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cristobal baray kids iPhone apps s100+ pages Last edited - March / 99 the model-view-controller (MVC) design pattern introadvantagesexample appmodelshereviewstodosrefs the heartbeat controller This controller (source - most of the code was generated by Symantec's Visual Cafe...the code I added is at the bottom of the file.) has its own frame where it presents the user with three options: bore, excite, and stop. The "stop" button will call the stopHeart method in the model. The "bore" and "excite" buttons both call the adjustExcitementLevel in the model. The difference is that "bore" will trigger a call with a positive amount (to increase the delay) and "excite" will trigger a call with a negative amount (to decrease the delay). I haven't mentioned one more controller that this application has. It is a special controller that needed to be added when the application was put into an applet (source). That is, we want the model to stop when we leave the page. If it didn't, there would be a continuous heartbeat sound made as long as the user's browser was running. This is due to the model having its own thread (created by the HeartBeat class), which calls the update method within the applet. The applet's thread ends when the user leaves the page, but the HeartBeat isn't stopped. So, this applet's stop method (which is invoked when the user leaves the page the applet is on) acts as a very simple controller, calling the model's stopHeart method to stop the HeartBeat. Notice how we've been able to adapt the various model methods in order to create a more friendly user interface. Implementation note Some MVC descriptions will suggest linking the view to the controller, but that just adds another level of coupling that hasn't seemed necessary to me (yet?). They suggest that the controller might need to control parts of the view - which I think should just be part of the view. Likewise, if the controller's display relies on the state of the model (in order to display the appropriate buttons or messages), it should be a view in its own right. Sure, the effect can be faked, with the controller maintaining its own variables for the model's supposed state - but this gets messy (bug prone) quickly . Imagine situations where there is more than 1 controller (multi-user, or just multiple ways of affecting the model). Maybe it is because I'm still getting a feel for the MVC pattern, but I prefer keeping the elements pure, where they know as little about each other as possible. Another trap one might fall into is confusing view controls with model controls. Kyle gave me this example: A view might be a graph, and the user might want to control how the graph displays a few things (x and y ranges and perhaps scatter plot versus line graph vs bar). Those could be controllers on the view, but I wouldn't put them with any controller of the model. The view params in this case are totally independent of the model, so the controls are safely separated from the model and other controllers and other views. Now, with that out of the way, we can take a look at how the views work... introadvantagesexample appmodelshereviewstodosrefs
Skip to main content MAE 101B: Home Design Objectives From the syllabus: As an engineer, one of our primary responsibilities is to apply our technical knowledge and creativity to solve problems. In the near future, you will be involved in designing new products that can provide an innovative as well as marketable solution to improve the quality of life. This class activity was developed to introduce you to the engineering design process. As a team, your goal is to design and build an "Egg Carrier" to move an egg from a start position over an obstacle to a final destination. Using research to enhance the design process Using resources from the library and the Internet can aid in the creative, innovative and problem solving process; this research guide provides examples of library resources and authortative internet sites. Think creativily: if you just search for "egg carriers" you may not find any references. Think of things that are similar to the egg carrier. Project requirements (library research) The report must include: At least TWO authoritative references. The authoritative references can be from books, book chapters, encyclopedias, sections in technical handbooks, patents, trade magazines (not general magazines such as "Time" or "Newsweek"), peer-reviewed articles, government resources or patents. You can have more than two references of which some can be authoritative internet websites. The bibliography (citations) must be formatted using the APA Style Engineering Librarian Hema Ramachandran Monday 11am-1:30pm Wednesday 2-6pm Thursday 2-6pm
Read Also: • Mahewu • Mahfouz [mah-fooz] /mɑˈfuz/ noun 1. Naguib [nah-geeb] /nɑˈgib/ (Show IPA), 1911–2006, Egyptian author: Nobel prize 1988. /mɑːˈfuːz/ noun 1. Naguib (nɑːˈɡiːb). 1911–2006, Egyptian novelist and writer, author of the trilogy of novels Bain al-Kasrain (1945–57). His novel Children of Gebelawi (1959) was banned by the Muslim authorities in Egypt Nobel prize for literature 1988 • Mahican [muh-hee-kuh n] /məˈhi kən/ noun, plural Mahicans (especially collectively) Mahican. 1. a tribe or confederacy of Algonquian-speaking North American Indians, centralized formerly in the upper Hudson valley. 2. a member of this tribe or confederacy. /məˈhiːkən/ noun (pl) -cans, -can 1. a variant of Mohican • Mahimahi [mah-hee-mah-hee] /ˈmɑ hiˈmɑ hi/ noun, plural mahimahi. Hawaii. 1. the dolphinfish, especially when used as a food fish.
Read Also: • Roti noun, French. 1. roast. noun 1. (in India and the Caribbean) a type of unleavened bread • Rotifer noun 1. any microscopic animal of the phylum (or class) Rotifera, found in fresh and salt waters, having one or more rings of cilia on the anterior end. noun 1. any minute aquatic multicellular invertebrate of the phylum Rotifera, having a ciliated wheel-like organ used in feeding and locomotion: common constituents of freshwater plankton Also […] • Rotifera noun 1. the phylum or class comprising the rotifers. • Rotiform adjective 1. shaped like a wheel.
How Observations and Explanations for Those Observations are Related Let’s get this over with shall we? The theory of evolution, which is a collection of various hypotheses, laws, and sub theories is an explanation. It is an explanation that not only covers a wide range of observations, or ‘facts’ (another word for data), but allows us to predict other observations. It takes other theories, or explanations for indirectly related observations, and incorporates them into an explanation that covers a greater number of observations. As I’ve stated before, the power of a theory is in how it covers each of the observations in the context of each other. Each new observation, whether direct, indirect or trace narrows the number of possible explanations down to the one most probable. Taking one particular observation and claiming it doesn’t prove the theory, as creationists do, is misguided, ignorant or blatantly dishonest. Take your pick. The observations we make aren’t about a monkey giving birth to a human, as demanded by your average dollar store creationist, it’s all the things that lead up to a cohesive explanation. What follows is a short limited example. Observing geological stratification, floods, erosion, volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, atomic decay chains, astrophysics, the speed of light, fossil ordering, even simple parallax tells us the Earth has been around for a long time and the universe even longer. Looking at a flood by itself doesn’t inform us of old age, it simply tells us water flow can collect, move and deposit large amounts of material in a short time. Looking at that alone allows a number of explanations for the observed stratification, including but obviously not limited to a global flood. Volcanic eruptions give us another possible source for stratification, eg. massive simultaneous global eruptions. Again, this can be explained in a young Earth context. However, when we take a closer look at the layers the observation is that the volcanic and sedimentary layers are interlaced. This means sedimentary layers had to be deposited separately from the volcanic layers. This belies the idea of a single global flood and a single massive volcanic event. Let’s take a look at erosion and we can see that different patterns and different rates of material removal occur with the different composition of the layers. We can also see that the age of the sedimentary layer, the longer it has been under compression from the weight of layers above it affects how quickly and deeply erosion leaves patterns. These three observations – flood deposition, volcanic deposition and erosive wear from water and wind combine with the observed layer composition to tell us a complex system of events, occurring over a great deal of time formed the specific layering observed, eliminating a single one year long global flood as a possible explanation for the observations. Even before Darwin formalized evolution by selection, and the recognition of common descent suggested by geographic arrangement of related species, the Earth was known to be much older than the 6,000 – 10,000 years claimed by Ussher and modern Young Earth Creationists (YEC). If you add in fossil ordering, plate tectonics, the speed of light, parallax, modern astrophysics and atomic decay chains the only explanation for all those observations taken in context with each other is that the Earth is billions of years old and that the forms life took changed over an almost as long range of time. There is a chain involved here. Newton’s comment “If I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants” applies to theories. Observations lead to explanations which when viewed in relation to each other lead to more precise explanations by ruling out possibilities. Those observations related to the Theory of Evolution are the changes in fossils, the order those changes are found in the strata, the similarities and the differences of traits found in extant organisms, the relation of DNA to the traits shown by extant organisms, the changes in traits correlating to changes in DNA, the pattern of similarities and differences found in DNA between extant organisms, the rate of DNA changes (mutations) found between generations of organisms and the non-random effects on the distribution of traits/DNA in populations of organisms by environmental selection. They can only be explained by one comprehensive collection of laws, hypotheses, and series of other theories with testable predictive power – the modern theory of evolution and development. Because all of these observations can and do suggest predictive tests they are science. Because they’ve all been tested they can contribute to the convergence on a fully accurate explanation. Because they have increased the accuracy in the explanation the explanation can be used to explain other observations. On the other hand, an all powerful, capricious god can explain everything, thereby being non-predictive and non-testable. It is not addressable by science so the claim by creationists that what they do is science is wrong. This should be stressed. The Theory of Evolution is the explanation for the hundreds of observations that have been made in the natural sciences, and the hundreds of observations made in laboratories. Humans having a common ancestor with other apes is the best explanation for the observations. Comments are closed.
Memory Alpha 42,471pages on this wiki Add New Page Discuss0 Share A travois was a type of small sled used for transport over land. In 2373, Quark fashioned a travois to carry Odo after their runabout crashed on a class L planet and Odo broke one of his legs. Quark was able to pull Odo on the travois for a time until Quark collapsed, suffering from hunger and exhaustion. (DS9: "The Ascent") The use of the term comes from the script. The term is also used in the synopsis of "The Ascent" in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion. Ad blocker interference detected!
Food days: 4 April International Carrot day Carrots… eat them raw, boiled, grated, baked, length-wise or chopped. Sneak them into meat dishes, or drink them as juice. Carrot is a root vegetable and the most common ones are orange, but there are also white, yellow, red and purple variants. They are stuffed full of vitamin A and antioxidants and can add both color, chewing “resistance” and sweetness to a dish. In any case, they add a lot to the food. Here are crunchy carrot recipes.
Sense of Taste Five basic taste sensations are encoded by sensory receptors in the tongue. It is thought that different combinations of sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami sensations are responsible for the perceptions of flavors that we experience. Umami is the most recently discovered primary taste. The taste is best known from the salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate (MSG). You may examine which regions of the tongue are more sensitive to one taste sensation that the others.
To What Extent Is the Government Achieving 4 Macro Objectives Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 212 • Published : September 26, 2012 Open Document Text Preview To what extent is the current government achieving 4 macro objectives The current UK government is currently operating as a mixed economy, but more in favour a capitalist style. There are 4 macro objectives that the government aim for. These are: * Balanced economic growth * Low unemployment * Low trade deficit * Low Inflation Starting with the current economic rate of growth, the government is currently nowhere near to achieving its objectives, as of right now the economy isn’t growing, actually the opposite. We are currently national debt because right now, government spending is much higher than income. One way that we could get out of this is by increasing tax, which is one kind of fiscal policy. This will increase income, so the government will have more money to spend and or use to repay their debts, but more importantly, it will allow the government to get back on track to a balanced growth. With the levels of unemployment, the government are failing to keep that under control. They are currently at record high levels, at 1.6 million unemployed. This is due to that businesses had to make redundancies as they were struggling to keep up with their debts. A method of suppressing high levels of unemployment is to use a fiscal policy and introduce new projects for people can get jobs within (for example, London 2012 Olympics). In the UK there will always be a trade deficit, as we rely on imports, and we don’t manufacture enough to ever reach trade equilibrium, however, currently, trade deficit isn’t too high, as the goods we buy are mainly imported, and as people don’t have much money, they are not spending it on imports, where as the exports we produce are remaining high, as they are low demand, high price and quality goods (example Rolls Royce cars and jets). Finally, the government is failing yet again to control the level of inflation, as it is currently high, at 5%. This is because many commodities went up in price, such as oil. This had... tracking img
What is Morquio syndrome? Sam Brown, who is one of just 88 people in the UK with the ultra-rare condition Morquio Syndrome. PIC: PA Have your say Morquio syndrome, also known as MPS IVA, is an inherited condition that affects bone development and restricts growth. It is a recessively inherited disease meaning that if both parents carry the particular gene, their child has a 25% chance of developing the condition. Morquio is an incurable condition caused by a lack or low supply of the enzyme N-acetylgalactosmine-6 sulfatase (known as GALNS), which is supposed to break down the cellular molecule glycosaminoglycan (known as GAG). Without GALNS, people with Morquio suffer a build up of GAG in their tissues, bones and major organ systems. This can lead to an assortment of symptoms, including heart disease, skeletal abnormalities, loss of sight or hearing, breathing difficulties and lowered life expectancy. It can also limit endurance, making even the most everyday tasks difficult to complete without extreme exhaustion. Morquio is a progressive condition, meaning that its symptoms will get worse over time if untreated. Its symptoms are usually spotted in people as early as two or three years old. The average life expectancy for someone with Morquio is 25 years. Early diagnosis is vital to begin therapy as soon as possible and Morquio can be tested for with both a urine and genetic test. Testing is useful for parents with a child who has Morquio, to assess the likelihood of the condition affecting any further children they have, and people whose siblings have the condition to test if they may be a carrier for the faulty gene. Morquio is what is known as an ‘orphan disease’ in the USA, a term which describes any disease affecting less than 200,000 people. In England, Morquio is ultra-rare, affecting only 88 people including six-year-old schoolboy Sam Brown from Otley. The rarity of the condition inevitably leads to high prices for the medicinal treatment used to manage it, the drug Vimizim. Vimizim was developed by BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. in California, US. It replaces the missing GALNS enzyme, improving energy, stamina and the ability to walk. It also preserves vision as it stops corneal clouding, lessens chest infections and breathing difficulties, improves sleep and makes pain levels manageable. Vimizim is proven to work with no severe side effects but the rarity of the condition means that it is priced at £395,000 per person per year in the UK. BioMarin made the drug available to people with Morquio for free on a trial basis, but that trial expired in May this year. Withdrawal from the drug leads to an immediate backslide, with the symptoms of the condition continuing to progress and worsen. Morquio drug to support the likes of Leeds tot Sam Brown is reinstated Mother’s plea to NHS to fund drug for Sam, 6 David Watson with the Aspire heart valve he developed. Meet the man who made 50 years of heart research possible
British Israelism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from British Israelite) Jump to: navigation, search British Israelism (also called Anglo-Israelism) is a doctrine holding that the people of "England (Great Britain)" are "genetically, racially, and linguistically the direct descendants" of the Ten Lost Tribes of ancient Israel. The movement includes the claim that the British Royal Family is directly descended from the line of King David.[1] With roots in the 16th century, British Israelism was inspired by several 19th-century English writings, notably John Wilson's 1840 "Lectures on our Israelitish Origin".[2] The movement never had a head organisation or a centralized structure. Various British Israelite organisations were set up throughout the British Empire and in America from the 1870s; a number of such organisations are still active today. In America, its ideas gave rise to the Christian Identity movements. The central tenets of British Israelism have been refuted by evidence from modern archaeological,[3] ethnological,[4] genetic, and linguistic research.[5] History of the movement[edit] Earliest recorded expressions[edit] According to Brackney (2012) and Fine (2015), the French Hugenot magistrate M. le Loyer's The Ten Lost Tribes, published in 1590, provided the first expression that "Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Scandinavian, Germanic, and associated cultures"[6] were direct descendants of the ancient Israelites.[1] Anglo-Israelism has also been attributed to Sir Francis Drake and King James I,[6] who believed he was the King of Israel.[1] Adriaan van Schrieck (1560-1621), who influenced Henry Spelman (1562-1641) and John Sadler (1615-1674), wrote in the early 17th century about his ideas on the origins of the Celtic and Saxon peoples. In 1649, Sadler published The Rights of the Kingdom, "which argues for an 'Israelite genealogy for the British people'".[6] Aspects of British Israelism and influences have also been traced to Richard Brothers in 1794, John Wilson's Our Israelitish Origins (1840s), and John Pym Yeatman's The Shemetic Origin of the Nations of Western Europe (1879). British Israelism arose in England, then spread to the United States.[7] British-Israelists cite various medieval manuscripts to claim an older origin, but British Israelism as a distinct movement appeared in the early 1880s: Heyday, end of the 19th and early 20th centuries[edit] At the end of the 19th century, Edward Hine, Edward Wheeler Bird, and Herbert Aldersmith developed the British Israelite movement. The extent to which the clergy in Britain became aware of the movement may be gauged from the comment made by Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801–1890) when asked why he had left the Church of England in 1845 to join the Roman Catholic Church. He said that there was a very real danger that the movement "would take over the Church of England."[9] By the 1890s, the "Anglo-Israel Association" had 300 members; it was based in Britain and founded in 1879 by physician George Moore.[10] Hine later departed for the United States where he promoted the idea overseas.[11] At the time of its publishing in 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia states adherents "are said to number 2,000,000 in England and the United States"[12] Between 1899 and 1902, adherents of British Israelism dug up parts of the Hill of Tara in the belief that the Ark of the Covenant was buried there, doing much damage to one of Ireland's most ancient royal and archaeological sites.[13] At the same time, British Israelism became associated with various pseudo-archaeological pyramidology theories, such as the notion that the Pyramid of Khufu contained a prophetic numerology of the British peoples.[14] In 1914, the thirty-fourth year of its publication, the Anglo-Israel Almanac listed details of a large number of Kingdom Identity Groups operating independently throughout the British Isles and in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and the United States of America.[citation needed] In 1919, the British-Israel-World Federation (BIWF) was founded in London, and Covenant Publishing was founded in 1922. William Pascoe Goard was the first director of the publishing house. During this time, several prominent figures patronized the BIWF organization and its publisher; Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone was Patron-in-chief in pre-World War II days. One of the most notable members was William Massey, then Prime Minister of New Zealand. Due to the expansive nature of the British Empire, believers in British Israelism spread worldwide and the BIWF expanded its organization to the commonwealth. Howard Rand promoted the teaching and became National Commissioner of the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America in 1928. He published The Bulletin, later renamed The Messenger of the Covenant. More recently, it has been renamed Destiny.[15] Contemporary movement[edit] Orange Street Congregational Church, London The BIWF continues to exist, with its main headquarters located in Bishop Auckland in County Durham.[16] It also has chapters in Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, New Zealand and South Africa.[17] In 1968, one source estimated that there were between 3,000 and 5,000 British Israelites in Britain.[18] In Britain, the theology of British Israelism has been taught by a few small Pentecostal churches. The espousal of British Israelism by George Jeffreys, founder of the Elim Pentecostal Church, led to a schism, precipitating his 1939 resignation and formation of the Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship,[19] which continues to teach the doctrine.[20] In London, the Orange Street Congregational Church teaches a form of British Israelism,[21] and the Ensign Trust publishes The Ensign Message in its furtherance. In Australia, the Christian Revival Crusade founded by Leo Harris once taught this theology but abandoned it. The Revival Centres International continues to teach the doctrine, a prominent group that separated from the Crusade, along with other splinter groups. The "Churches of God" in Ireland are also known for their teaching on this subject. Herbert Armstrong[edit] The teaching of British Israelism was vigorously promoted beginning in the 1960s by Herbert W. Armstrong,[15] founder and former Pastor General of the Worldwide Church of God. Armstrong believed that the teaching was a key to understanding biblical prophecy: "One might ask, were not biblical prophecies closed and sealed? Indeed they were—until now! And even now they can be understood only by those who possess the master key to unlock them."[22] Armstrong believed that he was called by God to proclaim the prophecies to the Lost Tribes of Israel before the "end-times".[23][unreliable source?] Armstrong's belief caused his separation from the Church of God Seventh Day because of its refusal to adopt the teaching. Armstrong created his own church, first called the "Radio Church of God" and later renamed the "Worldwide Church of God".[23] He described British Israelism as a "central plank" of his theology.[24] After Armstrong's death, his former church abandoned its belief in British Israelism and changed its name to Grace Communion International (GCI) in 2009. It offers an explanation for the doctrine's origin and its abandonment by the church at its official website.[23] Church members who disagreed with such doctrinal changes left the Worldwide Church of God/GCI to form offshoot churches. Many of these organizations still teach British Israelism, including the Philadelphia Church of God, the Living Church of God, and the United Church of God. Armstrong promoted other genealogical history theories, such as teaching that modern-day Germany now represents ancient Assyria. He wrote in chapter 5 of his Mystery of the Ages (1985), "The Assyrians settled in central Europe, and the Germans, undoubtedly, are, in part, the descendants of the ancient Assyrians." (p. 183). All Israelites Are Not Jews[edit] Adherents believe the Twelve Tribes of Israel are the twelve sons of the patriarch Jacob (who was later named Israel). Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph) to the status of full tribes in their own right, replacing the tribe of Joseph. A division occurred among the twelve tribes in the days of Jeroboam and Rehoboam, with the three tribes of Judah, Benjamin and partially Levi, forming the Kingdom of Judah, and the remaining ten tribes forming the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria).[25] Ergo "the great bulk of Israelites are not the Jews".[26][27][28] W. E. Filmer, writing in 1964, suggested that the fact that some Jews continue to search for the ten lost tribes implies that their representatives are not found among modern, historically multi-ethnic, Jews.[29] A number of British-Israelites quote Josephus to support their claim that the lost tribes of Israel are not the Jews: "the entire body of the people of Israel remained in that country; wherefore there are but two tribes in Asia and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond the Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude."[30][31][32][33] Connecting the deported Israelites with the Saka[edit] The key component of British Israelism is its representation of the migrations of the Lost Tribes of Israel. Adherents believe that the Behistun Inscription connects the people known as Saka, Sacae, or Scythians (in Old Persian and Elamite) with the people known as Gimirri or Cimmerians (in Babylonian). A further teaching is that the deported Israelites are synonymous with the Saka/Sacae by virtue of having the same root as "Isaac," as asserted (on the History Channel) by Biblical archaeologist E. Raymond Capt, for which he also relies on another superficial resemblance between King Jehu's pointed headdress and that of the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Rock.[34] Connecting the Saka-Scythians to the Celts[edit] Great Britain & The U.S.A. Identified as Israel[edit] A commonly found British-Israel doctrine is that the Tribe of Ephraim and the Tribe of Manasseh can be identified as modern day Britain and the United States of America.[35][36][37] British-Israel adherents cite numerous theological, semiotics, archaeological, and ethnological resources as proofs. Jacob’s Birthright - Ephraim and Manasseh[edit] Part of the foundation of the British-Israel doctrine is the theological claim that particular blessings were bestowed upon three of the tribes of Israel,[38][39][37][40] in that the tribe of Judah was to be the 'chief ruler' eg King David, and that Ephraim was to receive the birthright (See Jacob and Esau). Adherents believe that these blessings have continued down through the ages to modern times, with the British Monarchy identified as the continued blessing upon Judah, and both Britain (Ephraim) and the USA (Manasseh) as recipients of the national birthright blessing. They cite passages such as 1 Chron 5:1-2 and Gen 48:19-20 as supporting this. Scots are of Scythian Ancestry[edit] The 'Tyninghame' copy of the Declaration from 1320 AD Anglo-Israelism claims that the Scythians were the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.[41] The ancient Persians called all the Scyths Σάκαι (Sacae, Herodotus 7.64), however the Scythians called themselves Scoloti. (Herodotus 4.6)[citation needed] Bede (died 735) had linked the Picts to the Scythians, but the British Israelists suggested that he had confused the two tribes of Scotland, and that it was the Scotti (Scots) who were one with the Scoloti (Scyths).[42] They drew support from the 14th-century Declaration of Arbroath,[43] which begins: British Israelists accept that these linguistic links tie the Scots to the Lost Tribes via the Scythians,[45] and British-Israel Associations cite the Declaration as evidence supporting this origin.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][unreliable source?] Relation to Christian Identity[edit] While both early British Israelites such as Edward Hine and John Wilson and current followers have been philo-semites, the seeds of anti-semitism have lurked beneath the surface, such as in Wilson's denial of the racial purity of modern Jews, the dismissal of them as 'un-Semitic impostors'.[55] British Israelism itself had several Jewish members and it received support from rabbis throughout the 19th century; within British politics it supported Benjamin Disraeli, who was descended from Sephardi Jews.[56][57] A variant of British Israelism formed the basis for a racialized, strongly anti-Semitic theology that became known as Christian Identity,[58] which has at its core the belief that non-Caucasian people have no souls and therefore cannot be saved.[59] Emerging in the 1920s, Christian Identity began teaching that the Jews are not descended from the tribe of Judah (as British Israelites maintain) at all, but are instead descended from Satan & Lilith or Edomite-Khazars.[60] The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) describes the emergence of Christian Identity from British Israelism as an 'ugly turn': Once on American shores, British-Israelism began to evolve. Originally, believers viewed contemporary Jews as descendants of those ancient Israelites who had never been "lost." They might be seen critically but, given their significant role in the British-Israel genealogical scheme, not usually with animosity. By the 1930s, however, in the U.S., a strain of antisemitism started to permeate the movement (though some maintained traditional beliefs—and a small number of traditionalists still exist in the U.S.)[61] Another source describes the emergence of Christian Identity from British Israelism as a "remarkable transition", paradoxically, from their philo-semitic origins to antisemitism and racism.[62] Their adoption of the British Israelist belief that the Israelite-derived Anglo-Saxons had been favored by God over the 'impure' modern Jews meant that a reluctantly anti-Semitic Klansman "could now maintain his anti-Semitism and at the same time revere a Bible cleansed of its Jewish taint."[63] Claims and Criticism[edit] British Israelism has been criticized for poor research and scholarship. The Encyclopedia Britannica summarises in 1910 that: "The theory [of British-Israelism] rests on premises which are deemed by scholars - both theological and anthropological - to be utterly unsound".[64] Current scholarship is not consistent with the claims of British Israelism, with scholars drawing attention to its "historical and linguistic inaccuracies" in addition to its links to antisemitism.[1] Hale (2015) refers to "the overwhelming cultural, historical and genetic evidence against it."[65] Research standards[edit] Critics of British Israelism note that the arguments presented by promoters of the teaching are based on unsubstantiated and highly speculative amateur research. Tudor Parfitt, author of The Lost Tribes: The History of a Myth, states that the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre."[66] Historical linguistics[edit] Adherents have felt "that if, as the Prophet Hosea declared, Israel was to lose their religion and become lost in paganism, it would eventually speak the tongue of it's pagan masters.".[67] According to British-Israel doctrine, the ten lost tribes have been dwelling among Indo-European speaking nations for over 2,520 years. Some proponents of British Israelism claim numerous links in historical linguistics between ancient Hebrew and various European place names and languages.[68] This can be traced to the works of John Wilson in the 19th century. Wilson, who was self-trained, looked for similarities in the sounds of words and argued that many Scottish, British and Irish words stemmed from ancient Hebrew. Wilson's publications inspired the development of British Israel language associations in Europe.[69] Other links are claimed, but they cannot be substantiated and they contradict the findings of academic linguistic research.[citation needed] This shows conclusively that the languages of the British Isles (English, Welsh, and Gaelic) belong to the Indo-European language family, while Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family.[70] In 1906, T.R. Lounsbury stated that “no trace of the slightest real connection can be discovered” between English and ancient Hebrew,[71] while Michael Friedman in 1993 wrote of these claims that "the actual evidence could hardly be any weaker."[69] Scriptural interpretation[edit] Adherents of British Israelism cite various scriptures in support of the argument that the "lost" Northern Israelite Tribes migrated through Europe to end up in Britain.[citation needed] Dimont (1933) argues that British Israelists misunderstand and misinterpret the meaning of these scriptures.[72] One such case is the distinction that British Israelists make between the “Jews” of the Southern Kingdom and the “Israelites” of the Northern Kingdom. They believe that the Bible consistently distinguishes between the two groups.[citation needed] Dimont says that many of these scriptures are misinterpreted because the distinction between “Jews” and “Israelites” was lost over time after the captivities.[citation needed] British Israelists believe that the Northern Tribes of Israel lost their identity after the captivity in Assyria and that this is reflected in the Bible.[citation needed] Dimont disagrees with this assertion and argues that only higher ranking Israelites were deported from Israel and many Israelites remained.[73] He cites examples after the Assyrian captivity, such as Josiah, King of Judah, who received money from the tribes of “Manasseh, and Ephraim and all the remnant of Israel” (2 Chronicles 34:9), and Hezekiah, who sent invitations not only to Judah, but also to northern Israel for the attendance of a Passover in Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30);[74] British Israelites interpret 2 Chronicles 34:9 as referring to "Scythians".[citation needed] British Israelism states that the Bible refers to the Lost Tribes of Israel as dwelling in “isles” (Isaiah 49:1, 3), which they interpret to mean the British Isles.[citation needed] The Jewish Encyclopedia asserts that the word “isles” used in English-language bibles should more accurately be interpreted to mean “coasts” or “distant lands” “without any implication of their being surrounded by the sea.”[12] The figurative interpretation of dwelling in their own isolated communities in a sea of Gentiles is in keeping with Assyrian resettlement policies. Dimont is also critical of the interpretations of biblical prophecy embraced by the movement, saying, "Texts are torn from their context, and misapplied without the slightest regard to their original meaning."[75] Historical speculation[edit] British Israelism rests on linking different ancient populations. This includes linking the "lost" tribes of Israel with the Scythians, Cimmerians, Celts, and modern Western Europeans such as the British. To support these links, some adherents believe that similarities exist between various cultural aspects of these population groups, and they argue that these links demonstrate the migration of the "lost" Israelites in a westerly direction. Examples given include burial customs, metalwork, clothing, dietary customs, and more.[76] Dimont argues that the customs of the Scythians and the Cimmerians are in contrast with those of the Ancient Israelites,[77] and further dismisses the connection between these populations and the Saxons and Celts, particularly criticing then-current formulations of British Israelism that would interject Semites between the closely-related English and Germans.[78] The Scythian origin of the Scots has been referred to as mythical.[79][80] Algernon Herbert, writing in 1848, characterized the linguistic derivation of Scots from Scoloti as "strictly impossible",[79] and Merrill (2005) referred to it as false etymology,[42] while Klieforth and Munro (2004) refer to the appearance of this origin myth in the Declaration of Arbroath as "propaganda put into this document to support the nobles' claim to a national identity." Modern scholars do derive the Scots from a migrating peoples, but Celts, not Scythians.[80] Parfitt suggests that the idea of British Israelism was inspired by numerous ideological factors, such as the desire for ordinary people to have a glorious ancestral past, pride in the British Empire, and the belief in the "racial superiority of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants".[68] Kidd called its theology a "quasi-heresy", serving to "blunt the universalist message apparent in the New Testament".[81] Separately the mythology of British Israelism has been cited as fostering "nationalistic bellicosity".[82] To some adherents, British Israelism served as justification for British colonialism and imperialism, and perhaps even genocide, while also feeding American Manifest Destiny.[83] It has been characterized as "fundamentally about providing a rationale for Anglo-Saxon superiority."[84] Notable adherents[edit] Poole, WH, Anglo-Israel See also[edit] 1. ^ a b c d Brackney, William H. Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810873650. Retrieved 9 April 2017. 2. ^ Eller, Jack David (2007). Introducing Anthropology of Religion: Culture to the Ultimate. p. 291. ISBN 1138024910. 3. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 107. ISBN 0-8160-5456-8. 4. ^ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192802903. 5. ^ Shapiro, Faydra L. (2015). Christian Zionism: Navigating the Jewish-Christian Border. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books. p. 151. 6. ^ a b c Fine, Jonathan (2015). Political Violence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: From Holy War to Modern Terror. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442247567. Retrieved 9 April 2017. 7. ^ Parfitt 2003, pp. 52–65. 8. ^ Wilson, 1968a 9. ^ Strong 1986, p. 86. 10. ^ Simpson, 2002. 11. ^ Parfitt 2003, p. 56. 12. ^ a b Singer, Isidore, ed. (1906). Jewish Encyclopedia: Anglo-Israelism. Funk and Wagnalls. p. 600. ASIN B01K2CBAKE. ISBN 978-1117918952. 13. ^ Indy media, IE . 15. ^ a b Parfitt 2003, p. 57. 18. ^ Wilson, 1968c. 19. ^ a b Anderson, Allan Heaton (2014). An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–102. 20. ^ Wilson, B. R. (1973). "American Religion: Its Impact on Britain". In den Hollander, A. N. J. Contagious Conflict: The Impact of American Dissent on European Life. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 244. 21. ^ Orange Street Congregational Church, retrieved 19 May 2007. 25. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (11th ed.). p. vol. 15, p. 373. 26. ^ Allen 1917, p. 71. 27. ^ Harmsworth’s History Volume 3. pp. 1781–1782, 1784–1785. 28. ^ "The DNA of Western European Nations". British Israel Basics. Canadian British-Israel Association. 29. ^ Filmer, W. E. (1964). A Synopsis of the Migrations of Israel. Covenant Books. p. 5. ISBN 0852050615. 30. ^ Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities. p. 11:133. 31. ^ Allen 1917, p. 247. 32. ^ "British-Israel Answers its Critics". The British-Israel Church of God. 33. ^ Poole, William Henry (1879). Anglo-Israel; Or, The British Nation the Lost Tribes of Israel. Bengough Bros. p. 23. ISBN 1330950690. 34. ^ Capt, E. Raymond (1985), Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets, Artisan, ISBN 0-934666-15-6 . 35. ^ Ferris, A. J. (1941). Great Britain & The U.S.A. Revealed as Israel The New Order. 36. ^ Glover, Frederick Robert Augustus (1881). England, the Remnant of Judah and the Israel of Ephraim. Rivingtons. 37. ^ a b Armstrong, Herbert W. (2007). The United States and Britain in Prophecy. Philadelphia Church of God. ASIN B002ILY91A. 38. ^ Wild, Joseph (1888). The Future of Israel and Judah: Being the Discourses on the Lost Tribes from How and when the World Will End. Nabu Press. p. 108. ISBN 9781287712565. 39. ^ The Standard of Israel and journal of the Anglo-Israel association. 1875. p. 8. 40. ^ Allen 1917, p. 317. 41. ^ Benite, Zvi Ben-Dor (2009). The Ten Lost Tribes: A World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199324530. 42. ^ a b Merrill, A. H. (2005). History and Geography in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–5. 43. ^ Allen 1917, pp. 262. 44. ^ "Declaration of Arbroath - English Translation". Constitution Society. 45. ^ Allen 1917, pp. 285-296. 46. ^ Ogwyn, John H. The United States and Britain in Prophecy. pp. 27–28. 47. ^ "Traditions of Israelite Descent in Scotland". Brit-Am. 48. ^ "The Union of Two Kingdoms". The British-Israel-World Federation. 49. ^ "Origins of Anglo-Israelism". The Association of the Covenant People. 51. ^ "Scotland's Christian Heritage". Christian Assemblies International. 52. ^ Capt, E Raymond. Scottish Declaration of Independence - Scotland's Most Precious Possession. 53. ^ "The Scottish Declaration of Independence.". JAH Publications. 54. ^ Foster, Thomas (1986). Britain's Royal Throne: How long will it last, what does the Bible say. Blackbourn, Victoria. Australia.: Acacia Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0 9597206 6 9. 55. ^ Kidd 2006, pp. 207,210. 56. ^ Quarles 2004, pp. 13–19. 57. ^ Life From The Dead, 1875, Vol. III, p. 154. 58. ^ Barkun 2003, p. xii. 59. ^ Quarles 2004, p. 68. 60. ^ Barkun, pp. 62–97. 61. ^ "Christian Identity". Anti-Defamation League. 62. ^ Quarles 2004, p. 13. 63. ^ Phillips, Michael (2006). White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001. University of Texas Press. p. 95. Unknown parameter \|lcoation= ignored (help) 64. ^ The Encyclopedia Britannica. 11th edn. 1910. Vol.II, page 31. 65. ^ Hale, (2015), 181 66. ^ Parfitt 2003, p. 61. 67. ^ Poole, William Henry (1889). Anglo-Israel: Or, The Saxon Race, Proved to be the Lost Tribes of Israel. In Nine Lectures. W. Briggs. pp. 299–300. 68. ^ a b Parfitt 2003, p. 62 69. ^ a b Quarles 2004, pp. 33. 70. ^ Warf, Barney (2006). "Language, Geography of". Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Thousand Oaks CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 270–275. 72. ^ Dimont 1933, pp. 5-7. 73. ^ Dimont 1933, p. 5. 74. ^ Dimont 1933, p. 6. 75. ^ Dimont 1933, p. 18. 77. ^ Dimont 1933, pp. 7-10. 78. ^ Dimont 1933, pp. 10-11. 79. ^ a b Todd, James Henthorn (1848). The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius. Dublin: Irish Archæological Society. p. xcvii. 80. ^ a b Klieforth, Alexander Leslie; Munro, Robert John (2004). The Scottish invention of America, Democracy and Human Rights: A History of Liberty and Freedom from the Ancient Celts to the New Millennium. Dallas: University Press of America, Inc. p. 5. 81. ^ Kidd 2006, p. 204. 82. ^ Pearse, Meic (2007). The Gods of War: Is Religion the Primary cause of Violent Conflict?. InterVarsity Press. pp. 104–105. 83. ^ Kidd 2006, pp. 212-213. 84. ^ Aikau, Hokulani K. (2012). A Chosen People, a Promised Land: Mormonism and Race in Hawai'i. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 38. 85. ^ Eddy, Mary Baker, The United States and Great Britain as Anglo Israel (poem), Read book online, archived from the original on 2011-05-13 . 86. ^ Strong 1986. Further reading[edit] • Darms, Anton (1945). The Delusion of British Israelism: A comprehensive Treatise. Loiseaux Brothers, Bible Truth Depot. ASIN B01NBNXA8N. • Jowett, George F (1980) [1961]. The Drama of the Lost Disciples. London: Covenant Publishing Company Ltd. ASIN B003VP662W. . A work of theoretical history which covers many relevant themes of Biblical and British connections. • May, HG (16 September 1943), "The Ten Lost Tribes", Biblical Archeologist, 16: 55–60 . • Clark, Michael A (2009). The Continuing Kingdom of God Upon Earth. Without doubt -- The Greatest Love Story of All Time. The British-Israel-World Federation, Co Durham,UK. ISBN 978-085205-075-0. • Clark, Michael A (2016). The Many Nations of Israel. A Vision Extraordinary (based on works of Anderson, C L). The Kingdom Foundation, Co Durham, UK. External links[edit]
the last Definition of the last 1. 1 : the last person or thing in a group or series He was the last in line. The last of the tests was given today. 2. 2 : the last time I guess that is the last we will see of her. 3. 3 : the end of something They fought hard to the last. 4. 4 : the end of someone's life He was cheerful to the last. Word by Word Definitions 1. : to continue in time : to remain fresh or unimpaired : endure 1. : to shape with a last 1. : after all others : at the end : most lately : in conclusion 1. : following all the rest : being the only remaining : belonging to the final stage (as of life) 1. : something that is last Seen and Heard What made you want to look up the last? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). feeling or affected by lethargy Get Word of the Day daily email!
