he had been programmed to come to my place, befriend me and, then, kill me and blow up the entire lab. All my work would be totally destroyed. Duncan appeared to be more outraged at all this than I was. He swore that he would no longer help those who had programmed him, and he has worked with me ever since. Further work with Duncan revealed even more bizarre information. He had been involved in the Philadelphia Experiment! He said that he and his brother Edward had served aboard the Eldridge as members of the crew in 1943. A lot of things surfaced as a result of my work with Duncan. I started to remember things about the Montauk Project and was now certain I’d been involved. I just didn’t know how or why. The puzzle was slowly clearing up. I found Duncan to be an extremely operational psychic and through him I was able to confirm new information.
A Conspiracy Revealed
I visited Montauk many more times, often with different people who had been involved. A small group of us began to realize that we had stumbled across one of the highest security projects the country had ever known. We figured that we had better do something fast with this new found knowledge. If we didn’t, we might end up dead. As a group, we decided action had to be taken. We weren’t sure exactly what to do, so we sat around and discussed it. What was the best thing to do? Publish it?”
[1] The Montauk Project by Preston Nichols
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Vieux, en bonne sante . . . et bilingue
Tuesday, March 09, 2010
By Wray Herbert
In French, that means old, healthy . . . and bilingual. I could just as well have used Google Translate to put that phrase into Finnish or Spanish or Chinese. The fact is, I don’t speak any of those languages fluently—any language except English really. Which puts me in good company: When Senator Barack Obama was campaigning for the presidency back in 2008, he told a crowd in Dayton, Ohio: “I don’t speak a foreign language. It’s embarrassing.”
It is embarrassing. But worse than that, it may be unhealthy. New research suggests that bilingualism may convey previously unrecognized cognitive benefits—benefits that appear early and last a lifetime. These benefits may go well beyond language itself. Indeed, speaking two languages may shape the mind and brain in fundamental ways, creating mental reserves that help stave off the ravages of dementia.
That’s the surprising possibility emerging from an ongoing research project at York University in Ontario. Cognitive psychologist Ellen Bialystok has for years been testing and comparing people who speak one or two languages, including children, adults and the elderly. Her overall conclusion is that bilingualism enhances the brain’s “executive control.” That’s a catchall term that encompasses the ability to pay attention, to ignore distractions, to hold information in short-term memory, to do more than one task at a time. It’s mental discipline, and it typically emerges in childhood and declines in old age.
Bialystok has tested this many different ways. Here’s one example: She had 4- and 5-year-old kids do a card sorting task. The cards show circles or triangles, some red and some blue, and the kids are told to sort the deck by color. Later they are told to switch—and sort the same cards by shape. Young children usually have great difficulty making this mental switch, but when Bialystok ran the experiment, bilingual kids were much better with the rule change. This indicates heightened executive control.
This advantage appears to persist into adulthood. Bialystok (working with various colleagues) compared bilinguals and monolinguals on various lab tests that require mental discipline. The Stroop test is one such test. That’s the one where you have the word R-E-D printed in blue, and you have to rapidly name the ink color rather than read the word. It’s hard—and again the bilinguals consistently did better than subjects who only spoke one language. Or looked at another way, monolinguals had a cognitive deficit—and this deficit appears to increase as adults get older.
Right into old age. Bialystok wanted to explore whether enhanced executive control actually has a protective effect in mental aging—specifically, whether bilingualism contributes to the “cognitive reserve” that comes from stimulating social, mental and physical activity. She studied a large group of men and women with dementia, and compared the onset of their first symptoms. The age of onset for dementia was a full four years later in bilinguals than in patients who had lived their lives speaking just one language. That’s a whopping difference. Delaying dementia four years is more than any known drug can do, and could represent a huge savings in health care costs.
Is there any downside to bilingualism? Yes. As reported on-line in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science, Bialystok’s studies also found that bilinguals have less linguistic proficiency in either of their two languages than do those who only speak that language. They have somewhat smaller vocabularies, for example, and aren’t as rapid at retrieving word meanings. But compared to the dramatic cognitive advantages of learning a second language, that seems a small price to pay. Plus you can travel to Paris without the embarrassment of constantly thumbing through your dog-eared French for Dummies.
Wray Herbert’s “We’re Only Human” column appears regularly in the magazine Scientific American Mind. His book, On Second Thought: Outsmarting Your Mind’s Hard-Wired Habits, will be published by Crown in September.
posted by Wray Herbert @ 10:32 AM
At 1:44 PM , Blogger Dr. Matthew said...
I'd love if you'd comment at some point on autodidactic methods (or any method shy of immersion, which is very difficult for many Americans) on second language acquisition - I recently did some quick searches before purchasing a popular foreign language software tutor (I'm going to abstain from plugging any brand until I see my personal results upon completion), and was hard pressed to find informed, cognitive psych evaluations of how well these programs fit with what is known re: second language learning.
At 2:29 PM , Blogger Will said...
Does the project provide any information on whether learning a second language at an older age provides cognitive benefits?
In other words, when is it too late to start?!
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Lichens on a tree trunk
Lichens on a tree trunk
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Caption: Lichens growing on a tree trunk. Lichens are symbiotic organisms, consisting of an algal and a fungal partner. The algae live enclosed within a loose mass of fungal hyphae. The fungus benefits from the photosynthetic activity of the alga, whereas the advantage to the alga probably lies in protection from drought and intense light. Slow growing organisms, lichens live to immense ages, colonising tree trunks, soil and rock. They are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, and can therefore be used as indicators of pollution levels.
Keywords: botany, covering tree trunk, lichen, lichens, mutualism, nature, plant, symbiosis, symbiotic
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Effect of magnetic field on electron beam
Effect of magnetic field on electron beam
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Caption: This photograph shows a secondary school demonstration of the effect of a magnetic field on an electron beam. The dark circles are coils of wire which form an electromagnet. An electric current flowing in the wire produces a magnetic field along the axis of the coils. The electron beam is deflected in a direction perpendicular to that of the magnetic field.
Keywords: magnetic, magnetism, physics, school experiment
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Transportation 101: What’s up with the MTA?
How much does the MTA spend every year?
The MTA system is huge, and provides service for one-third of the transit riders in America. The system employs over 67,000 workers and covers an area of over 5,000 square miles. If all the track in the New York City subway network were laid end to end, it would run from NYC to Chicago.
The MTA system is old, in many cases over 100 years old, and it’s expensive to maintain. New subway cars, station rehabilitations, and big projects like the Second Avenue Subway require intense amounts of labor and engineering.
Does the MTA make a profit?
Fares pay for less than half the budget? How does the MTA pay its bills?
MTA OPERATING REVENUE: Where the Money Comes From
(Source: MTA - 2010)
The operating budget is the day-to-day costs of running the system -- worker pay and benefits, fuel, etc. The capital budget pays for maintenance and improvements to the system. This includes the new subway cars and buses, station rehabilitations, and big projects like the Second Avenue Subway. The two are related because the operating budget pays for the service you get, while the capital budget dictates the quality of that service.
Shortfalls in the capital budget put additional pressure on the operating budget. When the MTA began to seriously rebuild its system in the 1980s, the state, city, and federal government covered large portions of the cost of capital construction. But state and city support has been cut back. For example, the State contributed 19% of the cost of the MTA’s first two 5-year construction programs, but less than 8% of the cost of the 2005-09 program.
When the agency doesn’t have enough funding to pay for construction projects, it borrows money to pay for projects. Payments on this borrowed money are made through the operating budget (and are called "debt service"). The larger the MTA's outstanding debt, the more of its operating budget goes to debt service, and the less goes to train and bus service.
In addition, the taxes that support the MTA fluctuate with the economy -- some wildly so. So when the real estate market crashes, for example, so does the MTA’s budget. On the other hand, when the economy is doing well, some of these taxes are high. This is the reason the MTA had a large surplus in 2007 and a deficit in 2008. In 2007, the agency received unusually high real estate transfer tax revenue that masked the underlying budget problem of too-high debt service. When the economy crashed in 2008, revenue from this and other taxes plummeted.
(Source: MTA - 2010)
Why you should care about the MTA’s debt.
Because the agency has to rely so heavily on debt, payments on this debt are consuming a growing share of the MTA’s annual operating budget. This means that fare increases are more likely, and the agency has a harder and harder time paying for subways and bus service. By 2030, debt will consume a whopping $3.5 billion a year. In other words, the next generation will be paying for the transit projects that we are building now. Fair? Not really.
Blame elected officials, not the MTA
Just as importantly, it is elected officials who ultimately control the MTA. Of the 17 voting members of the MTA board:
Can't the MTA be run more efficiently?
