Datasets:

keirp
/

open-web-math-dev

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 2.95M rows

url stringlengths 14 1.76k	text stringlengths 100 1.02M	metadata stringlengths 1.06k 1.1k
https://bakingandmath.com/tag/surfaces/	Tag Archives: surfaces ## Connecting hyperbolic and half-translation surfaces, part II (math) 1 Mar Last week we saw the standard definition for a hyperbolic surface. You can tweak this standard definition to define all sorts of surfaces, and we tweaked it for a definition of half-translation surfaces. Here are the two definitions: • A hyperbolic surface is a topological space such that every point has a neighborhood chart from the hyperbolic plane and such that the transition maps are isometries. • A half-translation surface is a topological space such that all but finitely many points* have a neighborhood chart from the Euclidean plane and such that the transition maps are combinations of translations and flips. These finitely many points are called singularities. Precision note: according to Wikipedia, we need to add the adjective “Hausdorff” to our topological space. We won’t worry about this or give a precise definition of it; you can just know that Hausdorff has something to do with separating points in our space. Half-translation spaces come with something nifty that occurs in Euclidean space. You know how when you look at a piece of notebook paper, it has all these nice parallel lines on it for writing? Or if you look at a big stack of paper, each sheet makes a line which is parallel to the hundreds of others? This is from clip art panda. How useful! Mathematicians call that a foliation: each sheet of paper is called a leaf. This is an intuitive definition; we’re not going to go into a technical definition for foliation. Just know that Euclidean space comes with a foliation of all horizontal lines y=r, where is some real number. Then since transition maps of half-translation spaces come from either straight translations or flips, the foliation carries over to the half-translation space (though orientation might have flipped, we don’t care about those in this application). All the slides are generously shared by Aaron Fenyes Notice in the picture in the lower left that there are a few points where the horizontal foliation doesn’t quite work. Those are the singularities that show up in the definition of a half-translation surface (we need them if we want our surface to be anything besides an annulus). At those singular points, we glue together patches of Euclidean space. The orange color in this picture shows the path of the critical leaf as it winds all the way around the surface some number of times. Last week we had those nify gifs to show us how to think about curvature as positive, negative, or zero. Here’s the example of zero curvature, because the last arrow is the same as the first arrow: We can actually get precise numbers instead of just signs for curvature. Here the triangle encompasses -π/3 curvature. Notice that it embeds straight down into the hyperbolic surface, so we see an actual triangle down in the lower left. If we made this triangle bigger and bigger, eventually it’d wrap around the surface and we wouldn’t see a triangle, just a bunch of lines hinting at a triangle up in the hyperbolic plane. That’s the next picture. Curvature can range from -π to π. Here’s an example of an extremely negatively curved triangle which has -π curvature: Such a triangle in hyperbolic space has all three corners on the boundary/at infinity. This is called an ideal triangle. So all ideal triangles encompass -π curvature. You can see also how in the surface, we have a collection of lines whose preimage is the ideal triangle. We can also use the same process to find curvature in other places. For instance, if we make a little hexagon around a singularity of a half-translation surface, we can go around it with the same parallel transport process to figure out how much curvature the singularity contains. We’ll make use of that horizontal foliation we saw earlier. This looks very similar to our ideal triangle: the arrow starts off pointing up, and ends up pointing exactly the opposite direction. So this singularity has -π curvature too, just like the ideal triangles. Now for the math part! Here’s the question: given a hyperbolic surface, how can we construct an associated half-translation surface? Answer: we’ll use those foliations that we had before, as well as something called a geodesic lamination: this is when you take a closed subset of your surface, and give it a foliation. So it’s like a foliation, only there’ll be holes in your surface where you didn’t define how the pages stack. The first example of a geodesic lamination is a plain ol’ geodesic curve in your surface: the curve itself is a closed subset, and the foliation has exactly one leaf, the curve itself. After this example they get real funky. You don’t even have to take me to funkytown; geodesic laminations are already there! Given a book, we might want to know how many pages we’ve read once we stick our finger in somewhere. Luckily there are page numbers, so we can subtract the page number we started at from the page number we’re standing at. Similarly, given a foliation, we might want to have a measure on it, transverse to the leaves. If we have one, it’s called a measured foliation. These exist. So let’s start with our hyperbolic surface, and choose a maximal measured geodesic lamination on it. Maximal means that the holes are the smallest they could possibly be. Turns out this means they’re the images of ideal triangles under the atlas. Told you they were funky. Also, there are only finitely many of these triangle-shaped holes down in the surface (we’re sweeping some math under the rug here). Now we need to get from this surface to a half-translation surface. We’ll keep that foliation given by the lamination, and we need to get rid of those complementary triangles somehow. So the lamination’s foliation will become the horizontal foliation of the half-translation surface, and the ideal triangles will correspond to singular points. We can’t just collapse the ideal triangles to singular points, because as we saw earlier, images of ideal triangles are really funky and wrap around the surface. We need to find smaller triangles to turn into singular points. Here’s the picture: Upstairs, we made a new purple foliation (transverse to the lamination) of the complementary ideal triangles, by using arcs of circles perpendicular to the boundary circle (these circles are called horocycles). So now we have teensier triangles in the middle of the ideal triangles, called orthic triangles. To make a half-translation surface, we’ll quotient out the horocycles, which means that in each ideal triangle, we identify an entire purple arc with one point. Quotienting out horocycles a.k.a. identifying the pink lines all as individual pink points. That means each side of the orthic triangle is identified with a point, so the orthic triangle disappears. In this way we get tripods from triangles. The middles of these tripods are singular points of the half-translation surface. The measure from the measured lamination gives a measure on the foliation of the half-translation surface. But Euclidean space actually comes with horizontal and vertical distances defined (remember, half-translation surfaces locally look like Euclidean space). So far we have a way to get one direction. How do we get the transverse distance? We use the fact that we chose a geodesic lamination of our hyperbolic surface. Geodesics are curves of shortest length; in particular they have length. So if I’m in my translation surface and moving along a leaf of the foliation, I can look back at where I was in the lamination of the hyperbolic surface and use that distance. [There’s some rug math here too.] So we’ve made neighborhoods in the half-translation surface look like Euclidean space. So that’s that! You can also go backwards from a half-translation surface to a hyperbolic surface by blowing up the singular points into ideal triangles. [More math, especially when the singularities of the half-translation surface are messy or share critical leaves]. Aaron claims this is folklore, but a quick google search led me to this paper (in French) and this one by the same author who connects flat laminations (on half-translation surfaces) to the geodesic ones we see in hyperbolic surfaces in section 5. I lied about finitely many points. You can have infinitely many singularities in a half-translation surface; they just have to be discrete (so you should be able to make a ball around each other disjoint from the others, even if the balls are different sizes). Examples of discrete sets: integers, $2^x, x>0$. Examples of not-discrete sets: rational numbers, $2^x, x<0$. ## Connecting hyperbolic and half-translation surfaces, part I (definitions) 24 Feb I love talks that start with “I haven’t seen this written down explicitly anywhere, but…” because that means someone is about to explain some math folklore! There are some statements floating around in mathland that specialists in those fields believe, so the rest of us believe them because the specialists said so, but no one knows a citation or a written proof for them. That’s folklore. Two weeks ago I gave a talk and someone asked a question (are RAAGS uniquely determined by their defining graphs?) and I said “probably, but I have no references for you.” I found a reference a day later and emailed it to her, but the reference was way hard and had way more machinery than I was expecting. The power of folklore! Anyways, this series of posts will be based on a talk by a grad student at UT, Aaron Fenyes. This was a great, great talk with lots of pretty slides, which Aaron has generously allowed me to put up here. We’ll review curvature and surfaces, and then talk about how to go back and forth between two kinds of surfaces. We’ve chatted about hyperbolic space v. Euclidean and spherical space before in terms of Euclid’s postulates, but let’s chat a bit about curvature. We say the Euclidean plane/real space has curvature 0, that hyperbolic space is negatively curved, and spherical space is positively curved. There’s a nice way to see curvature: draw a triangle in your space (that old link also has some triangle conditions in it), and imagine standing at a point on that triangle and looking toward one corner of the triangle. By “looking out” I mean your gaze should lie tangent to the triangle. Remember: Left: tangent; line hits circle at exactly one point. Center: not tangent, line hits circle at two points Right: not tangent, line doesn’t hit circle Now walk toward the corner you’re facing, and then walk down the second side of the triangle still facing that direction (so you’re sidestepping), and walk around the next corner (so you’re now walking backwards) and keep going until you end up where you started. This is called parallel transport. If your triangle was in Euclidean space, then you’re facing the same way you were when you started. Gif! Note the ending blue vector is identical to the beginning purple vector. So we have curvature 0. If your triangle was slim, then you might find yourself facing the opposite way that you started! Or if your triangle isn’t that curved, you’ll find yourself facing a direction counterclockwise from your original one. Aaron Fenyes made the pictures; I gif’d it! My first gif! This is the summary of the gif: you can see how the ending light blue vector is pointed away from the original purple vector From the original to the new vector: it’s a pi/3 counter-clockwise turn. Similarly, if your triangle was fat, you’ll end up facing a direction clockwise from your original. Here’s the picture of just the first and last arrows: The green arrow is now clockwise from the red arrow, which means this has positive curvature. So curvature is a way to measure how far clockwise you’ve turned after doing this parallel transport. I love that description of curvature vs. the way I did it before, but they’re all good ways of seeing the same thing. Next we need to review surfaces. When we first met hyperbolic surfaces, we built them by gluing pairs of pants together, which themselves were stitched together from right angled hexagons which lived in hyperbolic space. Redux: Now if I take a little patch from my hyperbolic surface, I can trace back through one or two pairs of pants to find the original hexagon(s) in hyperbolic space where my patch came from. So I have a map from hyperbolic space to my patch of hyperbolic surface, describing the metric and geometry around that patch. This map is called a chart, and every point on a hyperbolic surface will have a chart associated with it, sending some part of hyperbolic space to a neighborhood of that point. Here Aaron picked a blue patch and an orange patch in the surface, and the picture shows their charts from the hyperbolic plane to the patches. This picture might make you leery: what happens when images of charts overlap, like they do here? The preimages in the hyperbolic plane are disjoint, but they map to the same yellow area in the surface. We want to say there’s some reasonable relationship between the yellow preimage patches in the hyperbolic plane. That relationship is the only one we know, isometry: There’s an isometry of the hyperbolic plane sending the orange patch to the new orange patch, so that the yellow parts overlap exactly. If we look only at the yellow patch, we can find another way to describe the map in the picture: first, do the blue chart sending the blue patch to the surface. Then, do the inverse of the orange chart, which sends the orange surface patch to its preimage. Restricted to the yellow overlap patch, this is the definition of a transition map. So here’s another way to think of hyperbolic surfaces, instead of gluing hexagons together like before. A hyperbolic surface is a topological space such that every point has a neighborhood chart from the hyperbolic plane and such that the transition maps are isometries. If you change where the chart is coming from, we can change the adjective before surface. For instance, a flat surface is when the charts come from the Euclidean plane. Now we’re going to define half translation surfaces, where the charts come from the Euclidean plane, but we have some more conditions on the transition maps. The isometries of the Euclidean plane all come from a combination of translations and rotations. Instead of allowing all isometries, we’ll only allow some of them: In this picture you can see the orange and blue patches on the surface which come from the Euclidean plane. Now we’re allowing translations and pi (180 degree) rotations only for our transition maps. That’s why they’re called half-translation surfaces: charts from the Euclidean plane, and transition maps are translations plus half-rotations (flips). As an aside, a translation surface is when we allow translations only, and no flips. In the next post in this series, I’ll go through Aaron’s explanation of how we can go from hyperbolic surfaces to half-translation surfaces and back, and we’ll get to revisit our old friend the curve complex. It’ll be fun! ## Kissing numbers, current research in hyperbolic surfaces 30 Mar I just got back from the fantastic Graduate Student Topology & Geometry Conference, where I gave a talk and also brought my baby. I tried to google “bringing baby to academic conference” as I’ve seen one baby at a conference before (with his dad), and I knew this kid would be the only baby at ours. But it was cold enough/uncomfortable enough that I just had him stay in the hotel with my mom, and I ran back during breaks to feed him. Also, it was my first time being “heckled” by both of these two brother professors famous for “attacking” speakers- they happen to know just about everything and are also suckers for precision, which I am not (and should be). But I got a lot of good feedback on my talk, and I’m generally a very capable speaker (though I was not as prepared as I would’ve liked, thanks to somebody who likes to interrupt me every five minutes…) Anyways, this is not about me, this is about my friend who gave one of the best talks of the conference and more importantly, her research. This post is based on notes I took during her talk + skimming her paper (joint with her advisor) on which it is based. Remember that we had our introduction to hyperbolic space. This research is focused on hyperbolic surfaces, which are shapes that locally look like hyperbolic space- this means that if you look at one point on the surface and just a little area around it, you think you’re in hyperbolic space. A good analogy is our world- we live on a sphere, but locally it looks like flat space. If you didn’t know better, you’d think the earth is flat, based on your local data. So how can we build a hyperbolic surface? While hexagons in flat space always have angles that sum to 720 degrees, that’s not true in hyperbolic space. In fact, you can make right angled hexagons, which means that every single corner has 90 degrees. If you pick three lengths a,b,c>0 and assign these lengths to three sides of the hexagon like the picture, you’ll fully determine the hexagon- hyperbolic space is wacky! Now glue two copies of a hexagon together along those matching a,b,c sides. You’ll have a funny shape with three holes in it, and those holes will have circumference 2a, 2b, 2c. This is called a pair of pants in topology. You can glue together a bunch of pants to form a hyperbolic surface, by gluing them together along holes with the same length. Any hyperbolic surface, conversely, can be cut up into pairs of pants (this pants decomposition is not unique, as you can see below). You could also set one of those lengths equal to 0, so you’d get a right angled pentagon as one of the hexagon’s sides would collapse. You can still do the pants thing here by gluing together copies of the pentagon, but instead of having a hole with circumference 2a like we had before, you’ll have a cusp that goes off to infinity- it’s like an infinite cone with finite volume. Now we’ve built every hyperbolic surface (there are some more details, like how you glue together pants, but let’s just stick with this broad schematic for now). As long as the expression 2-2(number of holes)-(number of cusps)<0, your surface is hyperbolic. So, for instance, a sphere isn’t hyperbolic, because it has no holes and no cusps, so you get 2 which is not smaller than 0. And a torus isn’t hyperbolic, because it only has one hole, so you get 2-1=1. But all the surfaces in the pictures in this post are hyperbolic- try the formula out yourself! One thing you can ask about a hyperbolic surface is: how long is its shortest essential curve? By “essential,” we mean that it isn’t homotopic (this is a link to a previous post defining homotopy) to a cusp or a point. This shortest curve is called the systole of the surface. Systolic geometry is a whole area of study, as a side note. But we’re interested in the question: how many systoles can a surface have? This is called the kissing number of the surface. A few notes: a “generic” surface has Kiss(S)=1, that is, there’s only one shortest curve if you happen to pick one “random” surface (scare quotes because no precise definitions). And it’s relatively “easy” to make a surface with Kiss(S)=3*(number of holes)-3+(number of cusps). Check for yourself that this number is exactly the number of curves in a pants decomposition of a surface. Using some hyperbolic geometry you can prove that there won’t be any shorter curves if you make all of the pants curves very “short.” So what Fanoni and Parlier do in their paper is come up with an upper bound on the kissing number of surfaces with cusps. I won’t go into that, but I will try to explain part of a lemma they use on the way. If your surface doesn’t have any cusps, then systoles can pairwise intersect at most once. But if you do have cusps, then Fanoni & Parlier prove that your systoles can intersect at most twice (and they build examples of surfaces with cusps that have systoles that pairwise intersect twice). First they show that two systoles which intersect at least twice can only intersect in the way pictured to the left below, and not as in the right: This picture from the Fanoni-Parlier paper I did not make this! This matters because it implies that two systoles which intersect at least twice must intersect an even number of times. In particular, if two systoles intersect more than twice, then they intersect at least four times. So assume for contradiction that two systoles and intersect more than twice. So they intersect at least four times. That means that there’s some intersection point somewhere such that the b-arcs coming out of it make up no more than half of the systole length (see picture below) If the green arc is more than half the length of the circle, then the blue one is less than half the length of the circle. So if you look at these short b-arcs, plus the path, and wiggle things around, you’ll see a four-holed sphere (two holes above” the curve, and two holes “below,” one of each inside a arc). Left: a schematic of how a and b intersect. Black dots represent holes or cusps. Center: the short b arcs plus the full a path Right: the short b arcs plus the a path, after moving four dots to be holes of a 4-holed sphere This four-holed sphere has a curve on it, determined by part of and the arcs, which is shorter than the original systoles. This contradicts the definition of systole, so our premise must be wrong- two systoles can intersect at most twice. This was proposition 3.2 in their paper- tomorrow I’m going to share propositions 3.1-3.3 with my advisor’s small seminar. Hopefully I don’t get heckled too badly this time! OOPS I ALMOST FORGOT: life update. We bought a house and are moving to Austin, TX. I’m still planning on finishing my Ph.D., just virtually. [Up to a finite-index subgroup, obviously. Bad math joke]. I’ll probably be flying up to Chicago every so often to meet with my advisor/eventually defend my thesis. But yes, we’re driving in our minivan to Texas on Thursday. So… we’ll see when we get the internet set up in the new house. I’ll try not to make too long a break until my next post. ## Introduction to the curve complex 21 Jan This isn’t actually what I’m focusing on, but my friend Matt does his research with this thing. I think it’s pretty cool so I’ll try to explain what it is. P.S. I signed up for a class called “Explaining Science” this semester so hopefully my exposition will get clearer. Or I just need to write more math posts and they will get better. I’m going to chat with you about the curve complex, so first, let’s think about curves. simple closed curve on a surface is a big ol’ loop (closed) that doesn’t cross itself (simple). You can think of these as made of stretchy pieces of string. Two curves are homotopic if you can push the string from one curve to form the other curve, without jumping across holes. Red curves are homotopic to each other; blue curve is not So for our example, no matter how you move it, the blue string won’t ever look like either of the red ones, because it’s “stuck” on the big hole in the middle, and no matter how you manipulate it, it has to get around that hole by going to the left half of the torus. Versus the two red curves are homotopic, because you could suck in that big alien arm from the top red curve, and the little thumb wrapping around the bottom, and then you’d look like the bottom red loop. We say the red curves are both representatives of the same homotopy class. At first, it might be tempting to think there’s only two homotopy classes of loops on the torus: red ones, and blue ones. But then you get green ones: Green curve not homotopic to either the blue or red ones Our green guy wraps around the horizontal axis of our torus once, but it wraps around the vertical way four times. It totally can’t be manipulated to look like either the red or the blue curves. [Aside: knot theorists could call this a (4,1) torus knot, for obvious reasons, but since one of the numbers is a 1, the knot is trivial. E.g. the green curve is just a loop if you took away the torus. But if it was, say, a (4,2) knot, then it wouldn’t be trivial if you took away the torus.] My point was this: there’s a whole bunch of homotopy classes of simple closed curves on this very simple surface. And on any surface, there’s gonna be a whole bunch of homotopy classes of simple closed curves. (In fact, infinitely many.) Instead of looking at the surface, we can look at those curves and talk about them. But it’s pretty impossible to just look at a list of curves and say things about it, just like it’s way hard to look at a list of roads and figure out the best way to get from A to B. What we need is a road map to show how these homotopy classes interact with each other. And that road map is our curve complex. So let’s make this map. For each homotopy class, we form a vertex (like a city). So in our example, we’re holding three vertices, say R, G, and B. Then we draw an edge between vertices (like a road between cities) if the homotopy classes have some representatives that don’t intersect. In our case, no matter how you draw them, all three of our curves intersect. So they’re just three disjoint vertices in our curve complex. Here’s a quick example of curves that do have disjoint representatives (image found here): Disjoint curves Here, the curves are disjoint, so in the curve complex, there’s an edge in between them. Anytime we have classes that have representatives that are pairwise disjoint, we add an n-simplex. So if we had three curves A,B,C so that A and B had pairwise disjoint representatives, B and C had pairwise disjoint representatives, etc., we’d have a triangle in our complex. Note that these are representatives, so even if the B curve that is disjoint from A intersects C, we’re OK if there’s another curve homotopic to that B curve which is disjoint from C. So this is the object that my friend Matt thinks about. There’s a couple cool things to say about it, and I’ll do another post later about this paper I read, but here’s a few goodies: The curve complex is locally infinite. So if you’re standing in one city, and you look around, there are infinitely many roads heading out to other cities. Another way of saying this is that there are infinitely many vertices that are distance 1 away from your vertex. It’s “hard” to find curves far away from each other. If I give you a curve on a surface, you can probably draw a disjoint nontrivial curve; there’s so many distance 1 away. In order for two curves to be distance two apart, they have to intersect, and there has to be a third curve disjoint from both of them. In our picture above, $a_1, b_1$ intersect, and both are disjoint from $a_2$, so that’s okay too. So for two curves to be bigger than distance 2 apart, there can’t be a third curve disjoint from both of them. That means that if you had scissors and cut along one curve, and then cut all along the other, you’d end up with a pile of discs (so any curve disjoint from the first two would be trivial). Another way is saying that these guys have to fill the surface. We just did distance 1, 2, 3. It gets harder from there. But the curve complex has infinite diameter. I don’t know this well enough to explain it here. But it’s true: there are roads that have infinitely many cities hanging out on them in our map. This seems like enough for now. Curve complexes are pretty hip, and the paper I read was just submitted in October by Joan Birman and William Menasco. This whole post is in the first paragraph of that paper, so I referred to this talk by Moon Duchin while writing. There’s a standard way to cite references in math blog posts, just like people standardly write recipes at the end of baking blog posts. I’ll get the hang of it. I put in the reference for the second picture by it, but the first picture is an MS Painted version of this picture by Paul Bourke. Okay! Math blog post 2, done!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 4, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6914944648742676, "perplexity": 940.1043014941273}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170864.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00465-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://acc.digital/geospatial-data-analysis-a-review-of-theory-and-methods/4/	Home > Geospatial Data Analysis > Geospatial Data Analysis: A Review of Theory and Methods ## V. ALGORITHMS FOR SPATIAL DATA Depending on the type of conception of space and the measurement level, different algorithms are applied. The widely used data mining algorithms for spatial data are: 1) Spatial Auto-regressive model 2) Markov Random Field model 3) Geographically weighted regression 4) Fractal models 5) Map-Reduce algorithm for polygon retrieval 6) The General Spatial Interaction Model Guo et al [18] propose a Map-Reduce based parallel polygon retrieval algorithm, as it is a fundamental operation that is often computed under real time constraints. This algorithm first hierarchically indexes the spatial terrain data using a quad-tree index, with the help of which a significant amount of data gets filtered out in the pre-processing stage based on the queried object. The algorithms 1 to 6 mentioned above are widely used when the spatial data is of area data as mentioned in sectionI-B and algorithms 7 and 8 are for spatial interaction data. TABLE I COMPARISON OF HADOOP AND SPARK BASED SYSTEMS ### A. Algorithms for Area data 1) Spatial Autoregressive model: The assumption of independent observations in the context of area data is unlikely to be appropriate, because of the possibility of spatial dependence. Spatial dependence is where the observed values in one areal unit depend on the values of neighbouring observations at near-by areal units. This spatial dependence can be introduced into a model: 1. When there is spatial correlation in dependent variable, which is called as Spatial lag model, 2. When there is dependence in the error terms, it is called as Spatial error dependence [20] 3. When spatial dependence is in the regressor variables, it is called as cross-regressive model also called as Spatial Lagged X(SLX) models [20]. The spatial lag models are used when there is spatial correlation in the dependent variable. These spatial correlations are motivated by theoretical arguments that emphasize the importance of neighbourhood effects. Spatial lag models are extensions of regression models of type 1. They allow observations of dependent variable in i to depend on observations in neighbouring j not equal to i. where, yi is an observed dependent variable, $X _i. _q$ is observed explanatory variables with q = 1,..,Q, q is the regression co-efficient and $\in _i$ is the error term. The basic spatial lag model i.e first order spatial autoregressive(SAR) model is of the form 2 where, the error term $\epsilon_i$ is independently identically distributed. Wij is the (i; j)th element of spatial weight matrix W. The scalar $\rho$ in equation:2 is a parameter that is to be estimated which determines the strength of the spatial autoregressive relation between yi and $\sum_{j=1}^nW_i._jy_j.\sum_{j=1}^nW_i._jy_j$$is a linear combination of spatially related observations. 2) Markov Random Field models:: The Markov Random Field also called as Conditional Autoregressive (CAR)) models are popular approach for analyzing spatial and network data. These models are widely used to represent the local dependency between the random variables. Consider Y = (y1, y2,.., yn) and the set p($Y _i$\|$Y _j$, j not equal to i) then we know that p(y1, y2,…,yn) determines p($Y _i$\|$Y _j$, j not equal to i) (full conditional distributions). But if p($Y _i$\|$Y _j$, j not equal to i) determines p(y1, y2,..,yn), the joint distribution is called as Markov Random Field. This notion of using local specification to determine a joint (or global) distribution in the form$p(Y _i \| Y _j)$, j not equal to i) = p($Y _i$\|$Y _j\in\partial i$) is referred to as Markov Random Field. But when does the set p($Y _i$\|$Y _j\in\partial i$) uniquely determine p(y1, y2,..,$Y _n$)? To answer this, we need some important aspects in this regard like that of a Clique and a Potential. A Clique is a set of cells (equivalently indices) such that each element is a neighbour of every other element. A Potential function (or simply potential) of order is a function of k arguments that is exchangeable in these arguments. The arguments of the potential would be the values taken by variables associated with the cells for a clique of size k. The Hammersely-Clifford theorem says that, if we have a Markov Random Field (i.e., p($Y _i \| Y _j \in \partial i$) uniquely determine p(y1, y2,…,$Y _n$)), then the later is a Gibbs distribution. The Geman and Geman (1984) result says that, if we have a joint Gibbs distribution, then we have a Markov Random Field. As a result, they argued that to sample a Markov random field, one could sample from its associated Gibbs distribution. Kaise, Lahiri and Nordman (2012) defined a Conclique as a set of locations such that no location in the set is a neighbour of any other location in the set. Any two members of a conclique may share common neighbours, but they cannot be neighbours themselves. Additionally every set of a singleton. Location can be treated as both a clique and a conclique. In the parlance of graphs, the analog of a conclique is a so-called ”independent set”, defined by a set of vertices in which no two vertices share an edge. This particular graph terminology conflicts with the probabilistic notion of independence, while a ”conclique” truly represents a conditionally independent set of locations in a Markov random field model. The full conditional p($Y _j$\|$Y _j$; j not equal to i) is the conditional cdf of$Y _i$under the model. Kaise, Lahiri and Nordman The key property of this generalized spatial residuals is: Let$C _j\$ : j = 1,,,,,q be a collection that partition the integer grid. Under the conditional model, spatial residuals within a conclique are iid Uniform(0; 1)-distributed: Using the conditional independence of random variables at locations within a conclique [23] have proposed a conclique based Gibbs Sampling algorithm for sampling from a Markov random field. They have shown that it is provably fast and the sampler is also provably geometrically ergodic (i.e., it mixes at a fast rate), which is unusual for spatial data. Kaise, Lahiri and Nordman [22] provide a methodology for performing GOF tests using concliques. Concliques based Gibbs Sampling allows for fast approximation of the reference distribution for the GOF test statistics. Pages ( 4 of 8 ): « Previous123 4 56 ... 8Next »	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8952109813690186, "perplexity": 1090.5581281486766}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999838.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625132645-20190625154645-00453.warc.gz"}
https://datumorphism.leima.is/wiki/algorithms/algorithms-basics/	This set of notes on algorithms is not meant to be comprehensive or complete. These notes are being used as a skeleton framework. There are many useful books to learn about algorithms from a utilitarian point of view. I have listed a few in the references section. Numerical recipes1 is a very comprehensive book that I used during my PhD. It covers almost all the algorithms you need for scientific computing. Grokking Algorithms2 is another good book to learn the basics of algorithms. It is barely entry level but is fun to read. ## An Outline Data Structure mind the data structure Basics of MapReduce mapreduce Planted: by ; No backlinks identified. Reference this note using the Note ID wiki/algorithms/algorithms-basics.md in other notes to connect them.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5760976672172546, "perplexity": 1036.4903910608255}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00483.warc.gz"}
https://motls.blogspot.com/2007/11/type-iia-vacua-claimed-to-be.html?m=1	## Monday, November 19, 2007 ### Type IIA vacua claimed to be cosmologically excluded Take Barton Zwiebach's textbook on string theory and read his story about the type IIA braneworld scenarios with intersecting D6-branes. They surely look beautiful as a possible source of the Standard Model but are they correct? Hertzberg, Kachru, Taylor, Tegmark claim that they can rule out all types of type IIA models that have been constructed in literature, by their violation of cosmological requirements. The slow-roll parameter epsilon that should be small is shown to be greater than 27/13 whenever the potential V is positive. You may view this inequality as a quantitative example of our generalized "weak gravity" principle. Slow-roll inflation and de Sitter vacua therefore become impossible. Their theorem makes some assumptions - such as the absence of NS5-branes. They sketch a possible class of models with extra features that could circumvent their no-go theorem. Well, with the right ingredients to obtain mirrors of the type IIB vacua claimed to be alive and well, it should be possible. ;-) Sociologically speaking, you may want to know that these authors have been saying that type IIB vacua - the canonical KKLT-like and KKLLMT-like landscape - are the phenomenologically more acceptable ones for quite some time.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4485737085342407, "perplexity": 1253.1697265767891}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038118762.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417071833-20210417101833-00456.warc.gz"}
https://api.philpapers.org/s/Brad%20Skow	45 found Order: Disambiguations Bradford Skow Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1. Objective Becoming.Bradford Skow - 2015 - Oxford University Press UK. What does the passage of time consist in? There are some suggestive metaphors. âEvents approach us, pass us, and recede from us, like sticks and leaves floating on the river of time.â âWe are moving from the past into the future, like ships sailing into an unknown ocean.â There is surely something right and deep about these metaphors. But how close are they to the literal truth? In this book Bradford Skow argues that they are far from the literal truth. (...) Export citation Bookmark 69 citations 2. Reasons Why.Bradford Skow - 2016 - Oxford, England and New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press UK. This book first argues that what philosophers are really after, or at least should be after, when they seek a theory of explanation, is a theory of answers to why-questions. The book's main thesis, then, is a theory of reasons why. Every reason why some event happened is either a cause, or a ground, of that event. Challenging this thesis are many examples philosophers have thought they have found of "non-causal explanations." Reasons Why uses two ideas to show that these (...) Export citation Bookmark 53 citations 3. Are There Non-Causal Explanations (of Particular Events)?Bradford Skow - 2014 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 65 (3):445-467. Philosophers have proposed many alleged examples of non-causal explana- tions of particular events. I discuss several well-known examples and argue that they fail to be non-causal. Export citation Bookmark 52 citations 4. Experience and the Passage of Time.Bradford Skow - 2011 - Philosophical Perspectives 25 (1):359-387. Some philosophers believe that the passage of time is a real phenomenon. And some of them find a reason to believe this when they attend to features of their conscious experience. In fact this “argument from experience” is supposed to be one of the main arguments for passage. What exactly does this argument look like? Is it any good? Export citation Bookmark 39 citations 5. Relativity and the Moving Spotlight.Bradford Skow - 2009 - Journal of Philosophy 106 (12):666-678. A standard objection to the moving spotlight theory of time is that it is incompatible with special relativity. I show how to formulate the moving spotlight theory so that it is perfectly compatible with special relativity. There is no need to re-interpret the physics or add to it a notion of absolute simultaneity. Export citation Bookmark 35 citations 6. Are Shapes Intrinsic?Bradford Skow - 2007 - Philosophical Studies 133 (1):111 - 130. It is widely believed that shapes are intrinsic properties. But this claim is hard to defend. I survey all known theories of shape properties, and argue that each theory is either incompatible with the claim that shapes are intrinsic, or can be shown to be false. Export citation Bookmark 56 citations 7. Why Does Time Pass?Bradford Skow - 2012 - Noûs 46 (2):223-242. According to the moving spotlight theory of time, the property of being present moves from earlier times to later times, like a spotlight shone on spacetime by God. In more detail, the theory has three components. First, it is a version of eternalism: all times, past present and future, exist. (Here I use “exist” in its tenseless sense.) Second, it is a version of the A-theory of time: there are nonrelative facts about which times are past, which time is present, (...) Export citation Bookmark 19 citations 8. Haecceitism, Anti-Haecceitism, and Possible Worlds: A Case Study.Brad Skow - 2008 - Philosophical Quarterly 58 (230):97-107. Possible-worlds talk obscures, rather than clariﬁes, the debate about haecceitism. In this paper I distinguish haecceitism and anti-haecceitism from other doctrines that sometimes go under those names. Then I defend the claim that there are no non-tendentious deﬁnitions of ‘haecceitism’ and ‘anti-haecceitism’ using possible-worlds talk. That is, any deﬁnition of ‘haecceitism’ using possible-worlds talk depends, for its correctness, on a substantive theory of the nature of possible worlds. This explains why using possible-worlds talk when discussing haecceitism causes confusion: if the (...) Export citation Bookmark 28 citations 9. Deep Metaphysical Indeterminacy.Bradford Skow - 2010 - Philosophical Quarterly 60 (241):851 - 858. A recent theory of metaphysical indeterminacy says that metaphysical indeterminacy is multiple actuality: there is metaphysical indeterminacy when there are many 'complete precisifications of reality'. But it is possible for there to be metaphysical indeterminacy even when it is impossible to precisify reality completely. The orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics illustrates this possibility. So this theory of metaphysical indeterminacy is not adequate. Export citation Bookmark 25 citations 10. On the Meaning of the Question “How Fast Does Time Pass?”.Brad Skow - 2011 - Philosophical Studies 155 (3):325-344. In this paper I distinguish interpretations of the question How fast does time pass?’’ that are important for the debate over the reality of objective becoming from interpretations that are not. Then I discuss how one theory that incorporates objective becoming—the moving spotlight theory of time—answers this question. It turns out that there are several ways to formulate the moving spotlight theory of time. One formulation says that time passes but it makes no sense to ask how fast; another formulation (...) Export citation Bookmark 17 citations Export citation Bookmark 15 citations 12. How to Adjust Utility for Desert.Bradford Skow - 2012 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 90 (2):235-257. It is better when people get what they deserve. So we need an axiology according to which the intrinsic value of a possible world is a function of both how well-off and how deserving the people in that world are. But how should these ?desert-adjusted? values of possible worlds be calculated? It is easy to come up with some qualitative ideas. But these qualitative ideas leave us with an embarrassment of riches: too many quantitative functions that implement those qualitative ideas. (...) Export citation Bookmark 9 citations 13. Preferentism and the Paradox of Desire.Bradford Skow - 2009 - Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 2009 (3):1-17. The paradox of desire is an objection to desire-satisfaction, or preferentist, theories of welfare. In a nutshell, the objection goes like this. I can certainly desire that I be badly oﬀ. But if a desire-satisfaction theory of welfare is true, then—under certain assumptions—the hypothesis that I desire that I be badly oﬀ entails a contradiction. So much the worse for desire-satisfaction theories of welfare. Export citation Bookmark 9 citations 14. Levels of Reasons and Causal Explanation.Bradford Skow - 2017 - Philosophy of Science 84 (5):905-915. I defend the theory that the reasons why some event occurred are its causes. Many “counterexamples” to this theory turn on confusing two levels of reasons. We should distinguish the reasons why an event occurred from the reasons why those reasons are reasons. An example that treats a second-level reason as a first-level reason will look like a counterexample if that second-level reason is not a cause. But second-level reasons need not be first-level reasons. Export citation Bookmark 4 citations 15. Are There Genuine Physical Explanations of Mathematical Phenomena?Bradford Skow - 2015 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 66 (1):69-93. There are lots of arguments for, or justifications of, mathematical theorems that make use of principles from physics. Do any of these constitute explanations? On the one hand, physical principles do not seem like they should be explanatorily relevant; on the other, some particular examples of physical justifications do look explanatory. In this article, I defend the idea that physical justifications can and do explain mathematical facts. 1 Physical Arguments for Mathematical Truths2 Preview3 Mathematical Facts4 Purity5 Doubts about Purity: I6 (...) Export citation Bookmark 4 citations 16. Causation, Explanation, and the Metaphysics of Aspect.Bradford Skow - 2018 - Oxford University Press. Bradford Skow examines important philosophical questions about causation and explanation. His answers rely on a pair of connected distinctions: the distinction between acting and not acting, and that between situations in which an event happens and when something is in some state. No categories Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 17. Sklar's Maneuver.Bradford Skow - 2007 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 58 (4):777-786. Sklar ([1974]) claimed that relationalism about ontology-the doctrine that space and time do not exist-is compatible with Newtonian mechanics. To defend this claim he sketched a relationalist interpretation of Newtonian mechanics. In his interpretation, absolute acceleration is a fundamental, intrinsic property of material bodies; that a body undergoes absolute acceleration does not entail that space and time exist. But Sklar left his proposal as just a sketch; his defense of relationalism succeeds only if the sketch can be filled in. I (...) Translate Export citation Bookmark 9 citations 18. ‘‘One Second Per Second’’.Bradford Skow - 2012 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 85 (2):377-389. Export citation Bookmark 5 citations 19. What Makes Time Different From Space?Bradford Skow - 2007 - Noûs 41 (2):227–252. No one denies that time and space are diﬀerent; and it is easy to catalog diﬀerences between them. I can point my ﬁnger toward the west, but I can’t point my ﬁnger toward the future. If I choose, I can now move to the left, but I cannot now choose to move toward the past. And (as D. C. Williams points out) for many of us, our attitudes toward time diﬀer from our attitudes toward space. We want to maximize our (...) Export citation Bookmark 7 citations 20. No categories Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 21. Argues that there is no interpretation of the commonly-accepted idea that "explanation is that which produces understanding" on which it is of any use for finding what philosophers looking for a theory of explanation have been after. Contains a close examination of a couple of philosophers' attempts to use this idea for that purpose. No categories Export citation Bookmark 3 citations 22. Review of Harvey R. Brown, Physical Relativity: Space-Time Structure From a Dynamical Perspective[REVIEW]Bradford Skow - 2006 - Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2006 (5). Export citation Bookmark 8 citations 23. The Role of Chance in Explanation.Bradford Skow - 2013 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy (1):1-21. ?Those ice cubes melted because by melting total entropy increased and entropy increase has a very high objective chance.? What role does the chance in this explanation play? I argue that it contributes to the explanation by entailing that the melting was almost necessary, and defend the claim that the fact that some event was almost necessary can, in the right circumstances, constitute a causal explanation of that event. Export citation Bookmark 3 citations 24. The Metaphysics of Quantities and Their Dimensions.Bradford Skow - 2017 - In Karen Bennett & Dean W. Zimmerman (eds.), Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 10. Oxford University Press. pp. 171-198. Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 25. Focused correlation compares the degree of association within an evidence set to the degree of association in that evidence set given that some hypothesis is true. Wheeler and Scheines have shown that a difference in incremental confirmation of two evidence sets is robustly tracked by a difference in their focus correlation. In this essay, we generalize that tracking result by allowing for evidence having unequal relevance to the hypothesis. Our result is robust as well, and we retain conditions for bidirectional (...) Export citation Bookmark 4 citations 26. The Role of Chance in Explanation.Bradford Skow - 2014 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 92 (1):103-123. ‘Those ice cubes melted because by melting total entropy increased and entropy increase has a very high objective chance.’ What role does the chance in this explanation play? I argue that it contributes to the explanation by entailing that the melting was almost necessary, and defend the claim that the fact that some event was almost necessary can, in the right circumstances, constitute a causal explanation of that event. No categories Export citation Bookmark 3 citations 27. More on Haecceitism and Possible Worlds.Bradford Skow - 2011 - Analytic Philosophy 52 (4):267-269. Export citation Bookmark 3 citations 28. A Solution to the Problem of Indeterminate Desert.Bradford Skow - 2012 - Mind 121 (481):37-65. A desert-sensitive moral theory says that whether people get what they deserve, whether they are treated as they deserve to be treated, plays a role in determining what we ought to do. Some popular forms of consequentialism are desert-sensitive. But where do facts about what people deserve come from? If someone deserves a raise, or a kiss, in virtue of what does he deserve those things? One plausible answer is that what someone deserves depends, at least in part, on how (...) Export citation Bookmark 3 citations 29. Replies to Deasy and Maudlin.Bradford Skow - 2018 - Philosophical Studies 175 (7):1815-1823. No categories Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 30. Replies to Cameron, Wilson and Leininger.Bradford Skow - 2018 - Analysis 78 (1):128-138. © The Author 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Analysis Trust. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] Cameron thinks that MST-Supertime, MST-Supertense and MST-Time are defective as versions of the moving spotlight theory and goes on to describe what he thinks they are missing. But I don’t think they are defective; and what Cameron says is missing from these theories is actually present in a version of MST-Time that appears in the book.Cameron thinks that (...) No categories Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 31. Some Thoughts on Experiencing Time.Bradford Skow - 2018 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 61 (3):302-314. This paper examples several arguments from Simon Prosser's book Experiencing Time. His argument against the doctrine of the specious present is applauded. His argument that even if time passes, nothing can detect the passage of time, is questioned. Also challenged are his claims that our experience represents things as enduring, rather than perduring, and represents things as having contradictory properties. No categories Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 32. On a Symmetry Argument for the Guidance Equation in Bohmian Mechanics.Bradford Skow - 2010 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 24 (4):393-410. Bohmian mechanics faces an underdetermination problem: when it comes to solving the measurement problem, alternatives to the Bohmian guidance equation work just as well as the official guidance equation. One way to argue that the guidance equation is superior to its rivals is to use a symmetry argument: of the candidate guidance equations, the official guidance equation is the simplest Galilean-invariant candidate. This symmetry argument---if it worked---would solve the underdetermination problem. But the argument does not work. It fails because it (...) Export citation Bookmark 3 citations 33. Does Temperature Have a Metric Structure?Bradford Skow - 2011 - Philosophy of Science 78 (3):472-489. Is there anything more to temperature than the ordering of things from colder to hotter? Are there also facts, for example, about how much hotter (twice as hot, three times as hot...) one thing is than another? There certainly are---but the only strong justification for this claim comes from statistical mechanics. What we knew about temperature before the advent of statistical mechanics (what we knew about it from thermodynamics) provided only weak reasons to believe it. Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 34. Questioning Imaginative Resistance and Resistant Reading.Bradford Skow - 2021 - British Journal of Aesthetics 61 (4):575-587. It is widely accepted that readers will resist imagining that a character in a story did something morally wrong, even if the story endorses this judgement. This paper argues, first, that readers will not resist if the question of whether that act was wrong is not salient as they read; and, second, that asking a certain question can be part of correctly appreciating a story—even if that question is not in the foreground of the story, and even if the story (...) Export citation Bookmark Translate Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 36. Earman and Roberts on Empiricism About Laws.Bradford Skow - 2007 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 75 (1):158–162. Earman and Roberts (2005) argue that a standard deﬁnition of “empiricism about laws of nature” is inadequate, and propose an alternative deﬁnition they think is better. But their argument against the standard deﬁnition fails, and their alternative is defective. Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 37. Extrinsic Temporal Metrics.Bradford Skow - 2010 - In Dean Zimmerman (ed.), Oxford Studies in Metaphysics: Volume 5. Oxford University Press. When distinguishing absolute, true, and mathematical time from relative, apparent, and common time, Newton wrote: “absolute, true, and mathematical time, in and of itself and of its own nature, without reference to anything external, ﬂows uniformly” [Newton 2004b: 64]. Newton thought that the temporal metric is intrinsic. Many philosophers have argued—for empiricist reasons or otherwise—that Newton was wrong about the nature of time. They think that the ﬂow of time does involve “reference to something external.” They think that the temporal (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 38. The Dynamics of Non-Being.Bradford Skow - 2010 - Philosophers' Imprint 10. Maybe there is something rather than nothing because the nothingness force acted on itself, and when the nothing nothings itself it produces something. Robert Nozick suggested this as a candidate explanation of the fact that there is something rather than nothing. If he is right that it is a candidate explanation, we should pay attention: there are not many candidates out there. But his "explanation" looks, instead, like a paradigm case of philosophical nonsense. In this paper I describe a "metaphysical (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 39. The Tenseless Theory of Time and the Moodless Theory of Modality.Bradford Skow - 2019 - Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 100 (2):506-524. No categories Export citation Bookmark 40. Some Questions About The Moving Spotlight.Bradford Skow - 2017 - Analysis 77 (4):800-810. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Analysis Trust. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] don’t like sports, but it is a sports metaphor that comes to mind: if my team were out of the playoffs, I’d be rooting for Cameron. Unlike Cameron, I think that The Block Universe Theory of Time is true, but like Cameron I’ve argued that the best alternative, the theory it should be squaring off against in the (...) No categories Export citation Bookmark 41. Precis of Objective Becoming.Bradford Skow - 2018 - Philosophical Studies 175 (7):1787-1789. No categories Export citation Bookmark 42. Local and Global Relativity Principles.Bradford Skow - 2008 - Philosophers' Imprint 8:1-14. Local versions of the (special) principle of relativity say that if the same type of experiment is conducted in two isolated, unaccelerated laboratories, then the outcomes of those experiments must be the same. Global versions of the principle say that if you take a physically possible world and boost the entire material content of that world, you get another physically possible world. Some authors say that the local and the global principles are logically independent, and that the local version is (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 43. Review: Shelly Kagan, The Geometry of Desert. [REVIEW]Bradford Skow - forthcoming - Philosophical Explorations. Export citation Bookmark 44. Bohmian mechanics faces an underdetermination problem: when it comes to solving the measurement problem, alternatives to the Bohmian guidance equa- tion work just as well as the official guidance equation. Dürr, Goldstein, and Zanghì have argued that of the candidate guidance equations, the official guid- ance equation is the simplest Galilean-invariant candidate. This symmetry argument—if it worked—would solve the underdetermination problem. But the argument does not work. It fails because it rests on assumptions about how Galilean transformations act on the (...)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.41905534267425537, "perplexity": 3034.4551820258084}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00193.warc.gz"}
https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004314/en/	Configuration et déploiement d'applications temps-réel réparties embarquées à l'aide d'un langage de description d'architecture Abstract : Building distributed real-time embedded systems (DRE) is a tedious task. In addition, real-time applications must satisfy hard constraints to ensure they work correctly (meeting deadlines...). The use of architecture description languages aims at reducing the development cost of these applications. AADL (Architecture Analysis & Design Language) belongs to this family of languages. It uses the concept of component'' (hardware or software) whose well defined semantics makes possible the description of many aspects of DRE systems. The various constraints that must be met are integrated into the AADL model as properties. This thesis work exploits the features offered by AADL to specify the exact requirements of a DRE application and automatically generate its code. The production process we propose (1) automatically produces the code to integrate the applicative components to the runtime platform, (2) automatically produces a significant part of the middleware components customised for the application and (3) automatically deploys the applicative and middleware components to get a system which is strongly dedicated to the application. In particular, the AADL executive is itself statically configured. The adopted approach reduces the development time and allows for an customised and analyzable code. The configuration and deployment (often separated from the development process) are now automated and integrated into the production chain. Keywords : Document type : Theses domain_other. Télécom ParisTech, 2008. English Domain : https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004314 Contributor : Ecole Télécom Paristech <> Submitted on : Friday, January 9, 2009 - 8:00:00 AM Last modification on : Friday, May 13, 2011 - 1:00:00 PM Document(s) archivé(s) le : Friday, September 10, 2010 - 12:57:30 PM Identifiers • HAL Id : pastel-00004314, version 1 Citation Bechir Zalila. Configuration et déploiement d'applications temps-réel réparties embarquées à l'aide d'un langage de description d'architecture. domain_other. Télécom ParisTech, 2008. English. <pastel-00004314> Record views	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46304407715797424, "perplexity": 7848.566421542233}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049282327.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002122-00090-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/is-there-a-general-test-for-chirality.662264/	# Is there a general test for chirality? 1. Jan 3, 2013 ### Vorde I have been wondering: Given an arbitrary geometric shape is there a sequence of tests I can perform on individual parts of the shape to determine whether or not it is achiral? I was hoping for something a little less trivial that simply seeing if the mirror image could be adjusted to match the original, more something along the lines of looking at the composition of the shape itself. Gratias. 2. Jan 3, 2013 ### Bacle2 You can try polynomial invariant, like Jones, or Homfly, but this is not an iff way, i.e., achiral knots may be assigned the same polynomial (usual problem one has with algebraic topology). EDIT: Sorry, I did not read carefully-enough; I think you may be looking for a different approach. 3. Jan 3, 2013 ### Vorde I am way, way, outside of my knowledge zone here, so I apologize if everything I say is wrong. I wasn't thinking achiral with knots as much I was with just plain shapes like sticks or hands. I sort of was thinking that it seemed to me that if you took a shape and found an arbitrary center. The shape would be chiral if you could rotate the shape such that it was asymmetrical in two separate dimensions. I'm pretty sure I've falsified that idea but I was wondering if there was a geometrical approach similar to what I tried to do that works. 4. Jan 4, 2013 ### Bacle2 No need to apologize for (the possibility of ) being wrong; main thing is to be curious and open-minded. Let me see if I get what you're asking: So you want to see if, say a hand , to be isotopic to their respective mirror images? And then you want to see if you can find a point p in the shape rotate the shapes along p, the rotated shape will be symmetric (meaning you can decompose it into two parts that are mirror images of each other)? If I understood you well, a hand cannot be rotated into being composed of two disjoint mirror images. Last edited: Jan 4, 2013 5. Jan 4, 2013 ### Vorde What I meant was to ask is there a simple geometric process from determining if an arbitrary shape is achiral or not. I don't think that my idea about the rotations works, because I think I found a shape which is achiral yet satisfies my rotations process, but I'll think about that more tomorrow. I'm just wondering if a process exists, I doubt mine is the correct one. 6. Apr 17, 2014 ### Shellsunde Back up to the definition... Would someone help with a proper definition of chirality? What I read on Wikipedia, in the dictionary and elsewhere online didn't sink in for me. What I understood these sources to say is chirality is such that a thing and its mirror image can't be superposed, positioned so that, effectively, every point on one of the things can be connected as with a straight line to the corresponding point on the other without any of those connecting lines 'crossing', i,e., intersecting with any other. Is this correct? Is it comprehensive? When I hold my hand up to a mirror, the image and the hand do map one onto the other so are achiral, but all the examples given of handedness indicate they're chiral. A left and a right hand can't map one to the other without crossing lines only when they're oriented the same way, both palms facing you, for instance. When they're facing one another, palm to palm or back to back, they do map without crossing lines. So, does chirality depend on orientation, and relative orientation at that? It seems not from what I read, but from how I understand it presently, it seems to. Perhaps with a better statement or explanation of the definition, we can answer the thread's poster's question, and as for me, I just want to precisely understand it. (Perhaps this should be a new thread in Topology.) 7. Apr 17, 2014 ### disregardthat I will give an informal explanation, but I'm open for corrections here. You have three general classes of isometries of a 2-dimensional geometric shape: translations, rotations around a point, and reflections over a line. If your shape X is a subset of $\mathbb{R}^2$, then you may - Translate it by a translation map $t_a : \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}^2$ where $a$ is a vector in $\mathbb{R}^2$, -Rotate it by a rotation map $r_{p,\theta} : \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}^2$ where $p$ is a point and $\theta$ is an angle, - Reflect it by a reflection map $s_l : \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}^2$ where $l$ is a line (defined by some function linear $y = ax+b$). You may also compose these different maps, like first translate it, then rotate it about a point, then reflect it about a line, and then rotate it about another point again. Any arbitrary series of compositions will again yield an isometry. The definition of a chiral shape is that for any line $l$ in $\mathbb{R}^2$, you may not end up with the reflection about this line by translations and rotations alone. Note that which line $l$ is does not matter, as any line may be mapped to another line by a translation or a rotation. Translations and rotations are said to preserve orientation, and reflections are said to reverse orientation. Any isometry preserves or reverses orientation. This stuff is defined in detail here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_plane_isometry Last edited: Apr 17, 2014 8. Apr 17, 2014 ### disregardthat Another way of describing chirality is the following: The isometry maps form a group. The identity map is the identity of the group, and every isometry has an inverse isometry. The symmetry group of a shape is the set of isometries that does not change the shape. This set forms a group. A shape is chiral if every isometry in the symmetry group preserves orientation. A test for chirality would be to check that the generators of the group are all orientation preserving. In fact, the symmetry group cannot contain translations, and will be generated by rotations and reflections alone. If you can find a generating set of the symmetry group consisting purely of rotations, you know that the shape is chiral. EDIT: edited out something that was wrong Know someone interested in this topic? Share this thread via Reddit, Google+, Twitter, or Facebook Similar Discussions: Is there a general test for chirality?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7390965223312378, "perplexity": 532.3070695791429}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816083.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225011315-20180225031315-00230.warc.gz"}