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Kinematics and Relativity 1. Dec 1, 2008 #1 A boat which can travel at 5.6 m/s in still water heads due east across a river (185m wide) from a dock at a point X. The boat's resultant path is 32(degrees) south of east. a)What is the speed of the current? b)How long will it take the boat to reach the far shore if the river is 185m wide? 2. Relevant equations Vwg = Vwb + Vbg 3. The attempt at a solution Here is what I did for a) : First I wrote down what I was given: dx = 185m vx= Vbw = 5.6m/s (theta) = 32(degrees) then I went: Tan(32) = Vwg / Vbw Tan(32) = Vwg / 5.6 (Tan(32))(5.6) = Vwg 3.499268371 = Vwg 3.5m/s = Vwg then for b) I went: Vx = dx/t t = dx/vx t = 185/5.6 t = 33.03571429 t = 33s could someone please check these to see if they are correct, I just want to see if I am doing it correctly before moving on to other questions. Furthermore, could some please draw a vector diagram for "part A" so that I could understand this question better because someone told me that a vector diagram would help me to understand this question a lot more. However, in the question sheet there is already a birds eye view of what is occurring in this question already so I was just wondering what a alternative vector diagram would look like. 2. jcsd 3. Dec 2, 2008 #2 User Avatar Homework Helper I don't think you are understanding the effects the current has on the ship crossing the river. You were told the ship can travel at 5.6ms-1 on its own. But when it tries to travel straight across the river, it is being dragged south with the current so it makes an angle of 32o south from the east. Now you can make a right triangle of all the vectors. i.e. the 5.6ms-1 speed of the ship as the hypotenuse, the current speed being opposite to the dock X and the speed that will be made to cross the river. 4. Dec 2, 2008 #3 When I have watched ferries cross a river they tend to head upstream at the angle necessary to arrive at a point exactly opposite the starting point. That however is not what the question is asking. Surely if the boat heads straight across the river it will do so at a speed of 5.6m/sec. The current which is a right angles to the longitudinal axis of the boat sweeps the boat downstream at the speed of the current (sc). So we have a right angle triangle in which for a given second of travel :- sc = 5.6 * sin(32°)/sin(58°) Now the downstream movement induced by the current should not influence the crossing time which should still be 185m/5.6ms-1 = 33sec or thereabouts. The original answers look correct. Similar Discussions: Kinematics and Relativity
First female pilot Already an accomplished pilot, Pauline Gower was sure other women could take to the skies in aid of the war effort. Within the RAF, there was substantial resistance to the idea of female pilots, but only eighteen days after war had been declared, Gower met to discuss the prospect of women serving in the Air Transport Auxiliary. Her argument was a persuasive one and she was given the go ahead. In December 1939 Gower was appointed as the leader of the new women’s section of the ATA. Women pilots with an Airspeed Oxford
recivilization: notes on american city-building 240 rationalist planning Civitas reduced to a flow chart. A schematic diagram of a progressively planned city, made by federal government's National Resources Planning Board in 1943, as part of a pilot project to teach cities the virtues of rationalist planning. The drawing displays some of the major planning dogmas of the age, notably the separation of uses that would make downtown a preserve of commercial uses only, and segregate all housing in a sanitized suburb. The real city this schematic represents was Tacoma, Washington. Daniel Burnham's Chicago Plan, for all the attention to detail and careful, utilitarian thought behind it, had been a plan in the old manner, something Hippodamus of Miletus or Pope Sixtus V would have understood and appreciated-a civic vision, expressed in physical space. It would be one of the last of its kind. A new brand of planning was gradually coming to dominate the field, one more in tune with a rationalistic age. Our own tradition of design, broken after American independence and the Land Ordinance of 1785, had been picked up off the ground by Burnham and the men of his generation. Their work was part of a worldwide movement, finding much of its inspiration in Europe. 'Town planning' was a phrase first used in 1905 or 1906, perhaps by the British urbanist Raymond Unwin; Stadtplan had been around in German since the 1860's, and it was old methodical Germany that had showed the way for everyone else. In a sense, the triumph of planning in the US was due less to the chaotic neglect in the 19th century than the sudden ambition of the City Beautiful builders. If you're going to take the trouble to lay out a boulevard, you'll find you need controls on land use to keep it fine. If you want to group new public buildings in a formal civic center, the old forgotten art of urban design comes in handy. When ideas finally hit America, they often take hold with surprising speed. Hartford, Connecticut started the first city planning commission in 1907. Harvard began the first university course in 1909, the same year that saw the first National Conference on Planning. In the 20's planning became deeply planted in academia. Harvard opened the first graduate school of city planning in 1929, followed by MIT in 1933 and Cornell and Columbia in '37. Scientistic planning was an important part of the wider movement towards bureaucratization of all government functions, where the worth of employees would be measured by academic training, certification and membership in professional societies. Besides the planners, social and health workers, educators and even educated policemen were becoming 'experts'. Some of the advocates of planning shared the utopian outlook of socialists, communists and devotees of all the other ideologies of that bizarre and unfortunate age. Others had Sumner's message of the survival of the fittest in the back of their minds, and they wanted to make sure they were on the winning side. What both had in common was a nearly unanimous acceptance of the fashionable scientism of the day, and its promise of magically whisking away all problems. So whether they came at the problem from the left or the right, they tended increasingly to see planning as more an engineering problem than a design problem. First of all, we'll need more statistics, studies, surveys, and a permanent planning staff. After that, the idea of comprehensive planning, tying every urban issue together in one big package, seemed possible and necessary. Traffic was a new worry, and a plan could show where new roads were needed. Transportation, sanitation, recreation, every function of the city would have a place in the 'master plan'. Each would have its needs determined and provided for by scientific analysis. A lot of the people in the movement frankly hated the cities of their day, especially New York, where most of them lived. They tended to see the future in terms they had learned from the British Garden Cities movement. Difficult as it may be for us to appreciate now, the majority of these activists of the City Practical boiled all urban problems down to a single, all-encompassing evil: 'overcrowding', or in other words, population density. This was Lewis Mumford'sspecial villain; he felt about it the way temperance ladies felt about whiskey, and the words 'congestion or 'overcrowding' appear on almost every page of his works in the 30's. It was a myth born in the truly overcrowded slums of lower Manhattan, where population densities surpassed those of Calcutta, but one that had little relevance to the rest of the country, where the poor had lots more room. Nevertheless, to the faithful, crime, disease, juvenile delinquency, divorce, political machines and corruption, school dropouts, prostitution, poker playing, whooping cough, cockfights, cockroaches and 'corner loungers' whistling at girls-all had their root in 'overcrowding'. The obvious remedy for all these ills would be government intervention, in the form of socialized housing schemes, or a conscious, planned suburbanization of the working class. For many, it meant comprehensive planning in which the state would assume control of the real estate market and eliminate the iniquities caused by capitalist speculation. The drive to empty out cities began as an outgrowth of the settlement house movement. In 1907, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley and other well-known activists founded the Committee on Congestion of Population. At least one Progressive, Frederick Howe, saw correctly that the constant outward movement of the middle class would leave plenty of sound housing for workingmen and their families to 'move up'. But the time was right for this idea of radical decentralization. Most Progressives swallowed it whole. The CCP rapidly became a very influential institution, enough so to seize hold of the young planning movement and change its outlook and its principles forever. Its leader, Benjamin Marsh, wrote a popular book called An Introduction to City Planning: Democracy's Challenge to the American City, and in the same year (1909), he organized the first National Conference on City Planning in Washington. Marsh and other conference speakers used the occasion to bushwhack the City Beautiful, deriding its concern with parks and squares, and calling instead for zoning, height limits, planning commissions, and federal regulation of land values and real estate profits. Scientism's assault on the City Beautiful continued in the following years. For many of the planners, it was simply an opportunity for broadening the vision of 'planning', though we need not be cynics to imagine that more mundane, less idealistic factors were involved. As historian William H. Wilson puts it, in The City Beautiful Movement: The city practical long ago prevailed over the City Beautiful, in a fight that was less over two distinct approaches to planning,-the aesthetic and the practical-and more about vocational and professional dominance, appeals to the taxpayer's pocketbook, and bureaucratic control. To oversimplify somewhat, the architects, engineers and others fighting for the city practical beat the landscape architects and architects representing the City Beautiful. The city practical hung on the City Beautiful the labels aesthetics-obsessed, socially primitive and inutilitarian, and made them stick.' Creative Commons License
Carbon capture leak simulated in sea off Scotland Thousands of kilos of carbon dioxide will be injected into the seabed to simulate effects of a leak on the marine ecosystem Investigating the ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage CCS in Ardmucknish Bay Scotland Ardmucknish Bay, where the Scottish Association of Marine Science are investigating the potential ecosystem impacts of carbon storage. Photograph: David J Chilvers/Alamy Carbon capture leak simulated in sea off Scotland The experiment by the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Plymouth Marine Lab, plus 8 other research institutes, will simulate what would happen if a pipeline to a carbon store leaked. Around 80-100kg CO2 a day – one person emits around 1kg of CO2 a day – will be injected over a month 12m below the seabed off Ardmucknish Bay. They will then drill a hole to make it leak, before monitoring the seabed and sediment for the next 90 days with sensors, acoustic techniques and seismic testing. When the CO2 comes into contact with water it will change the pH level of the surrounding area, affecting plant life and likely driving off most nearby animals, but Stahl said he is uncertain how it will affect microbe organisms or the sediment. The experiment will also attempt to provide data to help scientists to predict future leaks and monitor for them, and also create models to predict future impact of CCS. The University of Nottingham and the Carbon Dioxide Storage group of the British Geological Survey are running similar experiments on potential soil leaks. "I think it's unrealistic that we have any massive leaks, so I think what we're looking at is leakage of CO2 from point sources, injected from a well or a pipeline," said Stahl. "We're not looking at huge massive leaks of CO2 because these reservoirs have been holding oil and gas for millions of years. As far as I know all the research implies they are structurally sound."
Wednesday, February 5, 2014 Acute Pain - Nursing Care Plan for Tonsillitis Acute tonsillitis is an acute inflammation caused by Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal, Viridans streptococci and Streptococcus pyogenes, can also be caused by a virus. Etiology of Tonsillitis 1. Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal is a gram-positive bacterium that can multiply in a healthy throat and can cause acute respiratory tract infections. 2. Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that grows in a circular form long chains and lead group A streptococcal infection Streptococcus pyogenes is the cause of many important human diseases ranging from infection typically begins in the throat and skin. 3. Viridans streptococci Viridans streptococci has the unique ability dextran synthesis of glucose which allows them adhere to fibrin-platelet aggregates in damaged heart valves. 4. Influenza virus The influenza virus is an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxo Viridae (influenza virus). The virus is transmitted by the medium of air, by sneezing in humans, common symptoms that occur are fever, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion. In a bad case of influenza can also cause pneumonia. Classification of Tonsillitis 1. Acute tonsillitis Acute tonsillitis caused by streptococcus on hemoliticus, viridians streptococcus, and Streptococcus pyogene, can also be caused by a virus. 2. Follicular tonsillitis Tonsils swollen and hyperemic, covered its surface covered with patches of white exudate filling detritus called tonsil crypt. This detritus contained leukocytes, epithelial apart due to inflammation and the remnants of food stuck. 3. Lacunar Tonsillitis Adjacent patches together and fill Lacuna (curves) surface of the tonsils. 4. Membranous Tonsillitis (Septic Sore Throat) Tonsillar exudate covering the surface of the swollen membrane resembles. These membranes are usually easily removed or discarded and yellowish white. 5. Chronic Tonsillitis Recurrent tonsillitis, predisposing factors: chronic stimulation (cigarettes, food) the effects of weather, the treatment of acute inflammation of inadequate and poor oral hygiene. Nursing Diagnosis for Tonsillitis : Acute Pain Acute pain related to swelling of the tonsils Goal : Pain ilang or reduced • Getting to know the causes. • Recognize the onset of pain. • Analgesic non -aid measures. • Recognizing the symptoms of pain. • Indicate the position / relaxed facial expression. Intervention and Rational : 1. Assess complaints of pain, note the location, intensity (scale of 1-10), frequency and time. Marking non-verbal, eg restlessness, tachycardia, grimacing. R:/ Indicate the need for intervention and also the signs of progression / resolution of complications. 2. Encourage expression of feelings. R:/ Can reduce the anxiety and fear, thereby reducing the perception of the intensity of fear. 3. Provide entertainment activities, eg reading, watching TV, playing mobile phone. R:/ Improve ability to cope with the attention back. 4. Perform palliative measures, eg changing positions, massage. R:/ Increase relaxation / tension decreases. 5. Instruct patients to use visualization / guided imagery, progressive relaxation, deep breathing techniques. R:/ Increase relaxation and feeling healthier. 6. Give analgesic / antipyretic. Use patient -controlled analgesia, to provide 24- hour analgesic doses. R:/ R :/ Providing a decrease in pain or discomfort : reduce fever. Controlled drugs by patients or 24 hours of analgesia maintain blood levels remain stable. Prevent deficiency or excess drugs. No comments: Post a Comment
Relax and unwind with Alphamusic The Alphamusic of John Levine What is Alphamusic? Alphamusic is music that is founded upon scientific research into brainwave activity. This research examines how music can regulate the alpha waves in the brain, and the resulting effect that this can have on the user. In order to truly understand what Alphamusic is and how it can help you, we′ve broken down everything from what brainwaves are and where they originate, to how the music regulates these brainwaves and what this means for the user. What is an alpha brainwave? An electroencephalograph (EEG) is a device that registers brainwaves. Brainwaves are produced by neurons sending pulses to one another in the brain, and the combination of millions of neurons communicating at once creates a surge in electrical activity. The EEG tracks this electricity which is then grouped together dependent on the area of the brain, and commonly referred to as a brainwave. So, simply put, a brainwave is electrical activity produced by communicating neurons in a certain area of the brain. There are five established types of brainwave at present. These are alpha, beta, delta, theta and gamma. Alpha brainwaves originate from the occipital lobe during wakeful relaxation, and are responsible for mental co-ordination, awareness, calmness and the ability to retain information whilst learning. Alpha brainwaves control the quiet of the mind and the light resting state of the brain. What is the alpha state? The alpha state is the resulting state that a user finds themselves in upon listening to Alphamusic. Often described as a relaxed awareness, easing the user into an alpha state decreases the electrical activity in the brain by prioritising the alpha brainwaves. This means that once the listener is in the alpha state, the mind is de-cluttered, able to work more efficiently and able to pick up and retain information more easily. The alpha state is what allows users to feel the benefits of Alphamusic, whether it′s easing them into a restful nights sleep or creating a calm space for focus and stress relief. How can Alphamusic help you? By easing users into the alpha state, hectic electrical activity in the mind is reduced, the mind is cleared and as a result, it is more able to process information, focus and relax. Alphamusic can work as an effective natural remedy for a range of different common ailments – to discover exactly how Alphamusic can work for you, select the option most suitable for you from the list below: * Sleep and Insomnia * Stress and Anxiety * Concentration and ADHD * Pain Management * For Children john levine Alphamusic is the brainchild of the Australian composer John Levine. Eager to explore the relationship between music and the mind in more detail, John continued his academic career and went on to study at the Sydney Transcendental Meditation Centre. Developing a scientific understanding of meditation and how it affects the mind, he studied an Alpha Relaxation Course with Jacob Bloom, as well as Systematic Desensitization Relaxation Techniques at the University of New South Wales and Mind Language with Robert Murphy. Aside from his academic and professional experience, beginning to compose Alphamusic had a much more personal connection for John. When his father became extremely ill in 1984 with a myriad of stress-related conditions, John decided to pursue the scientifically researched benefits of Alphamusic further. John’s father was a very traditional man – he was not open to meditation or anything he saw as too new-age. As much as John professed the benefits of calming the mind through meditation, his father continued to reject the idea. The more John went on to learn about Alphamusic, the more focused he became on composing music deliberately aimed at regulating the alpha waves and calming the mind. John’s ultimate goal was to create music that could ease users into a meditative-like state, where they could reap the benefits of meditation without having to directly engage with it. Sadly, John’s father passed away before he was able to properly benefit from the results of Alphamusic. However, building upon brain wave research, John endeavoured to compose a series of titles that address a whole host of common ailments from insomnia to anxiety, offering an effective and non-invasive natural remedy to those suffering. John’s wealth of experience composing and producing music means that each title is complex and varied, allowing the brainwaves to slow but also keep the brain intrigued and interested. Thanks to the boom in Alphamusic, John has since been interviewed on BBC TV Look East, The Telegraph and Channel 9 TV Australia. His music was featured in the Diana Concert at Wembley and enjoyed by the attending Royal Family, as well as being played at both Hyde Park Calling and Live Earth concerts. John Levine’s Alphamusic A natural therapy against fatigue, depression and pain There is a simple remedy with which you can banish fatigue, insomnia, fears and even some chronic illnesses – Alphamusic. It is ordinary music which affects the brain activity and which the scientific community has been studying with an increasing interest to discover its usefulness in everyday life. Due to its ability to influence brainwaves, their features and functions, music is a powerful remedy which can help improve the quality of life and health. In the following story about his alpha music you will learn how the Australian composer and meditation teacher John Levine used the link between the brainwaves and music and how he managed to improve memory and mood, eliminate pain and fear in children and adults. Brainwaves – emotions, thoughts and mood In 1924 dr. Hans Berger, a German physiologist, psychiatrist and neurologist, constructed a device known as electroencephalograph (EEG). The device was the first in history to physically register the human brain activity, later named ‘Berger’s wave’. Two basic wave types were observed in the beginning, specifically alpha (slow activity) and beta (fast activity) waves. Other frequency activities were discovered later and classified as theta and delta. The brainwaves are what underlies our emotions, thoughts and moods from a biochemical-neurological point of view. Although it is clear that the brainwaves are a neural activity, the place where they are generated and where they communicate information in the brain is still a mystery. We can define the brainwaves as a symultaneous energy release by a group of neurons. Their characteristics, frequency range, patterns and functional tasks can be divided into four basic groups: alpha (8-13 Hz) beta (13-30 Hz) theta (4-8 Hz) delta (1-4 Hz) (since recently) gamma (30-70 Hz) Good alpha waves and stressful beta waves Alpha (α) waves are most frequently related to states such as relaxed mindfulness, awareness, creativity, strong associativity and unfocused attention. This type of waves is linked to cases where a subject is expected to anticipate a certain stimulus or, in the situations of calm, to the sensations of ‘floating’ or pleasure. An alpha brain activity is an integral part of relaxation before sleep. It arises almost immediately after the person closes his eyes leading to the emptiness of mind and the state of no thoughts. As a person’s growth is accompanied by the growth of his alpha strength, a process linked to an individual’s maturation. There is an increase in the cognitive competencies and in the focus on the specific. In this state, the individual is on the boundary between the wakefulness and sleep, but preserves the sense of alertness. Meditative states and the integration between mind and body take place at this moment. Alpha brain frequences are associated with the state of deep relaxation and calm. These factors are directly related to the reduction in stress, increased concentration, creativity, intuition, perception and immunity level, as well as to the processes linked to heart rate and breathing regulation. On the other hand, beta frequencies are characteristic of the states of increased alertness, reactions and acute senses. In such a state, the organism is prepared to fight and flight response when survival is at stake. Decisions are characterized by the readiness for action and self defense, accompanied by quick and explosive responses to the given situation. Such a type of adaptation automatically puts the body under stress, which can lead to negative physical and mental consequences in the long term. Due to the accelerated pace of life, people experience more and more beta waves in their everyday life, which leads to a host of other problems. The quality of life decreases, acute stress and cardiovascular ailments appear, and the social skills deteriorate. EEG recording before John Levine’s Alphamusic has been used. EEG recording after the session with John Levine’s Alphamusic Use John Levine’s Alphamusic for a more creative and healthier life John Levine is an Australian composer, piano player, meditation teacher and the author of numerous musical works designed to stimulate the alpha brainwaves. His music is a medium with the strongest synchronizing potential. This type of stimulation is an excellent technique of entering a determined frequency state. In this state, there are feelings of calm, creativity and a higher control over life situations and behaviour. The mood is improved, thinking becomes more focused and self-respect is increased. The state of self-healing is enhanced too. It has been discovered that creative individuals spend most of the time in alpha and theta states. The athletes subjected to alpha stimulation achieved better results and performance. John Levine’s Alphamusic is finding its place in numerous kindergartens, elementary and high schools, universities and hospitals. It is used for the purpose of improving the learning process, productivity and creativity and inducing relaxation. In 2003. Levine introduced Alpha music to more than 30 Australian kindergartens and child care centers. Soon afterwards he spread his practice to numerous hospitals and dental clinics which recognized a positive influence of background alpha music on their patients. Children in schools reported calm, energy, sublimeness, heightened associativity and synchronization of mind and body. John Levine’s Alphamusic succeeded in ensuring alertness in pupils as well as a higher degree of knowledge absorption. It stimulated their imagination and emotions. They observed, they were more focused, active, productive and adaptable to new conditions. Children and parents were found to have an improved memory, a stronger sense of cooperation and a generally more relaxed mood. At the same time, the frequency of violence and disagreements was reduced. In the physical sense, many subjects noticed alpha music alleviated their headaches, hyperactivity and feelings of panic. Numerous health benefits John Levine’s music strengthens immunity (reduces cortisol and increases melatonin), balances breathing and heart rate, relieves stress and stimulates self healing. Alpha waves have been found to induce a state of deep relaxation and inner peace, an increased decision-making ability and an enhanced short-term memory. They improve attention, imagination, concentration, creativity, intuition and perception. Symptoms for which they appear to be beneficial include: Chronic fatigue Back pain Panic attacks Dr. Iwona Olszewska i dr. Maciej Žarow published a study on the effects of background alpha music on patients in a dentist’s waiting room. The patients reported they had observed the reduction of stress, anxiety, phobia and pain due to music. The study showed this type of stimulation helps equally well with schizophrenia, muscle cramps, Parkinson’s disease, ADHD and chronic back pain. Dr. Rob Bridgman authored an equally interesting paper in 2005. He studied the effects of alpha music on the behaviour and scholastic results of adolescents with behavioural problems. By observing a group of ten children aged 12 and 13 with behavioural and emotional difficulties Bridgman noticed many benefits of Levine’s music. The children achieved better test results and recorded a decrease in impulsivity, hyperactivity (by 46%) and talking in class (by 87%). Their overall academic success improved by 108,1%! The author also noticed an improved concentration, higher level of focus, greater drive and productivity. All the studies conducted so far have confirmed the health benefits of John Levine’s alpha music. Experts recommend its use not just to raise the quality of work, enhance memory, focus and calm, but also to strengthen immunity and aid recovery. Credits: Alternative Healing – Your Guide to Better Health
ActivityBot Image During this workshop, students will gain practical experience and knowledge in the fields of Robotics, Computer Programming, and Microprocessors. The workshop will use the ActivityBot from Parallax which has the capability to execute multiple instructions simultaneously, realize high accuracy maneuvers and also incorporate sensors and other circuits without the need of soldering. Students will learn to assemble the robot and add motors and sensors (ultrasound, infrared, light and touch) with the purpose of learning how a robot interacts with the environment. Students will also receive instructions on how to use the C programming language to write new and modify existing robot programs. The workshop program is concise and has been carefully designed for the step-by-step acquaintance of participants. Detailed instructions, diagrams, programming code and continuous help and support will be provided to students. With the conclusion of the workshop, students have the option of taking the robot home with an additional fee of 200€.
The word prepone to mean “to move forward in time,” is a word coined by English speakers in India. Example: The examination set for March 12 has been preponed to February 16. ‘Prepone’ is not an English word. It’s commonly used in Indian subcontinent to mean the opposite of ‘post-pone’, but the rest of the world is largely unaware of it. Some existing antonyms for postpone are “bring forward, move up, advance.” Ex. The ten o’clock meeting has been moved forward to nine.
Emotional Abuse "Abuse victims are always the best actors. They have to be, to live their whole lives with the pain and shame, pretending there is nothing wrong. It's the greatest performance of all." Great Book on Verbal (Emotional) Abuse Verbal Abuse is like being stabbed with words. What is Emotional abuse? Emotional abuse, which is 8% of all substantiated cases of child abuse, is commonly defined as the systematic tearing down of another human being. It is considered a pattern of behavior that can seriously interfere with a child's positive development. Emotional abuse is probably the least understood of all child abuse, yet it is the most prevalent, and can be the cruelest and most destructive of all types of abuse. An infant who is being severely deprived of basic emotional nurturing, even though physically well cared for, can fail to thrive and can eventually die. Less severe forms of early emotional deprivation may produce babies who grow into anxious and insecure children who are slow to develop or who might have low self-esteem. Types of Emotional Abuse: 1] Rejecting -- Parents who lack the ability to bond will often display rejecting behavior toward a child. They tell a child in a variety of ways that he or she is unwanted. They may also tell the child to leave, call him or her names and tell the child he or she is worthless. They may not talk to or hold the young child as he or she grows. The child may become the family scapegoat, being blamed for all the family's problems. 2] Ignoring -- Adults who have had few of their emotional needs met are often unable to respond to the needs of their children. They may not show attachment to the child or provide nurturance. They may show no interest in the child, express affection or even recognize the child's presence. Many times the parent is physically there but emotionally unavailable. 3] Terrorizing -- Parents may single out one child to criticize and punish. They may ridicule him or her for displaying normal emotions and have expectations far beyond his or her normal "Sticks and Stones may Break my Bones but Verbal Abuse may Never Heal" What are the effects of emotional abuse? Other types of abuse are usually identifiable because marks or other physical evidence is left, however, emotional abuse can be very hard to diagnose or even to define. In some instances, an emotionally abused child will show no signs of abuse. For this reason, emotional abuse is the most difficult form of child maltreatment to identify and stop. This type of abuse leaves hidden scars that manifest themselves in numerous ways. Insecurity, poor self-esteem, destructive behavior, angry acts (such as fire setting or cruelty to animals), withdrawal, poor development of basic skills, alcohol or drug abuse, suicide and difficulty forming relationships can all be possible results of emotional abuse. Understanding Abusive Relationships No one intends to be in an abusive relationship, but individuals who were verbally abused by a parent or other significant person often find themselves in similar situations as an adult. If a parent tended to define your experiences and emotions, and judge your behaviors, you may not have learned how to set your own standards, develop your own viewpoints and validate your own feeling and perceptions. Consequently, the controlling and defining stance taken by an emotional abuser may feel familiar or even conformable to you, although it is destructive. Recipients of abuse often struggle with feelings of powerlessness, hurt, fear, and anger. Ironically abusers tend to struggle with these same feelings. Abuser are also likely to have been raised in emotionally abusive environments and they learn to be abusive as a way to cope with their own feelings of powerlessness, hurt , fear, and anger. Consequently, abusers may be attracted to people who see themselves as helpless or who have not learned to value their own feelings, perceptions, or viewpoints. This allows the abuser to feel more secure and in control, and avoid dealing with their own feelings, and self-perceptions.
The Basics First of all, it’s important to note that this is not a step by step tutorial on how to draw a character. Rather, it assumes that you’ve at least tried to draw a character, and acts as a guide on how to correct a lot of the problems you may encounter early on, when you’re either new to pixel art or trying to improve. If you’ve drawn a sprite before, it might be helpful to load it up and follow along. If you haven’t, try doing something quick before we start. That said, if you’re a total beginner, then chances are your first sprite looks something like this, Regardless of whether or not you’re proud or horrified, don’t worry about it; because there’s a lot you can do to make a sprite like this better without much effort. Here's a list of a lot of the mistakes I see (and made myself when I began), and how to deal with them. 1 - Too many colors. Low Contrast. First thing's first; While using a lot of colors may seem like a good idea at first, it also makes your sprite harder to work with. The more colors you use, the longer it will take to animate your sprite, and while using a lot of colors can look good if you know what you’re doing, it’s not going to look better. Just “different”. In game development that time can mean a lot. So, take that mess of colors, and lower it down to 3-4 shades per color, at most. Of course, limiting the colors won't mean much if the colors are bad. Every color should be different enough to justify actually including it. With the above sprites, some of the shades are so similar that they’re difficult to distinguish from each other. Like I said before, more color means more work, and if the color has no purpose, then it shouldn’t be there. Now, there’s no rule for how much contrast you should use. You’re just going to have to get a feel for it. However, if you want a rough estimate, then just use a difference of at least 40-50 between each shade. Even when zoomed out a bit, you should be able to see the difference between them. Now, you may be thinking “AH! My once awesome sprite! Why is it so jaggy and harsh now?! I TRUSTED YOU”. Well, don’t worry. It doesn’t look bad because of the contrast. Rather, it looks bad because the contrast isn’t being “utilized” yet. Trust me, contrast is your friend. 2 - Messy lines Before we go any further, it’s important to have clean lines. This is actually a problem I see with a lot of decent pixels artists, be it out of laziness, or just not realizing it. Here’s a few example of messy lines, and the cleaner versions. Basically, you want to limit everything to a single line of pixels when possible. Being clean also includes making sure that curves are actually curves. 3 - Parallel lines Basically, when two lines of pixels are next to one another, it exaggerates the fact that they're square and looks jaggy. You can fix this sort of thing by “rounding” the edges of these groups of pixels. The difference is subtle, but noticeable. Basically, everything will look smoother, and the technique is essential for making things look curved. 4 - Pillow shading. Lighting Now, to address the elephant in the room.. Pillow shading is when you just shade from the edges towards the center. The key to solving this problem is using lighting direction, and keeping it consistent. However, keep in mind that shadows help to give a shape volume, and so the shape of the shadow matters a lot. When adding any shadow, think to yourself, "why is this here"?. If the answer is "because it's easier" then it's probably in the wrong place. 5 - Face Shape Another thing I see a lot in pixel art are these sort of “caved in” faces. I guess as a result of people trying to draw the same way they do at a higher res but running out of space. Particularly with stylized characters, it often helps to puff out the cheeks a bit, and make the head more bottom heavy. This will usually work well with low-res sprites. I also made the right eye smaller to conform to the shape of the face more. 6 - Hue/Sat Shifting Finally....time to talk about color some more. The problem with our current colors is that only the brightness changes between shades, which is a little boring. Colors like yellow are especially bad for shadows, since they end up kind of ******** colored. To fully utilize color, you need to change not only the brightness, but also the hue and saturation. The general rule of thumb is... The higher the brightness - The higher the saturation The lower the brightness - The lower the saturation. In this example, the first one only changes brightness, whereas the second changes saturation as well. The de-saturated mid-tone helps the highlight "pop" However, what about with brighter colors? The problem is that if you just raise the brightness of the blue, it becomes pale. It can't be any more saturated than it is, and so the highlights don't "pop" anymore, because the mid-tones are more saturated. This is where Hue comes in. If you shift the hue and saturation sort of like this, The cyan appears more saturated than the blue, preventing it from appearing washed out. Here's a few examples with other colors. You can do the same thing with any other color. The basic rule of thumb is; shift the hue towards blue as the color get's darker, and shift the hue towards yellow as the color gets brighter. These "patterns" all follow the same scheme. Here's what the yellow to blue pattern above looks like There are some exceptions to these rules. For example, because white and dark grey colors have no saturation, they have saturated shadows instead. Finally, using everything I mentioned above, here's what the sprite looks like with colors that utilize hue and saturation shifting. (+ a minor change to the eyes) And if you color lines next to highlights with shadow colors... 7 - Head size It's common to make the head too big, overestimating how much room you need for expressions. I learned the hard way that big heads = characters that can't stick their heads where you want them to. While this is a personal choice, it's something to keep in mind. And that about wraps it up for now. Here's the final result. 1. Absolutely awesome! This is very helpful! 2. "if you're a total beginner, then chances are your first sprite looks something like this," ... I'll see myself out. 3. Thanks Kyrieru. Very helpful tutorial. Nothing beats practice, but good advice never hurt anybody. =) 4. the final product looks totally different! really helpful tutorial =D 5. If only my first sprite(s) looked like that. >.> Thanks for the tutorial. 6. I disagree with you on saturation, but otherwise this is pretty great 7. Mind blown. Have no prior knowledge about sprite art, very interesting to see techniques explained. 8. my first sprite is supposed to look like that? well fuck... 1. It would probably look like that if you had done some drawing before trying pixel art, but probably not if you're starting at absolute zero. I'd recommend learning to draw at least a little bit since a lot of it will carry over in some way or another. 9. This is actually very helpful. I knew a lot of it through trial and error, but there is lots that I didn't know which is going to be quite helpful. In particular, I will have to play with contrast and get a feel for it. I'm curious about one thing though: I'm working on a project which will ultimately involve several hundred different animated sprites, and I'm having trouble keeping a unified style. Do you have any recommendations for controlling style across an entire production? 1. Depends what you mean by style. When I'm creating new enemies/NPCs, I start by placing the player's idle frame for reference. When deciding on final colors for everything, I do it over top of backgrounds from the game, and see how it looks in-game as well. As for color and contrast, etc; if you want to choose a "style", then just look at each element individually. -how many shades per color -are there outlines -outline color -color tone (muted, water color, super colorful) -shadow direction -details (hair highlights, how eyes are colored, how expressions look, etc) 10. Wow, the Hue/Sat trick is pretty neat, I never noticed it before. 11. you just turned trash to art 12. Hey, i was wondering if you could give some tips on how to make a game. Thanks in advance 1. Isn't much to say; learn the individual skills you need in order to make a game (or at least the ones you're willing to learn) and go from there. Until then, without a problem there is no solution.
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month With reference to case studies discuss the importance labour plays in the location of industry Extracts from this document... With reference to case studies discuss the importance labour plays in the location of industry. Labour is an important locational factor for industry, however in some industries it is of greater importance than others. In the high-tech quaternary sector highly skilled labour is essential, more so than other factors such as energy or raw materials. For this reason high-tech companies choose to locate near their labour force, often around large cities and university towns. Cambridge is a good example of this trend. As an attractive city with the prominent Cambridge university at its centre it is an ideal location for high-tech industry. These factors have lead to the development of the Cambridge Science Park, 3km North of the city centre, founded by Trinity college. ...read more. Thus proving that labour to be a very important factor in the location of quaternary industry, high-tech industry will locate near large groups of skilled individuals regardless of labour costs. However, for secondary industry where only semi-skilled workers are needed, labour does not take priority over other factors. In the 19th century the textile industry began to make cloth by power driven looms to increase productivity, skilled craftsmen where no longer necessary as making cloth in a workers home became inefficient and therefore unable to compete. The textile industry moved to energy sources such as coal to drive the looms and labour became of little importance in the industries location. However, in the 1970s, when the textile industry was no longer tied to natural resources due to a decline in transport costs, labour become a more important locational factor once again. ...read more. In China, a lack of Health and Safety restrictions, along with a non-unionised labour force allows a great increase in productivity, an attractive prospect to the textile industry, as well as processing and assembly industries. Where large numbers of workers are needed labour costs rise in importance. However in some cases cheap labour costs may be overlooked due to an overriding need for a different factor such as Toyota breaking into the French market. In 1996 when Toyota, Japans biggest car maker, wished to open another car manufacturing plant in Europe. Although there was an existing Toyota car plant in the UKs midlands with an abundance of experienced workers, Toyota chose to locate in Valenciennes, near Lille allowing it to break into the french market. This demonstrates that although labour is usually and important factor in the location of industry it is not necessary the deciding factor in the location of industry. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related GCSE Human Geography essays increases the amount of people wanting to work in the Science Park. Workers and companies are also attracted to the Science Park, as it is a very clean modern area. We also conducted a survey of the quality of environment. 2. Economic Activity: factors affecting location. Mixed farms are both pastoral and arable. Farms that have a high level of inputs are intensive. These achieve a high yield per hectare. An example would be arable farming in East Anglia or rice farming in South East Asia. Those farms that have low input and output per hectare are extensive. 1. Sweatshop Worker's Rights Charter However, $2400 went into accommodation, and $3600 into paying of their recruitment fees. This left them with barely any money to send back home for their families. This will also provide garment workers to have the chance to provide their children with a better lifestyle and create a better future for future generations. 2. Condensed Case Studies * In rural areas large families tradition- children provide labour/ look after elderly * Compromise- if first child a girl, could have 2 kids * China will not have enough workers in the future * Girl babies undervalued, so killed so they can have a boy Mexico --> USA * • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Game Programming Gurus JavaScript EditorFree JavaScript Editor Ajax Editor Main Page Previous Section Next Section Double Buffering Thus far you've directly modified the contents of the primary surface, which is directly rasterized each frame by the video controller. This is fine for demos and static imagery, but what if you want to perform smooth animation? This is a definite problem; let me explain. As I alluded to earlier in the book, most computer animation is achieved by drawing each frame of animation in an offscreen buffer area and then blasting the image to the visible display surface very quickly, as shown in Figure 7.7. Figure 7.7. Performing animation with double buffering. This way the user can't see you erase images, generate the display, or anything else you might do in each frame. As long as the copying of the offscreen image to the visible surface is very quick, you could theoretically do it 15 times a second, or 15 fps, and still have a reasonably smooth game. However, the standard these days is at least 30 fps, so that has become the minimum to get high-quality animation. The process of drawing an image in an offscreen area and then copying it to the display surface is called double buffering, and it's how 99 percent of all games perform animation. However, in the past (under DOS especially), there wasn't special hardware to help with this process. This obviously changed with the introduction of DirectX/ DirectDraw. If acceleration hardware is present (and enough VRAM memory is on the video card), a process that's similar to double buffering, called page flipping, can be employed. Page flipping is roughly the same idea as double buffering, except that you draw to one of two potentially visible surfaces and then direct the hardware to make the other surface the active display surface. This basically removes the "copy" step because the hardware addressing system is used to point the video rasterizer to a different portion of memory. The end result is an instantaneous page flip and update of the visual on the screen (hence the term page flipping). Of course, page flipping has always been possible, and many game programmers used it when programming Mode X modes (320x200, 320x240, 320x400). However, it's a down-low-and-direct technique. Assembly language and video controller programming was usually needed to accomplish the task. But with DirectDraw it's a snap. You'll get to it in the next section. I just wanted you to have an idea of where this chapter is going before I show you double buffering in detail. Implementing double buffering is trivial. All you need to do is allocate a portion of memory that has the same geometry as the primary DirectDraw surface, draw each frame of animation on it, and then copy the double buffer memory to the primary display surface. Unfortunately, there's a problem with this scheme…. Let's say you've decided to create a 640x480x8 DirectDraw mode. Hence, you would need to allocate a double buffer that was 640x480 or a linear array of 307,200 bytes. And keep in mind that the data is mapped in a row-order form, one row for each row on the screen. This is no problem, though. Here's the code to create the double buffer: UCHAR double_buffer = (UCHAR )malloc(640480); Or, using the new operator in C++: UCHAR double_buffer = new UCHAR[640480]; Either way you do it, you have an array of 307,200 bytes linearly addressable in memory that double_buffer points to. To address a single pixel at position (x,y), you would use the following code: double_buffer[x + 640y] = ... Seems reasonable because there are 640 bytes per virtual line and you're assuming a rectangular mapping of 640 bytes per line and 480 lines. Okay, here's the problem: Assume that you've also locked a pointer to the primary display surface and it's in primary_buffer. In addition, assume that during the lock you've extracted the memory pitch and stored it in mempitch, as shown in Figure 7.8. If mempitch is equal to 640, you can use the following code to copy the double_buffer to the primary_buffer: memcpy((void )primary_buffer, (void )double_buffer,640480); Figure 7.8. Primary display surfaces may have extra memory per line, causing addressing problems. And almost instantly, the double_buffer will show up in the primary buffer. There's a potential optimization here. Notice, I'm using memcpy(). This function is rather slow because it only copies bytes (on some compilers). A better method would be to write your own DWORD or 32-bit copy function to move more data per cycle. You can do this with inline or external assembly language. You'll see how when you get to optimization theory, but this is a good example if you're taking advantage of the largest data chunk that the Pentium can process, which is a 32-bit value. Everything seems fine, right? Wrong! The preceding memcpy() code will work only if mempitch or the primary surface stride is exactly 640 bytes per line. This may or may not be true. Alas, the preceding memcpy() code may fail terribly. A better way to write the double buffer copy function is to add a little function that tests if the memory pitch of the primary surface is 640. If so, the memcpy() is employed; if not, a line-by-line copy is used. A little slower, but the best you can do…. Here's the code for that: // can we use a straight memory copy? if (mempitch==640) } // end if // copy line by line, bummer! // copy next line of 640 bytes memcpy((void )primary_buffer, (void // now for the tricky part... // advance each pointer ahead to next line // advance to next line which is mempitch bytes away // we know that we need to advance 640 bytes per line } // end for y } // end else Figure 7.9 shows the process graphically. As you can see, this is one of the times that you have to do the work—no cheating! However, at least you can optimize the code with 4-byte or 32-bit copy code later. That makes me feel a little better. Figure 7.9. Copying the double buffer line by line. As an example, I have created a demo that draws a set of random pixels on a double buffer and then copies the double buffer to the primary buffer in 640x480x8 mode. There's a long delay between copies, so you can see that the image is entirely different. The name of the program is DEMO7_4.CPP\|EXE and it's on the CD. Remember to compile it yourself to add DDRAW.LIB to your project and have the header file paths set to the DirectX include directory. Here's the Game_Main() from the program, which is where all the action occurs: int Game_Main(void parms = NULL, int num_parms = 0) // this is the main loop of the game, do all your processing // here UCHAR primary_buffer = NULL; // used as alias to primary surface buffer // make sure this isn't executed again if (window_closed) // for now test if user is hitting ESC and send WM_CLOSE window_closed = 1; } // end if // erase double buffer memset((void )double_buffer,0, SCREEN_WIDTHSCREEN_HEIGHT); // you would perform game logic... // draw the next frame into the double buffer // plot 5000 random pixels for (int index=0; index < 5000; index++) int x = rand()%SCREEN_WIDTH; int y = rand()%SCREEN_HEIGHT; UCHAR col = rand()%256; double_buffer[x+ySCREEN_WIDTH] = col; } // end for index // copy the double buffer into the primary buffer // lock the primary surface // get video pointer to primary surfce primary_buffer = (UCHAR )ddsd.lpSurface; // test if memory is linear if (ddsd.lPitch == SCREEN_WIDTH) // copy memory from double buffer to primary buffer } // end if { // non-linear // make copy of source and destination addresses UCHAR dest_ptr = primary_buffer; UCHAR src_ptr = double_buffer; // memory is non-linear, copy line by line for (int y=0; y < SCREEN_HEIGHT; y++) // copy line memcpy((void )dest_ptr, (void )src_ptr, SCREEN_WIDTH); // advance pointers to next line src_ptr +=SCREEN_WIDTH; // note: the above code can be replaced with the simpler // memcpy(&primary_buffer[yddsd.lPitch], // double_buffer[ySCREEN_WIDTH], SCREEN_WIDTH); // but it is much slower due to the recalculation // and multiplication each cycle } // end for } // end else // now unlock the primary surface if (FAILED(lpddsprimary->Unlock(NULL))) // wait a sec // return success or failure or your own return code here } // end Game_Main Previous Section Next Section JavaScript EditorAjax Editor JavaScript Editor
Learn How to Make Apps for iOS Devices how to make apps for iosEver wonder how the world of smartphones has changed our lives? It’s difficult to remember the last time you sent an SMS to a person and not used a smartphone app. Using applications on your phone is second nature nowadays. But, it all started with one revolutionary product, the iPhone, powered by iOS. With the ever increasing repository of apps in the iStore, as a developer, you should look to tap this market. iOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. and is exclusively available on Apple hardware. The interface provided by iOS is very intuitive and user-friendly. It was only after the iPhone entered the phone market that other competing OSes were developed. Why would you select iOS application development? Developing apps in iOS is all about user interface. Security is one of the biggest reason people prefer the iOS-based iPhones. Since Apple reviews all the apps that make it to the store and verification of an app publisher is mandatory, malware attacks are less prominent. New to iOS programming? Take a course at Udemy.com. Before you begin In order for you to start creating applications for iOS devices, take a look at the pre requisites: • Xcode IDE – If you want to get started with developing apps for iOS, you need to work with the Xcode Integrated Development Environment. Though the highlight of this tool is that it is a code editor, just like Eclipse, it comes with certain additional features and tools. Some of the examples are auto-complete support, static code analysis to find bugs in the code before compilation, and various debugging and performance tools. Xcode can also be used to compile your code through command line. If you are comfortable with other tools for command line compilation, you can use those too. • Interface Builder – When creating apps for iOS, do not underestimate the importance of visual and intuitive interface. Interface Builder provides in built buttons, tab bars, sliders, and labels that you can drag on your app interface, and then modify using palettes. You can also use it to manipulate binders and object bindings. This means you can define how the app should respond when a particular button or element is touched by the user. • Frameworks – With Apple providing a variety of frameworks, you can create user interfaces, networking code, encryption of information, draw graphics, play visual aids, save passwords, and much in a jiffy. The variety of frameworks offered are tremendous and can be found under the /Developer directory. • Programming basics – Objective C is most commonly used language by iOS programmers to create native apps. You also need to have knowledge of JavaScript to go ahead with creating applications. Take a course at Udemy.com to master the art of iOS programming. Creating a Hello World application Let’s understand how to actually create an application after ensuring that all the pre-requisites are met. We will create a simple application that displays “Hello World” after you tap the “OK” icon on the screen. We will be using Xcode version 5 and Interface builder to create this app. Since we are creating an iOS app, you would need a Mac machine to complete this exercise. 1. Launch the Xcode application and create a new Xcode project. Select the “create an empty application” option. Provide the name of the app and the device for which you are creating the app. Provide the location to store the app and click ok. The Hello World project is automatically created for you. 2. Right-click the Hello World folder in the project navigator and click “New File”. Select the “Objective-C class” template under the “Cocoa Touch” category. Provide a name to the new class, let’s say we name it “HelloWorldtoUdemy.class”. Select the subclass as “UIViewController”, and ensure you select the “With XIB for user interface” checkbox. 3. After you click “Create”, Xcode generates three files, namely “HelloWorldtoUdemy.h”, “HelloWorldtoUdemy.m”, and “HelloWorldtoUdemy.xib”. Open the “HelloWorldtoUdemy.xib” file to view a display box similar to the iPhone screen. Let us edit this view to add the “Hello World button” to it. 4. From the “Object” library, under the “Utilities” area, drag a button to the view. Rename the button to Hello World. Now, if you run your project, you will not be able to see the button. This is because we need to tell the app to load a new view. To do this, open the “AppDelegate.m” file, and add the following line to the beginning of the code: #import “HelloWorldtoUdemy.h” Also, add the following code lines to the didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: method: HelloWorldtoUdemy viewController = [[HelloWorldtoUdemy alloc] initWithNibName:@"HelloWorldtoUdemy " bundle:nil]; self.window.rootViewController = viewController; Now, if you try to run the application, it will display the button. But, after you tap it, nothing will happen. This is because we are yet to provide code for displaying Hello World on tapping the button. 1. From the Project Navigator, open the “HelloWorldtoUdemy.h” file. Before the @end line, add the following code lines. Now, open the “HelloWorldtoUdemy.m” file, and the following code lines before @end line. - (IBAction)showMessage // Displays the Hello World Message UIAlertView helloWorldAlert = [[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:@"My First App" message:@"Hello, World!" delegate:nil cancelButtonTitle:@"OK" otherButtonTitles:nil]; [helloWorldAlert show]; 1. Next, we need to connect this action for displaying message and the button. This will be done in the Interface Builder. Open the “HelloWorldtoUdemy.xib” file. Drag the “Hello World” button from the viewer and drop it to the “File’s Owner” folder in the Project Navigator. A pop-up is displayed. Select the “showMessage” action highlighted in the pop-up to make the connection. You are done with creating the basic Hello World application. Now, we need to test this app. Testing your application Generally, testing on actual devices ensure that you are correct with the layout and no buttons are oversized or undersized. But, the difference that Xcode provides is that the views provided are customized to iPhone and other iOS devices. So, you can select the view before you go ahead with creating the application. In our case, you need to click the “Run” button in the IDE and the view with the “Hello World” button should be displayed. After you click “Ok”, the “Hello World” message is displayed. Want to create more intuitive iOS apps? Take a tutorial at Udemy.com.