Like many large organizations, both public and private, the MTA often fails to spend money as effectively as it can. For example, in 2010 MTA Chairman Jay Walder announced that he had found $60 million in annual savings by instituting tighter overtime controls, and $40 million in savings by renegotiating contracts with vendors.
How much are MTA employees and board members paid?
The Chairman and CEO of the MTA, Tom Prendergast was paid $359,877 in 2013. While this is certainly a lot of money, it is actually less than he would make in the private sector.
The average MTA employee made $71,237 in 2010.
How can I stop service cuts and fare hikes from happening?
Below are some things you can do to advocate for more transit funding:
Urge Governor Cuomo and the State Legislature to keep their hands off of dedicated transit funds. In recent years, New York politicians have diverted over $100 million from taxes supposedly dedicated to the MTA to the general fund.
Urge Mayor de Blasio and the City Council to contribute their fair share. New York City's contribution to the MTA's capital plan has not kept pace with inflation. If it had, the City would have contributed $363 million in 2014. Instead, it has contributed an average amount of only $100 million each year since 2000. New York City must establish funding formulas for transit aid that account for inflation and escalating costs of running the transit system.
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Essay by carloseHigh School, 10th gradeB, January 2003
download word file, 5 pages 4.2 2 reviews
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Hitler's Mistakes
One of the biggest questions of World War 2 had to have been, was the lose of the war a result of one big mistake or many mistakes by the German leader Hitler? I believe that the Germans lost the war because of many mistakes made by Hitler. I would not say that the mistakes of Hitler were the main cause of the German defeat because I think with the added power of the powerful Americans and the side switching of Italy it was inevitable that the Germans would lose World War Two I just think that the mistakes he did make quickened the German lose and leaded to his demise. Hitler who brought Germany back to the top of European powers after the lose of World War One did many great things for Germany but in the end he was too much like all the other great leaders who tried to take over the world.
Hitler like the other great leaders made too many mistakes, which led to his countries downfall and eventual lose of the war. The major mistakes Hitler made in World War Two were he should have attacked the allies trapped at Dunkirk, he shouldn't have attack his ally Russia so soon in the war, and he should have let his generals control his troops. I know that Hitler made many more mistakes throughout the war, one of which was attacking the heart of Britain (London), which led to Berlin getting bombed, but I believe the mistakes I chose were much more critical to the outcome or the war.
The first mistake that the German leader Hitler made was to let the Allies get away at Dunkirk instead of destroying them and giving the Allies a large blow. In 1940, 300,000 thousand French and...
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Witch Hunt Structured Essay Assignment
Posted on 19/03/2011
During the late 17th Century in Massachusetts Bay British Colony, mass hysteria broke out due to fear of the practice of witchcraft in America. This led to a major effort by the magistrates to hunt out suspected witches. By 1692 twenty people were executed and at least 150 other were jailed.
In the Massachusetts Bay Colony people were considered witches for several reasons. These include the accused not being able to recite the Lord’s Prayer accurately, having marks on the body, or spectral evidence, which is evidence that cannot be seen or only seen in dreams or visions. In other words if the accused could not recite the lords prayer, they would be punished even if the accused cannot speak English properly because he/she is not born in the country or he/she is illiterate.
If someone was determined a witch due to spectral evidence, the individual asked to confess to serving the devil. If the person confessed and provided names of other suspected witches, he or she was not punished Those who refused to confess or refused to name names were punished by hanging in front of a group of people, pressed to death such as putting blocks of stones until the accused confesses, or jailed if the accused confessed and said names of other witches.
One of the accused witches was Tituba. Tituba was a slave of Samuel Parris of Salem, Massachusetts. She is a very helpful, caring slave who tried to solve the witch bewitching the children. When Tituba was accused, she first denied about bewitching the girls but then she instantly confessed of having seen the Devil. In her confession, she mentioned other two females who used witchcraft and talked about black dogs, a yellow bird, red and black rats, a wolf, and hogs. Tituba was the first to confessed among the others who were accused. Her confession led her to go to jail instead of being hung. After getting out of jail, she was nowhere to be found.
On May 27, 1692 a special court session was held to try the accused witches. On of the accused witches was Giles Corey who refused to deny or confess about witchcraft, which led him to being pressed to death by blocks of stones. Another who was accused was George Barrough, a preacher who wouldn’t confessed to being a witch and at the time of getting hanged, he recited the Lord’s prayer accurately where the people watching were shocked but Cotton Mather insisted to still kill George Barrough. Bridget Bishop was another person who was accused because she was in someone’s dream where she attacked him or her or sat on him or her. Bridget was accused twelve years before and was found innocent but this time, she was accused by a few men and was executed because she refused to confess. The inequality of the system affected the accused due to the fact that they have no choice, it was either confess or get killed. Some of the inequalities of the system are; the accused are guilty until proven innocent, spectral evidence is allowed, and if one is accused, they were believed to be guilty because of witchcraft. Although, the accused were allowed to act out because they have no representatives, and they were allowed to use their religious beliefs as a system to justify their decision even when judges think they are automatically lying.
This dark event in American history became the subject of Arthur Miller’s 1953 play, The Crucible. The playwright used the play as a way of attacking the anti-communists “witch hunts” in Congress in 1950. Miller believed that the delirium of the witchcraft trials in Puritan New England, which paralleled McCarthyism, which was about Senator Joseph McCarthy’s research to look deeper into the Communist party. During the production of The Crucible, Miller was considered to be a part of the Communist Party because of the actions taken and the activities he took part in. Although he was never a part of the Communist party, he was found guilty due to his refusal of talking about his experiences, colleagues, and associates. This connects to the witchcraft trials in 1692 because if the accused refused to confess, he or she is found guilty.
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Final Exam Review 6
Final Exam Review 6 - 6 Describe the various ways in...
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6. Describe the various ways in Aristotle's god relates to the world (i.e. as its un-moved mover, the necessary being and its ‘good’ or ‘the best’). What lines of reasoning led Aristotle to his extraordinary conclusion there must be an eternal, living, conscious, and continuously active mind which spends all its time thinking about itself as a thinking being. Un-moved mover The necessary being Its ‘good’ or ‘the best’ To begin with, substances: Substances are primary beings and are supposed to be perishable 3 substances: o 2 natural (perishable, primary beings, matter) o 1 unmoved Without matter Are not perishable, because time and (circular, local) motion are not The arguments: o 1. From eternal motion/change o 2. From impossibility and total contingency o 3. From evident design From the handout, general info: o 1. 2 things are eternal: motion and time Time: can’t conceive of an ‘end of time’ Motion: if time is a kind of motion / movement (like cosmo spheres) Time is eternal, motion is eternal Motion and time are not perishable, like other ordinary natural substances o 2. No ‘things’ without substance o 3. Eternal substance Moving continuously No ‘end of time’ can be conceived A concept of time ending would mean:
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|------era of time--------| |----------era of no more time-----------| The notion of time ceasing is paradoxical. For no more time would mean there would have to be a ‘time’ when there was no more ‘time’ and it would still be ‘time’ Handout re-visited: o I. The unmoved mover If there is no continuous motion, except that which is spatial/circular, the ‘ultimate heaven’ must be eternal. And since that which moves while itself
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This note was uploaded on 05/31/2011 for the course PHIL 210 taught by Professor Rheins during the Spring '11 term at UNC.
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Earth Science The 2002 Denali Earthquake and Yellowstone
Discussion in 'Earth Science' started by Zsandmann, Aug 30, 2004.
1. Zsandmann
Zsandmann Premium Member
I wrote this abstract for my Yellowstone Seminar Class, it is provided for reading and NOT for use by anyone else. I absolutely distain plagerism, please do not reproduce any parts of my paper without my express permission.
Husen, S., Taylor, R., Smith, R.B., and Healser, H. 2004: Changes in geyser eruption behavior and remotely triggered seismicity in Yellowstone National Park produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska. Geology: Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 537–540.
Sever, M. 2003: Yellowstone geysers heat up. Geotimes: October 2003, pp. 32-33.
2. JcMinJapan
JcMinJapan Premium Member
Great paper! I actually learned tons!
3. justme1640
justme1640 Member
I know I am focusing on the wrong thing - but be patient as I am fighting a migraine and brain is not functioning at it's best. But I don't understand what an earthquake swarm is or how it travels that far. Once I understand that I'm sure I will understand it all better.
4. Zsandmann
Zsandmann Premium Member
Ok so the earthquake swarm didnt travel. Heres what happened,
Earthquake in alaska sent surface waves out. These travel just below the surface of the earth and can go long distances.