http://www.r-bloggers.com/high-resolution-figures-in-r/	# High Resolution Figures in R March 12, 2013 By (This article was first published on Daniel Hocking, Ecologist » Blog, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers) As I was recently preparing a manuscript for PLOS ONE, I realized the default resolution of R and RStudio images are insufficient for publication. PLOS ONE requires 300 ppi images in TIFF or EPS (encapsulated postscript) format. In R plots are exported at 72 ppi by default. I love RStudio but was disappointed to find that there was no options for exporting figures at high resolution. PLOS ONE has extensive instructions for scaling, compressing, and converting image files to meet their standards. Unfortunately, there is no good way to go from low resolution to high resolution (i.e. rescaling in Photoshop) as my friend Liam Revell, and phytools author, pointed out with entertaining illustration from PhD comics (upper right panel). The point is if the original image isn’t created at a high enough resolution, then using Photoshop to artificially increase the resolution has problems of graininess because Photoshop can only guess how to interpolate between the points. This might not be a big problem with simple plots created in R because interpolation between points in a line shouldn’t be difficult, particularly when starting with a PDF. Even if scaling up from a low resolution PDF would work, it would be better to have a direct solution in R. It took some time to figure out but here are some trials and the ultimate solution I came up with: x <- 1:100 y <- 1:100 plot(x, y) # Make plot tiff("Plot1.tiff") dev.off() Nothing happens in this case. However, by setting up the tiff file first, then making the plot, the resulting TIFF file is saved to your working directory and is 924 KB, 72 ppi, 480 x 480 pixels. To increase the resolution I tried the following: tiff("Plot2.tif", res = 300) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() but in RStudio the plot could not be printed and hence not saved because it was too large for the print area. Therefore, I had to open up R directly and run the code. Interestingly, a blank TIFF file was created of the same size as Plot1.tiff. This is where I got hung up for a while. I eventually found that R can’t figure out the other image parameters when resolution is changes or because the default is too big to print, so they have to be specified directly as such: tiff("Plot3.tiff", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 300) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() This creates a TIFF file that is 5,800 KB, 300 ppi, 4 inches by 4 inches. Surprisingly, on a Mac it still indicates that it’s only 72 ppi when viewed in Preview. The larger size indicates that it is actually 300 ppi. I ran the same code but specifically specified res = 72 and the file was only 334 KB, suggesting that Preview is incorrect and the file is really 300 ppi. I played with various compressions but lzw and none were the same while rle resulted in a larger file (less compression). That seems odd again. Finally, I tried using the bitmap function to create a TIFF: bitmap("Plot7.tiff", height = 4, width = 4, units = 'in', type="tifflzw", res=300) plot(x, y) dev.off() par(mfrow = c(1,1)) Interestingly, this file is only 9 KB but is listed as 300 dpi, 1200 x 1200 pixels. I’m really not sure why these functions don’t seem to be working as smoothly as expected but hopefully this can help get high resolution images directly from R for publication. I plan to use the bitmap function in the future to create high resolution TIFF files for publication. This is what is desired by outlets such as PLOS ONE. It’s easier than dealing with postscript. I also don’t know if EPS files from R or RStudio are created with LaTeX. I know that can be a problem for PLOS ONE. EDIT: Just found a nice blog post with recommendations on device outputs on Revolutions here Below is all the code that includes comparison of sizes with PDF, PNG, JPEG, and EPS files as well. plot(x, y) # Make plot tiff("Plot1.tiff") dev.off() tiff("Plot2.tiff", res = 300) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() tiff("Plot3.tiff", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 300) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() tiff("Plot3.72.tiff", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 72) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() tiff("Plot4.tiff", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 300, compression = 'lzw') plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() tiff("Plot5.tiff", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 300, compression = 'none') plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() tiff("Plot6.tiff", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 300, compression = 'rle') # Make plot dev.off() bitmap("Plot7.tiff", height = 4, width = 4, units = 'in', type="tifflzw", res=300) plot(x, y) dev.off() par(mfrow = c(1,1)) bitmap("Plot8.tiff", height = 480, width = 480, type="tifflzw", res=300) plot(x, y) dev.off() par(mfrow = c(1,1)) jpeg("Plot3.jpeg", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 300) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() tiff("Plot4b.tiff", width = 4, height = 4, pointsize = 1/300, units = 'in', res = 300) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() png("Plot3.png", width = 4, height = 4, units = 'in', res = 300) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() pdf("Plot3.pdf", width = 4, height = 4) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() postscript("Plot3.eps", width = 480, height = 480) plot(x, y) # Make plot dev.off() Filed under: R Tagged: eps, export, figures, format, high resolution, images, jpeg, pdf, PLOS, PLOS ONE, plots, png, R, RStudio, tiff	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.48992282152175903, "perplexity": 2737.0531560244494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164032243/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133352-00045-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://nrich.maths.org/8452	# Key Differences Between Maths and SET ##### Stage: 3 and 4 There are some differences in the ways maths and SET approach particular topics/terminology. It is helpful for all teachers to be aware of these. This list isn't exhaustive, so discuss it with colleagues and see what else you can add to it. Differences which can lead to confusion in students are: • In maths a line of best fit on a scattergraph will be a straight line at KS3 and 4; in SET there are various ways in which graphs are constructed, depending on the purpose for the data. • Differences in approaches to algebra: e.g. balance method in mathematics vs formula triangles in science. • 'Investigation' means different things in different departments. • 'Evaluation', 'Proof' have specific mathematical meanings. • 'Weight' is often mis-used in maths as being synonymous with 'mass'. • Notation for symbols can be confusing to students: in maths straight line graphs are often y-against-x; students often do not make the link to straight line graphs with other variable names. • Maths often uses neat, tidy and idealised diagrams, data and numbers; SET often makes use of real, noisy data and numbers. • DT has specific requirements for drawings, which are not observed in maths. • Use of mathematical symbols is particularly important for older students who are planning on studying mathematics or physics at university. • $\approx$ means 'approximately equal to' (safe to use) • $\therefore$ means 'Therefore' • $\sim$ means many things, but most basically means 'is the same order of magnitude as' • $\equiv$ means 'equal by definition' • $\Rightarrow$ is the implication symbol (use carefully or avoid if unsure)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8078887462615967, "perplexity": 2051.7402300885014}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507442497.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005722-00022-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/dcds.2010.28.1	# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences March 2010, 28(1): 1-39. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.28.1 ## Longtime behavior for a model of homogeneous incompressible two-phase flows 1 Department of Mathematics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States 2 Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano Received August 2009 Revised January 2010 Published April 2010 We consider a diffuse interface model for the evolution of an iso-thermal incompressible two-phase flow in a two-dimensional bounded domain. The model consists of the Navier-Stokes equation for the fluid velocity u coupled with a convective Allen-Cahn equation for the order (phase) parameter $\phi$, both endowed with suitable boundary conditions. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the solutions within the theory of infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems. We first prove that the initial and boundary value problem generates a strongly continuous semigroup on a suitable phase space which possesses the global attractor $\mathcal{A}$. Then we establish the existence of an exponential attractor $\mathcal{E}$ which entails that $\mathcal{A}$ has finite fractal dimension. This dimension is then estimated in terms of some model parameters. Moreover, assuming the potential to be real analytic, we demonstrate that, in absence of external forces, each trajectory converges to a single equilibrium by means of a Łojasiewicz-Simon inequality. We also obtain a convergence rate estimate. Finally, we discuss the case where $\phi$ is forced to take values in a bounded interval, e.g., by a so-called singular potential. Citation: Ciprian G. Gal, Maurizio Grasselli. Longtime behavior for a model of homogeneous incompressible two-phase flows. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2010, 28 (1) : 1-39. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.28.1 [1] Xue-Li Song, Yan-Ren Hou. Attractors for the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with damping. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2011, 31 (1) : 239-252. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.31.239 [2] Yinghua Li, Shijin Ding, Mingxia Huang. Blow-up criterion for an incompressible Navier-Stokes/Allen-Cahn system with different densities. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2016, 21 (5) : 1507-1523. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016009 [3] Ciprian G. Gal, Alain Miranville. Robust exponential attractors and convergence to equilibria for non-isothermal Cahn-Hilliard equations with dynamic boundary conditions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2009, 2 (1) : 113-147. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2009.2.113 [4] V. V. Chepyzhov, A. A. Ilyin. On the fractal dimension of invariant sets: Applications to Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2004, 10 (1&2) : 117-135. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2004.10.117 [5] Fang Li, Bo You. Pullback exponential attractors for the three dimensional non-autonomous Navier-Stokes equations with nonlinear damping. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020, 25 (1) : 55-80. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019172 [6] Stefano Scrobogna. Global existence and convergence of nondimensionalized incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in low Froude number regime. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (9) : 5471-5511. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020235 [7] Roberta Bianchini, Roberto Natalini. Convergence of a vector-BGK approximation for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Kinetic & Related Models, 2019, 12 (1) : 133-158. doi: 10.3934/krm.2019006 [8] Daniel Pardo, José Valero, Ángel Giménez. Global attractors for weak solutions of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with damping. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (8) : 3569-3590. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018279 [9] Pedro Marín-Rubio, Antonio M. Márquez-Durán, José Real. Pullback attractors for globally modified Navier-Stokes equations with infinite delays. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2011, 31 (3) : 779-796. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.31.779 [10] Keyan Wang. On global regularity of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in $\mathbf R^3$. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2009, 8 (3) : 1067-1072. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.1067 [11] Hirokazu Ninomiya, Masaharu Taniguchi. Global stability of traveling curved fronts in the Allen-Cahn equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2006, 15 (3) : 819-832. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2006.15.819 [12] Xiaoli Li. Global strong solution for the incompressible flow of liquid crystals with vacuum in dimension two. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2017, 37 (9) : 4907-4922. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2017211 [13] Julia García-Luengo, Pedro Marín-Rubio, José Real. Some new regularity results of pullback attractors for 2D Navier-Stokes equations with delays. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2015, 14 (5) : 1603-1621. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2015.14.1603 [14] Songsong Lu, Hongqing Wu, Chengkui Zhong. Attractors for nonautonomous 2d Navier-Stokes equations with normal external forces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2005, 13 (3) : 701-719. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2005.13.701 [15] P.E. Kloeden, José A. Langa, José Real. Pullback V-attractors of the 3-dimensional globally modified Navier-Stokes equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2007, 6 (4) : 937-955. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2007.6.937 [16] Grzegorz Łukaszewicz. Pullback attractors and statistical solutions for 2-D Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2008, 9 (3&4, May) : 643-659. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2008.9.643 [17] J. Huang, Marius Paicu. Decay estimates of global solution to 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with variable viscosity. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2014, 34 (11) : 4647-4669. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.4647 [18] Lihuai Du, Ting Zhang. Local and global strong solution to the stochastic 3-D incompressible anisotropic Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2018, 38 (9) : 4745-4765. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018209 [19] Christopher P. Grant. Grain sizes in the discrete Allen-Cahn and Cahn-Hilliard equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2001, 7 (1) : 127-146. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2001.7.127 [20] Jie Shen, Xiaofeng Yang. Numerical approximations of Allen-Cahn and Cahn-Hilliard equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2010, 28 (4) : 1669-1691. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.28.1669 2019 Impact Factor: 1.338	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4993225336074829, "perplexity": 2140.7410928220024}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00633.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/vector-sum-polar-coordinates.288493/	# Vector sum, polar coordinates 1. Jan 29, 2009 ### _Andreas 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data The vector $$\vec{E}_n$$ is the vector sum of the two vectors $$\vec{E}_r$$ and $$\vec{E}_{\theta}$$, which are perpendicular to each other (see attached picture). Calculate the magnitude of $$\vec{E}_n$$. 3. The attempt at a solution $$E_n=E_r\cos(\theta)+E_{\theta}\sin(\theta)$$ But this is wrong. It's supposed to be a minus sign instead of a plus. I have no idea why. I thought it would be to simply add the components of $$\vec{E}_r$$ and $$\vec{E}_{\theta}$$ along the direction of $$\vec{E}_n$$. Why the minus sign? #### Attached Files: • ###### Jävla fan.jpg File size: 3.7 KB Views: 80 2. Jan 30, 2009 ### Staff: Mentor The attachment is still pending approval, so I can't see the image you attached. Based on your description, I have a right triangle with E_n as the hypotenuse and E_r and E_theta as the legs of the triangle. E_r is the base of the triangle and E_theta is the altitude. If my interpretation of your description is correct, your equation just above is incorrect. You've omitted the vector "caps" in the equation above, so I don't know if E_n is now supposed to be a magnitude. In any case, you have E_n = E_r + E_theta (vectors). So \|E_r\| = \|E_r\| cos theta and \|E_theta\| = \|E_r\| sin theta. \|E_n\| = sqrt{\|E_r\|^2 + \|E_theta\|^2} Until I can see the drawing, I don't know. 3. Jan 30, 2009 ### Staff: Mentor You are assuming that $$\vec{E}_n$$ is horizontal. If true, then your equation is OK. In general, use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude as Mark44 stated. Could it be that you have the direction of $$\vec{E}_{\theta}$$ reversed? 4. Jan 30, 2009 ### _Andreas Yes, $$\vec{E}_n$$ is horizontal. But about the magnitude: the result seems to be a scalar (negative surface charge density divided by permittivity). I've drawn the picture exactly as it appears in my book, so I doubt that. However, it does indeed seem to be standard practice to draw it in the opposite direction (opposite to the direction in which it is drawn in my book, that is).	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9583684206008911, "perplexity": 572.7797458283068}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279657.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00027-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/694032-dx12-and-threading/	## Recommended Posts Being new to DirectX 12 I am looking for examples on how to use threading. I have done lots of OpenGL in the past and some DirectX, but with DX12 the threading magic is gone and I understand that threading is crucial to get good performance. In my project I currently have one thread doing it all. I have one command list, one command allocator, one bundle and one bundle allocator. I also have a million triangles, so it's about time that I start doing this. How do I split things up? How many threads should I use? How many command lists and allocators? I realize this is a beginner's question , but I have to begin somewhere. I would be grateful if someone could point me in a direction where I could find a simple code sample, tutorial or something similar. Thanks! ##### Share on other sites 5 hours ago, lubbe75 said: I also have a million triangles, so it's about time that I start doing this. Number of triangles is irrelevant to the CPU - how many draw calls do you have? If it's thousands, you may get some benefit from using multiple threads to record the draw commands. In my experience, with less than around a thousand draws, there's not much benefit in threaded draw submission. 5 hours ago, lubbe75 said: How many threads should I use? Most engines these days make a pool of one thread per CPU core, and then split all of their workloads up amongst that pool. So on a quad core, I'd use a max of 4 threads, and as above, also no more than around (draws/1000)+1 threads. ##### Share on other sites We have a work-stealing task scheduler that spawns 1 thread for every core on the CPU (minus 1 for the main thread). Then we create a bunch of tasks for groups of draw calls, and throw them a the task scheduler. We've tried both 1 thread per logical core (Intel CPU's with hyperthreading have 2 logical cores for every physical core) as well as 1 thread per physical core, and we've generally found that trying to run our task scheduler thread on both logical cores to be somewhat counterproductive. But your mileage may vary. AMD has some code here that can show you how to query the relevant CPU information, Writing your own task scheduler can be quite a bit of work (especially fixing all of the bugs!), but it can also be very educational. There's a pretty good series of articles here that can get you started. There's also third-party libraries like Intel's Thread Building Blocks (which is very comprehensive, but also a bit complex and very heavyweight), or Doug Bink's enkiTS (which is simple and lightweight, but doesn't have fancier high-level features). Windows also has a built-in thead pool API, but I've never used it myself so I can't really vouch for its effectiveness in a game engine scenario. My general advice for starting on multithreading programming is to carefully plan out which data will be touched by each separate task. IMO the easiest (and fastest!) way to have multiple threads work effectively is to make sure that they never touch the same data, or at least do so as infrequently as possible. If you have lots of shared things it can messy, slow, and error-prone very quickly if you have to manually wrap things in critical sections. Also keep in mind that reading data from multiple threads is generally fine, and it's writing to the same data that usually gets you in trouble. So it can help to figure out exactly which data is immutable during a particular phase of execution, and perhaps also enforce that through judicious use of the "const" keyword. ##### Share on other sites Thanks for the tips and the links! After reading a bit more I get the idea that threading is mainly for recording command lists. Is this correct? Would this also include executing command lists? Before adding threads, will I benefit anything from using multiple command lists, command allocators or command queues? I have read somewhere that using multiple command allocators can increase performance since I may not have to wait as often before recording the next frame. I guess it's a matter of experimenting with the number of allocators that would be needed in my case. Would using multiple command lists or multiple command queues have the same effect as using multiple allocators, or will this only make sense with multi-threading? I'm currently in a stage where my Dx9 renderer is about 20 times faster than my Dx12 renderer, so I guessing it's mainly multi-threading that is missing. Do you know any other obvious and common beginner mistakes when starting with Dx12? ##### Share on other sites Before messing around with threading, 1 thing you'll want to do is make sure that the CPU and GPU are working in parallel. When starting out with DX12, you'll probably have things set up like this: Record command list for frame 0 -> submit command list for frame 0 - > wait for GPU to process frame 0 (by waiting on a fence -> Record comand list for frame 1 If you do it this way the GPU will be idle while the CPU is doing work, and the CPU will be idle while the GPU is doing work. To make sure that the CPU and GPU are pipelined (both working at the same time), you need to do it like this: Record command list for frame 0 -> submit command list for frame 0 -> record command list for frame 1 -> submit command list for frame 1 -> wait for the GPU to finish frame 0 -> record command list for frame 2 With this setup the GPU will effectively be a frame behind the CPU, but your overall throughput (framerate) will be higher since the CPU and GPU will be working concurrently instead of in lockstep. The big catch is that since the CPU is preparing the next frame while the GPU is actively processing commands, you need to be careful not to modify things that the GPU is reading from. This is where the "multiple command allocators" thing comes in: if you switch back and forth between two allocators, you'll always be modifying one command allocator while the GPU is reading from the other one. The same concept applies to things like constant buffers that are written to by the CPU. Once you've got that working, you can look into splitting things up into multiple command lists that are recorded by multiple threads. Without multiple threads there's no reason to have more than 1 command list unless you're also submitting to multiple queues. Multi-queue is quite complicated, and is definitely an advanced topic. COPY queues are generally useful for initializing resources like textures. COMPUTE queues can be useful for GPU's that support concurrently processing compute commands alongside graphics commands, which can result in higher overall throughput in certain scenarios. They can also be useful for cases where the compute work is completely independent of your graphics work, and therefore doesn't need to be synchronized with your graphics commands. ##### Share on other sites On 12/8/2017 at 5:13 AM, lubbe75 said: After reading a bit more I get the idea that threading is mainly for recording command lists. Is this correct? Would this also include executing command lists? Before adding threads, will I benefit anything from using multiple command lists, command allocators or command queues? ##### Share on other sites MJP, I have tried what you suggested, but I got poorer results compared to the straight forward 1-allocator method. Here is what I tried: After initiating, setting frameIndex to 0 and resetting commandList with allocator 0 I run the following loop (pseudo-code): populate commandList; execute commandList; reset commandList (using allocator[frameIndex]); present the frame; frameIndex = swapChain.CurrentBackBufferIndex; // 0 -> 1, 1 -> 0 if (frameIndex == 1) { // set the fence after frame 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ... commandQueue.Signal(fence, fenceValue); } else { // wait for the fence after frame 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ... int currentFence = fenceValue; fenceValue++; if (fence.CompletedValue < currentFence) { fence.SetEventOnCompletion(currentFence, fenceEvent.SafeWaitHandle.DangerousGetHandle()); fenceEvent.WaitOne(); } } Have I understood the idea correctly (I think I do)? Perhaps something here gets done in the wrong order? ##### Share on other sites That's not quite what I meant. You'll still want to signal your fence and wait on it every frame, you just need to wait on the value one frame later. The first frame you don't need to wait because there was no "previous" frame, but you do need to wait for every frame after that. Here's what my code looks like, minus a few things that aren't relevant: void EndFrame(IDXGISwapChain4* swapChain, uint32 syncIntervals) { DXCall(CmdList->Close()); ID3D12CommandList* commandLists[] = { CmdList }; GfxQueue->ExecuteCommandLists(ArraySize_(commandLists), commandLists); // Present the frame. DXCall(swapChain->Present(syncIntervals, syncIntervals == 0 ? DXGI_PRESENT_ALLOW_TEARING : 0)); ++CurrentCPUFrame; // Signal the fence with the current frame number, so that we can check back on it FrameFence.Signal(GfxQueue, CurrentCPUFrame); // Wait for the GPU to catch up before we stomp an executing command buffer const uint64 gpuLag = DX12::CurrentCPUFrame - DX12::CurrentGPUFrame; Assert_(gpuLag <= DX12::RenderLatency); if(gpuLag >= DX12::RenderLatency) { // Make sure that the previous frame is finished FrameFence.Wait(DX12::CurrentGPUFrame + 1); ++DX12::CurrentGPUFrame; } CurrFrameIdx = DX12::CurrentCPUFrame % NumCmdAllocators; // Prepare the command buffers to be used for the next frame DXCall(CmdAllocators[CurrFrameIdx]->Reset()); DXCall(CmdList->Reset(CmdAllocators[CurrFrameIdx], nullptr)); } ##### Share on other sites 13 hours ago, MJP said: That's not quite what I meant. You'll still want to signal your fence and wait on it every frame, you just need to wait on the value one frame later. The first frame you don't need to wait because there was no "previous" frame, but you do need to wait for every frame after that. Here's what my code looks like, minus a few things that aren't relevant: MJP I didn't look at the linked code but do you do anything for frame pacing in the full code? I see that gamers on the internet complain about frame pacing quite a lot when they seem to percieve issues with it. Your code snippet above would render a certain number of frames on the CPU as fast as possible and then wait for the GPU to catch up. Wouldn't this lead to jerkiness in the input sampling and simulation? Would you just add some timer code to the above to delay the next iteration of the game loop if necessary? Or is it more complex? ##### Share on other sites The code that I posted will let the CPU get no more than 1 frame ahead of the GPU. After the CPU submits command lists to the direct queue, it waits for the previous GPU frame to finish. So if the GPU is taking more time to complete a frame than the CPU is (or if VSYNC is enabled), the CPU will be effectively throttled by fence and will stay tied to the GPU's effective framerate. In my experience, frame pacing issues usually come from situations where the time delta being used for updating the game's simulation doesn't match the rate at which frames are actually presented on the screen. This can happen very easily if you use the length of the previous frame as your delta for the next frame. When you do this, you're basically saying "I expect the next frame to take just as long to update and render as the previous frame". This assumption will hold when you're locked at a steady framerate (usually due to VSYNC), but if your framerate is erratic then you will likely have mismatches between your simulation time delta and the actual frame time. It can be especially bad when missing VSYNC, since your frame times may go from 16.6ms up to 33.3ms, and perhaps oscillate back and forth. I would probably suggest the following for mitigating this issue: 1. Enable VSYNC, and never miss a frame! This will you 100% smooth results, but obviously it's much easier said than done. 2. Detect when you're not making VSYNC, and increase the sync interval to 2. This will effectively halve your framerate (for instance, you'll go from 60Hz to 30Hz on a 60Hz display), but that may be preferable to "mostly" making full framerate with frequent dips. 3. Alternatively, disable VSYNC when you're not quite making it. This is common on consoles, where you have the ability to do this much better than you do on PC. It's good for when you're just barely missing your VSYNC rate, since in that case most of the screen will still get updated at full rate (however there will be a horizontal tear line). It will also keep you from dropping to half the VSYNC rate, which will reduce the error in your time delta assumption. 4. Triple buffering can also give you similar results to disabling VSYNC, but also prevent tearing (note that non-fullscreen D3D apps on Windows are effectively triple-buffered by default since they go through the desktop compositor) 5. You could also try filtering your time deltas a bit to keep them from getting too erratic when you don't make VSYNC. I've never tried this myself, but it's possible that having a more consistent but smaller errors in your time delta is better than less frequent but larger errors. Hopefully someone else can chime in with more thoughts if they have experience with this. I haven't really done any specific research or experimentation with this issue outside of making games feel good when they ship, so don't consider me an authority on this issue. ## Create an account Register a new account 1. 1 2. 2 JoeJ 17 3. 3 4. 4 frob 11 5. 5 • 13 • 16 • 13 • 20 • 13 • ### Forum Statistics • Total Topics 632186 • Total Posts 3004637 ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.25491976737976074, "perplexity": 1619.5533419464268}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216475.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820140847-20180820160847-00079.warc.gz"}
http://www.swmath.org/software/32953	# rogue-waves Extreme superposition: rogue waves of infinite order and the Painlevé-III hierarchy. We study the fundamental rogue wave solutions of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the limit of large order. Using a recently proposed Riemann-Hilbert representation of the rogue wave solution of arbitrary order (k), we establish the existence of a limiting profile of the rogue wave in the large-(k) limit when the solution is viewed in appropriate rescaled variables capturing the near-field region where the solution has the largest amplitude. The limiting profile is a new particular solution of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the rescaled variables -- the rogue wave of infinite order -- which also satisfies ordinary differential equations with respect to space and time. The spatial differential equations are identified with certain members of the Painlevé-III hierarchy. We compute the far-field asymptotic behavior of the near-field limit solution and compare the asymptotic formulas with the exact solution using numerical methods for solving Riemann-Hilbert problems. In a certain transitional region for the asymptotics, the near-field limit function is described by a specific globally defined tritronquée solution of the Painlevé-II equation. These properties lead us to regard the rogue wave of infinite order as a new special function. ## Keywords for this software Anything in here will be replaced on browsers that support the canvas element ## References in zbMATH (referenced in 5 articles , 1 standard article ) Showing results 1 to 5 of 5. Sorted by year (citations)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8917112350463867, "perplexity": 527.280003660986}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738913.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812171125-20200812201125-00461.warc.gz"}
https://open.kattis.com/problems/primematrix	Kattis # Prime Matrix Image by Chris A Prime Matrix is defined as an $n \times n$ square matrix satisfying: • All numbers in the matrix are positive integers, and • The numbers in each row are distinct, and • The numbers in each column are distinct, and • The sum of numbers in each row is a prime number, and • The sum of numbers in each column is a prime number. There may be multiple valid prime matrices out there, but you don’t want the numbers in the matrix to be too large. Given a bound $b$, can you find a prime matrix so that it contains only integers between $1$ and $b$? ## Input The input has a single line with two integers: $n$ ($2 \leq n \leq 50$) and $b$ ($2 \leq b \leq 10^9$). ## Output Output any valid $n \times n$ prime matrix. The output must have $n$ rows. Each row must have $n$ space-separated integers between $1$ and $b$ without leading zeroes. If no such matrix exists, output “impossible”. Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1 3 9 1 2 8 7 1 3 3 4 6 Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2 3 3 impossible	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6176438927650452, "perplexity": 508.811235328703}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210616.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923081833-20200923111833-00237.warc.gz"}
https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/electronics-tips-and-tricks-thread.12878/	# Electronics Tips and Tricks Thread Discussion in 'General Electronics Chat' started by studiot, Jul 9, 2008. Thread Status: Not open for further replies. 1. ### studiot Thread Starter AAC Fanatic! Nov 9, 2007 5,005 515 It has occurred to me that a thread where posters could pass on useful tips, tricks, rules-of-thumb, and conventions that may be of use for when you need a 'how to answer' not an in depth understanding. Please don't use this thread for asking questions. I will kick off with a very simple but useful formula for making a non standard resistor by adding a parallel resistor to a standard one. $R_{1} = \frac{R_{2}R_{d}}{R_{2} - R_{d}}$ $R_{1}$ is the required shunt resistor $R_{d}$ is the desired non preferred value $R_{2}$ is the (next) higher preferred value Last edited by a moderator: Jul 9, 2008 nepdeep and Niharika narayan like this. 2. ### SgtWookie Expert Jul 17, 2007 22,183 1,732 In retaliation for StudioT's post... Attached files: 1) Series_ParallelResistanceCalculator.zip - contains an Excel spreadsheet that has StudioT's formula in it, and also does series of lookups on standard E6 thru E192 series resistance tables to ensure use of only the standard values in the results. Just put in the resistance you want where indicated, and resistor combinations for all E-series are displayed. 2) E24PLL.ZIP - contains E24PLL.TXT, a rather large (224kb) text file that you can scroll through to find pairs of resistors to use in parallel to obtain a particular resistance. Here's a handy web page that does both series and parallel calculations for you, for E12 and E24 series resistors: http://www.qsl.net/in3otd/parallr.html Note that you must select E12 or E24 each time you enter a new value, or you will receive an error message. [eta] 3) CapSMTMarkings is an excerpt from a KEMET Packaging and Marking document, for identification of SMT capacitor values. If there are two letters and a number, the manufacturer is the first letter. If just a letter and a number, only the value and multiplier is specified. File size: 8.7 KB Views: 980 File size: 64.6 KB Views: 711 • ###### CapSMTMarkings.PNG File size: 78.7 KB Views: 3,567 Last edited by a moderator: Feb 8, 2014 3. ### thingmaker3 Retired Moderator May 16, 2005 5,072 6 Rule of thumb for calculating power supply filter capacitors: C = 0.7(I)/ΔE(f) Where I = load current, ΔE = acceptable ripple voltage, and f = pulses per second from the rectifier. For full wave rectified 60Hz, this works out to: C = 0.00583 * I / ΔE 4. ### miconos New Member Jun 23, 2008 2 2 Rule of thumb for RFIC inductance calculation: 1mm ~ 1nH PGB1 and nepdeep like this. 5. ### yubyub Member Aug 13, 2008 19 6 Tip: check things more than once when soldering a big project. (i just soldered 50 transistors backwards) Shubhi, Canobi, gisdude and 3 others like this. 6. ### KL7AJ AAC Fanatic! Nov 4, 2008 2,047 305 If any of you can get a copy of the November 2008 QST, I have an article in Technical Correspondence called "Making the Glass Half Full." I discuss in detail the reciprocal impedance parameters: conductance, susceptance, and admittance. These GREATLY simplify otherwise daunting parallel impedance problems. 73, Eric pabonbd71 likes this. 7. ### eblc1388 AAC Fanatic! Nov 28, 2008 1,542 102 If your 9V battery connection is too short for the power supply, why not try the following and kill your project. You won't need to power it up anymore. • ###### 9VBat.jpg File size: 42 KB Views: 4,102 Last edited by a moderator: Jul 13, 2014 planeguy67 and flat5 like this. 8. ### electratech Member Jan 5, 2009 21 9 VIP chart for quick guide • ###### E-VIP chart.gif File size: 7.5 KB Views: 4,280 Last edited by a moderator: Feb 8, 2014 9. ### Skeebopstop Active Member Jan 9, 2009 358 3 Remember the skin effect. When trying to rid yourself of EMI, don't try to run it out of your system on a regular wire, rather ensure the wire has a large surface area (i.e. shielding). 10. ### leftyretro Active Member Nov 25, 2008 394 2 When designing power supplies be sure to size the input protection fuse so that the equipment being power blows up first so as to protect the power supply fuse from blowing open first. Lefty Hatman and gisdude like this. 11. ### Skeebopstop Active Member Jan 9, 2009 358 3 Er... aren't fuses meant to protect circuitry? I think you meant so that the 'fuse' blows up first to protect the circuitry and not the other way around. On the topic of fuses, make sure your fuse is placed as the first part of the system, before any surge protection. I recently had someone put 415VAC across a design intended to only allow 300VAC, so the VARistors popped, but the fuse downstream from the VARistor didn't, so then 600+VDC creeped into the circuit unimpeded. In reality, when the VARistor started to suck large amounts of current, the fuse should have been upstream so that it got a chance to blow from the VARistor current. David Gould likes this. 12. ### studiot Thread Starter AAC Fanatic! Nov 9, 2007 5,005 515 No, the primary function of fuses and other disconnection devices in mains equipment is to avoid electric shock to users from faulty equipment. The secondary function is to avoid electrically caused fires to property. Protection of the equipment itself is only a tertiary consideration, and a bonus if that can also be acheived. Himamshpola and flat5 like this. 13. ### sumithra New Member Feb 1, 2009 1 2 capacitor reactance is inversely propotional to frequency and inductive reactance is directly propotional to frequency.As frequency increases capacitive reactance decreases and inductive reactance increases. Himamshpola and nepdeep like this. 14. ### pkennedy Active Member Feb 27, 2009 44 0 this one helped me when I first started learning about transistors just passing it on when looking at a schematic of a transistor the arrow always points to the n device this is true in fets also 15. ### Dave Retired Moderator Nov 17, 2003 6,960 147 The way to remember it is for an NPN transistor the arrow is Not Pointing iN. Dave Sodar likes this. 16. ### livewire09 New Member Mar 22, 2009 5 0 I can vouch for all the above said,thanks for the useful information and keep uploading more stuff for novices like us! 17. ### Gus 67 New Member Jan 21, 2009 3 0 Funny,I also had the same trick put for PNP....PoiNing in (I know it's missing a P at the end,but it works for me) 18. ### thingmaker3 Retired Moderator May 16, 2005 5,072 6 I think "pin-up" for PNP - like a tack holding a poster to the board. At least I used to. I seem to finally have the association down after all these years. 19. ### studiot Thread Starter AAC Fanatic! Nov 9, 2007 5,005 515 Please this thread is meant to be a list of Tips, not a discussion thread. Here is another one. π does not appear in plane formulae. 1/2π appears in cylindrical formulae 1/4π appears in spherical formulae. For example The field E above an infinite plane charge density Q, E = Q / ε Field near a long line, linear density Q E = Q / 2πεr Field surrounding a point charge E = Q / 4πεr$^{2}$ 20. ### Skeebopstop Active Member Jan 9, 2009 358 3 Thermal time constants of resistors de-rate them under duty cycle. A 5W resistor at continuous might be thought to allow 50W at 10% duty cycle (i.e. 50W pulses). This is incorrect! Generally the de-rating at 10% would allow more like 10W pulses and not 50! The internals of them heat up much faster than they can dissipate it into ambient! I recently got 'burned' on this. (Pun intended.) Kent Martin likes this. Related Forum Posts: 1. Replies: 26 Views: 2,201 2. Replies: 15 Views: 3,975 3. Replies: 1 Views: 1,165 4. Replies: 5 Views: 1,932 Thread Status: Not open for further replies.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 5, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46101051568984985, "perplexity": 8053.4506028130045}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171232.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00144-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/38349/rank-correlation-statistics-comparison	# Rank Correlation Statistics Comparison I am trying to understand the relative behavior of the following rank correlation statistics: 1. Spearman coefficient 2. Kendall Tau / Concordance percentage 3. Normalized Gini coefficient (area under curve of percentage captured versus percentage observations) 4. Normalized Area under ROC curve (for binary classifiers) I don't believe any of these are functionally related to the others. The accepted answer here references this paper and Spearman and Kendall are highly correlated (as one would expect). Are there good intuitions behind/discussions of relative (across datasets) or absolute (for a given dataset) differences for (any pair of) these measures? - ROC curve is not a rank order correlation statistic as far as I'm aware, I don't believe the Gini coefficient is either, as it is a measure of statistical dispersion. Perhaps I'm wrong or have misinterpreted. – analystic Oct 1 '12 at 4:46 Sorry, I did a poor job of defining what I mean -- rank by the prediction, not by the target. Then the Gini statistic (similarly ROC) as intended is similarly to how the term is used here. This is a somewhat standard usage (see for example, this random paper (pdf) from near the top of google's results. – cohoz Oct 2 '12 at 1:44 I think you're misunderstanding two uses of the term "rank". Rho and Tau refer to calculating a monotonic relationship between two variables. The other two metrics are used for determining the effectiveness of a statistical model. In this sense, they may "rank" models according to their predictive power, and provide information about the models, however they are not measures of rank correlation. – analystic Oct 2 '12 at 11:43 Can you explain further? I am trying to see how well a predicted score ranks a target variable. The Gini is one way to do this. Why isn't Spearman's rho another? – cohoz Oct 3 '12 at 1:20 how does a "predicted scored rank a target variable"? I don't know what you mean by this. You have target variables and you have models which predict target variables, they don't rank them. However, the Gini index is not a model and doesn't predict a dependent variable, as I understand its use. – analystic Oct 5 '12 at 10:07 show 2 more comments	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8306576013565063, "perplexity": 955.6311856549773}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704752145/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114552-00034-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.codingame.com/playgrounds/29924/computing-with-data/retry-policies	ACTIVITIES 1 Computing with Data elgeish 406.3K views Retry Policies Here's an example of a probabilistic exponential backoff poller; this one starts with an initial delay of 2 milliseconds and gives up when the total delay exceeds 60 milliseconds; it also allows resetting the delay interval with a probability of 0.42 (give it a try; run it multiple times):	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9329144954681396, "perplexity": 3062.3323005642583}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057787.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925232725-20210926022725-00514.warc.gz"}
https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/30529/does-an-engines-isp-rating-always-include-all-mass-flow-rates-including-those	# Does an engine's Isp rating always include all mass flow rates, including those for electrical or mechanical power generations? Discussions here have convinced me to ask this separately. Isp or mass-specific impulse is a ratio of thrust (force) to mass flow rate (kg/s). It comes in two flavors, seconds and meters/second depending on if it's multiplied by $g$. Is Isp understood to be calculated using all mass flow rates including those that might be combusted to generate electrical power or mechanical power to drive turbo pumps and potentially other things? I suppose we can ignore the kerosene used to run hydraulic systems, even though in some cases those systems are not closed! • Not really an answer but an indication: I recently compared efficiency (stated Isp vs theoretical Isp at stated chamber pressure) and found staged combustion engines always having a few percent higher efficiency when compared to gas-generator cycles. As chamber and nozzle design for both cycles shouldn't differ that much (does it?) I guess that they all included the massflow for their turbine in their calculation. I compared only around 4 engines of each type. – Christoph Sep 7 '18 at 10:52 • Aha! The plot thickens... – uhoh Sep 7 '18 at 10:56 • You might need to be a bit more specific. The so called "tag data" for SSMEs - used for flight predictions - was generated on a test stand from actual measurements of flow rate and sea-level thrust. So of course an Isp calculation from this would include all factors. Are you asking about some other case where the Isp is not derived from testing? Definitions might vary, but SSME used inlet flows, so any leakage (and autogenous pressurization fluid) resulted in an reduction to the Isp. In the sim we could see the Isp drop when the press valves opened (a tiny amount). The tag #s were averaged. – Organic Marble Sep 7 '18 at 13:05 • @OrganicMarble It will be hard for me to be more specific, I'd intended to refer to Isp values "in general" and a component of the answer might then be "it depends", in which case I might say "what about the numbers listed in Wikipedia, the ones people sometimes quote in answer or question posts here?" – uhoh Sep 7 '18 at 14:42	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4536880552768707, "perplexity": 1957.4472687795599}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00460.warc.gz"}
http://nuit-blanche.blogspot.com/2015/05/compressed-nonnegative-matrix.html	## Monday, May 25, 2015 ### Compressed Nonnegative Matrix Factorization is Fast and Accurate - implementation - Compressed Nonnegative Matrix Factorization is Fast and Accurate by Mariano Tepper, Guillermo Sapiro Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has an established reputation as a useful data analysis technique in numerous applications. However, its usage in practical situations is undergoing challenges in recent years. The fundamental factor to this is the increasingly growing size of the datasets available and needed in the information sciences. To address this, in this work we propose to use structured random compression, that is, random projections that exploit the data structure, for two NMF variants: classical and separable. In separable NMF (SNMF) the left factors are a subset of the columns of the input matrix. We present suitable formulations for each problem, dealing with different representative algorithms within each one. We show that the resulting compressed techniques are faster than their uncompressed variants, vastly reduce memory demands, and do not encompass any significant deterioration in performance. The proposed structured random projections for SNMF allow to deal with arbitrarily shaped large matrices, beyond the standard limit of tall-and-skinny matrices, granting access to very efficient computations in this general setting. We accompany the algorithmic presentation with theoretical foundations and numerous and diverse examples, showing the suitability of the proposed approaches. of note: It is well studied that Gaussian projection preserves the l`2 norm [e.g.,14,and references therein]. However, our extensive experiments show that structured random compression achieves better performance than Gaussian compression. Intuitively, Gaussian compression is a general data-agnostic tool, whereas structured compression uses information from the matrix (an analogous of training). Theoretical research is needed to fully justify thisperformance gap In particular this is quite obvious that gaussian projections do seem to get the same results but then again, it may be because not enough gaussian projections were used. Anyway, an implementation is on Mariano Tepper's code page: http://www.marianotepper.com.ar/research/cnmf Join the CompressiveSensing subreddit or the Google+ Community and post there ! Liked this entry ? subscribe to Nuit Blanche's feed, there's more where that came from. You can also subscribe to Nuit Blanche by Email, explore the Big Picture in Compressive Sensing or the Matrix Factorization Jungle and join the conversations on compressive sensing, advanced matrix factorization and calibration issues on Linkedin.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8104695677757263, "perplexity": 1916.6671927247844}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170562.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00331-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/mental-time-travel	Hardcover \| $43.00 Short \| £35.95 \| 312 pp. \| 6 x 9 in \| 10 line drawings \| February 2016 \| ISBN: 9780262034098 eBook \|$31.00 Short \| February 2016 \| ISBN: 9780262334563 Mouseover for Online Attention Data ## Mental Time Travel Episodic Memory and Our Knowledge of the Personal Past ## Overview In this book, Kourken Michaelian builds on research in the psychology of memory to develop an innovative philosophical account of the nature of remembering and memory knowledge. Current philosophical approaches to memory rest on assumptions that are incompatible with the rich body of theory and data coming from psychology. Michaelian argues that abandoning those assumptions will result in a radically new philosophical understanding of memory. His novel, integrated account of episodic memory, memory knowledge, and their evolution makes a significant step in that direction. Michaelian situates episodic memory as a form of mental time travel and outlines a naturalistic framework for understanding it. Drawing on research in constructive memory, he develops an innovative simulation theory of memory; finding no intrinsic difference between remembering and imagining, he argues that to remember is to imagine the past. He investigates the reliability of simulational memory, focusing on the adaptivity of the constructive processes involved in remembering and the role of metacognitive monitoring; and he outlines an account of the evolution of episodic memory, distinguishing it from the forms of episodic-like memory demonstrated in animals. Memory research has become increasingly interdisciplinary. Michaelian’s account, built systematically on the findings of empirical research, not only draws out the implications of these findings for philosophical theories of remembering but also offers psychologists a framework for making sense of provocative experimental results on mental time travel. Kourken Michaelian is a Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Otago, New Zealand. ## Reviews “To me, what is most exciting about this book is its demonstration that good philosophy and good science are not incompatible, that philosophy can inform science... and that science can inform philosophy.”—Metapsychology Online Reviews “[T]his work has led me to consider questions that I had never thought about in my four decades of memory research. This is an essential book for anyone interested in memory.”—PsycCRITIQUES “Michaelian's book is a very valuable contribution to the small, but growing, philosophical literature on what is perhaps the most intriguing of the various phenomena involved in remembering.”—Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews “...crisp and impressive.”—The Philosophical Quarterly ## Endorsements “Kourken Michaelian’s book will be a milestone in the study of memory. This systematic investigation covers an impressive span of philosophical and psychological work on memory, and is both well-informed in cognitive science and nuanced in its conceptual treatment of the topic. Michaelian’s treatise provides a framework that will shape the debates on memory and mental time travel in the years to come” Jordi Fernández, Department of Philosophy, University of Adelaide, Australia “In Mental Time Travel, Kourken Michaelian calls into question the intuitive assumption that memory is strictly about the past. In so doing, he offers a fresh multidisciplinary perspective into memory’s constructive nature. Psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers who study the concept of memory should consider this volume essential reading.” Karl Szpunar, Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1536894291639328, "perplexity": 2689.962467671869}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103910.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817185948-20170817205948-00701.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/19781/using-package-minted-with-non-english-characters	# Using package minted with non-english characters I would like to use LaTeX package minted to colorize my c and Cuda code. I need to write comments in the code in czech. I use package inputenc with utf-8 and czech characters (ěščřžýáíé) work good in whole paper but minted block: LaTeX source: \begin{minted}{c} double m[4]; // staticky alokované pole \end{minted} Output pdf: double m[4]; // staticky alokovan\unhbox \voidb@x \bgroup \let \unhbox \voidb@x \ EDIT: I have tried XeTeX. minted works fine with XeTeX and czech characters. But assymptote doesn't work for me with XeTeX. asy command used on .asy file from XeTeX utilize 100% of my cpu but not generate any output in casual time. EDIT: Example for pdflatex: \documentclass[a4paper, pt11]{article} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{fullpage} \usepackage[english, czech]{babel} % More symbols \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{latexsym} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{asymptote} \usepackage{minted} \begin{document} \begin{figure}[h] \begin{asy} import unicode; size(15cm); fill((0, 0)--(0.5, 0)--(0.5, 1)--(0, 1)--cycle, red); fill((0.5, 0)--(6, 0)--(6, 1)--(0.5, 1)--cycle, blue); fill((6, 0)--(32, 0)--(32, 1)--(6, 1)--cycle, green); draw((0.25, 1.1)--(0.25, 1.9)); label("znaménko", (0.25,2), N); label("exponent", (3.25,1), N); label("mantisa", (18,1), N); for(int i=0; i < 64; ++i) { draw((0.5i, 0)--(0.5i + 0.5, 0)--(0.5i + 0.5, 1)--(0.5i, 1)--cycle); } label("$63$",(0.25,0),S); label("$52$",(5.75,0),S); label("$0$",(31.75,0),S); \end{asy} \caption{Uspořádání \emph{double} v paměti} \label{doublemem} \end{figure} \begin{minted}{c} double m[4]; // staticky alokované pole m[0] = 1; // přímé nastavení první složky double n = (double ) malloc(pocet_cisel * 4 * sizeof (double)); // dynamická alokace n[4 + 0] = 1; // přímý přístup do první složky druhého čísla free(n); // vyčištění paměti \end{minted} \end{document} - ## migrated from stackoverflow.comJun 3 '11 at 12:35 This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers. Did you try the listings-package? – strauberry Jun 3 '11 at 11:47 Yes. I have used \lstset{language=C, inputencoding=utf8} and I have got error: Package inputenc Error: Unicode char \u8:�\expandafter not set up for use with LaTeX. – snilard Jun 3 '11 at 12:32 @snilard: please post your minimal example. – xport Jun 3 '11 at 13:29 Here's a patch for fancyvrb and minted. This should let minted handle whatever Unicode pdfTeX can handle. @KonradRudolph All of this comes down to making sure everything is processed by \detokenize before it is saved to file. \documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[english, czech]{babel} \usepackage{fullpage} \usepackage{minted} \makeatletter \newcommand{\minted@write@detok}[1]{% \immediate\write\FV@OutFile{\detokenize{#1}}}% \newcommand{\minted@FVB@VerbatimOut}[1]{% \@bsphack \begingroup \FV@UseKeyValues \FV@DefineWhiteSpace \def\FV@Space{\space}% %\def\FV@ProcessLine{\immediate\write\FV@OutFile}% %Old, non-Unicode version \let\FV@ProcessLine\minted@write@detok %Patch for Unicode \immediate\openout\FV@OutFile #1\relax \let\FV@FontScanPrep\relax %% DG/SR modification begin - May. 18, 1998 (to avoid problems with ligatures) \let\@noligs\relax %% DG/SR modification end \FV@Scan} \let\FVB@VerbatimOut\minted@FVB@VerbatimOut \renewcommand\minted@savecode[1]{ \immediate\openout\minted@code\jobname.pyg \immediate\write\minted@code{\expandafter\detokenize\expandafter{#1}}% \immediate\closeout\minted@code} \makeatother \begin{document} \begin{minted}{c} double m[4]; // staticky alokované pole m[0] = 1; // prímé nastavení první složky double n = (double ) malloc(pocet_cisel * 4 * sizeof (double)); // dynamická alokace n[4 + 0] = 1; // prímý prístup do první složky druhého císla free(n); // vycištení pameti \end{minted} \mint{c}\|double m[4]; // staticky alokované pole\| \end{document} Edit 2013/07/30 Equivalent code is now incorporated into the minted development version on GitHub. - this works for me. +1 – alvatar Feb 3 '13 at 11:59 As alone document this work's for me too. But it hasn't any efect in my thesis. I have absolutely no idea why. – snilard Mar 24 '13 at 17:03 @snilard If you can come up with a minimal working example, please add another comment or otherwise let me know. Perhaps there's another package you are loading that can cause some sort of conflict. – G. Poore Mar 25 '13 at 13:46 I am sorry. I did some mistake because It works fine now. Thank you. – snilard Apr 11 '13 at 14:47 minted doesn’t fully support inputenc; using external tools in conjunction with Unicode in LaTeX is all but impossible. You either need to use XeTeX or LuaTeX instead of plain LaTeX, or use another highlighter package instead of minted – but as you’ve seen yourself they have their own share of problems with Unicode. Personally, I suggest you use XeTeX. It ships with every modern LaTeX system. You just need to use the xelatex or luatex command instead of pdflatex for typesetting. - In my windows7-64 + Python3 + French + 2013-04-30th, this worked for me : • python part : • install python 3.3 (32bit), and the following sub-projects : . easy_install, (necessary to install pygmentize after) . pygmentize, • to have pygmentize in my path, i had to copy pygmentize.exe and pygmentize-script.py : . from C:\Python33\Scripts . to C:\Python33 • tex part : • install TexLive or Miketex (2.9+), if not done, • check you have xelatex in it, and modules "minted", and "polyglossia", • if already yes, maybe check you are up-to-date in those module version, • tex editor parametrizing (in texmaker example, may vary for others): • use texmaker v4.0.1+ (or >= 3.5.1) (32bit usb or full install version), • check its default file saving mode is "utf-8", • configure xelatex compilation as follow : xelatex -8bit -shell-escape -synctex=1 -interaction=nonstopmode %.tex "-8bit" is to replace "TAB" character per beautifull spaces "-shell-escape" I don't remember (see other posts) • set default "quick compilation" to xelatex+pdf : (indeed, xelatex will compil to .xvd, and only .pdf viewer seems possible) • use then "quickcompilation" to transform your .tex into a .pdf. • remove {inputenc} , {babel} references from your old .tex, • working .tex file : %Format: WML-LaTeX2e %This work for Mathematics+French characters+Minted usage %For more complex case \documentclass[10pt,a4paper,notitlepage]{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} %\usepackage[ansinew]{inputenc} no more %\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} no more %\usepackage[english, french]{babel} no more %\usepackage{fr} no more \usepackage{a4} % and now with \usepackage{polyglossia} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{listings} \usepackage{minted} \topmargin -1.5cm \topskip 0cm \textheight 28cm \footskip 1.5cm \textwidth 18cm \oddsidemargin -1cm \evensidemargin 0cm \begin{document} \centerline{\fbox{\begin{minipage}{10cm}\textbf { \begin{center} Titre accentué \end{center} } \end{minipage}}} \noindent Essai script \begin{minted}[mathescape]{python} # des caractères français for j in range(1,10) : print("c'est la fête !") \end{minted} \end{document} - Welcome to TeX.sx! I've formatted your message using better mark up. In general it's best to avoid <pre> and </br> tags. – egreg Apr 30 '13 at 11:05 FWIW, this example works fine with ConTeXt MkII (which uses pdftex engine). Instead of the minted package, I am using vim module for ConTeXt, which is similar to minted but uses vim for highlighting the file. \enableregime[utf-8] \usemodule[vim] \definevimtyping[C] \starttext \startC double m[4]; // staticky alokované pole \stopC \stoptext The output file is written correctly. Therefore, it is highlighted correctly by vim, and the resulting pdf is fine. This shows that correct handling of encoding is possible in pdftex and hence should be possible in LaTeX as well. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7654791474342346, "perplexity": 29818.471967088768}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936471203.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074111-00262-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.ck12.org/physics/Sound-in-a-Tube/lesson/Sound-in-a-Tube/r19/	<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1; url=/nojavascript/"> Sound in a Tube ( Read ) \| Physics \| CK-12 Foundation You are viewing an older version of this Concept. Go to the latest version. # Sound in a Tube % Progress Practice Sound in a Tube Progress % Sound in a Tube Students will learn how to analyze and solve problems where standing waves (and hence sound) is produced in a tube. ### Key Equations $v = \lambda f$ for a tube closed at one end $f =nv /4L$ , where $n$ is always odd for a tube open at both ends $f =nv /2L$ , where $n$ is an integer Guidance In the case of a tube that is open at one end, a node is forced at the closed end (no air molecules can vibrate up and down) and an antinode occurs at the open end (here, air molecules are free to move). A different spectrum of standing waves is produced. For instance, the fundamental standing sound wave produced in a tube closed at one end is shown below. In this case, the amplitude of the standing wave is referring to the magnitude of the air pressure variations. This standing wave is the first harmonic and one can see that the wavelength is $\lambda = 4L$ . Since $v = \lambda f$ , the frequency of oscillation is $f = v/4L$ . In general, the frequency of oscillation is $f = nv/4L$ , where $n$ is always odd. #### Example 1 Question The objects A, B, and C below represent graduated cylinders of length 50 cm which are filled with water to the depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm, respectively as shown. a) If you blow in each of these tubes, which (A,B,C) will produce the highest frequency sound? b) What is the wavelength of the 1st harmonic (i.e. fundamental) of tube B? c) The speed of sound at room temperature is about 343 m/s. What is the frequency of the 1st harmonic for tube B? Solution a) The water forms the bottom of the tube and thus where the node of the wave will be. Thus the air column is where the sound wave can exist. The larger the air column, the larger the wavelength. Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, thus the tube with the smallest air column will have the highest frequency. So the answer is tube C. b) The air column is 50 cm - 20 cm = 30 cm. The first harmonic has a quarter wavelength in the tube. Thus $\lambda = 4 \times L$ . Thus, $\lambda = 4 \times 30 \text{cm} = 120 \text{cm}$ c) Using the wave equation for the first harmonic (thus, n = 1) of a tube open at one end we get $f = \frac{v}{4L} = \frac{343 \text{m/s}}{1.2 \text{m}}= 286 \text{Hz}$ ### Time for Practice 1. Aborigines, the native people of Australia, play an instrument called the Didgeridoo like the one shown above. The Didgeridoo produces a low pitch sound and is possibly the world’s oldest instrument. The one shown above is about 1.3 m long and open at both ends. 1. Knowing that when a tube is open at both ends there must be an antinode at both ends, draw the first 3 harmonics for this instrument. 2. Calculate the frequency of the first 3 harmonics assuming room temperature and thus a velocity of sound of 340 m/s. Then take a shot at deriving a generic formula for the frequency of the $n$ th standing wave mode for the Didgeridoo, as was done for the string tied at both ends and for the tube open at one end. 2. Students are doing an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air. They hold a tuning fork above a large empty graduated cylinder and try to create resonance. The air column in the graduated cylinder can be adjusted by putting water in it. At a certain point for each tuning fork a clear resonance point is heard. The students adjust the water finely to get the peak resonance then carefully measure the air column from water to top of air column. (The assumption is that the tuning fork itself creates an anti-node and the water creates a node.) The following data were collected: Frequency of tuning fork (Hz) Length of air column (cm) Wavelength (m) Speed of sound (m/s) 184 46 328 26 384 22 512 16 1024 24 (a) Fill out the last two columns in the data table. (b) Explain major inconsistencies in the data or results. (c) The graduated cylinder is 50 cm high. Were there other resonance points that could have been heard? If so what would be the length of the wavelength? (d) What are the inherent errors in this experiment? 1. Peter is playing tones by blowing across the top of a glass bottle partially filled with water. He notices that if he blows softly he hears a lower note, but if he blows harder he hears higher frequencies. (a) In the 120 cm long tubes below draw three diagrams showing the first three harmonics produced in the tube. Please draw the waves as transverse even though we know sound waves are longitudinal (reason for this, obviously, is that it is much easier to draw transverse waves rather than longitudinal). Note that the tube is CLOSED at one end and OPEN at the other. (b) Calculate the frequencies of the first three harmonics played in this tube, if the speed of sound in the tube is 340 m/s. (c) The speed of sound in carbon dioxide is lower than in air. If the bottle contained $CO2$ instead of air, would the frequencies found above be higher or lower? Knowing that the pitch of your voice gets higher when you inhale helium, what can we say about the speed of sound in $He$ . 1. (b) 131 Hz, 262 Hz, 393 Hz; formula is same as closed at both ends 2. Discuss in class 3. (b) 70.8 Hz, 213 Hz, 354 Hz (c) voice gets lower pitch. Speed of sound in He must be faster by same logic.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 16, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9261801242828369, "perplexity": 496.2381105159816}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767274.159/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00060-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://risk.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ICONE/proceedings-abstract/ICONE26/51432/V001T04A008/274609	The active magnetic bearing (AMB) in HTR-PM primary helium circulator (PHC) applies the inductive displacement transducer (IDT) to achieve the closed-loop feedback control. The magnetic anisotropy of the rotor material can be equivalent to structure defect of the rotor and affect the IDT measurement accuracy, leading to internal exciting vibration of the rotor. In this paper, the magnetic field analysis shows that the rotor magnetic anisotropy has effect on the sensor measurement and brings about the displacement measurement error. In the rotor-sensor experiment, the effect of rotor magnetic anisotropy on the IDT is obtained as a curve of magnetic error, which further explains that the rotor magnetic anisotropy will affect the dynamic measurement accuracy of the IDT. With the simulation result, it is observed that the displacement measurement error will lead to the internal exciting force of AMB-rotor system. The force will increase as the rotor speed increases, and bring about high-frequency vibration of the rotor. This content is only available via PDF.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9054921865463257, "perplexity": 1113.411558695669}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204104311-20221204134311-00160.warc.gz"}
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2015.0670	American Institute of Mathematical Sciences 2015, 2015(special): 670-677. doi: 10.3934/proc.2015.0670 Linear model of traffic flow in an isolated network Received September 2014 Revised April 2015 Published November 2015 We obtain a mathematical linear model which describes automatic operation of the traffic of material objects in a network. Existence and global solutions is obtained for such model. A related model which used outdated information is shown to collapse in finite time. Citation: Ángela Jiménez-Casas, Aníbal Rodríguez-Bernal. Linear model of traffic flow in an isolated network. Conference Publications, 2015, 2015 (special) : 670-677. doi: 10.3934/proc.2015.0670 References: [1] J. K. Hale, Theory of Functional Differential Equations,, Springer-Verlag, (1977). Google Scholar [2] J. K. Hale, L. T. Magalhaes and W. M. Oliva, Dynamics in Infinite Dimensions,, Springer-Verlag, (2002). Google Scholar [3] A. Jiménez-Casas and A. Rodríguez-Bernal, A Model of Traffic Flow in a Network,, Advances in Differential Equations and Applications, 4 (2014), 193. Google Scholar [4] A. Jiménez-Casas and A. Rodríguez-Bernal, General model of traffic flow in an isolated network,, in preparation., (). Google Scholar [5] B. Sridhar and P. K. Menon, Comparison of Linear Dynamic Models for Air Traffic Flow Management,, Proceedings of the 16th IFAC World Congress, (2005), 1962. Google Scholar [6] D. Sun, I. S. Strub and A. M. Bayen, Comparison of the Performance of Four Eulerian Network Flow Models for Strategic Air Traffic Network Flow Models for Strategic Air Traffic Management,, Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2 (2007), 569. Google Scholar show all references References: [1] J. K. Hale, Theory of Functional Differential Equations,, Springer-Verlag, (1977). Google Scholar [2] J. K. Hale, L. T. Magalhaes and W. M. Oliva, Dynamics in Infinite Dimensions,, Springer-Verlag, (2002). Google Scholar [3] A. Jiménez-Casas and A. Rodríguez-Bernal, A Model of Traffic Flow in a Network,, Advances in Differential Equations and Applications, 4 (2014), 193. Google Scholar [4] A. Jiménez-Casas and A. Rodríguez-Bernal, General model of traffic flow in an isolated network,, in preparation., (). Google Scholar [5] B. Sridhar and P. K. Menon, Comparison of Linear Dynamic Models for Air Traffic Flow Management,, Proceedings of the 16th IFAC World Congress, (2005), 1962. Google Scholar [6] D. Sun, I. S. Strub and A. M. Bayen, Comparison of the Performance of Four Eulerian Network Flow Models for Strategic Air Traffic Network Flow Models for Strategic Air Traffic Management,, Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2 (2007), 569. Google Scholar [1] Mary Luz Mouronte, Rosa María Benito. Structural analysis and traffic flow in the transport networks of Madrid. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2015, 10 (1) : 127-148. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.127 [2] Gabriella Bretti, Roberto Natalini, Benedetto Piccoli. Numerical approximations of a traffic flow model on networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2006, 1 (1) : 57-84. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2006.1.57 [3] Gabriella Bretti, Roberto Natalini, Benedetto Piccoli. Fast algorithms for the approximation of a traffic flow model on networks. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2006, 6 (3) : 427-448. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2006.6.427 [4] Paola Goatin. Traffic flow models with phase transitions on road networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2009, 4 (2) : 287-301. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2009.4.287 [5] Alberto Bressan, Ke Han. Existence of optima and equilibria for traffic flow on networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2013, 8 (3) : 627-648. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2013.8.627 [6] Emiliano Cristiani, Fabio S. Priuli. A destination-preserving model for simulating Wardrop equilibria in traffic flow on networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2015, 10 (4) : 857-876. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.857 [7] Gabriella Bretti, Maya Briani, Emiliano Cristiani. An easy-to-use algorithm for simulating traffic flow on networks: Numerical experiments. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2014, 7 (3) : 379-394. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2014.7.379 [8] Maya Briani, Emiliano Cristiani. An easy-to-use algorithm for simulating traffic flow on networks: Theoretical study. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2014, 9 (3) : 519-552. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2014.9.519 [9] Lino J. Alvarez-Vázquez, Néstor García-Chan, Aurea Martínez, Miguel E. Vázquez-Méndez. Optimal control of urban air pollution related to traffic flow in road networks. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2018, 8 (1) : 177-193. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2018008 [10] Alberto Bressan, Khai T. Nguyen. Optima and equilibria for traffic flow on networks with backward propagating queues. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2015, 10 (4) : 717-748. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.717 [11] Emiliano Cristiani, Smita Sahu. On the micro-to-macro limit for first-order traffic flow models on networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2016, 11 (3) : 395-413. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2016002 [12] Yacine Chitour, Benedetto Piccoli. Traffic circles and timing of traffic lights for cars flow. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2005, 5 (3) : 599-630. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2005.5.599 [13] P. Adda, J. L. Dimi, A. Iggidir, J. C. Kamgang, G. Sallet, J. J. Tewa. General models of host-parasite systems. Global analysis. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2007, 8 (1) : 1-17. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2007.8.1 [14] G. C. Yang, K. Q. Lan. Systems of singular integral equations and applications to existence of reversed flow solutions of Falkner-Skan equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2013, 12 (6) : 2465-2495. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2013.12.2465 [15] Mapundi K. Banda, Michael Herty, Axel Klar. Gas flow in pipeline networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2006, 1 (1) : 41-56. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2006.1.41 [16] Radu C. Cascaval, Ciro D'Apice, Maria Pia D'Arienzo, Rosanna Manzo. Flow optimization in vascular networks. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2017, 14 (3) : 607-624. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2017035 [17] Alessia Marigo. Optimal traffic distribution and priority coefficients for telecommunication networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2006, 1 (2) : 315-336. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2006.1.315 [18] Ye Sun, Daniel B. Work. Error bounds for Kalman filters on traffic networks. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2018, 13 (2) : 261-295. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2018012 [19] Yong Ren, Huijin Yang, Wensheng Yin. Weighted exponential stability of stochastic coupled systems on networks with delay driven by $G$-Brownian motion. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (7) : 3379-3393. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018325 [20] Matteo Petrera, Yuri B. Suris. Geometry of the Kahan discretizations of planar quadratic Hamiltonian systems. Ⅱ. Systems with a linear Poisson tensor. Journal of Computational Dynamics, 2019, 6 (2) : 401-408. doi: 10.3934/jcd.2019020 Impact Factor:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6298757791519165, "perplexity": 10550.943976774817}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00418.warc.gz"}
https://lasteamlab.com/the-science-of-snowflakes/	## The Science of Snowflakes Crystal structures are all around us. We eat them in the form of salt and sugar and in freezing weather we see them in the forms of snow, ice, and sleet. Water is one of the simplest molecules to form crystals, making it an interesting and fun topic of study. However, don’t let the simplicity of water molecules fool you into thinking the process of snow formation is simple! Water crystals can be exceptionally complex and are the focus of extensive scientific inquiry First, we need to consider the basis of snow; water. Water is made of two hydrogen atoms attached to a single oxygen through covalent bonds (in which atoms share electrons to create linkages and form molecules). It looks like this: When water is in its gas or liquid state, the molecules bounce around freely, but when colder temperature causes it to solidify, the slightly positive charge of the hydrogen atoms is attracted to the slightly negative charge of the oxygen.This causes the water molecules to form interactions between each other (known as hydrogen bonds) which leads to the development of crystals that generally come together in very specific ways, the most basic of which is shown below. The crystal on the right is a variation in which a few of the hydrogen atoms are pointing up at a 120° angle. They could as easily be pointing in different directions which allows for a diverse variety of snowflakes to be formed When liquid water freezes, it forms neat crystals and we get ice. But when water vapor deposes, turning directly from a gas to a solid, the molecules don’t have time to form large, clean crystals and instead form snowflakes through a complex additive process. A basic start of a snowflake could look roughly like this: The speed at which snowflakes form combined with other factors including temperature, pressure, and humidity determines the shape, size, structure, and organization of a snowflake. For example, colder temperatures generally form snowflakes that are less elaborate or organized due to the rapid speed of formation. Drawing out all of the individual molecules in a snowflake is a long process and can obscure the larger picture. Thus, they are often simplified as hexagons or star shapes like these. All six arms of the snowflake grow independently, but under near identical conditions as they fall from the sky to the earth’s surface. This permits the formation of complex, symmetrical, and ultimately unique shapes. Caltech has an excellent guide on classifying snowflakes and wikipedia has an entire article on snow science that talks about temperatures and classifications. Use those and this simple hexagon guide to draw your own snowflakes.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8560080528259277, "perplexity": 819.0573281505003}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141746320.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205044004-20201205074004-00327.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/need-help-with-a-proof-by-induction-please.253661/	# Homework Help: Need help with a proof by induction, please 1. Sep 4, 2008 ### yelena0000 Using proof by induction, prove that (3^(2n-1))+1 is divisible by 4 so this is what i could do so far: for n=1 3^(2*1-1)+1=4 which is divisible by 4 assume truth for n=k (3^(2k-1))+1 is divisible by 4 and i know that next i have to prove for n=k+1 but i really have no idea what to do witht that. 2. Sep 4, 2008 ### Hitman2-2 If you substitute n = k + 1, you get $$3^{2(k+1) - 1} + 1 = 3^{2k-1} 3^2 + 1$$ By assumption, $$4 \| 3^{2k-1} + 1$$ so try to re-write $$3^{2k-1} 3^2 + 1$$ in a form that has a factor of $$3^{2k-1} + 1$$. 3. Sep 4, 2008 The general term is $$a_n = 3^{2n-1}+1$$ and you've shown that $a_1$ is divisible by four, and you've assumed the same for $a_k$ for some $k \ge 1$. Look at $$a_{k+1}$$. $$3^{2(k+1)-1} +1 = 3^{2k+2-1} + 1 = 3^{2k -1} 3^2 + 1$$ The goal is to show that this is also divisible by four - the fact that $$a_k$$ is divisible by four will play a role in this. Last edited by a moderator: Sep 4, 2008	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8028857111930847, "perplexity": 530.8016579003023}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946077.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423144933-20180423164933-00469.warc.gz"}
https://bitbucket.org/ReimarBauer/experimental_moin_plugin_mathjax	# moin_plugin_mathjax This package is experimental! It is used to install the xstatic-mathjax package and configures it for moin-2.0 mathjax is a formular editor, a simple example: $\alpha \beta$ For further examples see http://www.mathjax.org	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6620469689369202, "perplexity": 21115.470585586794}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864019.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621020632-20180621040632-00436.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/30481/jack-m?tab=activity&sort=suggestions	Jack M Reputation 12,122 Next privilege 15,000 Rep. Protect questions Oct 27 suggested approved edit on Inverse of Matrices Oct 27 suggested approved edit on Hexadecimal to Octal and Vice Versa Oct 26 suggested approved edit on Help explain a new theory on small sines Oct 17 suggested rejected edit on Elementary Algebra Inequality question Oct 13 suggested approved edit on Solving Quartic Equation Oct 10 suggested approved edit on If $17! = 355687\underline{ab}8096000$. Then value of $(a,b)$ is Oct 10 suggested approved edit on About $e^{\pi}\gt {\pi}^e, \ e^{e^{\pi}}\lt {\pi}^{{\pi}^{e}},e^{{\pi}^{{\pi}^e}}\gt {\pi}^{e^{e^{\pi}}}$ and their generalization Oct 10 suggested approved edit on About $e^{\pi}\gt {\pi}^e, \ e^{e^{\pi}}\lt {\pi}^{{\pi}^{e}},e^{{\pi}^{{\pi}^e}}\gt {\pi}^{e^{e^{\pi}}}$ and their generalization Oct 9 suggested approved edit on Adding Logarithms Oct 9 suggested approved edit on Is there a closed form expression for $1 + x + x^{4} + x^{9}+x^{16}+x^{25} +..+x^{k^2}$? Oct 9 suggested approved edit on Harmonic conjugate of $\ln(\|z\|)$ Oct 8 suggested approved edit on Simple limit problem: $\lim_{x\to2}(\frac{1}{x-2}-\frac{4}{x^2-4})$ Oct 3 suggested approved edit on Distinct Mersenne numbers are coprime Sep 30 suggested approved edit on Integer $x$ for which $x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1$ is perfect square. Sep 29 suggested approved edit on Number of lists in which an element is repeated consecutively exactly twice Sep 29 suggested approved edit on Number of lists in which an element is repeated consecutively exactly twice Sep 20 suggested approved edit on Prove that the equation $x^2-y^{10}+z^5=6$ has no integer solutions Sep 19 suggested approved edit on Prove $3\|n(n+1)(n+2)$ by induction Jul 15 suggested approved edit on Calculating $\lim_{x\to 0}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{\log(x+1)}}\right)$ Jul 13 suggested approved edit on Logic/Intuition behind the Uniqueness Theorem	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5086627006530762, "perplexity": 2733.094117505989}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123151.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00103-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/462484/using-tabularx-with-very-simple-multirow-table-i-get-text-overlap	# Using Tabularx with very simple multirow table, I get text overlap I have this very simple table code. I initially didnt use tabularx, but then the table would run off the right side of the page. So instead i used tabularx. Now, the text within a box seems to overlap with other text, check the photo below. \begin{center} \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|} \hline n1 & n8 & n3 & n10 & n5 & n12 & n7 & n2 & n9 & n4 & n11 & n6 \\ \hline 1/1 & 2187/2048 & 9/8 & 19683/16384 & 81/64 & 4/3 & 729/512 & 3/2 & 6561/4096 & 27/16 & 59049/32768 & 243/128 \\ \hline \end{tabularx} \end{center} How could i fix this? The full page is found below \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry} \usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amssymb,amsfonts} \usepackage[shortlabels]{enumitem} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{tabularx} \newcommand{\NN}{\mathbb{N}} \newcommand{\ZZ}{\mathbb{Z}} \newenvironment{problem}[2][Problem]{\begin{trivlist} \item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #2.}]}{\end{trivlist}} %If you want to title your bold things something different just make another thing exactly like this but replace "problem" with the name of the thing you want, like theorem or lemma or whatever \begin{document} %\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{\filledbox} %Good resources for looking up how to do stuff: %Binary operators: http://www.access2science.com/latex/Binary.html %General help: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics \title{Homework \#1} \author{Mataan Peer} \maketitle \begin{problem}{2.4} Give a visual, geometric proof of the fact mentioned in the text (using ideas similar to those in Figures 2.2 and 2.3) that $8t_n + 1$ is a square by showing in a diagram how eight triangular arrays of stones together with one extra stone can be arranged into a square array of stones. \end{problem} \begin{proof} \includegraphics[width=4in]{Triangular_Numbers.jpeg} \end{proof} \begin{problem}{2.12} In addition to square and triangular numbers Nicomachus also discussed other numbers with geometric qualities. The $pentagonal$ numbers are the numbers $$1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ...$$ and the hexagonal numbers are the numbers $$1, 6, 15, 28, 45, ...$$ that represent ever larger patterns of pentagons and hexagons, respectively, analogous to the pattern of triangles shown in Figure 2.1. \begin{enumerate}[a] \item Draw the patterns of pentagons and hexagons that produce the first five pentagonal numbers, and the first five hexagonal numbers. \item Note that we can write a pentagonal number such as 35 using a sum of the differences between successive pentagonal numbers: $$35 = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13.$$ We can do the same thing for hexagonal numbers: $$45 = 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17.$$ By the way, it should be easy for you to see what these differences represent in the patterns you drew in part (a). Write a formula for the $n$th pentagonal number $p_n$ using a sum of the differences between the first $n$ pentagonal numbers. Your formula should look a lot like the formula we know for the $n$th square number: $1 + 3 + 5 +\dots+ (2n-1$). \item Write a formula for the $n$th hexagonal number $h_n$ using a sum of the differences between the first $n$ hexagonal numbers. \item Find closed formulas for $p_n$ and $h_n$; that is, find formulas similar to the formula $t_n = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}$. Then use induction to verify these formulas. For the induction step you will need your formulas from parts (b) and (c). \end{enumerate} Nicomachus extended this idea and also considered septagonal and octagonal numbers for which there are similar patterns and formulas. \end{problem} \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=4in]{Hexagonal and Pentagonal.jpg} \phantom\qedhere \end{proof} \phantom\qedhere $$p_n = 1+4+7+\dots+(3n-2)$$ \end{proof} \phantom\qedhere $$h_n = 1+5+9+\dots+(4n-3)$$ \end{proof} \begin{proof}[Answer for first part of d] $$p_n = \frac{3n^2-n}{2}$$ $$h_n = 2n^2 -n$$ \end{proof} \begin{proof}[Proof By Induction Pentagon] For the base case we show that the left hand side and the right hand side for $n = 1$ are equivalent. The left hand side is $p_1$ which is 1. The right hand side would be $\frac{31^2 -1}{2}$ which is equivalent to 1. Next we make the inductive hypothesis that the formula $$p_n = \frac{3n^2-n}{2}$$ is true for n. Now we must show that it is also true for $n+1$ \begin{align} p_{n+1} &= 1+4+7+\dots+(3(n+1)-2)\\ &=p_n+3(n+1)-2\\ &= \frac{3n^2 -n}{2} + 3n+1\\ &= \frac{3n^2 -n +6n +2}{2}\\ &= \frac{3n^2+5n+2}{2}\\ &= \frac{(3n^2+5n+2 +(n+1))+n+1}{2}\\ &= \frac{3n^2 +6n+3 -(n+1)}{2}\\ &= \frac{3(n+1)^2 -(n+1)}{2} \end{align} Thus we show that the formula is true for $n+1$. By induction we conclude that the formula is true for all $n$ \end{proof} \begin{proof}[Proof By Induction Hexagon] For the base case we show that left hand side and the right hand side for $n=1$ are equivalent. The left hand side is $h_1$ which is 1. The right hand side is $21^2 - 1 = 1$. The two sides are equal and thus the equation is true for $n = 1$. Next we make the inductive hypothesis that the formula $$h_n = 2n^2 -n$$ is true for n. Now we must show that it is also true for $n+1$. \begin{align} h_{n+1} &= 1 + 5 + 9+\dots+4(n+1)-3\\ &= h_n + 4n+1\\ &= 2n^2 -n +4n+1\\ &= 2n^2 +3n +1\\ &= (2n^2+3n+1 + n+1) -(n+1)\\ &= 2n^2 +4n +2 - (n+1)\\ &=2(n+1)^2 - (n+1) \end{align} So the formula is true for $n+1$. By induction we conclude that is also true for all n. \end{proof} \begin{problem}{2.16} Give an alternative proof for Theorem 2.1 by assuming there is a largest prime $p$ and considering the number $N = p! + 1$. \end{problem} \begin{proof} Assume there is a largest prime $p$. Now consider the number $N$ where$$N= p!+1.$$ By definition \begin{align} p! &= 123\dots(p-1)(p) \\ &and\\ N &= 123\dots(p-1)(p)+1 \end{align*} By the definition of divisibility $p!$ is divisible by every number between 1 and $p$ inclusive. Also, since $p$ is the largest prime, all primes are included in the list of 1 to $p$. This also means that $N$ is not divisible by any of those numbers except for 1. However $N$ must be able to factor into primes. So there emerges a contradiction that $N$ has to be able to factor into primes that are not contained in the list 1 to $p$ so there must be a larger prime. We conclude that there is no largest prime and thus infinite primes. \end{proof} \begin{problem}{2.21} We saw in the text that if we wanted to have a thirteenth note that was an F a perfect octave above the original F, then we had a slight problem with our Pythagorean tuning. One way to deal with this problem is to tune partway up the scale from the original F, and then tune down the rest of the scale from this high F. (This doesn’t avoid the problem, of course; it just moves it somewhere else.) So, for example, the pitch ratio of that high F should be $\frac{2}{1}$. Therefore, if we tune down from this note to n12, we need to divide by $\frac{3}{2}$, so the pitch ratio for $n_{12}$ becomes $\frac{4}{3}$ . Next, we could tune $n_{11}$, and so on. Of course, when tuning down, whenever a note falls below n1, you need to bring it back up an octave. Use this minor variation in Pythagorean tuning to finish filling in the pitch ratios for the twelve notes of the scale by working up the scale for $n_1$,..., $n_9$, and then down the scale for $n_{12}$, $n_{11}$, $n_{10}$: \begin{center} \begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|X\|} \hline n1 & n8 & n3 & n10 & n5 & n12 & n7 & n2 & n9 & n4 & n11 & n6 \\ \hline 1/1 & 2187/2048 & 9/8 & 19683/16384 & 81/64 & 4/3 & 729/512 & 3/2 & 6561/4096 & 27/16 & 59049/32768 & 243/128 \\ \hline \end{tabularx} \end{center} \end{problem} \end{document} • Welcome to TeX SX! Could you post a complete code, so we know what paper size you use, whether you load geometry, &c.? Nov 30 '18 at 0:09 • @Bernard Done just updated Nov 30 '18 at 0:57 • Ahem! When Bernard ask for a "complete" code he meant really complilable, i.e, a minimal working example (MWE) enough to reproduce the issue, No need to post a whole thesis with in every question :) – Fran Nov 30 '18 at 11:10 \documentclass[UTF8, english]{article} \usepackage{tabularx} \begin{document} \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2} \centering \begin{tabular}{\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|} \hline n1 & n8 & n3 & n10 & n5 & n12 & n7 & n2 & n9 & n4 & n11 & n6 \\ \hline $\frac{1}{1}$ & $\frac{2187}{2048}$ & $\frac{9}{8}$ & $\frac{19683}{16384}$ & $\frac{81}{64}$ & $\frac{4}{3}$ & $\frac{729}{512}$ & $\frac{3}{2}$ & $\frac{6561}{4096}$ & $\frac{27}{16}$ & $\frac{59049}{32768}$ & $\frac{243}{128}$ \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{document} The output looks like • @MataanP You are absolutely welcome! – zyy Nov 30 '18 at 2:17 "Fix this" is a too open question: As is , one valid solution could be use a tiny font, or rotate the table, or put in a landscape page, or slipt the table, or show instead of fractions their results with two decimals, use vertical or more nice fractions, ... but for heaven's sake, do not show us unfortunate jailed fractions. Free them! :) \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry} \usepackage{tabulary,booktabs,nicefrac} \begin{document} \begin{tabulary}{\textwidth}{@{}CCCCCCCCCCCC@{}} \toprule n1 & n8 & n3 & n10 & n5 & n12 & n7 & n2 & n9 & n4 & n11 & n6 \\ \cmidrule(r){1-1}\cmidrule(rl){2-2}\cmidrule(rl){3-3}\cmidrule(rl){4-4}\cmidrule(rl){5-5}\cmidrule(rl){6-6}\cmidrule(rl){7-7}\cmidrule(rl){8-8}\cmidrule(rl){9-9}\cmidrule(rl){10-10}\cmidrule(rl){11-11}\cmidrule(l){12-12} \nicefrac{1}{1} & $\nicefrac{2187}{2048}$ & $\nicefrac{9}{8}$ & $\nicefrac{19683}{16384}$ & $\nicefrac{81}{64}$ & $\nicefrac{4}{3}$ & $\nicefrac{729}{512}$ & $\nicefrac{3}{2}$ & $\nicefrac{6561}{4096}$ & $\nicefrac{27}{16}$ & $\nicefrac{59049}{32768}$ & $\nicefrac{243}{128}$ \\ \bottomrule \end{tabulary} \end{document}	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9322696328163147, "perplexity": 740.2435392283662}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584554.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016074500-20211016104500-00022.warc.gz"}