Countering contamination for Mars spacesuits June 16, 2011 By Jeremy Hsu Countering contamination for Mars spacesuits Turn on the glow Bust the dust Of robots and spacesuits Explore further: Mars Rover device gets new mission on Earth Related Stories Mars Rover device gets new mission on Earth February 5, 2009 Developed to sniff out extraterrestrial life on other planets, a portable device known as the Mars Organic Analyzer (MOA) is taking on a new role in detecting air pollutants on Earth. Researchers in California report the ... MIT seeks funding for elastic spacesuit December 26, 2007 Mars Contamination Dust-Up May 19, 2010 A new study finds that microbes on spacecraft might be able to survive on Mars longer than previously thought. The key to their survival? Dust. ISS Spacewalkers Test Planetary Protection Concept March 23, 2009 On March 19th, astronauts onboard the International Space Station checked themselves for microbes before stepping outside on a space walk. It was a first-ever test of planetary protection technology that, one day, could keep ... Earth microbes may contaminate the search for life on Mars April 27, 2010 Bacteria common to spacecraft may be able to survive the harsh environs of Mars long enough to inadvertently contaminate Mars with terrestrial life according to research published in the April 2010 issue of the journal Applied ... Recommended for you SpaceX to launch classified US govt payload Sunday April 29, 2017 Is dark matter 'fuzzy'? April 28, 2017 Hubble's bright shining lizard star April 28, 2017 In space, being outshone is an occupational hazard. This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image captures a galaxy named NGC 7250. Despite being remarkable in its own right—it has bright bursts of star formation and recorded ... Adjust slider to filter visible comments by rank Display comments: newest first 3 / 5 (2) Jun 16, 2011 Until we have used robotic explorers to provide definitive proof that there's no native (microbial) life on Mars, we should refrain from any costly manned missions to the planet. To prematurely send humans to the only other terrestrial planet in our solar system which might harbour extra-terrestrial life and risk contamination of its near pristine environment with terrestrial organisms would be an unforgivable act of vandalism. Don't get me wrong - I am all for the manned exploration of Mars in the long term. However, no bio-containment system is 100% foolproof and the bacteria and fungi accompanying human explorers are bound to be inadvertently released into the Martian environment either by accident or by carelessness. The fact that early Martian probes were not 100% sterile is hopefully not going to have any widespread impact as the number of bacterial or fungal spores present would be relatively small. But humans, on the other hand, are teeming with microbial life! 1 / 5 (1) Jun 16, 2011 I hear ya. Although in my mind the biggest concern of ours shouldn't necessarily be contamination with OUR microbial life (except that it would inhibit the search for ET), as much as the potential to bring back extraterrestial microbes to our own planet unknowingly. 1 / 5 (6) Jun 17, 2011 @Peteri - I think it's highly unlikely that any microbes are present on Mars. Think about it - if there are microbes living in the soil, or whatever, why wouldn't those microbes have eventually evolved to colonize every aspect of the planet like they have done on the Earth? Why wouldn't those micro-organisms have eventually clumped together and evolved into multi-cellular organisms? Not only is there no proof of life on Mars, there isn't any detectable signature of it. Unless microbes only recently have established themselves on Mars. They might have survived the ride, when we sent rovers there. 5 / 5 (2) Jun 17, 2011 Sinister1811: I suspect that in the early history of Mars, when it had a thicker atmosphere and abundant surface water, microbial life - had it evolved - would have been widespread. As the planet's interior cooled, lost its magnetic field and consequently lost most of the solar energy retaining atmosphere, water became trapped as deep permafrost. The conditions under which even the hardiest of extremophile-type microbial life could survive became increasingly restricted to a subsurface environment. Subsurface life on Mars could still be holding out in liquid water layers where the residual heat from the interior of Mars warms the permafrost. That would be why we have so far not detected life on the harsh sterilised surface. Life on earth was microbial for 3 Byrs before multicellular life evolved ~700 Myrs ago - the latter requiring oxygen, something that had been gradually generated by photosynthetic bacteria over 1-2 Byrs. On Mars time ran out before this could ever happen. 4 / 5 (2) Jun 17, 2011 Actually Viking did get a positive result on one of its tests for life. Unfortunately it was later learned that martian soil contains perchlorate, which would both explain the positive result while at the same time confounding the test for organic molecules, making its negative result meaningless. Water existed on Mars, and still does below the surface. Methane has been detected by later missions and it may well be a sign of continued subsurface life. Click here to reset your password.
NPX Bioplastics 1Litre NPX BioPlastics are pelletized biodegradable polymers that provide a time-released source of food for bacteria that assimilate nitrate and phosphate. As bacteria develop on the pellet surfaces, excess growth sloughs off due to the tumbling in a fluidized filter, and these bacteria can be removed with a protein skimmer or serve as planktonic food for filter-feeding invertebrates such as corals, clams, and sponges. Anaerobic zones also develop within the pellets, thus promoting denitrification there. Directions: NPX Bioplastics are best installed in a fluidized filter like the PhosBan reactor 150 or 550, but they may simply be placed in a media bag in a filtration compartment. Use 100 ml Bioplastics per 100 L (approx 25 gallons). After 2-4 weeks, nitrate and phosphate levels will decrease. Because NPX Bioplastics are slowly consumed, more pellets have to be added periodically. Observe the level of media within the filter and top off as necessary about every 3-6 months. For aquaria with heavy feeding, higher quantities can be used, but the accumulation of phosphate from the food may require the combined use of NPX Bioplastics and PhosBan granular ferric oxide media, in separate reactors. Caution: Maintain sufficient water flow in your fishtank through NPX Bioplastics to prevent production of hydrogen sulfide gas. Employ strong water circulation, aeration, and/or a surface skimming overflow in the aquarium to maintain high levels of oxygen saturation when using this product because of the strong influence it has on oxygen saturation. The use of NPX Bioplastics in marine aquariums must be accompanied by the use of a protein skimmer to achieve the export of bacteria and assimilated nutrients. It is not necessary for the outlet of the filter containing pellets to be positioned near the intake of a protein skimmer, but it is necessary to have a protein skimmer running on the system. Size: 1Litre Code: 13207 Related products
Friday, August 8, 2008 2000: first US president elected by one vote The presidential election on November 7, 2000 was one of the closest presidential elections in the history of the US. It was a contest between Democrat Al Gore, the Vice President, and Republican George W. Bush, Governor of Texas. On election night, news media twice prematurely declared a winner in Florida based on exit polls, before deciding the race was too close to call. Both candidates needed Florida's electoral votes to win the presidency. A month of court challenges and recounts folllowed, until the US Supreme Court halted recounts by ruling for Bush by a one vote majority. Bush was certified as the winner in Florida by a margin of 537 votes, defeating Gore, who received more votes than Bush nationwide. It was the third time in American history that a candidate won the the Electoral College vote without winning the popular vote. (info from Wikipedia) 1 comment: Whit said... New York Times and the Miami Herald went back and did a recount saying Pres. Bush did indeed have more votes in Florida than Vice Pres. Gore.
DiversityNursing Blog Rare Birth: Baby Born Completely Encased In Amniotic Sac Posted by Erica Bettencourt Wed, Feb 25, 2015 @ 11:22 AM Ben Brumfield en caul resized 600 Days before he's scheduled to leave the hospital, he's already gone viral on social media because he was born 'en caul.' Silas was completely encased in his amniotic sac, said Los Angeles' Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in a Facebook post. That's so rare, that even doctors delivering babies hardly see it. So Silas' doctor snapped a photo with his cell phone. It looked like the baby was trapped in a big water bubble. "Even though it's a cliche -- we caught our breath," neonatologist William Binder told CNN affiliate KCAL. "It really felt like a moment of awe." Then Binder got to work helping Silas to breathe - and giving him special care, because Silas was born three months before his due date via Caesarean section. Later, Silas' grandmother showed the cell phone photo to his mother, Chelsea Philips. "It was definitely like a clear film, where you could definitely make out his head and his hair," Philips told the affiliate. Silas was curled up in fetal position inside. What is 'en caul' The amniotic sac is an opaque bubble that covers all babies in the womb from right after conception. As the baby grows, it fills with fluid, including the baby's urine. The sac cushions the baby from bumps and jostles during mom's daily ups and downs. Normally, during a birth, it breaks, and the fluid rushes out, which is where the term 'breaking water' comes from. But sometimes, the sac can get stuck around part of the baby, according to Dr. Amos Grunebaum, an obstetrician and gynecologist, who publishes a website on birth and baby care. It can, for example, get stuck on the baby's head, which makes it look like its wearing a glass space helmet. That's also where the term caul comes from -- it derives from Latin words that refer to a helmet. Such amniotic sac helmet births are rare enough, but to have the entire baby inside the sac, or 'en caul,' occurs in less than one in 80,000 births, Cedars-Sinai said. When Philips heard how rare her Baby's birth was, she was flabbergasted. "I was like, oh my gosh, Silas, you're a little special baby," she told KCAL. It's particularly surprising in a C-section, because the scalpel usually pierces the amniotic sac. The doctors must have missed Silas's. Source: www.cnn.com Topics: delivery, birth, c-section, baby, nurse, nurses, doctors, hospital, en caul, new born, labor, amniotic sac, gynecologist Click me Article or Blog Submissions • Relevant information for Nurses • Does NOT promote a product • Informative about Diversity, Inclusion & Cultural Competence Thank you Subscribe to Email our eNewsletter Posts by Topic see all
Pencil Drawings Of People Image Source : Bing/Google/Flickr Images. Image's trademark is the property of the trademark owners. Thanks to image owner pencil drawings of people Drawings are the art of using some of the equipment to realize the image into a work. Drawings produces two kinds of dimensions, ie two-dimensional and three-dimensional. We have become familiar with some drawings tools such as pencils, crayons, markers, ballpoint, sand, chisels, brushes, oil paints, and many others. A long time ago, drawings does not have much color or monochrome or if any bit of color. Instrument used was limited, one of which is the pencil / graphite pencil. Drawings with pensil is a simple instrument drawings, and the results can be amazing. Pencil strokes are visible in the media, and therefore object to draw with pencils usually are people, animals, objects and buildings. That’s because the pencil to expose the details of each object with a good angle. Drawings people, many people often feel afraid when asked to draw a person as an object. Because of the difficulty drawings people is the similarity to the original image, especially for the face. Do not want to like anyone. This is commonly known as a type of portrait images.The thing to consider when drawings faces are his perspective and proportional. Proportional means between variables constant images of existing shapes. While perspective means drawings on a flat surface as seen in the eyes of the three dimensions. Drawings people can be made from 3 different angles, straight, sideways, and diagonally. The three angles can give different effects, the difficulty level is different. High difficulty level is a straight angle, in the face, eyes and ears be the biggest challenge. Another thing, the face will get more attention when drawings people, facial proportions right is very important, because everyone has a unique facial parts that are not the same as others. Happy drawings .. :)
(Paper) Public Administration Multiple Choice Questions Paper (Solved) : Part -5 Public Administration Multiple Choice Questions Test Paper (Solved) 101. Village Panchayat is accountable to the— (A) Panchayat Samiti (B) Zila Parishad (C) Chairman of the Village Panchayat (D) None of the above Ans : (D) 102. Who among the following is known as ‘the father of local selfgovernment’ in India ? (A) Mahatma Gandhi (B) Lord Canning (C) Lord Ripon (D) Lord Wellesley Ans : (C) 103. Ashok Mehta Committee recommended for the establishment of— (A) Nagar Panchayat (B) Panchayat Samiti (C) Mandal Panchayat (D) Gram Panchayat Ans : (C) 104. The first municipal corporation in India was set-up at Madras in the year— (A) 1767 (B) 1687 (C) 1667 (D) 1678 Ans : (B) 105. In the Constitution of India, economic and social planning is included in the— (A) Union List of the VII Schedule (B) State List of the VII Schedule (C) Concurrent List of the VII Schedule (D) None of the above Ans : (C) 106. Which among of the following is not considered as part of the Civil Society ? (A) Non-Government Organisations (B) Caste associations (C) Legislature (D) Family Ans : (C) 107. Who conceived the concept of Gram Swaraj ? (A) Jaya Prakash Narain (B) Vinoba Bhave (C) Mahatma Gandhi (D) Swami Dayanand Ans : (C) 108. State Finance Commission is appointed by a State Government every five year to determine— (A) Financial resources of the state for placing state’s requirements before the Union Government (B) Development requirements of the state for formulating State Five Year Plan (C) Budgetary requirements of various departments of the state government (D) Pattern of distribution of state’s tax revenue between the state government and local bodies (both rural and urban) and the pattern of grant-in-aid to local bodies Ans : (D) 109. Reservation of seats for women in Panchayati Raj bodies seeks to ensure— (A) Economic welfare of women and children (B) Gender parity in rural society (C) Participation of women in public life (D) Empowerment of women as an individual Ans : (C) 110. Mayor-in-Council form of government means— (A) Cabinet form of government at the municipal level (B) Classical prefectorial form of government at the municipal level (C) Making Mayor unaccountable to his colleagues (D) Presidential form of government at the municipal level Ans : (A) 111. According to 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, the minimum age for contesting elections to the Panchayati Raj Institutions should be— (A) 18 years (B) 23 years (C) 21 years (D) 25 years Ans : (C) 112. Town Area Committee is constituted and governed by— (A) District Board (B) State Legislature (C) Governor (D) Municipal Council Ans : (B) 113. The Lokayukta and Uplokayuktas Act was first passed in— (A) Maharashtra (B) West Bengal (C) Karnataka (D) Orissa Ans : (D) 114. Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats contains— (A) 18 items (B) 28 items (C) 19 items (D) 29 items Ans : (D) 115. Which one of the following statements is not correct about civil society organisations ? (A) They are sovereign bodies (B) They are voluntary but nonprofit-making agencies (C) They work in close proximity with people (D) They create awareness; educate and sensitise people on common issues and act as catalysts of social change Ans : (A) 116. The ‘Recall’ provision to remove the elected office-bearers from the local self-government institution has been executed in— (A) Bihar (B) Kerala (C) Madhya Pradesh (D) Haryana Ans : (C) 117. The State Election Commission conducts, controls and supervises municipal elections under— (A) Article 240(1) (B) Article 241(2) (C) Article 243(K) (D) Article 245(D) Ans : (C) 118. Which of the following states does not have Panchayati Raj Institution at all ? (A) Assam (B) Tripura (C) Kerala (D) Nagaland Ans : (D) 119. Under which of the Article of the Constitution of India did the District Planning Committee come into existence ? (A) 243 ZD (B) 243 ZE (C) 244 ZD (D) 242 ZD Ans : (A) 120. Which of the following is not the duty of a District Magistrate ? (A) Maintenance of Law and Order (B) Collection of land revenue (C) Implementation of poverty alleviation programmes (D) Conduct of local bodies elections Ans : (D) «« Previous Part [ First Part »» Page -5
Monday, January 5, 2015 Repitition* (for Repetition) A common mistake in both writing and speech is the misuse of the "past perfect"—or more generally speaking, the inclusion of have or had when they aren't required (along with the other way around). Here, by way of a word-nerdy relative I visited over the holidays, is a wonderful example of the correct use of this tense, where despite the insane repetition of the word had, the sentence itself remains fully grammatical (albeit lacking punctuation and "emphasis"): James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher. You just might need a palate cleanser after that linguistic mouthful, so allow me to recommend the A. A. Milne poem "Disobedience." Have fun with this one (if this is the kind of thing you tend to have fun with) and remember this: If you go down to the end of Grammartown, you had better go down with me! There were 27 cases of Repitition in OhioLINK, and 305 in WorldCat. (James John Elementary School cornerstone, Portland, Oregon, 1929, from Wikimedia Commons.) Carol Reid No comments:
The Full Wiki More info on List of states with nuclear weapons List of states with nuclear weapons: Map Wikipedia article: Map showing all locations mentioned on Wikipedia article: Nations that are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the nuclear club. There are currently nine states that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons. Five are considered to be "nuclear weapons states" (NWS), an internationally recognized status conferred by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons these are: the United Statesmarker, Russiamarker (successor state to the Soviet Unionmarker), the United Kingdommarker, Francemarker, and Chinamarker. Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, three states that were not parties to the Treaty have conducted nuclear tests, namely Indiamarker, Pakistanmarker, and North Koreamarker. North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003. Israel is also widely believed to have nuclear weapons, though it has refused to confirm or deny this. The status of these nations is not formally recognized by international bodies as none of them are currently parties to the NPT. South Africa has the unique status of a nation which developed nuclear weapons but has since disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT. In 2005, the IAEA Board of Governorsmarker found Iranmarker in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards agreement in a rare non-consensus decision. The UN Security Council imposed sanctions against Iran three times when it refused to suspend its previously undeclared enrichment. Iran has argued that the sanctions are illegal and compel it to abandon its rights under the NPT to peaceful nuclear technology. IAEA Director Mohamed ElBaradei states the agency is unable to resolve "outstanding issues of concerns" while also noting the Agency has "not seen any diversion of nuclear materials... nor the capacity to produce weapons usable materials". Statistics and policies [[Image:Nuclear weapons states.svg\|thumb\|400px\|right\|Map of nuclear weapons countries of the world. The following is a list of states that have admitted the possession of nuclear weapons, the approximate number of warheads under their control in 2009, and the year they tested their first weapon. This list is informally known in global politics as the "Nuclear Club". With the exception of Russia and the United States (which have subjected their nuclear forces to independent verification under various treaties) these figures are estimates, in some cases quite unreliable estimates. Also, these figures represent total warheads possessed, rather than deployed. In particular, under the SORT treaty thousands of Russian and U.S. nuclear warheads are in inactive stockpiles awaiting processing. The fissile material contained in the warheads can then be recycled for use in nuclear reactors. From a high of 65,000 active weapons in 1985, there are now about 8,000 active nuclear warheads and about 23,300 total nuclear warheads in the world in 2009. Many of the "decommissioned" weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed. As of 2007, the total number was expected to continue to decline by 30%–50% over the next decade. Nuclear weapons states, warhead numbers and policy Country Active Total First test NPT CTBT United States 2623 9400 1945 Trinitymarker Yes Signed Russia (USSRmarker) 4718 13000 1949 RDS-1marker Yes Ratified United Kingdom <160></160> 185 1952 Hurricanemarker Yes Ratified France ~300 300 1960 Gerboise Bleuemarker Yes Ratified China ~180 240 1964 596 Yes Signed India n.a. 60–80 1974 Smiling Buddha No No Israel (opaque) n.a. 80 1979? Vela Incidentmarker No Signed Pakistan n.a. 70-90 1998 Chagai-I No No North Korea n.a. <10></10> 2006 2006 testmarker Quit No All numbers are estimates from the Natural Resources Defense Council, published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, unless other references are given. The latest update was on October 2, 2009. If differences between active and total stockpile are known, they are given as two figures separated by a forward slash. If specifics are not available (n.a.), only one figure is given. Stockpile number may not contain all intact warheads if a substantial amount of warheads are scheduled for but have not yet gone through dismantlement; not all "active" warheads are deployed at any given time. When a range of weapons is given (e.g., 0–10), it generally indicates that the estimate is being made on the amount of fissile material that has likely been produced, and the amount of fissile material needed per warhead depends on estimates of a country's proficiency at nuclear weapon design. Five nuclear weapons states from the NPT U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2006. The United States developed the first atomic weapons during World War II in co-operation with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the Manhattan Project, out of the fear that Nazi Germany would develop them first. It tested the first nuclear weapon in 1945 ("Trinitymarker"), and remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons against another nation, during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It was the first nation to develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an experimental version in 1952 ("Ivy Mikemarker") and a deployable weapon in 1954 ("Castle Bravomarker"). Throughout the Cold War it continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been involved primarily in a program of Stockpile stewardship. The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("Joe-1marker") in 1949, in a crash project developed partially with espionage obtained during and after World War II (see: Soviet atomic bomb project). The USSRmarker was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for their weapons development was the development of a balance of power during the Cold War. It tested its first megaton-range hydrogen bomb in 1955 ("RDS-37"). The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful explosive ever detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bombamarker"), with a theoretical yield of 100 megatons, intentionally reduced to 50 when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviets' weapons entered officially into the possession of Russia. The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricanemarker") in 1952, drawing largely on data gained while collaborating with the United States during the Manhattan Project. The UKmarker was the first nation in Western Europe to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. Its program was motivated to have an independent deterrent against the USSR, while also remaining relevant in Cold War Europe. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957. It maintains the Trident ballistic missile fleet of four 'Vanguard' class nuclear-powered submarines. The British government controversially announced a replacement to the current Trident system to take place over the next decade. France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ("Gerboise Bleuemarker"), based mostly on its own research. It was motivated by the Suez Crisis diplomatic tension vis-à-vis both the USSR and the Free World allies United States and United Kingdom. It was also relevant to retain great power status, alongside the United Kingdom, during the post-colonial Cold War (see: Force de frappe). France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1968 ("Opération Canopus"). After the Cold War, France has disarmed 175 warheads with the reduction and modernization of its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SSBN) and medium-range air-to-surface missiles (Rafale fighter-bombers). However new nuclear weapons are in development and reformed nuclear squadrons were trained during Enduring Freedom operation in Afghanistan. In January 2006, President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or the use of weapons of mass destruction against France would result in a nuclear counterattack. China tested its first nuclear weapon device in 1964 ("596") at the Lop Nurmarker test site. The weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the United Statesmarker and the Soviet Unionmarker. China would manage to develop a fission bomb capable of being put onto a nuclear missile only two years after its first detonation. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1967 ("Test No. 6"), a mere 32 months after testing its first nuclear weapon (the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history). The country is currently thought to have had a stockpile of around 240 warheads, though because of the limited information available, estimates range from 100 to 400. China is the only nuclear weapons state to give an unqualified negative security assurance to non-nuclear weapon states and the only one to adopt a "no first use" policy. Other known nuclear powers Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue), small stockpile with regional range (pale blue). India has never been a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. India tested what it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 1974 (which became known as "Smiling Buddha"). The test was the first test developed after the creation of the NPT, and created new questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes (dual-use technology). India's secret development caused great concern and anger particularly from nations that had supplied it nuclear reactors for peaceful and power generating needs such as Canada. It appears to have been primarily motivated as a general deterrent, as well as an attempt to project India as regional power. India later tested weaponized nuclear warheads in 1998 ("Operation Shaktimarker"), including a thermonuclear device. In July 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced plans to conclude a Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. This came to fruition through a series of steps that included India’s announced plan to separate its civil and military nuclear programs in March 2006, the passage of the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act by the U.S. Congress in December 2006, the conclusion of a U.S.-India nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2007, approval by the IAEA of an India-specific safeguards agreement, agreement by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to a waiver of export restrictions for India, approval by the U.S. Congress and culminating in the signature of U.S.-India agreement for civil nuclear cooperation in October 2008. The U.S. State Department said it made it "very clear that we will not recognize India as a nuclear-weapon state". The United States is bound by the Hyde Act with India and may cease all cooperation with India if India detonates a nuclear explosive device. The US had further said it is not its intention to assist India in the design, construction or operation of sensitive nuclear technologies through the transfer of dual-use items. In establishing an exemption for India, the Nuclear Suppliers Group reserved the right to consult on any future issues which might trouble it. As of September 2005, India was estimated to have had a stockpile of around 100-140 warheads. In addition, Defense News reported in their November 1, 2004 edition, that "[an Indian] Defence Ministry source told Defense News in late 2004 that in the next five to seven years India will have 300–400 nuclear and thermonuclear weapons distributed to air, sea, and land forces." It has estimated that India currently possesses enough separated plutonium to produce and maintain an arsenal of 1,000-2,000 warheads. Pakistan is not a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty either. Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over many decades, beginning in the late 1970s. Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power plant near Karachimarker with equipment and materials supplied mainly by western nations in the early 1970s. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promised in 1965 that if India built nuclear weapons Pakistan would too, "even if we have to eat grass." It is nearly certain that China only supplied (sold) 5000 critical ring magnets to Pakistan in the early 1980s, and enabled Pakistan to have a rudimentary nuclear weapons capability by the end of the 1980s. The United States continued to certify that Pakistan did not possess nuclear weapons until 1990, when sanctions were imposed under the Pressler Amendment, requiring a cutoff of U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan. In 1998, Pakistan conducted its first nuclear tests at the Chagai Hills, in response to the tests conducted by India a few weeks before. North Korea was a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but announced a withdrawal on January 10, 2003 after the United States accused it of having a secret uranium enrichment program and cut off energy assistance under the 1994 Agreed Framework. In February 2005 they claimed to possess functional nuclear weapons, though their lack of a test at the time led many experts to doubt the claim. However, in October 2006, North Korea stated that due to growing intimidation by the USA, it would conduct a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status. North Korea reported a successful nuclear test on October 9, 2006 (see 2006 North Korean nuclear testmarker). Most U.S. intelligence officials believe that North Korea did, in fact, test a nuclear device due to radioactive isotopes detected by U.S. aircraft; however, most agree that the test was probably only partially successful. The yield may have been less than a kiloton, which is much smaller than the first successful tests of other powers; however, boosted fission weapons may have an unboosted yield in this range, which is sufficient to start deuterium-tritium fusion in the boost gas at the center; the fast neutrons from fusion then ensure a full fission yield. North Korea conducted a second, higher yield test on May 25, 2009 (see 2009 North Korean nuclear testmarker). Undeclared nuclear states According to the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Federation of American Scientists, Israel possesses around 75–200 weapons. Imagery analysts can identify weapon bunkers, mobile missile launchers, and launch sites in satellite photographs. Israel may have tested a nuclear weapon along with South Africa in 1979, but this has never been confirmed (see Vela Incidentmarker). On May 26, 2008, former US president Jimmy Carter stated that Israel has “150 or more nuclear warheads” at a press conference at the annual literary Hay festival in Wales. States alleged to have nuclear weapons programs Below are countries which have been accused by Israel or the United States of currently attempting to develop nuclear weapons technology. On September 6, 2007, Israelmarker bombed an officially unidentified site in Syria which it later asserted was a nuclear reactor under construction (see Operation Orchardmarker). The alleged nuclear reactor was not yet operational and no nuclear material had been introduced into it. Top U.S. intelligence officials claimed low confidence that the site was meant for weapons development, noting that there was no reprocessing facility at the site. Press reports indicated the air strike followed a shipment delivery to Syria by a North Koreanmarker freighter, and that North Korea was suspected to be supplying a reactor to Syria for an alleged nuclear weapons program. On October 24, 2007 the Institute for Science and International Security released a report which identified a site next to the Euphrates River in eastern Syria's Deir ez-Zor Governoratemarker province, about 11 kilometers north of the village of At Tibnah, at ), as the suspected reactor. The building appeared to match the external structure of the North Koreanmarker 5 megawatt reactor at Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Centermarker, and is surrounded by a security barrier and hidden within a small side canyon off the main river valley. After refusing to comment on the reports for six months, the White House briefed Congress and the IAEA on April 24, 2008, saying that the U.S. Government was "convinced" that Syria had been building a "covert nuclear reactor" that was "not intended for peaceful purposes." Syria denounced "the fabrication and forging of facts" in regards to the incident. IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei criticized the strikes and deplored that information regarding the matter had not been shared with his agency earlier. A report in the Sydney Morning Herald and Searchina, a Japanese newspaper, report that two Myanmaresemarker defectors saying that the Myanmar junta was secretly building a nuclear reactor and plutonium extraction facility with North Korea's help, with the aim of acquiring its first nuclear bomb in five years. According to the report, "The secret complex, much of it in caves tunnelled into a mountain at Naung Laing in northern Burma, runs parallel to a civilian reactor being built at another site by Russiamarker that both the Russians and Burmese say will be put under international safeguards." In 2002, Myanmar had notified IAEA of its intention to pursue a civilian nuclear programme. Later, Russia announced that it would build a nuclear reactor in Myanmar. There have also been reports that two Pakistani scientists, from the AQ Khan stable, had been dispatched to Myanmar where they had settled down, to help Myanmar's project. Recently, the David Albright-led Institute for Science and International Security rang alarm bells about Myanmar attempting a nuclear project with North Korean help. If true, the full weight of international pressure will be brought against Myanmar, said officials familiar with developments. But equally, the information that has been peddled by the defectors is also "preliminary" and could be used by the west to turn the screws on Myanmar—on democracy and human rights issues—in the run-up to the elections in the country in 2010. During an ASEAN meeting in Thailand in July 2009, US secretary of state Hillary Clinton highlighted concerns of the North Korean link. "We know there are also growing concerns about military cooperation between North Koreamarker and Burmamarker which we take very seriously," Clinton said. Nuclear weapons sharing • , , , , , and historically , Under NATOmarker nuclear weapons sharing, the United Statesmarker has provided nuclear weapons for Belgiummarker, Germany, Italymarker, the Netherlands, and Turkeymarker to deploy and store. This involves pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practicing handling and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs, and adapting non-U.S. warplanes to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs. Until 1984 Canada also received shared nuclear weapons, and until 2001, Greece. Members of the Non-Aligned Movement have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear sharing for military purposes under any kind of security arrangements." The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly violating Article I and II of the NPT, arguing that "these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear weapons directly or indirectly to others." NATO has argued that the weapons' sharing is compliant with the NPT because "the U.S. nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession and under constant and complete custody and control of the United States." States formerly possessing nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging grounds under control of other powers. However, in only a few instances have nations given up nuclear weapons after being in control of them; in most cases this has been because of special political circumstances. The fall of the USSR, for example, left several former Soviet-bloc countries in possession of nuclear weapons. South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but disassembled them in the early 1990s. In 1979, there was a putative detection of a clandestine nuclear test in the Indian Ocean, and it has long been speculated that it was possibly a test by South Africa, perhaps in collaboration with Israel, though this has never been confirmed (see Vela Incidentmarker). South Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991. Former Soviet countries • had 81 single warhead missiles stationed on its territory after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. They were all transferred to Russia by 1996. Belarus has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. • inherited 1,400 nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union, and transferred them all to Russia by 1995. Kazakhstan has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. • has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Ukraine inherited about 5,000 nuclear weapons when it became independent from the USSR in 1991, making its nuclear arsenal the third-largest in the world. By 1996, Ukraine had voluntarily disposed of all nuclear weapons within its territory, transferring them to Russia. See also 1. "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran", IAEA Board of Governors, September 2005. 2. "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran", IAEA Board of Governors, February 2006. 3. Webster, Paul (July/August 2003). " Just like old times," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59:4: 30–35. 4. Stephen I. Schwartz, ed., Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998). 5. France 'would use nuclear arms' (BBC, January 2006) 6. John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai, China Builds the Bomb (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988). ISBN 0804714525 7. [1][2][3] 8. Norris, Robert S. and Hans M. Kristensen. " Chinese nuclear forces, 2006," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62:3 (May/June 2006): 60-63. 9. Lewis, Jeffery. " The ambiguous arsenal," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 61:3 (May/June 2005): 52-59. 11. Implementation of the India-United States Joint Statement of July 18, 2005: India’s Separation Plan 12. U.S.- India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative – Bilateral Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation 13. Statement on Civil Nuclear Cooperation with India 14. Congressional Approval of the U.S.-India Agreement for Cooperation Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement) 15. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Indian Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee At the Signing of the U.S.-India Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement 16. Interview With Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Robert Joseph, Arms Control Today, May 2006. 17. Was India misled by America on nuclear deal?, Indian Express. 18. ACA: Final NSG Statement 19. Norris, Robert S. and Hans M. Kristensen. " India's nuclear forces, 2005," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 61:5 (September/October 2005): 73–75. 20. Avner Cohen and William Burr, " The Untold Story of Israel's Bomb," Washington Post, April 30, 2006; B01. 21. Israel's Nuclear Weapons, Federation of American Scientists (August 17, 2000) 22. Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate) 23. Statement by IAEA Director General on New U.S. Intelligence Estimate on Iran (4 December 2007), 24. 6 September 2007 Air strike at Retrieved October 24, 2007. 25. IAEA: Statement by IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei regarding Syria 26. N. Korea, Syria May Be at Work on Nuclear Facility, Glenn Kessler, Washington Post, Thursday, September 13, 2007; Page A12 27. Suspect Reactor Construction Site in Eastern Syria: The site of the September 6 Israeli Raid?, David Albright and Paul Brannan, October 23, 2007 28. Searchina, "Reasons for digging tunnels in Burma", August 11, 2009. 29. "Myanmar building nuke reactor, says media report". The Times of India, 2 August 2009. 30. Statement on behalf of the non-aligned state parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 2 May 2005 31. ISSI - NPT in 2000: Challenges ahead, Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, The Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad 32. NATO's Positions Regarding Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament and Related Issues, NATO, June 2005 33. Nuclear Weapons Program (South Africa), Federation of American Scientists (May 29, 2000). 34. Belarus Special Weapons, Federation of American Scientists 35. Kazakhstan Special Weapons, Federation of American Scientists 36. Ukraine Special Weapons, 37. Ukraine Special Weapons, Federation of American Scientists External links Embed code: Got something to say? Make a comment. Your name Your email address
Death Of Ivan Ilych By Tolstoy Essay СОДЕРЖАНИЕ: , Research Paper Leo Tolstoy, born in Russia in 1828, wrote The Death of Ivan Ilych. The story was written eight years after Tolstoy?s spiritual conversion and was inspired , Research Paper by his own brother?s death. The Death of Ivan Ilych has several ironies expressed in the story. Ilych expressed his denial, anger, depression and acceptance towards dying very visibly. Ilych expressed denial of his condition when he laughed about his accident. Ilych was explaining to the upholsterer how he wanted the drapes to hand and he slipped off the ladder. He hit his side against the knob of the window frame. He told his wife it was only a bruise. Since he was fairly athletic, he said he did not get seriously hurt, but if it had been any other man they might have been killed from the accident. Within a short time, Ilych?s condition became more intense and it was decided that he needed a second opinion because he was not getting any better. He thought the doctor did not know what he was doing, but this was not the case. He needed an excuse for his failing health. His celebrated doctor diagnosed him basically with the same symptoms his first doctor had. This did not make Ilych very happy. Ilych was expressing more and more anger because of hid declining health. While in his home, Ilych was always blaming Praskovya, his wife for everything. At the dinner table, he complained about the food not being prepared correctly, he did not like the way his daughter?s hair was styled, and he even blamed her if their son put his elbows on the dinner table. His wife suggested getting a famous specialist to come see him, regardless of the cost. Ilych said no. She kissed his forehead and said? ?Good-night. Please God you?ll sleep.? As she kissed him, Ilych hated her so much he wanted to push her away but did not. On another occasion, Ilych was angry with everyone about everything and was upset because they did not pity him. He overheard them enjoying themselves and not including him. He was so angry and began choking with unbearable misery. He was even angry with himself and thought no man should have to suffer in this manner. He tried to calm himself and find a way to rationalize the whole situation. Ilych?s condition caused him to express a great deal of depression. Deep in his heart he knew he was dying but could not get used to the fact. He began to sleep less and less and was given Opium and hypodermic shots of Morphine; the drugs did little to calm him. The special food fixed for him became tasteless and was sickening. The butler, Geraim?s assistance, would make Ilych as comfortable as possible. One evening Ilych moved his legs from Gerasim?s shoulders, turned on his side and felt sorry for himself. He wept like a child because of his helplessness, loneliness and anger with God. He felt God had forsaken him. Ilych lost all hope on life and was so depressed he questioned God as to why was he doing this to him. Ivan finally expressed the acceptance of his condition. He would no longer lie in bed but instead he would lie on the sofa all the time. He began to ask himself the same question over and over, ?what is this? Can this be death?? His conscience, or inner voice said to him ?yes, it is death.? His wife began to remind him about taking his medicine. He became upset and told her, ?for Christ?s sake, let me die in peace!? The doctor came to visit him as scheduled and one day he told the doctor, ?you know you can do nothing for me, so leave me alone.? Ilych told him that he could not even ease his pain so let him be. He struggled and suffered with severe pain for three days and would scream hopelessly. Suddenly he knew what was happening to him and wanted to release himself from suffering. ДОБАВИТЬ КОММЕНТАРИЙ [можно без регистрации] перед публикацией все комментарии рассматриваются модератором сайта - спам опубликован не будет Ваше имя: Copyright © 2015-2017. All rigths reserved.
Biography: Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ленин) born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, Russian: Владимир Ильич Ульянов; 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 -- 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. A Marxist, his ideas on revolutionary theory became known by others as Leninism, which later developed into the political theory of Marxism--Leninism. Born into a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin gained an interest in revolutionary leftist politics following the execution of his brother in 1887. Briefly attending the University of Kazan, where he was ejected for his involvement in anti-Tsarist protests, he devoted the next few years to gaining a degree in law and to radical politics, converting to Marxism. In 1893 he moved to Russia's capital at St. Petersburg, where he continued with his political agitation, becoming a senior figure within the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. Arrested and exiled to Siberia for three years, he subsequently fled to Western Europe, living in Germany, England and then Switzerland. Following the February Revolution of 1917, in which the Tsar was overthrown and a provisional government took power, he decided to return home. As the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, he took a senior role in orchestrating the October Revolution in 1917, which led to the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government and the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Immediately afterwards, Lenin proceeded to implement socialist reforms, including the transfer of estates and crown lands to workers' soviets. Faced with the threat of German invasion, he argued that Russia should immediately sign a peace treaty—which led to Russia's exit from the First World War. In 1921 Lenin proposed the New Economic Policy, a system of state capitalism which started the process of industrialisation and recovery from the Russian Civil War. In 1922, the Russian SFSR joined former territories of the Russian Empire in becoming the Soviet Union. The Bolshevik faction later became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which acted as a vanguard party presiding over a single-party dictatorship of the proletariat. As a politician, Lenin was a persuasive and charismatic orator. As an intellectual his extensive theoretic and philosophical developments of Marxism produced Marxism--Leninism, a pragmatic Russian application of Marxism that emphasized the critical role played by a committed and disciplined political vanguard in the revolutionary process, while defending the possibility of a socialist revolution in less advanced capitalist countries through an alliance of the proletarians with the rural peasantry. Lenin remains a controversial and highly divisive world figure. Critics labeled him a dictator whose administration oversaw multiple human rights abuses, but supporters countered this criticism citing the limitations on his power and promoted him heroically as a champion of the working class. He has had a significant influence on the Marxist-Leninist movement, which since his death had developed into a variety of schools of thought, namely Stalinism, Trotskyism and Maoism. Popular posts from this blog Unsurpassable Tolstoy
Military History Liberation Air Force Memorial On January 8, 1959, Fidel Castro came down out of the Sierra Maestra Mountains into Havana, Cuba. Early in his revolution, Castro's promise of a new a better Cuba failed to materialize. Instead, it was replaced by the murder, imprisonment and expulsion of countless thousands and a turn to a communist state that to this day controls Cuba. Before Castro took power, the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration and the CIA recognized his Soviet leanings and developed a plan to thwart his takeover of Cuba. Command passed on the next election to President John F. Kennedy and his administration, which history shows valued saving face over forestalling a Soviet satellite 90 miles off of America's shores. Though Kennedy's advisors took up Eisenhower's plan in fact, they neglected to follow it in spirit. And so it was, at 11:45 p.m., April 16, 1961, that I, my CIA-counterpart, William "Rip" Robertson, and 1500 Cuban exiles - members of the 2506 Assault Brigade, trained and equipped by the CIA and U.S. Army Special Forces - lay anchored off the coast of Cuba, preparing to launch an invasion to retake their homeland from Fidel Castro. Unbeknownst to us, we were about to embark on a mission that was doomed from the start. The brigade's objective, as set forth by Eisenhower's original planned landing near the historic coastal town of Trinidad, were clear, logical and achievable. Take and hold an area of the beachhead and airfield until members of the Cuban government in exile could be transported to the island and establish themselves. This would allow the United States to recognize that government and legitimately provide it with military aid. Prior to the landing, the brigade air force would destroy Castro's air force ensuring dominance over the beachhead. At zero hour, Kennedy and his advisors - Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Ted Sorensen, and Attorney General Robert Kennedy - reduced the air strikes by half. As a result, Castro's air force, including its jets, remained viable, placing the brigade, its ships and planes in danger and compromising the mission. As the CIA point man, it was my job to secure the beachhead. My team of frogmen and I set out in rubber rafts from the command ship Blagar and were the first troops to arrive on the beach. A couple of patrolling Cuban militiamen soon spotted us. As the headlights of their jeep illuminated our raft, I opened fire with my BAR and took them out, thus firing the first shots of the invasion. As the brigade came ashore in landing craft, I was summoned back to the Blagar. Arriving at the ship, I was told Castro still had aircraft and to expect an air assault at dawn. I quickly ordered that all ships be unloaded and all troops put ashore - easier said than done. The original Trinidad landing site had docks at which to unload the ships and an airfield to which men and supplies could be flown and unloaded. More important, it was near the town of Casilda, home to many sympathizers ready to join in the fight. Surrounding Trinidad were the Escambre Mountains, a perfect place to escape should things go wrong. The Kennedy plan offered none of this. Its landing point at the Bay of Pigs was a beach, surrounded by swampland and laced with coral outcrops, which impeded an efficient and speedy unloading process. Thus, at dawn, when Castro's planes arrived, we were caught in the open with supplies and men still aboard. Our old, rusty ships were completely vulnerable, as the powers that be had deemed it unnecessary for them, and the landing party, to be equipped with antiaircraft guns. Our 50-caliber machineguns were no match for Castro's jets. Though we managed to shoot down five of his aircraft, we soon lost two of our ships and much of the brigade's ammunition and supplies. Headquarters ordered all remaining ships out to sea. blagarThe covert air supremacy and possibility of assistance from the U.S. Navy were lost to the ill-conceived notion of "plausible deniability" demanded by the Kennedy administration. Given a choice between the nation's welfare and saving face, it seems that politicians all too often chose the latter. Through it all, the men of the brigade fought bravely, inflicting numerous casualties and devastation on Castro's army. They fought until they were out of ammunition and left with no way out but the sea. After the battle, under enemy fire, the surviving frogmen, Rip and I rescued 41 survivors from the Zapata Peninsula swamps. Had the Kennedy administration followed the Eisenhower plan, which included an exit strategy, the brigade would have lived to fight another day. If I have learned anything from my involvement in the Bay of Pigs invasion, it is that, like so many military operations, it failed because politicians, remote from and not responsible for the actual implementation, tampered with good plans - a lesson those in charge should, theoretically, never forget. US: Barnes & Noble or Amazon UK: Amazon UK Grayston L. Lynch is the author of Decision for Disaster; Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs, a firsthand retrospective of the Bay of Pigs invasion. - Republished by permission of Military History Magazine Pic credit: Landing craft on the Blagar used by the author and the frogmen to make the invasion's initial landing - Francisco Montiel.