THe surface waves went 3100 km to Yellowstone, it took 6 hours. The surface waves vibrated the hydrothermal features which sent water into the faults in Yellowstone.
The water moving along the faults triggered smaller 2.0 magnitude earthquake swarms in the park.
These earthquake swarms changed the eruption cycles of the hydrothermal features.
An earthquake swarm is a generic term for multiple earthquakes that happen at the same time at the same place.
I hope this helps, now reread the article and see if you understand.
5. justme1640
justme1640 Member
Thank you -- I get it now. Aren't you glad I wasn't at that seminar ;)
That is amazing - I try to watch the earthquake page that the USGS puts out but I never realized that it could have an effect so far away.
thanks again.
6. drlau
drlau Premium Member
Fantastic paper, and a very interesting read.
Yellowstone has always been a fascination for me. I first visited in 1974, and have been 2 times since. (It was an easier trip when I was living in Colorado - I now live in Pennsylvania).
After reading your paper, I couldn't help but wonder how this has affected the Yellowstone caldera's rate of rise. I caught some of a documentary on "supervolcanoes" that seemed to focus alot on Yellowstone. I believe one geologist reported a 700 mm+ rise over the last 30 years.
7. Zsandmann
Zsandmann Premium Member
It is definetly rising. There are two spots under the big lake that are believed to be plume bulges. This particular event probably didnt affect the caldera itself very much because the waves were surface waves confined to the near subsurface whereas the magma body is probably between 10-14 km deep. I believe my source paper stated the maximum depth for the surface wave interaction was 5 km.
A t some point in the future the Yellowstone supervolcano will rise again, but I don't think it will be soon. Great question though.
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How do reptiles obtain food?
Quick Answer
Some reptile species, such as many snakes and lizards, ambush prey that wanders too close, whereas other reptiles are prowlers that search far and wide for prey. Some reptiles even graze grasses and forage over long periods of time, as many mammals do.
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How do reptiles obtain food?
Credit: Martin Harvey Photolibrary Getty Images
Full Answer
Many pythons, boas and venomous snakes are ambush predators that lie in wait for prey. Usually, these animals have stocky builds and camouflaged coloration that make it difficult for their prey to spot them. Snakes, such as racers or coach whips, that have thin builds and large eyes are usually prowling snakes that catch food with speed and agility. Some prowling snakes, such as black mambas, are venomous, but others must kill their prey with a powerful, crushing bite or through constriction.
Alligators and their allies are often ambush hunters that lie motionless in the water for long periods of time. When unsuspecting prey approaches too closely, they will spring into action and capture their prey with their strong jaws. Snapping turtles also hunt by ambushing prey.
Herbivorous reptiles, such as tortoises, often spend long periods of time, eating abundant but nutrient-poor food. A herbivorous diet is perfect for tortoises, as they lack the speed or power to capture prey.
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The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond
M. Thomas P. Gilbert*†, Andrew Rambaut‡, Gabriela Wlasiuk*, Thomas J. Spira§, Arthur E. Pitchenik¶, and Michael Worobey*
*Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; †Ancient DNA and Evolution Group, Centre for Ancient Genetics, Niels Bohr Institute and Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; ‡Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom,; §Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and ¶Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33125 Edited by John M. Coffin, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, and approved September 17, 2007 (received for review June 6, 2007)
HIV-1 group M subtype B was the first HIV discovered and is the predominant variant of AIDS virus in most countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the circumstances of its origin and emergence remain unresolved. Here we propose a geographic sequence and time line for the origin of subtype B and the emergence of pandemic HIV/AIDS out of Africa. Using HIV-1 gene sequences recovered from archival samples from some of the earliest known Haitian AIDS patients, we find that subtype B likely moved from Africa to Haiti in or around 1966 (1962–1970) and then spread there for some years before successfully dispersing elsewhere. A ‘‘pandemic’’ clade, encompassing the vast majority of non-Haitian subtype B infections in the United States and elsewhere around the world, subsequently emerged after a single migration of the virus out of Haiti in or around 1969 (1966 –1972). Haiti appears to have the oldest HIV/AIDS epidemic outside subSaharan Africa and the most genetically diverse subtype B epidemic, which might present challenges for HIV-1 vaccine design and testing. The emergence of the pandemic variant of subtype B was an important turning point in the history of AIDS, but its spread was likely driven by ecological rather than evolutionary factors. Our results suggest that HIV-1 circulated cryptically in the United States for 12 years before the recognition of AIDS in 1981.
evolution pandemic phylogeny archival Haiti
iral gene trees can deliver powerful insights into ecological and evolutionary processes (1). Population-level phylogenetic patterns reflect both transmission dynamics and genetic change, which in turn can accumulate because of selection (driven, for example, by host immunity) or drift. In this study, we use a phylogenetic approach and HIV-1 gene sequences recovered from early victims of AIDS to investigate when, where, and how HIV-1 emerged from Africa and spread worldwide. Although it accounts for fewer infections than subtype C, which dominates the HIV-1 epidemics in southern Africa and India and is spreading elsewhere (2), HIV-1 group M subtype B is arguably the most widespread HIV variant. No other subtype or circulating recombinant form predominates in as many countries around the world (3). Our aim here is to combine phylogenetic, molecular evolutionary, historical, and epidemiological perspectives in an attempt to reconstruct the history of the subtype B pandemic. Such retrospective knowledge can clarify the past but also potentially can be of value for rational vaccine design that takes into account the genetic diversity of the virus (4) and for predicting the future complexity of regional and global HIV-1 genetic diversity. This is a function of how frequently HIV-1 strains disperse to, then successfully colonize, new geographic ranges and host populations, a question we address here. The idea that Haiti might have played a special role in the unfolding of the AIDS pandemic predates the discovery of HIV. Soon after the initial recognition of AIDS (5), evidence of a high prevalence of the syndrome among Haitian immigrants in the
18566 –18570 PNAS November 20, 2007 vol. 104 no. 47
United States (6) helped fuel speculation that Haiti may have been the source of the mysterious newly identified syndrome (7). It has since become clear that the causative agent, HIV-1 group M, actually originated not in Haiti but in central Africa, apparently sometime around 1930 (8, 9). Nevertheless, the possibility remains that Haiti was the stepping-stone for the emergence of the exceptionally widespread subtype B lineage, and this idea has implications that extend beyond historical interest. Some researchers have noted that Haitian HIV-1 sequences tend to occupy basal positions on the subtype B phylogeny, suggestive of the epidemic originating there (9–11). Others argue vigorously that the Haitian HIV/ AIDS epidemic was seeded from the United States, perhaps after Haiti became a popular sex tourism destination in the mid-1970s (12–14). However, these competing hypotheses have never been rigorously tested, despite their importance for understanding the global spread and vaccine-relevant genetic diversity of HIV-1. To test these hypotheses, we recovered complete HIV-1 env and partial gag gene sequences from archival specimens collected in 1982–1983 from five Haitian AIDS patients, all of whom had recently immigrated to the United States and were among the first recognized AIDS victims (6). Being independent of and much older than the few previously published Haitian HIV-1 full-length env strains, these archival sequences offer a unique opportunity for resolving the origin and emergence of subtype B. They provide direct insight into Haitian HIV-1 genetic diversity at an exceptionally early time point and an unbiased sample for testing the a priori specified phylogenetic hypotheses addressed here. Results and Discussion
The Geographical Origin of Subtype B. Under the ‘‘Haiti-first’’
model, non-Haitian subtype B strains are expected to be phylogenetically nested within an older and hence more extensive range of Haitian genetic variation, with Haitian lineages branching off closest to the B subtype ancestor. To test whether it is this
Author contributions: M.T.P.G., A.R., and M.W. designed research; M.T.P.G., A.R., and M.W. performed research; T.J.S. and A.E.P. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.R., G.W., T.J.S., A.E.P., and M.W. analyzed data; and A.R. and M.W. wrote the paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. Abbreviations: TMRCA, time of the most recent common ancestor; MCMC, Markov chain Monte Carlo. Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. EF159970 –EF159974 and EF362773–EF362777). See Commentary on page 18351. To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: This article contains supporting information online at 0705329104/DC1. © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA cgi doi 10.1073 pnas.0705329104