https://themathbehindthemagic.wordpress.com/	## Puzzling Probability Part 3 This is part 3 of a series in which I am exploring some interesting probability puzzles. As someone who loves to walk, probability puzzles that involve considering different routes to the same destination are interesting to me. However, this puzzle requires a warm up. Consider the following: How many ways are there to walk from A to B (assuming no back tracking)? At first, I tried to draw all the possible paths: Then I realized that it was going to take far too long and I could never be sure that I didn’t miss a path. I needed another approach. Instead of trying to figure out how many ways there were to get from A to B, I asked a simpler question: How many ways to get from A to C? Clearly, we can only get to C in only 1 way. We place a number 1 at the intersection. Similarly, we only have 1 way to get to each intersection point along the top and along the left side. Next, we need to determine how many ways to get to point D. Since there is 1 way to get to the point above D and 1 way to get to the point left of D, we add these and obtain 2 ways to get to D. Continuing like this with each intersection point on the grid, we have: Thus, there are 20 different ways to walk from A to B. Now we can answer the actual question. What is the probability that a random walk from A to B (assuming no back tracking) passes through the middle of the grid below? Using the above method, we find that there are 70 ways of walking from A to B. To count the number of ways through the middle, we simply redraw the gird to force us through the middle as follows: Again, using the above method, we find that there are 36 ways of walking through middle. Hence, the probability is 36/70. If you try this exercise for a 6 by 6 grid, you will find that the probability is 4900/12870. This was counter intuitive to me. In a very large gird, if you were to randomly walk from one end to the other, it seemed to me very unlikely you would pass exactly through the center. The above solution shows that even for a 6 by 6 grid, the probability of walking through the exact center is 38%. As an extension, what do you think happens to this probably as the grid grows larger? Does it approach a specific value? Or does the probability eventually tend to zero? Filed under Uncategorized ## Puzzling Probability Part 2 This is part 2 of a series, in which I am exploring some interesting probability puzzles. Imagine a typical dice game. You roll 2 dice and compute their sum. For example, the first die is a 4 and the second die is a 3. The sum is 4 + 3 = 7. From our everyday experience with rolling dice, we know that 7 comes up most often, and numbers like 3 or 11 are rarer. Now imagine a pair of strange dice, with the following numbers: Die 1: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 Die 2: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4 Is rolling these two dice is the same as rolling 2 standard dice? Or better yet, how could we determine if the strange dice are equivalent to standard dice? The first idea I had was to add up all the numbers on both dice: (1 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 8) + (1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4) = 42 If you add up all the numbers on two standard dice, you also get a sum of 42. At first, I thought this might be enough to confirm that the strange dice were equivalent. However, consider the following two dice: Die 3: 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 Die 4: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 The sum of the all the numbers on the above two dice is clearly 42. But the only number that comes up when rolling both is 7. For an alternate pair of dice to be equivalent to the standard dice, there should be a way of rolling a 2, or a 12, or the other numbers typically rolled from standard dice. Creating a table is very helpful for eliciting the answer in this particular situation. Here are all the possible sums for two standard dice: The numbers along the outside are the standard dice numbers and the numbers on the inside of the grid are the sums. If we count up the occurrences of each sum, we have the following: Now, we can repeat the same process with the strange dice: How interesting! The strange dice have the same sums with the same frequency as the standard dice. However, I doubt I could get away with using these dice at a casino, even if they are mathematically equivalent. Filed under Uncategorized ## Puzzling Probability Part 1 In this series, I am going to explore some interesting probability puzzles. First, I want to consider a question about selecting balls from an urn. “An urn contains four colored balls: two orange and two blue. Two balls are selected at random without replacement, and you are told that at least one of them is orange. What is the probability that the other ball is also orange?” What an interesting problem. Take a guess at what the answer might be. At first, I was partial to the idea that the probability would be 1/3. After you have been told the first ball is orange, there is a 1 orange ball left out of the total of 3 remaining balls. Then, I thought the answer must be 1/6. The probability of drawing an orange on the first selection is 2/4 and the probability of drawing an orange on the second selection is 1/3. Using multiplication, we get 1/6. Unfortunately, neither of these approaches is correct. In fact, the answer is 1/5. Why 1/5 you might ask? Let’s diagram out the situation. I labelled the balls: O1, O2, B1, B2. We are told that of the 2 balls selected, 1 of the balls is orange. Thus, we must have one of the following situations: O1, O2 O1, B1 O1, B2 O2, B1 O2, B2 As you can see, there are only 5 possible selections where at least 1 of the balls selected is orange. Further, only 1 of these possibilities has 2 orange balls. Thus, the probability that the other ball is also orange is 1/5. This was very shocking to me. I did not expect such a strange answer from a seemingly simple problem. Filed under Uncategorized ## Card Probability Suppose that a deck of 52 cards has been shuffled and placed face down. You draw 1 card but do not look at it. You place it face down and off to the side. What is the probability that you drew the Ace of Hearts? Since there is 1 Ace of Hearts in the deck and 52 cards total, the probability is 1/52. Now you prepare to draw a second card. What is the probably that the new card is an Ace of Hearts? Is it more likely than before? Less likely? The same? Impossible to know? To determine the answer, we need to use a probability tree. Here are all the different options that could occur: If we first drew the Ace of Hearts and placed it face down, there is no chance of drawing the Ace of Hearts for our second card. However, if we didn’t draw the Ace of Hearts, then our second card could or could not be the Ace of hearts. To compute probabilities, we multiply. We want to determine the probability of drawing an Ace of Hearts on the second card. Hence, we multiply the probability of “Not Ace” by the probability of “Ace.” The above fraction reduces to 1/52. This is the same probability as before! We could apply this logic to drawing a third card (assuming we didn’t peak at the second card). We would find that the probability of drawing the Ace of Hearts is still only 1 in 52. No matter how many cards you remove, the probability doesn’t change. Why is this? One way of understanding this enigma is to consider the information you have. At the beginning, you know that there are 52 cards and 1 specific card you are looking for. Once you start drawing cards, although you keep removing the cards from the deck, you don’t know which cards you are removing. You could be removing the Ace of Hearts, or you could be removing random cards. You don’t gain any new information with each card you remove. So each time you have the same probability as in the beginning. Or consider another scenario. Suppose I draw a card from the bottom of a full deck. What is the probability that it is an Ace of Hearts? Since the deck is shuffled, the probability should be 1/52. But to get to this card, I could have physically removed all 51 cards above it (without looking at them), placed them in a pile, and then selected the bottom card. Having a pile of unknown cards does not change the probability of the remaining card being an Ace of Hearts. Filed under Uncategorized ## Noodles Part 1 A dish contains 100 strands of cooked spaghetti. See the picture below: Two ends of spaghetti are chosen at random and tied together. For example: If this process continues until there are no more loose ends, what is the probability that all strands will form one big loop? In other words, what are the chances that this big mess is actually just a circle? Seriously, take a guess. When I first read a version of this problem,1 I thought the answer must surely be less than 1%. Watch this: Now you may think that I took a particularly well behaved group of noodles for the above animation. However, mathematically speaking, the probability of getting a single big loop is 9%, much higher that you probably guessed. I want to walk you through some of the interesting twists and turns that it took for me to get the answer. First, I had to find a formula for calculating the above probability. My first method was to try less noodles. With 2 noodles, it seemed like I could figure out all the possibilities. For the first noodle, I started with the left end. I could tie it to itself: Then I would have to tie the other noodle to itself and I would not have a big loop: Another option would be to tie the left end to the end below it: Then I would tie the remaining 2 ends together to make a loop! My last option would be to tie the top left end to the right bottom end: Then I would have to tie the remaining 2 ends together: Do some untwisting, and make a loop! To recap, with 2 noodles, we have a 2/3 probability of getting a one big loop. How about 3 noodles? Instead of going through all the probabilities, we can use a trick. If I tie the top left end of the noodle to the right end of the same noodle, I create an isolated loop like before. That is not good. So instead, consider tying the top left end to any other noodle end: By doing this, we create one long noodle, which we can move around to form: Voila! We are back to the 2-noodle case. Since there are 4 places I could tie the top left end (green), and 1 place I cannot (red, since it would make an isolated loop) I have a 4/5 chance. We multiply this by the 2-noodle case to get $\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{4}{5}$ You can continue this logic and find the probability for 5 noodles is: $\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{4}{5} \times \frac{6}{7} \times \frac{8}{9}$ Now I noticed a pattern. Combine the top and bottom numbers: $\frac{2 \times 4 \times 6 \times 8}{3 \times 5 \times 7 \times 9}$ We are actually just multiplying even numbers and dividing them by odd numbers! I was so excited! I went into excel, punched in the formula, and was thoroughly disappointed. Apparently, multiplying 100 numbers got excessively big for my computer to handle. I needed a new approach. The noodle probability formula can be written as follows: $f(n) = \cfrac{2 \cdot 4 \cdot 6 \cdot 8 \dots (2n-2)}{ 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 9 \dots (2n-1)}$ Using double factorial notation, we can rewrite it as: $f(n) = \cfrac{(2n-2)!!}{(2n-1)!!}$ Using basic double factorial identities2, we can convert the double factorials into regular factorials: $f(n) = \cfrac{2^n n!}{2n} \times \cfrac{2^n n!}{(2n)!}$ And use some algebra to simplify: $f(n) = \cfrac{2^{2n} n! n!}{2n (2n)!}$ Enter, the Stirling Approximation!3 $n! \approx \sqrt{2n\pi} \left( \cfrac{n^n}{e^n} \right)$ $f(n) \approx \cfrac{2^{2n}}{2n} \times \cfrac{\sqrt{2n\pi} \left( \frac{n^n}{e^n} \right) \times \sqrt{2n\pi} \left( \frac{n^n}{e^n} \right)}{\sqrt{4n\pi} \left( \cfrac{(2n)^{2n}}{e^{2n}} \right)}$ We can cancel a bunch of terms to get: $f(n) \approx \cfrac{\sqrt{\pi n}}{2n} = \sqrt{\cfrac{\pi }{4n}}$ Finally, a formula my computer can handle! This formula will work for any number of noodles. Maybe you were wondering what number of noodles you would need for the probability to be below 1%. The formula states that we would need 7854 noodles! Personally, if you would have told me that before analyzing the problem, I would have thought you were out to lunch 😛 1The Mathematics Teacher, Volume 109, Number 3, October 2015, page 201. Filed under Uncategorized ## Matching Tests Proof Warning, this post uses some fierce math to prove why the pattern continues in the last post. If you want to know why the pattern continues, then welcome to the explanation. In the last post we counted how many ways to hand student back their tests so that no student had his or her own test. This type of matching has a special name, a derangement. For a group of n students we denote the derangement as !n To determine this quantity we need a formula. From before, we know that !3 = 2 and !4 = 9. Now consider the general case. How many ways are there of handing back a test to the first student? We certainly can’t give him his own test. However, we could give him any of the other n – 1 tests. Let’s say we give him test i. We could hand out the next test to anyone. Let’s consider handing it out to student i (the student with test i). We have two options. First, student i gets student 1’s test. Here is a picture: Once these 2 students have been assigned their tests, we have n – 2 students who still need tests. However, assigned them tests is analogous to our original problem, and we can denote this as !(n – 2). Second, student i does not get student 1’s test. Thus, student i has 1 forbidden test. All the other students also have 1 forbidden test (namely their own test). Again, this is analogous to our original problem with n – 1 students (since we have not given student i a test yet). We can denote this as !(n – 1). To summarize, to hand out n tests, we have the following recursive formula: $!n = (n-1)(!(n-1) + !(n-2))$ We can use this formula to calculate derangements as high as we like, provided we proceed in order. !5 = 4(!4 + !3) = 4(9 + 2) = 44 !6 = 5(!5 + !4) = 5(44 + 9) = 265 These are exactly the numerators we found when computing the fractions in the previous post! To determine what would happen in a large class, we need a closed form for derangements. To simplify the notation for the next section, we will denote !n as D(n). Observe the following pattern: D(n) D(n)-nD(n-1) D(4) = 9 9 – 42 = 1 D(5) = 44 44 – 59 = -1 D(6) = 265 265 – 644 = 1 D(7) = 1854 1854 – 7265 = -1 We can prove the above pattern continues using induction. The base case has been dealt with above. Our inductive hypothesis is: $D(n) - nD(n-1) = (-1)^n$ Consider n+1: $D(n+1) - (n+1)D(n) = n(D(n)+D(n-1)) - (n+1)D(n)$ using the recurrence relation $= nD(n) + nD(n-1) - nD(n) - D(n)$ $= nD(n-1) - D(n)$ $= -(D(n) - nD(n-1))$ $= -(-1)^n$ by the inductive hypothesis $= (-1)^{n+1}$ Using this information, we have a new recurrence relation for D(n): $D(n) = nD(n-1) + (-1)^n$ Unfortunately, this is still not a closed form solution. However, we will use induction again to get us the rest of the way. The following is the closed form solution for D(n): $D(n)=n!\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{k!} = n! \left( \frac{1}{0!} -\frac{1}{1!} +\frac{1}{2!} - \frac{1}{3!} + \dots + \frac{(-1)^n}{n!} \right)$ Checking the OEIS, we find that D(0) = 1 and D(1) = 0. Using the formula for D(3), we can see that the base case will hold: $D(3) = 3! \left( \frac{1}{0!} -\frac{1}{1!} +\frac{1}{2!} - \frac{1}{3!} \right)$ $= 6 \left( 1 -1 + \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{6} \right)$ $= 6 \left(\frac{3}{6} - \frac{1}{6} \right)$ $= 6 \left(\frac{2}{6} \right)$ $D(3) = 2$ as expected. Suppose the formula is true for D(n). Consider D(n+1): $D(n+1)= (n+1)D(n) + (-1)^{n+1}$ from the new recursive formula $= (n+1)n!\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{k!} + (-1)^{n+1}$ using the inductive hypothesis $= (n+1)!\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{k!} + (-1)^{n+1}$ definition of factorial $= (n+1)!\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{k!} + (-1)^{n+1} \frac{(n+1)!}{(n+1)!}$ $= (n+1)! \left[ \sum_{k=0}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{k!} + \frac{(-1)^{n+1}}{(n+1)!} \right]$ $= (n+1)! \sum_{k=0}^{n+1}\frac{(-1)^k}{k!}$ Thus, the formula is true for any n. This formula is closed, but complicated. The last step in the process is to relate derangements to our original problem. Since we were looking for a probability, we were really interested in $\frac{D(n)}{n!}$. Using the Taylor series approximation for e-1 we get the following: $\frac{D(n)}{n!} = n! \left( \frac{1}{0!} -\frac{1}{1!} +\frac{1}{2!} - \frac{1}{3!} + \dots + \frac{(-1)^n}{n!} \right) \frac{1}{n!}$ $= \left( \frac{1}{0!} -\frac{1}{1!} +\frac{1}{2!} - \frac{1}{3!} + \dots + \frac{(-1)^n}{n!} \right)$ $\approx e^{-1}$ Finally! We have our answer! Since the number of students determines how many terms of the sequence for e we use, the approximation is valid for even small classes of only 10 or 15 students. The probability of handing out tests properly is approximately $e^{-1} = \frac{1}{e} = \frac{1}{2.71828} \approx 37\%$ 1 Comment Filed under Uncategorized ## Matching Tests An interesting coincidence happened today in class. My co-teacher was handing the students back their tests. She wanted each student to mark another’s test. However, she accidentally handed a student back her own test. She casually said to me “weird, what are the chances of that?” Her question implied that this was a rare event. The answer is quite the opposite. My co-teacher had a 63%, or $\frac{e-1}{e}$ to be precise, chance of handing a student back his or her own test. If you are wondering, e stands for a special number: e = 2.71828… This percentage is not good. It means that, if you randomly distribute tests to students to mark, about two thirds of the time at least 1 student will end up with his or her own test! How in the world did I come up with that answer? Let me back up a bit. Suppose we had 3 students and we wanted to give them back their tests to mark so that no student had his or her own test. What options do we have? One option is: Student A: test B Student B: test C Student C: test A Another option is: Student A: test C Student B: test A Student C: test B Hence, we have 2 options where we will hand back the tests with no matches. How many options do we have in total? 3! = 321 = 6 Thus, there is a 2/6 = 33.3% chance that everyone has a different test. In other words, there is a 66.6% chance that at least one student receives his or her own test to mark (which would not be good for academic standards). What if we had 4 students? You can do the math, and you will find that there are 9 options where the students have different tests. For example: Student A: test B Student B: test C Student C: test D Student D: test A Again, basic counting principles dictate that there will be 4! = 24 different possible combinations. Hence, there is a 9/24 = 38% chance each student will have a proper test to mark. We could continue on like this; painstakingly grinding out the probabilities for each situation until we reached a class size of 25. However, there is a pattern we can exploit. Consider the following table: Number of Students Fraction of proper distributions 3 2/6 = 33% 4 9/24 = 38% 5 44/120 = 37% 6 265/720 = 37% 7 1854/5040 = 37% 8 14833/40320 = 37% Do you see the pattern? Once the class size gets to 5, the percentage becomes stable. Based on the above data, we could predict that a class of 25 students will have roughly the same percentage, 37%. Indeed, one can prove mathematically that this percentage will be true for any size class, large or small.1 Thus, my advice to teachers is as follows. Be careful distributing tests to students to mark. You are playing a game with a 37% chance of winning. And any gambler knows, those are not good odds. 1See next blog post. 1 Comment Filed under Uncategorized	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 37, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8144907355308533, "perplexity": 380.605947309362}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188717.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00074-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.nag.com/numeric/nl/nagdoc_28.5/flhtml/f08/f08sef.html	# NAG FL Interfacef08sef (dsygst) ## ▸▿ Contents Settings help FL Name Style: FL Specification Language: ## 1Purpose f08sef reduces a real symmetric-definite generalized eigenproblem $Az=\lambda Bz$, $ABz=\lambda z$ or $BAz=\lambda z$ to the standard form $Cy=\lambda y$, where $A$ is a real symmetric matrix and $B$ has been factorized by f07fdf. ## 2Specification Fortran Interface Subroutine f08sef ( uplo, n, a, lda, b, ldb, info) Integer, Intent (In) :: itype, n, lda, ldb Integer, Intent (Out) :: info Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: b(ldb,) Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: a(lda,) Character (1), Intent (In) :: uplo #include <nag.h> void f08sef_ (const Integer itype, const char uplo, const Integer n, double a[], const Integer lda, const double b[], const Integer ldb, Integer info, const Charlen length_uplo) The routine may be called by the names f08sef, nagf_lapackeig_dsygst or its LAPACK name dsygst. ## 3Description To reduce the real symmetric-definite generalized eigenproblem $Az=\lambda Bz$, $ABz=\lambda z$ or $BAz=\lambda z$ to the standard form $Cy=\lambda y$, f08sef must be preceded by a call to f07fdf which computes the Cholesky factorization of $B$; $B$ must be positive definite. The different problem types are specified by the argument itype, as indicated in the table below. The table shows how $C$ is computed by the routine, and also how the eigenvectors $z$ of the original problem can be recovered from the eigenvectors of the standard form. itype Problem uplo $\mathbit{B}$ $\mathbit{C}$ $\mathbit{z}$ $1$ $Az=\lambda Bz$ 'U' 'L' ${U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$ $L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$ ${U}^{-\mathrm{T}}A{U}^{-1}$ ${L}^{-1}A{L}^{-\mathrm{T}}$ ${U}^{-1}y$ ${L}^{-\mathrm{T}}y$ $2$ $ABz=\lambda z$ 'U' 'L' ${U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$ $L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$ $UA{U}^{\mathrm{T}}$ ${L}^{\mathrm{T}}AL$ ${U}^{-1}y$ ${L}^{-\mathrm{T}}y$ $3$ $BAz=\lambda z$ 'U' 'L' ${U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$ $L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$ $UA{U}^{\mathrm{T}}$ ${L}^{\mathrm{T}}AL$ ${U}^{\mathrm{T}}y$ $Ly$ ## 4References Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore ## 5Arguments 1: $\mathbf{itype}$Integer Input On entry: indicates how the standard form is computed. ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$ • if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, $C={U}^{-\mathrm{T}}A{U}^{-1}$; • if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, $C={L}^{-1}A{L}^{-\mathrm{T}}$. ${\mathbf{itype}}=2$ or $3$ • if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, $C=UA{U}^{\mathrm{T}}$; • if ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, $C={L}^{\mathrm{T}}AL$. Constraint: ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$, $2$ or $3$. 2: $\mathbf{uplo}$Character(1) Input On entry: indicates whether the upper or lower triangular part of $A$ is stored and how $B$ has been factorized. ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ The upper triangular part of $A$ is stored and $B={U}^{\mathrm{T}}U$. ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$ The lower triangular part of $A$ is stored and $B=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$. Constraint: ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$ or $\text{'L'}$. 3: $\mathbf{n}$Integer Input On entry: $n$, the order of the matrices $A$ and $B$. Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$. 4: $\mathbf{a}\left({\mathbf{lda}},\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$. On entry: the $n×n$ symmetric matrix $A$. • If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'U'}$, the upper triangular part of $A$ must be stored and the elements of the array below the diagonal are not referenced. • If ${\mathbf{uplo}}=\text{'L'}$, the lower triangular part of $A$ must be stored and the elements of the array above the diagonal are not referenced. On exit: the upper or lower triangle of a is overwritten by the corresponding upper or lower triangle of $C$ as specified by itype and uplo. 5: $\mathbf{lda}$Integer Input On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f08sef is called. Constraint: ${\mathbf{lda}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$. 6: $\mathbf{b}\left({\mathbf{ldb}},\right)$Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$. On entry: the Cholesky factor of $B$ as specified by uplo and returned by f07fdf. 7: $\mathbf{ldb}$Integer Input On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f08sef is called. Constraint: ${\mathbf{ldb}}\ge \mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}\right)$. 8: $\mathbf{info}$Integer Output On exit: ${\mathbf{info}}=0$ unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6). ## 6Error Indicators and Warnings ${\mathbf{info}}<0$ If ${\mathbf{info}}=-i$, argument $i$ had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated. ## 7Accuracy Forming the reduced matrix $C$ is a stable procedure. However it involves implicit multiplication by ${B}^{-1}$ (if ${\mathbf{itype}}=1$) or $B$ (if ${\mathbf{itype}}=2$ or $3$). When f08sef is used as a step in the computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the original problem, there may be a significant loss of accuracy if $B$ is ill-conditioned with respect to inversion. See the document for f08saf for further details. ## 8Parallelism and Performance f08sef makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information. Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information. The total number of floating-point operations is approximately ${n}^{3}$. The complex analogue of this routine is f08ssf. ## 10Example This example computes all the eigenvalues of $Az=\lambda Bz$, where $A = ( 0.24 0.39 0.42 -0.16 0.39 -0.11 0.79 0.63 0.42 0.79 -0.25 0.48 -0.16 0.63 0.48 -0.03 ) and B= ( 4.16 -3.12 0.56 -0.10 -3.12 5.03 -0.83 1.09 0.56 -0.83 0.76 0.34 -0.10 1.09 0.34 1.18 ) .$ Here $B$ is symmetric positive definite and must first be factorized by f07fdf. The program calls f08sef to reduce the problem to the standard form $Cy=\lambda y$; then f08fef to reduce $C$ to tridiagonal form, and f08jff to compute the eigenvalues. ### 10.1Program Text Program Text (f08sefe.f90) ### 10.2Program Data Program Data (f08sefe.d) ### 10.3Program Results Program Results (f08sefe.r)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 106, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9632051587104797, "perplexity": 2364.8995304052487}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711001.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205000525-20221205030525-00491.warc.gz"}
http://www.aimsciences.org/search/author?author=Fucai%20Li	# American Institue of Mathematical Sciences ## Journals DCDS This paper studies the convergence of the compressible isentropic magnetohydrodynamic equations to the corresponding incompressiblemagnetohydrodynamic equations with ill-preparedinitial data in a periodic domain.We prove that the solution to the compressible isentropic magnetohydrodynamic equations with small Mach number exists uniformly in the time interval as long as that to the incompressible one does. Furthermore,we obtain the convergence result for the solutions filtered by the group of acoustics. keywords: Isentropic compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations periodic domain low Mach number limit CPAA The combined quasineutral and inviscid limit for the Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck (VPFP) system is rigorously derived in this paper. It is shown that the solution of VPFP system converges to the solution of incompressible Euler equations with damping. The proof of convergence result is based on compactness arguments and the so-called relative-entropy method. keywords: incompressible Euler equations relative-entropy method. Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck system PROC In this paper we establish the global existence of strong solutions to the three-dimensional compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations in a bounded domain with small initial data. Moreover, we study the low Mach number limit to the corresponding problem. keywords: low Mach number limit. Compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations global existence KRM This paper considers the initial boundary problem to the planar compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with large initial data and vacuum. The global existence and uniqueness of large strong solutions are established when the heat conductivity coefficient $κ(θ)$ satisfies $C_{1}(1+\theta^q)\leq \kappa(\theta)\leq C_2(1+\theta^q)$ for some constants $q>0$ , and $C_1,C_2>0$ . keywords: Planar compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations large initial data vacuum global well-posedness KRM The local well-posedness and low Mach number limit are considered for the multi-dimensional isentropic compressible viscous magnetohydrodynamic equations in critical spaces. First the local well-posedness of solution to the viscous magnetohydrodynamic equations with large initial data is established. Then the low Mach number limit is studied for general large data and it is proved that the solution of the compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations converges to that of the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations as the Mach number tends to zero. Moreover, the convergence rates are obtained. keywords: Isentropic compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations local well-posedness low Mach number limit critical spaces KRM The asymptotic limit of the nonlinear Schrödinger-Poisson system with general WKB initial data is studied in this paper. It is proved that the current, defined by the smooth solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger-Poisson system, converges to the strong solution of the incompressible Euler equations plus a term of fast singular oscillating gradient vector fields when both the Planck constant $\hbar$ and the Debye length $\lambda$ tend to zero. The proof involves homogenization techniques, theories of symmetric quasilinear hyperbolic system and elliptic estimates, and the key point is to establish the uniformly bounded estimates with respect to both the Planck constant and the Debye length. keywords: semi-classical limit incompressible Euler equations. quasi-neutral limit Nonlinear Schrödinger-Poisson System KRM In this paper we establish the uniform estimates of strong solutions with respect to the Mach number and the dielectric constant to the full compressible Navier-Stokes-Maxwell system in a bounded domain. Based on these uniform estimates, we obtain the convergence of the full compressible Navier-Stokes-Maxwell system to the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations for well-prepared data. keywords: Full compressible Navier-Stokes-Maxwell system incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations bounded domain. zero Mach number limit zero dielectric constant limit CPAA In this paper we study the low Mach number limit of the full compressible Hall-magnetohydrodynamic (Hall-MHD) system in $\mathbb{T}^3$. We prove that, as the Mach number tends to zero, the strong solution of the full compressible Hall-MHD system converges to that of the incompressible Hall-MHD system. keywords: Full compressible Hall-MHD system incompressible Hall-MHD system low Mach number limit CPAA In this paper we establish the global existence of strong solution to the density-dependent incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with vaccum in a bounded domain in $R^2$. Furthermore, the limit as the heat conductivity coefficient tends to zero is also obtained. keywords: Density-dependent magnetohydrodynamic equations uniform regularity. global existence vaccum DCDS In this paper we establish some regularity criteria for the three-dimensional Boussinesq system with the temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal diffusivity in a bounded domain. keywords: regularity criterion temperature-dependent viscosity thermal diffusivity global strong solution. Boussinesq system	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9811710715293884, "perplexity": 623.0611218317664}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887692.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119010338-20180119030338-00348.warc.gz"}
https://docs.qiime2.org/2018.11/plugins/available/sample-classifier/classify-samples/	# classify-samples: Train and test a cross-validated supervised learning classifier.¶ #### Docstring: Usage: qiime sample-classifier classify-samples [OPTIONS] Predicts a categorical sample metadata column using a supervised learning classifier. Splits input data into training and test sets. The training set is used to train and test the estimator using a stratified k-fold cross-validation scheme. This includes optional steps for automated feature extraction and hyperparameter optimization. The test set validates classification accuracy of the optimized estimator. Outputs classification results for test set. For more details on the learning algorithm, see http://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.html Options: --i-table ARTIFACT PATH FeatureTable[Frequency] Feature table containing all features that should be used for target prediction. [required] Metadata file or artifact viewable as metadata. This option may be supplied [required] Column from metadata file or artifact column to use as prediction target. [required] --p-test-size FLOAT Fraction of input samples to exclude from training set and use for classifier testing. [default: 0.2] --p-step FLOAT If optimize_feature_selection is True, step is the percentage of features to remove at each iteration. [default: 0.05] --p-cv INTEGER RANGE Number of k-fold cross-validations to perform. [default: 5] --p-random-state INTEGER Seed used by random number generator. [optional] --p-n-jobs INTEGER Number of jobs to run in parallel. [default: 1] --p-n-estimators INTEGER RANGE Number of trees to grow for estimation. More trees will improve predictive accuracy up to a threshold level, but will also increase time and memory requirements. This parameter only affects ensemble estimators, such as Estimator method to use for sample prediction. [default: RandomForestClassifier] --p-optimize-feature-selection / --p-no-optimize-feature-selection Automatically optimize input feature selection using recursive feature elimination. [default: False] --p-parameter-tuning / --p-no-parameter-tuning Automatically tune hyperparameters using random grid search. [default: False] --p-palette [YellowOrangeRed\|PurpleBlue\|BluePurple\|sirocco\|viridis\|daydream\|YellowGreen\|OrangeRed\|magma\|RedPurple\|mysteriousstains\|eros\|PurpleRed\|dandelions\|greyscale\|copper\|melancholy\|ambition\|drifting\|GreenBlue\|solano\|enigma\|spectre\|deepblue\|inferno\|YellowOrangeBrown\|summer\|navarro\|plasma\|verve] The color palette to use for plotting. [default: sirocco] --p-missing-samples [ignore\|error] How to handle missing samples in metadata. "error" will fail if missing samples are detected. "ignore" will cause the feature table and metadata to be filtered, so that only samples found in both files are retained. [default: error] --o-sample-estimator ARTIFACT PATH SampleEstimator[Classifier] Trained sample estimator. [required if not passing --output-dir] --o-feature-importance ARTIFACT PATH FeatureData[Importance] Importance of each input feature to model accuracy. [required if not passing --output-dir] --o-predictions ARTIFACT PATH SampleData[ClassifierPredictions] Predicted target values for each input sample. [required if not passing --output- dir] --o-model-summary VISUALIZATION PATH Summarized parameter and (if enabled) feature selection information for the trained estimator. [required if not passing --output-dir] --o-accuracy-results VISUALIZATION PATH Accuracy results visualization. [required if not passing --output-dir] --output-dir DIRECTORY Output unspecified results to a directory --cmd-config FILE Use config file for command options --verbose Display verbose output to stdout and/or stderr during execution of this action. [default: False] --quiet Silence output if execution is successful (silence is golden). [default: False] --citations Show citations and exit. --help Show this message and exit. #### Import: from qiime2.plugins.sample_classifier.pipelines import classify_samples #### Docstring: Train and test a cross-validated supervised learning classifier. Predicts a categorical sample metadata column using a supervised learning classifier. Splits input data into training and test sets. The training set is used to train and test the estimator using a stratified k-fold cross- validation scheme. This includes optional steps for automated feature extraction and hyperparameter optimization. The test set validates classification accuracy of the optimized estimator. Outputs classification results for test set. For more details on the learning algorithm, see http://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.html Parameters ---------- table : FeatureTable[Frequency] Feature table containing all features that should be used for target prediction. Categorical metadata column to use as prediction target. test_size : Float % Range(0.0, 1.0, inclusive_start=False), optional Fraction of input samples to exclude from training set and use for classifier testing. step : Float % Range(0.0, 1.0, inclusive_start=False), optional If optimize_feature_selection is True, step is the percentage of features to remove at each iteration. cv : Int % Range(1, None), optional Number of k-fold cross-validations to perform. random_state : Int, optional Seed used by random number generator. n_jobs : Int, optional Number of jobs to run in parallel. n_estimators : Int % Range(1, None), optional Number of trees to grow for estimation. More trees will improve predictive accuracy up to a threshold level, but will also increase time and memory requirements. This parameter only affects ensemble estimators, such as Random Forest, AdaBoost, ExtraTrees, and estimator : Str % Choices({'AdaBoostClassifier', 'ExtraTreesClassifier', 'GradientBoostingClassifier', 'KNeighborsClassifier', 'LinearSVC', 'RandomForestClassifier', 'SVC'}), optional Estimator method to use for sample prediction. optimize_feature_selection : Bool, optional Automatically optimize input feature selection using recursive feature elimination. parameter_tuning : Bool, optional Automatically tune hyperparameters using random grid search. palette : Str % Choices({'BluePurple', 'GreenBlue', 'OrangeRed', 'PurpleBlue', 'PurpleRed', 'RedPurple', 'YellowGreen', 'YellowOrangeBrown', 'YellowOrangeRed', 'ambition', 'copper', 'dandelions', 'daydream', 'deepblue', 'drifting', 'enigma', 'eros', 'greyscale', 'inferno', 'magma', 'melancholy', 'mysteriousstains', 'navarro', 'plasma', 'sirocco', 'solano', 'spectre', 'summer', 'verve', 'viridis'}), optional The color palette to use for plotting. missing_samples : Str % Choices({'error', 'ignore'}), optional How to handle missing samples in metadata. "error" will fail if missing samples are detected. "ignore" will cause the feature table and metadata to be filtered, so that only samples found in both files are retained. Returns ------- sample_estimator : SampleEstimator[Classifier] Trained sample estimator. feature_importance : FeatureData[Importance] Importance of each input feature to model accuracy. predictions : SampleData[ClassifierPredictions] Predicted target values for each input sample. model_summary : Visualization Summarized parameter and (if enabled) feature selection information for the trained estimator. accuracy_results : Visualization Accuracy results visualization.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15858955681324005, "perplexity": 29290.155476663025}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827992.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216191351-20181216213351-00156.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/153330-characteristic-polynomial-matrix-print.html	# Characteristic polynomial of a matrix • Aug 11th 2010, 01:50 AM jsridhar72 Characteristic polynomial of a matrix I want to know what is the characteristic polynomial of a matrix.Please explain with simple example.What is the purpose of finding one? • Aug 11th 2010, 03:38 AM Ackbeet Let's take the matrix $A=\begin{bmatrix}1&3\\5 &7\end{bmatrix}.$ The characteristic polynomial has to do with finding the eigenvalues of a matrix. The eigenvalues of a matrix are defined as follows: The eigenvalues of a matrix $A$ are the numbers $\lambda$ such that $Ax=\lambda x$ for $x\not=0.$ Here $x$ is a vector of the appropriate size so that the matrix multiplication $Ax$ is defined. If you find such an $x$ and a $\lambda$, then $x$ is called an eigenvector. $\lambda$ is, in general, a complex number. The geometric interpretation of eigenvalues is that when you multiply an eigenvector $x$ by the matrix $A$, it's the same thing as multiplying the eigenvector $x$ by a simple number. Multiplying by a simple number is basically stretching the eigenvector $x$ in some way. It doesn't change the eigenvector's direction. The whole eigenvalue problem, as we call it, has to do with finding a "shortcut" to matrix multiplication. Why are we interested in the eigenvalue problem? Tons of reasons! You can use eigenvalues and eigenvectors (lump those two concepts together and call it the "eigensystem") to solve systems of ordinary differential equations, which in turn can model the behavior of an electrical circuit or a mass/spring system. This very problem shows up all over the place in Quantum Mechanics. So, let's rearrange the eigenvalue problem quick, while nobody's looking: $Ax-\lambda x=0.$ Now, I want to right-factor the $x$ out of there. But what's left had better all be of the same type: a matrix. So, I can insert the identity matrix in there to make it all the same: $Ax-\lambda I x=0,$ where $I$ is the same size as $A$. You'd agree I haven't changed anything, right? So now I get to factor (technically, right-factor: matrix multiplication is NOT, in general, commutative): $(A-\lambda I)x=0.$ Now, remember: $x\not=0$. This system looks like $Bx=0,$ for $B=A-\lambda I.$ It's a fact from linear algebra that a homogeneous system can only have nonzero (nontrivial) solutions if the matrix $B$ is singular. Another way of saying that is that $\det(B)=\det(A-\lambda I)=0.$ The equation $\det(A-\lambda I)=0$ is the characteristic equation. The characteristic polynomial is the LHS of this equation. So let's find this characteristic polynomial for our matrix $A$ above. Evidently, we need to form the matrix $A-\lambda I$. Well, that gives us $A-\lambda I= \begin{bmatrix}1&3\\5 &7\end{bmatrix}-\lambda \begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0 &1\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}1&3\\5 &7\end{bmatrix}-\begin{bmatrix}\lambda&0\\0 &\lambda\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}1-\lambda&3\\5 &7-\lambda\end{bmatrix}.$ Now that we've assembled that ingredient, we need to take its determinant and set it equal to zero: $\det\begin{bmatrix}1-\lambda&3\\5 &7-\lambda\end{bmatrix}=(1-\lambda)(7-\lambda)-15=0.$ If that step mystifies you, you should review determinants. We can simplify this just a bit: $(1-\lambda)(7-\lambda)-15=7-8\lambda+\lambda^{2}-15=\lambda^{2}-8\lambda-8=0.$ So the characteristic polynomial associated with our matrix $A$ is $\lambda^{2}-8\lambda-8.$ To find the eigenvalues of our matrix $A$, you'd set the characteristic polynomial equal to zero and solve: $\lambda^{2}-8\lambda-8=0.$ The solutions are, of course, $\displaystyle{\lambda=\frac{8\pm\sqrt{64-4(1)(-8)}}{2}=\frac{8\pm\sqrt{96}}{2}=\frac{8\pm 4\sqrt{6}}{2}=4\pm 2\sqrt{6}.}$ Does this all make sense? • Aug 11th 2010, 04:49 AM Is the characteristic polyomial the same as the characteristic equation? • Aug 11th 2010, 05:17 AM HallsofIvy No, because a "polynomial" is not an "equation"! But if, say, the characteristic polynomial is $x^3- 3x^2+ x- 3$ then the characteristic equation is $x^3- 3x^2+ x- 3= 0$. • Aug 11th 2010, 05:25 AM Quote: Originally Posted by HallsofIvy No, because a "polynomial" is not an "equation"! But if, say, the characteristic polynomial is $x^3- 3x^2+ x- 3$ then the characteristic equation is $x^3- 3x^2+ x- 3= 0$. Yeah i see, cheers. • Aug 11th 2010, 05:33 AM Ackbeet I've clarified the polynomial/equation distinction a bit more. I had it at the end of my post, but not in the middle. See the edited version. • Aug 11th 2010, 11:15 PM jsridhar72 Quote: Originally Posted by Ackbeet Let's take the matrix $A=\begin{bmatrix}1&3\\5 &7\end{bmatrix}.$ The characteristic polynomial has to do with finding the eigenvalues of a matrix. The eigenvalues of a matrix are defined as follows: The eigenvalues of a matrix $A$ are the numbers $\lambda$ such that $Ax=\lambda x$ for $x\not=0.$ Here $x$ is a vector of the appropriate size so that the matrix multiplication $Ax$ is defined. If you find such an $x$ and a $\lambda$, then $x$ is called an eigenvector. $\lambda$ is, in general, a complex number. The geometric interpretation of eigenvalues is that when you multiply an eigenvector $x$ by the matrix $A$, it's the same thing as multiplying the eigenvector $x$ by a simple number. Multiplying by a simple number is basically stretching the eigenvector $x$ in some way. It doesn't change the eigenvector's direction. The whole eigenvalue problem, as we call it, has to do with finding a "shortcut" to matrix multiplication. Why are we interested in the eigenvalue problem? Tons of reasons! You can use eigenvalues and eigenvectors (lump those two concepts together and call it the "eigensystem") to solve systems of ordinary differential equations, which in turn can model the behavior of an electrical circuit or a mass/spring system. This very problem shows up all over the place in Quantum Mechanics. So, let's rearrange the eigenvalue problem quick, while nobody's looking: $Ax-\lambda x=0.$ Now, I want to right-factor the $x$ out of there. But what's left had better all be of the same type: a matrix. So, I can insert the identity matrix in there to make it all the same: $Ax-\lambda I x=0,$ where $I$ is the same size as $A$. You'd agree I haven't changed anything, right? So now I get to factor (technically, right-factor: matrix multiplication is NOT, in general, commutative): $(A-\lambda I)x=0.$ Now, remember: $x\not=0$. This system looks like $Bx=0,$ for $B=A-\lambda I.$ It's a fact from linear algebra that a homogeneous system can only have nonzero (nontrivial) solutions if the matrix $B$ is singular. Another way of saying that is that $\det(B)=\det(A-\lambda I)=0.$ The equation $\det(A-\lambda I)=0$ is the characteristic equation. The characteristic polynomial is the LHS of this equation. So let's find this characteristic polynomial for our matrix $A$ above. Evidently, we need to form the matrix $A-\lambda I$. Well, that gives us $A-\lambda I= \begin{bmatrix}1&3\\5 &7\end{bmatrix}-\lambda \begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0 &1\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}1&3\\5 &7\end{bmatrix}-\begin{bmatrix}\lambda&0\\0 &\lambda\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}1-\lambda&3\\5 &7-\lambda\end{bmatrix}.$ Now that we've assembled that ingredient, we need to take its determinant and set it equal to zero: $\det\begin{bmatrix}1-\lambda&3\\5 &7-\lambda\end{bmatrix}=(1-\lambda)(7-\lambda)-15=0.$ If that step mystifies you, you should review determinants. We can simplify this just a bit: $(1-\lambda)(7-\lambda)-15=7-8\lambda+\lambda^{2}-15=\lambda^{2}-8\lambda-8=0.$ So the characteristic polynomial associated with our matrix $A$ is $\lambda^{2}-8\lambda-8.$ To find the eigenvalues of our matrix $A$, you'd set the characteristic polynomial equal to zero and solve: $\lambda^{2}-8\lambda-8=0.$ The solutions are, of course, $\displaystyle{\lambda=\frac{8\pm\sqrt{64-4(1)(-8)}}{2}=\frac{8\pm\sqrt{96}}{2}=\frac{8\pm 4\sqrt{6}}{2}=4\pm 2\sqrt{6}.}$ Does this all make sense? Bit confusing ...Thank you very much... • Aug 12th 2010, 02:56 AM Ackbeet Quote: Bit confusing... I'd be happy to break out portions that are confusing. Can you point them out for me, and I'll explain further?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 78, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9548594355583191, "perplexity": 323.151643449968}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174135.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00650-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://testbook.com/objective-questions/mcq-on-center-of-mass-and-linear-momentum--5eea6a1339140f30f369efb8	# Center of Mass and Linear Momentum MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Center of Mass and Linear Momentum - Download Free PDF Last updated on Feb 2, 2023 ## Latest Center of Mass and Linear Momentum MCQ Objective Questions #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 1: Kinetic energy will become/remain________ when the momentum of the body is doubled. 1. two times 2. four times 3. unchanged 4. half 5. None of the above Option 2 : four times #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 1 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: • Kinetic energy (KE): The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. $$KE = \frac{1}{2}m{v^2}$$ Where m = mass of the body and v = velocity of the body • Momentum (p): It is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. p = m v • The relationship between the kinetic energy (KE) and Linear momentum (p) is $$p = \sqrt {2mKE}$$ Or KE = P2/2m EXPLANATION: KE = P2/2m • Since the mass of an object is constant, therefore we can say that Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the square of the Momentum. • Hence, when momentum is doubled, kinetic energy will become four times. Sp option 2 is correct. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 2: A bullet of mass 25 g is fired horizontally with a velocity of 120 m/s from a pistol of 2·5 kg. The recoil velocity of the pistol is 1. - 0·6 m/s 2. 0·6 m/s 3. - 1·2 m/s 4. 1·2 m/s Option 3 : - 1·2 m/s #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 2 Detailed Solution Concept: Momentum: • It is defined as the product of mass and velocity. • Formula, P = mv, where m = mass, v = velocity • Its SI unit is kg m/s. Conservation of linear momentum: • It states that if two objects collide, then the total momentum before and after the collision will be the same if there is no external force acting on the colliding objects. • Formula, m1u+ m2u2 = m1v1 + m2 v2 Calculation: Given, The mass of the bullet, m = 25g The velocity of the bullet, v = 120 m/s The mass of the pistol, M = 2.5 kg From the conservation of the momentum, mv + MV= 0 $$V=-\frac{mv}{M}$$ $$V=-\frac{25\times 10^{-3}\times 120}{2.5}=-1.2 m/s$$ Hence, the recoil velocity is -1.2 m/s. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 3: A heavy particle of rest mass M while moving along the positive z - direction, decays into two identical light particles with rest mass m (where M > 2m). The maximum value of the momentum that any one of the lighter particles can have in a direction perpendicular to the z-direction, is 1. $$\rm\frac{1}{2}c\sqrt{M^2−4m^2}$$ 2. $$\rm\frac{1}{2}c\sqrt{M^2−2m^2}$$ 3. $$\rm c\sqrt{M^2−4m^2}$$ 4. $$\frac{1}{2}$$Mc Option 1 : $$\rm\frac{1}{2}c\sqrt{M^2−4m^2}$$ #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 3 Detailed Solution Concept: We know, E = mc2 where m is the mass of the particle and c is the speed of light. The invariant mass (or rest mass) is an invariant for all frames of reference, not just in inertial frames in flat spacetime, but also accelerated frames traveling through curved spacetime. The energy of mass M, E = $$\sqrt{P^2c^2 + M^2c^2}$$ where p is the momentum and c is the speed of light. Calculation: Let P be the momentum of heavy mass M . And let P1 be the momentum of the light particles of mass m in the direction perpendicular to z and P2 be the momentum in z -direction. According to the conservation of momentum, the Momentum of mass M, P = P2 + P2 = 2 P2 ⇒ P2 = P/2 The energy of mass M, E = $$\sqrt{P^2c^2 + M^2c^2}$$ The momentum of a mass m, P = $$\sqrt{P^2_1+P^2_2}$$ $$\sqrt{P^2_1+ {P^2\over 4}}$$ The energy of mass m, E21 = (P21 + $${P^2\over 4}$$)c2 + m2c2 As energy is conserved E = E1 + E2 = 2E1 ⇒ E1 = E/2 ∴ E21 = $$E^2\over 4$$ = (P12 + $${P^2 \over 4}$$)c2 + m2c4 ⇒ 4 (P12 + $${P^2 \over 4}$$)c2 + 4 m2c4 = P2c2 + M2c4 ∴ P1 = $$\rm\frac{1}{2}c\sqrt{M^2−4m^2}$$ The correct answer is option (1). #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 4: Two bodies of unequal masses are dropped from a cliff. At any instant, they have equal 1. Momenta 2. Accelerations 3. Potential energies 4. Kinetic energies Option 2 : Accelerations #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 4 Detailed Solution Key Points: • Acceleration is the rate at which speed and direction of velocity vary over time. • $$a = \frac{dv}{dt}$$ • Acceleration is a vector quantity. • One of the vector quantities is acceleration. • Given that the two bodies' masses differ. • Let's calculate the body's travel time to the ground given that the height is the same, h. • Knowing this, • $$h = {1 \over 2}gt^2$$ • $$t= { \sqrt{2h} \over g}$$ • We can infer from the foregoing that time is independent of mass. • As a result, both bodies have an equal amount of time to reach the ground. • Due to gravity, they also experience the same acceleration. • Equal time is given to each. • Due to gravity, they also experience the same acceleration. • Momentum: • The relationship between a particle's mass (m) and velocity is known as its momentum (v). • P = mv • Momentum is vector quantity. Potential energy: • The energy a body acquires as a result of its position or configuration is known as potential energy. • The equation PE = mgh describes the potential energy attributable to an object's height. • Where m is the body's mass, g is its gravitational acceleration, and h is its height • Kinetic energy: • Kinetic energy is the energy that an object produces as result of its motion. • $$K.E = \frac 12 mv^2$$ • where m is the body's mass and v is its velocity. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 5: A ball of mass M moving with a speed of 2 m/s hits another ball of mass 1 kg moving in the same direction with a speed of 1 m/s. If the kinetic energy of center of mass is $$\frac{4}{3}$$ Joule, then the magnitude of M is 1. 1 kg 2. 0.25 kg 3. 0.50 kg 4. 2 kg Option 3 : 0.50 kg #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 5 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: As we know; $$v_{CM} = \frac{m_1v_1+m_2v_2}{m_1+m_2}$$ CALCULATION: Given: mass $$m_1 = M$$ $$m_2 = 1$$ kg As we have; $$v_{CM} = \frac{m_1v_1+m_2v_2}{m_1+m_2}$$ ⇒ $$v_{CM} = \frac{2M+1}{M+1}$$ The kinetics of the center of mass is $$\frac{4}{3}$$ Joule, therefore we have; $$\frac{4}{3} =\frac{1}{2}(M+1) (\frac{2M+1}{M+1})^2$$ Now solving the above equation we have; M = 0.50 kg Hence option 3) is the correct answer. ## Top Center of Mass and Linear Momentum MCQ Objective Questions #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 6 If two unequal masses possess the same kinetic energy, then the heavier mass has: 1. equal momentum 2. lesser momentum 3. greater momentum 4. Can't say Option 3 : greater momentum #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 6 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: • Kinetic energy (K.E): The energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. The expression for kinetic energy is given by: $$KE = \frac{1}{2}m{v^2}$$ Where m = mass of the body and v = velocity of the body • Momentum (p): The product of mass and velocity is called momentum. Momentum (p) = mass (m) × velocity (v) The relationship between the kinetic energy and Linear momentum is given by: As we know, $$KE = \frac{1}{2}m{v^2}$$ Divide numerator and denominator by m, we get $$KE = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{{m^2}{v^2}}}{m} = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{\;{{\left( {mv} \right)}^2}}}{m} = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{{p^2}}}{m}\;$$ [p = mv] $$\therefore KE = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{{p^2}}}{m}\;$$ $$p = \sqrt {2mKE}$$ EXPLANATION: Given that: K.E1 = K.E2= K.E (let say) The relation between the momentum and the kinetic energy is given by: $$P = \sqrt {2m\;K.E}$$ But as K.E is same ∴ $$P \propto \sqrt m$$ Or, $$\frac{{{P_1}}}{{{P_2}}} = \sqrt {\frac{{{m_1}}}{{{m_2}}}}$$ Here, if m1 > m2 then p> p2 • If two unequal masses possess the same kinetic energy, then the heavier mass has greater momentum. So option 3 is correct. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 7 A sphere of mass 2kg strikes another sphere of mass 3 kg at rest with a velocity of 5 m/s. if they move together after collision. What is their common velocity? 1. 5 m/s 2. 6 m/s 3. 1 m/s 4. 2 m/s Option 4 : 2 m/s #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 7 Detailed Solution Concept: Momentum: momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. • The unit of momentum (P) is kg m/s. • Dimension: [MLT-1] Law of conservation of Momentum: A conservation law states that the total linear momentum of a closed system remains constant through time, regardless of other possible changes within the system. P1 = P2 m1 v1 = m2 v2 Where, P1 = initial momentum of system, P2 = final momentum of system, m1 = mass of first object, v1 = velocity of first object, m2 = mass of second object and v2 = velocity of second object. Calculation: Given: m1 = 2 kg m2 = 3 kg u1 = 5 m/s u2 = 0 m/s Let the common velocity of the combined body be V m/s Mass of combined body M = 2 + 3 = 5 kg Applying conservation of momentum: m1 v1 + m2 v2 = M V ⇒ (2 × 5) + (3 × 0) = 5 V ⇒ 10 + 0 = 5 V V = 2 m/s Hence the combined velocity of both the spheres is 2 m/s. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 8 A 30 N of force is acting on a body moving on a straight line with initial momentum 10 kg m s-1. Find the final momentum after 3 seconds. 1. 100 Kg m s-1 2. 90 kg m s-1 3. 120 kg m s-1 4. 110 kg m s-1 Option 1 : 100 Kg m s-1 #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 8 Detailed Solution Concept: Second Law of Motion: • The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force. $$⇒ F = \dfrac{Δ p}{t}$$ ⇒ F × t = Δ p Where F is force, t is time, and Δ p is change in momentum. Calculation: Given: Initial momentum (pi) = 10 kg m s-1, Force (F) = 30 N, and time (t) = 3 second Let final momentum be pf • Change in momentum is ⇒ Δ p = F × t ⇒ Δ p = 30 N × 3 s = 90 N s = 90 kg m s-1 • As we know the change in momentum is equal to the difference between the final momentum and initial momentum i.e., ⇒ Δ p = pf - pi ⇒ pf = Δ p + pi ⇒ pf = 90 kg m s-1 + 10 kg m s-1 = 100 kg m s-1 • So, the correct option is 100 kg m s-1 #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 9 If the velocity of a body is doubled, its momentum ________. 1. remains same 2. doubles 3. becomes half 4. becomes 4 times Option 2 : doubles #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 9 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: • Momentum (P): The product of mass and velocity is called momentum. • The SI unit of momentum is kg m/s. • Momentum (P) = Mass (m) × Velocity (v) EXPLANATION: Since, P = m v Let the initial velocity of the body be v Since the Mass of the body is constant So, P1 = m v ----(i) According to the question The new velocity of the body = 2v New Momentum (P2) = m × 2v ⇒ P= 2mv ----(ii) On dividing (ii) by (i), we get $$\frac {P_2} {P_1} = \frac{2mv}{mv}$$ ⇒ P2 = 2 P1 ∴ The momentum will be doubled. Key Points • If the velocity of a body is doubled then its momentum doubles because velocity is directly proportional to momentum. So option 2 is correct. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 10 A 2,000 kg truck moving at 10 m/s strikes a car waiting at a traffic light. After collision, the two move together at 8 m/s. The mass of the car is _____. 1. 250 kg 2. 500 kg 3. 750 kg 4. 1,000 kg Option 2 : 500 kg #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 10 Detailed Solution The correct answer is 500 kg. CONCEPT: • The type of collision in which there is a loss of kinetic energy and after the collision both the colliding particles move together is called perfectly inelastic collision. • In this type of collision the coefficient of restitution is equal to 0. • Momentum of the system remains constant in this collision. • Momentum before collision (P1) = Momentum after the collision (P2) P1 = m1u1 + m2u2 P2 = m1v1 + m2v2 CALCULATION: Here, speed of the car is 0 m/s ⇒ After collision speed is 8 m/s According to "Principle of conservation of momentum" ⇒ So, 8 = (m1v1 + m2v2)/(m1 + m2) where m1 is the mass of truck, v1 is the velocity of truck, v2 is the velocity of car and m2 is the mass of car. ⇒ 8 = (2000 × 10 + m2 × 0)/(2000 + m2) ⇒ 16000 + 8 m2 = 20000 Therefore, mass of the car is 500 kg. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 11 If the momentum of a particle increases by 30%, then increase in its kinetic energy is: 1. 30% 2. 60% 3. 69% 4. 80% Option 3 : 69% #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 11 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: • Momentum: A property of a body in motion that is equal to the product of the body's mass and velocity is called momentum. P = mv where P is the momentum of the body, m is the mass of the body, and v is the velocity of the body. • Momentum Conservation: When in a system, there is no external force then the total momentum (P) of the system will be conserved. • Kinetic energy: The energy in a body due to its motion, is known as kinetic energy. The kinetic energy in terms of momentum is given by: $$K=\frac{P^2}{2m}$$ where K is the kinetic energy of the body, P is the momentum of the body and m is the mass of the body. CALCULATION: $$K=\frac{P^2}{2M}$$ Let initial value of P = 100, m = 100 After increase of 30% P = 130 Initial kinetic energy $$K_i=\frac{P_i^2}{2m}=\frac{100^2}{2\times 100}=50$$ Final kinetic energy $$K_f=\frac{P_f^2}{2m}=\frac{130^2}{2\times 100}=169/2$$ % Increase in Kinetic energy $$\frac{(K_f-K_i)}{K_i}\times100 = \frac{(\frac{169}{2}-50)}{50}\times100 = 69$$% So the correct answer is option 3. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 12 What will be the magnitude of recoil speed of a tank which weighs 0.4 tonnes and fires a projectile of mass 3 kg with a velocity of 24 m/s? 1. 0 2. 0.18 3. 18 Option 2 : 0.18 #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 12 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: • Momentum: Momentum is the product of the mass and the velocity of an object or particle. It is a vector quantity. • The standard unit of momentum magnitude is the kilogram-meter per second (kg·m/s). P = m v Where P = momentum, m = mass of the body, v = velocity of body. • Conservation of Linear Momentum: Conservation of Linear Momentum states that a body in motion retains its total momentum (product of mass and vector velocityunless an external force is applied to it. • In mathematical term Initial momentum = Final momentum P= P2 We can say that M1V1 + M2V= 0 Where M1 = mass of projectile, V1 = velocity of projectile, M2 = mass of tank and V2 = Unknown recoil speed of tank CALCULATION: Given that M1 = 3 kg, V= 24 m/s, M2 = 0.4 tonnes = 400 kg Substituting these values in the formula: M1V1 + M2V= 0 (3 × 24) + (400 × V2) = 0 V2 = -0.18 m/s, The tank recoils in the backward direction with a magnitude of 0.18 m/s. So option 2 is correct. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 13 What is the momentum of an object of mass $$\frac{1}{2}m$$ and moving with a velocity of 2V? 1. $$\frac{1}{2}mv$$ 2. mv2 3. (mv)2 4. mv Option 4 : mv #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 13 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: • Momentum (p): The product of mass and velocity is called momentum. It is a vector quantity. • The SI unit of momentum is kg m/s. Momentum (p) = Mass (m') × Velocity (v') EXPLANATION: Given that: The mass of an object (m') is ½ m The velocity (v') of an object is 2v We know that momentum (p) = mass × velocity = ((m/2) × 2 v) = m v • The momentum of the object is mv kg m/s. Hence option 4 is correct. #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 14 Two bodies of 2 kg and 4 kg are moving with velocities 20 m/s and 10 m/s respectively towards each other under mutual gravitational attraction. Find the velocity of their centre of mass in m/s. 1. 5 2. 6 3. 8 4. zero Option 4 : zero #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 14 Detailed Solution Concept: position of the centre of mass: $${x_{cm}} = \frac{{{m_1}{x_1} + {m_2}{x_2} + \ldots + {m_n}{x_n}}}{{{m_1} + {m_2} + \ldots + {m_n}}}$$ The velocity of the centre of mass: $${V_{cm}} = \frac{{{m_1}{v_1} + {m_2}{v_2} + \ldots + {m_n}{v_n}}}{{{m_1} + {m_2} + \ldots + {m_n}}}$$ Acceleration of the centre of mass: $${a_{cm}} = \frac{{{m_1}{a_1} + {m_2}{a_2} + \ldots + {m_n}{a_n}}}{{{m_1} + {m_2} + \ldots + {m_n}}}$$ Calculations: $${\vec V_{cm}} = \frac{{{m_1}{v_1} + {m_2}{v_2}}}{{{m_1} + {m_2}}}$$ $$= \frac{{2 \times 20 - 4 \times 10}}{{2 + 4}}$$ (Negative because both are moving in the opposite direction) = 0 #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 15 If the momentum of a body is tripled keeping the mass as constant, its Kinetic Energy will ________. 1. remain the same 2. become nine times its original value 3. become six times its original value 4. become three times its original value Option 2 : become nine times its original value #### Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Question 15 Detailed Solution CONCEPT: • Kinetic energy: The energy of an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy. • It is denoted by KE. • Mathematically kinetic energy can be written as • Kinetic energy (KE) = 1/2 mv2 • Momentum: The product of mass and velocity is called momentum or linear momentum. • It is denoted by P. • Mathematically it can be written as • Momentum (P) = m × v • The relationship between kinetic energy and momentum is given by: $$KE=\frac{P^2}{2m}$$ Where m is mass of the object and v is the velocity CALCULATION: Given - Final momentum (P2) = 3P (initial momentum) • The relationship between kinetic energy and momentum is given by: $$KE=\frac{P^2}{2m}$$ • When the momentum of an object is tripled keeping the mass as constant: $$\Rightarrow {KE}_2=\frac{P^2_1}{2m}$$ $$\Rightarrow {KE}_2=\frac{(3P)^2}{2m}=\frac{9P^2}{2m} = 9(KE)$$ $$[\because KE=\frac{P^2}{2m}]$$ • Hence, if the momentum of a body is tripled, it's Kinetic energy will become nine times its original value. So option 2 is correct.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9724779725074768, "perplexity": 1312.3762572971643}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00560.warc.gz"}
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/dcds.2006.14.419	# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences July 2006, 14(3): 419-446. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2006.14.419 ## Unstable manifolds and Hölder structures associated with noninvertible maps 1 Institute of Mathematics "Simion Stoilow" of the Romanian Academy, P.O Box 1-764, RO 014-700, Bucharest, Romania Received January 2005 Revised June 2005 Published December 2005 We study the case of a smooth noninvertible map $f$ with Axiom A, in higher dimension. In this paper, we look first at the unstable dimension (i.e the Hausdorff dimension of the intersection between local unstable manifolds and a basic set $\Lambda$), and prove that it is given by the zero of the pressure function of the unstable potential, considered on the natural extension $\hat\Lambda$ of the basic set $\Lambda$; as a consequence, the unstable dimension is independent of the prehistory $\hat x$. Then we take a closer look at the theorem of construction for the local unstable manifolds of a perturbation $g$ of $f$, and for the conjugacy $\Phi_g$ defined on $\hat \Lambda$. If the map $g$ is holomorphic, one can prove some special estimates of the Hölder exponent of $\Phi_g$ on the liftings of the local unstable manifolds. In this way we obtain a new estimate of the speed of convergence of the unstable dimension of $g$, when $g \rightarrow f$. Afterwards we prove the real analyticity of the unstable dimension when the map $f$ depends on a real analytic parameter. In the end we show that there exist Gibbs measures on the intersections between local unstable manifolds and basic sets, and that they are in fact geometric measures; using this, the unstable dimension turns out to be equal to the upper box dimension. We notice also that in the noninvertible case, the Hausdorff dimension of basic sets does not vary continuously with respect to the perturbation $g$ of $f$. In the case of noninvertible Axiom A maps on $\mathbb P^2$, there can exist an infinite number of local unstable manifolds passing through the same point $x$ of the basic set $\Lambda$, thus there is no unstable lamination. Therefore many of the methods used in the case of diffeomorphisms break down and new phenomena and methods of proof must appear. The results in this paper answer to some questions of Urbanski ([21]) about the extension of one dimensional theory of Hausdorff dimension of fractals to the higher dimensional case. They also improve some results and estimates from [7]. Citation: Eugen Mihailescu. Unstable manifolds and Hölder structures associated with noninvertible maps. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2006, 14 (3) : 419-446. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2006.14.419 [1] Tian Ma, Shouhong Wang. Topological phase transition III: Solar surface eruptions and sunspots. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020350 [2] Hua Qiu, Zheng-An Yao. The regularized Boussinesq equations with partial dissipations in dimension two. Electronic Research Archive, 2020, 28 (4) : 1375-1393. doi: 10.3934/era.2020073 [3] Thomas Bartsch, Tian Xu. Strongly localized semiclassical states for nonlinear Dirac equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (1) : 29-60. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020297 [4] Andy Hammerlindl, Jana Rodriguez Hertz, Raúl Ures. Ergodicity and partial hyperbolicity on Seifert manifolds. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2020, 16: 331-348. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2020012 [5] Knut Hüper, Irina Markina, Fátima Silva Leite. A Lagrangian approach to extremal curves on Stiefel manifolds. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2020 doi: 10.3934/jgm.2020031 [6] João Marcos do Ó, Bruno Ribeiro, Bernhard Ruf. Hamiltonian elliptic systems in dimension two with arbitrary and double exponential growth conditions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (1) : 277-296. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020138 [7] Scipio Cuccagna, Masaya Maeda. A survey on asymptotic stability of ground states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations II. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020450 [8] Federico Rodriguez Hertz, Zhiren Wang. On $\epsilon$-escaping trajectories in homogeneous spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (1) : 329-357. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020365 [9] Noah Stevenson, Ian Tice. A truncated real interpolation method and characterizations of screened Sobolev spaces. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2020, 19 (12) : 5509-5566. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2020250 [10] Sumit Arora, Manil T. Mohan, Jaydev Dabas. Approximate controllability of a Sobolev type impulsive functional evolution system in Banach spaces. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2020 doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2020049 [11] Harrison Bray. Ergodicity of Bowen–Margulis measure for the Benoist 3-manifolds. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2020, 16: 305-329. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2020011 [12] Weisong Dong, Chang Li. Second order estimates for complex Hessian equations on Hermitian manifolds. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020377 [13] Marco Ghimenti, Anna Maria Micheletti. Compactness results for linearly perturbed Yamabe problem on manifolds with boundary. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020453 [14] H. M. Srivastava, H. I. Abdel-Gawad, Khaled Mohammed Saad. Oscillatory states and patterns formation in a two-cell cubic autocatalytic reaction-diffusion model subjected to the Dirichlet conditions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020433 [15] Annegret Glitzky, Matthias Liero, Grigor Nika. Dimension reduction of thermistor models for large-area organic light-emitting diodes. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020460 [16] Soniya Singh, Sumit Arora, Manil T. Mohan, Jaydev Dabas. Approximate controllability of second order impulsive systems with state-dependent delay in Banach spaces. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2020 doi: 10.3934/eect.2020103 2019 Impact Factor: 1.338	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7729507088661194, "perplexity": 2163.836650437647}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177607.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124224124-20201125014124-00058.warc.gz"}
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/343060/zero-section-of-quasi-coherent-bundle	# Zero section of quasi-coherent bundle Let $$S$$ be a scheme and let $$\mathcal{E}$$ be a quasi-coherent $$\mathcal{O}_S$$-module. Then we can construct a graded quasi-coherent $$\mathcal{O}_S$$-algebra $$\mathscr{A}:= Sym(\mathcal{E})$$ and define the quasi-coherent bundle $$\mathbb{V}(\mathcal{E}) := Spec(Sym(\mathcal{E}))$$. we set $$Sym_0(\mathcal{E}):= \mathcal{O}_S$$ the $$0$$-degree elements and denote $$f: \mathbb{V}(\mathcal{E}) \to S$$ the structure morphism. It's easy to show that $$\mathbb{V}(\mathcal{E})$$ represents the functor $$F:(Sch/S) \to (Set), (h:T \to S) \mapsto \Gamma(T, h^* \mathcal{E}^{\vee})$$. this is the consequence of identifications $$Hom_S(T,\mathbb{V}(\mathcal{E})) = Hom_{(\mathcal{O}_S -Alg)}(Sym(\mathcal{E}), h_* \mathcal{O}_T)=Hom_{\mathcal{O}_S}(\mathcal{E}, h_* \mathcal{O}_T)=Hom_{\mathcal{O}_T}(h^\mathcal{E}, \mathcal{O}_T)=\Gamma(T, h^ \mathcal{E}^{\vee})$$ the zero element $$0 \in \Gamma(T, h^* \mathcal{E}^{\vee})$$ corresponds via identifications above to zero section $$i: S \to \mathbb{V}(\mathcal{E})$$, i.e. $$f \circ i= id_S$$ (section property). going through the identifications it's easy to see that the zero section is induced by augmentation homomorphism $$Sym(\mathcal{E}) \to Sym(\mathcal{E})/Sym(\mathcal{E})_+ = \mathcal{O}_S$$ simply by "killing" the elements of grades $$\ge 1$$. this implies that the zero section $$i$$ is a closed immersion. $$C:=\mathbb{V}(\mathcal{E})$$ is also called the "cone". we can "remove" the image of the zero section and obtain $$C^0:= C \backslash i(S)$$. The structure morphism $$f: C \to S$$ corresponds once more by our identifications to $$id_C$$ and a homomorphism $$u: f^\mathcal{E} \to \mathcal{O}_C$$ of $$\mathcal{O}_C$$-modules. Q: why is $$C^0$$ is exacly the locus, where $$u$$ is surjective? i.e. why $$C^0= C \backslash (Coker(u))$$ or equivalently $$i(S) =Supp(Coker(u))$$? recall: $$u$$ is surjective at $$c \in C$$ if and only if $$u_c: (f^\mathcal{E})_c \to \mathcal{O}_{C,c}$$ is surjective homomorphism of $$\mathcal{O}_{C,c}$$-modules. P.S. 1) all previously used notations & definitions are from Görtz' and Wedhorn's Algebraic Geometry. P.S. 2) I have already tried to ask similar question at MSE without succeeding in solving the problem.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 32, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9978758692741394, "perplexity": 329.072967729103}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00347.warc.gz"}