I need to understand open source software Open Source Software. It’s a term that makes lawyers’ hair stand on end* and is widely misunderstood. It’s also a fact of life. Rare will be the software program licensed that doesn’t contain at least some software that is subject to the open source licensing regime. If you are working with a developer to create a project, and you plan to own the end product, it’s important to know what open source software is embedded in your project. It is unlikely that you can avoid having open source altogether – many of the platforms upon which developers build fall under that regime. Open source does not mean “commercially free,” although you will occasionally see it referred to as “free software.” It also does not necessarily mean that anyone can do absolutely anything with it, with no restrictions. (“Open source” connotes lifting many of the copyright registrations, but says nothing about patent or trademark rights. You can read about the differences here. What it does mean is that the source code is always public, so that anyone can access it, modify it, and re-distribute it. In other words, your project will not be entirely and exclusively yours. Open source still relies on licensing, so that if a person wants to re-distribute an open source program, they must include the original copyright notice and they may only be charge for the cost of reproduction and distribution, and not sell it commercially. The reason it is important to know what open source software is included in your project is to know what licenses apply. Some are pretty innocuous, but some may “infect” a whole program, so that nothing in the program remains proprietary. The licenses are all supposed to contain a basic set of terms, but they do vary widely. If you’re a developer selling products written with open source or a customer of a developer like that, contact us. We’ll help you know what you’re getting into and minimize the consequences. *It’s not that we’re against it. It’s just complicated!
Operating Systems Home » » Operating Systems » Operating Systems Operating Systems No Comments 1. Introduction 2. Development 3. Category Operating Systems. 4. The most popular operating systems for the PC. 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction Without software, a computer is nothing more than a useless metal mass. With the software, a computer can store, process and retrieve information, find spelling errors in manuscripts, have adventures and participating in many other valuable activities to earn a living. The computer software can be broadly classified into two classes: system programs, which control the operation of the computer itself and the application programs, which solve problems for its users. The fundamental program all system programs is the operating system (OS), which controls all the computer resources and provides the basis on which they can write application programs. 2. Development What is an Operating System Since its creation, digital computers have used a coding system manual in binary number system, ie with 0S. This is because integrated circuits operate on this principle, that is, no current or no current. At the origin of the history of computers (forty years ago), there were no operating systems and the introduction of a program to be executed became an incredible effort that could only be done by very few experts. This made computers were cumbersome to use and that have high technical expertise required to operate them. It was so complex handling, which in some cases be reached disastrous outcome. In addition, the time required to enter a program in those big machines slow process exceeded by far the execution was unprofitable and the use of computers for solving practical problems. More elaborate means were sought to manipulate the computer, but that in turn simplify the work of the operator or user. That’s when the idea to create a way for the user to operate the computer with an environment, language and well defined operation to a real use and exploitation of this. Operating systems emerge. An operating system is responsible for providing the user with a friendly and simple to operate, interpret, encode and issue orders to the central processor to perform the specific tasks required and to complete an order. The operating system is the essential tool to make the computer a useful object. Under this name are grouped all those programs that allow users to use this jumble of wires and circuits that would otherwise be difficult to control. An operating system is defined as a set of manual and automated procedures, which allow a group of users sharing a computer system efficiently. Command Line Interface. The shape of the interface between the operating system and the user in which this type commands using a special command language. Systems with command line interfaces are considered more difficult to learn and use the graphical interface. However, command-based systems are generally programmable, which gives them a flexibility no graphics based systems lack a programming interface. Graphical User Interface. It’s the kind of display that allows the user to choose commands, initiate programs and see lists of files and other items using visual representations (icons) and lists of menu items. Selections can be activated either via the keyboard or the mouse. For authors of applications, graphical user interfaces offer an environment that handles the communication with the computer or computer. This makes the programmer can concentrate on the functionality, since it is not subject to the details of the display or input via mouse or keyboard. It also allows developers to create programs that perform just as common tasks, such as saving a file, because the interface provides standard control mechanisms like windows and dialog boxes. Another advantage is that applications written for a GUI are independent of devices: as the interface changes to allow the use of new input and output devices, such as a large screen monitor or an optical storage device, applications can be used without changes. Functions of Operating Systems. * Interprets the commands that allow the user to communicate with the computer. * Coordinate and manipulates the computer hardware, such as memory, printers, disk drives, keyboard or mouse. * Organize files on various storage devices such as floppy disks, hard disks, CDs or tapes. * Manages hardware failures and data loss. * Provide a basis for the creation of making software that makes computers work similarly different, bridging the differences between the two. * Set the environment for the use of software and peripherals, depending on the type of machine being used, should be set in a logical layout and equipment characteristics. As for example, a microcomputer having two drives physically can simulate the use of other drives, they can be virtual using part of the main memory for that purpose. Should be connected to a network, the operating system becomes the working platform and the users who controls or elements that share resources. Similarly, provides protection to the information it stores. 3. Category Operating Systems. Multitasking Operating System. Operating mode is available in the operating system, by which a computer processes multiple tasks simultaneously. Several types of multitasking. Switching contexts (context switching) is a very simple type of multitasking in which two or more applications are loaded at the same time, but only where the application is processing that is in the foreground (the user sees ). To activate another task that is in the background, you must bring to the foreground the window or screen containing that application. In cooperative multitasking, which is used in the Macintosh operating system, the background tasks receive processing time during timeouts of the task that is in the foreground (for example, when this application is waiting for user information) and provided that this application allows. In multitasking systems timeshare, like OS / 2, each task receives the attention of the microprocessor for a split second. To keep the system in order, each task receives a priority level or processed in sequential order. Since the user’s sense of time is much slower than the computer’s processing speed, multitasking operations appear to be simultaneous timeshare. Monotareas OS. Monotareas operating systems are more primitive and the opposite is seen, ie can only handle one process at a time or can only perform tasks at a time. For example when the computer is printing a document, you can not start another process or respond to new instructions until you finish printing. Single-user operating system. Monousuarios systems are those that can only serve a single user, due to the constraints imposed by the hardware, software, or the type of application you are running. These types of systems are very simple, because all input devices, output and control depend on the task that is being used, this means that the instructions given are processed immediately, as there is a single user. And are oriented mainly by microcomputers. Multiuser operating system. It is the opposite of single-user and in this category are all systems that simultaneously meet the needs of two or more users, who share the same resources. Such systems are used especially in networks. In other words is the fragmentation of the time (timesharing). Batch sequence. The batch sequence or batch processing on microcomputers, is the execution of a list of operating system commands one after another without user intervention. In larger computers collection process programs and data sets of users, the execution of one or a few at a time and resource delivery to users. Batch processing can also refer to the process of storing transactions for a certain period before they are sent to a master file, usually a separate operation that takes place overnight. Operating systems batch (batch), in which the programs were treated groups (batch) in instead of individually. The function of these operating systems was a program loaded into memory and run the tape. At the end of this, was made the jump to a memory address from where was resuming control of the operating system that the following program loaded and executed. Thus the time between work and the other decreased considerably. Real Time. A real-time operating system processes instructions received instantly, and once they have been processed shows the result. This type is related monousuarios operating systems, as there is a single operator and no need to share the processor among multiple requests. Its main feature is to respond quickly, for example in case of danger would require immediate responses to prevent a catastrophe. The timesharing computer or computers is the use of a system for more than one person at the same time. The timeshare separate programs running concurrently, sharing lots of time assigned to each program (user). In this respect, is similar to multi-tasking capability is most common in microcomputers or microcomputers. However timeshare is generally associated with multi-user access to larger computers and service organizations, while multitasking microcomputers related involves performing multiple tasks for a single user. 4. The most popular operating systems for the PC. Operating systems are normally used UNIX, Macintosh OS, MS-DOS, OS / 2, Windows 95 and Windows NT. The meaning of these letters is the Microsoft Disk Operating System. Microsoft is the name of the company that designed this operating system, and IBM was the company that standard to adopt in their microcomputers. This operating system uses floppy disks with a particular organization. Discs can be recorded on one or both sides and the information is organized into 40 tracks of 8 or 9 sectors size of 512 characters, reserving for itself the system disk information, which may be removable or hard disk drive, bearing capacity in the second but similar structure. The names of the files in MS-DOS, which are used for both letters and numbers, are composed of two parts: the file name and extension, both of data separated by a period. Different drives are identified by the MS-DOS through a letter followed by a colon. The most common extension types are like memory appear loaded with them, ie they can be loaded directly into memory without the help of the operating system. The extension. EXE require the DOS boot the place in memory, which means that the operating system must be in memory. The type. BAT are compounds of commands that are executed sequentially. The operating system has several components: * Control Routines, which operate IBM.DOS program, and handle the operations of input / output. * Command Processor, also called COMMAND.COM, which processes two types of commands available to the DOS, ie the internal memory or residents and non-residents or foreign, residing in the operating system disk. * Routines services accessible from the program control. It is also possible to subdivide the disk into subdirectories which allow a more flexible use of the information. MS-DOS is far from the ideal operating system, since, for the moment, it is a single-tasking system, but although this was resolved, would continue to design problems that cause the behavior of the machine is unreliable. Despite these disadvantages, and that there are other operating systems in the world of microcomputers, we must bear in mind the huge amount of software that has been developed for DOS and you should take advantage as much as possible. OS / 2. Initially developed by Microsoft Corporation and International Business Machines (IBM), after Intel introduced launches its 80286 processor. But society does not last long as Windows IBM saw as a threat to the OS / 2. But IBM continued to develop this operating system. The OS / 2 was initially very similar to MS-DOS, has a command line, but the difference is with the DOS command interpreter, which is a separate program from the operating system kernel and appears only when Clicking one of the icons “OS / 2 prompt” within the Workplace Shell. Another difference is that the other in a multitasking operating system. In the OS / 2 many commands are identical to those of its counterpart but has more commands because it is larger, modern and complete. The graphical environment is the Workplace Shell (WS), is equivalent to a workspace administrator for WS. Macintosh OS. The operating system is the interface between applications and the hardware of the Macintosh. The memory manager scans and automatically frees memory for applications and the operating system. This memory is typically located in an area called cluster. The procedural code of an application also takes up space in the cluster. Now is a list of the major components of the operating system. * The load segments charger to run programs. A complete application can be loaded or individual can be broken in seconds that can be loaded dynamically as needed. * The event manager operating system reports the occurrence of various low-level events, such as pressing a button or mouse click. In normal conditions, the event manager of the toolbox transfer these events to applications. * The file manager is responsible for input / output of files, the device manager handles the input / output devices. * Device drivers are programs with which the various types of devices can present uniform interfaces input / output applications. Three device handlers are integrated into the operating system in ROM: disk handler handles the access to information in records, the sound driver controls the sound generator, and the handler sends and receives serial data over ports serial (thus establishing communication with serial peripheral devices such as printers and modems). * With the printer driver applications can print data in various printers. * With AppleTalk Manager applications can transmit and receive information in a communications network AppleTalk. * The vertical retrace Manager program activities to be undertaken during vertical retrace interrupts that occur 60 times each second when the video screen refreshes. * The system error handler takes control when a fatal system error and displays an error box appropriate. * The general utilities operating system offer various useful functions such as getting the date and time, comparison of strings and many more. * The starter pack is called by the standard file package to start and name albums, most often applied when the user inserts a disk that is not assigned initial values. * The package provides floating point arithmetic double precision arithmetic. The package offers a transcendental functions random number generator and trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential and financial. Macintosh compilers automatically generate calls to these packages for numerical manipulations. It is a multiuser operating system that incorporates multitasking. It was originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Labs Bell in 1969 for use in mini computers. The UNIX operating system has several variants and is considered powerful, more portable and independent of specific equipment other operating systems because it is written in C. The UNIX is available in several forms, among which account AIX, a version of UNIX adapted by IBM (for use on workstations based on RISC), A / UX (graphical version for Apple Macintosh computers) and Mach (a rewritten operating system, but essentially UNIX support for NeXT computers). UNIX and its clones support multitasking and multiple users. Your file system provides a simple method of organizing files and allows file protection. However, UNIX instructions are not intuitive. This system offers a number of very interesting tools, such as: * Include language compilers and interpreters. * Existence of the user interface, such as windows, menus, etc. * Many facilities at the time of organization of files. * Inclusion of query languages. * Graphical facilities. * Text editing programs. SCO is the leading global provider of Unix server operating systems, and one of the leading providers of customer integration software that integrates Windows PCs and other clients with UNIX servers from leading manufacturers. Application servers SCO critical business operations run daily reviews of a wide range of commercial, financial, telecommunications, and government, as well as corporate departments and small to medium businesses of all types. SCO sells and supports its products through a worldwide network of distributors, resellers, system integrators, and OEMs. * Provides access to shared files and printers from PCs running Windows (R) 95, Windows NT (TM), Windows 3.1, Windows for Workgroups, OS / 2 (R), and MS-DOS (R) * SCO TermLite, terminal emulator, includes support for SCO ANSI and VT320 on TCP / IP or NetBEUI * Network Management Tools and monitoring powerful and easy to use with other utilities can be accessed remotely * Includes the NetBEUI protocol layer for small networks, systems running on SCO OpenServer Release 5 Host and also SCO OpenServer systems Enterprise Version 5 * NT server tools allow management of shared resources on a server using UNIX system from a PC running Windows * Automatic configuration connectivity layers, including NetBIOS over TCP / IP, and NetBEUI Fully adhered to the emerging standard called CIFS. Features: Among the features of Solaris are: Portability: the ABI software application that consists of a binary interface (Application Binary Interface) runs with a Shrink-wrapped (Shrink wrapped) software on all systems sold with the same microprocessor architecture. This forces application developers to reduce software development cost and bring products to market quickly, and forces users to upgrade hardware while retaining their software applications and minimize their costs conversin.ESCALABILIDAD: Applications are used more frequently in overtime, and requires more powerful systems to support them. To operate in a growing environment, software must be able to run on a wide range of powerful and should be able to take advantage of the additional power being procesando.INTEROPERATIBIDAD: heterogeneous computing environment is a reality today. Users buy from many vendors to implement the solution they need. The standardization and interface are clear criteria for a heterogeneous environment, allowing users to develop strategies to communicate through your network. The Solaris operating system can interoperate with some popular systems on the market today, and applications running on UNIX can communicate fcilmente.COMPATIBILIDAD: The computer technology continues to advance rapidly, but needs to stay competitive in the field to minimize their costs and maximize revenue. Microsoft Windows NT. Microsoft has not only been writing software for desktop PCs but also for powerful workstations and network servers and databases. The Windows NT operating system from Microsoft, released on May 24, 1993, is a network OS that provides power, speed and new features in addition to the traditional features. It is a 32-bit OS, and you can work on processors 386, 486 and Pentium. Besides being multi-tasking, multi-threaded and multiprocessor offers a graphical interface. And bring all the necessary software for networking, allowing customer to be a network or server. Microsoft Windows 95. It’s a multitasking environment endowed with a graphical user interface, which unlike previous versions, Windows 95 does not need the MS-DOS to be executed, as it is an operating system. This OS is based on menus, on-screen displays and a pointing device called a mouse. One of the main features of Windows 95 is that the file names are not restricted to eight characters and three extension can be up to 256 characters for a complete description of the file contents. It also has Plug and Play, a technology jointly developed by PC manufacturers, with which a user can easily install or connect devices automatically enabling the host system hardware resources without user intervention. Microsoft Windows 98 This Windows supports all types of hardware, including the latest standards such as DVD-ROM and the ability to watch TV on PC. It also offers features plug and play, which means that if you install a HARDWARE device plug and play, as internal modem, computer operating if it lacks the power, speed and memory to take advantage of its features. Windows 98, the next step in the Windows family of operating systems for desktop. In a way it is a continuation to expect from Windows 95. As was obvious to predict, this new version continues to support 32 bits in its totality but still must wait for incorporation any security functionality present in the 32-bit and is now a feature of the NT family. From the user standpoint common Windows 98 brings nothing new. Microsoft has made relatively large changes in the interface, so that if a user knows how to use Windows 95, you know how to use Windows 98. Windows 98: New version of the Windows operating system. Arguably a compilation of features. Many of them were already in Internet Explorer 4.0 (to be installed with the update d desktop) in Windows 95 OSR-2. Enables support for FAST32 (like Windows 95 ORS-2) and the Active Desktop (IE 4). Windows 2000 Windows 2000 Professional is fast. Faster than Windows 98. With 64 MB of memory, Windows 2000 runs on average 25% faster than Windows 98. And it slows down with heavy loads. Users can run more programs and do more tasks simultaneously because Windows 2000 is based entirely on a 32-bit architecture. Adding more memory, Windows 2000 is faster still. Supports up to 4 GB of RAM and up to two symmetrical. Unfortunately, achieving this level of performance with Windows 98, even with more memory, impossible. Improved interface Windows 2000 Professional enhances the familiar Windows interface to reduce clutter in the desktop (eliminates unnecessary items), simplifying the menu (new functionality introduces smart start menu adapts to the way you work, showing only applications most frequently used). Keep your network and PC’s current Windows 2000 Professional works perfectly with their current teams. The infrastructure of operating systems your company is very good, and works with Windows 2000 Server, Windows NT Server, Novell NetWare or UNIX. Additionally, support for resource sharing built from computer to computer (peer-to-peer) with Windows 9x and Windows NT Workstation Windows 2000 Professional allows interoperate with earlier versions of Windows. A Windows system safer. Windows 2000 Professional is very safe at all levels. Based on the integrated security system in all Windows NT operating systems, allows users and administrators to select the appropriate level of protection for your information and applications to exchange or store information on separate computers in the network, an intranet or Internet. With its Encrypting File System (EFS), Windows 2000 protects perfectly the data from your hard drive. With support for Kerberos, Windows 2000 protects your corporate network or intranet. Kerberos protects data to track and monitor the activity of each user in a network. Windows 2000 Professional protects even the most secret communications across a public network with support for Public Key, the L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) and smart cards. Smart cards are new devices that provide more secure, because instead of relying on only one factor to authenticate a user, require a combination of credentials (such as a user name and password). Simplified desktop management Windows 2000 Professional makes life easier for administrators. Several attendees and problem detectors help end users to perform routine or difficult tasks, reducing the time that administrators must spend helping and reducing the number of support calls. Windows 2000 Professional gives administrators more control over individual desktops. Windows 2000 offers an unprecedented multilingual support, allowing users to create and view documents in the language used in about 120 international areas. Windows Millenium Windows Me supports and shares the same code as Win98, which was an improvement of Win95. This option will be sold as an OEM (Original equipament manufacturer), ie presented in PC’s. MY PC: The icon has changed and also how to see the hard drives, as they are now “under My Computer” in the tree showing the Windows Explorer. Network environment is now> My Network Places. SEARCH MENU: You have changed the interface, to keep doing the same job, albeit more friendly than before. Taskbar: apart to find it in the start menu is also found in within the control panel. Now we can set all those old tricks with a single mouse click, for example: * Show context menu. * Move and size of the bar. * Move programs. With Windows Millenium can say to God at (MS-DOS), and will not be available boot options “Command Prompt Only” and “Restart in MS-DOS mode”. Configuration files “CONFIG.SYS” and “AUTOEXEC.BAT” not executed, whether or not, only make sense when you install Windows, then it will not matter content. (NOTE: Do not run any MS-DOS program, you need to insert parameter in the CONFIG.SYS file. Should bear in mind that Windows Me Millennium Edition and is not 100% compatible with applications designed for MS-DOS.) System Restore The system creates at our request “Checkpoints” as we act: * At the start of each day or occasionally * Every time we install applications using setup, install and install (if you have another name System Restore does not work, so we could try to rename the installation file). The system creates a checkpoint before installing any new device offers: * Install new driver. * Touching Windows settings. And with a single click “PC Restore”, retrieve the state of our PC to a specific day and time, thus avoiding wasted time and reinstatements, back to the day when the PC was running at 100%, with the push of a button. We will display a calendar and within it, each day, the points at which we can recover the situation. Should be noted that the system restore to a date before today, everything is restored as it was that day except the. Doc,. Bmp,. Pdf, email, browser history, favorites and the entire contents of the My Documents folder, for those who use this option will force us to be attentive to other content not currently keep in My Documents, so that there traslades. This option consuming disk space (though we can set all your options), but will give us much more stability. Windows XP This offers an enhanced output menu. The Output menu can now group their apps and more frequent arrivals This plan focused task allows you see your options of Windows as associated with this task. Fellow scientific quest: retrieve information search task we are currently using. This is new Now you can: * Order prints directly from the Internet. * Link directly to camera scanner wizard. * Images in Slideshow view. * Post pictures to the Internet. * Tables of distribution companies by e-mail easier. * Improves printing, paint and do the best job of photographs. You can also examine a single image Flastbed browser. Downloaded updates for Windows, can also be applied to all users on a computer. Windows is updated now integrates with the help and support center in Windows XP Home Edition. The device manager also investigate Windows. Internet Connection: instructional protects your computer, when connected to the Internet. Now you can rest assured because the Windows XP does not allow unwanted Internet attacks. Thanks to the enhanced engine Windows 2000, Windows XP takes on a new and improved look and expands the overall computing experience. Windows XP has a new look to largely falicitar use by any PC user to improve their skills. The new graphic design will make it simple computing tasks, and provide a new view of the known deskop, it is the most significant upgrade of the Windows interface since Windows 95. What is a Windows XP PC Ready A Windows XP PC now, must find the following hardware requirements: 1. – Preinstalled with Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional or Microsoft operating system Windows Millennium Edition. 2. – Deployments “Design 2000 for Windows” and the logo on the PC or notebook. 3. – Have a minimum of 128 MB of RAM Windows XP, computer lists are the minimum hardware requirements to run the Windows XP Professional and Windows XP operating systems Home Edition. Hardware drivers, if needed, is available from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the release of Windows XP. Welcome Screen / access: Windows makes creating individual accounts for users of your computer, which means that each time you access the system will have its own customized environment. And if your family shares a computer, Windows XP allows you to go from one user to another quickly without shutting down or restarting any programs. Start Menu: The familiar Windows interface has been enhanced to further facilitate its use. 5. Conclusion Having researched and analyzed can see that they have developed various types of operating systems with different interfaces and categories. But we have seen that all operating systems have changed by programmers, and continue to evolve. The dialogue between the user and the machine is usually done through a command line interface or a graphical user interface (GUI acronym). The command-line interfaces require entering via a keyboard short instructions. The GUI windows used to organize files and applications with icons and menus that list of instructions. The user directly manipulates these visual objects on the screen by pointing, selecting and dragging or by moving them with a mouse. Using the GUI is easier than the command line interfaces. However, the introduction of instructions with a GUI is slower, so the GUI usually have the option of using a system equivalent to the command line as quick alternative for experienced users. Operating systems are normally used UNIX, Macintosh OS, MS-DOS, OS / 2, Windows 95 and Windows NT. UNIX and its clones support multitasking and multiple users. Other OS multiuser and multitasking OS / 2, initially developed by Microsoft and IBM, Windows NT and Win95 developed by Microsoft. The multitasking OS Apple Macintosh OS is called. The MS-DOS is a popular OS PC users but only allows a user and task.
Here are some questions about the Gospel story: 1. Have you ever played “Follow the Leader?” What does a follower do? 2. If the leader does something hard, like crawling under a table, what does the follower do? 3. We follow Jesus. Jesus is our leader. 4. Jesus told us what we should not do. Can you think of something you should not do? 5. Jesus also told us what we should do. Can you think of some things we should do? 6. Jesus came to show us how to live. Jesus died on a cross and rose from the dead. He opened the gates of heaven. 7. When we make the sign of the cross, we remind ourselves that we must do the right thing, and we must stay close to Jesus.
Blaring horns may keep more neighborhoods awake Few sounds compare in terms of sheer ferocity to a locomotive horn unleashing 110 decibels of high-pressure air - a primal noise that can jolt awake even the soundest of sleepers. Later this year, those horns promise to awaken hundreds of thousands of Americans. That's because a little-known proposal by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) called the "train horn rule" would roll back hundreds of "quiet zones" that prevent engineers from sounding train horns at crossings in hundreds of cities across two dozen states. Quiet zones are the result of formal and informal "whistle bans" adopted over the years by states and communities with multiple crossings. The whistle bans do not restrict horns in an emergency. But the new federal rule, which would apply to all 153,975 public highway crossings nationwide, would also reimpose train-horn blasts at as many as 2,068 whistle-ban crossings in 261 municipalities, according to the FRA. An estimated 9.3 million people nationwide are affected by train-horn noise. The FRA contends that the new rule - which for the first time sets a maximum loudness standard for train horns - would reduce the number of people affected by a third. Still, about 445,600 people would hear fresh blasts from the trains, the FRA estimates, a number that critics say is far too low. Mark Garvey, a resident of Concord, Mass., lives a block from one of five crossings in his city - all of which have gates and warning lights. He and neighbors have enjoyed blissful silence since winning a whistle ban two years ago. So he was shocked to find out recently that train horns could be back by federal fiat by December. "We get 32 commuter trains a day passing through town right now," he says. "Two years ago, before our whistle ban, each one used to blow its horn three times as it approached the station. We got 96 blasts a day." Under the new rule, Concord seems likely to get two long blasts and one short one for each of five crossings in the community each time a train crosses. For its part, the FRA contends the new rule would prevent 13 deaths, 60 injuries, and 123 accidents over a 20-year period. The FRA also says the new rule would actually mean less noise overall - because some communities that do not have quiet zones today could have them if their crossings meet safety standards. Cities like Concord could retain quiet zones by building extra safety features into crossings - channeling traffic with new curbing and blocking both lanes with four gates instead of just two so cars can't drive around. "What we're trying to do is balance safety and quality of life," says Steven Kulm, an FRA spokesman. "If a community wants to silence the horns, there have to be supplemental safety measures installed." Yet some question whether the costs of the rule outweigh its advantages. "The truth is that horns are already blowing at almost every accident," says Les Blomberg of the Noise Pollution Clearinghouse in Montpelier, Vt. "Even if some lives are saved, this rule could negate that by waking up a lot of people, who then become fatigued drivers" who get into accidents. He cites a transportation department study that 10 to 20 percent of sleep disturbances are due to transportation noise. At the same time, about 100,000 car accidents each year are caused by fatigued drivers, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. "The FRA did not study whether more train-horn noise would actually cause more deaths by creating fatigued drivers," Mr. Blomberg says. Public comment on the new rule ends Monday. The measure is slated to take effect Dec. 18. But not all communities with quiet zones will be affected immediately. Those created prior to Oct. 9, 1996, will be given five to eight years to upgrade crossings. Improvements are costly, though, running into hundreds of thousands of dollars per crossing at a time when many cities are strapped. No federal funding will be available for upgrades, the FRA says. Critics say the FRA has not examined simpler, cheaper alternatives such as longer crossing-gate arms that extend across both lanes. A lack of "reasonable alternatives" was cited in a Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) opposing the new rule. It noted the rule would add tens of thousands of additional horn blasts per year at hundreds of crossings in the Chicago area. Affluent communities have grown up around the tracks in the six-county region covered by the Chicago study. The impact of train noise on property values could be severe. "We've already improved safety and saved far more lives at our crossings than this rule would accomplish," says Joy Schaad of CATS. "We don't think this rule makes any sense." For a list of crossings that could be affected go to Click on "train horn rule," then "status of existing whistle bans."
Recommended Sites Animal Diversity Web - Database of descriptions, photographs, and classifications of the world's mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, sharks, bony fish, molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms, searchable by common or scientific name. Some records also provide information on habitats, physical characteristics, food, reproductive habits, and geographic range. US Fish and Wildlife Service - Information about animals and the Environment. Primate Info Net - Good deal of scientific detail for a big list of primates. Animal pages
Pottery Clay - A Guide To Different Types Pottery clay is the raw material that has made sculptural ceramics and pottery possible from pre-historic times. Ceramic clay is a mixture of alumina, silica and water, made from weathered and degraded feldspathic rocks. What does this mean, in practical terms, for you and your sculpting development? find out the value of your item Well, first of all it must be remembered the differences between art pottery clay (for throwing, hand building, art pottery and rough sculpture), and the type of ceramic clay needed for fine, highly detailed sculpture (like the work I mainly produce). My modeling clay can be fired, but it's primary role is fine sculpting capability. Plasticity and Pottery Clay The most important thing about pottery clay is that it is ‘plastic’. In other words it can be molded, bent and shaped without cracking, and can hold its shape. sculpting clay The actual content is mainly very fine-grained silica, alumina and water. The more silica the more plastic the clay. Pottery clay particles are flat and support each other when moist. Moist clay is often called ‘plastic’. Clay that has hardened off from the plastic state, but is still workable and moist, is referred to as leather-hard. Dried out clay can be known as greenware. Bisqueware are pieces fired to a low temp 1472˚ F to 1832˚ F Categories of Pottery Clay There are three categories of pottery (or ceramic) clay: earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Earthenware is fired at the lowest temperatures and is therefore the most economical to produce. Earthenware types include faience, delft, and majolica. After firing Earthenware remains porous and never becomes translucent. It will liquefy at hot temperatures. sculpting clay also Stoneware is fired at higher temperatures, and can become vitrified (non-porous). Jasperware and basalt ware are types of stoneware. Stoneware is never as translucent as porcelain. Porcelain china is fired at high heat, and the result is a vitrified, translucent, white pottery. Although these are the three basic categories of clay, you will hear people refer to different types of ceramic clay, using words such as kaolin, feldspar clay, terracotta, ball clay, fire clay, glacial clay, marl clay, raku and bentonite etc etc. Different Names For Pottery Clays These different names for clays are indicative of their uses, origins and appearance, and each fits into one of the above three categories of pottery clay. For example, iron oxide (rust) makes a red pottery clay, sometimes known as 'terracotta’ and normally refers to red earthenware. Kaolin is another word for china clay which is an essential for the manufacture of porcelain and bone china (a type of porcelain with bone ash added). As a general rule, the more impure the clay, the more coarse its end product will be (e.g. bricks). Conversely, the finer the material, the finer the product (expensive tea services etc). China clay is found in great quantities in Cornwall, England and also Malaysia. Feldspar clay (aka petunse or petuntse), is the aluminum silicate component of porcelain. It vitrifies to give the translucent glass-like appearance of porcelain. Feldspar was referred to by the ancient Chinese makers as the ‘flesh’ of the pottery clay. Although for years was the missing ingredient the Chinese kept from the European makers, feldspars can be found in many types of sedimentary rock the world over. Petunse or petuntse was the original mineral in which it was found. Ball Clay And Sculpting The clay I recommend for sculpting on the tutorial pages is called Potclays 1150 is essentially stoneware with a high ball clay content. If you use this clay and want to fire it, beware of the drying process, because, as a general rule, the easier the clay is to sculpt with the more trickier the drying and firing process becomes. Ball clay is the general term for a certain type of highly plastic clay. It has very fine particles and tends to fire to lighter colors. Ball clays have a high shrinkage rate and can cause items to warp and crack while drying and in also the kiln, so here are a few pointers about the drying process. How To Dry Pottery Clay Potclays 1150 ball sculpting clay First, ensure the ware is hollowed to an even thickness of no more than 1 inch, then let dry completely before firing. The alternative is to slab build, depending on the piece. There are other methods to ensure an even thickness for firing and they are described in detail by potter Andrew Werby in his article for Wetcanvas.com. Do not hurry the drying process! Dry the 1150 piece slowly on a slightly moist plaster of Paris bat partly covered with a plastic bag. The hotter the weather, the more careful you have to be. Over several days, gradually move the bag further up the piece allowing a bit more air to circulate each time. The plaster bat gradually dries out with the 1150, but obviously extending the drying time. You can't hurry love! Why Ball Clay? Ball clay is a very fine ceramic clay. The name derives from the old method of cutting the clay from the floor of an open pit. It came out of the ground in square lumps, but the corners would be removed in the handling resulting in a ball shape. Ball clay is not common and important deposits are found in Devon and Dorset. Like china clay, ball clay contains a large proportion of kaolinite. However, china clay particles are much coarser and so, unlike ball clays, china clays are not really plastic enough for sculptural ceramics. Sculptors like me use clay as an intermediary step, making a sculpture from which a mold can be made. Others, like fellow UK artist, Heather Coleman (see sculpt above) use it as their final medium, firing the original piece. It is always a difficult process to find the right balance between clay which has superb modeling qualities like Potclays 1150 and a clay which behaves well in the drying process and the kiln, which might not have the same modeling qualities. If a sculptor wishes to use the same method as I use, in order to be able to cast multiple pieces from a mold, a clay "slip" is poured into the plaster mold, left to build up a layer in the mold cavity, and poured out, leaving a hollow shell which is left to dry some more, then removed. The resultant forms can be assembled to make quite complex composite objects, like the famous figurines of Royal Doulton and Coalport. Return from Pottery clay to homepage or alternatively go to the clay sculpting page. 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English version From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishposturingpos‧tur‧ing /ˈpɒstʃərɪŋ $ ˈpɑːs-/ noun [countable, uncountable] formal 1 PRETENDwhen someone pretends to have a particular opinion or attitude He dismissed the Senator’s comments as ‘political posturing’.2 SHOW OFFwhen someone stands or moves in a way that they hope will make other people notice and admire themposture verb [intransitive] Examples from the Corpus posturingThere was much aggressive posturing, bowing, beating of half-open wings.The male courts the female by singing and posturing, often with a small twig or leaf in his bill.But the notion of an instrument turns out to be as empty as his posturing.Ken's muscular posturing in front of the mirror is making me sick.He dismissed the Senator's comments as "political posturing."Political posturing has encouraged a degeneration into the politicization of social issues.Jeffries had turned City into a symbol of racial posturing.Now take such ritual posturing and stage it nation-wide.Janir chose skiing, which like so many sports was laced with posturing and attitude and ostentatious display.political posturingThe goal of Apollo was not practical benefit, nor even scientific research, but political posturing.Rather than expending vast sums on political posturing, we may in-stead choose to invest in potentially profitable space enterprises.While most candidates have not been chosen, the political posturing is already fierce.It was political posturing - at which parliament has excelled - at its cynical worst. Pictures of the day What are these? Click on the pictures to check.
English version From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Related topics: Geography uptownup‧town /ˌʌpˈtaʊn◂/ adverb American English SGTOWNin or towards an area of a city that is away from the centre, especially one where the streets have larger numbers in their names and where people have more money opp downtown He now lives in an apartment a little farther uptown.uptown adjective uptown neighborhoodsuptown noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus uptownHe withdrew three hundred, put the cash in his pocket, and continued uptown.Over forty years that was the only place they had, then about five years ago they opened uptown.The Empire State Building has been moved a few blocks uptown.Content, meaning and content, are all stored uptown, in the notched pillars of the skyscrapers.I looked at the address: a hospital way uptown, near the Bronx.Now the cars thumped and bucked on the ramp, the uptown stampede from the traps of the underpass.The paramedics eventually drove me uptown to the scene of the accident. Pictures of the day What are these? Click on the pictures to check.
Laws of Criminal Evidence Q&a Only available on StudyMode • Topic: Jury, Legal burden of proof, Trial • Pages : 2 (471 words ) • Download(s) : 672 • Published : August 21, 2012 Open Document Text Preview 1.Is the jury present when hearings on the admissibility of a confession are conducted? Cite the applicable rule that applies to this situation and explain the reason for the rule. No, the jury is not present for admissibility of confession hearings. Rule 104 (part C. conducting a hearing so the jury may not hear it) states “Hearing of jury. Hearing on the admissibility of confessions shall in all cases be conducted out of the hearing of the jury.” (Smith) 4. Define burden of proof, burden of going forward, and burden of persuasion. Burden of proof: is the accuser’s job to prove beyond a reasonable doubt (in a criminal trial) or preponderance of the evidence (in Civil Matters) that a crime has been committed and that the accused did in fact commit said crime. (Ingram pg.47) Burden of going forward: is the prosecution’s obligation to introduce prima facie evidence that will move toward meeting the burden of proof. (Ingram pg.47) Burden of persuasion: simply means the burden of convincing the fact finder of the collective truth of evidence presented by prosecution or defense. (Ingram pg.48) 8. What is the difference between a presumption and an inference? Presumption allows the jury in criminal cases to presume a second fact exists based on the proof of the first fact while inference allows the jury to conclude that a second fact is logical and can be reasonably drawn from another fact or group of facts. (Ingram pgs. 145-146) 9. What is a stipulation? Distinguish between a stipulation of testimony and a stipulation of fact. A stipulation is an agreement, admission, or concession made in judicial proceedings by the parties and Hynes2 their attorneys concerning evidence of existing or nonexistent facts. (Ingram pg.186) stipulation of testimony is when the parties agree that if a certain person were present that they would swear under oath to the facts of the stipulation. (Ingram pg.186-187) stipulation of fact is where the parties... tracking img
Positive and Negative Emotions Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 409 • Published : August 25, 2012 Open Document Text Preview It is definitely no secret that positive thinking can make you happier. It seems like such a simple concept, yet it is not an easy thing for people to embrace. There are many benefits to being an optimist. For one, it leads to allowing oneself to be open to new ideas and ways of thinking, therefore broadening your thought process. This, in turn, can lead to being more outgoing and social. There are also numerous benefits for our health from being a happier person. They can range from healthier, stronger immune systems and longer lifespans to better mental health! Optimistic people have less encounters with depression and have better coping skills and self-control. Happier people tend to be more relaxed and laid back and seem to have a better grasp on stress management. Men and women are different when it comes to positive and negative emotions; or so it would seem. Women tend to internalize emotions from a very young age whereas men externalize them. Women tend to think and feel at the same time, whereas men never really seem to know what they are thinking or feeling. Men are more likely to shut down emotionally in order to shield themselves from the stress and anxiety around them when they need to focus on important issues. Women are more likely to seek social comfort and empathy. In the end, it all comes down to one thing: Two different brains. Neither is better than the other, as each has their own advantages! tracking img
English as an International Language Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 1874 • Published : May 15, 2013 Open Document Text Preview Cojocaru Olga-Georgiana, Master STA, anul I,sem. I This paper is intended to raise awareness on the aspects which define English as an international language, by examining the characteristics of an international language, the number of users, how it spread to reach global status, what factors may impede its continued spread and what dangers are involved in the development of English as an international language. English’s international status is determined by a constellation of political, economic, demographic and social factors being a communication bridge across linguistic and cultural boundaries. English is a language studied by more and more individuals as an additional language, it is central cu a growing global economy and it is the major language of a developing mass culture The main point of this paper is the idea that learning an international language is different and has other implications than learning other foreign languages. It has the particularity of belonging to the people who use it, not to only one country. Key words: international language, spread of English, wider communication Today’s society is more and more involved in the study of English. The interest in the learning of this language has increased so much that is now considered by many an international language. English has a wide territorial reach and its domination at global scale is now undeniable. The language plays an important role as a language of diplomacy and international communications, business, tourism, education, science, computer technology, media and Internet. It is a fact that English is frequently used in official documents of many international organizations, treaties, contracts and summits being exclusively used in international shipping business. This paper intends to clarify some important aspects regarding the development of English as an international language, the path taken to reach global status and the long-term effects the spread of this language has over countries around the world. Starting from the assumption that English is an international language, this paper is based on defining the essential characteristics of an international language, analyzes why English has developed as one and underlines some important aspects which favor or impede the spread of this language. It is also discussed the way in which English reached such high status and what effects, negative or positive, this status holds. It opens with the definition of the term ‘international language’ and subjects English to an analysis in two direction: from the perspective of the number of users and their recognition as English-speakers and secondly, by summarizing the features of an international language having English as model. The second part of this paper opens a discussion about the spread of English making a categorization of the reasons which lead to its spread and what negative effects can this have over other languages. Next, the third and final part of the paper is dedicated to the wheel which makes this machine work, the users of the language. They are the key to English’s expansion worldwide and another feature that defines English as international language: the bilingual users. It is discussed the growing number of bilingual users of English, what characterizes them as being bilingual and what motivates them to use English as a second language. The last part of the paper also examines the meanings of the term ‘native speaker’, describing types of bilingual users and how they make use of the language. If today, English-speaking countries, taken together have about 400 million... tracking img
Browse Dictionary by Letter Dictionary Suite aesthetician one who pursues theories of art and formal beauty. aestheticism devotion to aesthetic characteristics as of prime importance. [2 definitions] aestivate variant of estivate. af- to; toward. afar at, to, or from a distance; far off. [2 definitions] a far cry a long way; quite different. a few a small number of things or people. affable easygoing and pleasant in manner and conversation; friendly. affair an occurrence, event, matter, or happening. [6 definitions] affairs public or business matters. affect1 to influence, cause a change in, or have an impact on. [4 definitions] affect2 to imitate, often in a pretentious manner; feign. affectation falseness or superficiality of appearance or behavior; pretense. [2 definitions] affected1 acted upon, influenced, or altered. [2 definitions] affected2 assumed; pretended. [2 definitions] affecting emotionally moving. affection a feeling of warmth and fondness for someone or something. [2 definitions] affectionate feeling or showing affection. affectionless combined form of affection. affective pertaining to or caused by emotions rather than reason.