96 0. Thailand. and Australia. Drummond et al.001. As expected under a ‘‘Haiti-first’’ model. and the probability of a Haitian origin was 0.99 0. Africa. B originated (i.0) supports the previous suggestion of a single (epidemically successful) introduction of this subtype from central Africa to Haiti (10)..0 1. This means that even if there is some uncertainty regarding precisely when HIV-1 entered Haiti or the United States (see below). We found evidence for only three such events. 4). incorporating knowledge of the tempo of evolution can make topology estimation more reliable compared with methods that ignore this information. Europe. Estonia. Argentina. 47 18567 EVOLUTION SEE COMMENTARY . origin was 0.73 0. the non-Haitian subtype B strains are phylogenetically nested within an older and more diverse range of Haitian viral variants. South Korea. when data have evolved in a somewhat clock-like fashion.0 HT594 1992 HT596 1992 0. the unequivocal support for the monophyly of subtype B as a whole (P 1. 104 no. One instance is confined to Trinidad and Tobago (Fig.92 0. the Haitian strains occupy the basal positions within subtype B even though there were many more opportunities for recovering non-Haitian basal strains. Gabon. Posterior probabilities are indicated for each node. there is extremely strong statistical support for a Haitian origin of subtype B.86 1.9979.61 0. with the archival sequences labeled in larger bold text. despite the fact that our data set comprised 109 non-Haitian subtype B strains from the Caribbean. Colombia. (15) found that relaxed-clock models are more accurate and precise at estimating phylogenetic relationships than unrooted methods.1 substitutions per site Fig. Australia 1981-2001 1. 4. that subtype B arrived and began spreading in Haiti before it spread elsewhere and was not originally introduced to Haiti from the United States. the clear-cut topological information implies that the entry to Haiti occurred first. Five African strains of subtype D (the closest relative to subtype B) served as the outgroup. the archival sequences occupy basal positions within subtype B (Fig. 3].69 0. These results indicate. The inference that subtype B reached Haiti before spreading to other countries does not depend on a dating analysis. in that the probability of a U. Japan. In other words.e.0 HT593 1992 H7 1983 RF 1983 H3 1982 US4 1990 BR020 1992 KR5086 1995 HT599 1992 HT651 1991 HT652 1991 1. The branch lengths represent the mean value observed for that branch among the postburnin sampled trees. Moreover. Asia. 1. or other non-Haitian origin of subtype B. One of the advantages of a Bayesian statistical framework is that it yields direct estimates of the probability of phylogenetic hypotheses. or other non-Haitian origin [i.89 0. Brazil. if they existed. UK.93 0. Canada. 1). The unabridged tree is available as SI Fig.82 1. All of the HIV-1 sequences from this country form a distinct monophyletic PNAS November 20. with high statistical significance.0 H2 1982 WMJ2 1985 H5 1982 Trinidad and Tobago 1993-1996 0. The 11 sequences of the Trinidad and Tobago clade and the 96 sequences of the pandemic clade are schematically represented by the blue and yellow triangles. North and South America.. South Africa. 1 and SI Fig. 2007 vol. we were also interested in what the relaxed-clock results (described below) revealed with respect to where subtype Gilbert et al. we conducted a detailed Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) phylogenetic analysis using an alignment of the Haitian archival sequences plus 117 previously published subtype B env sequences from a total of 19 countries.e. the posterior probability of a U. the topological relationships among subtype B sequences. On the env gene phylogeny. Haitian or Haitian-linked sequences are shown in green. respectively.S.0 0. The abridged majority-rule consensus tree summarizing the results from the MrBayes analysis of complete env genes.95 Pandemic clade USA.Central Africa (subtype D) Haiti 1. Under the relaxed-clock model. regardless of timing/branch lengths). Netherlands. or an alternative pattern that characterizes this HIV-1 subtype [supporting information (SI) Fig. In addition. France.0 H6 1983 & 0.S. The Dispersal of HIV-1 Out of Haiti. Ecuador. Therefore. Germany. We next investigated how many times the older Haitian HIV-1 epidemic has seeded detectable secondary outbreaks elsewhere. the posterior probability of any non-Haitian sequence(s) occupying the most basal position in the B clade] is 0. our sampling bias in favor of non-Haitian subtype B makes the ‘‘Haiti-first’’ inference conservative. there is little doubt about the sequence of events. and in this case there is strong evidence to reject a U.00003.S.
Several additional analyses corroborated these findings. the Trinidad and Tobago clade is unequivocally nested among Haitian strains. it is evident from this large international sample that the subtype B epidemics in most afflicted countries and the bulk of subtype B infections worldwide are caused by viruses belonging only to the pandemic clade. The only other Haiti-linked outbreak we detected is comparatively insignificant. and most important. 1). and PHaitian-origin 0.grouping with the strongest possible support (posterior probability of 1.S. The evidence of a single origin of the pandemic variant of subtype B allowed us to date the beginning of the actual U. Regardless. This method uses a ‘‘relaxed molecular clock’’ model.0021. it represents a Haitian strain that entered the United States via an immigrant host (10). 17).0). this implies that the virus had been spreading in the MSM population for several years before this point. a country directly linked to Haiti in terms of both geography and HIV-1 epidemiology (20).1961] subtype B [1962. We used a second Bayesian MCMC method that simultaneously estimates phylogenetic relationships and times of most recent common ancestors (15) to perform a supplementary phylogenetic analysis on a reduced data set. clear evidence that the predominantly heterosexual epidemic in this country can be explained by a single introduction linked to Haiti. so-called because it relaxes the need to assume a constant rate of molecular evolution across the tree to obtain date estimates from gene sequences./Canada subtype B ancestor 1969 (1966 –1972). However.00003.S. 5a). Pnon-Haitian-origin 0. Additional rare chains of transmission may have emerged from Haiti but remained undetectable in this study. 1). as opposed to competitively superior transmission fitness). The TMRCA means and 95% HPDs for the other key nodes were as follows: subtype B/D ancestor 1954 (1946 –1961). if multiple introductions from Haiti had occurred. and the once-thriving sex tourism industry linking Haiti and the United States. KR5086 was recovered in 1995 from a South Korean sailor infected in the Dominican Republic (19). subtype D ancestor 1966 (1961–1971). only one of the six changes on the relevant branch indicated a change in 18568 www. Under the relaxed molecular clock. consistent with our Gilbert et al.pnas. its remarkable epidemic success may simply reflect ecological factors rather than evolutionary ones (chance colonization of a new population. not North American ones.0705329104 subtype D [1946. The next. For env. As for the Trinidad and Tobago clade. epidemic outbreaks have apparently become established so rarely since the initial introduction in or around 1969. MRCA’’ would actually correspond to a Haitian virus that predated the initial entry of HIV-1 to the United States (11). Likewise. and the branch lengths reflect the mean of the posterior probability density. analysis of complete genomes would be necessary to definitively rule out selection. The tips of the tree correspond to year of sampling. This had no impact on the basal position of the Haitian strains within subtype B (SI Fig. We also inspected the nucleotide substitutions that mapped specifically onto the branch leading to the pandemic clade. and U. Each one provides further support for the notion that strains linked to Haiti occupy the deepest branches within subtype B. continued migration.0) nested within the basal Haitian strains.1970] 1954 Haiti Trinidad & Tobago 1966 USA/ Canada 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Fig. These cases. 5b).9979. Second. the gag sequences also unambiguously place the Haitian sequences in the most ancestral positions within subtype B (P 0. suggesting that HIV-1 was circulating cryptically in the United States for 12 years before the initial recognition of AIDS in 1981. The posterior probability density for the TMRCA for subtype B in Haiti is depicted in dark green. For gag. secondary epidemic accounts for all but three of the remaining non-Haitian strains.1073 pnas. and the 95% highest probability density (HPD) is shown by the horizontal bar and light-green shading. This analysis resolves the position of the archival sequence H6 as basal to the pandemic clade. their ancestral position cannot be dismissed as an artifact of convergent evolution with African subtype D sequences. The Timing of the Emergence of Subtype B.9930) (SI Fig. This ‘‘pandemic’’ clade forms another unequivocally monophyletic cluster (P 1. rather than the ancestor of multiple viruses introduced from Haiti. Like our five newly sequenced strains. Previous studies have asserted homosexual/bisexual contact with North American foreigners in the late 1970s or early 1980s as the alleged route of introduction (16. Psimultaneous-origin 0. HIV-1 epidemic. the most parsimonious explanation for this pattern is that all these subtype B infections from across the world emanated from a single founder event linked to Haiti. plus the additional ones considered in our study.S. with the Haitian archival sequences cgi doi 10. a date that suggests its arrival in Haiti may have occurred with the return of one of the many Haitian professionals who worked in the newly independent Congo in the 1960s (21). First. amino acid between the Haitian strains and the pandemic clade strains. A key question for future research will be to determine why Haiti-to-U. the ‘‘U. RF was sampled in 1983 from a Haitian immigrant to the United States. 2). all eight such changes were silent at the amino acid level. We estimated the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of subtype B at 1966 (1962–1970) (Fig. The consensus tree of the relaxed molecular clock analysis. The paucity of amino acid substitutions along this clade-defining branch suggests that the ancestor of the pandemic clade probably possessed no selective advantage over other Haitian strains. Three additional nominally non-Haitian strains are noteworthy for falling among the basal Haitian lineages rather than within the three non-Haitian clades (Fig. show that the virus moved out of Haiti on many separate occasions but did so mostly as dead-end infections that evidently failed to ignite successful epidemics. Our results indicate this was not the case. epidemic is estimated to be 1969 (1966–1972) (Fig. encompassing 96 sequences representing every other country in our data set (Fig. here comprising a single Brazilian sequence (BR020) and one American one (US4). pandemic clade viruses may have reentered Haiti but were undetectable. The TMRCA of the U. . 2. despite presumably frequent movement of the virus because of rising HIV-1 prevalence. Trinidad and Tobago subtype B ancestor 1973 (1970 –1976). Even assuming the fastest-documented growth rates for HIV-1 (24).S. WMJ2 was sampled in 1985 from a perinatally infected infant born to an HIV-positive Haitian immigrant mother (18). 2). Serological evidence of an 5% prevalence of HIV-1 by 1978 in men who have sex with men (MSM) populations in both San Francisco (22) and New York City (23) suggests that several thousand individuals in the United States would already have been infected by then. This most likely occurred when the ancestral pandemic clade virus crossed from the Haitian community in the United States to the non-Haitian population there. we reanalyzed our env gene data by replacing the African subtype D outgroup sequences with a variety of alternatives from different subtypes and geographical regions.