http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/a-common-flashlight-bulb-is-rated-at-030-a-and-29-v-the-values-of-the-current-and-voltage--q3382086	## A common flashlight... A common flashlight bulb is rated at 0.30 A and 2.9 V (the values of the current and voltage under operating conditions). If the resistance of the bulb filament at room temperature (20°C) is 1.8 , what is the temperature of the filament when the bulb is on? The filament is made of tungsten. °C	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8144471645355225, "perplexity": 608.0709077536618}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.physicsbasedanimation.com/2015/01/22/a-dimension-reduced-pressure-solver-for-liquid-simulations/	# A Dimension-reduced Pressure Solver for Liquid Simulations Ryoichi Ando, Nils Thuerey, Chris Wojtan This work presents a method for efficiently simplifying the pressure projection step in a liquid simulation. We first devise a straightforward dimension reduction technique that dramatically reduces the cost of solving the pressure projection. Next, we introduce a novel change of basis that satisfies free-surface boundary conditions {\em exactly}, regardless of the accuracy of the pressure solve. When combined, these ideas greatly reduce the computational complexity of the pressure solve without compromising free surface boundary conditions at the highest level of detail. Our techniques are easy to parallelize, and they effectively eliminate the computational bottleneck for large liquid simulations. A Dimension-reduced Pressure Solver for Liquid Simulations	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8753937482833862, "perplexity": 1154.533719270749}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171646.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00130-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www2.difest.unipr.it/?q=node/199	Vai al contenuto principale Publications Molecular Qubits Spin coupling among molecular nanomagnets allow the production of three qubit entangled states. Nature Nanotechnology 4, 173 - 178 (2008) Qubits are like the usual bits (1,0) of computers, but they can be manipulated in parallel, thanks to their quantum nature. This is the essence of quantum computing, stemming from an original idea of Richard Feynman, back in 1982. Quantum computers could be much faster that present day computers for certain categories of very complex numerical problems. It was shown that magnetic molecules behave as an ensemble of interacting qubits and open a new perspective towards quantum computing. In the past few years the molecular nanomagnet theory group of our Physics Department, in collaboration with Modena-Reggio Emilia University and Manchester University, proposed to use ring-shaped magnetic molecules as qubits, to implement quantum computing algorithms. Theoretical modeling showed that we understand how to alter the links among these rings, a relatively easy task for chemists, in order to control the effective interaction among qubits. These supermolecular complexes can thus be designed and produced to yield fully entangled states of more than two qubits, Thus the building blocks of a future quantum computer can be realized in a solid state system. MnSi: a weak non centrosymmetric helical magnet This material is a weak metal and manganese moments order along a helix. The interest lies in the rich physics that emerge when MnSi is perturbed by pressure and magnetic field. The material can give rise to magnetic vortex phases (skyrmions) and also to superconductivity. Phys. Rev. B 89 184425 (2014) Editor's suggestion Recently it was proposed however that muons are not suited to investigate these fascinating properties. A recent paper, Phys Rev B 83 40404 (2011), suggested that, due to the poor metallic properties of MnSi, the implanted muon would easily perturb its surrounding producing a local disturbance, a polaron, with bound unpaired electrons. Thus the muon would measure the properties of this new entity instead of those of the bulk material. Our investigation proves that the new supposed entity is not there. The demonstration has two aspects. A very careful experimental work on a single crystal identifies the muon stopping site, its coupling to Mn moments and verifies that the data agree with bulk MnSi susceptibility with extremely high accuracy. A parallel DFT work, performed in Parma, finds the same site by ab-initio calculations with precision of better that one hundredth of an Angstrom. Left: the muon siite identified by DFT. The site is represented by a yellow isoenergy surface. The muon energy at any point in this isosurface coincides with the Zero Point Energy of the quantum muon oscillator, i.e. a muon can be thought as a wave function that has significant probability density within the depicted isosurface.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8354737162590027, "perplexity": 1426.1323992176572}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532882.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421195929-20190421221929-00382.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/?q=an:0715.11045	× ## The distribution of prime numbers. Paperback edition.(English)Zbl 0715.11045 Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, 30; Cambridge Mathematical Library. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press. xvii, 114 p. £9.95; \$ 17.95 (1990). The value of this reissue has been greatly enhanced by the carefully chosen comments and the list of references R. C. Vaughan has added to this classical number theory text, first published in 1932 (for a review see Zbl 0006.39701), and reprinted back in 1964. The best recommendation is given by R. C. Vaughan himself (quoted from his foreword): “As an introduction to the distribution of primes Ingham’s tract is still unsurpassed, combining an economy of detail with a clarity of exposition which eases the novice’s way into this, sometimes technically ferocious, area. In spite of the fact that it has been out of print for many years I usually place it at, or near, the top of the reading list for graduate students.” Reviewer: O.Ninnemann ### MSC: 11Nxx Multiplicative number theory 11Mxx Zeta and $$L$$-functions: analytic theory 11-01 Introductory exposition (textbooks, tutorial papers, etc.) pertaining to number theory 01A75 Collected or selected works; reprintings or translations of classics 11M06 $$\zeta (s)$$ and $$L(s, \chi)$$ 11M26 Nonreal zeros of $$\zeta (s)$$ and $$L(s, \chi)$$; Riemann and other hypotheses 11N05 Distribution of primes Zbl 0006.39701	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7202473878860474, "perplexity": 1618.461293084514}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334987.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927033539-20220927063539-00105.warc.gz"}
http://eprints.imtlucca.it/271/	# Uniform Labeled Transition Systems for Nondeterministic, Probabilistic, and Stochastic Processes Bernardo, Marco and De Nicola, Rocco and Loreti, Michele Uniform Labeled Transition Systems for Nondeterministic, Probabilistic, and Stochastic Processes. In: Trustworthly Global Computing (TGC 2010). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6084 . Springer, pp. 35-56. ISBN 978-3-642-15639-7 (2010) Full text not available from this repository. ## Abstract Rate transition systems (RTS) are a special kind of transition systems introduced for defining the stochastic behavior of processes and for associating continuous-time Markov chains with process terms. The transition relation assigns to each process, for each action, the set of possible futures paired with a measure indicating the rates at which they are reached. RTS have been shown to be a uniform model for providing an operational semantics to many stochastic process algebras. In this paper, we define Uniform Labeled TRAnsition Systems (ULTraS) as a generalization of RTS that can be exploited to uniformly describe also nondeterministic and probabilistic variants of process algebras. We then present a general notion of behavioral relation for ULTraS that can be instantiated to capture bisimulation and trace equivalences for fully nondeterministic, fully probabilistic, and fully stochastic processes. Item Type: Book Section 10.1007/978-3-642-15640-3_3 Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science Computer Science and Applications Rocco De Nicola 23 May 2011 14:22 11 Jul 2011 14:36 http://eprints.imtlucca.it/id/eprint/271 ### Actions (login required) Edit Item	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8813660740852356, "perplexity": 2380.675842644891}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195745.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128184858-20201128214858-00309.warc.gz"}
http://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/intermediate-algebra-6th-edition/chapter-8-section-8-1-solving-quadratic-equations-by-completing-the-square-exercise-set-page-482/14	## Intermediate Algebra (6th Edition) x=$\frac{-9±\sqrt 6}{4}$ Original Equation (4x+9)²=6 Take the square root of both sides 4x+9=±$\sqrt 6$ Subtract 9 from both sides 4x=-9±$\sqrt 6$ Divide both sides by 4 x=$\frac{-9±\sqrt 6}{4}$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5376237630844116, "perplexity": 1888.40347029861}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811243.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218003946-20180218023946-00180.warc.gz"}
https://mailman.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-context/2012/066740.html	# [NTG-context] Asian Language Support Hans Hagen pragma at wxs.nl Tue May 8 00:07:32 CEST 2012 On 7-5-2012 15:12, S Barmeier wrote: > I am writing documents in English/Japanese. > > If you want to include English text, you probably need to define your > own typescript (or use simplefonts), because most Japanese fonts have > terrible Latin fonts... > > I can probably help you, if you tell me what exactly you need. > > If you're just typesetting Japanese text, you will need > \setscript[hanzi] to enable linebreaks... > > And the rest is done by Unicode magic: just type away between \starttext > and \stoptext I uploaded a beta with preliminary Japanese script support. \enabletrackers[scripts.analyzing] % \enabletrackers[scripts.injections] \enabletrackers[scripts.details] % \definefont[testfont][heiseikakugostd-w5][script=kana,language=jan] \definefont[testfont][heiseiminstd-w3] [script=kana,language=jan] \testfont \starttext \startscript[nihongo] \startlines 国、『国』、『国』、『国』、『国』、『国』、 \hbox to 3em{国、『国』、『国』、『国』、『国』、『国』、} 国：国：国：国：国：国：国：国：国：国 \hbox to 3em{国：国：国：国：国：国：国：国：国：国} \stoplines \stopscript \stoptext A question for Yusuke: what script name should we use? More (simple) examples are needed in order to get all relations between categories done (so, currently we still use a copy of chinese but with already a few japanese specific inter-character issues done). Hans -----------------------------------------------------------------	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5767550468444824, "perplexity": 15511.334492175116}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00195-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/52688-concavity-print.html	# Concavity • Oct 8th 2008, 01:45 PM sfgiants13 Concavity I tried taking the derivative and it is an absolute mess, so I thought there had to be an easier way. It says find the interval on which the integral of y=1/(1+t+t^2) from 0 to x is concave upward. Is there an easier way than taking the derivative of that? • Oct 8th 2008, 01:52 PM p00ndawg Quote: Originally Posted by sfgiants13 I tried taking the derivative and it is an absolute mess, so I thought there had to be an easier way. It says find the interval on which the integral of y=1/(1+t+t^2) from 0 to x is concave upward. Is there an easier way than taking the derivative of that? raise the whole bottom to the top so that it becomes raised to the -1. then do chainrule, this should work. • Oct 8th 2008, 02:07 PM sfgiants13 I did that and I may have got it...I got all values of x, and got the derivative of that to be 1/2sqrt[1+t+t^2]. Can anyone confirm this? • Oct 8th 2008, 02:15 PM 11rdc11 $-(1+t+t^2)^{-2}(1+2t)$ • Oct 8th 2008, 02:24 PM p00ndawg Quote: Originally Posted by sfgiants13 I did that and I may have got it...I got all values of x, and got the derivative of that to be 1/2sqrt[1+t+t^2]. Can anyone confirm this? you forgot a key part, you need to multiply by derivative of the inside. So no not really.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9884796738624573, "perplexity": 676.0136998539651}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723162614-20170723182614-00165.warc.gz"}
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/87771	## Files in this item FilesDescriptionFormat application/pdf 9912389.pdf (7MB) (no description provided)PDF ## Description Title: Integrable Vortex Motions in Unbounded and Periodic Domains Author(s): Stremler, Mark Andrew Doctoral Committee Chair(s): Hassan Aref Department / Program: Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Discipline: Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Degree Granting Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Degree: Ph.D. Genre: Dissertation Subject(s): Physics, Fluid and Plasma Abstract: In each of the vortex systems investigated, the motion of a passive particle in the field of the vortices is, in general, chaotic. One means of characterizing the advected field is through Thurston-Nielsen theory from topology. Using only information about the motions of the vortices themselves and the fact that the advected fluid is a continuous field, Thurston-Nielsen theory establishes a lower bound on the stretching in the advected field. Some of the vortex motions investigated produce exponential stretching in the flow field. This stretching is as violent as any in turbulent flow, which suggests that the problem of point vortices in two-dimensional flow may lend itself to an understanding of some of the physics present in fully turbulent two-dimensional flows. Issue Date: 1998 Type: Text Language: English Description: 145 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1998. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/87771 Other Identifier(s): (MiAaPQ)AAI9912389 Date Available in IDEALS: 2015-09-28 Date Deposited: 1998	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8627140522003174, "perplexity": 4055.2706327919655}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550977093.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728183650-20170728203650-00708.warc.gz"}
https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/313002/help-putting-these-formulas-as-c-expression	hello, i need to write a program that computes an equivalent resistor value if it is in either series or parallel . (in c++). how will i write this in c++ : [TEX] R_\mathrm{eq} = R_1 \\| R_2 = {R_1 R_2 \over R_1 + R_2} [/TEX] (parallel) [TEX] R_\mathrm{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + \cdots + R_n[/TEX](series) thank you Edited by cogitoergosum18: n/a 3 Contributors 4 Replies 5 Views 6 Years Discussion Span Last Post by firstPerson Here is something to get you started : #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ } Now I am not sure about the specification. Do you ask the user to input a range of Resistor values and compute its parallel or series value, or is it just 2 values? Edited by firstPerson: n/a All you have to do is enter them just like you see them. Just be mindful of your parentheses. For the series situation, you'll probably want to use a loop of some sort and just total up the user's input values. EDIT: You're kidding me, this thread sat for an hour and I get ninja'd. :( Edited by Fbody: n/a I have to ask for a range of resistor values. i have to first ask the user whether they want to compute a resistor in series or parallel, then from there i have to either compute it in series or parallel. I also have to compute the resistor value from the color code of the resistor but that is totally something different. It is basically two programs in one. but how do i actually put in the equation? just as i see them? i am using a do while loop by the way. Edited by cogitoergosum18: n/a Post your code. From what I got, you should be doing something like this : float calculateParallelValues(float resistors[], const int numOfResistors){ //... } float calculateSeriesValues(float resistors[], const int numOfResistors){ } int main(){ const int MAX_RESISTORS = 100; //maximum number of resistors float resistors[MAX_RESISTORS ] = {}; get resistor values and store them into resistors array ask if user want series value if so call calculateSeriesValues(); else calculateParallelValues(); return 0; } This topic has been dead for over six months. Start a new discussion instead. Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47578689455986023, "perplexity": 1655.5612094927735}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171232.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00596-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9503121	hep-th (what is this?) (what is this?) # Title:Exactly Marginal Operators and Duality in Four Dimensional N=1 Supersymmetric Gauge Theory Authors:Robert G. Leigh, Matthew J. Strassler (Rutgers University) Abstract: We show that manifolds of fixed points, which are generated by exactly marginal operators, are common in N=1 supersymmetric gauge theory. We present a unified and simple prescription for identifying these operators, using tools similar to those employed in two-dimensional N=2 supersymmetry. In particular we rely on the work of Shifman and Vainshtein relating the $\bt$-function of the gauge coupling to the anomalous dimensions of the matter fields. Finite N=1 models, which have marginal operators at zero coupling, are easily identified using our approach. The method can also be employed to find manifolds of fixed points which do not include the free theory; these are seen in certain models with product gauge groups and in many non-renormalizable effective theories. For a number of our models, S-duality may have interesting implications. Using the fact that relevant perturbations often cause one manifold of fixed points to flow to another, we propose a specific mechanism through which the N=1 duality discovered by Seiberg could be associated with the duality of finite N=2 models. Comments: 35 pages, 7 Postscript figures, uses revtex.sty (revised version corrects some important details, tex problems) Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) Journal reference: Nucl.Phys. B447 (1995) 95-136 DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(95)00261-P Report number: RU-95-2 Cite as: arXiv:hep-th/9503121 (or for this version) ## Submission history From: Matt Strassler [view email] [v1] Mon, 20 Mar 1995 08:37:27 UTC (63 KB)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.76286780834198, "perplexity": 2073.803287057384}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486936.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218135032-20190218161032-00130.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/oxidation-reduction-redox-balancing.700183/	# Oxidation Reduction (redox) Balancing 1. ### krackers 58 When balancing oxidation reduction reactions involving acids or bases, what (in the case of acids) allows you to add H+ ions to one side of the reaction and H2O to the other, or in the case of bases, OH- and H2O to balance out hydrogen/oxgen? Normally you are not allowed to just add random compounds to either side of the equation. I suspect this has something to do with the ability of H+ to grab oxygen atoms to form H2O, as similarly with 2OH- to supply Oxygen atoms and give H2O, as demonstrated by these two reactions: $2H^{+}\; +\; O^{2-}\; -->\; H_{2}O$ $2OH^{-}\; -->\; H_{2}O\; +\; O^{2-}$ However, is this the real reason? And instead of using H+ ions for the acids, wouldn't it be more appropriate to use the hydronium ion, H3O+? In case the question is not clear, here is an example reaction. $MnO_{4}^{-}\; +\; I^{-}\; -->\; I_{2}\; +\; Mn^{2+}$ One of the half reactions would be: $5e^{-}\; +\; MnO_{4}^{-}\; +\; 8H^{+}\; ->\; Mn^{2+}\; +\; 4H_{2}O$ However, in this half reaction what allows you to add H+ to one side and H2O to the other? ### Staff: Mentor These reactions usually take place in water, and typically in either low or high pH - so you can safely assume there is plenty of H2O and H+/OH- around. As there is plenty of them, they can be between reactants and products and you won't even notice changes in their concentrations.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8440762758255005, "perplexity": 1049.7990736312356}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097038.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00002-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/13696/rainmaker	# rainmaker less info reputation 5 bio website location age member for 3 years, 1 month seen Aug 4 at 12:33 profile views 9 # 151 Reputation +20 Every abelian group of finite exponent is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups? +30 Every abelian group of finite exponent is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups? # 2 Tags 3 group-theory × 2 3 abelian-groups × 2 # 8 Accounts TeX - LaTeX 311 rep 16 Mathematics 151 rep 5 Stack Overflow 128 rep 3 Super User 101 rep Meta Stack Exchange 101 rep Supporter Scholar Self-Learner Student Teacher # 0 Active bounties This user has no active bounties all time by type 2 up 1 question	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8506931066513062, "perplexity": 4424.126738250022}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500815991.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021335-00427-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.holosonics.com/fundamental-test	# Fundamental Limitationsof Loudspeaker Directivity ### By Dr. F. Joseph Pompei Figure 1: Comparison between the maximum possible directivity of a 16" loudspeaker and the real measurements from a standard 16" Audio Spotlight speaker. Contours are shown for -20dB (90%) isolation. The advent of the Holosonic® technique for creating tight, narrow beams of audible sound using ultrasound has opened many new applications for sound control. Due to its success, various manufacturers have begun promoting traditional loudspeaker products as "highly directional" or "tightly focused". These typically take the form of large loudspeaker panels, arrays, or domes, sometimes adding phasing or other manipulations. The directivity of all traditional loudspeaker devices is fundamentally limited by nothing more than the size of the source compared to the wavelengths it is generating. A large loudspeaker will be more directive than a small loudspeaker, or a loudspeaker specified at higher frequency (smaller wavelength) will also have more directivity. No amount of phasing, shading, focusing, or other method can overcome this fundamental limit; in fact, any of these methods will always reduce directivity. The Audio Spotlight product line bypasses this fundamental limitation by using nonlinear acoustic techniques to create sound literally in mid-air using the nonlinear action of ultrasound. This permits far greater directivity than any other loudspeaker in the world, with remarkable directivity and isolation abilities. While the analysis in this paper should be well known to most people with a background in acoustics or general wave mechanics, it is designed to alleviate much of the confusion arising from exaggerated claims made by some manufacturers. A basic mathematical proof is provided, as well as simulations of a best-case ideal loudspeaker device. ## BASIS OF LOUDSPEAKER DIRECTIVITY The maximum directivity ('narrowness') of any traditional loudspeaker ultimately depends only on its physical size relative to the wavelengths it's producing. No amount of phasing, focusing, or other manipulation can alter this inherent physical limitation. To make any loudspeaker more directional, one can only make the loudspeaker physically larger, either by creating a large active surface, or, as an equivalent, by using a large number of small speakers, driven in aggregate to form a large radiating surface. ## MATHEMATICAL PROOF Consider a one-dimensional source transmitting an arbitrary distribution of waves $$s(x)=e^{j\omega t}$$, where $$s(x)$$ describes the distribution of sound energy, and may be complex to include phase. Note that, due to Huygen's principle, this function can perfectly describe not only flat sources, but also curved surfaces, or any wave exiting an aperture, such as an opening of a reflective dome. Because the directivity of each axis is independent, the same analysis applies for a 2D source [1]. It is well known that the angular response of any wave source is equal to the scaled Fourier transform of the source driving function [2]. That is: $$H(\phi)=\int s(\hat{x})e^{j2\pi\hat{x}\phi}=\mathcal{F}[s(\hat{x})]$$ where $$\hat{x}=x/\lambda$$ and $$\phi = \sin(\theta)$$ The angular response of this window response is the well known sinc function: $$W(\phi)=\text{sinc}(\pi\phi L / \lambda)$$ Figure 2: The window function, and its directional response. The response horizontal axis is scaled by wavelength. The window response shown is the basis for any speaker directivity of any size or wavelength. The response plot is shown scaled by wavelength for clarity. Note that with appropriate scaling of the horizontal axis, this plot can be used to describe the directivity of any uniform source, or the maximum directivity of a source of a given size. The parameter $$L/\lambda)$$ is the ratio of the size of the source compared to wavelength of emitted sound, and dictates the "narrowness" of the resulting directional pattern. Also note the additional sidelobes which broadcast undesired energy in off-axis directions, reducing field control. Figure 3: The angular response for all uniform loudspeaker sources, which also shows their theoretical maximum directivity, is shown. The x-axis is scaled according to speaker size and wavelength. Figure 3 illustrates the directivity of every uniform acoustic source, which is also the maximum directivity of any acoustic source of a given size $$L$$. The horizontal axis shows the sine of angle ($$\phi = \sin(\theta)$$) scaled by speaker size and wavelength. To interpret the graph, calculate the "real" range of angles of interest ($$\theta$$ = -90 to 90 degrees) which corresponds to the x-coordinates on the graph as ± $$L/\lambda)$$. For example, a 24" (61cm) speaker at 1kHz has $$L$$=0.61m and $$\lambda$$ =0.34m, so $$L/\lambda)$$ = 1.8. The interval -1.8 to 1.8 corresponds to -90 degrees to 90 degrees, as shown. This predicts one large main lobe, with a single sidelobe. This is plotted in a more conventional polar plot (with real physical angle) in Figure 4a. Note that the directional pattern is exactly the same for every speaker with the same $$L/\lambda)$$ ratio, such as an 12" (30cm) speaker at 2kHz, or a 48" speaker at 500Hz. For a 36" (91 cm) speaker at 2kHz, $$L/\lambda)$$ is 5.3, so the range -90 degrees to 90 degrees corresponds to the x axis range of -5.3 to 5.3, as shown. In this case, the main lobe has narrowed considerably, and the presence of numerous sidelobes has appeared. This graph can be used to predict the maximum theoretical directivity of any loudspeaker, for any desired size and frequency. In the Fourier domain, the multiplication operation is replaced by convolution, so the expression describing directivity of the source is: $$H(\phi)=R(\phi)*W(\phi)$$ The resulting directivity of the source is therefore the result of convolving the (arbitrary) source function with the (fixed) window function. The very same Fourier equation is found in signal processing, particularly in windowing and filter design. A wide variety of windows $$r(\cdot)$$ have been developed, each allowing tradeoffs between main lobe width and sidelobe levels. For specifically minimizing the width of the main lobe, no window function can improve on the rectangular window [3]. Therefore, for maximizing directivity, a simple, unphased, uniform source is the optimal configuration. Shading and/or phasing the source function can reduce sidelobe levels, but it is always at the expense of reducing main lobe directivity. ## 1D EXAMPLE: SOUND BARS Some manufacturers market “sound bars”, which are traditional loudspeakers in an array physically large in one dimension, but narrow in another, and claim that these sound fields are “highly focused” or “directional”. Compared to a small speaker, these do have slightly higher directivity because of their size – but in practical terms the directivity is still quite weak, and even then only exists in the direction of the long axis. Manufacturers of such devices generally (and understandably) do not publish directivity specifications, but an analysis of the ideal loudspeaker shows that the theoretical upper limit of directivity is still extremely weak compared to the Audio Spotlight. From the analysis above, the maximum possible directivity of a sound bar of length $$L$$ is $$H(\phi)=\text{sinc}(\pi\phi L/\lambda)$$ Mapping this to real angle $$\theta$$, $$H(\theta)=\left\|{\frac{\sin[(\pi L/\lambda)\sin\theta]}{(\pi L/\lambda)sin\theta}}\right\|$$ [4] The key parameter determining directivity is, once again, the ratio of the size of the speaker relative to its wavelength. Note that these arrays have only one long axis – because the vertical axis tends to be very small, sound is almost perfectly omnidirectional, and directivity is essentially nonexistent. Example: 24” sound bar, 3” high, 1kHz frequency Horizontal field width: • 29 degrees (-3dB, or 30% reduction in level) • >180 degrees (-20dB, 90% reduction in level) • Note that sound levels are never reduced by 90% or more, regardless of angle. Also note the large "side lobes" present in the response. Vertical field width: • Almost perfectly omnidirectional. No directivity at all is expected; sound will propagate evenly along the vertical axis. Figures 4a and 4b: Maximum possible directivity from a 24" sound bar, at 1kHz. Note limited directivity for the horizontal axis (left), and the complete absence of directivity on the vertical axis (right). ## 2D EXAMPLE: SPEAKER PANELS Speaker panels, whether they are made from a single radiating element or an array of small loudspeakers, are simply the 2D form of the Speaker Bar mentioned above, and will all have the same maximum directivity. In this case, the horizontal and vertical dimensions are equal. Therefore, the sound field pattern is identical to that of the Sound Bar’s largest dimension, but for both horizontal and vertical angles. Figures 5a and 5b: Maximum possible directivity for a 24" speaker panel, at 1kHz, which is identical for both horizontal and vertical axes. The graphs above show the directivity in the so-called far field, where the listener is distant from the source, as is the convention in acoustic specifications. The near field is also straightforward to analyze via simulation, as closed-form mathematical solutions do not exist. The simulations below were performed for a perfect, uniform acoustic source, which creates maximum possible directivity. The plot scales are meters and dB, and for visualization, both the source size (black rectangle) and the wavelength (grey rectangle) are shown to the left of the graph. The -3dB and -12dB beam angles (when they exist) are shown with dotted and dashed lines, respectively. ## FIXED SOURCE SIZE, VARYING WAVELENGTH The first set of simulations is of a fixed source size (0.4m/16"), with varying wavelength. From the results above, we expect to see an omnidirectional response for a large wavelength relative to source, and higher directivity as wavelength decreases. Figure 6: Ideal sound fields from a 16"/0.4m source, with varying wavelength. Directivity is weak for wavelengths similar to source size, but increases for very small wavelengths (high frequencies). This is precisely what is observed; for wavelengths much larger than the source, the sound field is omnidirectional. Modest directivity is shown for wavelengths similar to the source size, and as the wavelength decreases to a small fraction of the source size, the loudspeaker is always naturally directional. ## FIXED WAVELENGTH, VARYING SOURCE SIZE For an alternate perspective, simulations were done at a fixed wavelength, while varying source size. As it is where the ear is most sensitive and most real-life content is centered, 1kHz is used for analysis, and has a wavelength of 0.35m. One would expect loudspeakers much smaller than this to have an omnidirectional response, while loudspeakers much larger than 0.35m (14”) would be more directional. Figure 7: The wavelength is fixed at 0.4m (1kHz) while the source size is varied. A source smaller than or comparable to the wavelength is mostly omnidirectional, while a large source becomes more directive. For a small source ¼ of the wavelength, the sound field is again omnidirectional. As the source size increases, directivity increases as expected, though the coverage area also grows substantially. But notable directivity exists only when the size source is much larger than the wavelength. ## PHASING AND FOCUSING Phased arrays have been used for decades to steer and/or focus acoustic energy, as well as other wave sources (such as radar). The basic principle is to apply a suitable delay (or phase offset) to each small portion of the source, such that the sum of contributions from each portion of the array sum constructively along the desired direction (for a steered array), or at a particular point (for a focused array). As isolation is typically the goal of directivity, the focused case will be simulated. Phasing a linear array is acoustically equivalent to building a perfectly curved loudspeaker array, or using a perfect reflecting surface. For this simulation, we will allow a very large loudspeaker size of 1m (39"), and a 1kHz tone. Distance is analyzed continuously from 0.5m to 2.5m. A small circle marks the focal point. Figure 8: Sound fields from a 1m source playing 1kHz, perfectly focused to distances ranging from 0.5m to 2.5m. Focus is apparent at short distances, but has no clear effect at distances longer than about 0.5m. A reasonable degree of focus is noted for the 0.5m case, but the sound fields for focal lengths beyond this are nearly identical to the unfocused case. This makes sense qualitatively; one cannot expect to focus effectively at distances much further than the size of the source array. Note also that while focusing is effective for very short distances, the cost is directivity – outside the focal point, sound expands far more than it would have with an unfocused array. Therefore, as a practical matter, focusing arrays are not effective for providing localized listening zones. ## CONCLUSIONS Loudspeaker sources of a variety of configurations are used to illustrate that even under ideal circumstances, directivity and localization of sound is extremely limited. No degree of phasing, focusing, or other manipulation can improve these results, as they are an inherent limitation of linear acoustics. The Holosonic® technique for sound generation in the Audio Spotlight is a fundamentally different way of creating sound, and is not limited by the barriers facing traditional acoustics illustrated above. This is because the source of sound from an Audio Spotlight is not the physical loudspeaker panel – it is the volume of air in front of it. This makes the actual sound source far larger than the physical loudspeaker seen – it just happens to be invisible, and made from ultrasound. This enables the Audio Spotlight to fundamentally provide far more directivity and isolation than any loudspeaker can ever provide. 1 B. D. Steinberg, Principles of Aperture and Array System Design, Wiley, New York, 1976. 2 Pompei, F. J., "Phased array element shapes for suppressing grating lobes", J. Acoustical Society of America, v111n5, 2002. 3 Harris, F. J., "On the Use of Windows for Harmonic Analysis with the Discrete Fourier Transform", Proc. IEEE v66n1, 1978. 4 Beranek, Acoustics, p. 96	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6979254484176636, "perplexity": 1687.1406001094513}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00574.warc.gz"}
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/334125/why-earth-ground-connection-does-not-leak-current/334127	# Why earth ground connection does not leak current? This seems like a question which has been asked multiple times on forums. I researched the problem but I still was unable to figure out the answer which I can at least intuitively understand. So in this simple circuit why is there no current leakage to earth? Assume that it is a true earth ground connection (a rod in the earth for example). Update: I am giving researched answers below, but not as the only options. I am not satisfied with any of them, and give my explanation as to why. So I am hoping for either an elaboration or an alternative answer. simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab 1. Here With only one connection to ground there is no circuit for the current to flow through. It can't flow "to" ground, because there is nowhere for it to flow to. There's no difference between ground and a wire dangling in the breeze. However for current to flow there must be potential difference. And because the ground and the battery return has the same potential - why would current prefer to flow specifically to the return point. Especially taken into account that earth can absorb all electrons generated by the battery (on contrary for example to just piece of wire). 2. Here The ground isn't a great conductor and while it is in parallel with the service, the amount of current returning through the ground is so small it is effectively zero - Firstly this answer implies that there's some leakage occurs which just depends on earth resistance. Also I do not understand which resistance is taken into account. Where it is measured? I think also the answer relates to the several connection of the circuit to the ground. So anyone can give real physical explanation of this? • 1) If there is a potential difference, it is equalized instantly after the connection. So yeah, there would be an instantaneous current. 2) I think it is not an answer. – Eugene Sh. Oct 12 '17 at 18:36 • @EugeneSh. The question why would it stop then. The current flow can take either path to the ground or to the return.Both with the same potential. Why the second one is preferred? – Boris Oct 12 '17 at 18:38 • 2) is an is more applicable to the AC mains situation where there can be some leakage and/or capacitive coupling to ground causing small (AC!) currents to flow. But your example is DC so 2) simply does not apply. – Bimpelrekkie Oct 12 '17 at 18:38 • Let's turn that around, why would the current flow into the ground? What would happen if it did? How would you make that current flow into ground? Would there be a stream of electrons going from the circuit into the ground? Is that sustainable? – Bimpelrekkie Oct 12 '17 at 18:41 • @Boris, no they are not at the same potential, and even if they were, the bottom of the battery is negative with respect to the top and the electrons move around the circuit from the bottom to the top. No extra electrons are added or removed from the circuit, as would be the case if something crossed the ground connection. – Trevor_G Oct 12 '17 at 20:38 This is explained by Kirchhoff. He has two laws: the voltage law and the current law. I won't explain the voltage law, as that is not what your question is asking, but the current law simply states: The sum of all currents into a node is zero alternatively: The sum of all currents out of a node is zero What this means in the case of your simple circuit is that the current $I_1$ flowing out of the top of your battery is equal to to the current $I_2$ flowing into the battery. Since the battery and resistor are in series with the resistor, then the current flowing into the bottom node via the resistor is $I_1$. Let's call the current flowing to earth $I_3$. $I_3 = I_1 - I_2 = 0$ since $I_1$ = $I_2$. • Not sure Kirchhoff is applicable here as adding earth connection breaks the assumption of "Lumped element model" Kirchhoff is applicable to. Especially the second assumption about the constant charge as earth effectively makes the charge "dissapear" from the circuit. – Boris Oct 12 '17 at 20:14 In reality there is current in the ground connection, but not enough to measure above ambient noise level. simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab As such we normally ignore that leakage current in DC circuits. So let us look at your question another way. For the moment consider what would happen if an electron fell down that "drain" to ground. What happens to the rest of the circuit? Suddenly it will have a missing electron and will have a net positive charge. The ground now has an extra electron and has net negative charge. That means there is a reverse voltage on the ground wire which will immediately cause the electron to return to the circuit. The opposite would happen if somehow an extra electron were to arrive from the ground. The circuit would be at a negative potential and ground would be positive. The visiting electron would be immediately repelled. In actuality, that returning force is what prevents the electrons from crossing the connection in the first place. It is a self stabilizing state. • Hmmm - I'm not sure about the precision of your 1e16 resistor ... – brhans Oct 12 '17 at 18:46 • @Trevor Air resistance? And if the circuit is enclosed in vacuum? And only ground wire is "piercing" the vacuum chamber. – Boris Oct 12 '17 at 18:48 • @brhans ya that was a very rough approximate and will vary widely... it's the exponent that is important though .. huge # = b.all current ;) Things change a lot when its a high frequency voltage source though. – Trevor_G Oct 12 '17 at 18:52 • @Boris indeed, in a vacuum you still have an impedance.. but it gets complicated. – Trevor_G Oct 12 '17 at 18:53 • @Boris, the point is you need a loop back to a higher potential for current to flow through that wire. Now you will get a loop, be that through leakage in air or the impedance of a vaccum, but the current that will flow round that loop is so small you can take it as zero for a DC circuit. A high frequency power source though would be different. – Trevor_G Oct 12 '17 at 18:58 In the circuit from your question, the earth ground connection function is of a reference point, i.e. a zero potential point. From this point, you can specify all voltages in circuit nodes. It's a convenience for the analysis, say, nodal method. There isn't relation with current. Is a convention to assign a node as a zero-potential node. • i specifically mentioned that it is not reference point. But real ground connection. – Boris Oct 12 '17 at 18:51 So in this simple circuit why is there no current leakage to earth? Assume that it is a true earth ground connection (a rod in the earth for example). The circuit diagram shows no elements that would cause a current to flow to ground. If current DOES flow to the 'earth ground' node, is it positive? Negative? AC? DC? Simply put, this circuit doesn't create any current output, unless other circuit elements exist, which are not shown. If there's a storm cloud, and lightning strikes, there WILL be current to ground. That, however, isn't part of the schematic, so isn't part of the equation. Thus, we're left with 'zero' current predicted.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6395549178123474, "perplexity": 521.7907406005326}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573105.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917181046-20190917203046-00170.warc.gz"}
https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/mixed-numbers.html	# Mixed Numbers A mixed number is a number expressed as the sum of a whole number and a fraction , such as $3\frac{1}{4}$ . It is usually easier to do calculations with improper fractions than mixed numbers, but mixed numbers give a better idea of the size of a number. So you should know how to convert back and forth. Example: Write the mixed number $3\frac{1}{4}$ as an improper fraction. First, write the mixed number as a sum of a whole number and a proper fraction. Then write the two parts with common denominator , and add. $3+\frac{1}{4}=\frac{12}{4}+\frac{1}{4}=\frac{13}{4}$ Once you're used to this, you can use a shortcut method: 1) Multiply the whole part by the denominator of the fractional part, and add the numerator of the fractional part. This is the numerator of the improper fraction. 2) Keep the same denominator. In the above example: $3\left(4\right)+1=13$ so $13$ is the numerator, and the denominator is $4$ . Example: Write the improper fraction $\frac{27}{5}$ as a mixed number. First, divide the numerator by the denominator. We get a quotient of $5$ , with a remainder of $2$ . Use the quotient as the whole part of the mixed number. Use the remainder as the numerator of the fractional part. Keep the denominator the same. $\frac{27}{5}=\frac{25}{5}+\frac{2}{5}=5\frac{2}{5}$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 10, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9786352515220642, "perplexity": 305.93064616342696}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589752.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717144908-20180717164908-00102.warc.gz"}
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2538909/?tool=pubmed	Mol Syst Biol. 2008; 4: 211. Published online 2008 Aug 5. PMCID: PMC2538909 # Variable sizes of Escherichia coli chemoreceptor signaling teams ## Abstract Like many sensory receptors, bacterial chemotaxis receptors form clusters. In bacteria, large-scale clusters are subdivided into signaling teams that act as ‘antennas' allowing detection of ligands with remarkable sensitivity. The range of sensitivity is greatly extended by adaptation of receptors to changes in concentrations through covalent modification. However, surprisingly little is known about the sizes of receptor signaling teams. Here, we combine measurements of the signaling response, obtained from in vivo fluorescence resonance energy transfer, with the statistical method of principal component analysis, to quantify the size of signaling teams within the framework of the previously successful Monod–Wyman–Changeux model. We find that size of signaling teams increases 2- to 3-fold with receptor modification, indicating an additional, previously unrecognized level of adaptation of the chemotaxis network. This variation of signaling-team size shows that receptor cooperativity is dynamic and likely optimized for sensing noisy ligand concentrations. Keywords: adaptation, chemotaxis, FRET, principal component analysis, receptor clusters ## Introduction Transmembrane receptors of the chemotaxis network in Escherichia coli allow bacteria to sense chemicals in the environment, allowing cells to swim toward nutrients (attractant chemicals) and away from repellents (toxic chemicals). The chemotaxis network possesses remarkable signaling properties, including high sensitivity to small changes in chemical concentration over a wide range of ambient concentrations. These signaling properties rely on receptor clustering (Bray et al, 1998), which occurs at multiple length scales. At a small scale, the chemotaxis receptors form stable homodimers, which then assemble into larger complexes in which receptors of different chemical specificities are intermixed (Studdert and Parkinson, 2004; Lai et al, 2005). Trimers of dimers (Kim et al, 1999; Ames et al, 2002; Studdert and Parkinson, 2004) are believed to be the smallest signaling unit (Boldog et al, 2006). At a larger scale, ∼10 000 receptors form large polar and lateral receptor clusters (Maddock and Shapiro, 1993; Ames et al, 2002; Zhang et al, 2007). Theoretical analysis of in vivo fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) data suggests that large receptor clusters are composed of smaller signaling teams each consisting of about 10 strongly coupled receptor dimers (see Box 1 for details) (Sourjik and Berg, 2004; Mello and Tu, 2005; Keymer et al, 2006; Skoge et al, 2006), which is consistent with receptor cooperativity (Hill coefficients of dose–response curves) observed in vitro (Li and Weis, 2000). ### Model for receptor signaling Box 1 Chemoreceptors cluster at multiple scales ranging from receptor dimers, to trimers of dimers, to large polar and lateral clusters. Signaling properties are believed to arise from groups of several trimers of dimers forming signaling teams. Within a signaling team, receptors are assumed to be coupled strongly enough that the receptors are either all in the on state or all in the off state (A). In the on state, the receptor-associated kinase CheA is assumed to be active, autophosphorylating itself and transferring the phospho-group to the response regulators CheY and CheB. In the off state, CheA is inactive and unable to autophosphorylate (B). Importantly, the two-state property of the receptor dimers and signaling teams leads to two characteristic regimens of activity as described below. Single two-state receptor: We assume that an individual chemoreceptor (homodimer) has two states, on or off (Asakura and Honda, 1984). Attractant binding favors the off state, in which the receptor-bound kinase CheA is inactive, whereas modification of the receptor favors the on state, in which CheA is active. At equilibrium, the probability that the receptor dimer is on is where all energies are expressed in units of the thermal energy kBT. The receptor dimer free-energy difference between on and off states is given by where ligand binding in the on (off) state with dissociation constant KDon (KDoff) is included. For attractant binding KDoff<KDon, and for repellent binding, KDoff>KDon. The modification state of the receptor dimer enters only through the offset energy Δɛ(m). The probability of the on state is considered to be the receptor activity. Two regimens of activity are apparent. (C) A schematic energy-level diagram as a function of attractant (ligand) concentration [L] for a fully demethylated (unmodified) receptor dimer (left, regimen I) and a fully modified receptor dimer (right, regimen II) is shown (Keymer et al, 2006). The receptor dimer can either be on or off. For clarity in the figure, only the off state can bind attractant (red disc), with ligand dissociation constant KDoff. Methyl groups or glutamines (diamonds) lower the free energy of the on state. In regimen I, the on-state free energy is above the off-state free energy (Δɛ>0) in the absence of attractant, leading to a low activity; the crossing of the lowest levels occurs at [L]=KDoff (black dot). In regimen II, the on-state free energy is below the off-state free energy (Δɛ<0) in the absence of a ligand, leading to a high activity; the crossing of the lowest levels occurs at an increased ligand concentration [L]=KDoffexp(∣Δɛ∣) (black dot). In both regimens I and II, the crossing of the lowest levels corresponds to the inhibition constant Ki (ligand concentration at half-maximal activity), obtainable from dose–response curves. Receptor signaling team: Within the allosteric Monod–Wyman–Changeux (MWC) model (Monod et al, 1965), two-state receptor dimers form signaling teams with all receptors in a team either on or off together (Sourjik and Berg, 2004; Mello and Tu, 2005; Keymer et al, 2006). Assuming for simplicity a single receptor type, such as Tar, the equilibrium probability that a signaling team of N receptor dimers will be on is Importantly, signaling-team formation enhances the difference between the two regimens (Keymer et al, 2006). In regimen I, where Δɛ>0 (e.g. for Tar{EEEE}), receptor dimers have an even lower activity, ∼exp(−NΔɛ), and an inhibition constant KiKDoff/N, indicating an N times higher sensitivity than that of a single receptor dimer. In regimen II, where Δɛ<0 (e.g. for Tar{QQQQ}), receptor dimers are even more fully active, and turn off at attractant concentration KiKDoffexp(∣Δɛ∣) with enhanced cooperativity, specifically with a Hill coefficient nHN. The strong effect of signaling-team size on the sensitivity of demethylated (unmodified) receptors and on the Hill coefficient of more highly modified receptors allows us to deduce signaling-team size from signaling dose–response curves (Supplementary Table I; Keymer et al, 2006; Endres et al, 2007). Signal transduction by receptor signaling teams requires association with the kinase CheA, and the adapter protein CheW; both CheA and CheW affect receptor cooperativity (Sourjik and Berg, 2004) and large-scale clustering (Maddock and Shapiro, 1993; Liberman et al, 2004; Shiomi et al, 2005). CheA's kinase activity is inhibited by attractant binding to receptors. When active, CheA autophosphorylates using ATP and transfers the phosphoryl group to the response regulator CheY. Phosphorylated CheY (CheY-P) diffuses to the flagellar motor and induces clockwise motor rotation and cell tumbling. CheY-P is dephosphorylated by its phosphatase CheZ. In the absence of CheY-P, flagellar motors rotate counterclockwise and the cell runs straight. Adaptation in wild-type cells relies on methylation/demethylation of glutamates at 4–6 specific modification sites (depending on the receptor type) by the enzymes CheR/CheB, the latter being activated through phosphorylation by CheA. Despite the excellent characterization of much of the bacterial chemotaxis network, very little is known about the sizes of receptor signaling teams, which are difficult to resolve by fluorescence or electron microscopy. However, receptor methylation has been observed to affect polar clustering slightly. Receptor clusters are relatively stable, as demonstrated for polar clusters using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (Schulmeister et al, 2008) and for trimers of dimers (Studdert and Parkinson, 2005) using crosslinking experiments. However, there is some evidence that demethylation or attractant binding decreases the stability of polar receptor clusters (Shrout et al, 2003; Homma et al, 2004; Lamanna et al, 2005; Vaknin and Berg, 2006), although the effects on the size of the polar and lateral clusters appear to be minor or none (Lybarger and Maddock, 1999; Liberman et al, 2004; Lybarger et al, 2005; Shiomi et al, 2005). In vitro, receptor cooperativity has been observed to increase with receptor modification (Li and Weis, 2000), but such an increase in cooperativity is expected with increasing activity even for fixed-size signaling teams (see Box 1; Keymer et al, 2006). Here, we report a method to reliably extract the size of receptor signaling teams from variable in vivo FRET signaling data (Figure 1), and apply the method to cells that express only the aspartate-specific Tar receptor. We examined both adapting receptors in the presence of the modification enzymes CheR and CheB, as well as genetically engineered receptors in particular modification states in non-adapting cheRcheB cells. To analyze dose–response curves (activity versus MeAsp concentration), we first applied the statistical method of principal component analysis (PCA) to properly treat correlated variability in the data. Next, we fitted our previously established two-state model of signaling to the PCA-treated data to extract parameters with error bars, including signaling-team sizes and modification-dependent receptor energies. As a result of this quantitative data analysis, we discovered a new level of adaptation in the E. coli chemotaxis network. Specifically, we found that signaling-team size increases about three-fold with receptor modification, such as that occurs during adaptation to an attractant. Furthermore, we present a theory that the observed variation in signaling-team size is a novel adaptive mechanism to optimally measure noisy ligand concentrations. Determining sizes of receptor signaling teams from signaling dose–response curves. Signaling-team size N, i.e. the number of receptor dimers per signaling team, may differ depending on the receptor modification state (glutamate (E) or glutamine ... ## Results To measure signal processing by the receptor signaling teams in living bacterial cells under defined conditions, we expressed the high-abundance aspartate chemoreceptor Tar in an otherwise receptorless strain of E. coli and used in vivo FRET to measure the concentration of CheY-P/CheZ pairs, which is proportional to total CheA activity (Sourjik and Berg, 2002, 2004; Sourjik et al, 2007; see Supplementary information). For this purpose, CheY and CheZ were expressed as fusions to yellow (YFP) and cyan (CFP) fluorescent proteins, respectively, which allows energy transfer upon pair formation. From the high sensitivity and cooperativity (Hill coefficient) of dose–response curves previously measured by FRET (Sourjik and Berg, 2002, 2004), and quantitatively interpreted within the Monod–Wyman–Changeux (MWC) model (see Box 1; Monod et al, 1965; Sourjik and Berg, 2004; Mello and Tu, 2005; Keymer et al, 2006), receptor signaling teams are believed to consist of approximately N=10–20 receptor dimers (3–7 trimers of dimers). In the MWC model, a receptor signaling team is an effective two-state system, where all receptors are either on (active) or off (inactive) (Asakura and Honda, 1984), and bind ligand with the dissociation constants KDon and KDoff, respectively. Attractant binding is more favorable in the off state, and hence a high concentration of attractant [L] tends to turn receptors off, whereas receptor modification favors the on state. The probability that a receptor signaling team is active depends only on the free-energy difference between its on and off states, which is N times the free-energy difference of a single receptor, ΔF=NΔf (Δ ɛ, KDon, KDoff[L]), where Δɛ is the free-energy difference in the absence of ligand. Δɛ does depend on receptor modification: for unmodified receptors, Δɛ>0, whereas for modified receptors, Δɛ<0. Only in their on state do receptors induce the kinase activity of receptor-bound CheA. This model has been very successful in describing high sensitivity to ligand, precise adaptation, and signal integration by mixed receptor types (Endres and Wingreen, 2006; Keymer et al, 2006), and is believed to reflect an organization of receptors in small tightly coupled signaling teams that are then interlinked to form the large polar and lateral clusters. Previous studies indicated that increasing receptor modification can enhance protein interactions in receptor clusters (Shrout et al, 2003; Shiomi et al, 2005; McAndrew et al, 2006). To test whether the size of receptor signaling teams depends on the modification state (cf. top of Figure 1, showing a schematic of different sized signaling teams of trimers of dimers), Tar receptors were genetically engineered to have either a glutamate (E) or a glutamine (Q) at the four modification sites in the cytoplasmic domain, and expressed in cells lacking all other receptors (see Supplementary information). In chemotaxis, a glutamine (Q) is functionally similar to a methylated glutamate. For instance, strains expressing only Tar{QQQQ} are highly active at zero attractant concentration, whereas strains expressing only Tar{EEEE} are generally inactive. Using α-methyl-DL-aspartate (MeAsp), a non-metabolizable analog of aspartate, we measured dose–response curves, i.e. the activity at various attractant concentrations, for adapting cells (CheRB+) and for non-adapting mutants (cheRcheB) that express Tar receptors in different modification states QEEE, QEQE, QEQQ, and QQQQ. The resulting data for each strain show large day-to-day variation (illustrated by the different symbols in Figure 1, middle), despite the fact that the FRET data are intrinsically independent of the number of measured cells, as only fluorescence ratios are considered. The variation presumably stems from a fluctuating expression of the Tar receptor even at a defined inducer concentration. Because of the large error bars on the data, a standard χ2 analysis provides only a weak constraint on signaling-team size. However, the variation of the data is highly correlated, e.g. the overall amplitudes of dose–response curves vary considerably, whereas the shapes remain more consistent. To exploit this consistency of the data, we used the statistical method of PCA (Figure 2, see Materials and methods, and Supplementary information). Given a set of dose–response curves, PCA identifies the independently varying collective modes of the data, specifically a highly variable amplitude mode and multiple, less variable shape modes. Within standard χ2 analysis, deviations between model and data are weighted by the inverse of the variance at each data point. In contrast, our fits of the MWC model to the data are weighted by the inverse variance of the PCA modes, exploiting our greater confidence in the least variable modes of the data. A sufficient number of principal components are included to account for most of the data variation while not overinterpreting the data due to small sample size (Supplementary Figure 6). As a result, we were able to obtain tight error bars on model parameters and to draw quantitative conclusions on the variation of signaling-team size with receptor modification. As a schematic example, Figure 1 (bottom) shows illustrative high-confidence fits, indicating that the number of receptor dimers per Tar{QEEE} and Tar{QQQQ} signaling team is N∼6 and ∼18 receptor dimers, respectively. Illustration of principal component analysis (PCA) applied to dose–response curves of receptor activity to obtain principal modes of data variation. Receptor activity at various concentrations of attractant (MeAsp) was measured through in vivo ... Figure 3 shows experimental dose–response curves (symbols) for all strains at high (about 3.6 × native) Tar expression level, as well as the corresponding theoretical best fits obtained using PCA (curves) (see Supplementary Figure 7 for the data and fits at low (about 1.4 × native) Tar expression level). The results for both expression levels are summarized in Figure 4, which shows the inferred signaling-team sizes N (top) and receptor offset energies Δɛ (bottom) for low (left) and high (right) Tar receptor expression levels: An increase in signaling-team size with increasing receptor modification is apparent, ranging from 5 to 7 receptor dimers for Tar{QEEE} to 16–19 receptor dimers for Tar{QQQQ} (depending on receptor expression). On the basis of our error bars, at low expression level, signaling-team sizes for Tar{QEEE} and Tar{QEQE} are conclusively smaller than for Tar{QQQQ}, i.e. NQEEE, NQEQE<NQQQQ, and at high expression level NQEEE<NQEQE<NQEQQ, NQQQQ (see Supplementary Table I for numerical values of parameters). Additionally, receptor offset energies Δɛ decrease systematically with modification state and are approximately independent of receptor expression level, as expected for an intrinsic single-receptor property, providing further evidence for the reliability of our data acquisition and analysis. Individual receptor-activity dose–response curves (symbols) and corresponding PCA fits (solid lines) for E. coli cells expressing only Tar receptors at high (∼3.6 × native) expression level (see Supplementary information). Cell ... Sizes of receptor signaling teams N (number of receptor dimers per signaling team, panels A and B) and offset energies Δɛ (panels C and D) obtained from PCA fits shown in Figure 3 in the main text and Supplementary Figure 7. The left panels ... Our results indicate that the size of receptor signaling teams depends directly on receptor modification state, not on receptor activity. The Tar{QEQE}, Tar{QEQQ}, and Tar{QQQQ} strains are all fully active at low MeAsp concentrations (see Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure 7), but signaling-team size nevertheless increases with the number of glutamines (Figure 4). To further test the dependence of signaling-team size on receptor modification at high Tar expression level, we made use of the fact that CheRB+ cells adapted to two different attractant concentrations, 0 and 0.1 mM MeAsp, have the same activity (indicated by arrows in Figure 3), but, respectively, low and high receptor modification levels. Compared to cells adapted to zero ambient, the receptor methylation level (as evident from the offset energy) and signaling-team size have significantly increased for cells adapted to 0.1 mM MeAsp (plus symbols in Figure 3 and stripe pattern in Figure 4B and D). To test whether our results for the sizes of receptor signaling teams depended on the MWC model, we also obtained fits of the FRET data using alternative models in which trimers of dimers are coupled to their nearest neighbors in a triangular or in a honeycomb lattice (see Supplementary information). Although these Ising-type lattice models do not account well for the data from mostly demethylated receptors (Skoge et al, 2006), adequate fits to dose–response curves were obtained for the more highly modified receptors. The results strongly confirm our conclusion that effective signaling-team size increases significantly with receptor modification. Do the observed variable complex sizes reflect an ‘optimal' receptor signaling-team size that changes with ligand concentration? We address this question briefly here, with details in the Supplementary information. Complexes of N receptor dimers respond more strongly to changes in ligand concentration than do single receptor dimers, as the free-energy difference of a receptor signaling team is NΔf, where Δf is the free-energy difference of a single receptor dimer. Hence larger signaling teams are better for detecting weak signals. However, larger signaling teams are also noisier than smaller signaling teams, as ligand noise gets amplified as well. For instance, the standard deviation of the free-energy difference of a signaling team due to ligand concentration noise δ[L] is where the derivative is A large standard deviation of the free-energy difference of a signaling team, i.e. σF>1 in units of the thermal energy kBT, means that many signaling teams are either fully active or fully inactive, making them unresponsive to small changes in the mean ligand concentration, and therefore of no use for chemotaxis. A restriction to σF≲1 sets an upper limit on the size of signaling teams. The lowest possible uncertainty in ligand concentration is given by the Berg and Purcell limit (Berg and Purcell, 1977) and generalized by Bialek and Setayeshgar (2005) , where a is the receptor dimension, D is the ligand diffusion constant, and τ is the averaging time. On the basis of this estimate, equation (1) can be solved for the upper limit on the signaling-team size As a result, to optimize sensitivity the signaling-team size increases as N∼[L]1/2 for intermediate ligand concentrations (KDoff≪[L]≪KDon). In a nutshell, larger signaling teams are more sensitive to small changes in ligand concentration, but as a result are also more sensitive to ligand concentration noise. Optimally, signaling teams will be as large as possible without being saturated by this noise (i.e. fully active or fully inactive and hence unresponsive to ligand concentration changes). As the relative ligand noise decreases with concentration, the optimal signaling-team size will grow with ligand concentration, as we observed. ## Discussion The chemotaxis network of E. coli exhibits remarkable sensing and signaling properties that rely on receptor signaling teams. Despite recent high-resolution electron microscopy (Weis et al, 2003; McAndrew et al, 2004, 2005, 2006; Briegel et al, 2008), very little is known about what determines receptor signaling-team formation and size (Kentner and Sourjik, 2006; Kentner et al, 2006). Notably, because signaling-team size and signaling sensitivity are closely related (Keymer et al, 2006; Endres et al, 2007; Mello and Tu, 2007), receptor kinase activity can be used to probe signaling-team size. Starting from dose–response data on the activity of Tar receptors from in vivo FRET experiments, we developed a robust analysis method to extract signaling-team sizes and receptor offset energies (Figure 1), interpreted within a well-established model for cooperative receptor signaling (see Box 1). To achieve this, we applied the unbiased statistical method of PCA (see Figure 2, Materials and methods, and Supplementary information) to the data to separate correlated variation in the data from noise due to small sample size. Conventional χ2 fitting to individually normalized data curves misses the comparison of amplitudes, and when applied to averaged data values and their standard deviations overestimates the fluctuations by missing the correlations among the data points within a dose–response curve measured on the same day. Using our PCA analysis, we then fitted the MWC model for receptor signaling teams (see Box 1) to the principal components of the data, allowing us to obtain receptor parameters with tight confidence intervals (Figures 3 and and4,4, as well as Supplementary Figure 7). Importantly for chemotaxis, we found that signaling-team size increases significantly with receptor modification level (Figure 4). Motivated by this discovery, we presented a model describing how variable signaling-team size may enable cells to optimally measure ligand concentrations. Whereas both small changes in ligand concentration (signal) and ligand concentration noise are increasingly amplified by increasing signaling-team size, the noise decreases for increasing ambient concentration. This allows the cell to utilize larger signaling teams at larger ambient concentrations and hence receptor modification levels without saturation of the signaling teams by noise. Our results based on Tar-only mutants suggest a previously unrecognized level of adaptation relying on increasing signaling-team size with receptor modification. Interestingly, the opposite trend, i.e. a diminishing ability to cluster with increasing receptor modification, was suggested to possibly downregulate overall sensitivity with adaptation (Bray et al, 1998). In the MWC model, however, this downregulation simply emerges from the two-state property (Box 1 and Keymer et al, 2006). To show that variable signaling-team sizes also apply to mixed receptor types, a similar detailed analysis would need to be conducted on FRET data of wild-type cells. As Tsr and Tar are the most abundant receptor types, at least the numbers of Tsr and Tar receptor dimers per receptor signaling team would need to be considered while ensuring that the overall ratio of Tsr/Tar stays independent of modification state. Previous standard analysis of such FRET data showed that mixed Tar/Tsr signaling teams contain a total of around 10–20 receptor dimers, consistent with our Tar signaling teams. Additionally, as wild-type cells show high degree of polar clustering (Maddock and Shapiro, 1993; Sourjik and Berg, 2000; Liberman et al, 2004), the deduced clustering ability of Tar receptors is not an artifact of the homogeneous receptor expression. What are the possible mechanisms responsible for receptor signaling-team formation and the increase in signaling-team size with increasing receptor modification? Receptor modification reduces the electrostatic repulsion between neighboring dimers by removing charged glutamate residues, potentially stabilizing larger signaling teams. However, the modification sites of neighboring receptor dimers are at least 3 nm apart in the partial crystal structure (Kim et al, 1999). For a Debye–Hückel screening length of 1 nm, the resulting screened electrostatic interaction is only 1% of the thermal energy for a pair of charged glutamates. Therefore, other mechanisms may contribute to the observed dependence of signaling-team size on receptor modification: (1) binding of CheA and CheW affects both large-scale clustering of receptors (Maddock and Shapiro, 1993; Sourjik and Berg, 2000; Liberman et al, 2004) and the sizes of signaling teams (Sourjik and Berg, 2004), and the relevant binding affinities of CheA and CheW appear to depend on the level of receptor modification (Shrout et al, 2003); (2) receptor activity has been shown to respond to receptor–membrane interactions (Draheim et al, 2006) and changes in osmotic pressure (Vaknin and Berg, 2006), so inter-dimer coupling could be mediated by elastic membrane deformations, as proposed for the approximate two-state osmolarity-sensing MscL pore (Ursell et al, 2007). Our data also indicate that signaling-team size increases moderately with expression level (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table I), perhaps because more available receptors push the distribution of signaling teams toward larger sizes (Endres et al, 2007). Many other sensory systems cluster, including B cell (Schamel and Reth, 2000), T cell (Germain and Stefanova, 1999), synaptic (Griffith, 2004), and ryanodine (Yin et al, 2005), indicating that receptor clustering is an important regulatory mechanism for the cell, e.g. to adjust signaling properties or by recruiting auxiliary proteins. As eukaryotic G-protein-coupled receptors become covalently modified as well, e.g. by phosphorylation, receptor modification may prove to be a general mechanism for dynamic regulation of cluster size and optimization of signal response. ## Materials and methods ### Model for receptor signaling team To extract parameters of receptor signaling teams from fitting to in vivo FRET data, we describe signaling teams by the allosteric MWC model (Monod et al, 1965), as described in Box 1. Briefly, in this model signaling teams are composed of two-state receptors with all receptors in a signaling team either on or off together (Sourjik and Berg, 2004; Keymer et al, 2006). The number of receptor dimers per signaling team is treated as a continuous parameter, reflecting the degree of cooperativity among receptors, independent of the suborganization of dimers into trimers of dimers. Assuming a single receptor type, such as Tar, the equilibrium probability that an MWC signaling team of N receptor dimers will be on is where Δɛ(m) is the offset energy, which depends on the receptor modification level m, [L] is the attractant concentration, and KDon(off) is the attractant dissociation constant in the on (off) state. All energies are expressed in units of the thermal energy kBT. We obtain the signaling-team size N and the modification-dependent off-set energies Δɛ(m) from the fitting procedure described next. The attractant dissociation constants for the on and off states are taken from Keymer et al (2006). ### PCA To obtain χ2 fits, including confidence intervals for parameters, it requires a representation of the data where deviations from average values are uncorrelated. This is achieved by diagonalizing the covariance matrix of the data for each strain to obtain the principal (uncorrelated) components of the data (see Supplementary Figure 5). Specifically, from the M dose–response curves xi=1,…,M (L), each measured for D different ligand concentrations L, the D × D covariance matrix C is calculated through where L1 and L2 are ligand concentrations, and xave(L) is the average of all M curves at concentration L. Each covariance matrix is diagonalized by V−1CV=U where V is a matrix with the eigenvectors of C as the columns and U is the diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues λm=1,…,D. These eigenvectors and eigenvalues are the principal components of the data. Standard fitting of a calculated curve c(ν; L), which depends on a set of fitting parameters ν, to xave would require minimizing where σL is the experimental standard deviation of the data at ligand concentration L. But this neglects the observed correlations within each dose–response curve (cf. Figure 2A). Instead, we express χ2 in the PCA basis set by using $\stackrel{̃}{c}$=V−1(cxave) and replacing the sum over D ligand concentrations by the sum over D principal components For fits using equation (7), we included only the 3–5 largest principal components (see Supplementary Figure 6). We fitted the data for all five strains QQQQ, QEQQ, QEQE, QEEE, and CheRB+ simultaneously by minimizing the total χ2PCA, as one fitting parameter, an overall amplitude factor φ, is common to all five strains. The calculated dose–response curve for each strain also depends on an offset energy Δɛ and signaling-team size N, leading to a total of 11 fitting parameters ν=(φ, Δɛ1, N1, …, Δɛ5, N5) for the low expression level data (cf. Supplementary Figure 7A and Figure 4A), and 13 fitting parameters ν=(φ, Δɛ1, N1, …, Δɛ6, N6) for the high expression level data (cf. Figures 3 and and4B).4B). The dissociation constants for MeAsp binding by Tar in the on and off states were taken to be KDon=0.5 and KDoff=0.02 mM, respectively (Keymer et al, 2006). ### Confidence intervals We followed the method of Press et al (2002), but expressed the curvature matrix in the PCA basis by transforming $\stackrel{̃}{c}$=V−1(cxave) and calculating with A=(V−1)TU−1V−1 and Bqk=∂c(Lq)/(∂νk). Confidence intervals were obtained from the total (αPCAtot) summed over the five strains. From the corresponding covariance matrix Cα=(αPCAtot)−1, the confidence interval of parameter νk is given by where Δχ2=4 for 95.4% confidence. ### Experimental protocol Cell growth, FRET measurements, and immunoblots were performed essentially as before (Sourjik and Berg, 2002, 2004; Sourjik et al, 2007). Briefly, receptorless cells co-expressing a CheZ-CFP/CheY-YFP FRET pair and Tar receptors in one of the modification states were grown to mid-exponential phase in the presence of appropriate antibiotics. Expression of the FRET pair was induced with 50 μM isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside. Expression of receptors was induced with either 1 or 2 μM sodium salicylate, corresponding to low and high levels, respectively. Cells were harvested, washed, and assayed for attractant-induced changes in FRET signal in a flow chamber mounted on a custom-modified Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope. Fluorescence of a field of 300–500 cells was monitored in each experiment. FRET was defined as the fractional change in cyan fluorescence due to energy transfer, and was calculated from changes in the ratios of yellow and cyan fluorescence signals (Sourjik and Berg, 2004). See Supplementary information for measurement details and for the list of strains and plasmids used in this study. ## Supplementary Material Supplementary Table 1 Supplementary Information ## Acknowledgments We thank Fred Hughson, Tom Shimizu, Monica Skoge, and Chris Wiggins for helpful suggestions. All authors (except CHH) acknowledge funding from the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP). ## References • Ames P, Studdert CA, Reiser RH, Parkinson JS (2002) Collaborative signaling by mixed chemoreceptor teams in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 7060–7065 [PubMed] • Asakura S, Honda H (1984) Two-state model for bacterial chemoreceptor proteins. The role of multiple methylation. J Mol Biol 176: 349–367 [PubMed] • Berg HC, Purcell EM (1977) Physics of chemoreception. Biophys J 20: 193–219 [PubMed] • Bialek W, Setayeshgar S (2005) Physical limits to biochemical signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 10040–10045 [PubMed] • Boldog T, Grimme S, Li M, Sligar SG, Hazelbauer GL (2006) Nanodiscs separate chemoreceptor oligomeric states and reveal their signaling properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 11509–11514 [PubMed] • Bray D, Levin MD, Morton-Firth CJ (1998) Receptor clustering as a cellular mechanism to control sensitivity. Nature 393: 85–88 [PubMed] • Briegel A, Ding HJ, Li Z, Werner J, Gitai Z, Dias DP, Jensen RB, Jensen G (2008) Location and architecture of the Caulobacter crescentus chemoreceptor array. Mol Microbiol 68: 30–41 [PubMed] • Draheim RR, Bormans AF, Lai RZ, Manson MD (2006) Tuning a bacterial chemoreceptor with protein–membrane interactions. Biochemistry 45: 14655–14664 [PubMed] • Endres RG, Falke JJ, Wingreen NS (2007) Chemotaxis receptor complexes: from signaling to assembly. PLoS Compl Biol 3: e150 [PubMed] • Endres RG, Wingreen NS (2006) Precise adaptation in bacterial chemotaxis through ‘assistance neighborhoods'. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 13040–13044 [PubMed] • Germain RN, Stefanova I (1999) The dynamics of T cell receptor signaling: complex orchestration and the key roles of tempo and cooperation. Annu Rev Immunol 17: 467–522 [PubMed] • Griffith LC (2004) Receptor clustering: nothing succeeds like success. Curr Biol 14: R413–R415 [PubMed] • Homma M, Shiomi D, Homma M, Kawagishi I (2004) Attractant binding alters arrangement of chemoreceptor dimers within its cluster at a cell pole. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 3462–3467 [PubMed] • Kentner D, Sourjik V (2006) Spatial organization of the bacterial chemotaxis system. Curr Opin Microbiol 9: 619–624 [PubMed] • Kentner D, Thiem S, Hildenbeutel M, Sourjik V (2006) Determinants of chemoreceptor cluster formation in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 61: 407–417 [PubMed] • Keymer JE, Endres RG, Skoge M, Meir Y, Wingreen NS (2006) Chemosensing in Escherichia coli: two regimes of two-state receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 1786–1791 [PubMed] • Kim KK, Yokota H, Kim SH (1999) Four-helical-bundle structure of the cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor. Nature 400: 787–792 [PubMed] • Lai RZ, Manson JM, Bormans AF, Draheim RR, Nguyen NT, Manson MD (2005) Cooperative signaling among bacterial chemoreceptors. Biochemistry 44: 14298–14307 [PubMed] • Lamanna AC, Ordal GW, Kiessling LL (2005) Large increases in attractant concentration disrupt the polar localization of bacterial chemoreceptors. Mol Microbiol 57: 774–785 [PubMed] • Li G, Weis RM (2000) Covalent modification regulates ligand binding to receptor complexes in the chemosensory system of Escherichia coli. Cell 100: 357–365 [PubMed] • Liberman L, Berg HC, Sourjik V (2004) Effect of chemoreceptor modification on assembly and activity of the receptor-kinase complex in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 186: 6643–6646 [PubMed] • Lybarger SR, Maddock JR (1999) Clustering of the chemoreceptor complex in Escherichia coli is independent of the methyltransferase CheR and the methylesterase CheB. J Bacteriol 181: 5527–5529 [PubMed] • Lybarger SR, Nair U, Lilly AA, Hazelbauer GL, Maddock JR (2005) Clustering requires modified methyl-accepting sites in low-abundance but not high-abundance chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 56: 1078–1086 [PubMed] • Maddock JR, Shapiro L (1993) Polar location of the chemoreceptor complex in the Escherichia coli cell. Science 259: 1717–1723 [PubMed] • McAndrew RS, Ellis EA, Lai RZ, Manson MD, Holzenburg A (2005) Identification of Tsr and Tar chemoreceptor arrays in E. coli inner membranes. Microsc Microanal 11: 1190–1191 • McAndrew RS, Ellis EA, Lai RZ, Manson MD, Holzenburg A (2006) Effects of chemoreceptor modification on the structures of Tsr arrays. Microsc Microanal 12: 378–379 • McAndrew RS, Ellis EA, Manson MD, Holzenburg A (2004) TEM analysis of chemoreceptor arrays in native membranes of E. coli. Microsc Microanal 10: 416 • Mello BA, Tu Y (2005) An allosteric model for heterogeneous receptor complexes: understanding bacterial chemotaxis responses to multiple stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 17354–17359 [PubMed] • Mello BA, Tu Y (2007) Effects of adaptation in maintaining high sensitivity over a wide range of backgrounds for Escherichia coli chemotaxis. Biophys J 92: 2329–2337 [PubMed] • Monod J, Wyman J, Changeux JP (1965) On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J Mol Biol 12: 88–118 [PubMed] • Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP (2002) Chapter 11. In Numerical Recipes in C++: the Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge, MA, USA: Cambridge University Press • Schamel WW, Reth M (2000) Monomeric and oligomeric complexes of the B cell antigen receptor. Immunity 13: 5–14 [PubMed] • Schulmeister S, Ruttorf M, Thiem S, Kentner D, Lebiedz D, Sourjik V (2008) Protein exchange dynamics at chemoreceptor clusters in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 6403–6408 [PubMed] • Shiomi D, Banno S, Homma M, Kawagishi I (2005) Stabilization of polar localization of a chemoreceptor via its covalent modifications and its communication with a different chemoreceptor. J Bacteriol 187: 7647–7654 [PubMed] • Shrout AL, Montefusco DJ, Weis RM (2003) Template-directed assembly of receptor signaling complexes. Biochemistry 42: 13379–13385 [PubMed] • Skoge ML, Endres RG, Wingreen NS (2006) Receptor–receptor coupling in bacterial chemotaxis: evidence for strongly coupled clusters. Biophys J 90: 4317–4326 [PubMed] • Sourjik V, Berg HC (2000) Localization of components of the chemotaxis machinery of Escherichia coli using fluorescent protein fusions. Mol Microbiol 37: 740–751 [PubMed] • Sourjik V, Berg HC (2002) Receptor sensitivity in bacterial chemotaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 123–127 [PubMed] • Sourjik V, Berg HC (2004) Functional interactions between receptors in bacterial chemotaxis. Nature 428: 437–441 [PubMed] • Sourjik V, Vaknin A, Shimizu TS, Berg HC (2007) In vivo measurement by FRET of pathway activity in bacterial chemotaxis. Methods Enzymol 423: 363–391 [PubMed] • Studdert CA, Parkinson JS (2004) Crosslinking snapshots of bacterial chemoreceptor squads. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 2117–2122 [PubMed] • Studdert CA, Parkinson JS (2005) Insights into the organization and dynamics of bacterial chemoreceptor clusters through in vivo crosslinking studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 15623–15628 [PubMed] • Ursell T, Huang KC, Peterson E, Phillips R (2007) Cooperative gating and spatial organization of membrane proteins through elastic interactions. PLoS Comput Biol 3: e81. [PubMed] • Vaknin A, Berg HC (2006) Osmotic stress mechanically perturbs chemoreceptors in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 592–596 [PubMed] • Weis RM, Hirai T, Chalah A, Kessel M, Peters PJ, Subramaniam S (2003) Electron microscopic analysis of membrane assemblies formed by the bacterial chemotaxis receptor Tsr. J Bacteriol 185: 3636–3643 [PubMed] • Yin CC, Blayney LM, Lai FA (2005) Physical coupling between ryanodine receptor–calcium release channels. J Mol Biol 349: 538–546 [PubMed] • Zhang P, Khursigara CM, Hartnell LM, Subramaniam S (2007) Direct visualization of Escherichia coli chemotaxis receptor arrays using cryo-electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 3777–3781 [PubMed] Articles from Molecular Systems Biology are provided here courtesy of The European Molecular Biology Organization ## Formats: ### Related citations in PubMed See reviews...See all... See all...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7090045809745789, "perplexity": 9545.774625190254}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131295993.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172135-00078-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://hbfs.wordpress.com/2011/09/	## Pairing Functions September 27, 2011 Sometimes you have to encode reversibly two (or more) values onto a single one. The typical example of a pairing function that encodes two non-negative integers onto a single non-negative integer (therefore a function $f:\mathbb{Z}^\times\mathbb{Z}^\to\mathbb{Z}^*$) is the Cantor function, instrumental to the demonstration that, for example, the rational can be mapped onto the integers. In a more pragmatic way, it may be necessary to encode two values onto one for data compression purposes, or to otherwise exploit a protocol that does not allow many distinct values to be sent separately. The simplest way of pairing two integer is to interleave their bits, for example, with something like: ## Wallpaper: Karlův Most, 5h05 September 22, 2011 (Karlův Most, 5h05, 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Wallpaper: Mes ennemis September 22, 2011 (Mes ennemis, 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Wallpaper: Une autre gare, un autre voyage September 22, 2011 (Une autre gare, un autre voyage, 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Wallpaper: NY September 22, 2011 (NY, 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Wallpaper: Time² September 22, 2011 (Time², 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Wallpaper: Karlův Most, 4h55 September 22, 2011 (Karlův Most, 4h55, 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Wallpaper: Karlův Most, 6h15 September 22, 2011 (Karlův Most, 6h15, 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Wallpaper: Les jardins du roi September 22, 2011 (Les jardins du roi, 1920×1200) You can find more wallpapers here ## Learning Python (II) September 20, 2011 One thing I really like about Python is how it makes manipulating lists quite easily, especially via slices and list comprehensions. List comprehensions, especially in generator notation form, are an easy way to create lists with specific content. Other functional programming languages (such as Mathematica, amongst others) have taught me to use “map” to transform lists. But is it always the clearest and fastest way?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 1, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29482021927833557, "perplexity": 8833.404790703193}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00062-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/events/past/662/1990--now?field_seminar_date_value_op=%3C&field_seminar_date_value%5Bvalue%5D&field_seminar_date_value%5Bmin%5D&field_seminar_date_value%5Bmax%5D	# Past Mathematical Finance Seminar 5 December 2013 13:00 Curdin Ott Abstract <p> <div> <div class="h5"> <div>We consider an option whose payoff corresponds to a “capped American lookback option with floating-strike” and solve the associated pricing problem (an optimal stopping problem) in a financial market whose price process is modeled by an exponential spectrally negative Lévy process. We will present some interesting features of the solution - in fact, it turns out that the continuation region has a feature that resembles a bottleneck and hence the name “Bottleneck option”. We will also come across some well-known optimal stopping problems such as the Russian optimal stopping problem and the American lookback optimal stopping problem</div> </div> </div> </p> • Mathematical Finance Seminar 1 October 2013 11:30 Abstract Relative entropy weighted optimization is convex optimization problem over the space of probability measures. Many convex optimization problems can be rephrased as such a problem. This is particularly useful since this problem type admits a quasi-explicit solution (i.e. as the expectation over a random variable), which immediately provides a Monte-Carlo method for numerically computing the solution of the optimization problem. In this talk we discuss the background and application of this approach to stochastic optimal control problems, which may be considered as relative entropy weighted problems with Wiener space as probability space, and its connection with the theory of large deviations for Brownian functionals. As a particular application we discuss the minimization of the local time in a given point of Brownian motion with drift. • Mathematical Finance Seminar 23 January 2009 14:15 Abstract We present a theory for stochastic control problems which, in various ways, are time inconsistent in the sense that they do not admit a Bellman optimality principle. We attach these problems by viewing them within a game theoretic framework, and we look for subgame perfect Nash equilibrium points. <br /> For a general controlled Markov process and a fairly general objective functional we derive an extension of the standard Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, in the form of a system of non-linear equations, for the determination for the equilibrium strategy as well as the equilibrium value function. All known examples of time inconsistency in the literature are easily seen to be special cases of the present theory. We also prove that for every time inconsistent problem, there exists an associated time consistent problem such that the optimal control and the optimal value function for the consistent problem coincides with the equilibrium control and value function respectively for the time inconsistent problem. We also study some concrete examples. • Mathematical Finance Seminar 5 December 2008 14:15 Chris Rogers Abstract The theory of risk measurement has been extensively developed over the past ten years or so, but there has been comparatively little effort devoted to using this theory to inform portfolio choice. One theme of this paper is to study how an investor in a conventional log-Brownian market would invest to optimize expected utility of terminal wealth, when subjected to a bound on his risk, as measured by a coherent law-invariant risk measure. Results of Kusuoka lead to remarkably complete expressions for the solution to this problem. The second theme of the paper is to discuss how one would actually manage (not just measure) risk. We study a principal/agent problem, where the principal is required to satisfy some risk constraint. The principal proposes a compensation package to the agent, who then optimises selfishly ignoring the risk constraint. The principal can pick a compensation package that induces the agent to select the principal's optimal choice. • Mathematical Finance Seminar 28 November 2008 14:15 Enrico De Giorgi Abstract The paper shows that financial market equilibria need not exist if agents possess cumulative prospect theory preferences with piecewise-power value functions. The reason is an infinite short-selling problem. But even when a short-sell constraint is added, non-existence can occur due to discontinuities in agents' demand functions. Existence of equilibria is established when short-sales constraints are imposed and there is also a continuum of agents in the market • Mathematical Finance Seminar 21 November 2008 14:15 Fausto Gozzi Abstract In this talk we present a work done with M. Di Giacinto (Università di Cassino - Italy) and Salvatore Federico (Scuola Normale - Pisa - Italy). The subject of the work is a continuous time stochastic model of optimal allocation for a defined contribution pension fund with a minimum guarantee. We adopt the point of view of a fund manager maximizing the expected utility from the fund wealth over an infinite horizon. The level of wealth is constrained to stay above a "solvency level". The model is naturally formulated as an optimal control problem of a stochastic delay equation with state constraints and is treated by the dynamic programming approach. We first present the study in the simplified case of no delay where a satisfactory theory can be built proving the existence of regular feedback control strategies and then go to the more general case showing some first results on the value function and on its properties. • Mathematical Finance Seminar 14 November 2008 14:15 Ying Hu Abstract We begin by the study of the problem of the exponential utility maximization. As opposed to most of the papers dealing with this subject, the investors’ trading strategies we allow underly constraints described by closed, but not necessarily convex, sets. Instead of the well-known convex duality approach, we apply a backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) approach. This leads to the study of quadratic BSDEs. The second part gives the recent result on the existence and uniqueness of solution to quadratic BSDEs. We give also the connection between these BSDEs and quadratic PDEs. The last part will show that quadratic BSDE is critic. That is, if the BSDE is superquadratic, there exists always some BSDE without solution; and there is infinite many solutions when there is one solution. This phenomenon does not exist for quadratic and superquadratic PDEs. • Mathematical Finance Seminar 7 November 2008 14:15 Abstract Stress levels embedded in S&P 500 options are constructed and re-ported. The stress function used is MINMAXV AR: Seven joint laws for the top 50 stocks in the index are considered. The first time changes a Gaussian one factor copula. The remaining six employ correlated Brownian motion independently time changed in each coordinate. Four models use daily returns, either run as Lévy processes or scaled, to the option maturity. The last two employ risk neutral marginals from the V GSSD and CGMY SSD Sato processes. The smallest stress function uses CGMY SSD risk neutral marginals and Lévy correlation. Running the Lévy process yields a lower stress surface than scaling to the option maturity. Static hedging of basket options to a particular level of accept- ability is shown to substantially lower the price at which the basket option may be o¤ered. • Mathematical Finance Seminar 31 October 2008 14:15 Nizar Touzi Abstract Starting from the problem of perfect hedging under market illiquidity, as introduced by Cetin, Jarrow and Protter, we introduce a class of second order target problems. A dual formulation in the general non-Markov case is obtained by formulating the problem under a convenient reference measure. In contrast with previous works, the controls lie in the classical H2 spaces associated to the reference measure. A dual formulation of the problem in terms of a standard stochastic control problem is derived, and involves control of the diffusion component. • Mathematical Finance Seminar 24 October 2008 14:15 Robert Anderson Abstract We prove existence of equilibrium in a continuous-time securities market in which the securities are potentially dynamically complete: the number of securities is at least one more than the number of independent sources of uncertainty. We prove that dynamic completeness of the candidate equilibrium price process follows from mild exogenous assumptions on the economic primitives of the model. Our result is universal, rather than generic: dynamic completeness of the candidate equilibrium price process and existence of equilibrium follow from the way information is revealed in a Brownian filtration, and from a mild exogenous nondegeneracy condition on the terminal security dividends. The nondegeneracy condition, which requires that finding one point at which a determinant of a Jacobian matrix of dividends is nonzero, is very easy to check. We find that the equilibrium prices, consumptions, and trading strategies are well-behaved functions of the stochastic process describing the evolution of information. We prove that equilibria of discrete approximations converge to equilibria of the continuous-time economy • Mathematical Finance Seminar	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8302316665649414, "perplexity": 740.3583816073716}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156524.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920155933-20180920180333-00466.warc.gz"}
http://source.smartspaces.eu/10_Introduction/110_case.html	# The Case for ICT-services¶ ## Energy Efficiency¶ All influential organisations consider energy efficiency (EE) the cheapest and fastest option to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming. It is not only the cheapest option for society as a whole but but also for stakeholders owning, operating and using buildings. Energy efficiency in buildings is often synonymous for low-carbon construction, insulation and installing expensive hardware. This view is naive. Modern hardware does not always run smoothly - think of your laptop getting slower with time. Causes can be faulty set-ups, systems colliding or users making mistakes. Resolving these problems without stopping you from using the laptop can only be solved with immanently available information, automation and raising the user’s understanding. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are capable of collecting data from various sources and flexibly provide the necessary paths and advice for a wide range of user types in any kind of building. Whether deploying an EE service is financially feasible predominantly depends on whether consumption and operational savings outweigh the cost. To answer this question, heating and water should be considered as much as electricity to which smart metering is often reduced to. Final energy consumption in the EU (2012)[1] ## Buildings¶ In 2012, the 28 member states of the European Union consumed 1,103,410,100 tons of oil equivalent (TOE). Around 40% are consumed in buildings. Note Imagine the Niagara falls for 14 days and 3 hours, but with oil. This resembles the final energy consumption of buildings in the EU. Investments into insulation and renovation take a long time to pay off. With ICT technology stakeholders can improve operational efficiency as much as EE today. One immediate benefit of ICT is the detection of on-going wastage. In one example, energy services detected a heating system supplying 250 dwellings re-starting every 10 minutes. In another pilot a subcontractor had bodged the setup of a solar thermal plant reducing output by 30%. Before the projects, these instances had lead to inspections and unnecessary repairs further down the “pipe” which could have been avoided. Even if such “quick wins” are smaller in the majority of buildings, ICT can also help to increase performance at system level, reduce non-technical losses, and for remote reading and switching whilst providing a cheap platform for behavioural changes. In order for buildings to provide their share in achieving the 20% energy efficiency target by 2020, the renovation rate of public buildings has to reach 3% every year.[2] Over the past years, this rate has not been reached and it is no wonder in times of economic crisis. ICT-enabled services allow payments by contracting future consumption savings and a the services are usually provided by SME. Surely, Energy Management Service (EMS) and Energy Decision Support Service (EDSS) will not achieve immediate savings of 40% but they break even within a few years. Moreover, once the platform has been designed other buildings can be added to the system without much ado. The Guide will differentiate between non-residential (e.g. public) and residential (e.g. social housing) buildings. Whether the user lives in the building or merely uses it has implications on consumption patterns, user attitudes and control as well as (dis)incentives resulting from regulation / law. ## Non-residential Buildings¶ The public sector is to “lead by example” being a key element of today’s national and EU strategies for saving energy, and is mentioned explicitly in the ‘Energy Efficiency Directive’ (EED) adopted by the EU in 2012[3]. Buildings owned and/or managed by the public sector make up around 12% of overall EU building stock and spending of the public sector is 17% of EU GDP; around 40% of the construction turnover is public.[4] Energy sources in non-residential buildings (EU)[5] Irrespective of these figures a large share of municipalities have no sufficient policy for reducing operational cost of buildings. No doubt, the portfolio of buildings and resulting requirements are complex. At first sight, offices, schools and sports facilities do not have much in common. Yet they all have obvious usage patterns including off-times. Over the weekend or holidays, however, nobody is in the building able to detect wastage. Without smart-metering additional staff would have to be paid for to ensure optimised operation of buildings. Another problem is responsibility. Staff does only occupy a small amount of space wishing for the best possible comfort within these boundaries. With or without rules, a compromise is found to make all staff affected as happy as possible. Does your office have a target temperature? With a target temperature there is a certain degree of accountability. Individuals cannot simply complain it to be too cold but many will - so possible - adjust temperature with thermostats, windows and other means. Janitors and/or facility managers have no means to read the varying temperatures in a building and approaching individuals is a rather unrewarding task. Individuals can be motivated to recognise responsibility for their own space but they cannot foresee possible inefficiencies across the building unless it is explained in simple and graphical form ideally linking cause and effect. Achieving this requires a measurable goal all staff can work towards to at building level and sophisticated services might even allow management for :term:zones. If you consider implementing the service in a museum do not only look at the references provided to museums. The consumption patterns of a school and a museum obviously differ. However, being in one country they both share regulation, climate and user attitudes. Consider any kind of car in comparison: You can reduce fuel consumption by not breaking at the very last moment possible but lifting your foot sooner. Whether to turn off your engine at a red light, however, depends more on the age of the car than on driving a 4x4 or a sports car. After all, a museum can also be a “modernised glass box” or an Georgian Palace. ## Residential Buildings¶ As car drivers, we are very sensitive to costs; we react to the smallest of changes in prices at the pump. Likewise, we make much fuss about changes to public transport ticket prices. Once at home, we seem to take little notice of the cost of energy: Hardly anybody knows how much they pay for heating their homes and how large their electricity bill is. What is more, there is very little awareness about how changes in day-to-day behaviour affect actual costs. Despite of EU regulation[6], individual metering is not yet the standard for multi-apartment buildings and without transparency most residential users consider the size of their monthly bill for electricity and heating to be outside of their control. Use of energy tends to be physically “invisible” to consumers. Only the status and comfort of using energy will be visible to residents. Some might consider a reduction of energy consumption as a threat to comfort or status. Such uncertainty about the impact of own behaviour can only be approached with access to information in combination with raising awareness. Energy sources in residential buildings (EU)[7] In 2012, around 80% of all energy consumed in households was used for heating (68%) and water heating (12%). The exact distribution of cost, however, depends on the quality of the build as much as the energy source and own behaviour. Various European projects successfully deployed web-portals informing residents in social housing upon water, heating and electricity consumption. These citizens are faced with rising prices and an increased risk of what is now being called “fuel poverty”.[8] An increasing share of the population is affected, for instance, in Germany annual rates of disconnection of households from the electricity grid recently reached nearly 600,000.[9] Not only families are affected. For instance, public bodies pay for energy consumption in some countries as part of social security. Since implementation cost are low and can be deployed quickly, ICT solutions are of high importance for European councils’ in dire need to reduce their spending. Hint The BECA project designed, developed and piloted new solutions to enable sustained reductions in energy consumption across European social housing. This was accomplished by providing usable ICT-based services for Energy Management (EMS) and Energy Decision Support Service (EDSS) directly to tenants as well as to social housing staff. The project achieved 15% savings for heating, 11% for cold water and 17% for hot water. Savings amount to 570MWh which equals 177 tons of CO2 per year. Financial pay-off is achieved by most stakeholders during the first 3 years. The socio-economic net benefit for the BECA project, extrapolated for ten years, amounts to €1.7Million in pilot buildings alone. BECA was deployed in seven pilots in seven countries across Europe, Eastern Europe in particular. More than 5,000 social housing tenants were given access to ICT services. 19 organisations participated including relevant government authorities and social housing providers, and coordinated by empirica. The project was supported financially by the European Commission under the ICT Policy Support Programme. ## The more insulation you have...¶ An often used argument against ICT is that insulation and good construction will solve the problem as it diminishes any saving potentials by other means. This, however, is only true for the best case scenario (as well as super-modern self-regulating eco-houses). The best-case scenario assumes that the theoretical value is met at all times and nothing goes wrong or users do not make mistakes. Imagine you recently insulated your home reducing cost dramatically but someone leaves the window open without you noticing: What does this to your bill in per cent? It soon increases it multi-fold as the heating / cooling system is not prepared for such demand. You have already paid for all the insulation but it can only deliver its worth within certain limits. Costs can also come from faulty set-up / operation of heating and solar thermal systems as described in section Buildings above (more will follow...) which combined diminish the theoretical performance. Warning Any form of energy wastage in a super efficient building is more expensive than in an old building. A lot of heat/cold can escape through a single open window. As for self-regulating eco-houses: The authors love innovation and if time and money allows we do recommend constructing these smart buildings with potential to be CO2-negative. However, such concepts often only work in new buildings. Retro-fitting can “only” reach the insulation part but cannot handle regulate themselves. If inhabitants make mistakes the buildings will waste electricity, water and heat unless a smart system can reduce the likelihood, detect and act upon random occurrences. ## Barriers and obstacles¶ The 2014 IPCC report on ‘Mitigation of Climate Change’ describes strong barriers, “such as split incentives (e.g., tenants and builders), fragmented markets and inadequate access to information and financing, hinder the market‐based uptake of cost‐effective opportunities.”[10] Many of these barriers apply to a full deployment of ICT-enabled energy services in Europe. The ‘Guide for Replication’ provides the European community with a wide range of recommendations for more than one scenario due to its composition: The reader will be enabled to derive “policy interventions addressing all stages of the building and appliance lifecycles” from stakeholder specific lessons learnt and the step-by-step checklists based on a wide range of pilots. Technologies are becoming more integrated and dependent in information. With ICT it will be easier to deploy and ensure efficiency of renewables, the untapped potentials of combined heating-power (CHP) plants_ [#] and local energy storage using mostly existing infrastructure. Using the same systems, partners of the consortia described in this Guide are soon to implement, for instance, a social housing estate almost independent from the gird utilising CHP, batteries and water tanks to store heat; a local distributing heating systems capable of exchanging heat/cold between housing estates, shops and office blocks using only renewables; and extension cards for smart-meters empowering home-owners to demand response (e.g. heat pumps) hereby optimising own production / consumption and energy bills. This “technology ladder” starts with Energy Management and Decision Support services described in this ‘Guide for Replication’. The information services collect and provide will help to make good decisions about future investments, digital or analog. —— Footnotes [1] Own compilation, Source: eurostat [2] See, among others, Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and Concerted Action deviced to support countries in their goal for renovation. [3] Sources for figures: Ecorys, Ecofys and BioIntelligence (2010): Study to Support the Impact Assessment for the EU Energy Saving Action Plan. The estimate is based on the assumption of 5 m² of public buildings per citizen, translating into a total floor area of public buildings (excluding social housing) in the EU of 2.5 billion m². The total floor area is 21 billion m²; COM(2011) 15: Green Paper on the modernization of EU public procurement policy: Towards a more efficient European procurement market; ICT for a Low Carbon Economy Smart Buildings, July 2009, Findings by the High-Level Advisory Group, the REEB Consortium ‘On the Building and Construction sector’. [4] Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU), amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC [5] ©empirica 2014, Sources: Odyssee-Project, eurostat [6] See in particular, Article 9-11 of Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU) [7] ©empirica 2014, Sources: Odyssee-Project, eurostat [8] Brunner, Spitzer, et al. (2011). Experiencing fuel poverty. Coping strategies of low-income households in Vienna/Austria. Energy Policy. [9] Die Welt (29.04.2012). Strom ist für viele Deutsche unbezahlbar geworden. [10] IPCC (2014), Mitigation of Climate Change – Summary for Policy Makers, p. 26. [11] The IEA considers CHP capacity could double in most Western countries by 2030: IEA (2011) Co-generation and Renewables: Solutions for a low-carbon energy future	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38963010907173157, "perplexity": 4107.254215957188}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893530.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124070239-20180124090239-00640.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/145571-normal-curve.html	1. ## the normal curve I got halfway through this problem but am stumped on D and E. The amount of active ingredient in a certain type of cold remedy tablet has mean 400.0 milligrams and standard deviation 4.5 milligrams. If a sample of 72 tablets is randomly selected, what is the probability that the mean amount of active ingredients in this sample is more than 401 milligrams? A) Let x denote the amount of active ingredient in the cold remedy tablets. What’s known about the shape of the distribution of X? It is a bell curve B) Let X denote the mean amount of active ingredient in a sample of 72 of these cold remedy tablets. What is known about the shape of X-bar and why? i. It is a normal distribution because the sample size, n, is greater than 30. C) What is the mean of X-bar? Mean of x-bar equals 400.0 because M of x-bar equals the M of x D) What is the standard deviation of X-bar? E) Solve the problem 2. D) If the population has standard deviation $\sigma$, then the standard deviation of the mean of a sample of size n is $\sigma / \sqrt{n}$. 3. Thanks, awkward. I calculated the standard deviation as standard deviation of x-bar = standard deviation of x divided by the square root of n, or 4.5 divided by the square root of 72, and got .530 I also calculated the Probability by converting the 401 milligrams to a z-score (1.89) and the calculating the normalcdf on my calculator (1.89, 1000) to come up with .0293, or probability of about 3 % Does this sound accurate? 4. Correct!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9500004053115845, "perplexity": 601.3001605699396}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661781.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00191-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://phylonetworks.blogspot.se/	## Tuesday, April 22, 2014 ### Do phylogenetic networks support Intelligent Design? It is always interesting to see what the media make of scientific publications. Some time ago, several of us were involved in a paper in Trends in Genetics advocating the more widespread use of phylogenetic networks (Networks: expanding evolutionary thinking), which seemed mild enough. For example, the Idaho State University press release about the paper made it onto the Phys.Org news site reasonably accurately (Amending the Tree of Life). However, the Intelligent Design site Evolution News and Views had a different take on things (Demolishing Darwin's Tree), reaching a series of conclusions that might surprise stun the authors of the original Trends in Genetics paper. You will need to read the ID commentary for yourself (and you should, if only for your own education), but the final set of conclusions will give you some of the flavour: One can only welcome this paper's bold proposal to overturn entrenched dogma ... the "network" diagram seems conducive to ID research inasmuch as it calls into question universal common ancestry via natural selection (i.e., neo-Darwinism), and seeks to portray the evidence honestly ... It's too soon to tell if Darwin security forces will let this band of independent thinkers gather a following. If nothing else, it shows (notwithstanding the insistences of the National Center for Science Education) that insiders know about the fundamental controversies in evolutionary theory, and are calling for some of the same reforms that advocates of intelligent design do. I am not sure that all of these conclusions are logically consistent with the words of the original paper. ## Wednesday, April 16, 2014 ### Some things you probably don't know about the bootstrap The following text was written a few years ago, but much of it never got published. So, I thought that this might be a good opportunity to make it available, since what it says is still true today. Since a phylogenetic tree is interpreted in terms of the monophyletic groups that it hypothesizes, it is important to quantitatively assess the robustness of all of these groups (i.e. the degree of support for each branch in the tree) — is the support for a particular group any better than would be expected from a random data set? This issue of clade robustness is the same as assessing branch support on the tree, since each branch represents a clade. Many different techniques have been developed, including: 1. analytical procedures, such as interior-branch tests (Nei et al. 1985; Sneath 1986), likelihood-ratio tests (Felsenstein 1988; Huelsenbeck et al. 1996b), and clade significance (Lee 2000); 2. resampling procedures, such as the bootstrap (Felsenstein 1985), the jackknife (Lanyon 1985), topology-dependent permutation (Faith 1991), and clade credibility or posterior probability (Larget and Simon 1999); and 3. non-statistical procedures, such as the decay index (Bremer 1988), clade stability (Davis 1993), and spectral signals (Hendy and Penny 1993). Of these, far and away the most popular and widely used method has been the bootstrap technique (Holmes 2003; Soltis and Soltis 2003). The bootstrap This method was first introduced by Efron (1979) as an alternative method to jackknifing for producing standard errors on estimates of central location other than the mean (e.g. the median), but it has since been expanded to cover probabilistic confidence intervals as well (Efron and Tibshirani 1993; Davison and Hinkley 1997). It was introduced into phylogenetic studies by Penny et al. (1982) and then formalized by Felsenstein (1985), who suggested that it could be implemented by holding the taxa constant and resampling the characters randomly with replacement, the tree-building analysis then being applied to each of the bootstrap resamples. Bootstrapping is a monte carlo procedure that it generates "pseudo" data sets from the original data, and uses these new data sets for its inferences. That is, it tries to derive the population inferences (i.e the "true" answer) from repeated generation of new samples, each sample being constrained by the characteristics of the original data sample. It thus relies on an explicit analogy between the sample and the appropriate population: that sampling from the sample is the same as sampling from the population. Clearly, the strongest requirement for bootstrapping to work is that the sample be a reasonable representation of the population. Bootstrap confidence intervals are only ever approximate, especially for complex data structures, as they are a fundamentally more ambitious measure of accuracy than is a simple standard error (SE). For example, the usual formula for calculating a confidence interval (CI) when the population frequency distribution is assumed to be normal is: CI = t * SE, where t is the Student t-value associated with the particular sample size and confidence percentage required. However, the main use of bootstrapping is in situations where the population frequency distribution is either indeterminate or is difficult to obtain empirically, and so this simple formula cannot be applied. Getting from the standard error to a confidence interval is then not straightforward. As a result, there are actually several quite distinct procedures for performing bootstrapping (Carpenter and Bithell 2000), with varying degrees of expected success. Types of bootstrap The original technique is called the percentile bootstrap. It is based on the principle of using the minimum number of ad hoc assumptions, and so it merely counts the percentage of bootstrap resamples that meet the specified criteria. F§or example, to estimate the standard error of a median, the median can be calculated for each bootstrap resample and then the standard deviation of the resulting frequency distribution will be the estimated standard error of the original median. The method is thus rather simplistic, and is often referred to as the naïve bootstrap, because it assumes no knowledge of how to calculate population estimates. It is a widespread method, as it can be applied even when the other methods cannot. However, it is known to have certain problems associated with the estimates produced, particularly for confidence intervals, such as bias and skewness (especially when the parent frequency distribution is not symmetrical). These were pointed out right from the start (Efron 1979), and efforts have subsequently been made to deal with them. Nevertheless, this is the form of bootstrap introduced by Felsenstein (1985), and it is the one used by most phylogeny computer programs. It is therefore the one that will be discussed in more detail below. These known problems with the naïve bootstrap can be overcome by using bias-corrected (BC) bootstrap estimates — that is, the bias is estimated and removed from the calculation of the confidence interval. Possible dependence of the standard error on the parameter being estimated, which creates skewness, can be dealt with by using bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap estimates, so that the bias and skewness are both estimated and removed from the calculation of the confidence interval. The BCa method is the one usually recommended for use (Carpenter and Bithell 2000), because it corrects for both bias and skewness. This method is much slower to calculate than the simple percentile bootstrap, because it requires an extra parameter to be estimated for each of the bias and skewness corrections, and the latter correction is actually estimated by performing a separate jackknife analysis on each bootstrap resample (which means that the analysis can take 100 times as long as a naïve analysis). There have been several attempts to apply this form of correction methodology to bootstrapping in a phylogenetic context (Rodrigo 1993; Zharkikh and Li 1995; Efron et al. 1996; Shimodaira 2002), but while these can be successful at correcting bias and skewness (Sanderson and Wojciechowski 2000) these have not caught on, possibly because of the time factor involved. Alternatively, we can decide not to be naïve when calculating confidence intervals, and to therefore calculate them in the traditional manner, using the standard error and the t-distribution. However, we then need to overcome any non-normal distribution problems of these two estimates by estimating both of them using bootstrapping. That is, bootstrapped-t confidence intervals are derived by calculating both the standard error and the t-value using bootstrapping, and then calculating the confidence interval as ±t * SE. To many people, this is the most natural way to calculate confidence intervals, since it matches the usual parametric procedure, and thus it is frequently recommended (Carpenter and Bithell 2000). Once again, this method is much slower to calculate than the percentile bootstrap, because the t-value is actually estimated by performing a separate bootstrap analysis on each bootstrap resample (which means that the analysis can take 100 times as long as a naïve analysis). This methodology seems not to have yet been suggested in a phylogenetic context, and in any case the time factor may be restrictive. It is also possible to calculate test-inversion confidence intervals. This idea is based on the reciprocal relationship of statistical tests and confidence intervals, where (for example) non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals indicate statistically significant patterns at p<0.05 and vice versa. Thus, if we work out the situation where the pattern has a probability of p=0.05 of occurring by chance, then this defines the 95% confidence limit of the pattern. Clearly, this can be a complex process, especially for two-sided tests (which double the required number of calculations), as it can only be done by iteratively modifying the pattern and re-calculating the probability until the solution is reached. Once again, no-one yet seems to have suggested this methodology in a phylogenetic context, which is not unexpected given the general problems in deciding how to test branches statistically. The above methods all count as non-parametric bootstrap methods. More recently, parametric bootstrapping methods have also been developed, which make the more restrictive assumption that a parametric model can be applied to the data (e.g. that the standard deviation of the parameter can be reliably estimated). In parametric bootstrapping we generate simulated datasets based on the assumed frequency distribution of the data, rather than by resampling from the data set itself. That is, instead of sampling from the sample, we sample from the assumed theoretical distribution to generate the set of bootstrap samples. We can then apply the percentile, BCa or bootstrap-t methods, described above, in the usual way. Clearly this method assumes that we know the appropriate frequency distribution; and the method will only be appropriate if this assumption is true, but not otherwise. However, if the assumption is correct, then this can be the most powerful method (Huelsenbeck et al. 1996a; Newton 1996) because it is not dependent on the representativeness of the data sample. The method has been introduced into phylogenetics in several contexts (Goldman 1993; Adell and Dopazo 1994; Huelsenbeck et al. 1996a), but the appropriate frequency distribution for branch support is not obvious (i.e. a phylogeny is a complex structure and cannot be represented by a single number but rather requires a model of sequence evolution and a model tree) and so it is not used for this purpose. Issues with the bootstrap Thus, for several reasons, all of the best bootstrapping methods are not likely to be available when assessing the robustness of a phylogenetic tree, and we are left with the naïve percentile bootstrap, which can be expected a priori to provide biased and skewed estimates of confidence intervals (because the frequency distribution associated with tree branches will not be symmetrical). Sadly, these problems have been repeatedly confirmed for the assessment of branch support in phylogenetic tree-building, both theoretically (Zharkikh and Li 1992a, 1992b; Felsenstein and Kishino 1993; Li and Zharkikh 1994; Sitnikova et al. 1995; Berry and Gascuel 1996; Efron et al. 1996; Huelsenbeck et al. 1996a; Newton 1996; Sanderson and Wojciechowski 2000; Suzuki et al. 2002; Alfaro et al. 2003; Erixon et al. 2003; Galtier 2004; Huelsenbeck and Rannala 2004) and empirically (Sanderson 1989; Hillis and Bull 1993; Buckley et al. 2001; Buckley and Cunningham 2002; Wilcox et al. 2002; Taylor and Piel 2004). An example of the relationship between naïve bootstrap probabilities and the true probability of a false positive result, showing that percentile bootstrap indices >75% tend to be underestimates of the amount of support while they are overestimates below this level. The graph is based upon 1000 bootstrap resamples of 100 simulated characters for a clade of three taxa plus outgroup (based on data presented by Zharkikh and Li 1992a). The true probability represents the amount of character support for the clade in the simulated data, while the bootstrap probability is the proportion of resamples that included the clade. These studies have demonstrated that the probability of bootstrap resampling supporting the true tree may be either under- or overestimated, depending on the particular situation. For example, bootstrap values >75% tend to be underestimates of the amount of support, while they may be overestimates below this level, as shown in the first graph (above). That is, when the branch support is strong (i.e. the clade is part of the true tree) there will be an underestimation and when the support is weak (i.e. the clade is not part of the true tree) there will be an overestimation. This situation has been reported time and time again, with various theoretical explanations (e.g. Felsenstein and Kishino 1993; Efron et al. 1996; Newton 1996), although there are dissenting voices (e.g. Taylor and Piel 2004) as would be expected for a complex situation. Unfortunately, practitioners seem to ignore this fact, and to assume incorrectly that bootstrap values are always underestimates. Just as importantly, the theoretical studies show that the pattern of over- and underestimation depends on (i) the shape of the tree and the branch lengths, (ii) the number of taxa, (iii) the number of characters, (iv) the evolutionary model used, and (v) the number of bootstrap resamples. This was first reported by Zharkikh and Li (1992a), and has been reconfirmed since then. For example, with few characters the bootstrap index tends to overestimate the support for a clade and to underestimate it for more characters. This is particularly true if the number of phylogenetically informative characters is increased or the number of non-independent characters is increased; and the index becomes progressively more conservative (i.e. lower values) as the number of taxa is increased. Moreover, these patterns of under- and overestimation are increased with an increasing number of bootstrap replications, as shown in the next graph — this called "being wrong, with confidence". An example of the relationship between the true clade probability and the observed non-parametric bootstrap proportion for two simulated data sets with different numbers of characters (as shown). The lines are based on data presented by Zharkikh & Li, (1995) for 1000 bootstrap resamples of a clade of three taxa plus outgroup. The following graph pair of graphs show the effect of varying the evolutionary model used to generate the data, where under-specification of the analysis model leads to a general over-estimate of the true probability (cross-over at p=0.8, as shown in the first graph of the pair), while matching the generating and analysis models leads to a general under-estimation (cross-over at p=0.3, as shown in the second graph of the pair). An example of the relationship between the true tree probability and the difference between the observed percentile bootstrap proportion and the true probability for two simulated data sets. The label in the bottom corner shows the substitution model used to simulate the data, then the model assumed in the bootstrap analysis (the sequence length is 100 nucleotides); JC69 = Jukes-Cantor, GTRG = general time- reversible + gamma-distributed among-site rate variation. The points are based on data presented by Huelsenbeck & Rannala (2004). These are serious issues, which seem to be often ignored by practitioners. We can't just assume that the "true" support value is larger than our observed bootstrap value. In particular, this means that bootstrap values are not directly comparable between trees, even for the same taxa, and thus there can be no "agreed" level of bootstrap support that can be considered to be "statistically significant". A bootstrap value of 90% on a branch on one tree may actually represent less support than a bootstrap value of 85% on another tree, depending on the characteristics of the dataset concerned and the bootstrapping procedure used (although within a single tree the values should be comparable). This complex situation means that we have to consider carefully how best to interpret bootstrap values in a phylogenetic context (Sanderson 1995). The bootstrap proportion (i.e. the proportion of resampled trees containing the branch/clade of interest) has variously been interpreted as (Berry and Gascuel 1996): 1. a measure of reliability, telling us what would be expected to happen if we repeated our experiment; 2. a measure of accuracy, telling us about the probability of our experimental result being true; and 3. a measure of confidence, interpreted as a conditional probability similar to those in standard statistical hypothesis tests (i.e. measuring Type I errors or false positives). The bootstrap was originally designed for purpose (1), and all of the problems identified above relate to trying to use it for purposes (2) and (3). The values derived from the naïve bootstrap need correcting for purposes (2) and (3), and the degree of correction depends on the particular data set being examined (Efron et al. 1996; Goloboff et al. 2003). The issue of support values depending on the number of bootstrap replicates is also of interest. It is usually recommended that at least 1,000–2,000 bootstrap resamples are taken for estimating confidence intervals, and this generality has been applied to phylogenetic trees (Hedges 1992). However, it is important to recognize that these suggestions relate to the precision of the confidence estimates not to their accuracy. Accuracy refers to how close the estimates are to the true value (i.e. correctness) while precision refers to how variable are the estimates (i.e. repeatability). Accuracy depends on a complex set of characteristics many of which have nothing to do with bootstrap replication. Precision, on the other hand, is entirely to do with the number of bootstrap replicates and the expected accuracy of the estimates. As shown in the next graph, 100 replicates at a conventional level of accuracy produces estimates that are expected to be within ±4% of the "true" values while 2,000 replicates produces estimates ±1%. This needs to be borne in mind when deciding whether to call a particular value "significant support" or not. The number of bootstrap replicates needed to achieve a specified amount of precision, given statistical testing at two different levels of probability. For example (as shown by the dotted line), 100 bootstrap replicates means that, if the bootstrap value is accurate at the 95% confidence level, then the estimated bootstrap percentage will be precise to ±4.3%. In order to get ±1% precision then nearly 2,000 bootstrap replicates are needed. There have also been attempts to overcome some of the practical limitations of bootstrapping for large data sets by adopting heuristic procedures, including resampling estimated likelihoods for maximum-likelihood analyses (Waddell et al. 2002) and reduced tree-search effort for the bootstrap replicates. However, approaches using reduced tree-search effort produce even more conservative estimates of branch support, and the magnitude of the effect increases with decreasing bootstrap values (DeBry and Olmstead 2000; Mort et al. 2000; Sanderson and Wojciechowski 2000). References Adell J.C., Dopazo J. 1994. Monte Carlo simulation in phylogenies: an application to test the constancy of evolutionary rates. J. Mol. Evol. 38, 305-309. Alfaro M.E., Zoller S., Lutzoni F. 2003. Bayes or bootstrap? A simulation study comparing the performance of bayesian markov chain monte carlo sampling and bootstrapping in assessing phylogenetic confidence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 255-266. Berry V., Gascuel O. 1996. On the interpretation of bootstrap trees: appropriate threshold of clade selection and induced gain. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 999-1011. Bremer K. 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42, 795-803. Buckley T.R., Cunningham C.W. 2002. The effects of nucleotide substitution model assumptions on estimates of nonparametric bootstrap support. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 394-405. Buckley T.R., Simon C., Chambers G.K. 2001. Exploring among-site rate variation models in a maximum likelihood framework using empirical data: effects of model assumptions on estimates of topology, branch lengths and bootstrap support. Syst. Biol. 50, 67-86. Carpenter J., Bithell J. 2000. Bootstrap confidence intervals: when, which, what? A practical guide for medical statisticians. Stat. Med. 19, 1141-1164. Davis J.I. 1993. Character removal as a means for assessing the stability of clades. Cladistics 9, 201-210. Davison A.C., Hinkley D.V. 1997. Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications. Cambridge Uni. Press, Cambridge. DeBry R.W., Olmstead R.G. 2000. A simulation study of reduced tree-search effort in bootstrap resampling analysis. Syst. Biol. 49, 171-179. Efron B. 1979. Bootstrapping methods: another look at the jackknife. Ann. Stat. 7, 1-26. Efron B., Halloran E., Holmes S. 1996. Bootstrap confidence levels for phylogenetic trees. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 7085-7090. Efron B., Tibshirani R.J. 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall, London. Erixon P., Svennblad B., Britton T., Oxelman B. 2003. Reliability of bayesian probabilities and bootstrap frequencies in phylogenetics. Syst. Biol. 52, 665-673. Faith D.P. 1991. Cladistic permutation tests for monophyly and nonmonophyly. Syst. Zool. 40, 366-375. Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783-791. Felsenstein J. 1988. Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Annu. Rev. Genet. 22, 521-565. Felsenstein J., Kishino H. 1993. Is there something wrong with the bootstrap on phylogenies? A reply to Hillis and Bull. Syst. Biol. 42, 193-200. Galtier N. 2004. Sampling properties of the bootstrap support in molecular phylogeny: influence of nonindependence among sites. Syst. Biol. 53, 38-46. Goldman N. 1993. Statistical tests of models of DNA substitution. J. Mol. Evol. 36, 182-198. Goloboff P.A., Farris J.S., Källersjö M., Oxelman B., Ramırez M.J., Szumik C.A. 2003. Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19, 324-332. Hedges S.B. 1992. The number of replications needed for accurate estimation of the bootstrap P value in phylogenetic studies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 366-369. Hendy M.D., Penny D. 1993. Spectral analysis of phylogenetic data. J. Classific. 10, 5-24. Hillis D.M., Bull J.J. 1993. An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Syst. Biol. 42, 182-192. Holmes S. 2003. Bootstrapping phylogenetic trees: theory and methods. Statist. Sci. 18, 241-255. Huelsenbeck J.P., Hillis D.M., Jones R. 1996a. Parametric bootstrapping in molecular phylogenetics: applications and performance. In: Ferraris, J.D., Palumbi, S.R. (Eds), Molecular Huelsenbeck J.P., Hillis D.M., Nielsen R. 1996b. A likelihood ratio test of monophyly. Syst. Biol. 45, 546-558. Huelsenbeck J.P., Rannala B. 2004. Frequentist properties of bayesian posterior probabilities of phylogenetic trees under simple and complex substitution models. Syst. Biol. 53, 904-913. Lanyon S.M. 1985. Detecting internal inconsistencies in distance data. Syst. Zool. 34, 397-403. Larget B., Simon D.L. 1999. Markov chain monte carlo algorithms for the bayesian analysis of phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 750-759. Lee M.S.Y. 2000. Tree robustness and clade significance. Syst. Biol. 49, 829-836. Li W.-H., Zharkikh A. 1994. What is the bootstrap technique? Syst. Biol. 43, 424-430. Mort M.E., Soltis P.S., Soltis D.E., Mabry M.L. 2000. Comparison of three methods for estimating internal support on phylogenetic trees. Syst. Biol. 49, 160-171. Nei M., Stevens J.C., Saitou M. 1985. Methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2, 66-85. Newton M.A. 1996. Bootstrapping phylogenies: large deviations and dispersion effects. Biometrika 83, 315-328. Penny D., Foulds L.R., Hendy M.D. 1982. Testing the theory of evolution by comparing phylogenetic trees constructed from five different protein sequences. Nature 297, 197-200. Rodrigo A.G. 1993. Calibrating the bootstrap test of monophyly. Int. J. Parasitol. 23, 507-514. Sanderson M.J. 1989. Confidence limits on phylogenies: the bootstrap revisited. Cladistics 5, 113-129. Sanderson M.J. 1995. Objections to bootstrapping phylogenies: a critique. Syst. Biol. 44, 299-320. Sanderson M.J., Wojciechowski M.F. 2000. Improved bootstrap confidence limits in large-scale phylogenies, with an example from Neo-Astragalus (Leguminosae). Syst. Biol. 49, 671-685. Shimodaira H. 2002. An approximately unbiased test of phylogenetic tree selection. Syst. Biol. 51, 492-508. Sitnikova T., Rzhetsky A., Nei M. 1995. Interior-branch and bootstrap tests of phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12, 319-333. Sneath P.H.A. 1986. Estimating uncertainty in evolutionary trees from Manhattan-distance triads. Syst. Zool. 35, 470–488. Soltis P.S., Soltis D.E. 2003. Applying the bootstrap in phylogeny reconstruction. Statist. Sci. 18, 256-267. Suzuki Y., Glazko G.V., Nei M. 2002. Overcredibility of molecular phylogenies obtained by bayesian phylogenetics. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 16138-16143. Taylor D.J., Piel W.H. 2004. An assessment of accuracy, error, and conflict with support values from genome-scale phylogenetic data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1534-1537. Waddell P.J., Kishino H. and Ota, R. 2002). Very fast algorithms for evaluating the stability of ML and Bayesian phylogenetic trees from se- quence data. Genome Informatics 13, 82-92. Wilcox T.P., Zwickl D., Heath T.A., Hillis D.M. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 25, 361-371. Zharkikh A., Li W.-H. 1992a. Statistical properties of bootstrap estimation of phylogenetic variability from nucleotide sequences. I. Four taxa with a molecular clock. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 1119-1147. Zharkikh A., Li W.-H. 1992b. Statistical properties of bootstrap estimation of phylogenetic variability from nucleotide sequences. II. Four taxa without a molecular clock. J. Mol. Evol. 35, 356-366. Zharkikh A., Li W.-H. 1995. Estimation of confidence in phylogeny: the complete-and-partial bootstrap technique. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 4, 44-63.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8418421149253845, "perplexity": 2138.7827233300563}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00473-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/my-frequency-standard-now-online.157947/	# My frequency standard now online #### dr pepper ##### Well-Known Member I put together an online monitor for my frequency standard, it shows the oven temp and the error in parts per billion. Heres a screenshot, this time I used the crop function on the jpeg: Replies 12 Views 1K Replies 14 Views 2K Replies 4 Views 1K Replies 24 Views 3K Replies 2 Views 939	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8555298447608948, "perplexity": 6304.490149226839}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00168.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/82527/finding-the-n-closest-pairs-between-2n-points/82531	# finding the $n$ closest pairs between $2n$ points Given $2n$ points $x_1, x_2 \ldots x_{2n}$ and a distance $d_{i,j}$ defined between them, how can I best find the set $P$ of mutually exclusive pairs $(i,j)$ such that the sum of their distances $$\sum_{(i,j) \in P} d_{i,j}$$ is minimised? The definition of $d_{i,j}$ is open and the function could be convex. The motivation for this problem is practical. How can I pair of 30 pictures say into most similar pairs? I apologise in advance for the choice of tags on this post. I have been out of maths proper for a long time. - What you're looking for is a minimal weight perfect matching on a complete graph. From a quick wikipedia search, I think Edmonds' matching algorithm will do the trick for you (see the bottom of the page) - I think it's polynomial time in the number of nodes. - Many thanks for this. I think that is precisely what I need: it seems to cover the minimisation case as well as the converse maximisation. There is even some code in C++ and Python out there to do it. It also explains by my initial attempts to adapt simpler techniques failed! – David Dec 3 '11 at 10:36 Actually, the OP is on a slightly different problem: the Euclidean minimal matching problem, where the complexity should be a lot better. See The Open Problems Project, Problem 6 (we will probably hear more from Joseph...). EDIT I also found this paper which seems to be much simpler than Edmonds, while not being particularly 2D-oriented. - Thanks, Igor. I will only add that there are citations under "Problem 6: Minimum Euclidean Matching in 2D" to papers that describe an exact algorithm that runs in about $O(n^{3/2})$, and $(1 + \epsilon)$ approximation algorithms. – Joseph O'Rourke Dec 3 '11 at 13:27 Oh, I should add that the original question did not specify 2D, so perhaps these references are irrelevant... – Joseph O'Rourke Dec 3 '11 at 14:04 In fact, the original question seems to be in a very high-dimensional space (the space of "pictures"), so this is certainly not relevant for the OP, but should be of interest to other readers of this... – Igor Rivin Dec 4 '11 at 10:12 Although, see the edit. – Igor Rivin Dec 4 '11 at 10:59 @Igor: I'm slightly confused about "Euclidean". The OP says that the definition of $d_{ij}$ is open, so it could be non-Euclidean too? – Suvrit Dec 4 '11 at 11:11	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9274835586547852, "perplexity": 516.8758811597477}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065306.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00132-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/80252-please-help-trig-identity.html	# Math Help - Please help with this Trig identity!!!!! 1. ## Please help with this Trig identity!!!!! For some reason I CANT get the answer for (1-sin^2X)/(sinX-cscX)= -sinX PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE! 2. Originally Posted by amanda0603 For some reason I CANT get the answer for (1-sin^2X)/(sinX-cscX)= -sinX PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE! $sin(x) - csc(x) = sin(x) - \frac{1}{sin(x)}$ set the same denominator: $\frac{sin^2(x) -1}{sin(x)}$ $1-sin^2(x) \times \frac{sin(x)}{sin^2(x) -1}$ Note that $1-sin^2(x) = -(sin^2(x) - 1)$ $-(sin^2(x)-1) \times \frac{sin(x)}{sin^2(x) -1}$ which cancels to $-sin(x)$ 3. well, $sin^2(x)+cos^2(x)=1$, so $1-sin^2(x)=$ $cos^2(x)$ 4. Hello, Amanda! Another approach . . . $\frac{1-\sin^2\!x}{\sin x-\csc x} \:=\: -\sin x$ $\text{We have: }\;\frac{1-\sin^2\!x}{\sin x-\csc x} \:=\:\frac{1-\sin^2\!x}{\sin x - \frac{1}{\sin x}}$ Multiply by $\frac{\sin x}{\sin x}\!:\;\;\frac{\sin x}{\sin x}\cdot\frac{1-\sin^2\!x}{\sin x - \frac{1}{\sin x}} \;=\;\frac{\sin x(1 - \sin^2\!x)}{\sin^2\!x - 1}$ Factor and reduce: . $\frac{-\sin x\,({\color{red}\rlap{////////}}\sin^2\!x-1)}{{\color{red}\rlap{////////}}\sin^2\!x-1} \;=\; -\sin x$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 13, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9374794960021973, "perplexity": 6404.011956297252}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997857710.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025737-00024-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2242333/i-have-this-trigonometric-expression-to-prove/2242366	# I have this trigonometric expression to prove [closed] I have tried to substitute $\tan (x)$ and $\cot (x)$ with sine and cosine and it got really messy $$1-\frac{\sin^2x}{1+\cot(x)}-\frac{\cos^2x}{1+\tan x}=?$$ a) $1$ b) $\sin^2x$ c) $\sin (x)+\cos (x)$ d) $\sin (x)\cdot \cos (x)$ ## closed as off-topic by Namaste, Jean-Claude Arbaut, Henrik - stop hurting Monica, Chris Godsil, ArnaldoApr 20 '17 at 14:01 This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason: • "This question is missing context or other details: Please improve the question by providing additional context, which ideally includes your thoughts on the problem and any attempts you have made to solve it. This information helps others identify where you have difficulties and helps them write answers appropriate to your experience level." – Namaste, Jean-Claude Arbaut, Henrik - stop hurting Monica, Chris Godsil, Arnaldo If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question. • Have you at least calculated some values so you know which of $(a, b, c, d)$ to prove? – orlp Apr 19 '17 at 18:55 We can write this as : here I put $$\cot x= \frac{\cos x}{\sin x}$$ and $$\tan x= \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}$$ $$\sin^2x+\cos^2x-\frac{\sin^3x}{\sin x+\cos x}-\frac{\cos^3x}{\sin x+\cos x}$$ Now take take the $\operatorname{lcm}$ and you'll get something like this: $$\frac {\sin^3x+\cos^3x+ \sin x\cos^2x+\cos x \sin^2x-\sin^3x-\cos^3x}{\sin x+\cos x}$$ then $$\frac{\sin x\cos x(\sin x+\cos x)}{\sin x +\cos x}$$ hence final asnwer is d) $\sin x.\cos x$ • ItiShree: Tip for formatting your posts. When it comes to trig functions, you can properly format the function using, for example `\cos x , \sin x, \tan x' etc. (simply using a backward slash immediately prior to the trig function you'd like to use.) – Namaste Apr 19 '17 at 19:30 • It is me who should thank you kind person for you detailed explanation – L.B Apr 19 '17 at 19:30 • @amWhy Thanks , I'm new so working on it. – Iti Shree Apr 19 '17 at 19:31 • @L.B No need to thank, it's my pleasure helping you. – Iti Shree Apr 19 '17 at 19:31 • @amWhy i appreciate it, thank you – L.B Apr 19 '17 at 19:32 note that $$\cot(x)=\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}$$ and $$\tan(x)=\frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}$$ the result is $$\sin(x)\cos(x)$$ we have $$\frac{(1+\cot(x))(1+\tan(x))-\sin^2(x)(1+\tan(x))-\cos^2(x)(1+\cot(x))}{(1+\cot(x))(1+\tan(x))}$$ multiplying out and we otain $$\frac{1+\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}+\frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}-\frac{\sin^3(x)}{\cos(x)}-\frac{\cos(x)^3}{\sin(x)}}{(1+\cot(x))(1+\tan(x))}$$ and this is $$\frac{1+\frac{\cos(x)(1-\cos^2(x))}{\sin(x)}+\frac{\sin(x)(1-\sin^2(x))}{\cos(x)}}{(1+\cot(x))(1+\tan(x))}$$ we will work further: $$\frac{1+2\sin(x)\cos(x)}{2+\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}+\frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}}$$ and this is $$\frac{(1+2\sin(x)\cos(x))\sin(x)\cos(x)}{2\sin(x)\cos(x)+1}=\sin(x)\cos(x)$$ • why the $-2$, what is wrong with my result? – Dr. Sonnhard Graubner Apr 19 '17 at 18:56 • I have no issues with your result, I have issues with your argument. In it's current state you are missing steps to show how you went from substituting $\cot$/$\tan$ for their quotients to the final result. – orlp Apr 19 '17 at 18:58 • Could you please explain in more detail how you came to this result because tan(x)=sine/cosine and cotx= cos/sin i know that already and tried that, there is something i missed and i would like to know – L.B Apr 19 '17 at 18:58 • ok i will insert steps,ok? – Dr. Sonnhard Graubner Apr 19 '17 at 18:59 • That would be great! – L.B Apr 19 '17 at 19:00	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5589796304702759, "perplexity": 1030.735861768983}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669183.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117142350-20191117170350-00075.warc.gz"}
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/103633/organizing-movement-collision-detection-and-collision-resolution/103637	# Organizing movement, collision detection, and collision resolution There's many articles on the internet focusing on how to implement movement, collision detection, or collision resolution. What I'm wondering is how to put them together, specifically in what order to perform them. Should one iterate through all physics objects and do movement, collision detection and resolution for each (approach A), or perform movement for all objects, then detect all collisions, and finally resolve all collisions (approach B), or some combination thereof? Is there an approach that is universally superior? If not, what are the pros and cons for each approach (including ones I haven't listed)? Approach A: for (all objects) object.move object.detect_collisions object.resolve_collisions Approach B: for (all objects) object.move for (all objects) object.detect_collisions for (all objects) object.resolve_collisions Approach B is what you want. With Approach A here's a possible problem: //You have two balls //Ball A moves //Ball A is now colliding with Ball B //Ball A and B get forces applied When in reality Balls A and B are very close but have the exact same velocity! What should happen (and what you would get with Approach B) is: //Ball A Moves //Ball B Moves //No collisions detected //No forces applied //Both balls continue moving as they did • Are there any cases at all where Approach A is better than B? I've made games with only mobile to static collisions (player characters and stage), so the problem you mentioned didn't apply. Is B still better in those situations? – Wingblade Jul 8 '15 at 20:00 • Approach A is much faster. 1 iteration vs 3. If you're not aiming for accuracy or your game is just much smaller and slower it could be a nice optimization. That said if you're not sure I would always start with B. – Honeybunch Jul 8 '15 at 20:38 • Only doing 1 iteration was the reason why I used Approach A in those games, it is faster. However aslong as the number of objects is small there should be little difference. Thank you for your answer! – Wingblade Jul 8 '15 at 20:55 • The iteration is the absolute lowest cost in this: it merely loops through all objects. The number of operations is the same in both options. Say you have 100 objects. Option A 1 forloop, 100x movement logic, 100x99 collisionchecks and up to 100 collisionresolves. Option B 3 forloops and the same number of moves, checks and potentially less collisions. So in the end option B is probably much efficient if it just saves one collision due to the ball example A provided. – Felsir Jul 13 '16 at 12:58 In general, approach B is actually faster since it can be cached and vectoried more efficiently using Structs of Arrays (SoA) / Arrays of Structs of Arrays (AoSoA), which you probably should be using anyway. • Actually option B is the better approach in general. It gives the correct result and is in most cases fastest. – Felsir Jul 13 '16 at 13:50	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4369029700756073, "perplexity": 1633.7713097743112}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737204.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807143225-20200807173225-00029.warc.gz"}