Electronic Payment Devices (Appstar Financial ! Appstar Reviews) How do payment networks make money? Answer by Anonymous: 1. What are payment networks? A payment network is a system that allows people to exchange value (e.g. Quora makes it possible for you give me an upvote so I will want to give you more answers about payments). Every modern payment network is centralized, i.e. they require everyone who wants to make payments through the network to agree to the rules establishd by the payment network operator. 2. What are payment network operators? Since people need a way to exchange value, and to be sure that they are agreeing to the same rules about how to exchange value, payment networks are managed by payment network operators. Examples of operators and their networks include the US Government (dollars), Visa (credit cards), PayPal (digital wallets), Quora (Quora Credits), etc. 3. Why do you care about #1 and #2? Fees. Because you probably want to be able to exchange value with other people, and doing so requires using a payment network, which is controlled by payment network operators, which are interested in getting paid for providing this service. Ever heard of a 'network fee'? This is what PayPal and Visa get paid when their networks are used. Ever heard of a tax or inflation? This is what the US government gets paid when its network gets used. Payment network operators charge people money for using their networks. Boom: answered. View Answer on Quora Single Post Navigation Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Thermometers and thermobarometers in granitic systems Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry , , , and Edited by: Putirka K.D.Tepley III F.J. The ability to determine the thermal and barometric history during crystallization and emplacement of granitic plutons has been enhanced by several new calibrations applicable to granitic mineral assemblages. Other existing calibrations for granitic plutons have continued to be popular and fairly robust. Recent advances include the trace element thermometers Ti-in-quartz, Ti-in-zircon, and Zr-in-sphene (titanite), which need to be further evaluated on the roles of reduced activities due to lack of a saturating phase, the effect of pressure dependence (particularly for the Ti-in-zircon thermometer), and how resistive these thermometers are to subsolidus reequilibration. As zircon and sphene are also hosts to radiogenic isotopes, these minerals potentially also provide new insights into the temperature - time history of magmas. When used in conjunction with pressure-sensitive mineral equilibria in the same rocks, a complete assessment of the P-T-t (pressure-temperature-time) path is possible given that the mineralogy of plutons can reflect crystallization over a range of pressure and temperature during ascent and emplacement and that many intrusions are now seen as forming over several millions of years during the protracted history of batholith construction. Accessory mineral saturation thermometers, such as those for zircon, apatite, and allanite, provide a different and powerful perspective, specifically that of the temperature of the onset of crystallization of these minerals, which can allow an estimate of the range of temperature between the liquidus and solidus of a given pluton. In assessment of the depth of crystallization and emplacement of granitic plutons, the Al-in-hornblende remains popular for metaluminous granites when appropriately corrected for temperature. For peraluminous granites, potential new calibrations exist for the assemblages bearing garnet, biotite, plagioclase, muscovite, and quartz. Other thermometers, based on oxygen abundance, and including Fe-Ti oxides, pyroxene, fayalitic olivine, quartz, sphene, and/or biotite, some of which have been recently revised, can provide additional information on temperature and oxygen fugacity. Oxygen fugacity can range over several orders of magnitude in different magmatic systems and can have profound influence on the mineralogy and mineral compositions in granitic magmas. It also forms the foundation of the popular magnetite- versus ilmenite-series granite classification. Copyright ?? Mineralogical Society of America. Additional publication details Publication type: Publication Subtype: Journal Article Thermometers and thermobarometers in granitic systems Series title: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Year Published: Larger Work Type: Larger Work Subtype: Journal Article Larger Work Title: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry First page: Last page:
At least we know the number · Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates. Lehmann, J., Korstjens, A. H., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (School of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K. [e-mail:]). Animal Behaviour, 2007, 74, 1617-1629. “Most primates live in social groups in which affiliative bonds exist between individuals. Because these bonds need to be maintained through social interactions (grooming in most primates), sociality will be limited by time constraints. It has previously been shown that the time primates invest in grooming increases with group size. However, when groups become too large, individuals will not have enough time available to service all possible social relationships and group cohesion is expected to decrease. In this study, we used data from previously published studies to determine how large groups compromise on their grooming time and how ecological, phylogenetic and life history variables affect time invested in grooming (across species as well as within taxa). We used path analysis to analyze direct and indirect (via group size) effects on grooming. We showed that not only is grooming time determined by group size, but it is also affected by dispersal patterns and sex ratio. Furthermore, we found that grooming time is asymptotic when group size exceeds 40 individuals, indicating that time constraints resulting from ecological pressure force individuals to compromise on their grooming time. This was true across species, but a similar effect was also found within taxa. Cognitive constraints and predation pressure strongly affect group sizes and thereby have an indirect effect on primate grooming time. Primates that were found to live in groups larger than predicted by their neocortex size usually suffered from greater predation risk. However, most populations in our analysis were placed well within what we define as their eco-cognitive niche.”
The use of ICTs to empower women in politics (webinar) The 21st century has seen an unprecedented increase in the percentage of internet users around the world. 27.5% of people in Asia are now internet users, in Latin America and the Caribbean it’s 42.9% and the increase in internet users from 2000 to 2012 has been highest in the African continent, with an approximate 3,606.7% increase. Over 1.11 billion Facebook users communicate across borders every day. At least one-half of the world’s population has a mobile phone, and the number is increasing every day. Texting is the number one most used data service in the world, with 8.6 trillion text messages sent worldwide in 2012. In developing countries, two in three people have mobile phone subscriptions. Interestingly, the most remarkable innovations that have come from the use of mobile phones were where internet coverage was poor. While it is doubtless that current communication technology has a lot to offer any activist or politician, it may be of particular value for women in politics since mobile phones, the internet and social media channels have the potential to, not only serve as an equalizer for women politicians and activists, but to also increase their political participation. Often discriminated against in traditional media, women have started going around traditional communication outlets, such as television and radio, to adopt more direct and interactive communication tools, such as Facebook, Twitter, SMS, promotional videos, podcasts, and blogs, which have proved very effective, eliminating the use of intermediaries in communication and allowing the women themselves to be ‘the news makers’. Women members of parliament are increasingly using these different technology platforms during their political campaigns and careers to generate dialogue with their constituencies as elected representatives. Political leaders are catching on to the crowd sourcing possibilities that these technologies offer. Blogs, Facebook pages and Twitter accounts have been created for many women politicians and activists. Additionally, text messages are used to alert journalists and to create viral campaigns during public rallies, televised debates and press conferences. YouTube videos are also supplementing paid television spots for political messages and breaking dependency on mainstream media sources. Political activists are using these social networks to personally organize events and disseminate information on public policy issues and communication between individual citizens and their government is increasing through online petitions, discussion forums and platforms. This is a brief summary of the three presentations: Oyungerel Tsedevdamba is Member of Parliament in Mongolia; Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism and President of the Democratic Women’s Union of Mongolia. Oyungerel shared with us the following onMongolia’s experience in increasing women’s visibility in Parliament using Internet and Social Media: • In 2010 there were no women in parliament and no quotas were set so women, from 3 political parties, came together and headed a “women can” campaign to get women in parliament through a memorandum of collaboration. • They began by asking other women to google themselves to see how they are coming up online as well as other high-level politicians to draw their attentionto the fact that they weren’t visible online which created an incentive to start using social media and contacting people through the internet. • A code of conduct were developed between women establishing that they do not slander other women online. • As a result of the one year campaign, a 20% quota for women was adopted and according to a national poll 78% of the female population would vote for women • Women came together and supported each other to increase their online visibility and understand the resources available to women • After establishing a strong concensus among women to support all other women in politics, the campaign reached out to men. Our second presenter was Danya Bashir, a Libyan, author, activist and the Executive Director for the Middle East and North Africa of Social Media for Change which is an innovative NGO working to utilize social media to create positive democratic change. Danya shared her experience on how social media platforms are used to create positive democratic change in the MENA region. • During Gadaffi’s regime Libya was a black hole in terms of social media censorship and repression was high. • Social media is now widely used but it’s a double-edged sword. • Libya does not have a high penetration of social media users but the message does get spread around quickly through word of mouth. • People are understanding that it is their right to be part of the community. • Connecting people online and knowledge-sharing tool have made women more independent and helped them assert themselves as important members in society. And our third presentation was given by Susan Kemp who is a senior program officer at the National Democratic Institute (NDI) where she works on designing, implementing and evaluating programs that promote women's political participation. Susan spoke about the NDI “Women and Technology” Survey. • NDI works to promote the political participation of women by engaging women in legislatures, political parties and civil society and by engaging men regarding the importance of women’s participation. • There are real benefits to using technology and social media to promote women’s political participation. For example, women are using technology to convey messages, develop networks, increase visibility, and reach a broad audience at a low cost. • There are also challenges to be aware of—particularly accessibility and safety issues. Research from Intel indicates that the gender gap in Internet usage is nearly 25% globally, and this figure is higher in certain regions, such as Africa (43%), the Middle East (24%), and South Asia (37%). Societal constraints and limited political space can impact physical and virtual security for women. • NDI is conducting a survey to better understand how women in politics use ICTs for personal and political purposes. The survey explores access, technology usage and preferences, and barriers to technology usage, among other areas. The purpose of the research is to develop recommendations so that future programs are tailored to women’s needs, interests and resources. We invite you to participate in the NDI survey on Women and Technology by clicking here for English, Albanian and Serbian and here for Arabic, French, Georgian, Spanish and Urdu. Regardless of whether you were able to participate in the webinar or not, we encourage to post your questions and stories here, especially if they were not answered during the webinar. Ms.Oyungerel Tsedevdamba's presentation Ms.Danya Bashir's presentation Ms.Susan Kemp's presentation For more inspiring stories on the use of ICTs to empower women in politics visit our Special Feature. Use below option to post comment using Social account iKNOW Politics's picture Hello, good morning. I just wanted to congratulate Ms Oyungerel, Ms Kemp and Ms Bashir for their interesting presentations. It’s true: if we want to foster women’s participation, we must develop stringer mechanisms to detect and to combat discrimination. We must be aware about what is happening in the media. An uneven playing field in the media will certainly produce disparities on political participation. iKNOW Politics's picture You mentioned that NDI is studying the possibility of the use of other technologies such as SMS. I think this could be very interesting, especially in places like Burkina Faso with little access to internet (where I am right now). Will you publish the results of this study on iKNOW Politics? iKNOW Politics's picture Besides the technological challenges, how is the manipulation and influencing of women MPs in the parliament be addressed since in most African countries the use of ITC has been censored by the male leaders? iKNOW Politics's picture Besides the technological challenges, how is the manipulation and influencing of women MPs in the parliament be addressed since in most African countries the use of ICT has been censored by the male leaders? iKNOW Politics's picture In Lybia, how do you work to increase the female support, from the women that rejected the "My Right" campaign which Danya spoke of? iKNOW Politics's picture Do you have any advice for women usng ICT to organize themselves politically in countries where access to ICT use is controlled by the government? iKNOW Politics's picture I would like to hear how they dealt with resistance of female candidates in using social media how they went about selecting the candidates for the training in Mongolia. Was it on voluntary basis or otherwise? Thank you
Jan 012011 no original description. Most likely a Roomba ... Image via Wikipedia Researchers at Georgia Tech have discovered that, contrary to previous assumptions, older adults are more amenable than younger ones to having a robot “perform critical monitoring tasks that would require little interaction between the robot and the human.” The findings will be presented at the upcoming HFES 53rd Annual Meeting, Grand Hyatt, San Antonio, Texas, Thursday, October 22, 2009. Despite manufacturers’ increased development of in-home robots, it’s unclear how much interaction people would be willing to have with them. Robots can perform routine tasks such as cleaning, the Roomba vacuum cleaner being the best-known example. Studies have found that individuals think of robots as advanced appliances, but there is not much research on why this is so. Robots could perform more critical tasks, such as reminding a person to take medications, teaching a new skill, providing security, and reducing social isolation. To gauge how willing people might be to have a robot perform these kinds of more interactive tasks, Drs. Neta Ezer (now at Futron Corporation), Arthur D. Fisk, and Wendy A. Rogers sent a questionnaire to 2,500 Atlanta-area adults ages 18 to 86 and received 177 responses. One of their questions addressed respondents’ level of experience with technology and robots that do things like mow, clean, guard, and entertain. Older adults (ages 65 to 86) had significantly less experience with technology than younger ones (18-28), but younger adults had only slightly more experience with robots currently on the market. Read more . . . Enhanced by Zemanta Other Interesting Posts Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:
Parafacial Zone as On-Off Switch for Deep Sleep Scientists discover new “sleep node” in the brain Findings may lead to new therapies for sleep disorders, including insomnia Parafacial zone in brain stem “The close association of a sleep center with other regions that are critical for life highlights the evolutionary importance of sleep in the brain,” says Caroline E. Bass, assistant professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the UB School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and a co-author on the paper. Caroline E. Bass The researchers found that a specific type of neuron in the PZ that makes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is responsible for deep sleep. They used a set of innovative tools to precisely control these neurons remotely, in essence giving them the ability to turn the neurons on and off at will. “These new molecular approaches allow unprecedented control over brain function at the cellular level,” says Christelle Ancelet, postdoctoral fellow at Harvard School of Medicine. “Before these tools were developed, we often used ‘electrical stimulation’ to activate a region, but the problem is that doing so stimulates everything the electrode touches and even surrounding areas it didn’t. It was a sledgehammer approach, when what we needed was a scalpel.” “To get the precision required for these experiments, we introduced a virus into the PZ that expressed a ‘designer’ receptor on GABA neurons only but didn’t otherwise alter brain function,” explains Patrick Fuller, assistant professor at Harvard and senior author on the paper. “When we turned on the GABA neurons in the PZ, the animals quickly fell into a deep sleep without the use of sedatives or sleep aids.” How these neurons interact in the brain with other sleep and wake-promoting brain regions still need to be studied, the researchers say, but eventually these findings may translate into new medications for treating sleep disorders, including insomnia, and the development of better and safer anesthetics. “We are at a truly transformative point in neuroscience,” says Bass, “where the use of designer genes gives us unprecedented ability to control the brain. We can now answer fundamental questions of brain function, which have traditionally been beyond our reach, including the ‘why’ of sleep, one of the more enduring mysteries in the neurosciences.” The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Media Contact Ellen Goldbaum, News Content Manager, 716-645-4605, [email protected]
Fire Towers Once Provided Early Warnings in Cecil fire tower _0007 Woodlawn Tower outside Port Deposit, taken about two years ago. In the middle-third of the 20th century, when forest fires were a greater threat to rural Maryland counties, Cecil had three forest fire spotter towers. Sitting on top of those tall structures, some 80 to 100-feet above the ground, observers kept a carefully watch out for wisps of smoke in the vast tracts of woodlands that covered the county. From that high vantage point, the operators were able to provide a watchful eye, scanning the horizon for any sign of trouble. Working in conjunction with other fire towers, they could triangulate the location and dispatch forestry and fire companies to the spot where an incipient blaze had started. This early warning system was critical in the time when the county was less developed and notification of a fire in an undeveloped area might be delayed. Two of those structures were erected in the 1930s as part of the Roosevelt Administration program to provide relief from the Great Depression. A WPA (Works Progress Administration) publication noted that the erection of three structures were authorized. Woodlawn and Pleasant Hill (Egg Hill) opened in 1935. Black Hill apparently came a little later, in the 1940s. During World War II, the lookouts also doubled as posts for identification of airplanes. By the late 1960s, the importance of these protective measures for early warning was declining, though seasonal staffing continued into the 1970s. At some point in recent decades the State stopped operating the towers as they had become obsolete due to the diminished value as an early warning system. tower woodlawn 1966 watching Keeping a careful eye out for forest fires from the Pleasant Hill Tower in 1966., Woodlawn Tower in 1966, Source: Cecil Whig Woodlawn Tower in 1966, Source: Cecil Whig Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Migration – Why Do Cities Grow Published on AS and A2 Geography Published in: Education, Technology, Business • Be the first to comment • Be the first to like this No Downloads Total views On SlideShare From Embeds Number of Embeds Embeds 0 No embeds No notes for slide Migration – Why Do Cities Grow 1. 1. Migration – Why Do Cities Grow<br />AS Geography<br /> 2. 2. Thinking of the DTM...<br />At What stage do you feel people began to migrate to cities?<br />Why Do cities grow?<br /> 3. 3. Why did cities grow?<br />Increase in natural population growth<br />Net migration from rural areas<br />Rural depopulation<br />Industrialisation<br />So why do people move to cities?<br /> 4. 4. Reasons to move?<br />To find work<br />Earn money to send home (Remittances)<br />Shortage of land, food or opportunities is rural areas<br />Freedom from traditional rural society<br />Pull of the bright lights<br />War, Natural disasters<br />Hope to receive support from Govt or NGO’s in the event of food shortages<br /> 5. 5. You can categorise migration into Push and pull factors<br />Physical<br />Demographic<br />Economic<br />Social<br />Political<br /> 6. 6. Birth Rates always fall when people migrate to cities... WHY?<br />Education levels are higher especially for girls<br />Children are less economically advantageous<br />Large families can be a drag on economic progress for newcomers<br />Generally not the same extended family structure<br /> 7. 7. How are Death Rates affected then?<br />Housing – often poor quality when under rapid growth but generally improves later<br />Water – Has a similar issue<br />Sewage Treatment – Again is poor but improves<br />Food Supply – Often better than rural areas because cities are centre for storage and distribution<br />Health Care – Can be better than rural areas<br /> 8. 8. Cities Depend on Wealth<br />Often huge ranges of income in cities and access to services.<br />This is still apparent today in many societies around the globe<br />Can you think of areas where wealth plays a part?<br /> 9. 9. 10. 10. Types of Migration<br /> 11. 11. Forced Migration<br />Religious or political persecution, war, natural disaster, forced labour or famine<br /> 12. 12. Voluntary<br />Climate<br />Employment<br />Family<br />Better services<br /> 13. 13. Internal Migration<br />Migration within countries<br />Moving house<br />Urban to urban<br />Urban to rural<br />Rural to urban<br />Such as Pioneer advances across USA 1800’s +<br /> 14. 14. International Migration<br />Voluntary<br />Colonisation of countries such as the USA upto around 1924<br />Most is now forced due to the tightening of immigrant policy<br /> 15. 15. Lee’s Model 1966<br /> 16. 16. Does not isolate push pull factors<br />Looks at attributes for each place <br />Decisions based on personal factors reliant on <br />Age<br />Gender<br />Marital Status<br />Education<br />Socio-economic class<br />Some are positive factors some are seen as negative others as neutral all this influences personal decision making process<br /> 17. 17. Lee’s model introduces a refinement to push pull factors<br />Intervening Obstacles Both real or perceived <br />International boundaries, language, anxieties etc.<br /> 18. 18. Consequences of Migration <br />Overview<br /> 19. 19. Demographic Consequences<br />Changes in the numbers and distribution of people within a region are changed. <br />Intermarriages are created, leading to a new group of people. <br /> 20. 20. Social Consequences<br />Migration brings different people together leading to conflicts. <br />Migration however also creates understanding between different groups of people. <br />Rural-Urban migration creates ghettoes in cities. <br /> 21. 21. Economic Consequences<br />This depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the economic needs of the origin and destination. Quality refers to skills, age, educational attainment, health etc. <br />In overpopulated areas, emigration is beneficial because it reduces the pressure on the land. <br />In under populated areas, emigration may slow down development. <br /> 22. 22. Class Work<br />‘Most migrants travel short distances, with increased distance the number of migrants decrease’<br />‘The major direction of migration is from agricultural to areas of industry and commerce’<br />‘Most migrants are adults and families rarely migrate out of their own countries of birth.’<br />These remarks were made 150yrs ago how well do they stand up today, write notes on your own and then discuss in small groups<br />
Roman law Roman law, ..... Click the link for more information. . Most authorities, however, disregard the largely static period following the reign of Justinian IJustinian I ..... Click the link for more information. Early Roman Law Roman law in the earliest period known is typically expressed in the Twelve TablesTwelve Tables, ..... Click the link for more information. Expansion and Development Under the Empire ..... Click the link for more information. ; his work, with that of GaiusGaius ..... Click the link for more information. , ModestinusModestinus, Herennius ..... Click the link for more information. , PaulusPaulus ..... Click the link for more information. , and UlpianUlpian ..... Click the link for more information. ..... Click the link for more information. form was required. The Theodosian CodeTheodosian Code ..... Click the link for more information. (438), the earliest attempt, was followed by the Breviary of AlaricBreviary of Alaric ..... Click the link for more information. (506). Finally the task was accomplished with the culminating work of Roman legal scholarship, the Corpus Juris CivilisCorpus Juris Civilis ..... Click the link for more information. (completed 535) under the direction of TribonianTribonian ..... Click the link for more information. Continuing Influence After the mid-6th cent., Roman law persisted as a part of the Germanic lawsGermanic laws, ..... Click the link for more information. and was in effect in the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire, ..... Click the link for more information. . Revival of classical studies during the Renaissance prepared the way for the partial resurrection of Roman law as the modern civil lawcivil law, ..... Click the link for more information. ..... Click the link for more information. even in those countries that follow common lawcommon law, ..... Click the link for more information. Roman law the code of LAW developed in ancient Rome, which today forms the basis of many modern European codes of law, e.g. in Scotland. It is characteristic of such codes of law that they have received systematic codification. In contrast, it is characteristic of English law, a common law system, that it is based far more on judge-made precedent and, in relative terms, lacks such systematic codification. Roman Law the most highly developed system of slave-holding law, which was formulated in Rome, the most important state of the ancient world. Roman law upheld the class interests of slaveholders and the exploitation of slaves. Roman jurists divided law into public law (Jus publicum) and private law (jus privatum). Public law dealt with the organization of the Roman state, while private law was concerned with the individual. First described by Ulpian, this division reflected the contradiction inherent in society based on the class antagonisms between the private and public interests; it later became the foundation of the legal systems of bourgeois states. The provisions of public law, including state and criminal law, reflected the class relationships of the slaveholding society of ancient Rome and did not have a significant effect on the history of law. Roman private law did have a great influence on future law. It was based on a clearly expressed individualist principle and guaranteed significant legal and economic autonomy to the individual. Equality in civil defense was characteristic of private law and in 212 was extended to all freemen. Roman law never considered slaves to be subjects of the law. Slaves were viewed as things, and they did not have political rights. The basic element of Roman law was the right to private property, which was worked out thoroughly and carefully, as were other forms of real right, such as possession and easement. Ways to acquire, renounce, and protect property rights were established, and an owner’s legal faculties were determined. The law of obligations, especially in regard to the contract (contractus), was an important institution of Roman private law. The system of contracts developed by Roman jurists covered the most diverse economic relationships in a society of simple commodity producers and ensured the stability and durability of commodity turnover. Roman law developed such important legal concepts as legal capacity, the juristic person, limitation, and citizenship. It was also concerned with the problems of legal civil liability, and it carefully regulated inheritance. The comprehensive character of Roman law and the detailed elaboration of relationships related to commodity turnover made Roman law the “classical juristic expression of the vital conditions and conflicts of a society in which private property reigns supreme” (see F. Engels in K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 21, p. 412). Many of the principles of Roman law were used to regulate private-property relationships in different historical periods and were used successfully to protect the property interests not only of slaveholders but also of feudal lords and capitalists. K. Marx wrote that “Roman civil law is civil law in its classical form” (ibid., vol. 1, p. 347). This explains the revival of the precepts of Roman law in the law of feudal and bourgeois states. This revival was particularly significant in the countries of Western Europe during the age of feudalism. Roman law has been exceptionally important in the history of law and of human culture because of its highly developed legal nature. The precision and simplicity of its definitions and its logical argumentation and formulations have made Roman law a model of legal art. Many terms and principles have been preserved in the laws of numerous countries, and codes of laws have been based on the institutional system introduced by Roman law. Kapustin, M. Institutsii rimskogoprava. Moscow, 1880. Grimm, D. Lektsii po dogme rimskogo prava, 5th ed. St. Petersburg, 1906. Baron, J. Sistema rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava, 3rd ed., fascs. 1–4. Kiev, 1908–10. (Translated from German.) Rimskoe chastnoe pravo. Moscow, 1948. Novitskii, I. B. Osnovy rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1972. References in periodicals archive ? At the risk of some over-simplification, it may be said that, 'to Roman law we owe the origins of Legalism; to the common law we owe the fusion of Legalism with the rule of law'. It is this notion of the Roman law and the English common law emerging as a byproduct of individuals' private efforts to vindicate their rights that leads Leoni (presaging Hayek) to observe that law in this sense is something to be discovered, not something to be made: "Both the Romans and English shared the idea that the law is something to be discovered more than to be enacted and that nobody is so powerful in his society as to be in a position to identify his own will with the law of the land" (1991, p. One tragedy of the consolidation of Roman law that took place in the sixth century CE is that it involved an attempt to suppress every part of the law library that was not chosen for preservation. In the case of Germany, the Roman law was formally "received" (185) as binding law long before Germany was unified in 1871. Baragwanath said that legal practitioners continue to turn to Roman law "to discern principles to solve the real life disputes that are a result of our humanity," and cited the court's statute as evidence of the continued influence of Roman law. The common law developed within a procedural framework of causes of actions--a structure, interestingly enough, phenotypically very close to classical Roman law. However, unfortunately, we are building stadiums while not having sport, we are building antique courts while still not having mastered Roman law and building antique theatres without having a public. Washington, January 27 (ANI): Researchers at University College London's (UCL's) Department of History have discovered part of an ancient Roman law code previously thought to have been lost forever. in the main, on Roman law rather than convoluted surmise. Islamic Imperial Law is a very rich and enormously detailed book and as it would be too much to discuss here all its aspects and arguments, I will focus on the two main theses, to wit, that there was a codification of Islamic law just before the end of the eighth century and that this codification was based on Byzantine Roman law. As modern international law began to emerge in the sixteenth century, it borrowed from Roman law distinguishing between bellum (war with legitimate enemies) and guerra (war against pirates, brigands, outlaws, and other common enemies of mankind).
Europe for Visitors - Home Switzerland & Austria Index Europe Index Emmentaler and Gruyère Cheese in Switzerland Switzerland photo Cheese has long been a staple of the Swiss diet--a fact that's hardly surprising in a nation where, until recent times, dairy cows outnumbered bankers, foreign investors, and tourists. In The Swiss Cookbook, Nika Standen Hazelton writes: Cheese was a standard food as early as in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The early cheeses were simple products made from soured milk, such as homemade cottage cheese, and well into the nineteenth century many rural households knew no other. The solid, lasting cheeses that we know as Swiss cheese turned up in the fifteenth century, when they server for travelers and soldiers as one of the earlier kinds of convenience food. Until the 1800s, most Swiss cheeses were relatively small, weighing no more than 10-12 pounds or about 5 kilograms. Then, as the Swiss cheesemaking industry developed modern manufacturing methods, it became practical to make huge wheels of cheese weighing 100 kilograms (220 lbs) or more. Today, a single wheel of Emmentaler for the export market may be worth US $2,500 by the time it's been sawn into blocks and sold by the slice at your local deli counter. Two of the most popular Swiss hard cheeses are: Emmentaler (Swiss cheese)This pale yellow cheese is produced by some 1,600 dairies in the Emmental Valley of German-speaking Switzerland. It has a mild, nutty taste and is distinguished by large holes that are formed by pockets of gas during a fermentation that lasts anywhere from three to six months. In his Cheese Primer, Steve Jenkins points out that, because the raw milk of Emmentaler is partially skimmed, the cheese is lower in fat than many other hard cheeses. It's also higher in quality than cheaper foreign versions. Says Jenkins: The Swiss won't compromise on the naturalness of the product; they would rather throw away the occasional off-batch. Their standards are the highest in the world. Raw-milk Emmental, whether French, Swiss, or from elsewhere, is consistently memorable. It is Emmental's pasteurized-milk imitators, such as Norwegian Jarlsberg and Wisconsin Alpine Lace, that have reduced the status of this fine cheese. This pale yellow cheese is made in smaller wheels than Emmentaler: typically 70 to 90 lbs or about 30 to 40 Kg. It has a sharper taste than its larger compatriot, thanks in part to an eight- to ten-month aging period. The cheese comes from the Gruyère district of French-speaking Switzerland, where an even sharper variant called Fribourg (after Gruyère's canton) is aged for at least two years. (Fribourg is also the name of the cantonal capital, by the way--and just to make things even more confusing, the center of the Gruyère district is named Gruyères with an "s.") Gruyère becomes creamy when melted. This characteristic, along with its tangy flavor, makes it popular in the classic Swiss fondue. The word "fondue" has come to mean just about anything cooked and eaten from a common pot by diners equipped with long forks. For example, fondue bourguignonne consists of beef chunks cooked in hot oil, while fondue orientale is the same meat dunked in boiling beef or chicken broth. Chocolate fondue is another variant (served as a dessert, we hasten to add). The classic Swiss fondue, however, is made with cheese. Gruyère and (usually) Emmentaler are chopped, tossed into an earthenware pot, and heated over a flame with white wine, a splash of Kirsch or brandy, a small quantity of flour or cornstarch, a sprinkling of nutmeg, and a few spoons of lemon juice. When the mixture starts bubbling, diners poke their forks into cubes of day-old French bread and dunk for their dinners. In Fribourg, Vacherin cheese is substituted for the usual varieties and potatoes are used in lieu of bread. Valais fondue uses the cheese of that region, with milk instead of wine; Geneva's fondue sometimes has fresh tomatoes added to the pot. In Swiss restaurants, fondue is normally served to a minimum of two persons. The traditional accompaniment is wine (not beer), which you can order by the deci (deciliter, or 1/10 liter) in all but the most upscale dining rooms. Related Web sites The region's multilingual Web site is packed with tourism information. Also see the official Emmentaler Cheese Route site. La Gruyère Find information about the Gruyère region in French, German, and English.
Headhunter's Holosuite Wiki United Kingdom 20,545pages on this wiki Add New Page Talk0 Share United Kingdom United Kingdom Aliases: UK; Britain; The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Category: Country Planet: Earth Continent: Europe Locale: Western Europe Points of interest: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland The United Kingdom is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It comprises Great Britain, which includes England, Scotland and Wales, as well as Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland borders the Republic of Ireland, which is not part of the United Kingdom. Points of Interest Edit Films that take place in United Kingdom Edit TV shows that take place in United Kingdom Edit Characters from United Kingdom Edit People who were born in United Kingdom Edit People who died in United Kingdom Edit External Links Edit References Edit Real World locationsEarth thumb Ad blocker interference detected!
House Wiki Ventricular puncture 6,717pages on this wiki Add New Page Talk0 Share ventricular puncture is a form of lumbar puncture where the insertion point is made higher up the spine than usual. It is a very rare procedure and is usually only considered when a regular lumbar puncture may result in brain herniation. It poses a higher risk of spinal cord damage and resulting paralysis. In Distractions the team had to perform a ventricular puncture on Adam because the lack of skin at the usual entry point on the spinal column posed too high a risk of infection of the cerebro-spinal fluid. Ad blocker interference detected!
Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 38, Issue 2, pp 237–237 How to Measure Globalization? A New Globalization Index (NGI) DOI: 10.1007/s11293-010-9217-3 Cite this article as: Vujakovic, P. Atl Econ J (2010) 38: 237. doi:10.1007/s11293-010-9217-3 This paper presents the New Globalization Index (NGI). It is a composite index constructed to measure the relative globalization level of a group of countries. With its 21 variables, it accounts for the multidimensionality of this phenomenon instead of relying purely on economic indicators. As compared to other existing globalization indices, three major innovations are introduced in the NGI. Firstly, five variables that have until now not been used in globalization indices enter the calculations, introducing some new and important aspects to the measure, such as international student mobility and environmental issues. Secondly, the NGI forms a weighted sum of bilateral trade flows using the geographical distances between trading partners as weights. This modifies the usual trade openness measure by placing more weight on distant trading partners. In effect, intra-regional trade is given a lower weight in the NGI. One of the effects of this procedure is a significant downward movement in the ranking of some EU countries, whose international openness comes primarily from trade within their region and reflects regional integration more than globalization. A final innovation in the NGI is the use of a statistical method (principal component analysis) to form subcomponents of globalization according to the statistical features of the variable structure. The goal of this step is the analysis of the multidimensionality of globalization. Three dimensions emerge by the use of this technique: finance, trade and politics, and social globalization. Principal component analysis is also employed for producing weights for individual indicators within the overall index. Additionally, a control for country size is employed for some of the variables, as has been done in some other globalization indices before. The final index contains 70 countries and covers a period between 1995 and 2005. Globalization Openness of economies Measurement of openness Measurement of globalization Integration Composite index Copyright information © International Atlantic Economic Society 2010 Authors and Affiliations 1. 1.Vienna University of Economics and BusinessViennaAustria 2. 2.Austrian Institute of Economic ResearchViennaAustria Personalised recommendations
Our Mission: This blog is not for garden related questions. Wednesday, February 9, 2011 What is the Scoville Scale? Wilbur Lincoln Scoville (1865 - 1942) was an American pharmacist and chemist best known for his creation of "The Scoville Organaloptic Test", now standardized as the Scoville Scale - a measure of the hotness of chile peppers or any substance (such as hot sauce) make of chile peppers. He devised the test and scale in 1912 while working at the fledgling research division of the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company in Detroit, Michigan. As originally devised, Scoville created a solution of the pepper extract diluted in sugar water until the 'heat' was no longer detectable to a panel of (usually five) tasters; the degree of dilution determined its measure on the Scoville Scale. A sweet pepper, such as a bell pepper that contains no capsaicin at all, has a SHU rating of zero (no heat detectable even undiluted); whereas the hottest chillies, such as habaneros, have an SHU rating of 300,000 or more, indicating that their extract has to be diluted 300,000-fold before the capsaicin present is undetectable. The greatest weakness of the Scoville Organoleptic Test is that it relies on human perceptions making it a highly subjective grading system. Over the years there has been much controversy as to the accuracy of the Scale, however it continues to be used by cooks and restaurateurs everywhere. Webster's Online Dictionary Google Images 1 comment: 1. Scientists have also developed a more scientific screening using HPLC (chromatography). That would be more expensive, however, than sugar water and a human taster!
Home » Kids » Kids Lesson 3 Kids Lesson 3 As you already know, meat comes from animals. And of course, we can’t eat the meat of an animal while it is alive. Muslims are allowed to eat the meat of animals such as cows, sheep, goats, chickens, ducks, and deer, but the animal’s meat must be made in a special way first. A Muslim should perform the act of slaughter with a sharp knife. At that time, the Muslim person must read a prayer which has Allah’s name in it, “Bismillah Allah-hu-Akbar”, which means “In the Name of Allah, Allah is the Greatest”. The animals meat that are prepared in this special way are called Zabihah (za-bee-hah). If there is meat from an animal that is not Zabihah, it should not be eaten by Muslims. This means that Muslims shouldn’t eat the meat from animals that are slaughtered by people who are not Muslims and the meat from animals that die by themselves. If we are not sure whether or not the meat is from a Zabihah animal, we shouldn’t eat it. Muslims are not allowed to eat Haram animals such as pigs and reptiles, so they cannot be Zabihah. Only Halal animals are allowed to be Zabihah. Most of the meat sold in supermarkets these days is not from Zabihah animals. Also, the meat at McDonald’s, Burger King, and other such restaurants is also not from Zabihah animals. Muslims must not eat meat or food that contains meat from these places, unless it is known for sure that the meat is from a Zabihah animal.
Lizards too have family values Written by: Nitsi Subscribe to Oneindia News Washington, Oct 9 (ANI): While lizards are known for laying their eggs and never looking back, desert night lizards are actually against this stereotype-they have family values, just like humans, found a study. They have been found investing time and energy in their young and forming families, a strategy that was thought exclusive to mammals and birds. Alison Davis, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California at Berkeley noted that reptiles aren't even warm-blooded, yet here they are forming families just like their warmer cousins. "It's a seismic shift for the way we think of reptiles, and evidence of how a survival strategy-like parental care and social groups-evolves over and over, in very divergent groups. It's basically the same rules of the game," Discovery news quoted Alison as saying. The discovery of the desert night lizard family groups comes as a result of a five-year genetic study of more than 2,100 adults and juvenile lizards from the Mojave Desert of California. "The existence of family groups in lizards seems to coincide with species of lizards that give birth to their offspring (called viviparity), as do the desert night lizards, rather than lay eggs, as do about 85 percent of lizards," she added. Herpetologist Rick Shine of the University of Sydney in Australia noted: "If you go and pick up a lizard from the field you could be disrupting a sophisticated social order. There may be somebody at home waiting for that individual." (ANI) Please Wait while comments are loading...
About Us Who We Are The Society of Jesus is made up of geographical territories called "provinces." There are approximately 80 Jesuit provinces around the world (although their number and boundaries have never been static). Each province has a superior who is simply called "the Provincial," and who, in turn, reports directly to the central Jesuit government or "curia" in Rome, headed by the Superior General. The current “Father General,” as he is often called, is Father Arturo Sosa, S.J. In the United States, there are currently seven provinces, and in Canada there are two. And there are many Jesuit communities within the provinces, each one usually headed by a "superior." The administrative arm of the Jesuits of Canada and the United States is the Jesuit Conference of Canada and the United States. The Conference helps coordinate the relationships among all the various Jesuit entities, including service organizations and the provinces, as well as between them and the international headquarters in Rome. Jesuit leaders from all countries meet from time to time for what are called General Congregations, often to elect a new Superior General and address important issues facing the order, the Church, and the world. There have been 35 General Congregations throughout the history of the Jesuits, and they are the highest governing authority of the Society of Jesus. America 5/1/17 America 4/17/17 America 4/3/17 History Mission and Ministries Who We Are Jesuit Conference Serving Christ and the Pope Superior General The Provinces Global Community Protecting Children Jesuit Conference Staff Jesuit Spirituality Center
Article Review: Why Hispanic Children Lag Behind (March 16, 2007) The first article taken for review is titled ‘Why Hispanic Children Lag Behind’ (March 16, 2007). The article takes up a key issue facing educators in America – namely, creating a level playing field for pupils of different cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. The underperformance/under-education of Hispanic children is a concern, as they consistently lag behind non-Hispanic Whites in academic performance. In light of this disparity, the recommendation given by the National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics ( is quite salient. The organization encourages Hispanic parents to enroll their children in high quality education programs at the earliest stage possible so that their children can make quick progress and close the Hispanic-White achievement gap. The article goes on to cite the success of state-funded prekindergarten programs (which have helped Hispanic children toward school readiness) as proof of effectiveness of early intervention. In this regard, programs such as Head Start have great potential for impact. Sadly though, despite such great education opportunities available for Hispanic children, they are not properly being availed. This situation is brought about by a combination of factors, including – language barriers and lack of awareness on part of parents, the reduced number of slots allocated in locales inhabited by Hispanic Americans, etc. The article was concisely written, with a good logical flow of points. It implores Hispanic parents to take a pro-active role in providing high quality education for their children, as a failure to do so will keep the community backward. While the article neatly captures the issue at hand and the remedial programs in place, it does not give suggestions for satisfactorily resolving the issue. In other words, there are no constructive suggestions on part of the author for overcoming parents’ inadequacies such as language barriers and lack of awareness. On the other hand, the issue of disproportionate number of slots in certain public-schools is something for the authorities to look into. Had the author articulated these concluding thoughts, the article would have been more comprehensive.
What Are the Requirements of a Foreign Language Interpreter Job? Interpreters use their foreign language skills to help facilitate communication between people who speak different languages. This article explores the requirements to obtaining a job in this field. Schools offering Applied Communications degrees can also be found in these popular choices. Becoming a Foreign Language Interpreter Foreign language interpreters may find work as tour guides, health care workers and court representatives. To be an interpreter, you must understand the subjects you'll be translating so you can anticipate what topics will be covered during the conversation. Language fluency, certification and experience are important for a career in this field. Important Facts About This Occupation Entry-Level Education Bachelor's degree On-the-job Training Short-term Median Annual Pay (2012) $45,430 Job Outlook (2012-2022) 46% Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics The primary requirement for an individual hoping to become an interpreter is an ability to speak fluently in two or more languages. While you don't need to have grown up in a bilingual house, many translators have been bilingual since childhood. If you didn't grow up bilingual, begin taking classes in high school, and continue your language education by majoring in your preferred language in college. After you've learned a second (or third or fourth) language, you'll probably have to demonstrate your language abilities. While it may not be a requirement, certification can improve your chances of gaining employment as a foreign language interpreter. Translation and interpretation certifications involve taking a test to prove proficiency in a specific language. More information can be found by contacting the American Translators Association or the National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators. Many employers want interpreters who have related experience in interpretation. One way to gain this experience is volunteering with a community organization or government agency. If you earn a degree in a foreign language, the college or university may also have tips on ways to gain experience. • 1. Degree Options: Popular Schools
Corky’s Capture There was a fierce and terrible storm, December 11 1969, the night Corky was captured. Her pod chose that evening to enter Pender Harbour on the Sunshine Coast north of Vancouver, British Columbia. It was just after 9pm when word reached a group of local fishermen, enjoying the warmth and shelter of the pub, that there was a group of whales close by. This was the chance they had been waiting for. Ever since the last capture in 1968, in the same area, they were aware that whales meant money. Aquaria around the world were willing to pay top dollar for a “killer whale”. Quickly, the fishermen jumped onto their boats, located the whales, and encircled part of the pod with fishing nets. All night they battled to keep the nets in place and afloat. Thousands of dog fish got trapped in the nets and threatened to pull the cork lines under. “Sheets” of rain poured down in the darkness. At daybreak on the morning after the capture, half of Corky’s pod lay trapped inside the net, with the others still outside. Then they were surrounded too. The buyers soon arrived and six whales were selected. The other six were released but they did not go away immediately. Corky was now separated from her mum for the first time in her life. The buyers then organized her removal. Separated from the others, Corky was moved into shallow water. Divers got into the water and positioned a sling around her body. There were holes for her pectoral fins. A crane slowly lifted Corky’s sling out of the water and hoisted her onto a truck. The truck pulled away from the dock and drove over a narrow winding road to the ferry. Grease was spread over Corky’s skin to prevent it from drying out on the long journey ahead. Sponges of cool water were squeezed over her to try and keep her body temperature down. Removed from the almost weightless experience of the ocean, Corky’s own weight was now crushing down on her. The transport truck had been modified with a tank which partially helped to support her weight. The journey was long: another road after the ferry, then transfer to a special plane, the flight, transfer to another truck, more roads, and then the final lift into a circular tank at Marineland of the Pacific, near Los Angeles California. Comments are closed.