with an extension time of 3 min. We contend that the phylogenetic estimate. the only nonpandemic clade sequences that were removed (US4 and RF) were ones that had already been identified as basal in the env analysis. which might include unidentified intersubtype recombinants. This raises the possibility that subtype B strains in Haiti or elsewhere might exhibit distinct or more diverse antigenic properties compared with pandemic clade viruses.5 mM (final concentration) MgSO4/10 PCR buffer/1–5 l of DNA extract. therefore. sequences exhibiting evidence of hypermutation. on the other 1. epidemic than the available epidemiological data. on their own.1 chemistry (Applied Biosystems. and sequenced twice to ensure that the sequences generated were not modified through low template copy number. For env. To ensure that no very-early-diverging subtype B strains were removed by this procedure.7. 26) seems unexceptional in comparison to the U. Foster City.S. 2007 vol. or (vi) sequences for which there was any uncertainty regarding which subtype they belonged to. moreover. dissociation. for gag. (v) sequences with midpeptide stop codons. provides more reliable information on the date of the origin of the U. Annealing temperatures varied by extract in response to initial amplification success rates. Sequence Alignments. Although it has long been clear that population bottlenecks and founder effects are a feature of the unfolding HIV/AIDS pandemic. provides compelling corroboration of an early 20th century M group ancestor (9). the PCR products were visualized on 0. Second-round amplifications were performed on 1 l of the first-round PCR product by using the same reagent concentrations. Our phylogenetic estimates of timing anchor previous epidemiological observations that. although our relaxed-clock methods should be reasonably robust to rate variation among lineages and uncertainty in phylogenetic inference. (ii) sequences not published in a peer-reviewed journal. DNA was PCR-amplified from the extracts by using a nested PCR approach (28). points to the importance of chance events and ecological interactions in driving what was perhaps the most explosive worldwide dispersal of HIV-1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) scribed in Pitchenik et al. all of the patients were Haitian immigrants who had entered the United States after 1975 and progressed to AIDS by 1981 and hence were presumably infected with HIV-1 before entering the United States. variant of subtype B) is consistent with this sequence of events. some caution is always warranted when such inferences are made. (6). these sources of information suggest that HIV-1 was circulating in one of the most medically sophisticated settings in the world for more than a decade before AIDS was recognized. following the manufacturer’s instructions for extractions from blood. We used the Los Alamos National Labo- samples were collected in 1982 and 1983 at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami. because of the already dense sampling of this HIV-1 population. Vaccines derived from consensus or other central sequences should perhaps be based on extensive sampling of Haitian HIV-1 if they are intended to cover both Haitian subtype B strains as well as the pandemic clade. additional archival sequences should help clarify the early spread of subtype B with greater precision. The virus may well have been spreading slowly for an extensive period. ratory HIV sequence database (29) to download all full-length published env and gag gene sequences of subtypes B and D. and these clustered with the other sequences from the Trinidad and Tobago clade. Enzyme activation. (iii) multiple sequences from the same patient. the possible nonexclusion of intrasubtype recombinants is not expected to PNAS November 20. using 0.S. Amplification and Sequencing of Archival HIV-1 DNA. PCRamplified. Purified products were sequenced by using several overlapping primer pairs (28) by the University of Arizona Genomic Analysis and Technology Core Facility with ABI Big Dye 3. Methods The Archival Samples. 2). The three-decade gap between the estimated timing of the HIV-1 M group ancestor (9) and the earliest evidence of HIV/AIDS in Africa (25.1 l of 25 mM dNTP mix/2.S. We then subjected the resulting sequence set to strict quality control measures to remove (i) incomplete sequences. To search for such sequences. CA) on Applied Biosystem 3730xl DNA Analyzers. which cannot resolve this question. we screened all sequences using the REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool (30) and then removed any sequence with bootstrapping support 100% or bootscanning support 1. Each sample was extracted. Nevertheless. before entering the highest-risk MSM subpopulation. Unlike intersubtype recombinants. the series of bottlenecks that punctuated the global emergence of subtype B is remarkable. TMRCA. cryptic period. etc. and extension temperatures followed the manufacturer’s guidelines. Conclusion Our findings imply that Haiti has the oldest-known HIV/AIDS epidemic outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The position of these sequences on the subtype B phylogeny (distinct from and basal to the dominant U. especially because a good deal of tuberculosis-caused mortality in Africa must have gone unrecognized as AIDS-related. Valencia. laboratory workers infected accidentally. FL. or nonnucleotide characters.S.). After extraction.8% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide and then purified by using QIAquick spin columns (Qiagen).2-kb) gag sequences. where it spread explosively enough to finally be noticed. much as the HIV-1 epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo does for group M as a whole (27). the extensive cryptic period in the United States. 104 no. DNA was extracted from 10 l of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using QIAamp DNA micro kits (Qiagen. One of the six PBMC samples obtained for this study failed to yield any amplifiable HIV-1 PCR products.0 for clustering with subtype B or D. the HIV-1 epidemic in Haiti exhibits a greater range of viral genetic diversity than the rest of the world’s subtype B strains combined. We recovered five full-length env sequences and five partial (0. Because of its 40-year history. Carlsbad. cannot reliably date the origin of regional epidemics. frame-shift mutations.0 were from the pandemic clade. If obtainable. (iv) sequences suspected a priori of possibly anomalous evolutionary patterns (from long-term nonprogressors with nef deletions. This is unlikely to apply to the U. including the subtype B/D ancestor dated to 1954 (1946–1961) (Fig. Similarly. CA)/0. DNA was eluted into 100 l of elution buffer AE and stored frozen at 20°C until required for DNA analyses. we inferred additional phylogenies that included the ‘‘cleaned’’ sequences (data not shown). The lack of evidence for selection associated with the spread of the pandemic clade of subtype B. Taken together. the only such strains that were positioned basal to the pandemic clade were from Trinidad and Tobago. For example. 47 18569 EVOLUTION SEE COMMENTARY . during one of the first investigations establishing that Haitians in Haiti and elsewhere were at risk for AIDS (6).1 l of Platinum Taq HiFi enzyme (Invitrogen. First-round PCRs were undertaken in 25 l of final volume reactions. After amplification. all other sequences with bootstrap or bootscan support 100% or 1. Taken together with our dating analysis. As deGilbert et al. the relatively sparse sampling of both Haitian and Trinidadian sequences means it is conceivable that more intensive future sampling could recover deeper-branching lineages and push back these TMRCA estimates slightly. which helps explain the high prevalence of AIDS and HIV-1 among Haitians in the early 1980s. with appropriate confidence intervals. then as now. CA). perhaps in the heterosexual population.findings here.