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/eect.2019012	# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences March 2019, 8(1): 221-230. doi: 10.3934/eect.2019012 ## Shock wave formation in compliant arteries 1 Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, SE1 7EH London, United Kingdom 2 Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, E-46022 València, Spain 3 CoMMLab, Departament d'Informàtica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain * Corresponding author: J. Alberto Conejero Received March 2018 Revised July 2018 Published January 2019 We focus on the problem of shock wave formation in a model of blood flow along an elastic artery. We analyze the conditions under which this phenomenon can appear and we provide an estimation of the instant of shock formation. Numerical simulations of the model have been conducted using the Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method. The results are consistent with certain phenomena observed by practitioners in patients with arteriopathies, and they could predict the possible formation of a shock wave in the aorta. Citation: Cristóbal Rodero, J. Alberto Conejero, Ignacio García-Fernández. Shock wave formation in compliant arteries. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2019, 8 (1) : 221-230. doi: 10.3934/eect.2019012 ##### References: show all references ##### References: An artery as a compliant tube, where variable x denotes the spatial coordinate and t the temporal one. Decomposition of the domain $D$. Several beat like boundary conditions (23) for $u(0, 0) = 0$. Formation of a shock wave with a beat-like boundary condition. The discontinuity at $x = 20$ is due to the nature of the DG method, which provides two values in the frontier between elements. [1] Benchawan Wiwatanapataphee, Yong Hong Wu, Thanongchai Siriapisith, Buraskorn Nuntadilok. Effect of branchings on blood flow in the system of human coronary arteries. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2012, 9 (1) : 199-214. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2012.9.199 [2] Mette S. Olufsen, Ali Nadim. On deriving lumped models for blood flow and pressure in the systemic arteries. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2004, 1 (1) : 61-80. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2004.1.61 [3] Alberto Bressan, Graziano Guerra. Shift-differentiabilitiy of the flow generated by a conservation law. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 1997, 3 (1) : 35-58. doi: 10.3934/dcds.1997.3.35 [4] Alberto Bressan, Khai T. Nguyen. Conservation law models for traffic flow on a network of roads. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2015, 10 (2) : 255-293. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2015.10.255 [5] Wouter Huberts, E. Marielle H. Bosboom, Frans N. van de Vosse. A lumped model for blood flow and pressure in the systemic arteries based on an approximate velocity profile function. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2009, 6 (1) : 27-40. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2009.6.27 [6] Pavel I. Plotnikov, Jan Sokolowski. Compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Conference Publications, 2009, 2009 (Special) : 602-611. doi: 10.3934/proc.2009.2009.602 [7] Jan W. Cholewa, Tomasz Dlotko. Fractional Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2018, 23 (8) : 2967-2988. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2017149 [8] Anna Amirdjanova, Jie Xiong. Large deviation principle for a stochastic navier-Stokes equation in its vorticity form for a two-dimensional incompressible flow. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2006, 6 (4) : 651-666. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2006.6.651 [9] Shuguang Shao, Shu Wang, Wen-Qing Xu, Bin Han. Global existence for the 2D Navier-Stokes flow in the exterior of a moving or rotating obstacle. Kinetic & Related Models, 2016, 9 (4) : 767-776. doi: 10.3934/krm.2016015 [10] Pavel I. Plotnikov, Jan Sokolowski. Optimal shape control of airfoil in compressible gas flow governed by Navier-Stokes equations. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2013, 2 (3) : 495-516. doi: 10.3934/eect.2013.2.495 [11] Daniel Coutand, Steve Shkoller. Turbulent channel flow in weighted Sobolev spaces using the anisotropic Lagrangian averaged Navier-Stokes (LANS-$\alpha$) equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2004, 3 (1) : 1-23. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2004.3.1 [12] Roberto Triggiani. Stability enhancement of a 2-D linear Navier-Stokes channel flow by a 2-D, wall-normal boundary controller. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2007, 8 (2) : 279-314. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2007.8.279 [13] Rafael Vázquez, Emmanuel Trélat, Jean-Michel Coron. Control for fast and stable Laminar-to-High-Reynolds-Numbers transfer in a 2D Navier-Stokes channel flow. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2008, 10 (4) : 925-956. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2008.10.925 [14] Imam Wijaya, Hirofumi Notsu. Stability estimates and a Lagrange-Galerkin scheme for a Navier-Stokes type model of flow in non-homogeneous porous media. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2018, 0 (0) : 0-0. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020234 [15] Kuijie Li, Tohru Ozawa, Baoxiang Wang. Dynamical behavior for the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2018, 17 (4) : 1511-1560. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2018073 [16] Hermenegildo Borges de Oliveira. Anisotropically diffused and damped Navier-Stokes equations. Conference Publications, 2015, 2015 (special) : 349-358. doi: 10.3934/proc.2015.0349 [17] Hyukjin Kwean. Kwak transformation and Navier-Stokes equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2004, 3 (3) : 433-446. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2004.3.433 [18] Vittorino Pata. On the regularity of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2012, 11 (2) : 747-761. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2012.11.747 [19] C. Foias, M. S Jolly, I. Kukavica, E. S. Titi. The Lorenz equation as a metaphor for the Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2001, 7 (2) : 403-429. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2001.7.403 [20] Igor Kukavica. On regularity for the Navier-Stokes equations in Morrey spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2010, 26 (4) : 1319-1328. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.26.1319 2018 Impact Factor: 1.048	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4486411511898041, "perplexity": 5722.02273889647}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00509.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/118245/how-to-show-a-symbol-from-amssymb-package-in-xelatex	# How to show a symbol from amssymb package in XeLaTeX? I would like to use the \bigstar symbol (amssymb package) as bullet (itemize environment) in Beamer using XeLaTeX but I cannot get it. Any solutions? - You can change the symbol by: \setbeamertemplate{itemize item}{$\bigstar$} Here the MWE: \documentclass{beamer} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} \setbeamertemplate{itemize item}{$\bigstar$} \begin{document} \begin{frame} \begin{itemize} \item foo \item bar \end{itemize} \end{frame} \end{document} Here the start of my log file: This is XeTeX, Version 3.1415926-2.5-0.9999.3 (TeX Live 2013) (format=xelatex 2013.5.31) 8 JUN 2013 15:35 entering extended mode \write18 enabled. %&-line parsing enabled. **test.tex (./test.tex LaTeX2e <2011/06/27> Babel <3.9f> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/texlive/2013/texmf-dist/tex/latex/beamer/beamer.cls (/usr/local/texlive/2013/texmf-dist/tex/latex/beamer/beamerbasercs.sty Package: beamerbasercs 2013/01/04 (rcs-revision 9a97a4eee358) ) Document Class: beamer 2013/01/04 3.26 A class for typesetting presentations (r cs-revision e81e0c94bcc6) - Yes, I know that it works in pdfLaTex but ... I have a problem with this using XeLaTeX compiler (I am using XeLaTeX to have an access to OTF fonts) - it does not display the star! – Vladimir S. Jun 8 '13 at 13:31 @VladimirS.: I used XeLaTeX. See my added header of the log file. – Marco Daniel Jun 8 '13 at 13:36 Thank you, Marco! Finally I have found that was my problem. To set a new bullet I used a wrong command: \setbeamertemplate{items}[$\bigstar$] instead of \setbeamertemplate{itemize item}{$\bigstar$}. – Vladimir S. Jun 8 '13 at 14:02 @VladimirS.: Important is that it works now. – Marco Daniel Jun 8 '13 at 14:11	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9067180752754211, "perplexity": 14067.008074649564}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558067467.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150107-00006-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://westsideelectronics.com/oled-i2c/	# OLED, I2C (9) Inter-integrated Circuit (I2C) is a communication protocol that is used to connect many embedded devices. In our case, we are going to use it to connect an Organic LED (OLED), a tiny screen for more display goodness. Assuming that you ordered your chip from someplace else (Aliexpress/Ebay), you might not be able to find documentation for this module. Alongside serving as a tutorial for the ULCK kit, this also serves as a guide to getting most OLED modules to work with other platforms. #### Programming Your OLED module other than the VCC/VDD and GND, has two other lines, SDA and SCL/SCK. These you'll have to connect to the respective SDA and SCL/SCK output pins on your device. For the ESP8266 module, we will be using Adafruit's I2C Library and Adafruit's GFX Library to display images. But we have to make a few changes in order to get our screen to work. Find where your Libraries folder is (usually in ~/Arduino/Libraries) and open the Adafruit_SSD1306.h file that you have just downloaded. Assuming that your OLED screen is 128 x 64, find the line #define SSD1306_128_64 and uncomment it. If this is not done the images on the OLED module might appear to be stretched. If there any other uncommented lines, comment them. Make sure only one of those four lines are defined. Now going to the code, to start quickly, we'll be using Adafruit's I2C 128 x 64 example. In the code, instead of using display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3D), and change 0x3D to 0x3C. Also note that if you are using a WeMos Mini, you will have to change the line #define OLED_RESET 4 to #define OLED_RESET 0 in the example sketch for your OLED to work because pin 4 is used for SDA communications on the WeMos board. For the ATTINY85 module, Digispark's OLED example works without additional editing. You should be able to upload your code and get your OLED screen working immediately. Both the ESP8266 and the ATTINY85 are compatible, however, while the ATTINY85 might be running up to its limit at 80% of memory used with the Digispark OLED sketch, for the ESP8266, the Adafruit example sketch takes up about 20% of its total memory.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20176444947719574, "perplexity": 3166.8881947909313}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154500.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804013942-20210804043942-00698.warc.gz"}
http://export.arxiv.org/abs/1909.00346v1	Full-text links: quant-ph (what is this?) Title: Inequality relation between entanglement and Bell nonlocality for arbitrary two-qubit states Abstract: Entanglement and Bell nonlocality are used to describe quantum inseparabilities. Bell-nonlocal states form a strict subset of entangled states. A natural question arises concerning how much territory Bell nonlocality occupies entanglement for a general two-qubit entangled state. In this work, we investigate the relation between entanglement and Bell nonlocality by using lots of randomly generated two-qubit states, and give out a constraint inequality relation between the two quantum resources. For studying the upper or lower boundary of the inequality relation, we discover maximally (minimally) nonlocal entangled states, which maximize (minimize) the value of the Bell nonlocality for a given value of the entanglement. Futhermore, we consider a special kind of mixed state transformed by performing an arbitrary unitary operation on werner state. It is found that the special mixed state's entanglement and Bell nonlocality are related to ones of a pure state transformed by the unitary operation performed on the Bell state. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:1909.00346 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:1909.00346v1 [quant-ph] for this version) Submission history From: Xiao Gang Fan [view email] [v1] Sun, 1 Sep 2019 07:56:34 GMT (6511kb,D) Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8638039827346802, "perplexity": 1827.5677012107856}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177607.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124224124-20201125014124-00158.warc.gz"}
https://nickhigham.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/400-years-of-logarithms/	## 400 Years of Logarithms The logarithm was first presented in John Napier’s 1614 book Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio (Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms). Last week I was celebrating 400 years of logarithms at the Napier 400 workshop held at the ICMS in Edinburgh and organized by NAIS. The previous such celebrations had been in 1914 and, as one speaker remarked, it is nice to participate in an event held only once every 100 years. This one-day workshop included talks by Mike Giles on computing logarithms and other special functions on GPUs, and Jacek Gondzio on the history of the logarithmic barrier function in linear and nonlinear optimization. My interest is in the matrix logarithm. The earliest explicit occurrence that I am aware of is in an 1892 paper by Metzler On the Roots of Matrices, so we are only just into the second century of matrix logarithms. Photo and Tweet by @DesHigham: “@nhigham introduced by Dugald Duncan at @ICMS_Edinburgh”. In my talk The Matrix Logarithm: from Theory to Computation I explained how the inverse scaling and squaring (ISS) algorithm that we use today to compute the matrix logarithm is a direct analogue of the method Henry Briggs used to produce his 1624 tables Arithmetica Logarithmica, which give logarithms to the base 10 of the numbers 1–20,000 and 90,000–100,000 to 14 decimal places. Briggs’s impressive hand computations were done by using the formulas $\log a = 2^k \log a^{1/2^k}$ and $\log(1+x) \approx x$ to write $\log_{10} a \approx 2^k \cdot \log_{10}e \cdot (a^{1/2^k} - 1)$. The ISS algorithm for the matrix case uses the same idea, with the square roots being matrix square roots, but approximates $\log(1+x)$ at a matrix argument using Padé approximants, evaluated using a partial fraction expansion. The Fréchet derivative of the logarithm can be obtained by Fréchet differentiating the formulas used in the ISS algorithm. For details see Improved Inverse Scaling and Squaring Algorithms for the Matrix Logarithm (2012) and Computing the Fréchet Derivative of the Matrix Logarithm and Estimating the Condition Number (2013). As well as the logarithm itself, various log-like functions are of interest nowadays. One is the unwinding function, discussed in my previous post. Another is the Lambert W function, defined as the solution $W(z)$ of $W(z) e^{W(z)} = Z$. Its many applications include the solution of delay differential equations. Rob Corless and his colleagues produced a wonderful poster about the Lambert W function, which I have on my office wall. Cleve Moler has a recent blog post on the function. A few years ago I wrote a paper with Rob, Hui Ding and David Jeffrey about the matrix Lambert W function: The solution of S exp(S) = A is not always the Lambert W function of A. We show that as a primary matrix function the Lambert $W$ function does not yield all solutions to $S \exp(S) = A$, just as the primary logarithm does not yield all solutions to $e^X = A$. I am involved in some further work on the matrix Lambert W function and hope to have more to report in due course. This entry was posted in research and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 9, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7962226271629333, "perplexity": 616.1147073177881}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256812.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522123236-20190522145236-00261.warc.gz"}
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/163333/if-i-have-means-and-medians-is-there-a-way-to-average-them	# If I have means and medians, is there a way to average them? Please consider these data points as an example of many more, they represent single studies with multiple samples which have been done during the last decades. 7.7 +/-3.3) mg/L, n=10 3.6 +/-0.2 mg/L, n=22 The publication states that 7.7 resp. 3.6 represents mean OR median, without specifying which has been used where, and there is no way to find out. Is there a way to get something like an average out of those data points, or is too much crucial information missing? EDIT: This question should be deleted. I realized I misread the data in question: values with a standard deviation are means, values without are median. Thank you for your help, and sorry for bothering you. • It is probably a rather sloppy way to indicate that mean and median coincide up to the stated precision. – Michael M Jul 27 '15 at 7:45 • I'm not sure that it is necessarily true. They are both measures of central tendency, but mean is moved by skew. – EngrStudent Jul 27 '15 at 9:57 • @engrstudent: Not in general of course (sorry for not being precise), but in this particular data example. – Michael M Jul 27 '15 at 11:43 • MichaelM, I think it's sloppy, too. The entire publication refers to "mean/median" without any further explanation. Perhaps I should discard the data for being too unclear. – poshtad Jul 27 '15 at 12:22 • I apologize for being a sloppy reader, see my edit. – poshtad Jul 27 '15 at 14:28 The answer depends on nature of your data. If you can assume that your data comes from an unimodal and symmetric distribution, then mean should be close to median, otherwise they could differ (see here for reading more on relations between mean and median). Below you can find a quick example: x <- rexp(1000) # Exponential distribution (skewed) mean(x) ## [1] 0.9910864 median(x) ## [1] 0.6553773 y <- rnorm(1000) # Normal distribution (symmetric) mean(y) ## [1] -0.03853657 median(y) ## [1] -0.05458903 As I wrote in answer to your previous question, making some assumptions about distribution of your data would make it possible to make some educated guesses about your data (e.g. about mean given only a range, but it would be also possible to infer about mean given only a median using similar approach). Also notice that if your sample sizes are small (n=10, n=22 as in your example), then you can expect the differences to be even bigger since a single outlier can possibly influence the mean. • bootstrap resampling might provide a way to look at "what if" without knowing. – EngrStudent Jul 27 '15 at 9:58 • @EngrStudent but with single data point bootstrap won't help much ;) – Tim Jul 27 '15 at 10:05 • I was thinking in terms of Pearsons mode-median-mean expression. Maybe we can find a version that is a decent way to combine indicators of central tendency. We don't know the nature of the distribution or the label applied to the statistic. There is a tolerance and a sample size. Maybe we could find cases of GMM that result in mean and median or mean&median given. – EngrStudent Jul 27 '15 at 11:19 • Dear Tim, I finally commented your answer to my previous question - thank you very much for your work. I am uncertain how symmetric the data is, it's plasmatic blood levels of chemical compounds under certain medical conditions. From a pure biochemical point of view, I would say that distribution should be along a gaussian curve, but there are so many other, unknown factors, such as age or medical preconditions. The goal of my question is to actually answer the question "How high is too high?". – poshtad Jul 27 '15 at 12:18 • Continued: That number/average doesn't have to be precise, just an attempt at a best-effort approach with the poor data available. The link to Karl Pearsons approximation looks promising, do you think I could use this? – poshtad Jul 27 '15 at 12:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6316267251968384, "perplexity": 710.7465524033382}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314638.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819011034-20190819033034-00554.warc.gz"}
https://studydaddy.com/question/how-can-i-write-the-formula-for-sodium-sulfide	Waiting for answer This question has not been answered yet. You can hire a professional tutor to get the answer. QUESTION # How can I write the formula for sodium sulfide? The formula for sodium sulfide is Na_2S . Since this is an ionic compound, you must balance the charges so that overall charge of the compound is neutral. Sodium, an alkali metal, has a tendency to lose one electron. As a result sodium normally carries a positive one charge. Sulfur, a nonmetal, has a tendency to gain 2 electrons. This results in an ion with a negative 2 charge. Nonmetal ions end in "ide". To obtain a neutral charge, you need two sodium ions, which provides you with a plus 2 charge balance the negative 2 charge of sulfur. Therefore this is the chemical equation.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8653850555419922, "perplexity": 1345.1924237001738}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824225.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020135519-20171020155519-00733.warc.gz"}
https://testbook.com/blog/resonance-quiz/	• Share # Resonance Quiz for SSC JE Electrical Exam 2018 5 months ago . Save Series Resonance is one of the most important and frequently asked topic of SSC JE Electrical and various other Junior Engineer Exams including DMRC JE, LMRC JE, UPPCL JE, BSPHCL JE, and HPSSSB JE. If you are preparing for these exams, here we bring you a Series Resonance Quiz based on the latest SSC JE Exam Pattern. Solve this Resonance Quiz for SSC JE Electrical Exam to get a hang on solving questions based this topic. ## SSC JE Electrical Resonance Quiz Series Resonance Que. 1 For RLC Series circuits at resonance the current is 1. 2. Minimum at lagging power factor 3. Maximum at unity power factor 4. Que. 2 A series R-L-C circuit resonates at 1 MHz. At frequency 1.1 MHz the circuit impedance will be 1. Resistive 2. Will depend on the relative amplitude of R, L and C 3. Capacitive 4. Inductive Que. 3 At series resonance of an ac R – L – C circuit the applied voltage is 1. Equal to the resistive drop 2. Equal to the capacity drop 3. Greater than the resistive drop 4. Equal to the inductive drop Que. 4 A series R-L-C circuit will have unity power factor if operated at a frequency of --- Hz 1. $$\frac{1}{{2{\rm{\pi }}\sqrt {{\rm{LC}}} }}$$ 2. LC 3. 1/LC 4. $$1/\sqrt {\left( {{\rm{LC}}} \right)}$$ Que. 5 In a series resonance circuit, the impedance at half power frequencies is: 1. 2R 2. $$\frac{{\rm{R}}}{{\sqrt 2 }}$$ 3. $$\sqrt 2 {\rm{R}}$$ 4. $$\frac{{\rm{R}}}{2}$$ Que. 6 A RLC series circuit resonant at a frequency of f0. If all the component values are doubled the new resonant frequency is 1. 2f0 2. f0 3. 0.5f0 4. 0.25f0 Que. 7 In RLC circuits, the current at resonance is 1. maximum is series RLC and minimum in parallel RLC circuit 2. maximum in parallel circuit and minimum in series circuit 3. maximum in both circuits 4. minimum in both circuits Que. 8 The value of current at resonance in a series RLC circuit is affected by the value of ________. 1. R 2. C 3. L 4. All options are correct Que. 9 In a series R-L-C circuit, the maximum voltage across the inductor occurs at a frequency 1. above the resonant frequency 2. Equal to resonant frequency 3. √2 times the resonant frequency 4. Below the resonant frequency Que. 10 In an RLC series circuit, the impedance at resonance is 1. Zero 2. R 3. Infinity 4. $$\frac{{\rm{L}}}{{{\rm{CR}}}}{\rm{}}$$ Now that you have attempted the Resonance Quiz, solve numerous questions for FREE on Testbook for more practice. Participate in fruitful discussion regarding various Government Exams with our expert and your fellow aspirants on Testbook Discuss. 1 hour ago 24 hours ago 1 day ago 1 day ago	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4549400806427002, "perplexity": 9731.224213424886}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823322.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210101954-20181210123454-00479.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/90853/independence-of-thinning-of-a-poisson-process?answertab=votes	# Independence of Thinning of a Poisson process Consider a process $X_t=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \mathbf{1}_{\{T_k\le t\}}$, and a new process $\hat{X_t}=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} z_k \mathbf{1}_{\{T_k\le t\}}$, where $P\{z_k=0\}=p, P\{z_k=1\}=1-p$, and $\{z_k\}$ are iid , and $T_k=\sum_{i}^{k}\tau_j$ ,and $P(\tau_j\le t)=1-e^{-\lambda t}$. How can I show that $X_t$ and $\hat{X_t}$ are independent. - They are not. – Did Dec 12 '11 at 17:26 do you mind explaining why? I am not too sure, thanks – John K Dec 12 '11 at 17:29 Why do you think they are? What did you try to show they are? What would you try to show they are not? – Did Dec 12 '11 at 17:43 Is it possible you wanted $\sum_{k=1}^\infty (1-z_k)\mathbf{1}_{\{T_k\le t\}}$ to be your definition of $X_t$? – Michael Hardy Dec 12 '11 at 20:30 ....if so, I think then you'd have independence. – Michael Hardy Dec 12 '11 at 20:31 $X_t=0 \implies \hat{X_t}=0$ What for? – Did Jan 12 '12 at 10:06	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.935535192489624, "perplexity": 642.9937357331792}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927185.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00204-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.socher.org/index.php/Main/MatlabHacks	# Assign the same matrix to all elements of a struct array • Use the deal function and []: • [allGrad(:).Vb] = deal(df_Vb); # Multiply a 3d matrix with a vector to get a 2d matrix • % size(A) = [ 22 40 10] % size(v) = [ 1 10] H = bsxfun(@times,A,reshape(v,[1 1 length(v)])); H = sum(H ,3); % size(H) = [22 40] # Concatenate a cell array of matrices to one 3d matrix • mat3d = cat(3,manyMatrices{:}); # Find a Row in Another Matrix • % check if queryRow is also a row in matrixToSearchIn [exists location] = ismember(queryRow,matrixToSearchIn,'rows') • bsxfun with eq, would work too # Preallocate a Cell Array of Full Matrices and Sparse Matrices • User some values insides the zeros function that resembles the size of your matrices • bigCellArray = cell(largeNumber,1); bigCellArray(:) = {zeros(1,80)}; • For sparse matrices, we need to approximate how much data they are likely to store • oneMat = spalloc(numRows,numCols,40numRows); % we have around at most numUsedCols = 40, each has numRows entries allMats = repmat({oneMat},totalNum,1); # Set the value at many (row,column) index pairs in a matrix • A(sub2ind(size(A),rowIndices,columnIndices))=1; # Create new matrix B where each column in A is repeated k times: • B=A(:,ceil([1:size(A,2)k]/k)); # Delete All-Zero Columns or Rows • If you want to delete all rows that contain only zeros: A=A(any(A,2),:) • This sets the matrix to all those rows we want, we can also explicitly delete them: A(~any(A,2),:) = []; • If you want to delete all columns that contain only zeros: A=A(:,any(A)) # Find n smallest values in a matrix and return their indices • or just sort the entire matrix and get indices of sorted matrix elements [val pos ] = sort(costMatrix(:)); [x,y] = ind2sub(size(costMatrix),pos); # Normalize rows of matrix to sum to 1 • and do not produce an , if the sum is 0: E = spdiags(spfun(@(x) 1./x,sum(E,2)),0,size(E,1),size(E,1))E; # Normalize each row or column to length one • % each row with diag: E = Ediag(spfun(@(x) 1./x,sqrt(sum(E.^2,1))),0); % or each column with bsxfun E= bsxfun(@times,1./sqrt(sum(E.^2)),E); # To free forgotten file handle locks • fclose('all') # Read in text file • each line in one char cell t = textread('plant.train','%s','delimiter', '\n'); # Plot figure to a printable pdf of correct size • set dimensions by hand to fit your figure • set(gcf,'paperunits','centimeters') set(gcf,'papersize',[18,6]) % Desired outer dimensionsof figure set(gcf,'paperposition',[0,0,18,6]) % Place plot on figure print -dpdf myfigure.pdf # cell2str • function s = cell2str(cellstr,delimeter) % Richard _at_ Socher - org % concatenates a cell array of strings into one long string if nargin==1 delimeter = ',' end s = []; for i=1:length(cellstr), s = [s, cellstr{i}]; if i~=length(cellstr), s = [s, delimeter]; end end # Speed • never grow matrices inside a loop, always pre-allocate (even if you don't know how large it will be) with an upper bound on what you need and just delete zero or unused entries at the end • Never change a lot of rows in a matrix, instead change columns, since matlab is column major. ## Frequently compare times of different functions • Use it to compare two possible ways to do the same thing tic; for i=1:10000;inv(rand(3,3));end;toc ## Simple Parallelization • if you want to use 4 cores easily: matlabpool open 4 parfor i = 1:length(parameter) runComplicatedFunction(parameter); end # Plot a tree with labels on each node • Abhishek Sharma modified the below file for prettier printing, see his files: Attach:myTreeplot.txt, Attach:makeTreeFromParsed.txt (change to .m after download) • function myTreeplot(p,labels) %TREEPLOT Plot picture of tree. % TREEPLOT(p) plots a picture of a tree given a row vector of % parent pointers, with p(i) == 0 for a root and labels on each node. % % Example: % myTreeplot([2 4 2 0 6 4 6],{'i' 'like' 'labels' 'on' 'pretty' 'trees' '.'}) % returns a binary tree with labels. % % Copyright 1984-2004 The MathWorks, Inc. % $Revision: 5.12.4.2$ $Date: 2004/06/25 18:52:28$ % Modified by Richard @ Socher . org to display text labels [x,y,h]=treelayout(p,1:length(p)); % RS: The second argument (1:length(p)) ensures that the leaf nodes are printed in their original order in the parent vector f = find(p~=0); pp = p(f); X = [x(f); x(pp); repmat(NaN,size(f))]; Y = [y(f); y(pp); repmat(NaN,size(f))]; X = X(:); Y = Y(:); n = length(p); if n < 500, plot (x, y, 'ro', X, Y, 'r-'); else plot (X, Y, 'r-'); end; xlabel(['height = ' int2str(h)]); axis([0 1 0 1]); for l=1:length(labels) text(x(l),y(l),labels{l},'Interpreter','none') end # Convenient File Reading • Just reads a file into an array of cells, each cell holds one line • function fileLines = readTextFile(fileName) fid = fopen(fileName, 'r'); fileLines = textscan(fid, '%s', 'delimiter', '\n', 'bufsize', 99900000); fclose(fid); fileLines = fileLines{1}; % % % %Example usage: % fileName = '../data/someFile.csv' % fileLines = readTextFile(fileName); % for li = 1:length(fileLines) % [~, ~, ~, ~, ~, ~, splitLine] = regexp(fileLines{li}, '\t'); % pols = regexp(fileLines{li}, '$.(\d)$', 'tokens'); % %... % end # Read in Sparse Index:Value matrix • function sparseMat = readSparseFeatures(filename) % reads in a sparse index:value feature matrix % format: first line: number of colums, % remaning lines are index:value pairs % assumes that feature indices (columns) start at 0 (will add 1) % by [email protected] fid = fopen(filename, 'r'); fileLines = textscan(fid, '%s', 'delimiter', '\n', 'bufsize', 99900000); fclose(fid); fileLines = fileLines{1}; numCols= str2double(fileLines{1}); fileLines = fileLines(2:end); numRows = length(fileLines); % not pretty to keep adding these indices/values % but it's still fast for most files, % could pre-allocate these and then cut off afterwards allRows = []; allCols = []; allVals = []; for li = 1:length(fileLines) indexValuePairs = textscan(fileLines{li}, '%f:%f'); allRows = [allRows; repmat(li,length(indexValuePairs{1}),1)]; allCols = [allCols ;indexValuePairs{1}+1]; allVals = [allVals ;indexValuePairs{2}]; end sparseMat = sparse(allRows,allCols,allVals,numRows,numCols); # Convenient Text File Writing of Matrices and String Cells • function writeTextFile(fileName,fileInput,opt) % writeTextFile(fileName,fileInput,options) % Prints a matrix to text file, a cell array of strings, or a cell array of cells of strings % opt.writeFlag = % 'a' open or create file for writing; append data to end of file % 'r+' open (do not create) file for reading and writing % 'w+' open or create file for reading and writing; discard % existing contents % 'a+' (default) open or create file for reading and writing; append data % to end of file % 'W' open file for writing without automatic flushing % 'A' open file for appending without automatic flushing % opt.separator = % '\n' (default) or ';' or ' ' etc. % richard _at_ socher .org if ~exist('opt','var') \|\| (exist('opt','var') && ~isfield(opt,'writeFlag')) opt.writeFlag='a+'; end if ~exist('opt','var') \|\| (exist('opt','var') && ~isfield(opt,'separator')) opt.separator='\n'; end if isnumeric(fileInput) % Write the matrix to file with separated fid = fopen(fileName, opt.writeFlag); fprintf(fid, [repmat(['%g' opt.separator], 1, size(fileInput,2)-1) '%g\n'],fileInput); fclose(fid); elseif iscell(fileInput{1}) fid = fopen(fileName, opt.writeFlag); for s = 1:length(fileInput) for w = 1:length(fileInput{s}) if ischar(fileInput{s}) fprintf(fid, ['%s' opt.separator], fileInput{s}{w}); else fprintf(fid, ['%s' opt.separator], num2str(fileInput{s}{w})); end end fprintf(fid, '\n'); end fclose(fid); else fid = fopen(fileName, opt.writeFlag); for s = 1:length(fileInput) if ischar(fileInput{s}) fprintf(fid, ['%s' opt.separator], fileInput{s}); else fprintf(fid, ['%s' opt.separator], num2str(fileInput{s})); end end if ~strcmp(opt.separator,'\n') fprintf(fid, '\n'); end fclose(fid); end # Extract Sentences from a Wall Street Journal tree file • % reads in WSJ file in which each tree is on one line % splits it at spaces, % matches all words that end with some parentheses % richard @ socher .org inFile = '../data/trees/wsj/finalTestTrees.txt' outFile = [inFile '_justSentences.txt'] fid = fopen(outFile, 'w'); for l = 1:length(lines) [~, ~, ~, ~, ~, ~, splitStrings] = regexp(lines{l}, ' '); thisSent = []; for w = 1:length(splitStrings) s = regexp(splitStrings{w},'([^ \t\r\n\f\v\)]+)\)+\$','tokens'); if ~isempty(s) thisSent = [thisSent s{1}{1} ' ']; end end fprintf(fid, '%s\n', thisSent); fprintf(1,'.') end fprintf(1,'\n') fclose(fid); • lmstat -a # Saving Only a Matrix to PNG File • The commented out print command uses the current figure which needs a GUI. imwrite can save the matrix without a desktop. • %print('-dpng',[filename '.png']) imwrite(I,[filename '.png']) # Saving an image from imshow without a white/grey background • imshow(img) set(gca, 'position', [0 0 1 1], 'visible', 'off') print('img.png', '-dpng') # Fast Word to Number Mapping with Java Map Containers • Uses code above to read a text file with just the words and then each word's line number is the value for that word in a Java Container (its index). • Then reads in another file of sentences of words and maps the words to numbers. • words = readTextFile('wordsOfVocab.txt'); wordMap = containers.Map(words,1:length(words)); % for unknown words, the slow way: unkNum = find(strcmp(words,'UNK')); unkNum = wordMap('UNK') % load some file % fileLine contains words separated by spaces [~, ~, ~, ~, ~, ~, splitLine] = regexp(fileLine, ' '); sent = zeros(1,length(splitLine)); for w = 1:length(splitLine) if wordMap.isKey(splitLine{w}) sent(w) = wordMap(splitLine{w}); else sent(w) = unkNum; end end # Find all dependencies of a function • [list, ~, ~] = depfun('yourFunctionName') % filter out matlab built-in functions for i=1:length(list) if isempty(strfind(list{i},'R2010a')) disp(list{i}) end end # Visualizing a Bivariate Gaussian Distribution • You can define your covariance matrix sigma and see how it changes the shape of the Normal distribution %% Bivariate Gaussian in 2D [X1,X2] = meshgrid(-2:.01:2,-2:.01:2); mu=[0 0]; Sigma=[1 0;0 1]; P=mvnpdf([X1(:),X2(:)],mu,Sigma); P=reshape(P,size(X1)); pcolor(X1,X2,P); %% Bivariate Gaussian in 3D h=surfc(X1,X2,P); set(h, 'linestyle', 'none'); alpha(.5); # Sort a cell array based on the length of each cell • If you want the shortest entries of allSNum to come first [~, Index] = sort(cellfun('length', allSNum), 'ascend'); allSNum = allSNum(Index); # Element-wise max of all elements in a matrix • max(1,W) = W(ones(size(W))<W)=1; # Subassign a smaller matrix into a larger matrix at a range of indices % example subMatrix smiley = zeros(5,5); smileyPos = [4,1;5 2; 5 3;5 4;4 5;2 2; 2 4] for p = 1:size(smileyPos,1) smiley(smileyPos(p,1),smileyPos(p,2)) = 1; end % full image fullImg = zeros(15,15); % range of positions where subMatrix should be: r1 = [1:5]; r2 = [11:15]; % example call of function fullImg = assignSubMatrix(smiley,r1,r2,fullImg); function fullMatrix = assignSubMatrix(subMatrix,indexBlock1,indexBlock2,fullMatrix) % Richard at Socher.org subMatrix=subMatrix' ; X = indexBlock1(ceil([1:length(indexBlock1)length(indexBlock2)]/length(indexBlock2))); Y = repmat(indexBlock2(:), [1 length(indexBlock1)]); setProd = [X(:) Y(:)]; fullMatrix(sub2ind(size(fullMatrix),setProd(:,1),setProd(:,2))) = subMatrix(:); # Compute the Probability of a Point being an outlier • Based on paper by Kriegel et al. : Local Outlier Probabilities: %loOP_script % use this many points to define the neighborhood kNN = 50; lambda = 3; % needs slmetric_pw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Compute Local Outlier Probabilities % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % for data points X (trained mapped images later) % each point is one row of this matrix %compute all nearest neighbors allDist = slmetric_pw(X',X','eucdist'); %first row are just the points, then follow the nearest neighbors [allPointsNNDistances allPointsNN] = sort(allDist); S = allPointsNN(2:kNN+1,:); Sdist = allPointsNNDistances(2:kNN+1,:); sigma = sqrt(sum(allPointsNNDistances.^2)./kNN); pdist = lambda sigma; % expected value: E_{s\in S(o)}[pdist(s,S(s))] Epdist = mean(pdist(S)); plof = pdist./Epdist -1; nplof = lambda * sqrt(mean(plof.^2)); loop = erf(plof./(nplof * sqrt(2))); loop(loop<0) = 0; % outlier threshold: outliers = loop>0.7; % Visualize the example dataset fprintf('Visualizing example dataset for outlier detection.\n\n'); hold on plot(X(:, 1), X(:, 2), 'bx'); axis([0 30 0 30]); plot(X(outliers, 1), X(outliers, 2), 'ro', 'LineWidth', 2, 'MarkerSize', 10); hold off	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.328322172164917, "perplexity": 27907.008449426026}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118059355.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124164739-00208-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/133280/intersection-in-the-cartesian-product-and-dominant-projection	# Intersection in the cartesian product and dominant projection i must say in advance that i'm not very familiar with algebraic cycles and intersection theory, so i hope my question is not too trivial. Let $X$ and $Y$ be two K3 surfaces. Let $Z=\sum_{i=1}^{k}n_iZ_i$ be an algebraic cycle in $X\times Y$ such that for all $i$ it is $dim_{\mathbb{C}}Z_i=2$ and $n_i$ are positive integers. I have found this statement: If for a generic $p\in X$ it is $\sum_{i=1}^{k}n_i(\{p\}\times Y)\cdot Z_i=1$ then there exists a unique $i_0$ for which the projection $Z_{i_0}\rightarrow X$ is dominant and furthermore $n_{i_0}=1$. I have trouble formalizing the proof of this statement. I mean, if for a certain $p\in X$ it is $\sum_{i=1}^{k}n_i(\{p\}\times Y)\cdot Z_i=1$, then $\{p\}\times Y$ must intersect only one irreducible component of $Z$, call it $Z_{i_p}$, and it must be $n_{i_p}=1$. But for another point $q\in X$ such that $\sum_{i=1}^{k}n_i(\{q\}\times Y)\cdot Z_i=1$ why couldn't there be another irreducible component, call it $Z_{i_q}$, which is the only one intersected by $\{q\}\times Y$ and $n_{i_q}=1$? I think this is connected with the fact that $Y$ and the irreducible components $Z_i$ have the same dimension. If i can prove that there is only one $Z_{i_0}$ intersecting $\{p\}\times Y$ for all $p\in X$ then i think that the fact that the projection $Z_{i_0}\rightarrow X$ is dominant is straightforward. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9608333110809326, "perplexity": 52.86101873327533}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163049967/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131729-00016-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://heattransfer.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=1449104	0 Research Papers: Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer # Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer and Pressure Loss of Alumina/Water and Zirconia/Water Nanoparticle Colloids (Nanofluids) in Horizontal Tubes [+] Author and Article Information Wesley Williams, Jacopo Buongiorno Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Lin-Wen Hu Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 J. Heat Transfer 130(4), 042412 (Mar 21, 2008) (7 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2818775 History: Received March 23, 2007; Revised May 30, 2007; Published March 21, 2008 ## Abstract The turbulent convective heat transfer behavior of alumina $(Al2O3)$ and zirconia $(ZrO2)$ nanoparticle dispersions in water is investigated experimentally in a flow loop with a horizontal tube test section at various flow rates $(9000, temperatures $(21–76°C)$, heat fluxes (up to $∼190kW∕m2$), and particle concentrations ($0.9–3.6vol%$ and $0.2–0.9vol%$ for $Al2O3$ and $ZrO2$, respectively). The experimental data are compared to predictions made using the traditional single-phase convective heat transfer and viscous pressure loss correlations for fully developed turbulent flow, Dittus–Boelter, and Blasius/MacAdams, respectively. It is shown that if the measured temperature- and loading-dependent thermal conductivities and viscosities of the nanofluids are used in calculating the Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers, the existing correlations accurately reproduce the convective heat transfer and viscous pressure loss behavior in tubes. Therefore, no abnormal heat transfer enhancement was observed in this study. <> ## Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity Figure 3 Viscosity of alumina nanofluids Figure 4 Viscosity of zirconia nanofluids Figure 5 Schematic of convective loop experimental facility Figure 6 Tube averaged Nusselt number for water tests Figure 7 Tube averaged Nusselt number for alumina nanofluid tests Figure 8 Tube averaged Nusselt number for zirconia nanofluid tests Figure 9 Viscous pressure losses for water tests Figure 10 Viscous pressure losses for alumina nanofluid tests Figure 11 Viscous pressure losses for zirconia nanofluid tests ## Discussions Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account. ### Related Content Customize your page view by dragging and repositioning the boxes below. Related Journal Articles Related Proceedings Articles Related eBook Content Topic Collections	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 9, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21387235820293427, "perplexity": 15068.512509110456}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107744.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821080132-20170821100132-00319.warc.gz"}
https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.08941	### Current browse context: cond-mat.supr-con (what is this?) # Title: Thermodynamic evidence for nematic superconductivity in Cu$_x$Bi$_2$Se$_3$ Abstract: Unconventional superconductivity is characterized by the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the macroscopic superconducting wavefunction in addition to the gauge symmetry breaking, such as rotational-symmetry breaking with respect to the underlying crystal-lattice symmetry. Particularly, superconductivity with spontaneous rotational-symmetry breaking in the wavefunction amplitude and thus in bulk properties, not yet reported previously, is intriguing and can be termed "nematic" superconductivity in analogy to nematic liquid-crystal phases. Here, based on specific-heat measurements of the single-crystalline Cu$_x$Bi$_2$Se$_3$ under accurate magnetic-field-direction control, we report thermodynamic evidence for nematic superconductivity, namely, clear two-fold-symmetric behavior in a trigonal lattice. The results indicate realization of an "odd-parity nematic" state, feasible only by macroscopic quantum condensates and distinct from nematic states in liquid crystals. The results also confirm topologically non-trivial superconductivity in Cu$_x$Bi$_2$Se$_3$. Comments: 12 pages, 3 figures; plus 18 pages of Supplementary Materials (incl. 10 figures) Subjects: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con); Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci); Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el) Journal reference: Nature Phys. 17, 123-126 (2017). (published online: 10 Oct 2016) DOI: 10.1038/nphys3907 Cite as: arXiv:1602.08941 [cond-mat.supr-con] (or arXiv:1602.08941v2 [cond-mat.supr-con] for this version) ## Submission history From: Shingo Yonezawa [view email] [v1] Mon, 29 Feb 2016 12:45:33 GMT (3348kb,D) [v2] Tue, 11 Oct 2016 15:09:38 GMT (3347kb,D)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.266317754983902, "perplexity": 11740.552987218234}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121121.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00349-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/6962-please-help-algerbric-problem.html	wat is the answer to (5a^2+2a)(6m^2). i do not need the answer to the varible, just the simplified form. Thanxs 2. Originally Posted by OnMyWayToBeAMathProffesor wat is the answer to (5a^2+2a)(6m^2). i do not need the answer to the varible, just the simplified form. Thanxs I'm not quite sure what you are looking for. We can expand it: $30a^2m^2 + 12am^2$ or we can factor the first term: $a(5a+2)(6m^2) = 6a(5a+2)m^2$ That's all I can think of to do with it. -Dan thanxs	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8714678883552551, "perplexity": 715.9680267462883}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936468536.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074108-00119-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/skin-effect-and-shape-of-conductor.596739/	# Skin Effect and shape of conductor 1. Apr 15, 2012 ### likephysics Let's say we have 2 different conductors - one a round wire, another a round wire but with hollow core. The wire with the hollow core has higher resistance. But for the sake of argument, lets assume that it has the same resistance and the round wire. Will the skin effect be less for the hollow wire? 2. Apr 15, 2012 ### phinds Been a long time since I did fundamental electronics, but as I recall, when operating at high skin effect frequencies, it doesn't matter if there is a core since none of the current is in it. 3. Apr 15, 2012 ### yungman I can't speculate about different resistance of the two wires you described. But in general , under high frequency, the hollow core wire should conduct better as it has two surface area.......inside and outside. Solid core only has the outer surface. 4. Apr 15, 2012 ### marcusl I never heard this before. Do you have references? 5. Apr 15, 2012 ### yungman What reference? I am just talking about hollow wire has two surface, the inner and outer surface and both carry current. So for the same diameter wire, you have almost double the surface area ( or width) for conducting current. Nothing more than that. Just a very general comment without getting into the specific conductance and all. 6. Apr 15, 2012 ### phinds It was my impression that the skin effect drives all the current to the outer surface, so an inner surface would be irrelevant. Do you know otherwise, as you stated? 7. Apr 15, 2012 ### yungman Thats a good question!!! My understanding is as long as you have a surface, you have the current. You connect the wire at two ends, the current start to flow, then the field developed and all current goes to the surface. It is like the litz wire, it does not matter the particular wire is in the middle of the bundle, you start the current from one end, it goes equally to each wire, then because of the E field attenuation, the current stay on the surface of each wire. That should works for the inner surface of the hollow wire here. If the logic of the inner surface of the hollow wire don't carry current, that means the only the outer strands of the bundle of litz wires at the connector wire interface conduct current, the strands that are in the middle never get the current. Itn't inner surface the same as output surface? it's a surface and surface current flows? I don't know, just my logical deduction. I am no expert, let me know, I love to learn. Last edited: Apr 15, 2012 8. Apr 15, 2012 ### marcusl Yungman, I wish you'd be a little more careful with answers in areas where you are not expert. The skin effect is exactly as phinds said: at high frequencies all current flows on the outer skin of the conductor, which is why hollow conductors can be used without increased loss. So-called "semirigid" coax for microwave use is an example. It often uses a steel center wire--which is a terrible conductor, but is inexpensive and strong--coated with a few microns of expensive silver, which has the highest conductivity of any metal, on its outer surface. All the current flows in the silver due to the skin effect. 9. Apr 15, 2012 ### Bob S 10. Apr 16, 2012 ### yungman I know skin effect on the surface. OP is talking about a hollow wire, why is the inner surface of a hollow conductor wire not conducting current? Is it because there is no field inside the hollow wire? Last edited: Apr 16, 2012 11. Apr 16, 2012 ### jim hardy i though your mention of Litz wire was right on. In my utility scale generator(20Kiloamps) the conductors were long hollow rectangular tubes maybe five by ten inches made of square strands (perhaps 1/4 inch) stacked together and insulated like giant Litz wire. The strands were intertwined so they did not run full length, about forty feet, in same location but ran partway near inner surface and partway near outer surface. Cooling gas was forced down the center passageway. So the inner surface of that rectangular tube conductor certainly had current. But it was only 60hz. 12. Apr 16, 2012 ### Bob S I fully concur. The skin effect completely shields the inside of the conductors from carrying ang RF current. It is just a form of Lenz's Law. See Equation (4) in http://www.ultracad.com/articles/skin effect.pdf 13. Apr 16, 2012 ### marcusl No. The concentration of current to the outside of the conductor is related to flux linkage between fields generated by currents at different radii, and to Lenz's law. Litz wire is not relevant to the original question about solid conductors, Jim. It is, furthermore, useful only at low frequencies where capacitive coupling between turns is small. Strands located near the center of Litz wire still want to carry little current, requiring the strands to be woven so as to alternate between center and exterior of bundle, as Jim said, in order to create some reasonable average current flow. The original question was about solid conductors, however, and there's still no escaping the skin effect there--the interior carries no current at sufficiently high frequencies, allowing it to be eliminated without affecting the AC resistance. All current then flows on the exterior in a thin skin. If some current is still flowing on the interior surface, then the frequency is too low for the skin effect to be in full play. Last edited: Apr 16, 2012 14. Apr 16, 2012 ### yungman I think I find the answer, in a closed cavity inside the conductor, there is no field, so there is no current in the inner surface of the hollow conductor. Can you provide reference on why the inner strands of Litz wire don't conduct? I do not see any explanation in EM books. Last edited: Apr 16, 2012 15. Apr 16, 2012 ### marcusl No that is not the reason. If the thickness of the annular conductor is less than the skin depth, then the inside surface carries some current even though B=0 in the hole. The reason is due to flux linkage. To clarify my earlier statement on Litz wire: A small strand at the center of a uniform bundle of strands would find itself with flux linkage analogous to the solid case, reducing its current flow. The key to Litz wire, however, is the weave that brings each strand from center to outside and back as you move down the wire's length. Each strand ends up as an average of inner and outer, so all strands carry the same current. You can find the skin effect in round conductors discussed in most E&M texts, but I have no references to Litz wire. 16. Apr 16, 2012 ### yungman I am still digging up notes. My understanding is all signals travel as EM wave. PCB trace, coax, even a wire is really a guided structure for EM wave to propagate. Signal voltage and current are the consequence of boundary condition of E and B. True current in form of electrons CANNOT travel in any speed as given by $v_p=μ\vec E \hbox { where μ is the mobility.}$. It is only EM wave propagation that give the speed we see in circuit. I am still having a hard time relating Lentz Law, flux linkage to EM propagation. The books I have derive skin depth and attenuation constant using EM wave, not with magnetics. 17. Apr 16, 2012 ### marcusl Yes, we derive the skin effect mathematically with Maxwell's equations and vector calculus. Did you get a good mental picture of why the skin effect occurs by looking at the modified Bessel functions, or ber and bei functions? It's not easy to gain intuition that way. Faraday thought in terms of "flux tube" linkage, which I mentioned because it can provide an intuitive picture of how the effect works. Magnetic field lines (or tubes, as Faraday called them) from current at the wire center link with those flowing in thin shells at greater radii to produce an emf that opposes the current at the center and reinforces it at the surface. Last edited: Apr 16, 2012 18. Apr 16, 2012 ### marcusl I found this picture and description online that may be helpful in visualizing the skin effect, although I think that the transverse currents shown are a little misleading. The view I've been discussing is found in the last paragraph of section 3.4. The full mathematical solution follows in sections 3.5-3.9. 19. Apr 16, 2012 ### yungman I know the flux line is much easier to understand. But from working with RF, I have been more looking at EM point of view. I started working on some guitar pickup circuits lately where people use magnetics instead. I am currently asking questions in the Classical Physics sub forum in how I relate EM with flux circuit and magnetic circuits etc. I am going through my notes again and see what did I forget. If you have any suggestion, I'll be really appreciated. Simple thing like Faraday's Law $EMF=-\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial t}\;$ is giving me problem. For air coil, it is easy as varying B pass through the closed area of the coil induce EMF. But what if the middle of the coil is a alnico magnet that is good conductor? Aside from distorting the magnetic field, I have issue looking at it in EM point of view that all field disappeared inside a good conductor. Instead the boundary condition give rise to surface current and charge. How is that relate to magnetic circuit that the flux $\Phi\;$ is continuous through the good conductor core? Further more, how is eddy current form in the point of view of EM? Bob S answer one part of this question and I still not clear whether this relate to free current density due to boundary condition or there is another mechanism of producing free current in a good conductor. I know, this is out of this subject, but I have been going around and around on this. Any suggestion will be really appreciated. Thanks Alan 20. Apr 16, 2012 ### yungman Is this a good book? I don't mind buying it if it is good. Most of the EM books don't spend a lot of time in magnetics. So far, I have been using Griffiths and Cheng where Cheng is mainly on field and wave and tx lines.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8026078939437866, "perplexity": 1025.1068159617046}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936981.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419150012-20180419170012-00101.warc.gz"}
https://www.iis.sinica.edu.tw/zh/page/Library/TechReport/2010.html	# 中央研究院資訊科學研究所 ## 圖書室 ### 2010 Technical Report TR-IIS-10-001 Protein-Protein Interface Prediction based on a Novel SVM Speedup Tsu-shu Tseng, Chien-Yang Guo, Wen-Lian Hsu, and Fu Chang Protein-protein interactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes. Prediction of amino acid residues that appear in interaction sites helps decipher protein functions. Since a significant number of complexes have large enough interfaces, we hypothesize that the complex formation follows the induced-fit mechanism rather than the lock-and-key mechanism. Therefore, one should be able to characterize interface regions by frequent appearances of unstructured or flexible amino acid residues in those regions. For this residue prediction problem, we designed a novel method called "tree decomposition support vector machine" (TDSVM) that can handle large samples. Previously, the sizes of protein chains used as training data were generally in the scope of hundreds, whereas TDSVM extends the number to thousands (4,064 in our case), which yields more than a million samples, represented as feature vectors. Using TDSVM to speed up the training of kernel-based support vector machines (SVMs), at a factor of nearly 300, we were able to perform numerous experiments efficiently to optimize the parameters and feature selection that would otherwise take months. As a result, we achieved prediction outcomes with substantially high scores in F1-measure and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) using only protein-sequence information. TR-IIS-10-002 Heterogeneous Subset Sampling Meng-Tsung Tsai, Da-Wei Wang, Churn-Jung Liau, Tsan-sheng Hsu In this paper, we consider the problem of heterogeneous subset sampling. Each element in a domain set has different probabilities of being included in a sample, which is a subset of the domain set. Drawing a sample from a domain set of size $n$ takes $O(n)$ time if a Naive algorithm is employed. We propose a Hybrid algorithm, which requires $O(n)$ preprocessing time and $O(n)$ extra space. It draws a sample in $O(n \sqrt{p^{}})$ time on average where $p^{}$ is $\min{(p_{\mu}, 1-p_{\mu})}$ and $p_{\mu}$ denotes the mean of inclusion probabilities. In addition to the theoretical analysis, we evaluate the performance of the Hybrid algorithm via experiments and give an application for particle-based simulations on the spread of a disease. TR-IIS-10-003 Recognition of Blurred License Plate Images Pei-Lun Hsieh, Yu-Ming Liang, Hong-Yuan Mark Liao We propose a systematic way to perform blurred license plate image recognition. Our method only uses one license plate image and there is no need to perform character segmentation. There are three main steps involved in the proposed system. First, we perform character position identification and corresponding character list estimation using single-character templates. Then, the position of special symbol on a license plate is estimated. Finally, we expand the templates from single-character templates to multiple-character templates for refining the recognition results. The experiment results show that our method is superb in recognizing characters of blurred license plate images. TR-IIS-10-004 Functional Specifications of the ezTrial Clinical Trial Information Management System Hong-Yi Chen , Chung-Tsuo Lin, Chia-Hui Chang, Yi-Ru Cian , Yi-Fang Lee, and Chun-Nan Hsu TR-IIS-10-005 User Guide of the ezTrial (beta) Clinical Trial Information Management System Yi-Ru Cian , Chung-Tsuo Lin , Hong-Yi Chen, Chia-Hui Chang, Yi-Fang Lee, and Chun-Nan Hsu TR-IIS-10-006 Homomorphic Encryption-based Secure SIFT for Privacy-Preserving Feature Extraction Chao-Yung Hsu, Chun-Shien Lu, Soo-Chang Pei Privacy has received much attention but is still largely ignored in the multimedia community. Consider a cloud computing scenario, where the server is resource-abundant and is capable of finishing the designated tasks, it is envisioned that secure media retrieval and search with privacy-preserving will be seriously treated. In view of the fact that scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) has been widely adopted in various fields, this paper is the first to address the problem of secure SIFT feature extraction and representation in the encrypted domain. Since all the operations in SIFT must be moved to the encrypted domain, we propose a homomorphic encryption-based secure SIFT method for privacy-preserving feature extraction and representation based on Paillier cryptosystem. In particular, homomorphic comparison is a must for SIFT feature detection but is still a challenging issue for homomorphic encryption methods. To conquer this problem, we investigate a quantization-like secure comparison strategy in this paper. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed homomorphic encryption-based SIFT performs comparably to original SIFT on image benchmarks, while preserving privacy additionally. We believe that this work is an important step toward privacy-preserving multimedia retrieval in an environment, where privacy is a major concern. TR-IIS-10-007 Compressing Trajectories Using Inter-Frame Coding Cheng-Yu Lin, Hung-Chia Chen, Ying-Yu Chen, Wang-Chien Lee, and Ling-Jyh Chen With the advances in wireless communications and GPS technology, there is increasing interest in the field of location-aware services. Because of the proliferation of GPS-enabled devices and applications, in this study, we address the scalability issue in trajectory data management. Specifically, we propose a scheme called Inter-Frame Coding (IFC) for lossless compression of trajectory data, and implement two classical database queries based on the scheme. Evaluations of the IFC scheme using real trajectory datasets show that it can achieve a compression ratio of 58%. Moreover, it can reduce the computational complexity of range queries by a factor of 0.45, while maintaining an acceptable execution time in k-nearest neighbor searches. The IFC scheme is simple, efficient, and lossless; thus, it has the potential to facilitate trajectory-based data storage, compression, and computation. TR-IIS-10-008 A Model and Simulation Environment for Symbiotic Automation and Assistive Devices T. Y. Chen, P. H. Tsai, C. H. Chen, C. W. Yu, C.S. Shih and J. W. S. Liu This paper describes the UCAADS simulation environment and the underlying UCAADS model that have been developed for the purpose of evaluating the correctness and performance of UCAADS and user-device interactions. The acronym UCAADS stands for user-centric automation and assistive devices/systems and services. Examples of UCAADS are medication dispenser, smart pantry, robotic housekeeping aids, and mobility assistants. UCAADS model combines two types of modeling elements: workflow model and GOMS model. The behavior specification of a symbiotic system of device and its user(s) as a whole consists of specifications of device operations, user actions and user-device interactions. They are defined in terms of workflows and are executable. The incorporation of GOMS model with workflows enables us to account for different behavior and skill levels of different users in the estimation of execution times of their actions. As case studies, we modeled and simulated parts of three UCAADS: smart medication dispenser for home use, smart storage pantry and multi-user medication station. These devices require their users to carry out mission-critical operations. Our simulation experimentations and the results demonstrate that the UCAADS model and USE are effective in helping us discover and fix design and implementation errors that allow incorrect user-device interactions, in addition to assessing the responsiveness of devices. TR-IIS-10-009 Programming from Galois Connections - Principles and Applications Shin-Cheng Mu and José Nuno Oliveira Problem statements often resort to superlatives such as in eg. "... the smallest such number", "...the best approximation", "... the longest such list" which lead to specifications made of two parts: one defining a broad class of solutions (the easy part) and the other requesting one particular such solution optimal in some sense (the hard part). This report introduces a binary relational combinator which mirrors this linguistic structure and exploits its potential for calculating programs by optimization. This applies in particular to specifications written in the form of Galois connections, in which one of the adjoints delivers the optimal solution. The framework encompasses re-factoring of results previously developed by by Bird and de Moor for greedy and dynamic programming, in a way which makes them less technically involved and therefore easier to understand and play with.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5536429286003113, "perplexity": 2254.242182161903}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703497681.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115224908-20210116014908-00033.warc.gz"}
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/423183/tcolorbox-tikz-picture-option-of-tikz-lower	# tcolorbox: TikZ picture option of "tikz lower"? Package tcolorbox has defined a style called "tikz lower". The package manual introduces it as follows: /tcb/tikz lower=options This style adds a centered tikzpicture environment to the start and end of the lower part. The options may be given as TikZ picture options. However, I quite don't understand what it means by saying "TikZ picture options". Here's my attempt to change the scale of two axes (normally I would do \begin{tikzpicture}[x=10pt,y=20pt]): \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tcolorbox} \tcbuselibrary{listings,skins} \usepackage{tikz} \newtcblisting{displaytikz}{ tikz lower, % tikz lower={x=10pt,y=20pt}, listing side text, bicolor,colback=blue!30!white,colbacklower=white, colframe=black,righthand width=3cm } \begin{document} \begin{displaytikz} \draw (0,0) -- (1,1); \draw (0,0.5) -- (2,0); \end{displaytikz} \end{document} I replace the first line in my \newtcblisting definition by the commented second line, then I get an error: Package pgfkeys Error: I do not know the key '/tcb/y', to which you passed '20pt]', and I am going to ignore it. Perhaps you misspelled it. \begin{displaytikz} FYI, I also check the tcolorbox.sty, the relevant line is: ... tikz lower/.style={ before lower=\centering\tcb@shield@externalize\begin{tikzpicture}[#1], after lower=\end{tikzpicture} }, ... I think I must have mistaken something. If tikz lower is not for this, then how can I convey arguments to the TikZ environment? Any ideas? • See github.com/T-F-S/tcolorbox/issues/40 for a patch which sould solve the problem. Mar 27, 2018 at 10:43 • @ThomasF.Sturm Thanks. I've added an answer below to give an example of using TikZ picture options. Hope it can help other users. Mar 27, 2018 at 11:10 Thanks to @ThomasF.Sturm (the developer of tcolorbox package) and @Ignasi (the answerer above, who reported the issue), here's a ME that passes: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tcolorbox} \tcbuselibrary{listings,skins,xparse} \usepackage{tikz} % Patch start \makeatletter \tcbset{ tikz upper/.style={before upper=\centering\tcb@shield@externalize\begin{tikzpicture}[{#1}],after upper=\end{tikzpicture}},% tikz lower/.style={before lower=\centering\tcb@shield@externalize\begin{tikzpicture}[{#1}],after lower=\end{tikzpicture}},% } \makeatother \NewTCBListing{displaytikz}{ O{} }{ tikz lower={#1}, listing side text, bicolor,colback=blue!30!white,colbacklower=white, colframe=black,righthand width=3cm } \begin{document} \begin{displaytikz} \draw (0,0) -- (1,1); \draw (0,0.5) -- (2,0); \end{displaytikz} \begin{displaytikz}[x=10pt, y=20pt, red, line width=2pt] \draw (0,0) -- (1,1); \draw (0,0.5) -- (2,0); \end{displaytikz} \end{document} I can confirm the problem, but this exists not only with x and y options but with every second option you can include in tikz lower. I don't know how to solve it. As a workaround you can define a TikZ style and use it as option for tikz lower. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tcolorbox} \tcbuselibrary{listings,skins} \usepackage{tikz} \tikzset{ mystyle/.style={x=10pt, y=20pt, red, line width=2pt}} \newtcblisting{displaytikz}{ tikz lower={mystyle}, listing side text, bicolor,colback=blue!30!white,colbacklower=white, colframe=black,righthand width=3cm } \begin{document} \begin{displaytikz} \draw (0,0) -- (1,1); \draw (0,0.5) -- (2,0); \end{displaytikz} \end{document} • Exactly, no option works. It's weird that the manual says something in that way. Thank you for your brilliant trick and I think your answer is probably what the package expects users to do. Mar 26, 2018 at 10:40 • @wklchris I've reported this issue on tcolorbox development place. Mar 26, 2018 at 10:48 • Maybe, you would like to modify your answer with the patch? Thank you for reporting this issue. Mar 27, 2018 at 10:45 • @ThomasF.Sturm (I'm the questioner) Thank you for your quick response to the issue. Though the answerer has not gone online, I've tested the patch and it works well. Issue here: github.com/T-F-S/tcolorbox/issues/40 Mar 27, 2018 at 10:59	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9651868939399719, "perplexity": 3720.927516264167}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00271.warc.gz"}
https://www.coursehero.com/file/17562876/HW11-Solutions-Math-110-Fall-2016/	# HW11 Solutions Math 110 Fall 2016 - HW 11 Solutions MATH... • Homework Help • 5 This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 5 pages. HW 11 Solutions, MATH 110 with Professor StankovaThe author of this note prefers the nomenclature “Jordan normal form” to “Jordan canonical form.”The reasoning is that the word “canonical” should be reserved for things that are somehow uniqueor independent of choice, but the Jordan normal form clearly depends on a choice of ordering (ofJordan blocks).7.1 #1efh (e) False. Take the identity matrix, for example. (f) False. We need to take a basis ofKλwhich can be partitioned into cycles. (h) True. A previous homework problem showed that forany operatorT, when dim(ker(Tk)) = dim(ker(Tk+1)), we have dim(ker(Tk)) = dim(ker(T))for allk. Thus aftern“steps” it must stabilize since thereVisn-dimensional.7.1 #2 (a) The characteristic polynomial isχ(t) =t2-4t+ 4, sot= 2 is the only eigenvalue.A-2I=-11-11has rank 1, so in particular we have an eigenvector (1,1)t. We want tocomptute the chain terminating here; we solve (A-2I)x= (1,1)tto findx= (0,1)t, so wehave a basisβ2={(1,1)t,(0,1)t}which is a cycle generated by (0,1)t. The Jordan normalform (in this basis) is [T]β=2102.(b) The charactersitic polynomial isχ(t)-t2-3t-4. Thus the eigenvalues aret= 4,-1.A-4Ihas kernel (2,3)tandA+Ihas kernel (1,-1)t. Thus we have a basis of eigenvectorsand in this basisβ, we have [T]β=400-1.(c) The characteristic polynomial isχ(t) =-t3+ 3t2-4.Testing its rational roots, wefind that it factors-(t-2)2(t+ 1), so its eigenvalues aret=-1,2. For the eigenvalue 2,we find that (A-2I) =9-4-521-10-113-1-2, which we can row-reduce to10-101-1000andso has rank 2, with corresponding eigenvector (1,1,1)t. We compute the chain terminatinghere: (A-2I)x= (1,1,1)tgivesx= (1,2,0)t. Thus,β2={(1,1,1)t,(1,2,0)t}isA-cyclicgenerated by (1,2,0)t. Next, for the eigenvalue-1, we findA+I=12-4-521-7-113-11, whichrow reduces to3-10001000so is rank 2.We have (A+I)2= 315-5-724-8-136-2-1, whichrow reduces to3-10001000and has rank 2. An eigenvector for this eigenvalue is (1,3,0)t.Thus, we have a basis of generalized eigenvectorsβ={(1,1,1)t,(1,2,0)t,(1,3,0)t}; so wehave [T]β= 221002000-1.(d) The charactersitic polynomial of the matrix is (t-2)2(t-3)2, so the eigenvalues are1 HW 11 Solutions, MATH 110 with Professor Stankovat= 2,3. Fort= 2, we haveA-2I=01000010001001-11. This matrix has rank 3, so we haveeigenvector (1,0,0,0)t	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9802679419517517, "perplexity": 7112.021736237529}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00155.warc.gz"}
http://cvgmt.sns.it/paper/268/	# A nonhomogeneous boundary value problem in mass transfer theory created by malusa on 01 Mar 2011 modified on 26 Apr 2011 [BibTeX] Accepted Paper Inserted: 1 mar 2011 Last Updated: 26 apr 2011 Journal: Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations Year: 2011 Abstract: We prove a uniqueness result of solutions for a system of PDEs of Monge-Kantorovich type arising in problems of mass transfer theory. The results are obtained under very mild regularity assumptions both on the reference set $\Omega \subset \mathbf{R}^n$, and on the (possibly asymmetric) norm defined in $\Omega$. In the special case when $\Omega$ is endowed with the Euclidean metric, our results provide a complete description of the stationary solutions to the tray table problem in granular matter theory.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8278149962425232, "perplexity": 656.2269392481654}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645413.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318013134-20180318033134-00072.warc.gz"}
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/636530-shader-semantics/	This topic is 2023 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic. Recommended Posts I want to use a matrix for my instance position and stuff instead of just a vector, but I don't see a semantic for anything more than float4. I'm using a second vertex buffer for my instance data. Looking here, I see nothing for a matrix / float4x4. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb509647 This, however, makes it look like I can do it, but I have to have 4 seperate parts for the input layout, then I can just simply use it as a float4x4 in the shader? Is that right? http://www.gamedev.net/topic/608857-dx11-how-to-transfer-matrix-to-vs/ But what is WORLDVIEW? Why isn't it on the MSDN list? Also, should I be striving to pad my structures out to a specific size? Share on other sites It should help if you can paste the code you have so far. Btw, WORLDVIEW, in simplicity, is the frame of reference of the object you're trying to render. I am surprised why you rely on MSDN so much, there is Google too. ;-) Share on other sites Which is one of the problems, why doesn't MSDN have the complete list of these things? It doesn't even mention that WORLDVIEW exists. :/ Ok, before I just used a single vector for my instance position, but I want to be able to rotate, scale, etc, so I figured I'd just make use a matrix instead. So before, I just did something like this: layout[2].SemanticName = "TEXCOORD"; layout[2].SemanticIndex = 0; layout[2].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT; layout[2].InputSlot = 1; layout[2].AlignedByteOffset = 0; layout[2].InputSlotClass = D3D11_INPUT_PER_INSTANCE_DATA; layout[2].InstanceDataStepRate = 1; ... VOut vs(float4 pos : POSITION, float4 col : COLOR, float4 ins : TEXCOORD0) { VOut output; pos.x += ins.x; pos.y += ins.y; ... Ok, bam, works. But I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong here trying to access my matrix. I changed my input layout to this: layout[2].SemanticName = "TEXCOORD"; layout[2].SemanticIndex = 0; layout[2].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT; layout[2].InputSlot = 1; layout[2].AlignedByteOffset = 0; layout[2].InputSlotClass = D3D11_INPUT_PER_INSTANCE_DATA; layout[2].InstanceDataStepRate = 1; layout[3].SemanticName = "TEXCOORD"; layout[3].SemanticIndex = 1; layout[3].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT; layout[3].InputSlot = 1; layout[3].AlignedByteOffset = D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT; layout[3].InputSlotClass = D3D11_INPUT_PER_INSTANCE_DATA; layout[3].InstanceDataStepRate = 1; layout[4].SemanticName = "TEXCOORD"; layout[4].SemanticIndex = 2; layout[4].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT; layout[4].InputSlot = 1; layout[4].AlignedByteOffset = D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT; layout[4].InputSlotClass = D3D11_INPUT_PER_INSTANCE_DATA; layout[4].InstanceDataStepRate = 1; layout[5].SemanticName = "TEXCOORD"; layout[5].SemanticIndex = 3; layout[5].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT; layout[5].InputSlot = 1; layout[5].AlignedByteOffset = D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT; layout[5].InputSlotClass = D3D11_INPUT_PER_INSTANCE_DATA; layout[5].InstanceDataStepRate = 1; ... The post I linked makes it look like I can just do something like this: VOut vs(float4 pos : POSITION, float4 col : COLOR, float4x4 ins : TEXCOORD) { VOut output; pos = mul(pos, ins); ... The shader seems to compile fine, but the runtime immediately complains that: D3D11: ERROR: ID3D11Device::CreateInputLayout: The provided input signature expects to read an element with SemanticName/Index: 'TEXCOORD'/1, but the declaration doesn't provide a matching name. [ STATE_CREATION ERROR #163: CREATEINPUTLAYOUT_MISSINGELEMENT ] On creation of the input layout. Edited by clashie Share on other sites Actually I'm retarded and solved that. I done goofed somewhere and I wasn't giving CreateInputLayout() the right number. I have pretty triangles spread about again. Still curious as to why the MSDN list of semantics is apparently incomplete, and if I should be trying to pad stuff out to a certain size. Share on other sites Structure padding is always better, but if you don't want it then use the pragma directive to overcome memory alignment for each object.. From my experience with MSDN, it generally addresses only whatever is introduced as part of Microsoft's code. Worldview is more of a graphics concept and they seem to assume that it is already known to programmers, by default. Share on other sites Seems kind of weird that they just leave things off their list, but whatever, I guess it doesn't really matter. Now that things are working, I made it into a starfield. Pretty neat how I can just draw the whole thing in one call, and they can all be uniquely scaled, rotated, etc. https://dl.dropbox.com/u/10565193/d/starfield.png edit: Also solving things shortly after I post seems to be a trend of mine. I'm apparently incapable of working things out before I get annoyed and go to ask for help. Edited by clashie Share on other sites Nice, a "the first triangle"-starfield. Congrats. Still curious as to why the MSDN list of semantics is apparently incomplete, and if I should be trying to pad stuff out to a certain size. A complete list would be quite big,... since you can name them anyway you want (except for the system value semantics) as long as they match. Share on other sites just to be clear, MSDN does not specify WORLDVIEW because you can use any semantic name you want. WORLDVIEW is not a system value. you could have named it WV, or WORLDVIEWMATRIX if you wanted, as long as you have matching names in both the input layout and shader parameters you could even use POS instead of POSITION, or TEXTURECOORDINATE instead of the common TEXCOORD if you wanted. system values (SV_) are values the non-programmable stages of the graphics pipeline such as the rasterizer stage can supply or take in. These are all documented on MSDN as you've seen. I don't know why microsoft doesn't mention that you can change the semantic name as long as its not a system value, but i'm guessing its to keep things standard Edited by iedoc Share on other sites The docs for semantics are really weird because they cover both DX9-style HLSL (SM2.x and SM3.0) as well as DX10/DX11-style HLSL (SM4.x and SM5.0). In DX9 there were no user-defined semantics, there was a fixed set of semantics. These are all of the uppercase semantics that you see in the first two tables on that documentation page (POSITION, TEXCOORD, COLOR, etc.). When DX10 came along they extended this page to include the SV_ system-value semantics as well, but that page alone doesn't really make it clear that all non-system-value semantics are completely arbitrary in DX10/DX11. The issue is a made a little bit worse by the fact that a lot of people still use the DX9 semantics in their DX10/DX11 shader code, even though they don't have to anymore. 1. 1 2. 2 Rutin 19 3. 3 JoeJ 16 4. 4 5. 5 • 35 • 23 • 13 • 13 • 17 • Forum Statistics • Total Topics 631700 • Total Posts 3001808 ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27329427003860474, "perplexity": 2947.8064204621433}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589237.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716080356-20180716100356-00015.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/centripetal-force-train-on-a-curved-track.637240/	# Centripetal force - Train on a curved track • Start date • #1 5 0 Centripetal force -- Train on a curved track ## Homework Statement You have a circular arc of railroad track to lay on the line from Dubuque to Albuquerque. The arc of track is 30º and the turn radius for the arc is 425 meters. It has to keep the path steady and secure for an ALP-46 locomotive (m = 90,000 kg total; 22,500 kg per axle; 11,250 kg per wheel) at speed 36 m/sec. Compute: the centripetal force that the rail must provide to one of the outside wheels for this turn at 36 m/sec. ## The Attempt at a Solution Would this be the correct formula to use? F = m v^2/R 11250 * 36*36 /425=34305.88 Max ## The Attempt at a Solution • #2 TSny Homework Helper Gold Member 12,954 3,306 I don't think that's the right answer. You might consider the following: 1. What is the magnitude of the total centripetal force on the locomotive? 2. How many outside wheels does the locomotive have? • #3 5 0 The question is for only one (1) wheel so the weight of the total train engine as well as how many wheels it has seems irrelevant since there is "11,250 kg per wheel" given in the problem Max • #4 TSny Homework Helper Gold Member 12,954 3,306 Here's how I interpret the problem. I could be wrong. The "11,250 kg per wheel" just means that when the locomotive sits at rest on the track, each wheel supports 11,250 kg out of the total 90,000 kg. However, when going around a curve, the statement of the problem implies that only the wheels on the outside of the curve provide centripetal force. (That makes sense if you think about how train wheels are shaped and how they sit on the track.) The wheels on the inside of the curve do not contribute to the centripetal force. So, you need to take into account that it's just the outside wheels that together must provide the total centripetal force for making the 90,000 kg of mass go around the turn. • #5 5 0 ahhh... So you would take the entire mass of the train, divide by 4 and use that mass for F = mv2/R??? Max • #6 TSny Homework Helper Gold Member 12,954 3,306 ahhh... So you would take the entire mass of the train, divide by 4 and use that mass for F = mv2/R??? Max I think that's right. I prefer to use m = 90,000 kg in F = mv2/R to calculate the total centripetal force acting on the locomotive. Then divide that total centripetal force by the number of outside wheels to get the force per wheel. But either way yields the same answer. • #7 5 0 for V is it just, the speed 36 m/s or is it a vector say, 36cos(30) • #8 TSny Homework Helper Gold Member 12,954 3,306 Just the speed. • #9 5 0 thank you • Last Post Replies 1 Views 3K • Last Post Replies 4 Views 5K • Last Post Replies 2 Views 3K • Last Post Replies 7 Views 3K • Last Post Replies 5 Views 2K • Last Post Replies 1 Views 2K • Last Post Replies 12 Views 662 • Last Post Replies 1 Views 2K • Last Post Replies 3 Views 517 • Last Post Replies 1 Views 1K	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9317886233329773, "perplexity": 1622.577100044061}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519600.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119170058-20210119200058-00289.warc.gz"}