Make the Most of Your Time Teacher drawing diagram on glass Spanish Cognates: balance-balancear How do you balancebalancear your time with school, sports, chores and time with friends and family? Do you have goals established for each facet of your life? Have you thought about tracking your progress with your goals? We can guess technology is probably one tool used to track what needs to be done. Of course, if you need to learn Spanish fast, we recommend using to boost your performance and incorporate technology in the classroom. For other achievements you have in mind, we can offer some tips to help you make the most of your time. Spanish Cognates: clarify-clarificarr The first step of creating balance in your daily routines to achieve your academic and extracurricular goals is to clarifyclarificar what you want to achieve. This isn’t just a New Year resolution sort of thing that can take place either. Let’s use quickly learning Spanish as an example. The next step is to simplifysimplificar why you want to achieve that goal. Perhaps you want to travel to Cuba and explore the architecture and culture of Havana. Maybe the festival of San Fermín has always drawn you to the city of Pamplona, Spain and inspired you to run with the bulls. The reason doesn’t have to be complicated but it must be a priority in your own mind. Spanish Cognates: codify-codificar The next step is to codifycodificar the steps you need to take in order to accomplish your goals. Prior to being notifiednotificado of the first landing on the moon, an outrageous number of milestones needed to be in place so every team could merge and collaborate effectively for the safekeeping of astronauts and equipment. To quantifycuantificar your time is another important step. Can you quantifycuantificar your time is another important step. Can you imagineimaginar how Walt Disney adjusted time on each project when he started the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio with his brother nearly 100 years ago? Spanish Cognates: modified-modificadoThe amount of work you can accomplish depends on how you use your time but this can also be modifiedmodificado depending on new ideas, new goals or your desire to discard something you envisioned for a more practical result. Sometimes the smallest modifications make the biggest difference. Take, for example, the introduction of crossword puzzles to newspapers over 100 years ago. This simple adjustment has become synonymous with the grey residue left on fingertips when fumbling around with the large and flimsy pages of a periodical. Just like the World Bank was created more than 70 years ago to rectifyrectificar capital programs, these simple steps can be used to improve the impact you have with your personal successes. Add new comment Plain text • No HTML tags allowed. • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
Jedi chapter house (Aleen) 135,131pages on this wiki Add New Page Talk0 Share Tab-canon-black Tab-legends-white The Jedi chapter house was the center of Jedi activity on the planet Aleen long before the Clone Wars began. Long before the Clone Wars, the Jedi Order established a chapter house on the planet Aleen. The chapter house was the site of the Great Seal, the artifact which separated the surface world and the Underworld; historians debated which preceded the other.[3] Used by the Exploration Corps, the site employed local building techniques and favored a balance of above and below ground construction.[1]For unknown reasons, the Order abandoned Aleen and their chapter house, allowing it to fall into disrepair and eventually collapse.[3] During the Clone Wars, the Galactic Republic established an excavation site at the ruins of the chapter house where Republic researchers attempted to understand the groundquakes plaguing the world. When the Republic conducted a mission to give relief support and to assist the natives, C-3PO and R2-D2 were led to the site by Aleena guides and they both accidentally fell into the hole. After coming out from a water spout, R2-D2 closed the seal, restoring the balance on Aleen.[2] When the Jedi Order was exterminated at the end of the war, the Galactic Empire searched out old academies and temples of the Jedi and destroyed them. Despite being in severe disuse, the Empire used orbital bombardment to level the remaining structures that still stood at the chapter house site. The Aleena rebuilt the sections of the temple surrounding the Great Seal, where they worshiped Orphne, the protector of the arbozoic trees.[1] Notes and referencesEdit Ad blocker interference detected!
By Dr. Abdullah Mohammad Sindi (Ph. D. International Relations) The word "holocaust" means an extensive destruction of humans by other humans resulting in the massive loss of life, especially by fire. However, the so-called "holocaust" by Nazi Germany against Jews is actually based on two major lies. The first lie says that the Nazis exterminated "6 million" Jews. Because this figure is extremely exaggerated, it is a lie. The second lie says that these "6 million" Jews were rounded up and then "gassed" or "burned" alive. Again, this is a lie because there is no proof whatsoever that any live Jew (just because he/she was simply a Jew) was ever "gassed" or "burned" in any so-called "gas chambers" or "crematories" in Nazi Germany. The small number of Jews and non-Jews who were actually burned or cremated were already dead by infectious diseases such as typhoid. It was a common practice by Nazi Germany and other countries to burn or cremate dead people infected by fatal communicable diseases to avoid epidemics. On the other hand, those Jews who were killed by conventional means were no more special than the majority of Nazi victims who were not Jews. Since the killing of non-Jews at the hands of the Nazis is not considered a "holocaust," why then should the killing of Jews by Nazi conventional means constitute a "holocaust?" All Arabs and all Muslims (along with many other people around the world) know very well that the State of Israel is an illegitimate state established by the power of the gun in 1948 and has been maintained by it ever since. Committed to a brutal and undemocratic program which could only be implemented by force, Israel has been founded on many well-known myths and lies. Toping the list of these typical myths and lies are the following ten: 4. That Jews have been "homeless" for the last 2,000 years until Israel was created in 1948. 5. That the creation of Israel in 1948 is a "fulfillment of a Biblical prophecy." 7. That Palestine was "an empty land which did not have any native- inhabitants" when the Western Zionists created Israel on its land. 9. That Israel is a "democratic" and "peaceful" country (even though, it has waged many expansionist, wars against the Arabs and has been brutally killing and uprooting native Arab Christians and Arab Muslims from their historical homeland of Palestine as well as stealing their properties and businesses for the last 52 years). 10. That Nazi Germany committed a "Holocaust" by "gassing or incinerating six million Jews" during World War II. While there are many Westerners who do not agree with at least one, of the first 9 myths, most people in the West accept the last Jewish/Zionist claim of the so-called "Holocaust" without any challenge as if it were a "divine truth." This holocaust hoax has been bought and sold by educated and uneducated Westerners alike, whether they are from the far Right (such as Christian fundamentalists), or from the so-called "Moderates," or even from the far Left (such as socialists and communists). Although the US is a free country where the first Amendment to the US Constitution has supposedly guaranteed the freedom of speech for anyone who wish to logically and rationally express his/her view publicly; the so-called "Holocaust" is clearly an exception to this rule. While an attack or criticism by anyone on either the US Government, or the American President, or Jesus Christ, or even God is permitted in the USA, an attack or a critical comment from anyone on the lies and myths of the powerful Zionist/Jewish lobby is not permitted publicly in the land of the "free." Anyone who dares to publicly say anything critical about Zionism in the US is immediately castigated as a "racist'! or "anti-Semitic" (that is, anti-Jewish) and would pay a heavy price in damage to his/her reputation and career (as Marlon Brando and Vanessa Redgrave have found out the hard way). Sometimes the price for speaking out against the Zionists in the land of the "free" is murder, as was the case with Alex Odeh who was brutally killed in 1985 in his ADC (Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee) office in California. Although American Jews constitute only a tiny minority of about 2 or 3% of the total US population according to the best estimate, one wonders if the US is really a Christian or a Jewish nation, especially when it comes to the so-called "holocaust" which is the subject of this article. During the latter parts of World War II (1939-1945), when it became apparent that Nazi Germany's military defeat was~imminent, Zionist leaders in and out of the United States feared that their colonialist design to steal the Holy Land of Palestine from the Arabs might lose steam and support. Hence, despite the fact that the anti-Jewish Nazis were on the verge of being annihilated, add that most (if not all) European Jews had already been assimilated and were living peacefully in their own respective Western countries including the US where many German and Eastern European Jews had migrated, Zionist leaders still desperately wanted to continue at all costs with their old Pre-Nazi plan to settle-colonize Arab Palestine. Obviously something heinous, dreadful, and shocking was needed during the concluding months of World War II and after it for two reasons. The first was to gain the necessary global legitimacy and support for the old Zionist scheme of 1897 (the birth of the World Zionist Organization) and 1917 (the British Balfour Declaration) to settle-colonize Palestine. The second was to rejuvenate Zionism by rallying reluctant Western non-Zionist Jews firmly behind the Zionist cause to establish an "exclusively" Jewish State for the so-called "homeless" Western Jews on this important Arab land, which the West has been obsessed to steal from the Arabs since the Crusades. To acquire World-Wide support, compassion, and sympathy for their plan to colonize Arab Palestine, Zionist leaders in and out of the US began to circulate new and terribly horrifying stories that the Nazis had "incinerated" or "gassed" "six million" Jews (an incredible figure which has never been truly and independently verified) in various "gas chambers", "ovens," and "crematoria" in and out of Germany between the end of 1942 and November 1944 (five months prior to Adolph Hitler's suicide in April 1945). The Zionists also added that the Nazis had even made "fertilizers," "lamp shades," "handbags," "ropes," and "soap" from the skin, fat, and hair of the "exterminated" Jews. This new dreadful information about the "extermination of six million Jews" was mentioned for the very first time on December 13, 1942, by Zionist Rabbi Israel Goldstein. [1] Goldstein's hellish claim became much more widely circulated by Zionist leaders and their supporters all over the world after the end of World War II particularly at the end of November 1947 when the US -masterfully engineered the infamous "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181" by pressuring UN delegations to give "international legitimacy" to the creation of the State of Israel over half of Palestine. However, no sooner had this new and shocking information about the so-called Nazi "Holocaust" become public than many Western scholars and publishers both in Europe and the US began to refute it quickly as a well-orchestrated wartime Zionist propaganda campaign similar to various propaganda during any war including World War I when the Germans were accused of eating Belgian babies and delighting to throw them in the air and transfix them on bayonets. In the words of one American Professor, the "Zionists, principally the World Jewish Congress, merely presented their nonsense to the Allied governments, in particular to the US Government, demanding endorsement of their nonsense."[2] Although the Zionists and their sympathizers have always labeled anyone who denies the "holocaust" as a "right-wing" or "racist", in fact as early as the mid 1940s many Western and non-Western scholars and historians from all walks of life with different ethnic backgrounds and political persuasions including Jews have categorically refuted the alleged Nazi "genocide," "the gas chambers," and the unbelievable number of "six million." However, it should be quickly emphasized here that these scholars, some of whom will be mentioned shortly, do not deny the fact that many Jews and non-Jews were indeed persecuted or killed in Nazi Germany as well as in the German-occupied territories during World War II both inside and outside the horrible concentration camps. What they deny is the so-called "Holocaust." They deny both the number of the "six million" as well as the manner by which these Jews perished. These holocaust deniers all agree on the following five fundamental points: [3] 1. That the so-called "Holocaust" and the "six million" story originated from the Zionists themselves and not from any government authority or any other independent source. 2. That neither the February 1945 Yalta Conference (the summit by the leaders of the US, Russia, and Britain), nor the Vatican, nor even the International Red Cross, spoke out against the so-called "Holocaust" or "the six million" legend, and none of them had any reason to. 3. That the post-World War II Nuremberg "war crime trials" in Germany, which automatically "accepted" the Zionist claim of the "six million" figure, were nothing more than partial political prosecutions by the victorious powers. 4. That the only so-called "confession" to "burning and gassing live Jews" came from only one person on April 5 1946, the Nazi Auschwitz commandant Colonel Rudolf Franz Hoess (or Hoss), after he was tortured by six British military police intelligence officers as one of them, sergeant Bernard Clarke, later admitted. 5. That the best estimate of he number of Jews who died or killed (not "gassed" or "incinerated") in and out of the German concentration camps from either Nazi brutalities, starvation, diseases, war-related causes, or other reasons, ranges from 300,000 to 5OO,OOO. (It should be indicated here that during World War II about 74 million people died, Jews and non-Jews, including the Atomically incinerated civilian victims of the entire two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.) The late French geographer Paul Rassinier (nicknamed "the father of Holocaust Revisionism"), who was elected in 1945 as a Socialist to the French National Assembly, published in 1948 a book entitled Le Passage de la Ligne ("Crossing the Line") in which he recounted his horrible experiences as an interned left-wing political prisoner in the German concentration camps of Buchenwald and Dora between 1943 and 1945. In this book and in many others that followed it, such as The Holocaust Story and the Lies of Ulysses, Rassinier strongly refuted the "Holocaust," the "gas chambers," and the "six million" figure. Another French, Dr. Robert Faurisson, a former Professor at the Universite de Lyon, also rejected the so-called Nazi "Holocaust"; challenged anyone to draw or show a "Nazi gas chamber"; described the famous Diary of Anne Frank as a hoax; and called the Washington, DC Holocaust Memorial Museum "an historical fiasco." Incidentally, however, while there is a Holocaust Memorial Museum in the US for the presumed six million "gassed" Jews of Nazi Germany's supposed "extermination," there are nowhere in the US any holocaust memorial museums, reparations, or even words of apology for either Native Americans or Black Americans who were slaughtered like animals by the tens of millions at the hands of Euro-Americans in the largest holocaust the world has ever seen. In the words of one American Professor, "All told, it is probable that more than one hundred million native people were 'eliminated' in the course of Europe's ongoing 'civilization' of the Western Hemisphere. [5] Another American Professor writes that between 40 to 60 million black Africans lost their lives in the brutalities of the Euro-Americans slavery system. [6] "In order to put a stop to the [typhus] epidemics, we were forced to burn the bodies of incalculable numbers of [dead] people who. had been destroyed by disease. We were therefore forced to build crematoria, and on this account they are knotting a noose ~for us." [10] Finally, Dr. Butz proved that there was no direct Nazi documentary evidence of any kind for an "extermination" program. He indicated that even Dr. Aryeh Leon Kubovy of the Israeli Center for Jewish Documentation in Tel-Aviv admitted in 1960 that "there exists no document signed by Hitler, Himmler or Heydrich speaking of exterminating the Jews and ... the word 'extermination' does not appear in the letter from Goering to Heydrich concerning the final solution of the Jewish question." [11] In addition, in her 1968 book Le systeme concentrationnaire nazi, French Jewish author Olga Wurmser-Migot writes: "Just as there exists no ... order of extermination by gas at Auschwitz, there exists no order to stop in November 1944. [that] Neither at the Nuremberg trial, nor during the course of marginal trials nor at the Hess trial in Cracow, nor of Eichman in Israel, nor at the trial of the camp commanders nor at the Frankfurt November 1945 - August 1946 trial of secondary Auschwitz figures, was the famous order signed by Himmler on 22 November 1944 on the end of the extermination of Jews by gas ever found, the order putting an end to the Final Solution." [12] On the other hand, in his book, The Six Million Swindle: Blackmailing the German People for Hard Marks with Fabricated Corpses, Dr. Austin J. App, the late American Professor of English literature at the University of Scranton and LaSalle College, explained that Hitler's so-called "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem was not "annihilation" but emigration through deportation and expulsion from Germany (which was openly approved as early as 1933 when Hitler came to power) with the complete cooperation and encouragement of the Zionists themselves who wanted German Jews to settle-colonize Palestine (in accordance with the British Balfour Declaration of 1917); that absolutely no live person was ever "gassed" or "burned" in any German concentration camp, including Auschwitz (allegedly the main "extermination" center); that the Jews who perished while in Nazi hands either died of epidemics and/or killed because they were subversives, spies, saboteurs, criminals, or otherwise victims of unfortunate but internationally legal reprisals; and that the Zionists and their sympathizers in the American media who constantly use the figure of "six million" have failed to offer even a shred of evidence to prove their charge. [13] In addition, other Western writers have confuted Holocaust story claims. Among them are the following two Americans: World War II Colonel John Beaty of the US Military Intelligence Service: of the War Department who ridiculed the "six million" legend in his book Iron Curtain Over America; and Dr David Leslie Hoggan, a former Professor at the University of California at Berkeley. Also, among British historians who have refuted the "Holocaust" are the following two: Richard E. Harwood who wrote a book in 1974 entitled Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth at Last [14], and the best-selling author David Irving. At least three German scholars refuted the "Holocaust." These include Dr. Wilhelm Staeglich who wrote Auschwitz: A Judge Looks at the Evidence, Emil Aretz who wrote Hexen-Einmal-Eins einer Luege ("The Witches' Multiplication Table is a Lie"), and Thies Christophersen who wrote Die Auschwitz Luege ("The Auschwitz Lie"). Among the Japanese holocaust refuters are the following two: Dr. Masanori Nishioka who wrote an illustrated ten-page feature article entitled: "The Greatest Taboo of Postwar History: There Were No Nazi Gas Chambers" in the 1995 February issue of the leading Japanese magazine Marco Polo, and the best-selling Japanese writer Masami Uno who described the "Holocaust" and the Diary of Anne Frank as lies. Moreover, other prominent holocaust deniers include the following two Canadians, publisher Ernst Zundel, and geologist and aerial photography expert John Ball; Swiss right-wing educator Jurgen Graf; Italian document expert Carlo Mattogno [15]; and Roger Garaudy, a leftist French writer and former member of the French Communist Party whose book, Les mythes fondateurs de la politique israelienne ("The Founding Myths of the Israeli Policy"), was published in 1995 in Paris by the leftist writer and publisher Pierre Guillaume. [16] Beside the already-mentioned Jewish author Olga Wurmser-Migot, there are some other Western Jews who have also categorically denied that the Nazi government ever carried out or even contemplated the "gassing" of Jews. These include Swedish publisher Ditleib Felderer of the Jewish Information Bulletin, American David Cole, and German scholar Joseph Ginsburg. [17] In fact, people who dispute holocaust story claims are found even in Hollywood itself where Jews established all of the major film studios such as Columbia, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount, Twentieth-Century Fox, Universal, and Warner Brothers. [18] For example, in a 1983 interview with Esquire magazine, the late prominent American actor, Robert Mitchum, scoffed at the so-called "Holocaust". When asked about the "slaughter of six million Jews" by the Nazis, Mitchum answered: "So the Jews say, ... People dispute that." [19] Notwithstanding the alleged "six million Jews gassed," there is no doubt whatsoever that it was from this so-called "Holocaust" (more than anything else) that Zionism has finally gained its wide popular acceptance and sympathy throughout the west. This in turn led to the brutal creation of the illegitimate State of Israel over the land of Arab Palestine in 1948 at the extremely tragic expense of its innocent natives. In conclusion, however, whether the Nazis killed I or 6 million Jews (by whatever method), the Germans -- and not the Palestinian Arabs -- should have paid the price for the so-called "Holocaust". Rationally, any part of Germany (and not Palestine) should have been the site for the creation of the Jewish State of Israel. 1. Arthur R. Butz The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The Case Against the Presumed Extermination of European Jewry (Newport Beach, California: Institute for Historical Review, 1993), p. 80. 2. Ibid., p. 87. 8. Ibid. p. 240. 9. Ibid. p. 36. 10. Quoted in ibid., p. 240. 11. Quoted in ibid., p. 19. 15. For more details on the mentioned authors and their positions which are beyond the scope of this article, see the deliberations of the Twelfth International Revisionist Conference on the "Holocaust" held on September 3-5, 1994 in Irvine, California, organized by The Institute for Historical Review, Newport Beach, California. 16. Garaudy, The Founding Myths (cited above). Dr. Abdullah Mohammad Sindi is a Saudi Professor of International Relations and Political Science who has taught at various universities both in Saudi Arabia and the US. The author of several publications both in Arabic and English, Dr. Sindi now lives and works in California where he had obtained his BA, MA, and Ph.D. in the 196Os and 1970s. He is the author of a new book entitled: The Arabs and the West: The Contributions and the Inflictions (Published in 1999 by the Daring Press: PO Box 98, Placentia, CA 92871 USA, Fax: (714) 996-3559, Email:
PHOTO: Emilian Robert Vicol/Flickr Kevin Fogle November 9, 2016 Because ground beetles are largely nocturnal, many gardeners may be unfamiliar with them. Perhaps the best chance of encountering ground beetles comes when homeowners flip over rocks or lift up planters during the day: The small, dark-colored beetles scurrying away from the bright sun are likely to be some type of local ground beetle. These little beetles, seldom seen in the light of day, hide an important secret: They like to eat pests—and lots of them! Spot A Ground Beetle The scientific classification of ground beetles (Carabidae) places them in the same family as the tiger beetle, another important group of beneficial beetles. More than 3,000 ground beetle species are found throughout North America. Most have the classic beetle shape, with a flattened head, long segmented antenna and large mandibles to catch their prey with. These beetles tend to be small, ranging of 1/4 to 3/4 inch long, though some less common species can grow to longer than 1 inch. Many are dark brown or black, while others exhibit bright metallic blue and green shades. Metallic hued ground beetles tend to be more active during the day, as their coloration is designed to reflect heat. The diversity of appearance and size of ground beetles reflects the vast number of species in the Americas. ground beetles Bernard DUPONT/Flickr Both adult and larval forms of most ground beetles tend to be carnivores or omnivores with a hungry appetite for a range of caterpillars, snails, slugs, and other ground-dwelling insect pests. Different species target specific types of prey, but most of these beetles are amazing friends around the garden that should be welcomed. Encourage Ground Beetles In Your Garden Gardeners can encourage these nocturnal beneficials with several easy steps: 1. Limit insecticides in and around your garden. And when possible, stick to targeted organic pest controls. The regular use of broad spectrum pesticides will backfire on gardeners who may certainly eliminate their pest problem but will also inadvertently kill off important pollinators and beneficials. 2. Mulch around your plantings. While mulching certainly provides important weed and water control benefits for plants, the mulch itself is an attractive habitat for ground beetles that tends to keep these helpful beetles right where they are needed most around your crops. Next Up
Everybody should have something cool to show off around the house. This a great starter project that will not be too challenging and you will learn a lot of cool things through the process. The light show uses a proximity sensor to turn a stepper motor and shine light through a refracting element. Follow this intructable to build your own light show. Make some changes and make it your own design! Designed and Created by Ryan Nicol and Logan Holeve. Step 1: Step 1: Put the Circuit Together Our whole project was created using just parts from the IEEE-USF electronics kit. There are only 10 different parts that are needed to create your light show: 1. Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board 2. Steppor MotorStepper Motor 3. Arduino Board 4. 7 - LED's 5. Plenty of Wires 6. 7 - 220 Ohm Resistors 7. HC-SR04 Proximity Sensor 8. Breadboard 9. Dreamsphere (May use any kind of lens that refracts light) 10. 9V Battery Use the circuit diagram as a reference for wiring your light show. Step 2: Step 2: Designing the Model How do you picture your light show to look? This is how we envisioned ours at first. The design typically stayed the same, but some extra parts were needed. We had to make a platform for the ball to balance on and not roll off. We also designed a beam in the middle that holds a 9V battery and the LED's. The battery compartment was made with AUTOdesk MAYA. The LED's are glued into the platform and the circuit is soldered. You must solder your circuit or your light show will be very fragile and most likely will not work. Head my warning. I encourage you to create a brand new design and to be creative. You are making a light show because you want to impress people and you want them to like it. If you do not like your own light show then how do you expect other people to like it or be impressed by it. Design your light show to your style and have some fun with it. Step 3: Step 3: the Arduino Sketch This is the Arduino sketch that I wrote to run the motor and the lights from the proximity sensor. You can get creative in the "if" and "else if" statements. Adjust the distances and the HIGH/LOW outputs to create your own light show! I will leave a copy of the program file for you to download as a template so you may get started. IMPORTANT: Make sure you download the functions for the motor and the proximity sensor and save them in the same file as your project. These functions that I included are necessary for your light show to work. Step 4: Control System: How It Works Here is a block diagram of the control system. We utilized a proximity sensor to trigger when the system is running or when the system is off. The loops of the program keep repeating and detecting distances as long as the light show has power. As long as there is an object within the threshold range, then the light show will begin. If there is nothing for the sensor to pick up, or if the distance of an object is 250 cm, then the light show remains off. <p>This looks really cool. I'd love to see a video of what the effect it creates! ;)</p> <p>Watch the end of the video on the last step! :)</p> About This Instructable More by RyanN23:EEAwesome Light Show Add instructable to:
The photos are appalling. Dead bunker fish by the thousands in the Peconic Estuary, their carcasses massing in the waters and piling onto shores. The culprit, experts say, was excessive nitrogen that fueled algal blooms, which reduced oxygen in the water to the point that the fish could not survive. The die-off came a month after some 100 diamondback turtles washed ashore in the same general area of the East End, killed by a biotoxin produced by a different nitrogen-related algae. Shellfish that eat the algae poisoned the turtles that ate them. The twin mass die-offs scream for urgency. This nitrogen crisis is killing our waters. Long Island -- whose waters are the very essence of its identity -- has no time to waste. advertisement \| advertise on newsday Bunker fish, used mostly for bait and fertilizer, often are chased by predators into shallow waters and deplete oxygen on their own. But this die-off was massive and coincided with a spike in nitrogen in the water. The current state budget contains $5 million to study the sources and effects of nitrogen contamination and come up with a plan to reverse it. That's good. But that effort is just beginning, and studies and plans often get mired in years of bureaucracy and political wrangling. Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo and our legislative leaders must give the state Department of Environmental Conservation the resources it needs to do the work as quickly as possible. In the meantime, many others can play a role. Homeowners, farmers and golf courses could reduce fertilizer use on their own. Suffolk County is testing high-tech septic systems and working to make them affordable to homeowners. Riverhead Town is upgrading its sewage treatment plant in the area. But we need a comprehensive plan. This is not just a problem. It's an emergency. And that's how we need to respond.
In Discover Your Personality, Featured, Growth, Home Featured, Personality Development, Personality Hacker Blog, Personality Psychology It’s not that you don’t have the ability to feel sensation. This word is a nickname for a cognitive process called Extraverted Sensing. In ISFPs and ISTPs (ISxPs for short), this works as the Co-Pilot function in the Car Model. Since ISxPs lead with a decision-making process, they are sometimes quick to jump to conclusions. Extraverted Sensing or Sensation balances out these judging functions by gathering information. It’s a learning process that allows us to take life as it is. It gathers information in the present moment through all physical means i.e. taste, smell, sight, touch, auditory, kinesthetic, etc. If you ever have trouble knowing what actions to take, or getting stuck in a rut because of paranoia, fear of the unknown, or anxiety, take a conscious moment to get present and take in ‘what is’. If an ISxP bypasses their Sensation by relying on their tertiary 10 Year Old, they may blow molehills into mountains and can seem suspicious and untrusting of others. A Pitfall The 10 Year Old called “Perspectives,” or Introverted Intuition, loves gaining insight into patterns and connections about the world. It encourages seeing things as they might be, and has a dedicated eye on the future. However, for ISxPs this process can plant tiny worries into their lives. They might feel anxious about how a friend views them, if their partner is being unfaithful, or if their boss felt offended at something said at work. If these fears languish, they’ll build up over time. The Perspectives process wins when these small anxieties turn into large conspiracies. Some ISxPs will feel a sense of attachment to their fear, unwilling to be wrong about their conclusions. However, a quick check-in with the people they care about and the physical world around them would probably show that they have nothing to worry about. Develop Your Co-Pilot It’s important to use Sensation as a vetting process before or immediately after making a decision because it asks “What information am I witnessing here? How much feedback am I receiving in this moment?” Types that use this function as their Co-Pilot might experience resistance. In many cases, they will have to engage with others in real-time before knowing how to feel about something. Sometimes a decision can’t be made until action is taken in some shape or form first. And that can understandably wreak havoc on a person’s nerves. That 10 Year Old Perspectives process will try to convince you that you’ve got it all figured out, or that those lines are meant to be read between. But in many areas in life, things are exactly the way they are. Tangible Actions Checking in with the physical world is essential for getting into the Sensation process. Here are some tangible actions you can take. Accomplish the first few on your own without meeting up with anyone. I encourage you to try them this week. Then next week, try at least one of the more social suggestions. Don’t worry about how it might go or what someone might think. Just try to make it as pleasant an experience as possible. • List exactly what happens at an outing with your friends. Don’t write down your interpretations or assumptions. Just what actually happened. • Go to a cafe, bookshop, or somewhere with a lot of traffic. Notice the body language in others, particularly their facial expressions. Notice as many things as you can about the people in the environment and what they react to. Does their breathing change? What colors have they chosen to express themselves with? What kinds of items are they picking up? How are they reacting to those items? Simply observe these people as they are. • Try to notice five new things every time you visit the same place. For example, if you go to the gym, try to find a new poster on the wall or recent additions to the gym. Try to mentally point out a new customer at the gym or a regular changing their routine. Maybe someone dyed their hair since their last visit. Perhaps the kickboxing class has more people attending than usual. See if you can point out at least five new details with every single visit. • If you’re in an argument with someone that seems to be repetitive, think of a different response or behavior to use. Change the flow of the interaction, your tone of voice, or your body language and observe what happens. • Get involved in an activity that requires all of your immediate attention. This could be a sport, a video game, a dance class, etc. See if you can expand the amount of information you observe as you improve this skill. • Take time to engage with your family and friends. Have dinner together or take a walk in the park and stay present with them during this time. • Start a new business or side project. Don’t worry about competency or if someone might judge you for it. Start it and see what happens. Gather feedback from your customers or from friends and take their words at face value. When one tactic doesn’t fly, look at the information gathered on your sales and use that data to inform how you can improve. Ask about what kinds of changes will have more impact on others. Getting Into Growth Instead of allowing the Perspectives process to limit growth, let it act as a support system. Perspectives loves recognizing patterns in the world, so you can use that as a starting point to launch into Sensation. Let me give you an example of how each type uses the relationship between their Sensation and Perspectives processes to keep them grounded. Some of our most popular musicians and insightful artists are ISFPs. They have a knack for showcasing aspects of the human experience in their art. The interesting thing is, ‘art’ can mean anything to an ISFP. I know someone of this type that built a coaching business. At first, he found it stressful because he worried about the long-term issues that might come up for the company. Even with the support of his family and friends, he felt overwhelmed by the possibilities. However, he received some advice from a friend who took on mini-schedules. He planned things three months into the future at a time. The ISFP tried out this timeline and received a lot of positive feedback from his customers, and his own body. He was more relaxed, felt more competent, and his overall stress levels reduced. He still makes long-term goals, but he makes sure to set it as a ‘pin’ in the future. Then he can focus on those three month increments to get to that place and pace himself. His Perspectives process recognized the need for long-term planning and big-picture thinking for his company. So he used that as a placeholder to mark the path for his manageable, incremental goals. Now he can focus on his personal art of building the right relationships with his clients and providing them the best solutions for their needs. In another example, an ISTP friend of mine clears his thoughts through seeking out ‘what is’. If he feels anxious about something, he tends to break things down into manageable pieces of data. He was out of a job recently and had concerns about his future since his savings were dwindling fast. His initial truths were: 1. Job interviews are draining. 2. I’m not feeling my best because of low funds and a lack of responses. 3. If I show up as my honest self, interviewers won’t like my energy. 4. I’m terrible at faking. So with these realizations, he decided to engage in the free social activities at the skate park. This way, would keep himself healthy so he wouldn’t have to expend energy being fake in a job interview. He made positive connections which kept his mind and body in great condition. He also met people with some new ideas and life experiences, and they were willing to give him good reviews for opportunities at the jobs they worked at. Now he has a cool gig that he enjoys that allows him the freedom to be innovative. So with the new job and his new hobby, he created an effortless social circle all because he wanted to make sure his body and mind would be in good shape at a critical moment. His Perspectives process knew what would happen if he tried to fake an interview. So he used that insight to inspire engagement in the outside world, and to get in touch with the needs of his body. Final Notes If you’re an ISFP or an ISTP reading this article, leave the anxiety and defensiveness behind. Take a tangible action and engage with the physical world around you for growth. If you’re worried about having your identity challenged or not being competent, use your Sensation process to test out your skills and gather concrete feedback in real time. When you seek out direct feedback, you have a greater ability to enhance the best parts of you. And in turn, you’ll start seeing the best in others. Step outside of your inner world. The first few times you try to get out of a rut may not be successful and that’s ok. Keep leveling up. Keep experiencing the truth of the world around you. Then, your insightful conclusions about how the world works will impact and inspire those close to you. Want to learn more? Discover Your Personal Genius Chelsea Irish Chelsea writes articles on typology systems and on controversial topics. She is a humble student of life who hopes to gather people into a tribe that honors peace, intimacy, depth and experimentation. Every year, she challenges herself by attempting creative missions, broadening her skillset and expanding her worldview in multiple ways. You can follow her on AcerbicInq.com or Facebook. Leave a Comment Contact Us Not readable? Change text.