et al. University of Auckland. The resulting data sets were codon-aligned and then adjusted by eye in Squint Ver. Parks WP (1986) Science 232:1548–1553. Mellors JW. Worobey M. J. 4. Pybus OG. 14. Cohen J (2006) Science 313:470–473. Edwards J. Moreover. All alignments are available from the authors upon request. Douglas NW. 7. Drummond AJ. Rodriguez de Cordoba S. Wood JLN. to perform two independent runs of 20 million steps (for env). Drummond (University of Auckland.ed. Farmer P (2006) AIDS and Accusation (Univ of California Press. Ver. 9. Schanker HM. Rambaut A. (1986) J Am Med Assoc 255:2167–2172. eds (2005) HIV Sequence Compendium (Los Alamos National Laboratory. Liegeois F (2006) Science 313:523–526. Vandamme AM (2004) Genetics 167:1059–1068. 26. Carr JK. We thank David Robertson and Adam Bjork for comments. Holmes EC (2005) Infect Genet Evol 5:199–208. 3. Moses P. 4 and 5b) are available from the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV sequence database. 18570 www.1 (32). Li Y.affect inferences regarding the geographical origin and emergence of subtype B because intrasubtype recombination cannot plausibly lead to strains from one locality systematically falling basal to all of the others. Getchell JP. Sunderland. Yusim K. 20. Salminem. Clark JW.W. et al. with each run consisting of 100 million steps. Wobin O. Lee JS (2003) AIDS Res Hum Retrov 19:631–641. Mazebo P.00011). Hull-Drysdale B. Colton RM. Kalyanaraman VS. Minlangu KB. May RM. Arien KK. Sharp PM (1988) Mol Biol Evol 5:313–330. Sharp PM. New York). Feinsod FM. 32. Darrow WW. The maximum a posteriori tree from the MrBayes analysis (available upon request) revealed that the sequences were scattered across the entire pandemic clade. Maddison WP (2001) MacClade 4: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution (Sinauer. consistent with a U. Chen Y. A. We used others placed the Haitian and non-Haitian sequences in reciprocally monophyletic clades (Psimultaneous-origin 0. . Robbins KE.002) for subsequent estimation of posteriors. Piot P. Mbendi N. Drennan DP. Curran JW. Robertson DL. Connolly SM. We then determined whether these changes were synonymous or nonsynonymous.0b10. Peeters]. Stevens W.002 env trees had a non-Haitian basal sequence (Pnon-Haitian-origin 0. Huelsenbeck JP. Ver. Gail M. Pybus OG.). Hahn BH. We ran 10 independent MCMC analyses. Pybus OG. A ancestral position(s) within subtype B (PHaitian-origin similar approach was followed for the estimation of the probability of a Haitian or non-Haitian origin of subtype B for the gag and the relaxed-clock analyses. Ver. Arts EJ (2007) Nat Rev Microbiol 5:141–151. Saxinger WC. Gao F. Walker PR.00066). Gao F. 24. Saxon A. 18. and 24 1. 25. Fournier AM. Pitchenik AE. NM). Only 4 of 36. We discarded the first 2 million steps from each run as burn-in and combined the resulting MCMC samples (n 36. we used a parsimony approach as implemented in MacClade. Taylor ME. Salminen MO. de Oliveira T. Echenberg DF. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10532–10537. Youngpairoj AS. Roques P. 13. ¨ 4. Holmes EC (2004) Science 303:327–332. 29. Daniels RS. Auckland. Brown TM. Lemey P. Gottlieb MS. We used tree filtering in PAUP. Goodman D. 34. 8. Taylor cgi doi 10. Examination of the MCMC samples with Tracer. Wensing AM. Hooper Spira TJ (1983) Ann Intern Med 98:277–284. Ver. Bibollet-Ruche F. 1. Fan PT. a subtype A sequence from Kenya. eds Myers G. Morrison JM. Rambaut A. To infer the timescale of HIV-1 group M subtype B evolution. to identify the nucleotide substitutions that mapped onto the branch leading to the pandemic clade of subtype B. et al. Maddison DR. O’Malley PM.08 (34). Mumford (2005) Bioinformatics 21:3797–3800. indicated adequate mixing of the Markov chain. Briefly. 6. Lapedes A. Grenfell BT. Rambaut A. Kang C. Rambaut (2006) PLoS Biol 4:e88. and regions of ambiguous alignment were removed. Sarngadharanet MG. Shaw GM. Weisman JD (1981) Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 30:250–252. Ndangi K.0b10 (33). 4. Wong-Staal (1984) Lancet 2:65–69. 11. Michaux JL. Becker DM. Bennetts RQ. (Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gog JR. Leitner T. Rambaut (University of Edinburgh) and A. Takehisa J. Pybus OG. Zang EA.1073 pnas. Salemi M. The Bayesian MCMC Phylogenetic Analysis and Estimation of the Probability of a Haitian or non-Haitian Origin of Subtype B. Los Alamos. van Rensburg EJ. Ho DD (1998) Nature 391:594–597. Li W-H. MA). it is unlikely to systematically bias these dates in one direction or the other in an exponentially growing population (31). Keele BF. All previously published sequences (see the taxon labels in SI Figs. We constructed three additional env alignments replacing the D subtype outgroup with a subtype C sequence from India. which left 35. (1985) Ann Intern Med 103:210–214. Holmes EC (2001) Nature 410:1035–1036. McCutchan F (1995) in The Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1995 Compendium. 4. is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. Korber BT. in the most0. Mahabir B.ed. Gaschen B. Gallo RC. 3. Hahn BH. we used a Bayesian molecular clock method (15). 2. Foley B. Lemey P. Lapedes A. Jaffe HW. Phillips MJ. Bartholomew C. Robertson DL. under an uncorrelated log-normal relaxed molecular clock model with a Bayesian Skyline coalescent tree prior. Van Heuverswyn F. McDanal CB. Marx P. Ting RC. Bailes E. Ho SYW.3 [A. Burtonboy G (1987) Scand J Infect Dis 19:511–517. Snoeck J. Gallo RC. and the United States (plus one from Canada). Wolinsky S. 21. Fewer steps (5 million) were required for convergence and adequate mixing in the gag analyses. Patel D. de Bruyere M. Gupta R. et al. 22. NM). Johnson WD. Swofford DL (2003) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods) (Sinauer. For both the env and gag data sets. as implemented in BEAST (http:// beast. Cassol S. Vanham G. Byers RH. Muldoon M. Korber B. ed Levy JA (Dekker. Bhattacharya T (2002) Science 296:2354–2360. For this analysis to run in a reasonable time.0 (M. non-Haitian.974 with a Haitian sequence or group of sequences. New Zealand). Sanders-Buell E. Jaffe HW. Taelman H. 15. Tanimura M. McCutchan F. Hahn BH. Santiago ML. 23. Moses J (1983) Ann Intern Med 99:565. and we removed some pandemic clade sequences from overrepresented years and localities. 17. 4. Hahn B. Stevens CE. 30. Goode.R. or a CRF01 (A/E) sequence from Thailand. et al. MrBayes. O’Conell MT. Xiang Z.0705329104 Gilbert et al. Fischl MA. Salahuddin SZ. New Zealand). Redfield RR. Korber B. Brucher JM. Zech F. 5. 19. Ver. Cleghorn FR. Jack N. Dickinson GM. Ronquist F (2001) Bioinformatics 17:754–755. Sonnet J. Sill A. Daly JM. 1. Cho HW. Harley EJ. Ver. Vandamme A-M. Theiler J. or effectively simultaneous Haitian/non-Haitian origin of subtype B. Deforche K. Anderson RM (1987) Nature 326:137–142. 10. Korber B. Mahabir B. pp 65–78. and then discarded the first 5 million steps from each run as burn-in and combined the resulting postburn-in MCMC samples for subsequent estimation of posteriors. Foley B. Foley B. 12. Bodner AJ.pnas. Bhattacharya T (2000) Science 288:1789–1796.S. Seebregts C. Trinidad and Tobago. Cohen J (2006) Science 313:473–475. van de Vijver DA. Wolinsky S. MA). Markham PD. et al. Dudgeon A. 27. Bacino C. to calculate the posterior probabilities of a Haitian. Nahmias AJ. Paraskevis D. Wolinsky S. Cleghorn F. Gupta R. Zhu TF. pp III-15:III-21. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Packard Foundation (to M. The Relaxed Molecular Clock Analysis. Berkeley). Taylor PE. 31. Quinn TC. Braff EH. Pybus OG.08.9992). Wain LV. Los Alamos. Kalish ML (2003) J Virol 77:6359–6366. Parks ES. Pape JW (1989) in AIDS: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Drummond AJ. we considered only subtype B sequences from Haiti. entry of the founding virus. 28. Blattner WA (1987) J Am Med Assoc 257:2604–2608. Auckland. Sunderland. Mellors JW. we removed from the posterior sample any tree with a Haitian sequence(s) in the most basal position. although unidentified intrasubtype recombination might increase the variance of dating estimates. Hahn BH. http://beast. Zheng NN.
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Mass Migration Turns Cairo Into Urban Dungeon
March 03, 1985|ROBERT H. REID | Associated Press
CAIRO — Mass migration from the countryside and an out-of-control birthrate have transformed Cairo from a genteel garden city into an urban dungeon of jammed streets, deadly air and buildings literally crumbling under the weight of their inhabitants.
In only 30 years, Cairo's metropolitan population has swelled from 2.5 million to an estimated 12 million. Tens of thousands more stream in every year in search of work.
If the growth rate continues unchecked, some experts fear that Cairo, already the largest city in Africa and the Middle East, will mushroom to more than 20 million by the end of the century.
'It Will Be a Disaster'
"We can solve our housing problems," says Milaad Hanna, chairman of the Parliament's housing committee. "But if the city grows to 20 million, it will be a disaster."
Poor Come to City
The rural poor come to the city to escape the poverty, drudgery and boredom of country life, which in some cases has changed little in 5,000 years.
But they come to a city that, unlike others in the Third World, cannot absorb newcomers in sprawling shantytowns on its fringes. Pinched on three sides by stark, rocky desert, squeezed into a Nile River valley less than three miles wide, Cairo's millions crowd an area adequate for less than a quarter of their numbers.
Amid the filth of neighborhoods that are often without water or electricity, hundreds of thousands are packed as many as 10 to a single room, or under rooftop shelters on buildings thrown up with little regard for safety codes.
About 100,000 people have found shelter in medieval tombs in the City of the Dead, rearing their families beside the graves of Mameluk-era rulers. Forty thousand others live in huts atop the city garbage dump.
Population Density
City officials estimate that in some districts population density is as high as 300,000 per square mile, four times that of Manhattan.
The mass migration from the countryside has fundamentally altered the character and flavor of Cairo, long considered the Arab world's most sophisticated center.
Handsome Nile-side homes and spacious gardens have been torn up to make way for high-rises. Most of the old sidewalk cafes have vanished from the heart of the city. Pedestrians now elbow and jostle past each other or squeeze through thousands of parked cars that block side streets and alleys. About 80,000 donkey carts compete with cars, trucks and buses.
'Ruralizing the City'
"They are ruralizing the city," sociologist Nazek Nasir says of the newly arrived peasants.
Migrants Dump Garbage
The migrants still wear traditional galabiya robes, instead of the Cairenes' usual Western attire. They dump garbage in front of their homes and walk down the middle of the street, as though they were back in their villages.
"Their way of life does not change drastically by coming to the city," Nasir says. "Living conditions are not any better than they left at home, and sanitation conditions are equal if not worse than they left behind, because at least they had fresh air and greenery around them."
The 1967 Middle East War accelerated the country-to-city migration, driving hundreds of thousands from battle zones near the Suez Canal. "Metropolitan areas are very attractive to migrants from rural areas who are unemployed or underemployed," she says.
Thousands of young men remain in Cairo after completing mandatory military service so they can use their new electrical, carpentry or other skills more lucratively than at home.
'Make Much More Money'
One middle-age woman, Umm Mohammed, who lives with her husband and four children in one room in the Sayeda Zeinab district, explains how she came to the city: "When I was about 14, my uncle, who lived in Cairo, came and took me to work as a maid for some people he knew. I wanted to come to the big city, and I make much more money than I could in the country."
The Egyptian government, keenly aware of the crisis facing its capital, has been spending almost $2.5 billion annually in a desperate effort to improve housing, transportation, communications and water supply.
But solutions often create problems of their own.
For example, Youssef Sabry Abu Taleb, Cairo district governor, estimates that the city needs to build 40,000 to 50,000 new apartments every year to keep pace with demand. But most of the construction has been on farmland, about 100,000 acres of which is lost every year to new housing around Cairo and other cities.
Shrinking Farmland
In a nation that is mostly desert, population growth combined with shrinking farmland means that a people once self-sufficient agriculturally now import about half their food.
Another case: Work is under way on a subway to improve Cairo's transportation system. But the first segment is not scheduled for completion until 1987, and the construction sites have further snarled an already chaotic traffic situation--tie-ups that contribute to making Cairo's carbon monoxide levels four times higher than the standard U.S. "danger" level.
Hanna says current improvements in telephone, electricity and other services actually will be harmful in the long run by encouraging people to remain here.
"The government knows if they don't do something about the situation in Cairo, they may have political trouble," he said in an interview. "But I believe it was a mistake to make Cairo more livable."
The government also has been building nine new towns in the desert near Cairo and Alexandria to drain off population, but the planned communities are not attracting the numbers authorities hoped they would.
Some Western diplomats and aid experts, who asked not to be identified, said they believe all efforts to improve Cairo life will fail until Egypt controls its population growth rate, which at 2.7% a year is one of the world's highest.
"If present rates continue, the population will double in 30 years and a lot of them will wind up here," one diplomat says. "I just don't know where they will put them all."
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national assembly
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national assembly,
name of a number of past and present constituent or legislative bodies. In France, under the constitutions of the Fourth and Fifth republics, the lower house of parliament has been called the national assembly. Usually, however, the name national assembly has been applied to provisional bodies. Often in times of crisis, when the old order dissolves through decay, war, or revolution, representatives of the people meet to work out a new order. Such was the case in the French Revolution, when members of the States-GeneralStates-General
or Estates-General,
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proclaimed themselves (1789) a national assembly. The Federal Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention,
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of 1787 and the Frankfurt ParliamentFrankfurt Parliament,
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of 1848–49 were national assemblies. At the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, after the downfall of Napoleon III, France again elected a national assembly, which drew up the basic constitutional laws for the Third Republic. Under the Third Republic the name national assembly applied to joint sessions of the senate and the chamber of deputies. National assemblies framed the republican Weimar constitution of Germany in 1919 and the Bonn constitution for West Germany in 1948–49. For a list of some of the chief legislative bodies of the world, see legislaturelegislature,
representative assembly empowered to enact statute law. Generally the representatives who compose a legislature are constitutionally elected by a broad spectrum of the population.
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National Assembly
(1) The constituent assembly in France in 1789, 1848, and 1871 and in Germany in 1848 and 1919. The term also occurs in the history of other countries.
(2) In France under the Third Republic (1870–1940), a joint assembly of the members of both houses of parliament, convened to elect the president of the republic.
(3) In a number of countries such as France, Jordan, Libya, Laos, and Tunisia, the name for the parliament or one of its houses. In the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, it is the name of the supreme representative organ of power.
References in periodicals archive ?
L'opposition pro-laique a la Grande Assemblee nationale turque a denonce cette audace, qui constitue a ses yeux ''une campagne politique'' du parti au pouvoir avant les elections municipales prevues en mars prochain en Turquie.
The president's term of office was seven years and that of the Assemblee nationale, five years.
The extension had been made in principle two years ago by the UK and French governments, but yesterday's ruling by the French Assemblee Nationale formalises the agreement.
Another useful site is the National Assembly of Quebec - Parliamentary Proceedings / Assemblee nationale - Travaux parlementaires www.
In the Assemblee Nationale, for instance, 94 per cent of the MPs (depute) are men (546 out of 577).
When his findings were published by the Assemblee Nationale,(**) the documentation was edited to protect the victims.
When meeting jointly, they work as the Assemblee Nationale.
Khartoum ,6 Mars (SUNA) - Le Comite du Travail, de la Gestion et de Griefs de Assemblee Nationale organisera le lundi prochain un atelier du travail sur la reforme de la fonction publique.
Le parti du president malien Ibrahim Boubacar Keita (IBK), le Rassemblement pour le Mali (RPM) et ses allies ont rafle 115 des 147 sieges de la nouvelle Assemblee nationale.
The Prime Minister had a key speech to make and a key vote to win in the Assemblee Nationale that night.
Earlier this year, a French delegation led by Jean- Yves Besselat, a Depute of the Assemblee Nationale (a member of the French Parliament) visited NCL's offices in Miami and met with Aron to arrange for the return of the ship to Le Havre.
SUNA) - Le President de 3e Assemblee Nationale, Dr Al-Fatih Izza-Eddin a discute jeudi, lors de sa reunion avec l'ambassadeur du Koweit au Soudan Telal Mansour Al-Hajri, les relations entre le Soudan et le Koweit et les moyens de les renforcer davantage.