'Are we alone in the universe?' Unearthed essay on alien life reveals Winston Churchill the scientist Show comments London: Even as he was preparing for the biggest struggle of his life, leading Britain in its fight against Nazi Germany, Winston Churchill had something else on his mind: extraterrestrials. In a newly unearthed essay sent to his publisher on October 16, 1939 - just weeks after Britain declared war on Nazi Germany and Churchill became part of the World War II cabinet - he was pondering the likelihood of life on other planets. Churchill, who went on to become prime minister during much of World War II and again from 1951 to 1955, was so enthralled by the subject that he even ordered a suspected sighting of an unidentified flying object by the Royal Air Force to be kept a secret for 50 years to avoid "mass panic". In an 11-page essay titled Are We Alone in the Universe? the statesman showed powers of reason "like a scientist", said Mario Livio, an astrophysicist who read the rarely seen draft and wrote about it in an article published in Nature magazine on Wednesday. "The most amazing thing is that he started this essay when Europe was on the brink of war and there he is, musing about a question about a scientific topic that is really a question out of curiosity," he said in an interview. Churchill first defines what life is, then details the requirements for life to exist and progressively expands his reasoning to the existence of life in other solar systems, Livio said. "He's really thinking about this and, though he didn't have all the knowledge at hand, he thinks about this with the logic of a scientist." Churchill's interest in science stemmed from his early years as an army officer in British-ruled India, where he had crates of books, including Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, shipped to him by his mother. He later became friends, at least for a time, with the writer H.G. Wells, whose hugely popular The War of the Worlds, about Martians invading Britain, was broadcast in 1938 - a year before Churchill wrote and revised his article. (Churchill once said Wells' The Time Machine was one of the books he would like to take with him to purgatory.) Churchill argued that it was probable that extraterrestrial life existed somewhere in the universe. This was years before Frank Drake, the US astronomer and astrophysicist, presented in 1961 his theory about the number of communicative civilisations in the cosmos. "It is astonishing that Churchill wasn't a scientist and yet he showed such an interest in science," Livio said. The manuscript was passed on to the National Churchill Museum in Fulton, Missouri, the site of Churchill's famed 1946 Iron Curtain speech, in the 1980s by Wendy Reves, the wife of Churchill's publisher, Emery Reves. Although the article was sent to Reves in 1939, it was not published. Churchill had revised it a number of times in the 1950s. In his article, Churchill wrote: "I am not sufficiently conceited to think that my sun is the only one with a family of planets. "I, for one, am not so immensely impressed by the success we are making of our civilisation here that I am prepared to think we are the only spot in this immense universe which contains living, thinking creatures or that we are the highest type of mental and physical development which has ever appeared in the vast compass of space and time." He wrote about 30 million words throughout his lifetime, including wartime speeches, an African travelogue, a book on oil painting, a lengthy memoir, and even an essay on an imagined invasion of Russia when he was just 15. For his body of work, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. Welding an active imagination with scientific thought, Churchill produced a few madcap ideas - which he called "funnies" - that he actually championed while he was prime minister, as a means to defeat Nazi Germany. There was Operation Habakkuk, an imagined fleet of aircraft carriers made from wood pulp and ice to fight German U-boats in the mid-Atlantic. Then there was the Great Panjandrum, an enormous, rocket-propelled wheel packed with explosives. Churchill even invented a green velvet "siren suit" to be put on in a hurry during air raids. While none of these ideas came into being (the giant wheel having run amok in the testing stage), science was not just a hobby for Churchill. He was the first prime minister to hire a science adviser. Frederick Lindemann, a physicist, became Churchill's "on tap" expert and once described him as a "scientist who had missed his vocation", said Andrew Nahum, who curated an exhibition on Churchill and science at the Science Museum in London. He found a separate copy of the essay in the Churchill Archives Centre at the University of Cambridge. Churchill also regularly met scientists such as Bernard Lovell, the father of radio astronomy and the Lovell telescope. "Churchill presided over a culture that encouraged technological development," Nahum said. He had such a genuine interest in science, he added, that as chancellor of the exchequer in pre-war Britain, he complained to a friend of having to draft the budget instead of reading a book on quantum physics. During World War I, when he was lord of the admiralty and later secretary of state for air and war, he encouraged military aviation, chemical warfare and tanks. During World War II, which he called in his memoirs "The Wizard War", he supported the development of radar, rockets and Britain's nuclear program. In 1958, Churchill founded the British equivalent of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge - Churchill College - which has since produced 32 Nobel Prize winners. In the interwar period, Churchill wrote numerous scientific articles, including one called Death Rays and another titled Are there Men on the Moon? In 1924, he published a text asking readers Shall We All Commit Suicide? in which he speculated that technological advances could lead to the creation of a small bomb that was powerful enough to destroy an entire town. Churchill's recently unearthed article on extraterrestrial life was probably written in the same vein and probably was intended to be published as a popular science piece for a newspaper. Two other scientific essays - one on cell division in the body and another on evolution - are stored in the museum's archives in Fulton, Riley said. Churchill had a "natural curiosity and general optimism about life". He had "a willingness to see technical and scientific advances improve not only his immediate world or his country, but the world", he said. The New York Times
Dorian Gray Essay Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 144 • Published : August 28, 2012 Open Document Text Preview Evil Prevails Over All Throughout life, there are developing stages that people experience, allowing for a balance of maturity and knowledge to be passed down from each generation. The harsh realization of reality and truth force people to leave their innocence behind and develop moral responsibility. As innocence becomes a rare quality, emerging as a more attractive force, it ignites an obsession. However, innocence can be tampered with by dark forces. People are easily influenced by others’ ideas rather than their own, therefore transforming them into different people. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, Dorian’s innocence causes controversy in the process of self-discovery, due to unhealthy and unpromising relationships. Eventually evil engulfs Dorian and creates a monster within. The songs “Empty Garden” by Elton John, “Innocent” by Taylor Swift, and “Sorrowing Man” by City and Coulor display a similar message that controlling relationships corrupt innocent minds. Eventually Dorian is left to bask in the horror of his disfigured soul due to the influence of outside characters. The soundtrack with these songs helps to track Dorian’s struggle to overcome the darkness in his mind and displays that once a dark influence is introduced, its power cannot be reversed. The song “Empty Garden” by Elton John demonstrates the damaging impact negative influences can have and in this case it epitomizes the influence Lord Henry has on Dorian Gray. In the beginning, Dorian Gray is described as “wonderfully handsome”(Wilde 18) and he also contains “all the candour of youth, as well as youth’s passionate purity”(18). He is idolized by many especially because of his “passionate purity”(18) which makes him so innocent and almost dreamlike. Dorian Gray does not know about the world as his innocence takes over his life since he has not been exposed to true reality. Although Dorian knows he is beautiful and that people are mesmerized by his beauty, he never quite understands how important his beauty would become to him until he meets Lord Henry. The moment Lord Henry meets Dorian he is instantly captivated by his good looks but most importantly by his “rose-red youth, and rose-white boyhood”(21) because he knows how pliable Dorian is and he can now mold him into his own creation. The first conversation between the two men opens Dorian’s eyes, because Lord Henry introduces to him a new outlook on life and how he should live it. Lord Henry brain washes Dorian Gray into believing that “[once]your youth goes, your beauty will go with it”(24). Dorian quickly becomes paranoid that he will lose his youth and becomes obsessive of staying young forever and will do it at all costs. Elton John in his song “Empty Garden” says that “It’s funny how one insect can damage so much grain” (John 8). Lord Henry is the “insect” that takes over Dorian’s youth and transforms him into the creation of his own and all along he even says that “he would seek to dominate him”(Wilde 37) Lord Henry “[damages]the grain”(John 8) which is Dorian, when his influence taints Dorian’s life and basically washes away his innocence. Once Dorian realizes that he can never be young forever he immediately becomes envious of the painting that Basil has drawn for him. Until this moment he has never cared about his painting or what it means, he simply sees it as a piece of art and nothing else. He even exclaims “If the picture could change, and I could always be always what I am now!”(Wilde 29). Although Dorian had one conversation with Lord Henry that was all it took for him to become paranoid about losing his beauty. His beauty never meant so much to him until he found out that one day he would lose it. Dorian soon becomes envious of his painting and by wishing for it to age instead of himself he indirectly puts his soul and innocence into the painting while he navigates through life as new person. Lord Henry becomes an overbearing dark force upon Dorian, and... tracking img
Handling Database Errors JavaScript Editor js editor Web development Main Page Database errors or "engine errors" occur when errors occur at run time in record-level event code. For example, a database error occurs when a user attempts to store a null value in a field that does not accept null values. Typically, when a database error occurs, the underlying database engine that detects the error generates an error message. However, the exact nature of the error message depends on the database that is accessed. For example, error messages generated by a remote database server might be different than those generated by a local Visual FoxPro database table. In addition, engine-level errors can be generic because the database engine has no information about the context for updating a record. As a result, error messages generated by a database engine are not as useful to a Visual FoxPro application user. To handle database errors in a more application-specific way, you can create triggers. A trigger is an expression that is bound to a table and is invoked when any of the table's records are modified using a one of the specified data manipulating commands. You can write trigger code in the form of user-defined functions or stored procedures using the CREATE TRIGGER command to trap application-specific error conditions and generate appropriate messages. If you handle database errors using triggers, two error messages can occur: one from your trigger and another from the underlying database engine. You can avoid this possibility by turning buffering on. Buffering makes it possible to delay record updates to the underlying database but to still call your trigger when the record is updated. You can turn on buffering and display custom error messages using the CURSORSETPROP(В ) function. For more information, see CURSORSETPROP(В ) Function. For more information, see CREATE TRIGGER Command and How to: Create and Manage Stored Procedures. See Also JavaScript Editor js editor Web development
Pinkish-white greater flamingo bird The greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is the most widespread species of the flamingo found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Most of the plumage is pinkish-white, but the wing coverts are red and the primary and secondary flight feathers are black. The bill is pink with a restricted black tip, and the legs are entirely pink. The call is a goose-like honking. The coloration comes from the carotenoid pigments in the organisms that live in their feeding grounds. The bird resides in mudflats and shallow coastal lagoons with salt water. They stirs up the mud with its feet, then sucks water through its bill and filters out small shrimp, seeds, blue-green algae, microscopic organisms and mollusks. They feeds with its head down and its upper jaw is movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull. Uploaded: Nov 3, 2014 Views: 62144 Likes: 44 Tags: Animal, Beak, Bird, Critter, Feeding, Flamingo, Greater, Greater-Flamingo, Jungle, Pink, Wildlife, Africa, Beautiful, Bill, Black, Bright, Carotenoid published 2 years ago
Living With Squirrels “Runt” about 12-weeks old The wilderness of squirrels is an awesome wilderness. —American Author, Douglas Fairbairn (1926-1977) The Douglas’ squirrels we live with are wild. They are not confined to cages, they are not pets, but friends, and we share their woods. —Journal entry, Wildwood, Oregon 2011 🌿 🌿 🌿 🌿 When it comes to making first impressions, the Douglas’ squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) will surely make one smile. When people meet this noisy little tree squirrel for the first time, they can’t help but say, “Oh, how cute,” followed by, “Look how small they are.” The Douglas’ squirrel, often called “pine squirrel” or “chickaree”—names commonly used to identify the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) that occurs east of the Cascade Mountains, makes its home in deciduous-conifer forests from southwest British Columbia to northwest California, and the central Sierra Nevada Mountains. In addition to its constant need for chatter, the Douglas’ squirrel is easily recognized by its grayish-brown back, and dark stripe (absent in winter) along each side of it body that offsets its pumpkin-orange belly that fades to sweet potato-yellow in winter. (The red squirrel (though similar) has a reddish-brown back, a white belly, and dark stripes along its sides in summer.) Adults, sometimes mistaken for baby squirrels, have a body of 6 to 7 inches long, while the tail is 4 to 5 inches long. Despite its size, this is one tough little squirrel with an attitude. Like the Chihuahua who thinks he’s a pit bull, the Douglas’ squirrel thinks he’s a bobcat! My interactions with the Douglas’ squirrel began fourteen years ago at the bird feeders. It wasn’t long before they began to associate my presence with food that began a long and trusting friendship. Heaven forbid should a feeder go empty, they are sure to let me by jumping from tree to feeder and back again. If this doesn’t get my attention, they tell me so with incessant chatter: a rapid “cheer-cheer-cheer-chick-r-r-r-r,” often holding the last note a full minute before taking a breath! Even in the middle of the night, they will chatter if disturbed. Our first spring in the mountains mama squirrels introduced us to their little ones. It was also the first time that we’d ever seen baby Douglas’ squirrels, and we immediately fell in love with them. If I sat on the ground, one-by-one they would come to investigate, climbing over my legs as if they were logs in the forest. It was a happy time that was sadly about to end. It would be almost a decade before we saw baby squirrels in the woods again. While a number of things could have attributed to their disappearance, the odds were in favor of the hoard of feral cats our neighbor kept. It was a sad time for the squirrels, but even worse for the feral cats that eventually succumbed to disease and/or starvation. The squirrel population slowly recovered, and after seven long years, we began to see little ones again. That’s when we met “Skittles”—a one-year-old female. Different from the other squirrels, she was extremely friendly, and had a gentle personality. She proved brainier than the rest, and was quick to learn her name; when called, she came running. Sometimes, she strayed a considerable distance from her tree—a western redcedar (Thuja plicata) that stands twelve feet from the back porch. Her going astray worried me, as it made her more vulnerable to predators. During her second winter, Skittles met danger for the first time when a barred owl (Strix varia) claimed her tree for its evening roost. Although we delighted in seeing a barred owl for the first time, it meant serious business for Skittles, and was a constant worry. That winter, several feet of snow had fallen, and Skittles (smart girl) dug snow routes—a network of tunnels underneath the snow that allowed her to travel safely from one place to another. One day, the owl vanished, but so did Skittles. For several days, and despite my calling her, there was no response. I felt like an expectant parent waiting for their teenager to come home after a first date. I couldn’t stand it any longer. I bundled up and went to the woods in search of clues—droplets of blood, wing patterns, something in the snow that might indicate what happened. To my relief, I found nothing. On the afternoon of the third day, lo and behold, there was Skittles begging for a peanut at the back door. A welcomed sight, I wanted to take her into my hands and bring her in the house where she would be safe, but of course, I couldn’t. I also had a mind to giver her a good scolding for worrying us the way she did, but instead I melted, and gave her a handful of peanuts. Skittles remained with us for three more years, and produced two litters. Skittles had laid the groundwork for new friendships. There was “Vinnie”—the squirrel bully with the V-shaped tail that would fight any squirrel that came within ten feet of the feeder. Males that entered his territory he fought or chased away. One afternoon, he got into a serious scrap, and his rival bit off three inches of his tail! With only two inches remaining, his tail now parted and fanned in the shape of a V. (To my surprise, I found Vinnie’s tailpiece, which is now in my treasure box.) We never saw Vinnie after that summer. With his pride undoubtedly hurt, he likely went elsewhere where the other squirrels didn’t know him. Another squirrel soon touched our hearts. We call her “Salali”—an Indian word that means “squirrel.” She’s been with us for three years now, and is a friendly, gentle squirrel with a robust figure that comes to her name when called. When she wants a peanut, to get my attention, she sits on the back of the porch chair and looks through the glass door. If that doesn’t work, she’ll knock over the porch broom so the sound alerts me of her presence—clever girl. Other times, she sits on the roof of the chickadee house nailed to the cedar tree, and watches me through the kitchen window. If I acknowledge her, she runs down the tree as fast as her legs will carry her. That’s my cue to hurry to the door with a peanut (she has me trained well), and that she takes gently from my hand. If she is in a squirrelly mood, she’ll carry the peanut in to the woods and bury it in a clump of moss in the tree branches (a dangerous maneuver), or will dig a small hole in the ground where she’ll stuff the peanut inside. With her front feet, she then pulls the loose soil over the opening, tamps it down, and disguises it with moss and leaves. This of course, does not fool the resident Steller’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) that swoops down and steals the treasure. Salali in summer dress Salali in winter dress It wasn’t long before a second squirrel honed in on Salali’s territory–a six-month old female we call “Neche”—an Indian word that means “friend.” Despite an occasional quarrel, Salali and Neche get along reasonably well. Smaller than Salali, Neche is a bold, persistent little squirrel. Unlike Salali who has a gentle touch, Neche grabs the peanut from my hand. Sometimes, she’s grabs a finger! Not viciously, and never hard enough to draw blood, but it’s startling just the same, and I pull my hand back in reflex that sends her flying! While Salali typically keeps to her territory at the back of the house, Neche knows no bounds. Sometimes, her want of peanuts is endless, so I escape to the front porch hoping she won’t find me, but she always does. Regardless whether I’m sitting or standing, she runs around at my feet, or climbs onto my lap until she gets what she wants. If I ignore her, she takes her revenge on the screen door, which I’ve had to replace three times. Although Neche has had a number of suitors, she has never given birth. Salali, however, has bore two litters. Last autumn, she bore three pups. Mating rituals begin in spring and/or fall. Suitors are persistent trying to win the hearts of females, and their want of peanuts subsides. The female decides when she will mate. Her suitor follows her every move, and will chase her ’round and ’round the trees and stumps. All day long, there is a good deal of chatter, and the sound of claws scratching against tree bark. Sometimes, the female turns the tables on her suitor, and he is the one being chased. To win her affection, he wags his tail like a signal flag at the drag races until she accepts or declines his advances. In all my years of squirrel observation, I’ve observed only one mating; a brief encounter that took place on a hemlock stump. When the mating rituals ended, Salali disappeared. While I hoped she was tending a litter of pups, with so many predators with a taste for squirrel meat, I couldn’t help but worry, and with good reason. A few days earlier, I saw an extraordinary sight. A red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)—less common in forests than the sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus), Cooper’s hawk (A. cooperii), and Northern goshawk (A. gentilis), knocked a Douglas’ squirrel from its branch. The hard impact knocked the squirrel senseless, and sent it plummeting 30 feet to the ground! Wasting no time, the hawk landed, clutched the unconscious squirrel in its talons, and flew away. It happened so quickly, and without a sound, that other squirrels in the area didn’t even realize what had happened. While I felt sad for the loss of the little squirrel, I hoped it wasn’t Salali. A little more than a month had passed, and I’d given up hope of ever seeing Salali again. Then, one afternoon, there she was, climbing down her tree carrying what looked like a mouthful of dried moss. A closer look revealed that it wasn’t moss, but a squirrel pup! Squirrels often move their pups to new sites—a practice often repeated multiple times. Not only was I delighted to see Salali alive and well, but was thrilled to see this behavior for the first time. She transferred not one, not two, but three pups. As she moved the third pup, imagine my surprise when she brought it to my feet! There she stood looking up at me as if wanting to ask, “What do you think of my little one?” She held the pup at a slight angle by its belly fur. The pup, curled into a ball, held its tail snug against its body. With eyes barely open, it tucked its head underneath its mother’s chin, and wrapped its tiny arms around her neck. After a few more seconds, Salali decided it was time to go. She crossed the yard, and as she went to pass through the cyclone fencing, she misjudged the opening, and dropped the little one. There lay the poor pup on its back like a turtle, legs flailing. Wasting no time, Salali poked, prodded, and rolled the pup on the ground like a meatball. Without complaint, and with the pup on its side curled in a ball, Salali grabbed hold of its belly fur, and off they went. The owl and the squirrel Salali moved her pups several more times before settling for a ground nest among the fern glade along South Bank (an embankment that runs the length of our property). As the pups grew, she moved them to a tree nest, which served as a secondary nest. A week later, the baby squirrels came out to explore the world for the first time. They looked too small in the big forest, and knew nothing about danger. Salali did her best to keep them together, and would carry them one by one to the tree nest; but the pups wouldn’t stand for it, and moments later, they were in the yard again. The pups kept close to one another. In the process of being weaned, they nibbled on wild greens and sunflower seeds. They took peanuts from my hand, and although they found them awkward at first, they quickly learned how to crack them or carry them away with ease. The pups allowed me to touch them. Their fur felt as soft as silk. We decided to give them names, calling the largest pup “Chewy”—the middle pup “Pippin,” and the smallest adopted the name “Runt” (a.k.a. “Little One”). With each passing day, the pups strayed farther from the nest. This was a growing concern, as they were still very small. One evening, just before sunset, Pippin was sitting on a tree stump when suddenly a barred owl dropped from above, wings spread. The tree stump disappeared underneath the owl, and I thought that was the end of Pippin. But when the owl folded his wings, he seemed as surprised as I was that his talons were empty. It was a narrow escape for Pippin, but the danger wasn’t over. With so much food running about, the owl decided to perch on a stub in the squirrel tree where it watched the baby squirrels every move. Unmindful of the danger that loomed, one of the baby squirrels came within a few feet of the owl. For a moment, I thought the youngster might walk right into its talons; I think the owl thought so too! As if that wasn’t harrowing enough, Salali sat eating a peanut opposite the owl. I hoped my presence would frighten the owl; I even clapped my hands, but the owl was fearless, and wouldn’t budge. I was beside myself with worry, and couldn’t bring myself to walk away. Instead, and despite the 33-degree air, I watched over the baby squirrels until it grew dark, and they were safe in their nest. Copyright 2011. 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Permanent Shelter: Introduction This is the first in a series on permanent shelter that we’ll be publishing here at Plan \| Prepare. The purpose of this series of articles is to discuss permanent shelters. Most of us already have a permanent shelter. However, that shelter may or may not be a viable location for long-term survival. Numerous first-hand accounts from disaster survivors around the world all have a similar theme: There is no one-size-fits-all shelter solution for every potential disaster. In some cases, bugging in at your urban or sub-urban location may be the best. In other cases, bugging-out to a rural location may work better. Each option has its plusses and minuses. Before we get too far into this discussion, let’s define “permanent shelter”. So, a permanent shelter is something durable (enduring) that provides cover or protection. Simple enough, right? Maybe. Many people will disagree on the definition of durable, enduring or continuing. The Bedouins, for instance, have lived in tents for centuries. Here in the United States, we might not consider a tent a permanent shelter. We’re starting to spiral here. Let’s simplify and see if we can all agree. For the sake of these articles, let’s say that a permanent shelter is synonymous with a house. It might be large or small. It might have a wood, stucco or brick exterior. It might be wood-frame or poured concrete. There are thousands of variables, but pretty much everyone has a solid mental picture of a house. In case you’re a Bedouin, I’ve included a picture of a house below. House or Permanent Shelter Now that we have that settled, let’s discuss the purpose of a permanent shelter as it relates to survival and disaster preparedness. A permanent shelter should: • Provide protection from the elements • Provide protection from people or other predators • Provide adequate space to accommodate those living within its confines • Provide a sense of security • Provide a sense of privacy • Provide a sense of civility (a representation of a civilized world) • Provide a hub or touchstone for a household or family Obviously, protection from the elements is key to survival – particularly in harsh climates. A permanent shelter’s ability to protect its inhabitants from rain, snow, cold and even heat is critical to survival. Most permanent shelters are designed with some capability to protect their inhabitants from both two-legged and four-legged predators. The average permanent shelter, however, is relatively vulnerable to determined two-legged predators. Glass windows can be smashed. Doors can be pried open. Let’s face it, the average “home” poses only a small deterrent to a motivated attacker or looter. If we spend too much time thinking about this, the sense of security provided by the permanent shelter begins to erode. The concept of adequate space varies widely as you travel from region to region. It’s not uncommon for entire families in Third World countries to live in houses the size of a closet in a suburban home in the United States. Here in the U.S., it’s not all that uncommon for entire rooms of larger houses to go unused for weeks or months. However, feeling that we have adequate space plays into our mental and emotional state of being. The Rule of Threes suggests that we can live for three months without hope. Living in a permanent shelter far smaller than one is used to living in can have an impact on one’s ability to keep hope alive. Generally, our sense or privacy is maintained by shutting out the world outside. We draw the curtains, close the door and cloister ourselves away to keep prying eyes out of our business. Privacy helps breed a sense of well-being. Imagine having to bathe or change clothes in public and you’ll begin to understand why privacy is important to morale. For many modernized societies, the permanent shelter has become an icon of civilization. Perhaps you have traveled to a country where many of the citizens live in huts. Prejudice aside, Americans, Western Europeans and others look at those huts and see temporary shelters. As a result, we make assumptions that the inhabitants of those huts are less civilized than we are. We have become accustomed to houses … permanent shelters that have a certain look about them, a certain … permanency in their construction. Lacking that look and feel of permanency, we perceive a lack of civilization as well. Finally, the home or permanent shelter provides a hub … a touchstone for the individuals who live there. Whether it be a traditional family or any other type of household, home is where the heart is. Ask yourself, why are so many adult children moving back in with their parents these days? Why don’t they simply join communes or share space with other young adults? Almost without exception, the home of their youth represents security at a time in their life when many feel insecure. Is it the structure that gives them that sense of security? Only in part. It is the structure, combined with its inhabitants – their parents and, possibly, siblings – that gives them a much-needed sense of well-being. So, as we look at the role of the permanent structure in survival, we see that only a fraction of its value is physical in nature. Certainly, human beings need protection from the elements and from those who would do them harm. What humans also need is hope. Hope and emotional well-being are the things that make the permanent structure – and its inhabitants – so critical to long-term survival. Food for thought as you consider your preparations: Is your primary home adequately equipped for survival? Do you need to establish alternative structures in different locations? Are your permanent shelters truly secure? If not, how can you make them more secure? And, perhaps most importantly of all, will the members of your household be with you when you face disasters and uncertain circumstances? Will you have the touchstone of hope to help you maintain your survival mindset? Plan \| Prepare
Beyond Words - Language Blog Etymology of Cocktails and Spirits Here’s to Friday, and to making it on the Lexiophile’s list of the Top 100 Language Blogs of 2009! Thanks to everyone who voted. Since it’s customary to raise a glass and toast in celebration, here is a language lovers list of the origins of common cocktails and spirits: Cocktail is an interesting word with an obscure origin. The first recorded use was in 1803’s The Farmers Cabinet, and the first definition appeared in print in May of 1806 in a New York newspaper. The word is of American origin, and there are several competing theories about it’s etymology. Here are just a few of the interesting ones: In the 18th century, it was a common practice for bartenders to drain the dregs of all the barrels and mix them together, serving the result (the equivalent of a bar-mat’s end of night remnants) at a reduced price. “Cock” was another name for spigot, and “tailings” is the last bit of alcohol, so this drink was called “cock-tailings,” shortened to “cocktail.” Another story places the word’s origin squarely in 18th century New Orleans, where an apothecary named Peychaud (of bitters fame) served his guests a mix of brandy, sugar, water and bitters in an egg-cup. The drink eventually acquired the name of the egg-cup–“cocquetier” in French–which his guests shortened to “cocktay” and then “cocktail.” The French word “Coquetel” may also have had something to do with “cocktail”; it was the name of a mixed drink from Bordeaux served to French officers during the American Revolution. What we know for sure is that cocktails are made from mixing liquor with some kind of juice or bitters, and that when mixed properly with great ingredients, they are delicious. So, here are the etymologies of the common spirits used in cocktails, followed by the story of some of our most popular mixes: Vodka is an unaged, colorless, distilled liquor, originally made from fermented wheat mash, but currently made from rye, corn, and potatoes, as well. Originating in the 14th century in Russia, the production of vodka has a long-standing tradition in Slavic and Scandinavian countries. The term “vodka” comes from the Russian voda (вода), meaning “water”, and the diminutive suffix “-ka.” An added dimension to the etymology of “vodka” is diluted alcohol’s centuries-old usage as an additive in medicines and pharmaceuticals. Beginning in the early 15th century, medicines contained ingredients like “vodka in half of bread wine” (водка полу хлебного вина), tying in the word razvodit (разводить), or “to dilute with water,” with the origins of the alcohol’s name. Whiskey (Irish and American) or whisky (Scottish and Canadian) is a liquor distilled from a variety of fermented grain mashes, including barley, rye, wheat, and corn, and aged in wooden casks. The name comes from the 18th-century Gaelic uisge beatha, or “water of life.” Centuries before the Gaelic usage, the Romans referred to their intoxicating beverages as aqua vitae, also meaning “water of life.” American bourbon whiskey, made from corn, originates in the mid-19th century in Bourbon County, Kentucky, where it gained its name from the centuries-old ruling royal family of France. Rum is a liquor made from sugarcane or molasses. Its origins date back to mid-17th century sugar plantations in the Caribbean, and on other European-dominated islands such as Barbados. The name is of English origin and shortened from “rumbullion” or “rombostion,” although during colonial times it was more frequently – and perhaps more appropriately – referred to as Kill-Devil. Gin is a liquor made from grain mash and distilled with juniper berries and other flavoring agents like orange peel and angelica root. “Gin” is a shortening of the name of the Swiss city Geneva, where the method of distillation originated, and from the Dutch genever (or Old French genevre), meaning “juniper.” Tequila is a liquor distilled from the fermented mash of the agave cactus, Agave tequilana. In the mid-19th century, the town of Tequila in the region of Jalisco, Mexico became known as the center of tequila production. Common Cocktails: A beloved cocktail of discerning drinkers from world leaders to literary heroes, the martini has two plausible origins. The first dates the drink to 1894, with the founding of the Martini and Rossi liquor company, known for the dry, white vermouth used sparingly in the cocktail. Another theory places the martini in Martinez, California, the town where the drink may have originated in the 19th century. The origins of the name of this rye and sweet vermouth concoction are far from dubious, having been first mixed in a New York bar. The etymology of the city name, however, has a more extensive history, drawn from the native Algonquin or Munsee munahan, meaning “island” or “where one gathers bows,” respectively. One of the most oft-claimed concoctions, this tequila-based cocktail was most likely invented in the mid-1940s in Texas. While most stories attribute the appellation to a woman named Margarita (perhaps even Rita Hayworth, whose real name was Margarita Cansino), whether this namesake was a singer, a dancer, an actress, or an unrequited love has never been determined. Mai Tai This highly-alcoholic, rum-based drink was most likely first made in Trader Vic’s California restaurant in the mid 1940s. The name is a corruption of the Tahitian maita’i, meaning “good.” As legend has it, Trader Vic mixed this potent brew for friends visiting from Tahiti; upon tasting it, one exclaimed “Maita’i roa,” or “very good!” This rum, lime, and mint cocktail has origins that trace back to 19th-century Cuba and the African slaves that worked in the Cuban sugar fields. Many historians believe that sugar cane juice was a popular beverage of the time and eventually became a flavoring for the mojito. The actual name is derived from the Spanish mojado, or wet, because the mint used in the drink is “wetted” with rum. Mint Julep This brandy or bourbon beverage, although fairly new in its popular form, takes its etymology from a 14th-century Arabic (julab) or Persian (gulab) word meaning “rosewater.” The original flavoring for juleps was sweetened rose syrup. Photo by Ignissa
How to choose a Marine Battery In this video Ash runs us through how to choose the correct marine battery for your boat. Featured Products Storing the electricity - Marine Batteries Boats and motorhomes typically use their batteries for two very different purposes – starting the engine and running electrical loads like lights, electronics and accessories. Starting batteries, which crank the starter of the engine, are the “sprinters” of the electrical system. They deliver between 75-400A for 5-15 seconds, and are then recharged in short order by the alternator. They use thinner and more numerous lead plates, providing extra surface area to generate high amperage burst of current. House batteries or Deep Cycle batteries, are the “marathon runners” of the storage system. They power the electrical loads such as lighting and electronics, and use thicker plates which allow them to recover fully after being heavily discharged over a longer period. Multi purpose batteries can start the engine and still tolerate deep discharges which would ruin a typical starting battery. Where they lose out is on storage capacity. Typically used on runabouts or boats with one battery bank that does double duty for house applications and engine starting. Capacity for deep cycle batteries is measured in amp hours. A good rule of thumb is never to discharge a deep cycle battery more than 50% of its capacity. For, example, if you have a battery bank of 560 Ah, you should plan on using only about 280 Ah before charging them again. Capacity for starting batteries is measured in cold cranking amps (CCA). This is the number of amps a battery can deliver for 30 seconds at 0° F without dropping below 7.2V. Marine cranking amps (MCA) is similar but measured at 32° F rather than 0° F. Charging the batteries There are basic battery chargers which deliver bulk charge to a battery but deep cycle batteries are best charged using a “smart” or “multi-stage” charger. These charge the batteries in 3 distinct phases: Bulk phase - the charger delivers a high current to the batteries until the voltage reaches a pre-determined level. Absorption phase - the charger will continually adjust the current to hold the voltage at set level of 14.0V, until the microprocessor decides that the batteries are 100% charged. Float stage - the charger supplies just enough current to maintain the batteries in a fully charges state, plus the current needed to power any light, pumps, etc which are being used at the time. Main Points 1 A battery stores charge it does not “Manufacture” it 2 Engine Starting Batteries are required to deliver high current for a short time. If this type of battery is subjected to many cycles of charge/discharge a short life is likely 3 The bigger your motor the higher MCA battery number will be to power it 4 Deep Cycle Batteries are designed for a charge/discharge usage but can start engines in emergencies. 5 The higher the amount of Amps your electronics draw the bigger the Amp hour battery will be needed to maintain a safe level of power 6 Insufficient charging voltage will cause poor battery performance 7 Insufficient charging voltage will cause short battery like 8 Burnsco stocks Endurant Flooded lead acid batteries because they have a two year warranty, are the most cost effective and can handle the harsh marine environment We stock a range of battery chargers from great brands such as CTek, Projecta and ProMariner. To view our range click here
Lecture10 - Lecture 10 Information Security Objectives What... View Full Document Right Arrow Icon Unformatted text preview: Lecture 10 Information Security Objectives What is information security? First Line of Defense People Second Line of Defense Technology Information Security Policies vs. Information Security Plan Three Primary Security Areas: authentication and authorization prevention and resistance detection and response Information Security Information security a broad term encompassing the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization Lines of Defense Organizations can implement information security lines of defense through: people technology The biggest issue surrounding information security is not a technical issue, but a people issue The first line of defense is through people First Line of Defense People 38% of security incidents originate within the organization The first line of defense an organization should follow to help combat insider issues is to develop information security policies and an information security plan First Line of Defense People Information Security Policies vs. Information Security Plan Information security policies identify the rules required to maintain information security Information security plan details how an organization will implement the information security policies Second Line of Defense Technology 1. Authentication and authorization 2. Prevention and resistance 3. Detection and response Three primary information security areas Authentication vs. Authorization Authentication a method for confirming users' identities Authorization the process of giving someone permission to do or have something Authentication 1. Something the user knows such as a user ID and password 2. Something the user has such as a smart card or token 3. Something that is part of the user such as a fingerprint or voice signature The most secure type of authentication involves a combination of the following: Something the User Knows User ID and passwords are the most common way to identify individual users Identity theft the forging of someone's identity for the purpose of fraud Phishing a technique to gain personal information for the purpose of identity theft Amount of Identity Thefts (billions) Something the User Has Smart card a device that is around the same size as a credit card, containing embedded technologies that can store information and small amounts of software to perform some limited processing Something the user has; for example, smart card Something that is part of the user Biometrics the identification of a user based on a physical characteristic, such as a fingerprint, iris, face, voice, or handwriting This is by far the best and most effective way to manage authentication Unfortunately, this method can be costly and intrusive Prevention and Resistance 1. Content filtering 2. Encryption 3. Firewalls Technologies available to help prevent and build resistance to attacks include: Content Filtering Spam a form of unsolicited e mail Organizations can use content filtering technologies to filter e mail and prevent emails containing sensitive information from transmitting and stop spam and viruses from spreading Content Filtering Worldwide corporate losses caused by spam (in billions) Encryption Encryption scrambles information into an alternative form that requires a key or password to decrypt the information Public Private key encryption uses two keys: a public key that everyone can have and a private key for only the recipient If the information was encrypted, the person stealing the information would be unable to read it Firewalls Firewall hardware and/or software that guards a private network by analyzing the information leaving and entering the network One of the most common defenses for preventing a security breach is a firewall Detection and Response If prevention and resistance strategies fail and there is a security breach, an organization can use detection and response technologies to mitigate the damage Antivirus software is the most common type of detection and response technology Hacker Whitehat hacker Blackhat hacker Hacker people very knowledgeable about computers who use their knowledge to invade other people's computers Virus Worm Backdoor program Polymorphic virus and worm Virus software written with malicious intent to cause annoyance or damage Denialofservice attack (DoS) Denial of service (DoS) attacks disable infrastructure devices (usually web servers) by flooding them with an overwhelming number of service requests Distributed denialofservice attack (DDoS) ... View Full Document This note was uploaded on 04/18/2008 for the course BUS 2700 taught by Professor Rienzo during the Spring '07 term at Western Michigan. Ask a homework question - tutors are online
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Programming project idea 1. Jul 6, 2004 #1 I need to make a project in C/C++ for next year. I thought it would be nice if it will relates to physics. Right now, my only ideas are a virtual physics lab or a billiard game. Do you have any ideas/tips for me? Or Ozery 2. jcsd 3. Jul 6, 2004 #2 How about the Metropolis algorithm? You can use it to grow crystals and demonstrate why crystals have to be grown slowly to avoid fractures (called simulated annealing). It is easy to understand and fairly straightforward to program. One of the most interesting topics in computational physics. Check out the book Numerical Recipes for an explanation. 4. Jul 6, 2004 #3 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member I should mention that numerical recipes is available online, in its entirety, at nr.com. How about writing a program that will do the calculations to display the interference pattern in Young's double slit experiment? Or one that will calculate how electrons behave in a semiconductor junction? Maybe a simulated diode or transistor? How about a program that shows the frequency components of a musical instrument's sound? How about a program that simulates gravity and shows the planets orbiting the Sun? Or shows binary stars orbiting, etc.? - Warren Similar Discussions: Programming project idea 1. Project Idea (Replies: 9) 2. Project ideas (Replies: 2)
100 Facts About Dogs, Puppies & Bitches Home»Animals»100 Facts About Dogs, Puppies & Bitches • 100 Dog Facts • Puppy Facts • Dog with head out the car window. 100 Facts About Dogs, Puppies & Bitches Avatar for Lizzie Robinson By Lizzie Robinson 2016-10-24T12:13:05+00:00 Categories: Animals\|Tags: , , \| Dogs come in all shapes and sizes, and are one of the most popular household pets in the Western world. After all, what’s not to love about our canine friends? They’re cuddly, fun-loving and have earned a reputation as man’s best friend over the centuries. However, there are still plenty of facts we don’t know about our pooches. 1. Although people have kept dogs as pets for many years, it was only in the 1960’s that they became increasingly popular in the West. After the Second World War, there was a big increase in the number of households with a pet canine. 2. The phrase ‘man’s best friend’ was first used by Frederick the Great in the 18th Odgen Nash, an American poet, made use of the phrase in his work in the 1900s, thus making it a popular saying. 3. Statistics show that more than 60% of US households have a pet dog, which proves just how popular they really are. 4. Dogs only sweat through the pads of their feet. This makes it difficult to tell when a dog is very hot, but they will also pant and lie down when they are too hot or exhausted. Panting actually helps them to cool down. 5. The Great Dane is the tallest dog in the world, while the St. Bernard is the heaviest, weighing up to 120kg when fully-grown. 6. Due to their great size and strength, St. Bernards have been used for years as mountain rescue dogs. The most successful was Barry, who saved 40 lives during his time in service. 7. Ever wondered why a dog can move its ears so freely? There are at least 18 muscles in a dog’s ear which all work separately, making movement in this area very easy. 8. Dogs can hear higher pitches than adults when it comes to sound. The hearing of humans is most effective at 2000Hz (Hertz), while dogs can hear very clearly at 8000Hz. Paul McCartney apparently recorded a very high whistle sound in the song ‘A Day in the Life‘, so that his pet dog would be able to hear it. 9. German Shepherds are the dogs which are often seen working with the police force. This is due to their high intelligence levels, desire to explore their surroundings, courage, agility and loyalty. 10. The Chihuahua is the smallest breed of dog in the world. Its name is taken from the state of Chihuahua in Mexico, since this was the border which was crossed when they first came into the United States. 11. When the Titanic sank in 1912, there were three dogs which survived. They had all been travelling with their owners in the First Class cabins. 12. Dogs which live in the city will usually live longer than those who spend their lives in the countryside. On average, country dogs will die three years sooner than those within the cities. 13. In a survey, 33% of dog owners admitted to chatting over the telephone to their dogs, while some even stated that they left voicemail messaged for their pets while they were away. 14. In the 17th century, heavy rain in Germany would cause stray cats and dogs to be washed up in the streets or drowned. Thus, the term ‘it’s raining cats and dogs’ was formed. 15. Newfoundland dogs originated in Canada, where their thick coats and webbed feet helped them to survive the cold weather and large bodies of water. 16. Bassett Hounds, by contrast, cannot swim at all! 17. In the Bible, dogs are mentioned a total of 37 times. They were often portrayed as unclean and, in certain instances, signified those who did not believe in God. 18. Around 70% of dog owners see their pets as a part of the family. Birthday and Christmas cards to friends and loved ones will normally include the dog’s name along with the names of the family members. 19. The world’s oldest dog lived to the grand old age of 29 years and 5 months. 20. The world’s smallest dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, which weighed just four ounces. 21. A dog was the first living creature to be sent into space. An earth satellite sent Laika to visit space in 1957, but she died when the cabin overheated. 22. Afghan Hounds can often be seen showing off at dog competitions and events, but it seems they don’t have much more than their looks going for them – they are thought to be the world’s most stupid dog. 23. George Washington was one of many historical figures to own pet dogs. In total, he had 36 of them, and they were all foxhounds. 24. The fastest dog in the world is the Greyhound, which is why Greyhound racing is such a popular sport in certain parts of the world. They can run up to 45 mph, compared to the average dog speed of 19 mph. 25. When puppies are first born, they will sleep for around 90% of the time. However, after a few weeks, this will gradually decrease, and fully-grown dogs only need 10 hours of sleep per day. Read More… Avatar for Lizzie Robinson Lizzie Robinson was born in England and has been a freelance writer since 2011. She is currently studying English Literature at university and enjoys sailing, reading & playing the piano in her free time. Lizzie enjoys writing about current issues, politics and business.
This new state-of-the-art beam control turret allows for 360 degree aiming coverage for directed energy weapons that will be flying on military aircraft in the not so distant future. In other words, this turret is able to rapidly aim at targets and focus a directed energy burst through the atmosphere at those targets to disable or destroy them, all while flying on a aircraft barreling through the sky at high-speed. Known as the Aero-Adaptive, Aero-Optic Beam Control, or just ABC for short, Lockheed's new wonder-turret has been installed on an elderly Dassault Falcon 10 business jet for preliminary flight testing. According to Lockheed, the Aero-Adaptive part of the ABC turret relates to atmospheric turbulence compensation technologies that are integrated into it. Lockheed's press release explains: The ABC turret system is designed to allow high-energy lasers to engage enemy aircraft and missiles above, below and behind the aircraft. Lockheed Martin's flow control and optical compensation technologies counteract the effects of turbulence caused by the protrusion of a turret from an aircraft's fuselage. So basically, the system can sense the turbulence in the atmosphere where it is aiming and it can rapidly compensate for that turbulence so that the high-power laser does not become unfocused as it travels through that atmosphere, which would greatly limit its range. According to some sources, ABC can actually pull this off when shooting at incoming missiles that are approaching from behind, in back of the highly disturbed air caused by the aircraft's jet exhaust. This technology is broadly known as 'adaptive optics.' Similar systems that use a laser to sense disturbances in the atmosphere between a system's optics and its target, and which utilizes an adaptive or 'deformable' mirror technology to compensate for it, have been used by cutting edge observatories, the Airborne Laser program, and other larger laser systems prior to this new and highly miniaturized laser turret's arrival. At first, operational versions of this turret will most likely be installed on bombers, very large drones and converted cargo aircraft like the AC-130 gunship. But soon after, this system, or a slightly miniaturized version of it, will be mounted on fighter aircraft and tactical-sized unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVS). Solid-state lasers have rapidly shrunk in size while also increasing in power and range, but the ABC turret is intended to harness these new technologies and bring them to the forefront of the air combat arena. Take the F-35 for instance, the A and C model have a fuel tank where the B model's box-like lift-fan is located. Seeing as the lift fan uses a clutch-connected drive-shaft to power it via the F-35's primary Pratt & Whitney F135 engine, this same void could be filled with a solid state laser, accompanied by a pair of operational ABC turrets, mounted conformally on the top and on the bottom of the jet, where the lift fan doors currently are installed. If the F-35B's lift-fan were removed, its main engine could be tapped to power a high-energy laser in a similar fashion as its lift fan already does. If less power is required, or if power could be stored in a capacitor, a fuel tank (in the case of the F-35A & C) or the F-35B's lift-fan could be removed and a laser could be installed that could be powered just through an enhanced version of the F-35's integrated power-pack. The point is that there is a big, perfect sized hole for these ABC like laser turrets to be installed already built into the F-35 design. Additionally, when a fuel tank or lift fan is removed, an industrial air conditioner sized void would exist underneath where these turrets could be mounted, in which the guts of a solid-state laser could be installed that has gobs of potential power at hand. Even if the ABC turret and its laser were only effective within short range, it would mean that the F-35, or any aircraft equipped with such a system, could literally shoot down missiles as they approach. The F-35's avionics suite is already more-or-less set up for this type of thing. Tying the ABC turret and its laser to the aircraft's spherical network of staring infrared cameras, known as the Distributed Aperture System, that already can track missiles and their heat signatures as they approach (and gunfire on the ground for that matter), would provide instantaneous targeting data for the aircraft's laser system. When fully integrated, such a concept would in effect create an active laser sphere-like shield around the aircraft. Similar spherical laser shields, although much simpler ones utilizing lower powered lasers meant to blind and confuse missiles, not destroy them, are already used today on many aircraft. With a solid state laser tied to an ABC turret installed on a fighter aircraft, dogfights may become equally as futile as beyond-visual-range missile attacks. A pilot could literally just look at their target while wearing their helmet mounted display, and the laser could lock onto it and set it ablaze at the speed of light. The on-board laser concept would give the F-35, or any aircraft adapted to such a system such as a UCAV, a sphere of protection that would be very tough to penetrate seeing as these turrets would have unlimited firepower as they run on the aircraft's engine-generated electricity alone. You can see a glimpse of this air combat by laser future in this General Atomics Avenger UCAV promo video at around 3:45: Such a nimble and modular laser system could also be used against ground targets. Targeting pod optics have improved remarkably over the years. High resolution imagery of targets on the ground is now available to aircrews flying at medium and even high-altitudes. Additionally, much more advanced aerial surveillance systems are on the way, some of which can see a whole town in high resolution at any given time. These systems could be used to target a laser system such as the DoD's HELLADS laser system currently in development, in a similar fashion as how precision guided munitions are targeted today. Precision weaponry has changed the way we fight wars and has helped greatly when it comes to avoiding non-combatant casualties, yet even low-yield warheads inside the smallest of guided bombs and missiles explode and can cause unintended harm. If aircrew could just target a person holding a weapon, or a small group persons holding weapons, and take them out using 'non-kinetic' weaponry, than we can save a lot of innocent lives, not to mention money, as even a mass-produced AGM-114 Hellfire missile each cost tens of thousands of dollars per round. Such a capability would be somewhat analogues to a phaser from Star Trek and just the psychological affect on the enemy knowing that they could erupt in flames at any moment while operating in the open could potentially be a game changer. It could also greatly alleviate the risk to human shields as air power may not be able to destroy a large target that has innocents commingled with the enemy inside, but it could shut down that facility's operations long enough for ground forces to take the building down just by parking a unmanned aircraft with a solid-state laser and an ABC turret high above. If anyone has a weapon outside the facility, or even comes and goes from it, they could be cooked in an instant with almost no chance of unintended injuries or deaths. Just imagine how such a system could have changed the results of the recent hostilities in Gaza? Hamas rocket teams could be engaged from the air even in dense urban areas without the chance of innocent people being harmed. Conversely, the same technology could also be used to shoot down Hamas's rockets as they are launched. Such a capability could be realized via parking unmanned aircraft over Gaza that can detect the infrared plume of a rocket, and engage it before it even leaves their own territory. The ultimate Iron Dome if you will, although with this system the metaphorical dome would be over Gaza, not Israel, and the cost of shooting down a $500 dollar rocket would be the price of the energy generated on-board the aircraft, not the cost of a pair of Tamir Interceptors that cost tens of thousands of dollars each. The same can be said when it comes to eliminating threats emanating from critical infrastructure or buildings with cultural significance. If there is a sniper atop a Mosque, than an aircraft equipped with a ABC turret and a laser could disable or kill just that sniper, leaving the Mosque totally intact. What such a system really amounts to is sniper-like ray gun that can take out individual soft targets from many thousands of feet in the air, all at the speed of light. Since before Ronald Reagan's pie in the sci-fi sky "Star Wars" defense program of the 1980s, lasers have been slow to reach the battlefield in any role that competed with traditional kinetic weaponry. Now, some thirty years later, lasers are about to be thrust out on the modern battlefield not just for use in a defensive manner, but in an offensive one as well. So sleep tight knowing that Star Trek like phaser technology is literally coming to a fighter jet or unmanned combat aircraft near you in the not so distant future.
Robinson Crusoe Quote ---The Contradiction (1796) Thursday, 7 June 2012 To the Curious in Fish Sauce... On August 12 1784, Faujas de St Fond, a respected French geologist, was invited to dine with the Royal Philosophers, the elite London dining club composed of British scientists and intellectuals. He wasn't terribly impressed. In his memoirs, he disdainfully observed the bad flavor of the coffee and the lack of napkins. (Messy English tables were apparently common complaints among "enlightened" French visitors. Faujas's famous contemporary, Arthur Young, remarked that "dining without napkins seems ridiculous to a Frenchman, but in England we dine at tables of people of tolerable fortune without them.") Detail from a Rowlandson caricature, 18th century (Observe the absence of napkins. Even forks, at this time, were a rarity) When it came to the food, our French visitor seemed slightly more bewildered. "The dishes were of the solid kind, he recalled, "such as roast beef, boiled beef and mutton prepared in various ways, with [an] abundance of potatoes and other vegetables, which each person seasoned as he pleased with the different sauces which were placed on the table in bottles of various shapes." The poor guy, however, had no idea what, exactly, these bottles contained, and his account makes it pretty clear that he didn't exactly eat very heartily that night. "The dinner, he concluded, "was truly in the English style." Dinner that night included soles, cold ribs of lamb, veal cutlets, and fruit pies Faujas was one of 12 guests that day; his name is fourth from the top right Venison attracted a lot more literary attention than the seasonings did What was in those bottles? While the bill of fare from that afternoon (listed above) recorded boiled chicken, roast mutton, veal cutlets, a minced lamb's head, and yes, potatoes, no sauces are mentioned. This is not an uncommon dilemma in culinary history. While one needn't look very long in order to find various literary and cultural references to "sir loyns" of beef or haunches of venison, I've had a lot more trouble discerning attitudes towards the hot condiments of the age: "Zoobditty Match" –– a popular East India fish sauce –– and "Sauce Cherokee" from North America. We do know, however, that these various condiments were both well-known and relatively standardized by the turn of the century. In fact, the authenticity of a particular condiment became the subject of a well-publicized lawsuit in 1814, when James Cocks sued a London oilman for replicating his celebrated Reading Sauce and passing it off as his own. Cocks' sauce, invented "twelve years earlier" and named after his small town on the Thames (about 50 miles west of London) was a fish sauce that paired with fish, game and cold meat. At the time of the lawsuit, Cocks' brand was sold by about 100 different retailers from London to Edinburgh, from Oxford to Dublin. The fact that a lawsuit even happened tells us that as much as metropolitan Londoners wanted curry powder from Bengal and genuine pepper from Cayenne, this didn't put a damper on the demand for authentic regional condiments. By the turn of the 19th century, the average London oilman (a seller of preserved condiments and other goodies) acted as a one-stop shop for all of these things, hawking India soy and Gorgona anchovy paste next to genuine Stilton cheese. To determine the outcome of the case, the judge assembled a panel of witnesses from Dover, Taunton, Chichester and London. All of them claimed that the London version was far inferior to the 'real' Reading version, the former apparently "being thick, and leaving a sediment" and "bringing great dissatisfaction to the parties who purchased it." (Sadly, no blind tasting occurred.) Regardless, James Cocks ended up winning 100 guineas in damages. This was certainly nothing to sneeze at in those days, but perhaps the most lucrative aspect of his victory was the fact that he could use it as the basis of a future advertising campaign (here's an example to the left). So the authentic flavor of Reading, England –– a product demarcating a geographical region rather than an individual or an idea –– was not a centuries old artisanal tradition only uprooted in the 18th century, but was consciously invented and marketed as a local product by a savvy retailer. But even so, the considerable interest that this case piqued in the reading public (I've found record of it printed in at least six or seven newspapers) makes plain that Englishmen cared a great deal that they were getting the real thing.