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The Effectiveness Of Production Engineering
In a mining situation, production engineering is very crucial so as to balance the production exercise and the other elements that are essential in ensuring that the exercise is facilitated to the best order possible. The experts in charge of such mandates put in place measures that can put production in a more preferable condition. One has to evaluate on the most appropriate equipments to use like mine pumps in such a situation and result to unlimited success. Therefore the professionalism involved in this field should be considered wisely when a company is looking forward to hire the relevant personnel so as to take up the task. These engineers are very significant in establishing more productivity techniques that can be employed with ease and perfection. The strategies developed to impact on production should also prove cost effective.
However, the production experts should have comprehensive information of drill and blast operations so that suitable ways can be opened to reach the underlying minerals. In case one is not familiar with the basics, especially when newly recruited for the first time in a mining industry involving underground exploration, the drill and blast training is quite necessary. The training doesn’t take long like other ordinary courses because of the ease involved in it. Moreover, one can register while still working so that the course is attended on a part time basis. This ensures that the learning doesn’t collide with the other working activities and thus both are run on a parallel basis.
Nevertheless, the mining engineering has close ties with the production one, but the former entails more on how the actual mining activity is approached until the final product is obtained. The entire mining process from the discovery of the quarry, deep excavation, extraction of the mineral and the refining process too should be speculated by such engineers. Moreover, the engineers in this field should ensure that the mining process does not result to environmental hazards so that those living around the mining place are affected. Therefore, it’s quite clear that the engineers play a very significant role in ensuring that minerals are extracted following the right order. The engineers are highly trained to take part in different sections so that the entire mining process is held successfully.
Therefore, those engineers found in the production department in a mining setting are specialized in mining supplies, so that production does not experience downfalls that are not anticipated. The production should always be kept high as a matter of fact, so that the returns derived from the mining exercise are far much greater when all other inputs are accounted for accordingly. This is the main reason as to why a mining company should be conscious enough when going about the recruitment exercise for personnel to fill the positions for engineers in the production department. However, this doesn’t mean that engineers from the other departments should be picked without a systematic vetting as they too contribute much in ensuring that the entire mining process is carried out perfectly.
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The Human-Dirge War
"We are looking into the face of total annihilation: what we do these next few weeks decide the future of our Planet Earth. One wrong move, we might as well sign over the deeds to the continents right now".
-President Barack Obama, in a speech from the US provisional capital in Anchorage, Alaska.
Date2010 - 2021
Location Earth
Pyrrhic Victory for the Human forces
• Nuclear fallout over most of the planet, with heaviest concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Death of 70% of All life on Earth.
• World Peace for Humanity
• Dirge expelled from Earth
Human Forces:
* Flag of the United Nations United Nations
• Flag of the United States United States of America
• Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
• Flag of Russia Russian Federation
• Flag of Europe European Union
• Tibet Flag Tibet
• China People's Republic of China
Dirge Forces:
• The Dirge
• central leadership
• military
Flag of the United States Barack Obama
[1] David Cameron
Flag of Russia Dmitri Medvedev
China Hu Jintao
[2] Nicolas Sarkozy
Casualties and losses
Military casualties:
~1.1 Billion dead
~734,187,012 injured
Killed in action:
~Unknown injured
The Human-Dirge War, or simply the Dirge War, was a global military conflict which involved a every one of the world's nations, and the forces of the alien civilization known as the Dirge. The war involved the mobilization of over 1 billion military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war", the participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over four billion people, the majority of whom were civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in recorded history.
The start of the war is generally held to be May 1, 2010, with the Dirge bombardment of all human military subsequent and the subsequent invasion of Earth. Many countries were already at war with each other before this date, such as America and the Taliban in Afghanistan in the War on Terror as well as many other small internal conflicts.
In 2021 the war ended in a victory for the allied human nations. The European Union, Russian Federation, Republic of Tibet, the People's Republic of China and the United States subsequently emerged as the world's last remaining nations, setting the stage for the colonization of former Dirge territory. The United Nations survived the war and was reformed in the hope of preventing another such conflict.
Course of the War
Mayday Attacks
On May 1, 2010, Dirge ships recently brought back online after an estimated 2 centuries in Cryogenic stasis, destroyed every military instellation on Earth through orbital bombardment. The major nuclear powers at the time, the US, China, Russia, Britain, France, India and Pakistan, were only able to respond with a strategic nuclear attack on orbiting Dirge ships — operating on little intel after since the destruction of the satellite network — via remaining nuclear attack submarines, ultimately failed due to the Dirge fleet's defensive systems.
By early July, the Dirge forces had succesfully occupied most of the countries in the Southern Hemisphere, brutally putting down any and all rebellions and constructing huge warrens underneath major cities.
At the same time as the dirge began mopping up remaining resistance in the southern hemisphere, the US launched its first attack on Las Vegas, a strategically important American city, but was handily defeated by late July.
Shortly after the disastrous Battle of Vegas in the US; the nations of the world began a steady withdraw of forces. The Europeans and the Russians were the first to pull forces back from to their Northern most regions to more effectively defend themselves from the Dirge. The Russians, having never been invaded pased the Caucuses, due to an almost universilly fridgid climate, were able to simply create a stable line of defense along their southern most border, and simply defend against the Dirge during the Summer while, "General Winter," kept them at bay during the winter. The Europeans were not so lucky; they were forced to abandon everything in Southern Europe and retreat to their northernmost regions; with Greenland and Scandinavia became the largest concentrations of the European population by the end of the war. The US was the third nation to make a total retreat. The US government had already been relocated to Barrow Alaska after the fall of DC, but US military forces continued to defend states as far south as Oklahoma, until the order to withdraw came following the Battle of Denver. The reasons for the Americans unwillingness to withdraw have always been attributed to either their stubborn nature, some misguided sense of pride, or internal conflict between the military and the civilian government. The real reason, however, was much more inconveinient. Following the battle of Nevada, millions of Americans fled northward from the fighting and were steadilly moving towards the Canadian border. President Obama and the Joint Chiefs could not issue a full withdraw until the US had a place for all of these refugese to go; and the simple fact was that Canada was refusing to allow American citizens to seek shelter in their border prior to the Maple Revolution that overthrough the Canadian government.
The Fall of Britain
By 2012 the British had developed a reputation for being a constant thorn it the side of the Dirge, launching almost routine attacks on Southern Europe during the winter, and acting as a home for almost a third of the continent's refugees. Prime Minister David Cameron even went so far as to proclaim that it would be the British that would emerge the victor in the war. During the summer of 2012, the Dirge apparently decided that capturing Britain would be more trouble than it was worth, and activated a massive counteroffensive on one of the only nations that was actively making attacks on the Dirge. The invasion began on July 9, at 10:12 am; with most of the dirge forces on the European continent being moved to destroy the British Isles once and for all. While the British did manage to defend London for the first day of fighting, once the Dirge activated their contingency and ordered a Kinetic strike on the city, all hope of a British resistance was lost. Within the course of a month, the United Kingdom saw the most aggressive fighting of the Dirge since the Mayday attacks, and by the end of Summer the last of the British people had fled to either Ireland, Scandinavia, or Canada by submarine. The United Kingdom effectively ceased to exist on September 4, 2012.
Human Weapons
• A-10 Wart Hog
• F-22 Raptor
• J-20
• J-15
• WZ-10
• F-15 Eagle
• F-16 Falcon
• F/A-18
• B2 Bomber
• B-52 Bomber
• H-6M Cruise Missile Carrier
• MiG-29 Fulcrum
• AH-64E Apache
• Su-47 Firkin
• Su-34 Fullback
• Su-25 Frogfoot
• Su-30 Flanker-C
• Su-35 Flanker-E+
• Su-33 Flanker-D
• Su-37 Flanker-F
• Tu-160 Blackjack
• Sukhoi PAK FA
• Mi-24 Hind
• Mi-28
• Ka-50
• Ka-52
• Ka-60
• M-16A5
• HK416
• Ak-74M
• Ak-12
• AEK-971
• MK-17 "Scar-H"
• L85A1
• G36
• QBZ-95-2
• QBZ-03-1
• MQ-9 Reaper
• Pchela-1T
• T-90
• T-99 Armata
• Leopard 1A7+
• T-80UM1
• M1A3 Abrams
• Challenger III
• Type 99KM
• MBT-3000
• RS-24 Yars
• SS-27 Sickle
• RSM-56 Bulava
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