Main News OPL MP CP JS Project Documentation Links FAQs Generic Constraints and Variables A generic variable is a wrapper class that represents a set of other variables. In this way a single constraint can be created that applies to all the other variables. Why do this you might ask? Well, the number of constraints that are necessary to define a problem are reduced to a single constraint. The reduces memory overhead, makes modelling of problems simpler and has performance implications. For example, lets say we had variables A, B, C and Y with the following constraints: A < Y B < Y C < Y These constraints could be generalized into a single constraint: X < Y where X represented the variables A, B, and C. The implications of one constraint versus three are even more dramatic when the affects are considered on nodes and arcs for the CSP solver. Each constraint generates 2 arcs: 1) A < Y 2) Y > A 3) B < Y 4) Y > B 5) C < Y 6) Y > C 1) X < Y 2) Y > X this means the generalized constraint creates only 2 arcs vs the 6 arcs created by the independant constraints. This will greatly improve solver performance since the number of arcs that need to be visited in a problem can be significantly reduced. This page begins the discussion of how this idea should be constructed in the project. Before we go further in the design, we should review how the independant arcs are created and act within the system. Node and Arc Objects Nodes and arcs are created as a result of building expressions from variables and defining constraints. Nodes have a direct relationship with variables and can many times be thought of as the same thing. When a variable is defined, it is associated with a domain. The primary purpose of the variable is to build expressions with other variables and not to modify the values in the domain. A node is produced by a variable that wraps the same domain. A node's purpose is to allow arcs to record changes that will update the associated domain. However, even though they are different in purpose, in many discussions a variable such as X will be used interchangably with a node X. Arcs also have a direct relationship with constraints, but they are very different in purpose. A constraint is defined on variables to represent some limitation. A single constraint may produce multiple arcs, each with its own operation. In the previous example, the constraint X < Y produced two arcs to create the necessary effects each node has on the other. After arcs are produced, they are evaluated independantly of each other by the CSP algorithm. Just as there are different types of variables (Object, Integer, Double, Sets, etc), different constraints exist to operate on these variables. The nodes and arcs produced can also be grouped into specific categories. The numeric category of nodes and arcs is a common one which can be broken into smaller sub-categories. One such category is Integer. The following diagram displays the relationship from two specific types of binary integer arcs to an integer node. click to enlarge As nodes change, arcs depending on the node are evaluated causing other nodes to change. In this way, changes from one node are propagated to all other dependant nodes. The following diagram displays the sequence of events that occurs when the value of a node is changed. click to enlarge The following listing is from the BinaryNumDiffArc class. The BinaryNumDiffArc is used to ensure that a node Z is always consistent with some equation such as Z = X - y, Z < x - Y, Z > X - y, etc. (where uppercase is a variable and lowercase is a constant). This arc can only handle one target node (Z), one source node (X or Y) and one constant value (x or y). The propogateBounds method is called when the source node (X or Y) changes. The code attempts to determine the new minimum and maximum values for Z and then, based on the type of arc (<, >, =, etc), update Z accordingly. * Attempts to reduce values in target node domain based on Min / Max values * in source node(s) * @throws PropagationFailureException If domain of target node becomes empty public void propagateBounds() throws PropagationFailureException { Number xmin = xconst; Number xmax = xconst; Number ymin = yconst; Number ymax = yconst; if (x != null) { xmin = x.getMin(); xmax = x.getMax(); else { ymin = y.getMin(); ymax = y.getMax(); switch(arcType) { case GEQ: z.setMin(NodeMath.subtractNoNull(xmin, ymax, nodeType)); case GT: z.setMin(, ymax, nodeType))); case LEQ: z.setMax(NodeMath.subtractNoNull(xmax, ymin, nodeType)); case LT: z.setMax(NumSequence.previous(NodeMath.subtractNoNull(xmax, ymin, nodeType))); case EQ: z.setRange(NodeMath.subtractNoNull(xmin, ymax, nodeType), NodeMath.subtractNoNull(xmax, ymin, nodeType)); case NEQ: if (x.isBound() && y.isBound()) z.removeValue(NodeMath.subtractNoNull(xmin, ymin, nodeType)); The BinaryNumDiffArc is designed to work with any node that implements the NumNode interface so it performs its calculations using generic Number objects and math utilities rather than straight integer may. In our example, the Z node is an IntNode which converts the Number values to int values internally and performs the necessary updates to the domain. If the domain of Z is reduced at all, an event is raised notifying the solving algorithm that all arcs dependant on the node Z must be propagated again. Now that we have seen how standard variables, constraints, nodes and arcs operate. How can we extend this to incorporate the generalize concept? Well to begin with, lets limit our discussion to integer types to reduce confusion for the moment. If we created a variable called GenericIntVariable that was initialized with an array of AcIntVariables, the generic variable should implement the AcIntExpr interface to allow it to be used in any integer expression just as any other AcIntVariable. This would also mean that existing constraints should support the GenericIntVariable just like any other variable. This design will be consistent with the original concept that the generic variable can be used in place of standard variables at any point in the modelling of a problem. Now comes the issue of implementing generic arcs and nodes. A generic node does not have a domain of values that can be enumerated like an int node, it is really just a placeholder for other nodes. The node itself only collects information about the internal nodes that changed, but does not really have a value of its own. Consider the following diagram: click to enlarge Notice that a change such as setMax(15) on a generic will apply to all nodes within the generic. This is simple to code since one could simply loop over all the internal code and update the values with a convience function on the generic node. This makes a generic node very simple to use when it is the target of an arc, but it becomes more complex when it is the source of an arc. Consider the following: A: {7, 8, 9} B: {10, 11, 12} Y: {5} X is a generic of A and B X > Y is true Notice that A and B have no values in common, but they are both consistent with the constraint. This is important since it shows that X cannot simply be represented by the intersection of all the values in A and B. Now consider this A: {1, 2, 3, 4} B: {3, 4, 5, 6} Y: {5} X is a generic of A and B X > Y is false The statement is false because no value in A is greater than 5. This example is also important since it shows that X cannot simply be represented by the union of all the values in A and B. So now what? We can't easily represent the values in X so we need to evaluate the individual nodes in X when a generic arc is propagated. For efficiency, the generic arc should track the indices of the nodes that actually change so these are the only ones checked, but that is about all it can do. We still need to go to the specific node to do the work. Here's the real question when you look at the propogateBounds code above. Is there an easy way to introduce generic nodes into existing arc classes without having to edit the code of each arc? I'm not sure there is... My solution would be to do something like this: public void propagateBounds() throws PropagationFailureException { Node src = (x != null) ? x : y; // if node is not a generic, propagate like usual if (src != generic) { propogateBoundsForNode(src); } // node is a generic, propagate node for each modified index else { GenericNode gn = (GenericNode) src; int modIndices[] = gn.getModifiedIndices(); for (int i=0; i<modIndices.length; i++) { propogateBoundsForNode(gn.getNode(i)); } } } However, this pattern would be so repetitious. It would be nice if it could be moved up into a more abstract base class like BinaryArc.
English Holly You might wonder - Why is English Holly a problem? In King County, English holly is classified as a Weed of Concern and its control is recommended in natural areas that are being restored to native vegetation and in protected forest lands. Impacts and Distribution English HollyEnglish holly is carried by birds into forests where it can form dense thickets that dominate the tall shrub layer and suppress germination and growth of native tree and shrub species. According to the University of Washington Herbarium records, botanists have collected specimens of English holly from. It does appear that English holly is encroaching into native forest habitat and reproducing successfully in fairly undisturbed native communities. In the Seattle Urban Nature Project’s plant inventory of Seattle’s public forests, English holly was frequently found in the understory. In fact, English holly was the fourth most abundant non-native species found, outnumbered only by Himalayan blackberry, Scotch broom and English ivy. English holly, along with English laurel, was more common in the understory than native conifers. Given their findings, it is likely that English holly, along with other invasive non-natives, will be in a much better position to replace Seattle’s aging deciduous trees than our native evergreen trees. Seattle Urban Nature ecologist Ella Elman predicts that, if nothing is done, 30 or 40 years from now Seattle’s forests will look dramatically different than they do today. Site created by All Pro Webworks, LLC.
Sunday, October 25, 2009 Fear of Women/Fear of Men- Gynophobia/Androphobia Fear of Islam- Islamaphobia Fear of homosexuality- you guessed it homophobia. Some phobias seem like a mechanism to exploit a minority or an excuse to get yourself off the hook. Ya know... some weird guy asks you out on a date just tell him you have Androphobia, or if your a terrorist plead mentally ill and tell the judge you were only holding those Muslims hostage because you have Islamaphobia. The truth is, true phobias are considered an anxiety disorder and are psychological. The sufferer is a victim to the fear. The reason they can be treated is becasue the fear is a strong but irrational fear of something of something that poses little or no danger. Fear is a normal response to danger, but with a phobia it is excessive. People with phobias try to avoid what they are afraid of. Otherwise a person can experience anything from panic and fear to trembling or a strong desire to get away. Medicines, therapy or both are treatments that help most people with phobias. Cognitive Behavior Therapy is a method that says, by confronting rather than fleeing the object of fear, the person becomes accustomed to it and can lose the terror and dread he or she once felt. Medications can control the anxiety and panic. The amygdala, an area of the brain located behind the pituitary gland is responsible for the secretion of hormones that control fear or agression. When a response is initiated the amygdala releases hormones so your body goes into an alert stage generally referred to as the flight-or-fight response. Phobias arise from a combination of external events and internal predispositions.Many specific phobias can be traced back to a triggering event like a traumatic experience at an early age. Social phobias and agoraphobia have more complex causes that are not entirely known. It is believed that heredity, genetics, and brain chemistry combined with life-experiences play a major role in the development of anxiety disorders, phobias and panic attacks. Try these out...Answers proceed descriptions 1) fear or dislike of strangers or the unknown, sometimes used to describ e nationalistic political beliefs and movements. It is also used in fictional work to describe the fear or dislike of space aliens Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism. 4)Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis. 5)Fear or hatred of poetry. 6)Fear of the figure 8 7)Fear of phobias or the fear of fear fear that originated from the Biblical verse Revelation 13:18 which indicates that the number 666 is the Number of the Beast, linked to Satan or the Anti-Christ. 8)Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia ( WOW)
Nothing stands still in England’s largest national park. Using a huge range of photographic techniques to capture the continuous changes of the landscape, The Lake District: A Wild Year gives a new and unique perspective on a year-in-the-life of the Lake District, its wildlife and the people who live here. Here are 10 facts you’ll learn from the programme: 1. 16 million people visit the Lake District each year. 2. The Lake District’s iconic landscapes and traditions are shaped by generations of Herdwick sheep farming. This native breed of sheep are born with black fleeces which gradually turn white as the sheep grow older (a bit like us humans). 3. Everybody knows Lake Windermere is the largest lake in England, measuring a magnificent 10.5 miles long. But did you know that it hosts the largest outdoor swimming event in Europe each summer, when 10,000 brave souls take the plunge into its bracing waters? 4. There have been pleasure cruises on Windermere’s waters since the 1840s. What started out as one single vessel crossing the lake once a day has turned into a huge tourist operation – Windermere Lake Cruises now runs over 100 cruises per day. One of the most celebrated cruise ships, the Tern, is over 125 years old and carries 10,000 tourists a day. 5. Over 1,000 tourists visit the house and garden of the Lake District’s most famous resident, Beatrix Potter, every day. 6. The Lake District was so dear to Beatrix Potter, she used her fortune to buy up thousands of acres of farmland and fell in order to preserve its traditional way of life. She was a key figure in saving the traditional Herdwick sheep from extinction, becoming an expert Herdwick sheep breeder and the first female president designate of the Herdwick Sheepbreeders' Association. When she died in 1943 she left 14 farms, sheep and 4000 acres of land to the National Trust. 7. Come rain, shine or snow, an experienced mountaineer must climb the peak Helvellyn every day to gather vital information about weather and snow conditions. 8. The Lake District is one of the last Red Squirrel strongholds in the UK. Potter’s cheeky character Squirrel Nutkin was inspired by her childhood trips to the area. 9. The Lake District’s iconic drystone walls have been constructed using the same techniques and the same stones for hundreds of years. But the walls are more than just boundaries – they have their very own ecosystem. In the summer heat, they provide a cool sanctuary for slugs and spiders, who lay their eggs in the walls’ nooks and crannies. 10. Every June, Herdwicks are rounded up from the fells for their annual haircut. Shearing a whole flock can take several days, but a highly skilled sheep shearer can de-fleece up to 300 sheep a day. Talk about dyed-in-the-wool farmers. Watch The Lake District: A Wild Year at 9pm, Friday 17 February, BBC Two To find out more about our BT TV packages, click here >
Project Schedule Estimating Scheduling is an inexact process in that it tries to predict the future. While it is not possible to know with certainty how long a project will take, there are techniques that can increase your likelihood of being close. If you are close in your planning and estimating, you can manage the project to achieve the schedule by accelerating some efforts or modifying approaches to meet required deadlines. One key ingredient in the scheduling process is experience in the project area; another is experience with scheduling in general. In every industry area there will be a body of knowledge that associates the accomplishment of known work efforts with a time duration. In some industries, there are books recording industry standards for use by cost and schedule estimators. Interviewing those who have had experience with similar projects is the best way to determine how long things will really take. When preparing a schedule estimate, consider that transition between activities often takes time. Organizations or resources outside your direct control may not share your sense of schedule urgency, and their work may take longer to complete. Beware of all external dependency relationships. Uncertain resources of talent, equipment, or data will likely result in extending the project schedule. Experience teaches that things usually take longer than we think they will, and that giving away schedule margin in the planning phase is a sure way to ensure a highly stressed project effort. People tend to be optimistic in estimating schedules and, on average, estimate only 80% of the time actually required. Failure to meet schedule goals is most often due to unrealistic deadlines, passive project execution, unforeseen problems, or things overlooked in the plan. The Gantt Chart Taking its name from early project management innovator Henry L. Gantt, the basic Gantt chart is an easy way to document schedules. It is a horizontal-bar schedule showing activity start, duration, and completion. It shows the connection between events and the calendar, and provides a graphical analog of the activity duration. The Gantt schedule can illustrate the relationship between work activities having duration, events without duration that indicate a significant completion, and milestones that represent major achievements or decision points. Various annotations can be used to communicate the progress of the project effort compared to the baseline plan, as well to depict in a graphical way areas where there are modified expectations from the baseline plan. Once a Gantt schedule has been established for a project, progress should be periodically plotted against the baseline schedule. If different functional areas are involved in a project, each area may need its own detailed schedules to support the project master schedule. In such cases it is important that working schedules be linked to a common master schedule in a way that they can be easily updated. Each activity or event on the schedule should have a responsible individual assigned, so there is clear ownership and so schedule status can be updated without a lot of fuss. Resource Leveling: Projects will often be confronted by time and organizational constraints that limit their ability to obtain human resources. Sometimes staff can be supplemented through temporary help from technical service agencies. When staffing requirements are identified and constraints are understood, work plans can sometimes be adjusted to fit requirements to available resources. Resource scheduling is one of the greatest challenges for projects without access to large organizational or job-market resource pools. Project planning should address such issues as redundancy of critical resources, resource capacity, bench strength in vital areas, and contingency plans to handle departures of key personnel. "Crashing" the Schedule: Efforts to accelerate a project schedule are commonly grouped under the term "crashing" the schedule. Maybe this term was coined to suggest that there is always some price for driving a project to completion sooner than normal. There are a number of ways to improve the schedule when your boss says, I need it sooner! 1. Add people to the schedule. Additional staff must be added early in a project or they will slow it down while learning the ropes. If you add people, you may also need to add staff for supervision and coordination, so staff are fully applied. 2. Improve productivity and work longer hours. A good team atmosphere with management support can help make this happen. Without positive nourishment of this process, you could lose your team to attrition. 3. Review schedule dependencies and look for opportunities to overlap tasks or make serial tasks concurrent or parallel activities. This requires greater coordination and sometimes involves increased risks which need to be managed carefully. 4. Review the project scope and remove or delay features or functionality from the project critical path. 5. Consider innovative approaches such as a different development methodology, alternative technologies, or out-sourcing options. Return to: Project Home
Photo Credit: Why is it, then, that it was specifically the shofar blasts that made the people tremble at Mt. Sinai? Moreover, why were shofar blasts even necessary after the nation had already experienced the thunder and lightening? A Blast of Unity Perhaps we can resolve these questions with the following concept: A shofar naturally inspires fear; as we noted above, the pasuk states (Amos 3:6), “Is it possible that a shofar will be blown in a city and the residents will not become frightened?” The shofar blasts sounded at Har Sinai, however, may have had another purpose, for the blast of the shofar has the ability to unite Klal Yisrael. Where do we find that the blast of the shofar unites the people? When Moshe Rabbeinu wished to gather the nation, he instructed Aharon’s sons to blow the silver trumpets (chatzotzeros), as the Torah teaches in Bamidbar 10:1-10. Likewise, on Yom Kippur of the Yovel year, the shofar was blown to signal that the avadim Ivrim, the Jewish slaves, were freed to return to their families and to become equal in status to the rest of Klal Yisrael. This too alludes to the shofar’s power to unite the people. In fact, the Olelos Efrayim (essays 211-213) explains that the shofar blasts of Rosh Hashanah allude to the unification of the nation of Yisrael. The very design of a shofar alludes to unity. In Maseches Rosh Hashanah (26a), Abayei explains that a cow’s horn cannot be used as a shofar since it is composed of segments, and the Torah tells us to blow one shofar, not several shofars connected together. Likewise, Chazal (Rosh Hashanah 27a, and Rashi ad loc.) taught that if a shofar has cracked in two and is glued together, it may no longer be used for the mitzvah of shofar. These halachos seem to point to the need for absolute unity of the shofar. Not only on Rosh Hashanah and on Yovel does the shofar blast signify unity but in the future as well. The Navi teaches us that at the time of the arrival of Mashiach, the scattered remnants of the Jewish people will be gathered back to their homeland through the blast of a shofar, as the prophet proclaimed (Yeshayahu 27:13), “On that day a great shofar will be sounded; the people who have been lost in the land of Ashur and those abandoned in the land of Egypt will come and prostrate themselves before Hashem on the holy mountain, in Yerushalayim.” The power to gather Bnei Yisrael from wherever they have been exiled throughout the world and reunite them is an integral function of the shofar. As we say in our prayers: “Sound a great shofar for our freedom, and raise a banner to gather our exiles.” Fear of Hashem Brings Unity The question now is if the shofar on the one hand promotes fear and on the other hand promotes unity, how do we reconcile these two seemingly disparate concepts? We suggest that these two facets of the shofar blast are in fact one and the same, rooted in the same concept. Once the shofar removes the obstacles to genuine fear of Hashem, each individual comes to realize that he is not an independent being, that he is an essential component in that great machine that is Klal Yisrael, that he is complete and unified only in conjunction with the klal. To become worthy of receiving the Torah, Klal Yisrael was required to have absolute unity. Chazal teach (Mechilta to Yisro, Bachodesh #1), “Throughout the Torah, in reference to Klal Yisrael’s wandering about in the wilderness, the plural term ‘they traveled’ or ‘they camped’ is used, signifying strife and divisiveness among the people. Only when they arrived at Har Sinai does the Torah use the singular form in the term vayichan – he camped – because in this instance they were all united, “of one heart.” Regarding this, Chazal teach (Derech Eretz Zuta, chapter Hashalom): Hashem said, “Since the people of Yisrael have demonstrated that they detest strife and they love peace, they have camped as one soul. Now I can give them My Torah.” Explaining this passage, Harav Chaim Shmuelevitz (Sichos Mussar 5731, #7) teaches that the Torah was not given to any lone individual but was, rather, given to the entire nation. The nation of Yisrael is not considered a collective nation unless it has achieved the level of unity that is called “as one man, with one heart.” Thus, the purpose of the shofar blasts at Har Sinai was to reinforce the nation’s unity as it approached the mountain to receive the Torah. Loading Facebook Comments ...
Where In The World is Stainforth? Stainforth lies in the borough of Doncaster, in South Yorkshire, England. The very first records of Stainforth tell us of a place on the river Don where traders could cross, hence the original name of Stonyford. Doncaster is seven miles to the south of Stainforth and was once a Roman fort called Danum. The town has been a major market town since the middle ages, and it was because of traders traveling along the river Don and stopping at Stonyford that Stainforth itself was granted a market charter in October of 1348. Today Doncaster still has a thriving market. Seven miles from Doncaster is Conisbrough, where there still stands the remains of a castle which was built at a time when the area from Conisbrough to Hatfield Chase was under the jurisdiction of the Earl of Warrenne. The castle was featured in Sir Walter Scott's novel, Ivanhoe and today has been renovated as a museum and a visitors centre. Doncaster also has a racecourse where top horse racing meetings are held, including the well known St. Leger Handicap. The beginning of the last century saw Doncaster become a major industrial town. With over a dozen coal mines scattered around it's borough, Doncaster saw it's outlying villages swell with the influx of miners from other areas. The Railway Plant at Doncaster was where several of the world's most famous railway steam engines were built; including The Flying Scotsman and The Mallard. Click on the thumbnail images to enlarge them but be sure to close them again before proceeding! The Dome (see the little nipple-like projection in the picture on the left?) & The Yorkshire Outlet. Two examples of the recent trend of moving commercial parks and leisure centres away from the town centre. Recently Doncaster has seen a transformation in it's town centre, with many shops disappearing or moving to estates which lay outside the town. Doncaster's pub culture has made it a popular place for revelers and partygoers and many new pubs have sprung up within the town centre. Doncaster's football team, The Rovers has been through the worst of times over the last few years, but hopefully the future will shine brighter for them and the year 2000 has seen a resurgence at the club. Places to visit Being situated more or less in the centre of England, the Doncaster area makes a good starting point or base for anyone wishing to visit the many places of interest Yorkshire has to offer. The City of York is the most popular place for tourists. Steeped in history, York still has visible evidence of it's occupation by the Romans. The Jorvic Centre tells of the time when the Vikings settled in York, and from whence it's name became Jorvic. In the medieval days of castles and keeps, York was again an important city. The immense Minster and the keep of Clifford's Tower are excellent examples of York's medieval architecture, as indeed are it's City Walls. _ _ A typical York street - Clifford's Tower - York Minster The East Coast of Yorkshire has many attractive seaside towns, most of which are well known in their own right. Traveling north from the shifting sands of Spurn Point Nature Reserve at the mouth of the Humber, one passes through Withernsea, a quiet holiday town with a beautiful sandy beach. Next stop is Hornsea, famous for it's pottery. After passing through Skipsea and joining the A165 you arrive at Bridlington. This traditional fishing town has been a popular place for holiday makers since Victorian times. The town also has a splendid harbour, protected by a sea wall and which is a favourite place for sea anglers. Further up the coast is Flamborough Head, well known for it's lighthouse and RNLI Life Boat station. Between Flamborough and Reighton, the next village northwards, is the Bempton Cliffs Bird Sanctuary. This is a wonderful place to visit as it is the nesting site of a great variety of sea birds, including razorbills, puffins and guillemots. After passing through Filey, another favourite seaside holiday place for many, we come to Scarborough. Well known world wide through the song "Scarborough Fair", like Bridlington Scarborough has much to offer those who wish for the traditional British seaside holiday. After passing through the villages of Scalby Ravenscar and the picturesque Robin Hood's Bay, the last and most northerly of Yorkshire's east coast towns is Whitby. Whitby is a town steeped in history and folklore. Once the town was home to the whaling ships, and this time was well recorded by local photographer called Sutcliffe. Examples of Sutcliffe's work can be found in the many small museums scattered around Whitby. Bram Stoker added further to the town's notoriety with the story of Dracula, the blood sucking vampire. In the original tale, Dracula's coffin was washed ashore, beneath the cliffs atop which stands Whitby's Gothic style Abbey. Whitby Jet is a hard shiny black stone which can be carved into ornaments and jewelry. The jet is obtained locally and sold through many of the town's shops. Whitby's most famous son has to be James Cook (1728 - 79), to whom a memorial stands above the town's distinctive walled harbour. Captain James Cook sailed on his famous voyages of discovery to the southernmost areas of the Pacific Ocean. During his voyages he claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain. He also circumnavigated New Zealand, and many islands and geographical features of The Pacific still bear Cook's name. _ _ The above thumbnails link to views of Whitby Abbey. _ _ _ The next row of thumbnails link to photographs showing a view of the town from the harbour, the harbour itself and the view from the steps which lead up to the Abbey, while the thumbnail below left links to a photograph of the fishing boats in Bridlington's harbour. ( I swear, I didn't see the name on the boat until after I took the photograph!) The other two photographs below show fishing scenes from the harbour wall. (They let anyone fish there!) _ _ The Yorkshire Dales covers a large area of land in northwest Yorkshire. Anyone who has ever seen the TV series, "It shouldn't happen to a vet" based on the book by Yorkshire based veterinarian James Herriot will know of the natural beauty to be seen by visitors to the area. Of the many towns and villages that are in the dales, some of the most popular places include the ruins of Bolton Abbey. The market town of Thirsk - which now includes the James Herriot Museum is well worth a visit, as is The Bronte Museum in Harworth. Many of the villages are popular purely for their beauty. Kettlewell being a fine example. These thumbnails link to photographs that I took whilst visiting the dales and during which time the people of Kettlewell were holding a scarecrow competition. - _ The Humber Bridge. The following two thumbnails link to photographs of the Humber Bridge. This magnificent piece of engineering and architecture links the northern bank of the River Humber, (what used to known as Northumbria), with the south bank, once called North Lincolnshire but now known as Humberside. When it was first constructed, the Humber Bridge was the longest single span suspension bridge in the world. The steel ropes were spun by a company in Doncaster and support the massive span from two concrete towers. A toll is charged for using the bridge but it is estimated that the cost of the initial outlay will never be recovered. The Humber Bridge Heroes and Legends. There are many folk heroes who's names are forever connected with Yorkshire. For instance, visitors to York can see the cell where the highwayman Dick Turpin spent his last night, before facing the gallows the following morning. Dick Turpin is remembered for riding his horse, Black Bess, in an overnight gallop from London to York in an attempt to escape punishment for his crimes. The Major Oak Twenty two miles from Stainforth, in Sherwood Forest in the neighbouring county of Nottinghamshire, there stands an old oak tree. The tree is so old and fragile that it's boughs need to be supported by wooden props. The tree is called "The Major Oak" and is reputed to be the hideout of Robin Hood and "his band of merry men". These days the name of Robin Hood is inextricably linked with Nottinghamshire, but there is much evidence that shows he may have been a common bandit who plied his trade on the Great North Road, just outside Doncaster. Stainforth 2001 Homepage
Battle of Littleferry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Battle of Littleferry Part of the Jacobite Rising of 1745 View of Littleferry battle site.jpg View from Rhives above Golspie looking south across battlefield towards Littleferry & Loch Fleet. Date 15 April 1746 Location Littleferry, Scotland grid reference NH8198 Coordinates: 57°57′37″N 4°0′11″W / 57.96028°N 4.00306°W / 57.96028; -4.00306 Result British-Hanoverian Government victory Kingdom of Great Britain Scottish Hanoverians, Independent Highland Companies, drawn from: Clan Mackay[1][2] Clan Sutherland[3][2] Jacobites drawn from: Clan Mackenzie[2][3] Clan Gregor[2] Clan Mackinnon[2] Commanders and leaders Kingdom of Great Britain Ensign John Mackay of Moudale George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie 200 men.[4] 400-500 Casualties and losses Unknown 100 killed.[4] 150[4] or 172 captured.[3][5] The Battle of Littleferry (also known as the Skirmish at Golspie[6]) took place during the Jacobite rising in 1746, just before the Battle of Culloden. Scottish forces loyal to the British government defeated a Scottish Jacobite force.[7] Following the Skirmish of Tongue where a significant amount of money and urgent supplies had been captured from the Jacobites by forces under Captain Hugh Mackay, a strong force of Jacobites was sent north in an attempt to recover the supplies.[2] This Jacobite force comprised some of their best fighting men; the MacGregors, Coll Macdonnell of Barrisdale, the Mackinnons and the Jacobite Mackenzies under George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie.[2] This force arrived too late to be of any assistance to their allies who had been captured at the Skirmish of Tongue. William Sutherland, 17th Earl of Sutherland was loyal to the Hanoverian government, but he had not raised and armed his clan quickly enough to take action against Charles Edward Stuart. This led to a suspicion in London that Sutherland might be disloyal. However, the Jacobites also questioned Sutherland's loyalty, and the Jacobite Earl of Cromartie was sent with 500 men against the Earl of Sutherland. Cromartie's force stormed Dunrobin Castle; the Earl of Sutherland narrowly escaped them through a back door of the castle.[7] The battle[edit] The Earl of Cromartie and his force decided to re-join the main Jacobite force under Prince Charles at Inverness.[2] However he and his men were attacked, with vigour at Little Ferry by two Independent Highland Companies, one from the Clan Sutherland and one from the Clan Mackay, led by Ensign John Mackay of Moudale.[2] Believing that all of Sutherland's followers had dispersed, the Jacobite officers had allowed their men to march ahead of them, confident that they, the officers on horseback, could quickly catch up with the marching men. However, there were still some Sutherland men in the hills above Dunrobin. Led by Ensign Mackay, the Sutherland men came down from the hills near Golspie, attacking into the gap between the rebel officers and their soldiers. Most of the Jacobite officers were captured; many of the men were killed, and the rest were driven onto the beach, where several were drowned trying to swim Loch Fleet. Most of Cromartie's men were either killed or taken prisoner and thus denied the Prince much needed reinforcements.[2] An account of the Battle of Littleferry was written by Angus Mackay in his book "The Book of Mackay": A few days before Culloden, Cromartie got orders to rejoin the Prince at Inverness with all his forces, but as he was marching towards the Little Ferry, Ensign John Mackay with a handful of men intrepidly attacked him. Mackay's boldness encouraged others of the Sutherland militia, who were in the hills near at hand, to take part in the affray, with the result that Cromartie was defeated and all his troops were either killed or captured. Mackay pistol in hand forced his way into Dunrobin Castle, into which Cromartie fled, and notwithstanding the efforts of the Countess of Sutherland, who was suspected of favouring the rebels and especially Cromartie, made a prisoner of the earl whom he found hiding under a bed.[8] Aftermath and significance[edit] Cromartie, who had been captured and detained at Dunrobin Castle was put on a vessel that carried him to London. Cromartie, along with Lord Kilmarnock, Lord Lovat, and Lord Balmerino were all impeached of high treason, tried, and condemned. Cromartie was later pardoned, but the others were executed.[9] Despite this victory, some in the government in London were still inclined to associate the Sutherlands with the Cromartie rebels that they had defeated. The Earl of Sutherland spent several years before his death in 1750 attempting to obtain compensation from the government for the damage done to his estates by the rebels.[7] Angus Mackay writes of the significance of the Battle of Littleferry in the Book of Mackay as being more than is generally realized by the fact that Cromartie's Jacobite force would have provided much needed help to the Jacobites at Culloden and was prevented from doing so.[10] 1. ^ Mackay, Angus, M.A. (1906). (St Andrews University). The Book of Mackay. pp. 190 - 191. 2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Simpson, Peter. (1996). The Independent Highland Companies, 1603 - 1760. pp. 135 - 136. ISBN 0-85976-432-X. 3. ^ a b c Sutherland, Malcolm. (1996). A Fighting Clan, Sutherland Officers: 1250 – 1850. pp. 32. Avon Books. ISBN 1-897960-47-6. 4. ^ a b c MacLeod, Ruairi. (1984). Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness. Volume LIII. pp. 340. 5. ^ Reid, Stuart (2002), Culloden Moor 1746: The Death of the Jacobite Cause, Campaign series, 106, Osprey Publishing, pp. 85–87, ISBN 1-84176-412-4 6. ^ Skirmish at Golspie. Retrieved on December 29, 2012. 7. ^ a b c Clan Sutherland History 9. ^ Mackay, Robert. (1829). History of The House and Clan of the Name MacKay. pp. 533 - 534. External links[edit]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from National Liberal Progressive) Jump to: navigation, search Liberal-Progressive was a label used by a number of candidates in Canadian elections between 1925 and 1953. In federal and Ontario politics, there was no Liberal-Progressive party: it was an alliance between two separate parties. In Manitoba, a party existed with this name. Federal politics[edit] With the Progressive Party of Canada's 1921 electoral breakthrough, Canadian federal politics operated under a "three party system" for the first time. The Liberal Party of Canada under William Lyon Mackenzie King tried to deal with this situation by co-opting the Progressives, offering to form a coalition with them. The Progressive Party refused. But by 1926, the party had split and some Progressives decided to support the Liberals, running as Liberal Progressive or Liberal-Labour-Progressive candidates or similar variations. This phenomenon occurred particularly in the 1925 election and the 1926 election. A number of Liberal Progressive Members of Parliament became full-fledged Liberals in the 1930s. There was one Independent Liberal-Progressive candidate in 1925. In the 1930 election, eight Liberal Progressives ran in Manitoba, but only two were elected. One candidate was defeated by a Liberal candidate. In the 1935 election, five Liberal Progressives ran in Manitoba, four of whom were elected. One of these won over a Liberal candidate, while the defeated Liberal Progressive was defeated by a Liberal. "National Liberal Progressive" was a political label used by in the federal election of 1940, by W. Garfield Case, in Grey North electoral district in Ontario. Case listed ‘Insurance manager’ as his profession. He won 2,434 votes, 15.5% of the popular vote. The election was won by the Liberal Party candidate, William P. Telford. When Telford resigned on 9 December 1944, to provide a vacancy for A.G.L. McNaughton, Case ran and won the 5 February 1945 by-election as the candidate of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Five MPs in all sat as Liberal-Progressives: Edgar Douglas Richmond Bissett, Robert Forke, James Allison Glen, George William McDonald and William Gilbert Weir. Forke and Glen became ministers in Liberal cabinets (Glen also served as Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons) while Weir served as government whip for a number of years. In Alberta, one candidate ran under the Liberal Progressive banner during the 1926 Alberta election. Mr A.D. Campbell achieved 252 votes, in the Camrose district coming in fourth place. In Ontario, an electoral coalition was formed in 1934 between the provincial Liberals under Mitchell Hepburn, and the Progressive bloc of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) under Harry Nixon. Nixon had been elected with the United Farmers of Ontario and served in cabinet of E. C. Drury as Provincial Secretary and Registrar of Ontario when the party formed government in 1919. By the end of its term in 1923, the party had changed its name to the Progressives and after the 1926 election, Nixon was the sole former member of the Drury cabinet left in the legislature. In the coalition formed in 1934, the Progressive group ran as Liberal-Progressives. They were eventually absorbed into the Ontario Liberal Party. Even before 1934, several candidates ran and were elected under the Liberal-Progressive banner: Although the party was dominated by its "Progressive" wing, it had become popularly known as the Liberal Party by the 1940s. (The national Progressive Party had vanished by this time.) It changed its name to the Manitoba Liberal Party in 1961, against only scattered objections from diehard Progressives. See also[edit] External links[edit]
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel Key Concepts of the Philosophy of George Berkley Updated on September 30, 2011 George Berkley was an 18th century Irish philosopher and Catholic Bishop who was the second great empiricist of the early modern era. Berkley was interested in the epistemological argument that had been established by René Descartes and John Locke and formed his own system of epistemology and metaphysics in order to respond to it. Berkley rejected the rationalist ideas of a priori concepts being the basis of all real knowledge but was also a critic of Locke’s version of empiricism, which he thought failed to really respond to the rationalist arguments effectively. Berkley is less known today, primarily because his contributions have been overshadowed by Hume, but some contemporary philosophers, such as David Chalmers, have been influenced by Berkley in their evaluation of concepts having to do with artificial intelligence and virtual reality. Critique of Materialism Berkley found the ideas of Descartes, Locke and Hobbes to be unconvincing when it comes to ideas about the material world. Berkley thought that the human brain has the ability to only perceive ideas. The implication of such a claim is that all representations of matter are representations of ideas within the human mind. Berkley takes the radical stance that not only are there nonmaterial things in the world, in contrast to Hobbes, and that we have a faculty that can assess knowledge independent of the blank slate being shaped by sense perception that Locke favors, but he contends that all matter is in fact not real at all. What he means by this is that matter had no real existence beyond the ideas within our minds that matter is a representation. This seems to be completely counter intuitive to how we perceive reality but Berkley’s ideas seem a little more clear when we look at what we know about the brain now and the idea of artificial realities that can be created from a computer. Any sense perception can be duplicated by the stimulation of certain parts of the brain. In the case of a virtual world, a human being would not be able to tell the difference between a world that existed outside a computer and inside a computer. They would both seem equally real because in both cases the representations of such matter and sensations are created from within the brain. Berkley argues that we cannot conceive of mind independent objects because we must conceive of any object for it to have any real representation within the physical world. Berkley also points out the subjectivity of certain sense judgments like hot and cold. What may be hot to one person might be cold to another and Berkley asks how this can be true if such a distinction exists independently of the mind? If we accept that such distinctions as hot or cold, or pain or pleasure, are subjectively determined by the mind then how can we have any justification for any kind of matter to exist independent of the mind’s ability to conceive it. The question then remains, what exactly does Berkley think that the physical world is composed of? Berkley claims that all the physical world is consists of a collection of ideas and this would serve the basis for what would later be established by David Hume, “bundle theory.” Berkley does not believe in a material world, meaning that he does not believe in a world that is mind independent but he does believe in a physical world that is dependent on the ideas that a mind perceives. Berkley thinks that ideas are passive and have no casual power so he then makes an argument about the existence of God. Since sensory ideas cannot be caused by other ideas they must be caused by something else and that is God. To Berkley, spirits are the perceivers of ideas within the human beings and God is an infinite spirit who is aware of all ideas and perceptions at once. This means that all beings and their ideas exist within the mind of God. God has created the world, not through the manipulating of material matter but through sheer thought and perception alone. So we are essentially living within the mind of God and when we die then we have exited from God’s perception because he has stopped thinking and perceiving us. Berkley called his philosophy “common sense” philosophy but it baffled most of the readers of his work at the time. One argument that Berkley encountered, was that his philosophy made the distinction between real things and imaginary things completely non-existent. Berkley responded that the ideas that constitute real things are consistent and steady while dreams and hallucinations have no consistency with each other. This is also justified by his conception of God, since Berkley thinks that all real things are perceived in God’s mind, they would have a consistency since an all knowing thinker would perceive them. Imaginary things are dependent on the will of humans, and therefore do not have the consistency of ideas that are perceived through the mind of God. 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment • profile image cathy 4 years ago a good piece of work Click to Rate This Article
Learn More Speakers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show difficulties in suprasegmental aspects of speech production, or prosody, those aspects of speech that accompany words and sentences and create what is commonly called "tone of voice." However, little is known about the perception of prosody, or about the specific aspects of prosodic production that result(More) Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a group of severe neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by disturbances in social, cognitive, and communicative function that are not fully explained by developmental level. Although most of these disorders are associated with depressed cognitive and language functioning, an estimated 20%–40% of individuals with(More) • 1
The Bible, King James Version (KJV) - Introduction The King James Version (KJV) is a translation commissioned by the Church of England in 1604 and the work continued till 1611. However, it wasn't the first translation into English from the original Hebrew, and some portions in Aramaic. Two earlier English translations had been approved by the Anglican Church, but this third version was commissioned in response to some perceived mistakes and flaws in earlier translations which were found to be unsatisfactory by the Puritans. King James VI ascended the English throne at the age of thirteen months after his mother Mary Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate in his favor. With his reign, the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland came under the Crown. The Jacobean Age was famous for the flowering of literary and artistic movements. Shakespeare, Marlowe, John Donne and a host of poets, playwrights and writers contributed to the rich literary environment. The KJV was ordered so that it would reflect the Episcopal structure of the Anglican Church and the ordained stature of English clergy. More than 47 translators worked on it. The Old Testament was directly translated from the original Hebrew and Aramaic, while the New Testament was from a Greek version. A Catechism was added to The Book of Common Prayer. The KJV soon gained popularity and supplanted all other versions over a very short period. The version we have today has remained almost unchanged since the 19th century and is exclusively used everywhere in the Protestant world. It has had a huge impact on English literature over the four hundred odd years of its life and its literary and lyrical qualities have been praised by people of all religions. Apart from being a sacred text, it has immense cultural and literary value. Thousands of phrases, idioms and usages from the KJV have found their way into everyday communication in English. It has added to the richness and depth of the language across the centuries and inspired millions of writers, artists, poets and musicians to create beautiful and enduring works. Truly a magnificent and memorable read for people of any age or faith. MP3 download link

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