https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/39075/how-do-scientists-know-that-distant-parts-of-the-universe-obey-the-physical-laws	# How do scientists know that distant parts of the universe obey the physical laws exactly as we observe around us? How do scientists know that distant parts of the universe obey the physical laws exactly as we observe around us? The question might look a bit odd but I am really stuck on my head. We know, scientists (with tools) explored physically only our solar system and some parts of our galaxy which is really a tiny part of the observable universe. And now they are constantly using these knowledge along with 'tested physical laws' to measure the properties of distant parts of our universe. For example, we tested and found the speed of the light is constant within our local periphery many times (within our Earth and Space around Earth). But yet we presume that the speed of the light is constant even at the farthest part of our universe. Certainly we did not test it in the other distant part of the universe because we have no way until now. Not only light but also the other physical properties like, luminosity, gravity, and etc related physical laws are agreed upon based on tests within our solar system. And based on these laws we deduced the properties other part of our universe (i.e. age, distance, mass, luminosity of stars in millions/billions light years far). My question is, how do we know that these physical laws which we tested within a tiny area of the universe are consistently working in the distant parts of it? Is there any probability that the distant part of our universe obeys physical laws differently and our prediction based on applied physical laws gave us an illusion of the actual reality, yet consistently? • A useful phrase to google on is local position invariance (LPI). It's not true that we can test whether the speed of light is the same in distant regions of the universe. This is the way it is sometimes described in popularizations, but it's wrong. What is really being tested is the fine structure constant. It's only possible to test for LPI of a physical constant if that constant is unitless. – Ben Crowell Sep 27 '20 at 21:54 • 1/2 This is an important philosophy of science issue. The thing is, nothing prevents anyone from posing the hypothesis that physical laws are different in other parts of the universe. As you say, because we haven't been there yet, it's impossible to prove or disprove. Problem is, by posing this hypothesis we would give up all possibility of understanding what we see when observing there: if anything goes, there is no point in trying to make sense of the astronomical phenomenons we do observe. – armand Sep 28 '20 at 6:07 • 2/2 It has happened that observation of events far away led us to reconsider how things work here. For example, Newtonian physics worked on earth but could not explain the orbit of Mercury. Then the theory of relativity came and managed to explain how gravity works differently near the giganornous mass of the Sun, while still being consistent with what we observe on Earth and thus extended the Newtonian theory. – armand Sep 28 '20 at 6:12 • @armand my point is same. Just like we found Newtonian laws did not work outside our Earth periphery and we needed to update with Einsteinian laws. Now with same argument how we can be sure that Einstienian laws work in the whole Universe uniformly until we reach to the farthest part. Pretty much a deviation of Occams razor theory. – Sazzad Hissain Khan Sep 28 '20 at 6:21 • Your next to last comment is incorrect. It is true that Newton's laws were an approximation to relativity, but we can measure and test relativity here on earth. We do it all the time in particle accelerators and GPS satellites. The only things we cannot test are those where we cannot create the proper conditions. In this context, that is extreme density over a large region. We have done it with gravitational redshift experiments and Gravity Probe B. – Ross Millikan Sep 29 '20 at 2:55 We don't know in general but to the extent we can measure, the laws seem to be the same, even if conditions are not. For example radioactive decay: We know how fast various elements decay, and we can observe the results of radioactive decay in distant supernovae. The conclusion is that, for at least some elements, the rate of radioactive decay is the same on Earth as it is in distant supernovae. After accounting for redshift, spectral emission lines remain unchanged by distance. This implies that the fine-structure constant is indeed constant. Distant galaxies have gravitational fields, and interactions between galaxies proceeds in the same way in distant galaxies as it does in local ones. Eventually, the justification is philosophical: There is no observational reason to believe gravity behaves differently in distant parts of the universe, and so we believe that it does not, In the extreme conditions of the early universe, some physical laws were different. For example, instead of distinct electromagnetic and weak fields, there was a single Electroweak field. But this can be described as single "law" with the electromagnetic and weak interactions being just the low energy approximation of the electroweak interaction. So if it were discovered that Gravity (for example) was working differently in distant parts of the universe, but that there was a consistent pattern or rule for how it varied, then that would simply become the new theory of gravity (with general relativity becoming only the local approximation to this new law). There is a more fundamental assumption: that the behaviour of matter and energy in the universe can be modelled by "laws". There are no angels dancing on pinheads. The justification for this is strictly in the realm of philosophy. • After accounting for redshift, spectral emission lines remain unchanged by distance. This implies that the fine-structure constant is unchanged by distance: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_structure – Wayfaring Stranger Sep 27 '20 at 14:59 • @SazzadHissainKhan we don't have to disprove any and every hypothesis. A hypothesis which makes unusual claims needs means to positively verify its predictions. There simply is no way to disprove my hypothesis that in a far far part of the universe a planet exists where dragons rule and atoms weigh twice what they do here. Yet there simply is no indication that this hypothesis should be true as all we see seems to confirm that the universe behaves the same as here. Occams razor applies: the simplest solution is assumed in the absence of proof to the contrary – planetmaker Sep 27 '20 at 18:44 • I think this ultimately comes down to Occam's Razor. We assume uniformity because it's simpler, and we haven't detected anything that contradicts it yet. – Barmar Sep 27 '20 at 20:47 • Science tries to find things which are not known, and thus also which contradict current theories. But as long as there is not proof to the contrary, the simplest solution is to be assumed. A theory never is reality but only a description of realiy - the simplest possible one. And if something unexplicable with current theory is found, we adjust theory to explain that fact, too - of course that may and will mean that the overall picture gets more complicated. But little point in making it more complicated than necessary to explain all observations – planetmaker Sep 27 '20 at 21:22 • @SazzadHissainKhan "why don’t scientists apply the same arguments and confirm that the unobservable universe has the same principle" - how exactly do you propose to confirm anything about something unobservable? – IMil Sep 27 '20 at 23:16 Noether's theorem, in the context of this question, states that: If the laws of physics do not vary with position, then linear momentum is conserved (and vice versa). Therefore if we observe conservation of momentum (which we do with exquisite precision) then we do not expect the laws of physics to vary with position. In other words, distant parts of the universe obey the same physical laws. • The way it is stated here, this is a non sequitur. "If A then B" does not imply "If B then A". – Guntram Blohm Sep 28 '20 at 5:26 • @Allure The post you cited: "We don't expect physical theories to be true in any absolute sense of formal logic. We expect them to be good approximations under certain conditions." I find this quite confusing. Within a theory, formal logic has to apply - at least ideally -, just because it is a science. But the theories themselves do not claim to yield perfect descriptions of the entire would, just useful approximations within a certain context. And yes, out of this context, they may yield false statements about reality. – rexkogitans Sep 28 '20 at 8:29 • – jpa Sep 28 '20 at 10:28 • Noether's theorem is a biimplication -- symmetry implies conserved quantity and conserved quantity implies symmetry. You have only written half of the theorem. – Eric Towers Sep 29 '20 at 4:30 • @user253751 : Then LIGO ring-downs would be wildly different. And exoplanets would be much harder to detect because their orbits would not be periodic. And globular clusters would not be stable. And Hubble shift would not be spherically symmetric and radially smoothly increasing. And the population of type Ia supernovae would not be as uniform as it is. And pulsar periods would not be stable. And ... And ... And ... We have literally millions of observations, any one of which could reject extra-solar conservation of momentum, and all have failed to do so. – Eric Towers Sep 29 '20 at 4:38	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8439669609069824, "perplexity": 465.18278339160423}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039560245.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422013104-20210422043104-00241.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/a/americium+231.html	#### Sample records for americium 231 1. Preparation of americium amalgam International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The authors describe a method for the electrochemical preparation of an americium amalgam from americium dioxide and americium 241 and 243 for use in determining the physicochemical properties of the alloy. Moessbauer spectra were made using neptunium dioxide, in the neptunium 237 form, as an absorber. Results show that electrolysis produces a homogeneous amalgam that gives an unoxidized product on vacuum distillation at 200 degrees C 2. Preparation of americium amalgam International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Using the method of NGR-spectroscopy with the aid of 241Am isotope chemical state of transuranium elements in the volume and on the surface of amalgams is studied. Amalgam preparation was realized in a simplified electrolytic cell. It is shown that in the process of amalgam preparation the first order of reaction as to actinide is observed; americium is distributed gradually over the volume and it is partially sorbed by the surface of glass capillary. NGR spectrum of dry residue after mercury distillation at 200 deg C points to the presence of americium-mercury intermetal compounds 3. 1976 Hanford americium accident Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Heid, K R; Breitenstein, B D; Palmer, H E; McMurray, B J; Wald, N 1979-01-01 This report presents the 2.5-year medical course of a 64-year-old Hanford nuclear chemical operator who was involved in an accident in an americium recovery facility in August 1976. He was heavily externally contaminated with americium, sustained a substantial internal deposition of this isotope, and was burned with concentrated nitric acid and injured by flying debris about the face and neck. The medical care given the patient, including the decontamination efforts and clinical laboratory studies, are discussed. In-vivo measurements were used to estimate the dose rates and the accumulated doses to body organs. Urinary and fecal excreta were collected and analyzed for americium content. Interpretation of these data was complicated by the fact that the intake resulted both from inhalation and from solubilization of the americium embedded in facial tissues. A total of 1100 ..mu..Ci was excreted in urine and feces during the first 2 years following the accident. The long-term use of diethylenetriaminepentate (DTPA), used principally as the zinc salt, is discussed including the method, route of administration, and effectiveness. To date, the patient has apparently experienced no complications attributable to this extensive course of therapy, even though he has been given approximately 560 grams of DTPA. 4 figures, 1 table. 4. Chemistry of americium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schulz, W.W. 1976-01-01 Essential features of the descriptive chemistry of americium are reviewed. Chapter titles are: discovery, atomic and nuclear properties, collateral reading, production and uses, chemistry in aqueous solution, metal, alloys, and compounds, and, recovery, separation, purification. Author and subject indexes are included. (JCB) 5. The Biokinetic Model of Americium Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2011-01-01 To improve in vivo measurements for detecting internal exposure from transuranium radio nuclides, such as neptunium, plutonium, americium, the bioknetic model was studied. According to ICRP report (1993, 1995, 1997) and other research, the 6. Americium product solidification and disposal International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The americium product from the TRUEX processing plant needs to be converted into a form suitable for ultimate disposal. An evaluation of the disposal based on safety, number of process steps, demonstrated operability of the processes, production of low-level alpha waste streams, and simplicity of maintenance with low radiation exposures to personnel during maintenance, has been made. The best process is to load the americium on a cation exchange resin followed by calcination or oxidation of the resin after loading 7. Spectrochemical analysis of curium and americium samples International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Spectrochemical procedures have been developed to determine impurities in americium and curium samples. The simultaneous separation of many impurity elements from the base material (americium and curium) is carried out with extraction and extraction-chromatographic methods using di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid. It is shown that part of the elements are separated with extraction or sorption of americium and curium; the other part with the Talspeak process. Two fractions in the extraction chromatography and three fractions in the extraction separation of americium and curium, containing impurities, are analyzed separately by a.c. or d.c. arc spectrography. To increase the sensitivity of the spectrographic analysis and accelerate the burn-up of impurities from the crater of the carbon electrode bismuth fluoride and sodium chloride were used as chemically active substances. The extraction of impurities from weighed quantities of americium and curium samples of 5 to 10 mg permits the lower limit of determined impurity concentrations to be extended to 1 x 10-4 to 5 x 10-3% m/m. (author) 8. Pyrochemical technology of plutonium and americium preparation and purification International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Pyrochemical tecnology of metallic plutonium and americium preparation and purification is considered. Investigations into plutonium dioxide reduction up to metal; plutonium electrolytic refining in molten salts; plutonium extraction from the molten salts and preparation of americium dioxide and metallic americium from its tetrafluoride are described 9. Aqueous Chloride Operations Overview: Plutonium and Americium Purification/Recovery Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kimball, David Bryan [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Skidmore, Bradley Evan [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2016-06-22 Acqueous Chloride mission is to recover plutonium and americium from pyrochemical residues (undesirable form for utilization and storage) and generate plutonium oxide and americium oxide. Plutonium oxide is recycled into Pu metal production flowsheet. It is suitable for storage. Americium oxide is a valuable product, sold through the DOE-OS isotope sales program. 10. 1976 Hanford americium exposure incident: psychological aspects International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Accidents involving exposure to radiation or radioactive materials may involve an unusual degree of emotional trauma. Methods that may be employed in dealing with such trauma are discussed in relation to a specific accident in which a radiation worker was injured and seriously contaminated with americium-241 11. Incentives for transmutation of americium in thermal reactors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 12. Surface complexation modeling of americium sorption onto volcanic tuff. Science.gov (United States) Ding, M; Kelkar, S; Meijer, A 2014-10-01 Results of a surface complexation model (SCM) for americium sorption on volcanic rocks (devitrified and zeolitic tuff) are presented. The model was developed using PHREEQC and based on laboratory data for americium sorption on quartz. Available data for sorption of americium on quartz as a function of pH in dilute groundwater can be modeled with two surface reactions involving an americium sulfate and an americium carbonate complex. It was assumed in applying the model to volcanic rocks from Yucca Mountain, that the surface properties of volcanic rocks can be represented by a quartz surface. Using groundwaters compositionally representative of Yucca Mountain, americium sorption distribution coefficient (Kd, L/Kg) values were calculated as function of pH. These Kd values are close to the experimentally determined Kd values for americium sorption on volcanic rocks, decreasing with increasing pH in the pH range from 7 to 9. The surface complexation constants, derived in this study, allow prediction of sorption of americium in a natural complex system, taking into account the inherent uncertainty associated with geochemical conditions that occur along transport pathways. 13. Electrochemical oxidation of americium in nitric medium: study of reaction mechanisms; Oxydation de l'americium par voie electrochimique: etude des mecanismes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Picart, S.; Chartier, D.; Donnet, L.; Adnet, J.M. [CEA Valrho, (DCC/DRRV/SPHA), 30 - Marcoule (France) 2000-07-01 One alternative selected by the CEA for partitioning minor actinides from aqueous solutions containing fission products is the selective extraction of oxidized americium. This is the SESAME process (Selective Extraction and Separation of Americium by Means of Electrolysis) aimed to convert americium to oxidation state (VI) and then extract it with a specific extractant of high valences. This paper presents the study of the electrochemical oxidation of americium in nitric medium which represents an important stage of the process. The reaction can be divided into two main steps: oxidation of americium (III) to americium (IV), and then of americium (IV) to americium (VI). For the first oxidation step, a ligand L is needed to stabilize the intermediate species americium (IV) which disproportionates in its free form into americium (III) and (V). Phospho-tungstate or silico-tungstate are appropriate ligands because they are stable in concentrated nitric acid and show a great affinity for metallic cations at oxidation state (IV) (Table 1 lists the stability constants of americium (IV) complexes). The presence of the lacunary poly-anion lowers the potential of the americium (IV) / americium (Ill) redox pair (see Figure 5 for the diagram of the apparent formal potential of americium versus ligand concentration). This makes it thermodynamically possible to oxidize americium (III) into americium (IV) at the anode of an electrolyzer in nitric acid. For the second oxidation step, a strong oxidant redox mediator, like silver (II), is needed to convert complexed americium at oxidation state (IV) to oxidation state (V). The AmVL complex is then hydrolyzed to yield americyle (V) aqua ion. A spectroscopic Raman study with {sup 18}O labeled species showed that the oxygen atoms of the americyle moiety came from water. This indicates that water hydrolyzes the americium (V) complex to produce americyle (V) aqua ion, AmO{sub 2}{sup +}. This cation reacts with silver (Il) to give 14. Higher Americium Oxidation State Research Roadmap Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mincher, Bruce J. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Law, Jack D. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Goff, George S. [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Moyer, Bruce A. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Burns, Jon D. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lumetta, Gregg J. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Sinkov, Sergey I. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Shehee, Thomas C. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL); Hobbs, David T. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL) 2015-12-18 The partitioning of hexavalent Am from dissolved nuclear fuel requires the ability to efficiently oxidize Am(III) to Am(VI) and to maintain that oxidation state for a length of time sufficient to perform the separation. Several oxidants have been, or are being developed. Chemical oxidants include Ag-catalyzed ozone, Ag-catalyzed peroxydisulfate, Cu(III) periodate, and sodium bismuthate. Hexavalent americium has also now successfully been prepared by electrolysis, using functionalized electrodes. So-called auto-reduction rates of Am(VI) are sufficiently slow to allow for separations. However, for separations based on solvent extraction or ion exchange using organic resins, the high valence state must be maintained under the reducing conditions of the organic phase contact, and a holding oxidant is probably necessary. Until now, only Cu(III) periodate and sodium bismuthate oxidation have been successfully combined with solvent extraction separations. Bismuthate oxidation provided the higher DAm, since it acts as its own holding oxidant, and a successful hot test using centrifugal contactors was performed. For the other oxidants, Ag-catalyzed peroxydisulfate will not oxidize americium in nitric acid concentrations above 0.3 M, and it is not being further investigated. Peroxydisulfate in the absence of Ag catalysis is being used to prepare Am(V) in ion exchange work, discussed below. Preliminary work with Ag-catalyzed ozone has been unsuccessful for extractions of Am(VI) from 6.5 M HNO3, and only one attempt at extraction, also from 6.5 M HNO3, using the electrolytic oxidation has been attempted. However, this high acid concentration was based on the highest Am extraction efficiency using the bismuthate oxidant; which is only sparingly soluble, and thus the oxidation yield is based on bismuthate solubility. Lower acid concentrations may be sufficient with alternative oxidants and work with Ag-ozone, Cu(III) and electrolysis is on-going. Two non 15. Plutonium and Americium Geochemistry at Hanford: A Site Wide Review Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cantrell, Kirk J.; Felmy, Andrew R. 2012-08-23 This report was produced to provide a systematic review of the state-of-knowledge of plutonium and americium geochemistry at the Hanford Site. The report integrates existing knowledge of the subsurface migration behavior of plutonium and americium at the Hanford Site with available information in the scientific literature regarding the geochemistry of plutonium and americium in systems that are environmentally relevant to the Hanford Site. As a part of the report, key research needs are identified and prioritized, with the ultimate goal of developing a science-based capability to quantitatively assess risk at sites contaminated with plutonium and americium at the Hanford Site and the impact of remediation technologies and closure strategies. 16. Mixed chelation therapy for removal of plutonium and americium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Iron-binding compounds, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), and 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid (ABA), were tested for their ability to remove americium and plutonium from rats following intraperitioneal injection of the radionuclides as citrates (pH 5). Treatments, 2 mmol/kg, were given on days 3, 6, 10, 12 and 14 following the actinide injection. DHBA and HBA caused about a 20% decrease in liver retention of americium compared to the control value, and DHB caused a similar effect for plutonium. The above agents, co-administered with 0.5 mmol polyaminopolycarboxylic acid (PAPCA)-type chelons, did not change tissue retention of americium and plutonium from that due to the PAPCAs alone. Administration of americium and plutonium to the same rats is useful for studying removal agents since the two actinides behave independently in their biological disposition and response to removal 17. Gamma-sources on the basis of metallic americium-241 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A batch of gamma-radiation sources has been manufactured from metallic americium-241 of isotopic purity, its activity varying from 0.08 to 0.93 GBq. The cores of the sources are high-purity americium metal condensate on a tantalum or stainless steel substrate prepared by thermal decomposition of 241Pu-241Am alloy in a high vacuum. 7 refs., 1 tab 18. Aqueous Chloride Operations Overview: Plutonium and Americium Purification/Recovery Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gardner, Kyle Shelton [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Kimball, David Bryan [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Skidmore, Bradley Evan [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2016-09-28 These are a set of slides intended for an information session as part of recruiting activities at Brigham Young University. It gives an overview of aqueous chloride operations, specifically on plutonium and americium purification/recovery. This presentation details the steps taken perform these processes, from plutonium size reduction, dissolution, solvent extraction, oxalate precipitation, to calcination. For Americium recovery, it details the CLEAR (chloride extraction and actinide recovery) Line, oxalate precipitation and calcination. 19. Pyrochemical investigations into recovering plutonium from americium extraction salt residues International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Progress into developing a pyrochemical technique for separating and recovering plutonium from spent americium extraction waste salts has concentrated on selective chemical reduction with lanthanum metal and calcium metal and on the solvent extraction of americium with calcium metal. Both techniques are effective for recovering plutonium from the waste salt, although neither appears suitable as a separation technique for recycling a plutonium stream back to mainline purification processes. 17 refs., 13 figs., 2 tabs 20. Electrochemical oxidation of americium in nitric medium: study of reaction mechanisms International Nuclear Information System (INIS) One alternative selected by the CEA for partitioning minor actinides from aqueous solutions containing fission products is the selective extraction of oxidized americium. This is the SESAME process (Selective Extraction and Separation of Americium by Means of Electrolysis) aimed to convert americium to oxidation state (VI) and then extract it with a specific extractant of high valences. This paper presents the study of the electrochemical oxidation of americium in nitric medium which represents an important stage of the process. The reaction can be divided into two main steps: oxidation of americium (III) to americium (IV), and then of americium (IV) to americium (VI). For the first oxidation step, a ligand L is needed to stabilize the intermediate species americium (IV) which disproportionates in its free form into americium (III) and (V). Phospho-tungstate or silico-tungstate are appropriate ligands because they are stable in concentrated nitric acid and show a great affinity for metallic cations at oxidation state (IV) (Table 1 lists the stability constants of americium (IV) complexes). The presence of the lacunary poly-anion lowers the potential of the americium (IV) / americium (Ill) redox pair (see Figure 5 for the diagram of the apparent formal potential of americium versus ligand concentration). This makes it thermodynamically possible to oxidize americium (III) into americium (IV) at the anode of an electrolyzer in nitric acid. For the second oxidation step, a strong oxidant redox mediator, like silver (II), is needed to convert complexed americium at oxidation state (IV) to oxidation state (V). The AmVL complex is then hydrolyzed to yield americyle (V) aqua ion. A spectroscopic Raman study with 18O labeled species showed that the oxygen atoms of the americyle moiety came from water. This indicates that water hydrolyzes the americium (V) complex to produce americyle (V) aqua ion, AmO2+. This cation reacts with silver (Il) to give americyle (VI) ion. Figure 1. Applicability of insoluble tannin to treatment of waste containing americium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The applicability of insoluble tannin adsorbent to the treatment of aqueous waste contaminated with americium has been investigated. Insoluble tannin is considered highly applicable because it consists of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and so its volume can be easily reduced by incineration. This report describes measurements of the americium distribution coefficient in low concentration nitric acid. The americium distribution coefficients were found to decrease with increasing concentration of nitric acid and sodium nitrate, and with increasing temperature. At 25 C in 2.0 x 10-3 M HNO3, the distribution coefficient was found to be 2000 ml g-1. The adsorption capacity was determined by column experiments using europium as a simulant of americium, and found to be 7 x 10-3 mmol g-1-dried tannin in 0.01 M HNO3 at 25 C, which corresponds to approximately 1.7 mg-241Am/g-adsorbent(dried). The prospect of applying the adsorbent to the treatment of aqueous waste contaminated with americium appears promising. (orig.) 2. Salvage of plutonium-and americium-contaminated metals International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Melt-slagging techniques were evaluated as a decontamination and consolidation step for metals contaminated with oxides of plutonium and americium. Experiments were performed in which mild steel, stainless steel, and nickel metals contaminated with oxides of plutonium and americium were melted in the presence of silicate slags of various compositions. The metal products were low in contamination, with the plutonium and americium strongly fractionated to the slags. Partition coefficients (plutonium in slag/plutonium in steel) of 710/sup 6/ with borosilicate slag and 310/sup 6/ for calcium, magnesium silicate slag were measured. Decontamination of metals containing as much as 14,000 p.p.m. plutonium appears to be as efficient as that of metals with plutonium levels of 400 p.p.m. Staged extraction, that is, a remelting of processed metal with clean slag, results in further decontamination of the metal. 10 refs 3. 48 CFR 231.205 - Selected costs. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Selected costs. 231.205... OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT COST PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES Contracts With Commercial Organizations 231.205 Selected costs.... 4. 32 CFR 231.3 - Responsibilities. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 32 National Defense 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Responsibilities. 231.3 Section 231.3 National... § 231.3 Responsibilities. (a) The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) (USD(C)) shall develop and... DoD installations within the guidance contained herein and in DoD Directive 1000.11 (32 CFR part... 5. 22 CFR 231.16 - Governing law. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Governing law. 231.16 Section 231.16 Foreign... EMERGENCY WARTIME SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT OF 2003, PUBLIC LAW 108-11-STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS § 231.16 Governing law. This Guarantee shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws... 6. 22 CFR 231.14 - Arbitration. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Arbitration. 231.14 Section 231.14 Foreign... § 231.14 Arbitration. Any controversy or claim between USAID and any noteholder arising out of this Guarantee shall be settled by arbitration to be held in Washington, DC in accordance with the... 7. 49 CFR 231.6 - Flat cars. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flat cars. 231.6 Section 231.6 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.6 Flat cars. (Cars with sides 12 inches or less above the floor may be equipped the same as flat cars.) (a) Hand brakes—(1) Number. Same as specified... 8. 1976 Hanford americium exposure incident: overview and perspective International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Salient features of the 1976 Hanford americium exposure incident are discussed. Comparisons are made with previous human and animal exposure data, and conclusions drawn relative to the injured workman, to health physics practices, and to the adequacy of current exposure limits 9. Reduction Rates for Higher Americium Oxidation States in Nitric Acid Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Grimes, Travis Shane [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Mincher, Bruce Jay [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Schmitt, Nicholas C [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States) 2015-09-30 The stability of hexavalent americium was measured using multiple americium concentrations and nitric acid concentrations after contact with the strong oxidant sodium bismuthate. Contrary to our hypotheses Am(VI) was not reduced faster at higher americium concentrations, and the reduction was only zero-order at short time scales. Attempts to model the reduction kinetics using zero order kinetic models showed Am(VI) reduction in nitric acid is more complex than the autoreduction processes reported by others in perchloric acid. The classical zero-order reduction of Am(VI) was found here only for short times on the order of a few hours. We did show that the rate of Am(V) production was less than the rate of Am(VI) reduction, indicating that some Am(VI) undergoes two electron-reduction to Am(IV). We also monitored the Am(VI) reduction in contact with the organic diluent dodecane. A direct comparison of these results with those in the absence of the organic diluent showed the reduction rates for Am(VI) were not statistically different for both systems. Additional americium oxidations conducted in the presence of Ce(IV)/Ce(III) ions showed that Am(VI) is reduced without the typical growth of Am(V) observed in the systems sans Ce ion. This was an interesting result which suggests a potential new reduction/oxidation pathway for Am in the presence of Ce; however, these results were very preliminary, and will require additional experiments to understand the mechanism by which this occurs. Overall, these studies have shown that hexavalent americium is fundamentally stable enough in nitric acid to run a separations process. However, the complicated nature of the reduction pathways based on the system components is far from being rigorously understood. 10. Synthesis and characterization of uranium-americium mixed oxides International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Americium isotopes represent a significant part of high-level and long-lived nuclear waste in spent fuels. Among the envisaged reprocessing scenarios, their transmutation in fast neutron reactors using uranium-americium mixed-oxide pellets (U1-xAmxO2±δ) is a promising option which would help decrease the ecological footprint of ultimate waste repository sites. In this context, this thesis is dedicated to the study of such compounds over a wide range of americium contents (7.5 at.% ≤ Am/(U+Am) ≤ 70 at.%), with an emphasis on their fabrication from single-oxide precursors and the assessment of their structural and thermodynamic stabilities, also taking self-irradiation effects into account. Results highlight the main influence of americium reduction to Am(+III), not only on the mechanisms of solid-state formation of the U1-xAmxO2±δ solid solution, but also on the stabilization of oxidized uranium cations and the formation of defects in the oxygen sublattice such as vacancies and cub-octahedral clusters. In addition, the data acquired concerning the stability of U1-xAmxO2±δ compounds (existence of a miscibility gap, vaporization behavior) were compared to calculations based on new thermodynamic modelling of the U-Am-O ternary system. Finally, α-self-irradiation-induced structural effects on U1-xAmxO2±δ compounds were analyzed using XRD, XAS and TEM, allowing the influence of americium content on the structural swelling to be studied as well as the description of the evolution of radiation-induced structural defects. (author) 11. Neptunium and americium control for international non-proliferation regime International Nuclear Information System (INIS) It was decided in the IAEA Board of Governors Meeting held in Sept. 1999 that Neptunium and Americium could be diverted for manufacturing nuclear weapon or explosives, so that appropriate measures should be taken for the prevention of proliferation of these materials. It is expected to take relatively long time for settling down the aligned system dealing with the above materials because the present regulatory statement was prepared on the basis of voluntary offers from the States concerned. The necessity of preventive measures is being convinced among Member States, but it would not be easy to take voluntary participation in detail because of their respective interests. It is expected that this paper could contribute to the effective response as to the international commitments as well as for protecting the domestic nuclear industry and R and D area through analysis on the IAEA's approach on Neptunium and Americium 12. Thermophysical properties of americium-containing barium plutonate International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Polycrystalline specimens of americium-containing barium plutonate have been prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of (Pu0.91Am0.09)O2 and BaCO3 powders followed by reacting and sintering at 1600 K under the flowing gas atmosphere of dry-air. The sintered specimens had a single phase of orthorhombic perovskite structure and were crack-free. Elastic moduli were determined from longitudinal and shear sound velocities. Debye temperature was also determined from sound velocities and lattice parameter measurements. Thermal conductivity was calculated from measured density at room temperature, literature values of heat capacity and thermal diffusivity measured by laser flash method in vacuum. Thermal conductivity of americium-containing barium plutonate was roughly independent of temperature and registered almost the same magnitude as that of BaPuO3 and BaUO3. (author) 13. 1976 Hanford americium-exposure incident: decontamination and treatment facility International Nuclear Information System (INIS) An injured worker, contaminated with over 6 mCi of americium-241, required special treatment and housing for 4 months. This paper is a description of the design and management of the facility in which most of the treatment and housing occurred. The problems associated with contamination control, waste handling, supplies, and radiological concerns during the two-stage transfer of the patient from a controlled situation to his normal living environment are discussed in detail 14. Ingestion Pathway Transfer Factors for Plutonium and Americium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Blanchard, A. 1999-07-28 Overall transfer factors for major ingestion pathways are derived for plutonium and americium. These transfer factors relate the radionuclide concentration in a given foodstuff to deposition on the soil. Equations describing basic relationships consistent with Regulatory Guide 1.109 are followed. Updated values and coefficients from IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 364 are used when a available. Preference is given to using factors specific to the Savannah River Site. 15. Method for removal of plutonium impurity from americium oxides and fluorides Science.gov (United States) FitzPatrick, John R.; Dunn, Jerry G.; Avens, Larry R. 1987-01-01 Method for removal of plutonium impurity from americium oxides and fluorides. AmF.sub.4 is not further oxidized to AmF.sub.6 by the application of O.sub.2 F at room temperature, while plutonium compounds present in the americium sample are fluorinated to volatile PuF.sub.6, which can readily be separated therefrom, leaving the purified americium oxides and/or fluorides as the solid tetrafluoride. 16. Gut uptake factors for plutonium, americium and curium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Data on estimates of the absorption of plutonium, americium and curium from the human gut based on measurements of uptake in other mammalian species are reviewed. It is proposed that for all adult members of the public ingesting low concentrations of plutonium in food and water, 0.05% would be an appropriate value of absorption except when the conditions of exposure are known and a lower value can be justified. For dietary intakes of americium and curium, the available data do not warrant a change from the ICRP value of 0.05%. For newborn children ingesting americium, curium and soluble forms of plutonium, a value of 1% absorption is proposed for the first 3 months of life during which the infant is maintained on a milk diet. It is proposed that a value of 0.5% should be used for the first year of life to take account of the gradual maturation of the gut. In considering the ingestion of insoluble oxides of plutonium by infants, it is proposed that absorption is taken as 0.1% for the first 3 months and 0.05% for the first year. (author) 17. 27 CFR 25.231 - Finished beer. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Finished beer. 25.231... OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS BEER Beer Purchased From Another Brewer § 25.231 Finished beer. (a) A brewer may obtain beer in barrels and kegs, finished and ready for sale from another brewer. The... 18. 22 CFR 231.02 - Definitions. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions. 231.02 Section 231.02 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT LOAN GUARANTEES ISSUED UNDER THE EMERGENCY WARTIME SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT OF 2003, PUBLIC LAW 108-11-STANDARD TERMS AND... 19. 40 CFR 436.231 - Specialized definitions. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Specialized definitions. 436.231 Section 436.231 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MINERAL MINING AND PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Magnesite Subcategory §... 20. 29 CFR 1952.231 - Developmental schedule. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Developmental schedule. 1952.231 Section 1952.231 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... schedule. The Kentucky state plan is developmental. The following is the developmental schedule as... 1. Airborne plutonium-239 and americium-241 concentrations measured from the 125-meter Hanford Meteorological Tower International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Airborne plutonium-239 and americium-241 concentrations and fluxes were measured at six heights from 1.9 to 122 m on the Hanford meteorological tower. The data show that plutonium-239 was transported on nonrespirable and small particles at all heights. Airborne americium-241 concentrations on small particles were maximum at the 91 m height 2. 10 CFR 31.8 - Americium-241 and radium-226 in the form of calibration or reference sources. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Americium-241 and radium-226 in the form of calibration or... BYPRODUCT MATERIAL § 31.8 Americium-241 and radium-226 in the form of calibration or reference sources. (a..., americium-241 or radium-226 in the form of calibration or reference sources: (1) Any person in a... 3. Uncertainty analysis of doses from ingestion of plutonium and americium. Science.gov (United States) Puncher, M; Harrison, J D 2012-02-01 Uncertainty analyses have been performed on the biokinetic model for americium currently used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and the model for plutonium recently derived by Leggett, considering acute intakes by ingestion by adult members of the public. The analyses calculated distributions of doses per unit intake. Those parameters having the greatest impact on prospective doses were identified by sensitivity analysis; the most important were the fraction absorbed from the alimentary tract, f(1), and rates of uptake from blood to bone surfaces. Probability distributions were selected based on the observed distribution of plutonium and americium in human subjects where possible; the distributions for f(1) reflected uncertainty on the average value of this parameter for non-specified plutonium and americium compounds ingested by adult members of the public. The calculated distributions of effective doses for ingested (239)Pu and (241)Am were well described by log-normal distributions, with doses varying by around a factor of 3 above and below the central values; the distributions contain the current ICRP Publication 67 dose coefficients for ingestion of (239)Pu and (241)Am by adult members of the public. Uncertainty on f(1) values had the greatest impact on doses, particularly effective dose. It is concluded that: (1) more precise data on f(1) values would have a greater effect in reducing uncertainties on doses from ingested (239)Pu and (241)Am, than reducing uncertainty on other model parameter values and (2) the results support the dose coefficients (Sv Bq(-1) intake) derived by ICRP for ingestion of (239)Pu and (241)Am by adult members of the public. 4. Recovery of americium-241 from aged plutonium metal International Nuclear Information System (INIS) After separation and purification, both actinides were precipitated as oxalates and calcined. A large-scale process was developed using dissolution, separation, purification, precipitation, and calcination. Efforts were made to control corrosion, to avoid product contamination, to keep the volume of process and waste solutions manageable, and to denitrate solutions with formic acid. The Multipurpose Processing Facility (MPPF), designed for recovery of transplutonium isotopes, was used for the first time for the precipitation and calcination of americium. Also, for the first time,, large-scale formic acid denitration was performed in a canyon vessel at SRP 5. Effect of 241-americium on bone marrow stroma International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The regulation of haemopoiesis occurs via complex interactions between the stroma and the haemopoietic cells. An attempt to further clarifying the mechanisms and the exact role of the stroma in the regulation was made in a study. Results revealed that the murine bone marrow stromal cells are highly radiosensitive after injection with 241-americium and can thus be considered as a target population after internal contamination. In addition, observations are made which may be important for risk estimation for the developing animal and during pregnancy. Contamination in utero and by lactation shows persistent damage up to 1 year after contamination at an average annual dose of 5 cGy. (author) 6. Preferential decorporation of americium by pulmonary administration of DTPA dry powder after inhalation of aged PuO2 containing americium in rats International Nuclear Information System (INIS) After inhalation of plutonium oxides containing various percentages of americium in rats, we identified an acellular transient pulmonary compartment, the epithelial lining fluid (ELF), in which a fraction of actinide oxides dissolve prior to absorption and subsequent extrapulmonary deposit. Chelation therapy is usually considered to be poorly efficient after inhalation of actinide oxides. However, in the present study, prompt pulmonary administration of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a dry powder led to a decrease in actinide content in ELF together with a limitation of bone and liver deposits. Because americium is more soluble than plutonium, higher amounts of americium were found in ELF, extrapulmonary tissues and urine. Our results also demonstrated that the higher efficacy of DTPA on americium compared to plutonium in ELF induced a preferential inhibition of extrapulmonary deposit and a greater urinary excretion of americium compared to plutonium. All together, our data justify the use of an early and local DTPA treatment after inhalation of plutonium oxide aerosols in which americium can be in high proportion such as in aged compounds. (authors) 7. Kilogram-scale purification of americium by ion exchange Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wheelwright, E. J. 1979-01-01 Sequential anion and cation exchange processes have been used for the final purification of /sup 241/Am recovered during the reprocessing of aged plutonium metallurgical scrap. Plutonium was removed by absorption of Dowex 1, X-3.5 (30 to 50 mesh) anion exchange resin from 6.5 to 7.5 M HNO/sub 3/ feed solution. Following a water dilution to 0.75 to 1.0 M HNO/sub 3/, americium was absorbed on Dowex 50W, X-8 (50 to 100 mesh) cation exchange resion. Final purification was accomplished by elution of the absorbed band down 3 to 4 successive beds of the same resin, preloaded with Zn/sup 2 +/, with an NH/sub 4/OH buffered chelating agent. The recovery of mixed /sup 241/Am-/sup 243/Am from power reactor reprocessing waste has been demonstrated. Solvent extraction was used to recover a HNO/sub 3/ solution of mixed lanthanides and actinides from waste generated by the reprocessng of 13.5 tons of Shippingport Power Reactor blanket fuel. Sequential cation exchange band-displacement processes were then used to separate americium and curium from the lanthanides and then to separate approx. 60 g of /sup 244/Cm from 1000 g of mixed /sup 241/Am-/sup 243/Am. 8. Analytical performance of radiochemical method for americium determination in urine International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This paper presents an analytical method developed and adapted for separation and analysis of Plutonium (Pu) isotopes and Americium (Am) in urine samples. The proposed method will attend the demand of internal exposure monitoring program for workers involved mainly with dismantling rods and radioactive smoke detectors. In this experimental procedure four steps are involved as preparation of samples, sequential radiochemical separation, preparation of the source for electroplating and quantification by alpha spectrometry. In the first stage of radiochemical separation, plutonium is conventionally isolated employing the anion exchange technique. Americium isolation is achieved sequentially by chromatographic extraction (Tru.spec column) from the load and rinse solutions coming from the anion exchange column. The 243Am tracer is added into the sample as chemical yield monitors and to correct the results improving the precision and accuracy. The mean recovery obtained is 60%, and the detection limit for 24h urine sample is 1.0 mBq L-1 in accordance with the literature. Based in the preliminary results, the method is appropriate to be used in monitoring programme of workers with a potential risk of internal contamination. (author) 9. Development of separation techniques of americium from reprocessing solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Americium(Am) and neptunium(Np) finally transfer to the waste stream in the current PUREX reprocessing process. As an option, some methods have been developed to recover Am and Np from the waste stream to decrease long-term toxicity of the high level waste. The most stable valence state of Am is III, but TBP (tri-n-butyl phosphate) which is an extractant used in the PUREX reprocessing does not extract Am(III). Therefore, some special extractants have been developed to recover Am(III). However, they also extract rare-earth elements(REs), which necessitates the separation process for Am from REs. We have been developing a separation process which consists of valence control of Am to the VI state and its extraction with TBP. This process allows Am recovery from reprocessing solution and Am separation from REs simultaneously. Americium(III) is oxidized to Am(VI) by electrochemical oxidation and chemical oxidation using peroxodisulfate ammonium and silver nitrate. The latter was adopted here because the chemical oxidation reaction proceeds faster than the electrochemical method. Reaction mechanisms of oxidation and extraction were investigated. Based on the mechanisms, we found that extraction efficiency could be improved and waste generation could be minimized. (author) 10. Selective leaching studies of deep-sea sediments loaded with americium, neptunium and plutonium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A series of selective leaching experiments were undertaken to investigate the solid phase speciation and distribution of americium, neptunium and plutonium which had been experimentally loaded onto different marine sediment types. The chemical leaches employed showed rather poor selectivity but certain trends were evident. Adsorption was not by ion exchange. Americium showed a preferential affinity for carbonate and plutonium for organic matter. Neptunium appeared to have no preferential affinities. Americium was sorbed by acetic acid residues (CaCO3 removed) and by unleached carbonate-rich sediments with equal efficiency. This indicates that it is able to diversify its solid phase affinity/distribution depending upon which solid phases are available. (author) 11. Pretreatment of americium/curium solutions for vitrification International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Vitrification will be used to stabilize an americium/curium (Am/Cm) solution presently stored in F-Canyon for eventual transport to the heavy isotope programs at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Prior to vitrification, an in-tank oxalate precipitation and a series of oxalic/nitric acid washes will be used to separate these elements and lanthanide fission products from the bulk of the uranium and metal impurities present in the solution. Pretreatment development experiments were performed to understand the behavior of the lanthanides and the metal impurities during the oxalate precipitation and properties of the precipitate slurry. The results of these experiments will be used to refine the target glass composition allowing optimization of the primary processing parameters and design of the solution transfer equipment 12. Plutonium and americium in sediments of Lithuanian lakes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The assessment of contribution of the global and the Chernobyl NPP (Nuclear Power Plant) accident plutonium and americium to plutonium pollution in sediments of Lithuanian lakes is presented. Theoretical evaluation of activity ratios of 238Pu/239+240Pu and 241Pu/239+240Pu in the reactor of unit 4 of the Chernobyl NPP before the accident was performed by means of the ORIGEN-ARP code from the SCALE 4.4A program package. Non-uniform distribution of radionuclides in depositions on the Lithuanian territory after nuclear weapon tests and the Chernobyl NPP accident is experimentally observed by measuring the lake sediment pollution with actinides. The activity concentration of sediments polluted with plutonium ranges from 2.0 ± 0.5 Bq/kg d.w. (dry weight) in Lake Asavelis to 14 ± 2 Bq/kg d.w. in Lake Juodis. The ratio of activity concentrations of plutonium isotopes 238Pu/239+240Pu measured by α-spectrometry in the 10-cm-thick upper layer of bottom sediment varies from 0.03 in Lake Juodis to 0.3 in Lake Zuvintas. The analysis of the ratio values shows that the deposition of the Chernobyl origin plutonium is prevailing in southern and south-western regions of Lithuania. Plutonium of nuclear weapon tests origin in sediments of lakes is observed on the whole territory of Lithuania, and it is especially distinct in central Lithuania. The americium activity due to 241Pu decay after the Chernobyl NPP accident and global depositions in bottom sediments of Lithuanian lakes has been evaluated to be from 0.9 to 5.7 Bq/kg. (author) 13. In-beam spectroscopy of 231Pa International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Information on energy levels and on E2 and M1 matrix elements in 231Pa has been obtained using conversion-electron and gamma-ray spectroscopy following the 232Th(p, 2p)231Pa reaction and Coulomb excitation of the radioactive target 231Pa by 4He and 32S ions. The results are analyzed in the framework of the rotational model, applied to the rotational band built on the 1/2-[530] Nilsson state whose 3/2- member forms the ground state of this nucleus. The deviations of the level energies from the rigidrotor values can be described by Coriolis couplings. The analysis of the Coulomb-excitation process shows that a constant set of rotational parameters Q0, gR, gK, and b can fairly well account for the measured line intensities. (orig.) 14. Kinetic parameters of transformation of americium and plutonium physicochemical forms in podsol soils International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kinetic parameters of transformation of americium and plutonium physicochemical forms have been estimated and the prognosis of fixing and remobilization of these nuclides in podsol soils have been made on that basis in the work. (authors) 15. Calibration procedures for in vivo sodium iodide spectrometry of plutonium and americium in the human lung International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This paper describes the calibration techniques and associated error analysis for the in vivo measurement by NaI spectrometry of heavy elements in the lung, specifically plutonium and americium. A very brief description of the instrumentation system is included 16. Relativistic density functional theory modeling of plutonium and americium higher oxide molecules Science.gov (United States) Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Mosyagin, Nikolai S.; Titov, Anatoly V.; Kiselev, Yuri M. 2013-07-01 The results of electronic structure modeling of plutonium and americium higher oxide molecules (actinide oxidation states VI through VIII) by two-component relativistic density functional theory are presented. Ground-state equilibrium molecular structures, main features of charge distributions, and energetics of AnO3, AnO4, An2On (An=Pu, Am), and PuAmOn, n = 6-8, are determined. In all cases, molecular geometries of americium and mixed plutonium-americium oxides are similar to those of the corresponding plutonium compounds, though chemical bonding in americium oxides is markedly weaker. Relatively high stability of the mixed heptoxide PuAmO7 is noticed; the Pu(VIII) and especially Am(VIII) oxides are expected to be unstable. 17. Distribution of uranium, americium and plutonium in the biomass of freshwater macrophytes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zotina, T.A.; Kalacheva, G.S.; Bolsunovsky, A.YA. [Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation) 2010-07-01 Accumulation of uranium ({sup 238}U), americium ({sup 241}Am) and plutonium ({sup 242}Pu) and their distribution in cell compartments and biochemical components of the biomass of aquatic plants Elodea canadensis, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myrioplyllum spicatum and aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica have been investigated in laboratory batch experiments. Isotopes of uranium, americium and plutonium taken up from the water by Elodea canadensis apical shoots were mainly absorbed by cell walls, plasmalemma and organelles. A small portion of isotopes (about 6-13 %) could be dissolved in cytoplasm. The major portion (76-92 %) of americium was bound to cell wall cellulose-like polysaccharides of Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum and Fontinalis antipyretica, 8-23 % of americium activity was registered in the fraction of proteins and carbohydrates, and just a small portion (< 1%) in lipid fraction. The distribution of plutonium in the biomass fraction of Elodea was similar to that of americium. Hence, americium and plutonium had the highest affinity to cellulose-like polysaccharides in Elodea biomass. Distribution of uranium in the biomass of Elodea differed essentially from that of transuranium elements: a considerable portion of uranium was recorded in the fraction of protein and carbohydrates (51 %). From our data we can assume that uranium has higher affinity to carbohydrates than proteins. (authors) 18. 32 CFR 231.9 - Definitions. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... § 231.9 Definitions. (a) Automated Teller Machine (ATM). An electronic machine that dispenses cash, and... with financial institutions in the United States, such as electronic banking (e.g., ATMs and personal... official checks, money orders, and travelers checks, loan services, safe deposit boxes, trust... 19. 36 CFR 223.231 - Bidding methods. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Bidding methods. 223.231... methods. The Contracting Officer or designated forest officer shall offer advertised sales of special forest products through sealed bid or sealed bid followed by oral auction. The method selected shall:... 20. Effect of americium-241 on luminous bacteria. Role of peroxides Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Alexandrova, M., E-mail: [email protected] [Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Rozhko, T. [Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Vydryakova, G. [Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, 660036 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Kudryasheva, N. [Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, 660036 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation) 2011-04-15 The effect of americium-241 ({sup 241}Am), an alpha-emitting radionuclide of high specific activity, on luminous bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum was studied. Traces of {sup 241}Am in nutrient media (0.16-6.67 kBq/L) suppressed the growth of bacteria, but enhanced luminescence intensity and quantum yield at room temperature. Lower temperature (4 {sup o}C) increased the time of bacterial luminescence and revealed a stage of bioluminescence inhibition after 150 h of bioluminescence registration start. The role of conditions of exposure the bacterial cells to the {sup 241}Am is discussed. The effect of {sup 241}Am on luminous bacteria was attributed to peroxide compounds generated in water solutions as secondary products of radioactive decay. Increase of peroxide concentration in {sup 241}Am solutions was demonstrated; and the similarity of {sup 241}Am and hydrogen peroxide effects on bacterial luminescence was revealed. The study provides a scientific basis for elaboration of bioluminescence-based assay to monitor radiotoxicity of alpha-emitting radionuclides in aquatic solutions. - Highlights: {yields} Am-241 in water solutions (A = 0.16-6.7 kBq/L) suppresses bacterial growth.{yields} Am-241 (A = 0.16-6.7 kBq/L) stimulate bacterial luminescence. {yields} Peroxides, secondary radiolysis products, cause increase of bacterial luminescence. 1. 49 CFR 231.18 - Cars of special construction. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cars of special construction. 231.18 Section 231... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.18 Cars of special construction. Cars of construction not covered specifically in the foregoing sections in this part, relative... 2. 48 CFR 231.205-6 - Compensation for personal services. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compensation for personal services. 231.205-6 Section 231.205-6 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION... PROCEDURES Contracts With Commercial Organizations 231.205-6 Compensation for personal services. (f)(1)... 3. 10 CFR 32.57 - Calibration or reference sources containing americium-241 or radium-226: Requirements for license... Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... or radium-226: Requirements for license to manufacture or initially transfer. 32.57 Section 32.57... americium-241 or radium-226: Requirements for license to manufacture or initially transfer. An application... containing americium-241 or radium-226, for distribution to persons generally licensed under § 31.8 of... 4. Separation and determination of americium in low-level alkaline waste of NPP origin Science.gov (United States) Todorov, B.; Djingova, R.; Nikiforova, A. 2006-01-01 The aim of this work is to develop a short and cost-saving procedure for the determination of 241Am in sludge sample of the alkaline low-level radioactive waste (LL LRAW) collected from Nuclear Power Plant “Kozloduy”. The determination of americium was a part of a complex analytical approach, where group actinide separation was achieved. An anion exchange was used for separation of americium from uranium, plutonium and iron. For the separation of americium extraction with diethylhexyl phosphoric acid (DEHPA) was studied. The final radioactive samples were prepared by micro co-precipitation with NdF3, counted by alpha and gamma spectrometry. The procedure takes 2 hours. The recovery yield of the procedure amounts to (95 ± 1.5)% and the detection limit is 53 mBq/kg 241Am (t=150 000 s). The analytical procedure was applied for actual liquid wastes and results were compared to standard procedure. 5. Isotopic and elemental composition of plutonium/americium oxides influence pulmonary and extra-pulmonary distribution after inhalation in rats International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The biodistribution of plutonium and americium has been studied in a rat model after inhalation of two PuO2 powders in lungs and extra-pulmonary organs from 3 d to 3 mo. The main difference between the two powders was the content of americium (approximately 46% and 4.5% of total alpha activity). The PuO2 with a higher proportion of americium shows an accelerated transfer of activity from lungs to blood as compared to PuO2 with the lower americium content, illustrated by increased urinary excretion and higher bone and liver actinide retention. The total alpha activity measured reflects mostly the americium biological behavior. The activity contained in epithelial lining fluid, recovered in the acellular phase of broncho-alveolar lavages, mainly contains americium, whereas plutonium remains trapped in macrophages. Epithelial lining fluid could represent a transitional pulmonary compartment prior to translocation of actinides to the blood and subsequent deposition in extra-pulmonary retention organs. In addition, differential behaviors of plutonium and americium are also observed between the PuO2 powders with a higher dissolution rate for both plutonium and americium being obtained for the PuO2 with the highest americium content. Our results indicate that the biological behavior of plutonium and americium after translocation into blood differ two-fold: (1) for the two actinides for the same PuO2 aerosol, and (2) for the same actinide from the two different aerosols. These results highlight the importance of considering the specific behavior of each contaminant after accidental pulmonary intake when assessing extra-pulmonary deposits from the level of activity excreted in urine or for therapeutic strategy decisions. (authors) 6. Isotopic and elemental composition of plutonium/americium oxides influence pulmonary and extra-pulmonary distribution after inhalation in rats. Science.gov (United States) Van der Meeren, A; Grémy, O 2010-09-01 The biodistribution of plutonium and americium has been studied in a rat model after inhalation of two PuO(2) powders in lungs and extra-pulmonary organs from 3 d to 3 mo. The main difference between the two powders was the content of americium (approximately 46% and 4.5% of total alpha activity). The PuO(2) with a higher proportion of americium shows an accelerated transfer of activity from lungs to blood as compared to PuO(2) with the lower americium content, illustrated by increased urinary excretion and higher bone and liver actinide retention. The total alpha activity measured reflects mostly the americium biological behavior. The activity contained in epithelial lining fluid, recovered in the acellular phase of broncho-alveolar lavages, mainly contains americium, whereas plutonium remains trapped in macrophages. Epithelial lining fluid could represent a transitional pulmonary compartment prior to translocation of actinides to the blood and subsequent deposition in extra-pulmonary retention organs. In addition, differential behaviors of plutonium and americium are also observed between the PuO(2) powders with a higher dissolution rate for both plutonium and americium being obtained for the PuO(2) with the highest americium content. Our results indicate that the biological behavior of plutonium and americium after translocation into blood differ two-fold: (1) for the two actinides for the same PuO(2) aerosol, and (2) for the same actinide from the two different aerosols. These results highlight the importance of considering the specific behavior of each contaminant after accidental pulmonary intake when assessing extra-pulmonary deposits from the level of activity excreted in urine or for therapeutic strategy decisions. 7. Adsorption-desorption characteristics of plutonium and americium with sediment particles in the estuarine environment: studies using plutonium-237 and americium-241 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The particle formation of plutonium and americium, their adsorption onto fresh water sediments and the desorption from the sediments in sea water were studied in the Laboratory under simulated river-estuary conditions, using γ-emitting plutonium-237 and americium-241. The results of the experiments show that the particle formation of plutonium depends on its valence states, on pH and on the salinity of the medium. For river water at pH4, some 25%, 20% and 30% of the added 237Pu was in particulate form, larger than 0.45 μm, for Pu (III), Pu (IV) and Pu (VI), respectively, while 65%, 90% and 50% of the respective valence states was associated with particles at pH 8. In sea water the general pattern remains similar, although Pu (VI) is more soluble in sea water owing to higher ligand concentrations for carbonate and bicarbonate complexes. The pH-dependency of particle formation of Am (III) is more steep than that of plutonium and seems to be influenced by colloidal substances occurring in the experimental media. The adsorption-desorption characteristics of plutonium and americium with the sediment in river water as well as sea water reflect the characteristics of their particle formation, being dependent upon such properties as valence states, the pH and salinity of the medium. A sewage effluent added to the media has small but measurable effects on the adsorption-desorption processes of plutonium. (author) 8. Cesium-137 and americium-241 distribution by granulometric fractions of soil at Azgir test site grounds International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In measurements of radionuclide specific content in surface soil layer of contaminated territories it is important to determine in what agglomerations of soil particles there is the highest radionuclide concentration. For this purpose granulometric composition of soil at Azgir test site was studied and cesium-137 and americium-241 distribution by soil fractions was researched. (author) 9. Apparatus for fabrication of americium- beryllium neutron sources prevents capsule contamination Science.gov (United States) Mohr, W. C.; Van Loom, J. A. 1967-01-01 Modified gloved enclosure is used to fill a capsule with a mixture of americium and beryllium radioactive powders to seal weld the opening, and to test it for leaks. It contains a horizontal partition, vortex mixer, mounting press, welder, test vessel, and radiation shielding to prevent surface contamination. 10. Evaluation of the readsorption of plutonium and americium in dynamic fractionations of environmental solid samples DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Petersen, Roongrat; Hou, Xiaolin; Hansen, Elo Harald 2008-01-01 extractions. The degree of readsorption in dynamic and conventional batch extraction systems are compared and evaluated by using a double-spiking technique. A high degree of readsorption of plutonium and americium (>75%) was observed in both systems, and they also exhibited similar distribution patterns... 11. Potential Effects of Chrysin on MDA-MB-231 Cells OpenAIRE Maimunah Ahmad; Khoo Boon Yin; Thaneswary Yogarajah; Anizah Rahumatullah; Teh Ban Hong 2010-01-01 This study aims to elucidate the effects of chrysin on human ER-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. The study demonstrated that treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with 20 µM chysin for 48 h significantly inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells and induced cytoplasmic lipid accumulation in the cells, but that the observed of cell death was not caused by apoptosis. The expression of PPARalpha mRNA in chrysin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly increased, which was likely associated... 12. Effect of bone-status on retention and distribution of americium-241 in bones of small rodents International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Forced physical exercise before and after application of americium-241 resulted in only small changes in bone-structure and behaviour of the radionuclide in bone. Feeding of a low phosphorus or low calcium diet resulted in an increased excretion of americium from bone, whereby Zn-DTPA as chelating agent removed an additional fraction of the radionuclide from bone. Low calcium diet and simultaneous continuous infusion of pharmacological doses of vitamin D-hormones didn't increase the excretion of americium more than the low calcium diet alone. (orig.) 13. Interaction and diffusion transport of americium in soils Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ramirez-Guinart, Oriol; Rigol, Anna; Vidal, Miquel [Analytical Chemistry department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028, Barcelona (Spain) 2014-07-01 The final disposal of High Level Radioactive Wastes (HLRW) is based on its long-term storage in underground facilities located in geological stable sites with a multi-barrier system, the so called Deep Geological Repositories (DGR), that will keep HLRW confined for >10.000 years. After this period of time, leachates rich in long-live radioisotopes might escape from DGR and start to transport towards the biosphere. There is still a lack of information concerning the interaction and transport in soils of some radionuclides present in HLRW, especially for radionuclides that present a high sorption, such as americium (Am). Having reliable information about the mobility of radionuclides in soils is crucial in order to develop risk assessment models and to take proper decisions in case of soil contamination. The aim of the present work was, by means of laboratory scale experiments, to study the interaction and, for first time, to evaluate the diffusion transport of {sup 241}Am in soils. The {sup 241}Am interaction in soils was assessed by applying sorption batch assays to 20 soil samples with contrasted edaphic properties which allowed us to quantify the solid-liquid distribution coefficient (K{sub d}) and desorption percentage. K{sub d} (Am) values ranged from 10{sup 3} to 10{sup 5} L kg{sup -1} and desorption percentages were always less than 2% which denoted a high capacity of the soil to incorporate the Am and a low reversibility of the sorption process. The influence of soil properties in {sup 241}Am interaction was studied by means of multiple linear and multivariate regressions. Although a single correlation between K{sub d} (Am) values and a soil property was not found, the main properties affecting {sup 241}Am interaction in soils were soil pH, carbonate and organic matter contents in the soil. Finally, additional batch assays at different controlled pH were done to study Am sorption as a function of the contact solution pH. A variation of the Am sorption 14. 48 CFR 231.205-70 - External restructuring costs. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... companies not previously under common ownership or control are combined, whether by merger, acquisition, or... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false External restructuring costs. 231.205-70 Section 231.205-70 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... 15. 49 CFR 231.22 - Operation of track motor cars. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Operation of track motor cars. 231.22 Section 231... motor cars. On and after August 1, 1963, it shall be unlawful for any railroad subject to the requirements of the Safety Appliance Acts to operate or permit to be operated on its line track motor cars... 16. 14 CFR 417.231 - Collision avoidance analysis. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collision avoidance analysis. 417.231..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LICENSING LAUNCH SAFETY Flight Safety Analysis § 417.231 Collision avoidance analysis. (a) General. A flight safety analysis must include a collision avoidance analysis... 17. 48 CFR 1852.231-71 - Determination of compensation reasonableness. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Determination of compensation reasonableness. 1852.231-71 Section 1852.231-71 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL... Contract Act employees proposed that do not fail within the scope of any classification listed in... 18. 49 CFR 192.231 - Protection from weather. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Protection from weather. 192.231 Section 192.231 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... weather. The welding operation must be protected from weather conditions that would impair the quality... 19. SKIN DOSIMETRY IN CONDITIONS OF ITS CONSTANT SURFACE CONTAMINATION WITH SOLUTIONS OF PLUTONIUM-239 AND AMERICIUM-241 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) E. B. Ershov 2012-01-01 Full Text Available The article considers, on the basis of experimental data, the issue of assessing dose burdens to the skin basal layer in conditions of its permanent contamination with solutions of plutonium-239 and americium-241 and subsequent decontamination. 20. Influence of biofilms on migration of uranium, americium and europium in the environment; Einfluss von Biofilmen auf das Migrationsverhalten von Uran, Americium und Europium in der Umwelt Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Baumann, Nils; Zirnstein, Isabel; Arnold, Thuro 2015-07-01 The report on the influence of biofilms on migration of uranium, americium and europium in the environment deals with the contamination problems of uranium mines such as SDAG WISMUT in Saxonia and Thuringia. In mine waters microorganisms form a complex microbiological biocoenosis in spite of low pH values and high heavy metal concentrations including high uranium concentrations. The analyses used microbiological methods like confocal laser scanning microscopy and molecular-biological techniques. The interactions of microorganism with fluorescent radioactive heavy metal ions were performed with TRLFS (time resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy). 1. Liquid-liquid extraction separation and sequential determination of plutonium and americium in environmental samples by alpha-spectrometry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A procedure is described by which plutonium and americium can be determined in environmental samples. The sample is leached with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and the two elements are co-precipitated with ferric hydroxide and calcium oxalate. The calcium oxalate is incinerated at 4500 and the ash is dissolved in nitric acid. Plutonium is extracted with tri-n-octylamine solution in xylene from 4M nitric acid and stripped with ammonium iodide/hydrochloric acid. Americium is extracted with thenoyltrifluoroacetone solution in xylene at pH 4 together with rare-earth elements and stripped with 1M nitric acid. Americium and the rare-earth elements thus separated are sorbed on Dowex 1 x 4 resin from 1M nitric acid in 93% methanol, the rare-earth elements are eluted with 0.1M hydrochloric acid/0.5M ammonium thiocyanate/80% methanol and the americium is finally eluted with 1.5M hydrochloric acid in 86% methanol. Plutonium and americium in each fraction are electro-deposited and determined by alpha-spectrometry. Overall average recoveries are 81% for plutonium and 59% for americium. (author) 2. Influence of environmental factors on the gastrointestinal absorption of plutonium and americium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The absorption of plutonium and americium from the gastrointestinal tract was studied, using adult hamsters and rabbits. Both actinides were administered as inorganic compounds, as organic complexes with naturally occurring chelating agents, and in a biologically incorporated form in liver tissues. The absorption of the tetravalent and hexavalent forms of plutonium were compared and the effect of protracted administration at very low concentrations was investigated. In addition, plutonium uptake from contaminated sediments and grass, collected near a nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant, was measured. The results of these studies suggest that chronic exposure of man to plutonium and americium in food and water will not lead to any substantial increase in their gastrointestinal absorption above the values currently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection to define the occupational exposure of workers 3. Electrodeposition of americium on a liquid cadmium cathode from a molten salt bath International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A high-activity experiment involving the electrode position of americium on a liquid cadmium cathode from a LiCl-KCl eutectic with about 3 g of AmO2 was conducted in a shielded cell in the ATALANTE complex. After describing the electrolyzer and the experimental conditions, the authors discuss the preparation of the LiCl-KCl-AmCl3 solution and briefly review its electrochemical properties. It was clearly confirmed that Am(III) reduction on an inert solid cathode occurs in two steps forming Am(II) before Am(0), whereas only one reduction step was observed on liquid cadmium. The main results of this study concern americium electrode position on the liquid cadmium cathode (recovery yields, current densities, problems encountered). The solvent properties of cadmium for actinide/lanthanide separation are discussed. (authors) 4. Analysis of americium-beryllium neutron source composition using the FRAM code Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hypes, P. A. (Philip A.); Bracken, D. S. (David S.); Sampson, Thomas E.; Taylor, W. A. (Wayne A.) 2002-01-01 The FRAM code was originally developed to analyze high-resolution gamma spectra from plutonium items. Its capabilities have since been expanded to include analysis of uranium spectra. The flexibility of the software also enables a capable spectroscopist to use FRAM to analyze spectra in which neither plutonium nor uranium is present in significant amounts. This paper documents the use of FRAM to determine the {sup 239}Pu/{sup 241}Am, {sup 243}Am/{sup 241}Am, {sup 237}Np/{sup 241}Am, and {sup 239}Np/{sup 241}Am ratios in americium-beryllium neutron sources. The effective specific power of each neutron source was calculated from the ratios determined by FRAM in order to determine the americium mass of each of these neutron sources using calorimetric assay. We will also discuss the use of FRAM for the general case of isotopic analysis of nonplutonium, nonuranium items. 5. Experimental Insight into the Radiation Resistance of Zirconia-Based Americium Ceramics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Our works shows that the americium pyrochlore 241Am2Zr2O7 undergoes a phase transition to a defect-fluorite structure along with an unusual volume contraction when subjected to internal radiation from α-emitting actinides. Disorder relaxation proceeds through the simultaneous formation of cation anti sites and oxygen Frenkel pairs. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Am-LII and the Zr-K edges reveals that Am-O polyhedra show an increasing disorder with increasing exposure. In contrast, the Zr-O polyhedral units remain highly ordered, while rotating along edges and corners, thereby reducing the structural strain imposed by the growing disorder around americium. We believe it is this particular property of the compound that provides the remarkable resistance to radiation (≥9.4 * 1018) α-decay events g-1 or 0.80 dpa). (authors) 6. Standard test method for quantitative determination of americium 241 in plutonium by Gamma-Ray spectrometry CERN Document Server American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia 1994-01-01 1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of americium 241 by gamma-ray spectrometry in plutonium nitrate solution samples that do not contain significant amounts of radioactive fission products or other high specific activity gamma-ray emitters. 1.2 This test method can be used to determine the americium 241 in samples of plutonium metal, oxide and other solid forms, when the solid is appropriately sampled and dissolved. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 7. Calcium and zinc DTPA administration for internal contamination with plutonium-238 and americium-241. Science.gov (United States) Kazzi, Ziad N; Heyl, Alexander; Ruprecht, Johann 2012-08-01 The accidental or intentional release of plutonium or americium can cause acute and long term adverse health effects if they enter the human body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection. These effects can be prevented by rapid removal of these radionuclides by chelators such as calcium or zinc diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (calcium or zinc DTPA). These compounds have been shown to be efficacious in enhancing the elimination of members of the actinide family particularly plutonium and americium when administered intravenously or by nebulizer. The efficacy and adverse effects profile depend on several factors that include the route of internalization of the actinide, the type, and route time of administration of the chelator, and whether the calcium or zinc salt of DTPA is used. Current and future research efforts should be directed at overcoming limitations associated with the use of these complex drugs by using innovative methods that can enhance their structural and therapeutic properties. 8. Final Radiological Assessment of External Exposure for CLEAR-Line Americium Recovery Operations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Davis, Adam C. [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Belooussova, Olga N. [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Hetrick, Lucas Duane [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2014-11-12 Los Alamos National Laboratory is currently planning to implement an americium recovery program. The americium, ordinarily isotopically pure 241Am, would be extracted from existing Pu materials, converted to an oxide and shipped to support fabrication of americium oxide-beryllium neutron sources. These operations would occur in the currently proposed Chloride Extraction and Actinide Recovery (CLEAR) line of glove boxes. This glove box line would be collocated with the currently-operational Experimental Chloride Extraction Line (EXCEL). The focus of this document is to provide an in-depth assessment of the currently planned radiation protection measures and to determine whether or not further design work is required to satisfy design-goal and ALARA requirements. Further, this document presents a history of americium recovery operations in the Department of Energy and high-level descriptions of the CLEAR line operations to provide a basis of comparison. Under the working assumptions adopted by this study, it was found that the evaluated design appears to mitigate doses to a level that satisfies the ALARA-in-design requirements of 10 CFR 835 as implemented by the Los Alamos National Laboratory procedure P121. The analyses indicate that extremity doses would also meet design requirements. Dose-rate calculations were performed using the radiation transport code MCNP5 and doses were estimated using a time-motion study developed in consort with the subject matter expert. A copy of this report and all supporting documentation are located on the Radiological Engineering server at Y:\\Rad Engineering\\2013 PROJECTS\\TA-55 Clear Line. 9. Bidentate organophosphorus extraction of americium and plutonium from Hanford Plutonium Reclamation Facility waste Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schulz, W.W. 1974-09-01 Applicability of bidentate organiphosphorus reagents to recovery of americium and plutonium from Hanford's Plutonium Reclamation Facility acid (approx. 2M HNO/sub 3/) waste stream (CAW solution) was studied. A solvent extraction process which employs a 30% DHDECMP (dihexyl-N, N-diethylcarbamylmethylene phosphonate)-CCl/sub 4/ extractant was devised and successfully tested in mixer-settler runs with actual CAW solution. Substitution of DHDECMP for DBBP eliminates the need to perform careful neutralization of unbuffered CAW soluton and increases overall americium recovery from the present 60 to 80% level to greater than or equal to 90%. Disadvantages to such substitution include the high cost (approx. 50/liter) of DHDECMP and the need to purify it (by acid (6M HCl) hydrolysis and alkaline washing) from small amounts of an unidentified impurity which prevents stripping of americium with dilute HNO/sub 3/. Distribution data obtained in this study confirm Siddall's earlier contention that bidentate organophosphorus regents can be used to remove actinides from concentrated high-level Purex process acid waste; a conceptual flowsheet for such an extraction process is given. 10. Meningoencefalite tuberculosa: avaliação de 231 casos Tuberculosis meningoencephalitis: exposure of 231 cases Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ceuci Nunes 1998-10-01 Full Text Available Neste estudo foram avaliados 231 pacientes com meningoencefalite tuberculosa, sendo que 62 casos tiveram diagnóstico comprovado e 169 apresentavam quadro clínico e laboratorial compatíveis com este diagnóstico. Foram 127 (55% pacientes do sexo masculino, a idade variou de 1 mês a 68 anos, com 97 (42% na faixa etária igual ou inferior a um ano. As características clínicas, demográficas e liquóricas foram estudadas e comparadas entre os casos confirmados e os de diagnóstico provável. Em conclusão reafirmamos a gravidade desta doença, com altas taxas de letalidade principalmente na faixa etária de zero a quatro anos e a possibilidade de erros diagnósticos nas apresentações com formas agudas e predominância de neutrófilos no líquor.This study assessed 231 cases of tuberculous meningitis of which 62 (26.8% had diagnostic confirmation against 169 (73.2% with only clinical picture and laboratorial indication for this diagnosis. Fifty-five percent of the sample was male; ages ranged from one month to 68 years, 42% comprising children below four years.Clinical, demographic and liquoric characteristics were investigated and compared amongst those with likely and confirmed diagnosis. In conclusion, atention is drawn to the severity of this desease with high rates of lethality mainly within the age-range of 0-4 years, and to the possibility of misdiagnosis in the presentation of acute forms and predominance of neutrophils in the liquor. 11. Americium(3) coordination chemistry: An unexplored diversity of structure and bonding Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fedosseev, A.M.; Grigoriev, M.S.; Budantseva, N.A. [A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow (Russian Federation); Guillaumont, D.; Den Auwer, Ch.; Moisy, Ph. [CEA Marcoule, Nuclear Energy Division, RadioChemistry and Processes Department, 30 (France); Le Naour, C.; Simoni, E. [CNRS, University Paris-11 Orsay, IPN, 91 - Orsay (France) 2010-06-15 The comparison of the physicochemical behavior of the actinides with that of the lanthanides can be justified by the analogy of their electronic structure, as each of the series is made up of elements corresponding to the filling of a given (n)f atomic shell. However relatively few points of comparison are available, given the lack of available structure for trans-plutonium(III) elements and the additional difficulty of stabilizing coordination complexes of uranium(III) to plutonium(III). This contribution is a focal point of trans-plutonium(III) chemistry and, more specifically, of some americium compounds that have been recently synthesized, all related with hard acid oxygen donor ligands that may be involved in the reprocessing chain of nuclear fuel. After a brief review of the solid hydrates and aquo species for the lanthanide and actinide families, we discuss two types of ligands that have in common three carboxylic groups, namely the amino-tri-acetic acid and the citric acid anions. The additional roles of the nitrogen atom for the first one and of the hydroxy function for the second one are discussed. Accordingly, five new complexes with either americium or lanthanides elements are described: [Co(NH{sub 3}){sub 6}][M(NTA){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)].8H{sub 2}O with M Nd, Yb and Am, and [Co(NH{sub 3}){sub 6}]{sub 2}K[M{sub 3}(Cit){sub 4}(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}].18H{sub 2}O with Nd and Am cations. In all cases the americium complexes are isostructural with their lanthanide equivalents. (authors) 12. Americium(3) coordination chemistry: An unexplored diversity of structure and bonding International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The comparison of the physicochemical behavior of the actinides with that of the lanthanides can be justified by the analogy of their electronic structure, as each of the series is made up of elements corresponding to the filling of a given (n)f atomic shell. However relatively few points of comparison are available, given the lack of available structure for trans-plutonium(III) elements and the additional difficulty of stabilizing coordination complexes of uranium(III) to plutonium(III). This contribution is a focal point of trans-plutonium(III) chemistry and, more specifically, of some americium compounds that have been recently synthesized, all related with hard acid oxygen donor ligands that may be involved in the reprocessing chain of nuclear fuel. After a brief review of the solid hydrates and aquo species for the lanthanide and actinide families, we discuss two types of ligands that have in common three carboxylic groups, namely the amino-tri-acetic acid and the citric acid anions. The additional roles of the nitrogen atom for the first one and of the hydroxy function for the second one are discussed. Accordingly, five new complexes with either americium or lanthanides elements are described: [Co(NH3)6][M(NTA)2(H2O)].8H2O with M Nd, Yb and Am, and [Co(NH3)6]2K[M3(Cit)4(H2O)3].18H2O with Nd and Am cations. In all cases the americium complexes are isostructural with their lanthanide equivalents. (authors) 13. MARIOS: Irradiation of UO{sub 2} containing 15% americium at well defined temperature Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) D' Agata, E., E-mail: [email protected] [European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy - P.O. Box 2, 1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Hania, P.R. [Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, P.O. Box 25, 1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Bejaoui, S. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, DEC CEA-Cadarache, 13108 St. Paul lez Durance Cedex (France); Sciolla, C.; Wyatt, T.; Hannink, M.H.C. [Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, P.O. Box 25, 1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Herlet, N.; Jankowiak, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique DTEC CEA Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Ceze Cedex (France); Klaassen, F.C. [Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, P.O. Box 25, 1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Bonnerot, J.-M. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, DEC CEA-Cadarache, 13108 St. Paul lez Durance Cedex (France) 2012-01-15 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer MARIOS is designed to check the behaviour of Minor Actinide Blanket Module concept. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Main requirement of the experiment is an accurate control of the temperature. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The swelling and the helium release will be the main output of the experiment. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A complementary experiment (DIAMINO), will be performed in the next future. - Abstract: Americium is a strong contributor to the long term radiotoxicity of high activity nuclear waste. Transmutation by irradiation in nuclear reactors of long-lived nuclides like {sup 241}Am is, therefore, an option for the reduction of radiotoxicity and residual power packages as well as the repository area. The MARIOS irradiation experiment is the latest of a series of experiments on americium transmutation (e.g. EFTTRA-T4, EFTTRA-T4bis, HELIOS). MARIOS experiment is carried out in the framework of the 4-year project FAIRFUELS of the EURATOM 7th Framework Programme (FP7). During the past years of experimental work in the field of transmutation and tests of innovative nuclear fuel containing americium, the release or trapping of helium as well as swelling has shown to be the key issue for the design of such kinds of target. Therefore, the main objective of the MARIOS experiment is to study the in-pile behaviour of UO{sub 2} containing minor actinides (MAs) in order to gain knowledge on the role of the microstructure and of the temperature on the gas release and on fuel swelling. The MARIOS experiment will be conducted in the HFR (high flux reactor) in Petten (The Netherlands) and will start in the beginning of 2011. It has been planned that the experiment will last 11 cycles, corresponding to 11 months. This paper covers the description of the objective of the experiment, as well as a general description of the design of the experiment. 14. Speciation of americium in seawater and accumulation in the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola. Science.gov (United States) Maloubier, Melody; Michel, Hervé; Solari, Pier Lorenzo; Moisy, Philippe; Tribalat, Marie-Aude; Oberhaensli, François R; Dechraoui Bottein, Marie Yasmine; Thomas, Olivier P; Monfort, Marguerite; Moulin, Christophe; Den Auwer, Christophe 2015-12-21 The fate of radionuclides in the environment is a cause of great concern for modern society, seen especially in 2011 after the Fukushima accident. Among the environmental compartments, seawater covers most of the earth's surface and may be directly or indirectly impacted. The interaction between radionuclides and the marine compartment is therefore essential for better understanding the transfer mechanisms from the hydrosphere to the biosphere. This information allows for the evaluation of the impact on humans via our interaction with the biotope that has been largely undocumented up to now. In this report, we attempt to make a link between the speciation of heavy elements in natural seawater and their uptake by a model marine organism. More specifically, because the interaction of actinides with marine invertebrates has been poorly studied, the accumulation in a representative member of the Mediterranean coralligenous habitat, the sponge Aplysina cavernicola, was investigated and its uptake curve exposed to a radiotracer (241)Am was estimated using a high-purity Ge gamma spectrometer. But in order to go beyond the phenomenological accumulation rate, the speciation of americium(III) in seawater must be assessed. The speciation of (241)Am (and natural europium as its chemically stable surrogate) in seawater was determined using a combination of different techniques: Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence (TRLIF), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) at the LIII edge, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the resulting data were compared with the speciation modeling. In seawater, the americium(III) complex (as well as the corresponding europium complex, although with conformational differences) was identified as a ternary sodium biscarbonato complex, whose formula can be tentatively written as NaAm(CO3)2·nH2O. It is therefore this chemical form of americium that is 15. Speciation of americium in seawater and accumulation in the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola. Science.gov (United States) Maloubier, Melody; Michel, Hervé; Solari, Pier Lorenzo; Moisy, Philippe; Tribalat, Marie-Aude; Oberhaensli, François R; Dechraoui Bottein, Marie Yasmine; Thomas, Olivier P; Monfort, Marguerite; Moulin, Christophe; Den Auwer, Christophe 2015-12-21 The fate of radionuclides in the environment is a cause of great concern for modern society, seen especially in 2011 after the Fukushima accident. Among the environmental compartments, seawater covers most of the earth's surface and may be directly or indirectly impacted. The interaction between radionuclides and the marine compartment is therefore essential for better understanding the transfer mechanisms from the hydrosphere to the biosphere. This information allows for the evaluation of the impact on humans via our interaction with the biotope that has been largely undocumented up to now. In this report, we attempt to make a link between the speciation of heavy elements in natural seawater and their uptake by a model marine organism. More specifically, because the interaction of actinides with marine invertebrates has been poorly studied, the accumulation in a representative member of the Mediterranean coralligenous habitat, the sponge Aplysina cavernicola, was investigated and its uptake curve exposed to a radiotracer (241)Am was estimated using a high-purity Ge gamma spectrometer. But in order to go beyond the phenomenological accumulation rate, the speciation of americium(III) in seawater must be assessed. The speciation of (241)Am (and natural europium as its chemically stable surrogate) in seawater was determined using a combination of different techniques: Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence (TRLIF), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) at the LIII edge, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the resulting data were compared with the speciation modeling. In seawater, the americium(III) complex (as well as the corresponding europium complex, although with conformational differences) was identified as a ternary sodium biscarbonato complex, whose formula can be tentatively written as NaAm(CO3)2·nH2O. It is therefore this chemical form of americium that is 16. Americium characterization by X-ray fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy in plutonium uranium mixed oxide International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Plutonium uranium mixed oxide (MOX) fuels are currently used in nuclear reactors. The actinides in these fuels need to be analyzed after irradiation for assessing their behaviour with regard to their environment and the coolant. In this work the study of the atomic structure and next-neighbour environment of Am in the (Pu,U)O2 lattice in an irradiated (60 MW d kg−1) MOX sample was performed employing micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) and micro-X-ray absorption fine structure (µ-XAFS) spectroscopy. The chemical bonds, valences and stoichiometry of Am (∼0.66 wt%) are determined from the experimental data gained for the irradiated fuel material examined in its peripheral zone (rim) of the fuel. In the irradiated sample Am builds up as Am3+ species within an [AmO8]13− coordination environment (e.g. >90%) and no (III XAFS spectra recorded for the irradiated MOX sub-sample in the rim zone for a 300 μm×300 μm beam size area investigated over six scans of 4 h. The records remain constant during multi-scan. The analysis of the XAFS signal shows that Am is found as trivalent in the UO2 matrix. This analytical work shall open the door of very challenging analysis (speciation of fission product and actinides) in irradiated nuclear fuels. - Highlights: • Americium was characterized by microX-ray absorption spectroscopy in irradiated MOX fuel. • The americium redox state as determined from XAS data of irradiated fuel material was Am(III). • In the sample, the Am3+ face an AmO813− coordination environment in the (Pu,U)O2 matrix. • The americium dioxide is reduced by the uranium dioxide matrix 17. Fabrication of uranium–americium mixed oxide pellet from microsphere precursors: Application of CRMP process Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Remy, E. [Radiochemistry and Processes Department, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Picart, S., E-mail: [email protected] [Radiochemistry and Processes Department, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Delahaye, T. [Fuel Cycle Technology Department, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Jobelin, I. [Radiochemistry and Processes Department, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Lebreton, F.; Horlait, D. [Fuel Cycle Technology Department, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Bisel, I. [Radiochemistry and Processes Department, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Blanchart, P. [Heterogeneous Materials Research Group, Centre Européen de la Céramique, F-87068 Limoges (France); Ayral, A. [Institut Européen des Membranes, CNRS-ENSCM-UM2, CC47, University Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France) 2014-10-15 Highlights: • Dust free process for (U,Am)O{sub 2} transmutation target fabrication. • Synthesis of U{sub 0.9}Am{sub 0.1}O{sub 2} mixed oxide microspheres from ion exchange resin. • Fabrication of dense U{sub 0.9}Am{sub 0.1}O{sub 2} pellet with 95% TD from mixed oxide microspheres. - Abstract: Mixed uranium–americium oxides are one of the materials envisaged for Americium Bearing Blankets dedicated to transmutation in fast neutron reactors. Recently, several processes have been developed in order to validate fabrication flowchart in terms of material specifications such as density and homogeneity but also to suggest simplifications for lowering industrial costs and hazards linked to dust generation of highly contaminating and irradiating compounds. This study deals with the application of an innovative route using mixed oxide microspheres obtained from metal loaded resin bead calcination, called Calcined Resin Microsphere Pelletization (CRMP). The synthesis of mixed oxide microsphere precursor of U{sub 0.9}Am{sub 0.1}O{sub 2±δ} is described as well as its characterisation. The use of this free-flowing precursor allows the pressing and sintering of one pellet of U{sub 0.9}Am{sub 0.1}O{sub 2±δ}. The ceramic obtained was characterised and results showed that its microstructure is dense and homogeneous and its density attains 95% of the theoretical density. This study validates the scientific feasibility of the CRMP process applied to the fabrication of uranium and americium-containing materials. 18. 231Pa systematics in postglacial volcanic rocks from Iceland Science.gov (United States) Turner, Simon; Kokfelt, Thomas; Hoernle, Kaj; Lundstrom, Craig; Hauff, Folkmar 2016-07-01 Several recent studies have highlighted the potential of combined 238U-230Th and 235U-231Pa systematics to constrain upwelling rates and the role of recycled mafic lithologies in mantle plume-derived basalts. Accordingly, we present measurements of the 231Pa concentrations from 26 mafic volcanic rocks from Iceland, including off-axis basalts from the Snaefellsnes Peninsula, to complement previously published 238U-230Th-226Ra data. 231Pa concentrations vary from 27 to 624 fg/g and (231Pa/235U) ratios from 1.12 to 2.11 with the exception of one anomalous sample from the Southeast Rift which has a 231Pa deficit with (231Pa/235U) = 0.86. An important new result is that basalts from the Southeast Rift and the Snaefellsnes Peninsula define a trend at relatively low (231Pa/235U) for a given (230Th/238U) ratio. Many of the remaining samples fall in or around the global field for ocean island basalts but those from the Mid-Iceland Belt and the Southwest Rift/Reykjanes Peninsula extend to higher (231Pa/235U) ratios at a given (230Th/238U), similar to mid-ocean ridge basalts. In principle, these lavas could result from melting of peridotite at lower pressures. However, there is no reason to suspect that the Mid-Iceland Belt and the Southwest Rift lavas reflect shallower melting than elsewhere in Iceland. In our preferred model, these lavas reflect melting of garnet peridotite whereas those from the Southeast Rift and the Snaefellsnes Peninsula contain a significant contribution (up to 20%) of melt from garnet pyroxenite. This is consistent with incompatible trace element and radiogenic isotope evidence for recycled oceanic crust in these lavas. There is increasing agreement that the displacement of ocean island basalts to lower (231Pa/235U) ratios at a given (230Th/238U), compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts, reflects the role of recycled mafic lithologies such as garnet pyroxenite as well as higher average pressures of melting. It now seems likely that this interpretation may 19. Influence of biofilms on migration of uranium, americium and europium in the environment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The report on the influence of biofilms on migration of uranium, americium and europium in the environment deals with the contamination problems of uranium mines such as SDAG WISMUT in Saxonia and Thuringia. In mine waters microorganisms form a complex microbiological biocoenosis in spite of low pH values and high heavy metal concentrations including high uranium concentrations. The analyses used microbiological methods like confocal laser scanning microscopy and molecular-biological techniques. The interactions of microorganism with fluorescent radioactive heavy metal ions were performed with TRLFS (time resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy). 20. Plutonium and americium in arctic waters, the North Sea and Scottish and Irish coastal zones DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hallstadius, L.; Aarkrog, Asker; Dahlgaard, Henning; 1986-01-01 Plutonium and americium have been measured in surface waters of the Greenland and Barents Seas and in the northern North Sea from 1980 through 1984. Measurements in water and biota, Fucus, Mytilus and Patella, were carried out in North-English and Scottish waters in 1982 and Fucus samples were...... plutonium from the latter to Spitsbergen waters. Fallout plutonium in Arctic waters has a residence time of the order of several years, while for Pu from Sellafield we estimate mean residence times of 11–15 months in Scottish waters and, tentatively, 1·5-3 y during transport from the North Channel (north... 1. Comparison of acid leachate and fusion methods to determine plutonium and americium in environmental samples International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory at Argonne National Laboratory performs radiochemical analyses for a wide variety of sites within the Department of Energy complex. Since the chemical history of the samples may vary drastically from site to site, the effectiveness of any analytical technique may also vary. This study compares a potassium fluoride-pyrosulfate fusion technique with an acid leachate method. Both normal and high-fired soils and vegetation samples were analyzed for both americium and plutonium. Results show both methods work well, except for plutonium in high-fired soils. Here the fusion method provides higher accuracy 2. Purification of used scintillation liquids containing the alpha emitters americium and plutonium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In Sweden, alpha radioactive waste liquids with an activity over some kBq per waste container cannot be sent for final storage. Therefore, in this work, a method for a purification of alpha active scintillation cocktails was developed. Until today (March, 2013) more than 20 L of scintillation liquids have successfully been purified from americium and plutonium. The products of the process are a solid fraction that can be sent to final storage and a practically non-radioactive liquid fraction that can be sent to municipal incineration. (author) 3. Study of the extraction and the purification of americium and trivalent actinides contained in effluents with supported liquid membranes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The supported liquid membrane technique is studied and developed for americium recovery from uranium or plutonium matrices and decontamination of liquid radioactive wastes. First tests on uranium-nickel solutions with a flat membrane showed the easiness of the operation and the efficiency of the process. Acid-resistant (10 N), interchangeable elements with hollow fibers, are developed and also a computerized automatic device. The different tests on americium solutions demonstrate the feasibility and the reliability of the system. Influence of various parameters on transfer kinetics is investigated 4. Contribution to the prediction of americium, plutonium and neptunium behaviour in the geosphere: chemical data International Nuclear Information System (INIS) An exhaustive bibliographic review on hydrolysis of americium gives the stability constants, at zero ionic strength. No evidence of Am(OH)4- formation was found by solubility studies up to pH 2 (CO3)3 characterised by its X-ray diffraction pattern is studied at a high ionic strength. All the published results on Am in carbonate media are reinterpreted using these stability constants (Am-OH-CO3 complexes are not needed). No evidence of Am(CO3)45- formation was found by spectrophotometry up to 3M. Literature results are used to determine the formal redox potentials at pH = 9.4 and to calculate the formation constants, at zero ionic strength. The formation of complexes between americium and humic materials (purified fulvic and humic acids) has been studied by a spectrophotometric technique. The results are interpreted by the formation of a 1:1 complexe. Solubility of the solid PuO2(CO3) is measured in bicarbonate media at high ionic strength, to obtain the solubility product and formation constants of the PuO2(CO3)i2-2i complexes 5. The distribution of plutonium-239 and americium-241 in the Syrian hamster following its intravenous administration as citrate International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Actinide distribution in various tissues and the skeleton of hamsters by liquid scintillation counting or isotope dilution. For plutonium 57% of activity was concentrated in the skeleton and more than 90% in the liver and skeleton after seven days. For americium the liver retained more than 50% of total activity and 25% was excreted in urine within seven days. (U.K.) 6. EURADOS intercomparison on measurements and Monte Carlo modelling for the assessment of Americium in a USTUR leg phantom International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A collaboration of the EURADOS working group on 'Internal Dosimetry' and the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) has taken place to carry out an intercomparison on measurements and Monte Carlo modelling determining americium deposited in the bone of a USTUR leg phantom. Preliminary results and conclusions of this intercomparison exercise are presented here. (authors) 7. Anomalous aryl strengthening of americium and europium complexes during extraction by alkylenediphosphine dioxides from perchloric acid media International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Extraction of americium and europium from perchlorate environments by solutions of three types of methylenediphosphine dioxides, namely (C6H5)P(O)(CH2)sub(n)(O)P(C6H5)2, (C6H5)2P(O)CH2(O)P(C8H17)2 and (C8H17)2P(O)(CH2)sub(n)(O)P(C8H17)2 has been studied (n is 1 or 2 ) The diluents used have been dichlorethane and chloroform. In perchlorate environments the distribuiton coefficients of americium and europium have proved to be by about 3 orders of magnitude higher than in nitric acid environments, i.e. in perchlorate media the complexes are far more stable. Separation coefficients of americium and REE in perchloric acid soutions are much higher than in nitrate environments. The average value of Am/Eu separation coeffecient at 1-5 M acidity was about 6 (with dichlorethane as diluent) or about 7 (with chloroform as diluent). The complexes essentially exist as trisolvated. Americium complexes display anomalous stability increase upon being diluted: by about 2 orders of magnitude with dichlorethane and by up to 3 orders of magnitude with chloroform used as diluent 8. Investigations of neutron characteristics for salt blanket models; integral fission cross section measurements of neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium isotopes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Neutron characteristics of salt blanket micromodels containing eutectic mixtures of sodium, zirconium, and uranium fluorides were measured on FKBN-2M, BIGR and MAKET facilities. The effective fission cross sections of neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium isotopes were measured on the neutron spectra formed by micromodels. (author) 9. 40 CFR 231.6 - Administrator's final determinations. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Administrator's final determinations... DUMPING SECTION 404(c) PROCEDURES § 231.6 Administrator's final determinations. After reviewing the recommendations of the Regional Administrator or his designee, the Administrator shall within 30 days of... 10. 32 CFR Appendix A to Part 231 - Sample Operating Agreement Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... the DoD 7000.14-R (as codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 32 CFR parts 230 and 231... requirements in Volume 5, Chapter 34, of DoD 7000.14-R, as codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR... programs, financial management program and newcomer's briefings. g. Prominently post in the lobby of... 11. 48 CFR 352.231-70 - Precontract costs. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 352.231-70 Precontract costs. As prescribed in 48 CFR 1331.205-32, insert the following clause: Precontract Costs (APR 2010) The contractor is... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Precontract costs.... 12. 49 CFR 231.0 - Applicability and penalties. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.0 Applicability and penalties. (a... of the coupling is not more than 25 inches. (5) A locomotive used in hauling a train referred to in paragraph (b)(4) of this section when the locomotive and cars of the train are used only to transport... 13. 49 CFR 231.29 - Road locomotives with corner stairways. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.29 Road locomotives with corner stairways. After September 30, 1979, road locomotives with corner stairway openings must be... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Road locomotives with corner stairways.... 14. 27 CFR 40.231 - Consumption by employees. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Consumption by employees... Products § 40.231 Consumption by employees. A manufacturer of tobacco products may gratuitously furnish tobacco products, without determination and payment of tax, for personal consumption by employees in... 15. 22 CFR 231.09 - No acceleration of Eligible Notes. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... Section 231.09 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT LOAN GUARANTEES ISSUED UNDER THE EMERGENCY WARTIME SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT OF 2003, PUBLIC LAW 108-11... have the right to pay any amounts in respect of the Eligible Notes other than in accordance with... 16. 40 CFR 180.231 - Dichlobenil; tolerances for residues. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dichlobenil; tolerances for residues...) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS TOLERANCES AND EXEMPTIONS FOR PESTICIDE CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD Specific Tolerances § 180.231 Dichlobenil; tolerances for residues. (a) General. Tolerances are established for the... 17. Purification of scintillation cocktails containing the alpha emitters americium and plutonium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) One efficient way of measuring alpha emitters is by the usage of liquid scintillation counting (LSC). A liquid sample is placed in a vial containing a scintillation cocktail. The alpha particles excite electrons in the surrounding liquid, and when they are de-excited photons are emitted. The photons are detected and the activity can be quantified. LSC has a high efficiency for alpha radiation and is therefore a fast and easy way for measuring alpha emitting samples. One drawback is that it does not differentiate very well between alpha energies; measurements of for example curium and plutonium simultaneously are impossible and demand other techniques. Another drawback is the production of a liquid alpha active waste. In Sweden alpha radioactive waste liquids with an activity over some kBq per waste container cannot be sent for final storage. If, however, the activity of the liquids could be reduced by precipitation of the actinides, it would be possible to send away the liquid samples to municipal incineration. In this work a method for a purification of alpha active scintillation cocktails was developed. The method was first tried on a lab scale, and then scaled up. Until today (March, 2013) more than 20 liters of scintillation liquids have successfully been purified from americium and plutonium at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. The four scintillation cocktails used were Emulsifier Safe®, Hionic-Fluor®, Ultima Gold AB® and Ultima Gold XR®. The scintillation cocktails could all be purified from americium with higher yield than 95%. The yield was kept when the liquids were mixed. Also plutonium could be precipitated with a yield over 95% in all cocktails except in Hionic-Fluor® (>55%). However, that liquid in particular could be purified (>95%) by mixing it with the three other cocktails. Up-scaling was performed to a batch size of 6-8 L of scintillation cocktail. In neither the americium nor the plutonium system, adverse effects of increasing the 18. A thermodynamic study of actinide oxide targets/fuels for americium transmutation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A thermodynamic study was performed on the systems Am-O, AmOx-MgO, AmOx-MgAl2O4, Pu-Mg-O and U-Mg-O. Both experimental work (X-ray analyses, oxygen potential measurements etc.) and calculations on the phase diagrams involved were made. The reaction between americium oxide and spinel is expected to form the compound AmAlO3. Isothermal sections have been calculated for AmOx-(MgO, Al2O3), Pu-Mg-O and U-Mg-O at 2000 K using the software package ''Thermo-Calc''. Thermodynamic equilibrium data were used to predict the behaviour of actinide oxides in a reactor. The implication of the results for the technological application is discussed, with emphasis on the effects of the high oxygen potential of AmO2 as compared to the conventional fuel, i.e. UO2. (author) 19. The uptake of plutonium-239, 240, americium-241, strontium-90 into plants International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This report describes the results of measurements on the uptake of plutonium, americium, strontium-90 and caesium-137 into peas, beet, oats, sweet corn, tomatoes and vegetable marrow grown in tubs containing radioactively-contaminated silts. The silts had been taken from an area of West Cumbria commonly referred to as the Ravenglass estuary. The experiments are categorised as being carried out under non-standard conditions because of the manner in which the radioactivity came to be incorporated into the growth medium. The growth medium was representative of conditions which could arise when the estuarine silt moves inland under the influence of wind and tide and mixes with the adjacent farm land. The silt had been contaminated by radioactive effluents from the nuclear fuels reprocessing plant at Sellafield and this contamination had been brought about by natural means. (Auth.) 20. Complex formation of trivalent americium with salicylic acid at very low concentrations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) For the first time, the complexation of americium(III) with salicylic acid was studied at trace metal concentrations using a 2.0 m Long Path Flow Cell for UV-vis spectroscopy. The detection limit of Am(III) in aqueous solution at pH 3.0 was found to be 5 x 10-9 M. Two Am(III)-salicylate complexes were formed at pH 5.0 in 0.1 M NaClO4, indicated by a clear red shift of the absorption maximum. The absorption spectra obtained from spectrophotometric titration were analyzed by means of factor analysis and complex stabilities were calculated to be log β110 = 2.56 ± 0.08 and log β120 = 3.93 ± 0.19. (author) 1. Standard practice for The separation of americium from plutonium by ion exchange CERN Document Server American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia 2001-01-01 1.1 This practice describes the use of an ion exchange technique to separate plutonium from solutions containing low concentrations of americium prior to measurement of the 241Am by gamma counting. 1.2 This practice covers the removal of plutonium, but not all the other radioactive isotopes that may interfere in the determination of 241Am. 1.3 This practice can be used when 241Am is to be determined in samples in which the plutonium is in the form of metal, oxide, or other solid provided that the solid is appropriately sampled and dissolved (See Test Methods C758, C759, and C1168). 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Transportability Class of Americium in K Basin Sludge under Ambient and Hydrothermal Processing Conditions Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Delegard, Calvin H.; Schmitt, Bruce E.; Schmidt, Andrew J. 2006-08-01 This report establishes the technical bases for using a ''slow uptake'' instead of a ''moderate uptake'' transportability class for americium-241 (241Am) for the K Basin Sludge Treatment Project (STP) dose consequence analysis. Slow uptake classes are used for most uranium and plutonium oxides. A moderate uptake class has been used in prior STP analyses for 241Am based on the properties of separated 241Am and its associated oxide. However, when 241Am exists as an ingrown progeny (and as a small mass fraction) within plutonium mixtures, it is appropriate to assign transportability factors of the predominant plutonium mixtures (typically slow) to the Am241. It is argued that the transportability factor for 241Am in sludge likewise should be slow because it exists as a small mass fraction as the ingrown progeny within the uranium oxide in sludge. In this report, the transportability class assignment for 241Am is underpinned with radiochemical characterization data on K Basin sludge and with studies conducted with other irradiated fuel exposed to elevated temperatures and conditions similar to the STP. Key findings and conclusions from evaluation of the characterization data and published literature are summarized here. Plutonium and 241Am make up very small fractions of the uranium within the K Basin sludge matrix. Plutonium is present at about 1 atom per 500 atoms of uranium and 241Am at about 1 atom per 19000 of uranium. Plutonium and americium are found to remain with uranium in the solid phase in all of the {approx}60 samples taken and analyzed from various sources of K Basin sludge. The uranium-specific concentrations of plutonium and americium also remain approximately constant over a uranium concentration range (in the dry sludge solids) from 0.2 to 94 wt%, a factor of {approx}460. This invariability demonstrates that 241Am does not partition from the uranium or plutonium fraction for any characterized sludge matrix. Most 3. 49 CFR 231.5 - Drop-end low-side gondola cars. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Drop-end low-side gondola cars. 231.5 Section 231... gondola cars. (a) Hand brakes—(1) Number. Same as specified for “Box and other house cars” (see § 231.1(a)(1)). (2) Dimensions. Same as specified for “Box and other house cars” (see § 231.1(a)(2)).... 4. 49 CFR 231.3 - Drop-end high-side gondola cars. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Drop-end high-side gondola cars. 231.3 Section 231... gondola cars. (a) Hand brakes—(1) Number. Same as specified for “Box and other house cars” (see § 231.1(a)(1)). (2) Dimensions. Same as specified for “Box and other house cars” (see § 231.1(a)(2)).... 5. A BLAZAR-LIKE RADIO FLARE IN MRK 231 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Radio monitoring of the broad absorption line quasar (BALQSO) Mrk 231 from 13.9 GHz to 17.6 GHz detected a strong flat spectrum flare. Even though BALQSOs are typically weak radio sources, the 17.6 GHz flux density doubled in ≈150 days, from ≈135 mJy to ≈270 mJy. It is demonstrated that the elapsed rise time in the quasar rest frame and the relative magnitude of the flare is typical of some of the stronger flares in blazars that are usually associated with the ejection of discrete components on parsec scales. The decay of a similar flare was found in a previous monitoring campaign at 22 GHz. We conclude that these flares are not rare. The implication is that Mrk 231 seems to be a quasar in which the physical mechanism that produces the broad absorption line wind is in tension with the emergence of a fledgling blazar 6. A BLAZAR-LIKE RADIO FLARE IN MRK 231 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Reynolds, Cormac; Hurley-Walker, Natasha [ICRAR-Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6102 (Australia); Punsly, Brian [1415 Granvia Altamira, Palos Verdes Estates, CA 90274 (United States); O' Dea, Christopher P., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623 (United States) 2013-10-20 Radio monitoring of the broad absorption line quasar (BALQSO) Mrk 231 from 13.9 GHz to 17.6 GHz detected a strong flat spectrum flare. Even though BALQSOs are typically weak radio sources, the 17.6 GHz flux density doubled in ≈150 days, from ≈135 mJy to ≈270 mJy. It is demonstrated that the elapsed rise time in the quasar rest frame and the relative magnitude of the flare is typical of some of the stronger flares in blazars that are usually associated with the ejection of discrete components on parsec scales. The decay of a similar flare was found in a previous monitoring campaign at 22 GHz. We conclude that these flares are not rare. The implication is that Mrk 231 seems to be a quasar in which the physical mechanism that produces the broad absorption line wind is in tension with the emergence of a fledgling blazar. 7. 5 CFR 9901.231 - Conversion of positions and employees to NSPS classification system. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... NSPS classification system. 9901.231 Section 9901.231 Administrative Personnel DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE... MANAGEMENT) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE NATIONAL SECURITY PERSONNEL SYSTEM (NSPS) Classification Transitional Provisions § 9901.231 Conversion of positions and employees to NSPS classification system. (a)... 8. 22 CFR 23.1 - Remittances made payable to the Department of State. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Remittances made payable to the Department of State. 23.1 Section 23.1 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE FEES AND FUNDS FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING § 23.1 Remittances made payable to the Department of State. Except as otherwise specified in this... 9. 32 CFR Appendix B to Part 231 - In-Store Banking Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 32 National Defense 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false In-Store Banking B Appendix B to Part 231.... 231, App. B Appendix B to Part 231—In-Store Banking A. Selection Process. The purpose of this guidance... provide in-store banking services when such services are desired and approved by the... 10. 27 CFR 31.231 - Destruction of marks and brands on wine containers. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... brands on wine containers. 31.231 Section 31.231 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND... § 31.231 Destruction of marks and brands on wine containers. A dealer who empties any cask, barrel, keg, or other bulk container of wine must scrape or obliterate from the empty container all marks,... 11. Period of Light Variability in BL Lac ON 231 Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Xu Yun Bing; Zhang Hao Jing; Zhang Xiong; Mao Wei Ming; Dong Fu Tong 2011-03-01 In this paper, the authors have compiled the data of about 100 years in B-band of the BL Lac ON 231 and used this database to analyze periodicity signals in the optical light curve. Two different methods were applied: the wavelet analysis and the Discrete Correlation Function (DCF) method. We revealed the existence of periods of 13.5 years in the source variability. 12. The behaviour under irradiation of molybdenum matrix for inert matrix fuel containing americium oxide (CerMet concept) Science.gov (United States) D'Agata, E.; Knol, S.; Fedorov, A. V.; Fernandez, A.; Somers, J.; Klaassen, F. 2015-10-01 Americium is a strong contributor to the long term radiotoxicity of high activity nuclear waste. Transmutation by irradiation in nuclear reactors or Accelerator Driven System (ADS, subcritical reactors dedicated to transmutation) of long-lived nuclides like 241Am is therefore an option for the reduction of radiotoxicity of waste packages to be stored in a repository. In order to safely burn americium in a fast reactor or ADS, it must be incorporated in a matrix that could be metallic (CerMet target) or ceramic (CerCer target). One of the most promising matrix to incorporate Am is molybdenum. In order to address the issues (swelling, stability under irradiation, gas retention and release) of using Mo as matrix to transmute Am, two irradiation experiments have been conducted recently at the High Flux Reactor (HFR) in Petten (The Netherland) namely HELIOS and BODEX. The BODEX experiment is a separate effect test, where the molybdenum behaviour is studied without the presence of fission products using 10B to "produce" helium, the HELIOS experiment included a more representative fuel target with the presence of Am and fission product. This paper covers the results of Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) of the two irradiation experiments mentioned above where molybdenum behaviour has been deeply investigated as possible matrix to transmute americium (CerMet fuel target). The behaviour of molybdenum looks satisfying at operating temperature but at high temperature (above 1000 °C) more investigation should be performed. 13. Consideration of the effect of lymph-node deposition upon the measurement of plutonium and americium in the lungs International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Measurement of an inhaled radionuclide by external photon counting includes quantities which may be contained in lymph nodes, as well as quantities in the lungs. An overestimate of the lung burden can result, if a portion of the radionuclide were present in the lymph nodes. This problem is analyzed with respect to the measurement of inhaled plutonium containing plutonium-241 and americium-241, when americium-241 has been used as a tracer for the plutonium. Equations are derived which yield the amounts of americium and of plutonium in the lungs and in the lymph nodes as a function of time after exposure and for various translocation and retention parameters. Count histories (count profiles) of actual exposure cases are compared with calculated count profiles in order to gain insight into possible values of the translocation and retention parameters. Comparison is also made with calculated count profiles using values of translocation and retention parameters recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for use with the Task Group Lung Model. The magnitude of the possible overestimate (error factor) was calculated for combinations o 14. HELIOS: the new design of the irradiation of U-free fuels for americium transmutation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) D' Agata, E. [European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, P.O. Box 2, 1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Klaassen, F.; Sciolla, C. [Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, Dept. Life Cycle and Innovations, P.O. Box 25 1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Fernandez-Carretero, A. [European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe (Germany); Bonnerot, J.M. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, DEC/SESC/LC2I CEA-Cadarache, 13108 St. Paul lez Durance Cedex (France) 2009-06-15 Americium is one of the radioactive elements that mostly contribute to the radiotoxicity of the nuclear spent fuel. Transmutation of long-lived nuclides like Americium is an option for the reduction of the mass, the radiotoxicity and the decay heat of nuclear waste. The HELIOS irradiation experiment is the last evolution in a series of experiments on americium transmutation. The previous experiments, EFTTRA-T4 and T4bis, have shown that the release or trapping of helium is the key issue for the design of such kind of target. In fact, the production of helium, which is characteristic of {sup 241}Am transmutation, is quite significant. The experiment is carried out in the framework of the 4-year project EUROTRANS of the EURATOM 6. Framework Programme (FP6). Therefore, the main objective of the HELIOS experiment is to study the in-pile behaviour of U-free fuels such as CerCer (Pu, Am, Zr)O{sub 2} and Am{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7}+MgO or CerMet (Pu, Am)O{sub 2}+Mo in order to gain knowledge on the role of the fuel microstructure and of the temperature on the gas release and on the fuel swelling. The experiment was planned to be conducted in the HFR (High Flux Reactor) in Petten (The Netherlands) starting the first quarter of 2007. Because of the innovative aspects of the fuel, the fabrication has had some delays as well as the final safety analyses of the original design showed some unexpected deviation. Besides, the HFR reactor has been unavailable since August 2008. Due to the reasons described above, the experiment has been postponed. HELIOS should start in the first quarter of 2009 and will last 300 full power days. The paper will cover the description of the new design of the irradiation experiment HELIOS. The experiment has been split in two parts (HELIOS1 and HELIOS2) which will be irradiated together. Moreover, due to the high temperature achieved in cladding and to the high amount of helium produced during transmutation the experiment previously designed for a 15. Anomalous aryl strengthening of complexes at americium and europium extraction with alkylenediphospine dioxide from perchloric media International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Studied was the extraction of americium(3) and europium(3) from perchlorate solutions(0.001 M) with dioxides of alkylenediphosphines of three types: aryl Ph2P(O)CH2(O)PPh2(briefly 4P), and Ph2P(O)(CH2)2(O)PPh2, mixed Ph2P(O)CH2(O)P(C8H17)2 (or 2Ph2Oct) and alkyl (C8H17)2P(O)CH2(O)P(C8H17)2 (or 4 Oct). Trisolvates of MeS3x(ClO4)3 are predominantly formed but americium disolvates are also present upon dilution with dichloroethane. For 4Ph,2Ph2Oct and 4 Oct the concentration is, respectively, 1015, 2x1014, and 1013; for disolvates by 4 orders of magnitude lower which is, nevertheless, by 2 orders of magnitude higher than for nitric acid solutions. The separation coefficient of β Am/Eu for 4Ph attains 6-8. As in the case of nitrate solutions, an anomalous aryl strengthening of the complexes is observed: an increase in the distribution coefficients and extraction constants in the series of 4 Oct - 2Ph 2 Oct - 4Ph, in spite of the introduction of electronegative aryl substituents into the dioxide molecule, which reduce electron density on oxygen atoms and basicity of dioxides. In contrast to nitric acid solutions, observed is a nonlinear effect of a change in basicity on extraction properties upon dilution with dichloroethane (dioxide of 2Ph2 Oct does not occupy an intermediate position but is close to 4Ph). Upon dilution with chloroform the dependence is linear and anomalous effect rises due to a different nature of interactions of dioxides with chloroform. When the bridge increases up to ethylene, an anomalous strengthening of the complexes disappears. However, the distribution coefficients upon extraction with alkyl dioxide are considerably lower, which can be explained by a stronger extraction of perchloric acid 16. Dealing with a Pa-231 contaminated ventilation duct - 59248 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cambridge University had worked in the 1960's and 1970's with Pa-231, a decay product of U-235. The fume cupboards discharged into ventilation ducting made from asbestos cement. The university wished to refurbish the laboratory and the RPA had negotiated over many years with the Environment Agency to set up a project to remove the ducting both to reduce the radiological hazards and as part of a programme to remove unwanted circuits and upgrade the ventilation system to modern standards. Contamination levels were significant and low dose rates were measurable on the external surface. The aim was to be able to remove the ducting and treat it as asbestos waste, rather than to have to treat the debris as asbestos contaminated radioactive waste. The age of the contaminant was such that a large fraction of the decay chain had grown in, giving a mixture of alpha, beta and gamma emissions. The most useful nuclides for surface monitoring were Pb-211 and Tl-207, both of which are energetic beta emitters. A wide energy range beta detector was used, but it was fitted with a filter to absorb any alpha radiation which otherwise would have contributed to the signal for good surfaces but not for dusty, damp or rough surfaces and would have contributed to the uncertainty in the activity assessment. Samples were checked using gamma spectrometry to confirm that only Pa-231 and its progeny were present in significant quantities. The gamma spectrum is complicated and this paper describes the difficulties in confirming that the spectrum only contained the Pa-231 decay chain. The vast majority of the contaminated ducting was successfully consigned as asbestos, rather than radioactive, waste. The other problem was dealing with the soft waste produced during the dismantling process. This was monitored using simple equipment and it was possible to demonstrate that it could be disposed of with the rest of the waste under the relevant UK legislation. (authors) 17. Americium-based oxides: Dense pellet fabrication from co-converted oxalates Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Horlait, Denis; Lebreton, Florent [CEA, DEN, DTEC/SDTC/LEMA, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Gauthé, Aurélie [CEA, DEN, DRCP/SERA/LCAR, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Caisso, Marie [CEA, DEN, DTEC/SDTC/LEMA, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Arab-Chapelet, Bénédicte; Picart, Sébastien [CEA, DEN, DRCP/SERA/LCAR, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France); Delahaye, Thibaud, E-mail: [email protected] [CEA, DEN, DTEC/SDTC/LEMA, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze (France) 2014-01-15 Mixed oxides are used as nuclear fuels and are notably envisaged for future fuel cycles including plutonium and minor actinide recycling. In this context, processes are being developed for the fabrication of uranium–americium mixed-oxide compounds for transmutation. The purpose of these processes is not only the compliance with fuel specifications in terms of density and homogeneity, but also the simplification of the process for its industrialization as well as lowering dust generation. In this paper, the use of a U{sub 0.85}Am{sub 0.15}O{sub 2±δ} powder synthesized by oxalate co-conversion as a precursor for dense fuel fabrications is assessed. This study notably focuses on sintering, which yielded pellets up to 96% of the theoretical density, taking advantage of the high reactivity and homogeneity of the powder. As-obtained pellets were further characterized to be compared to those obtained via processes based on the UMACS (Uranium Minor Actinide Conventional Sintering) process. This comparison highlights several advantages of co-converted powder as a precursor for simplified processes that generate little dust. 18. Study of biosorbents application on the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes with americium-241 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The use of nuclear energy for many different purposes has been intensified and highlighted by the benefits that it provides. Medical diagnosis and therapy, agriculture, industry and electricity generation are examples of its application. However, nuclear energy generates radioactive wastes that require suitable treatment ensuring life and environmental safety. Biosorption and bioaccumulation represent an emergent alternative for the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes, providing volume reduction and physical state change. This work aimed to study biosorbents for the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes contaminated with americium-241 in order to reduce the volume and change the physical state from liquid to solid. The biosorbents evaluated were Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate beads, inactivated and free cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, calcium alginate beads, Bacillus subtilis, Cupriavidus metallidurans and Ochrobactrum anthropi. The results were quite satisfactory, achieving 100% in some cases. The technique presented in this work may be useful and viable for implementing at the Waste Management Laboratory of IPEN - CNEN/SP in short term, since it is an easy and low cost method. (author) 19. Mutual separation of americium(III) and europium(III) using glycolamic acid and thioglycolamic acid Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Suneesh, A.S.; Venkatesan, K.A.; Syamala, K.V.; Antony, M.P.; Vasudeva Rao, P.R. [Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam (India). Fuel Chemistry Div. 2012-07-01 The extractants, bis(2-ethylhexyl)diglycolamicacid (HDEHDGA) and bis(2-ethylhexy)thiodiglycolamic acid (HDEHSDGA) were synthesized and characterized by {sup 1}H and {sup 13}C NMR, mass and IR spectroscopy. The extraction behaviour of {sup (152+154})Eu(III) and {sup 241}Am(III) from nitric acid medium by a solution of HDEHDGA (or HDEHSDGA) in n-dodecane (n-DD) was studied for the mutual separation of actinides and lanthanides. The effect of various parameters such as the pH, concentrations of HDEHDGA, HDEHSDGA, sodium nitrate, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) on the separation factor (SF) of americium(III) over europium(III) and vice versa was studied, and the conditions needed for the preferential separation were optimised. The results show that HDEHDGA exhibits higher extraction for {sup (152+154)}Eu(III) and HDEHSDGA shows the superior selectivity for {sup 241}Am(III). (orig.) 20. Determination of plutonium americium and curium in soil samples by solvent extraction with trioctylphosphine oxide International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A method of Pu, Am and Cm determination in soil samples, which was developed for analyzing samples from territories subjected to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl accident is described. After preliminary treatment the samples were leached by solution of 7 mol/l HNO23+0.3 mol/l KBrO3 during heating. Pu was isolated by extraction with 0.05 mol TOPO from 7 mol/l HNO3. 144Ce and partially remaining in water phase isotopes of Zr, U and Th were isolated in an extraction-chromatographic column with TOPO and PbO2. Then Am and Cm were extracted by 0.2 mol/l TOPO from solution 1 mol/l HLact+0.07 mol/l DTPA+1 mol/l Al(NO3)3. Alpha-activity of both extracted products was determined in liquid scintillation counter. Chemical yield of plutonium counted to 85±10%, that of americium and curium -75±10%. 17 refs 1. Development and Testing of an Americium/Lanthanide Separation Flowsheet Using Sodium Bismuthate Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jack Law; Bruce Mincher; Troy Garn; Mitchell Greenhalgh; Nicholas Schmitt; Veronica Rutledge 2014-04-01 The separation of Am from the lanthanides and curium is a key step in proposed advanced fuel cycle scenarios. The partitioning and transmutation of Am is desirable to minimize the long-term heat load of material interred in a future high-level waste repository. A separation process amenable to process scale-up remains elusive. Given only subtle chemistry differences within and between the ions of the trivalent actinide and lanthanide series this separation is challenging ; however, higher oxidation states of americium can be prepared using sodium bismuthate and separated via solvent extraction using diamylamylphosphonate (DAAP) extraction. Among the other trivalent metals only Ce is also oxidized and extracted. Due to the long-term instability of Am(VI) , the loaded organic phase is readily selectively stripped to partition the actinide to a new acidic aqueous phase. Batch extraction distribution ratio measurements were used to design a flowsheet to accomplish this separation. Additionally, crossflow filtration was investigated as a method to filter the bismuthate solids from the feed solution prior to extraction. Results of the filtration studies, flowsheet development work and flowsheet performance testing using a centrifugal contactor are detailed. 2. Speciation and bioavailability of Americium-241 in the fresh water environment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Due to its anthropogenic origin, the transuranic americium 241 confronts physiologists with the intriguing question, which mechanisms are involved in the incorporation or elimination of such artificial elements in biological cycles. The investigations on the speciation and bioavailability of 241Am in the freshwater environment aim to establish a relation between the behavior of 241Am in freshwater ecosystems and its availability for biota. In the limnic environment, most often characterized by a high organic load and a low conductivity, the effect of complexation of 241Am with humic acids and competition with trivalent cations such as A1 and Fe, were proven to be significant on the speciation of 241Am. Based on the registration of the 241Am uptake by a large number of freshwater organisms, the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz was chosen to study the whole-body uptake of 241Am, its corresponding organ distribution and its retention in the animal. The share of external fixation and ingestion in the global uptake, and the effect of speciation on it, were studied more carefully. Other aspects in this physiological part were: the kinetics of 241Am in the hemolymph and the hepatopancreas, and its subcellular distribution in the digestive gland. Finally, by comparing the physiology of 241Am with some other metals (240Pu, 64Cu, 198Au) with analogous or contradictional properties, we tried to find out whether the behavior of 241Am in organisms can be explained from its chemical characteristics 3. Solution speciation of plutonium and Americium at an Australian legacy radioactive waste disposal site. Science.gov (United States) Ikeda-Ohno, Atsushi; Harrison, Jennifer J; Thiruvoth, Sangeeth; Wilsher, Kerry; Wong, Henri K Y; Johansen, Mathew P; Waite, T David; Payne, Timothy E 2014-09-01 During the 1960s, radioactive waste containing small amounts of plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am) was disposed in shallow trenches at the Little Forest Burial Ground (LFBG), located near the southern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Because of periodic saturation and overflowing of the former disposal trenches, Pu and Am have been transferred from the buried wastes into the surrounding surface soils. The presence of readily detected amounts of Pu and Am in the trench waters provides a unique opportunity to study their aqueous speciation under environmentally relevant conditions. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the chemical speciation of Pu and Am in the trench water by combining fluoride coprecipitation, solvent extraction, particle size fractionation, and thermochemical modeling. The predominant oxidation states of dissolved Pu and Am species were found to be Pu(IV) and Am(III), and large proportions of both actinides (Pu, 97.7%; Am, 86.8%) were associated with mobile colloids in the submicron size range. On the basis of this information, possible management options are assessed. PMID:25126837 4. Solution speciation of plutonium and Americium at an Australian legacy radioactive waste disposal site. Science.gov (United States) Ikeda-Ohno, Atsushi; Harrison, Jennifer J; Thiruvoth, Sangeeth; Wilsher, Kerry; Wong, Henri K Y; Johansen, Mathew P; Waite, T David; Payne, Timothy E 2014-09-01 During the 1960s, radioactive waste containing small amounts of plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am) was disposed in shallow trenches at the Little Forest Burial Ground (LFBG), located near the southern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Because of periodic saturation and overflowing of the former disposal trenches, Pu and Am have been transferred from the buried wastes into the surrounding surface soils. The presence of readily detected amounts of Pu and Am in the trench waters provides a unique opportunity to study their aqueous speciation under environmentally relevant conditions. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the chemical speciation of Pu and Am in the trench water by combining fluoride coprecipitation, solvent extraction, particle size fractionation, and thermochemical modeling. The predominant oxidation states of dissolved Pu and Am species were found to be Pu(IV) and Am(III), and large proportions of both actinides (Pu, 97.7%; Am, 86.8%) were associated with mobile colloids in the submicron size range. On the basis of this information, possible management options are assessed. 5. A Blazar-Like Radio Flare in Mrk 231 CERN Document Server Reynolds, Cormac; O'Dea, Christopher; Hurley-Walker, Natasha; Wrobel, Joan 2013-01-01 Radio monitoring of the broad absorption line quasar (BALQSO) Mrk 231 from 13.9 GHz to 17.6 GHz detected a strong flat spectrum flare. Even though BALQSOs are typically weak radio sources, the 17.6 GHz flux density doubled in ~150 days, from ~135 mJy to ~270 mJy. It is demonstrated that the elapsed rise time in the quasar rest frame and the relative magnitude of the flare is typical of some of the stronger flares in blazars that are associated with the ejection of discrete components on parsec scales. The decay of a similar flare was found in a previous monitoring campaign at 22 GHz. We conclude that these flares are not rare and indicate the likely ejection of a new radio component that can be resolved from the core with Very Long Baseline Interferometry. The implication is that Mrk 231 seems to be a quasar in which the physical mechanism that produces the BAL wind is in tension with the emergence of a fledgling blazar. 6. IS231A from Bacillus thuringiensis is functional in Escherichia coli: transposition and insertion specificity. OpenAIRE Hallet, Bernard; Rezsohazy, René; Delcour, Jean 1991-01-01 A kanamycin resistance gene was introduced within the insertion sequence IS231A from Bacillus thuringiensis, and transposition of the element was demonstrated in Escherichia coli. DNA sequencing at the target sites showed that IS231A transposition results in direct repeats of variable lengths (10, 11, and 12 bp). These target sequences resemble the terminal inverted repeats of the transposon Tn4430, which are the preferred natural insertion sites of IS231 in B. thuringiensis. 7. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaf extract inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 tumors in nude mouse xenografts and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells OpenAIRE You, Mi-Kyoung; Kim, Min-Sook; Jeong, Kyu-Shik; Kim, Eun; Kim, Yong-Jae; Kim, Hyeon-A 2016-01-01 BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to examine the inhibitory effect of loquat leaves on MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and invasion. MATERIALS/METHODS Female athymic nude mice were given a subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation of MDA-MB-231 cells and randomly grouped to receive a s.c. injection of either 500 mg/kg ethanol, water extract or vehicle five times a week. Tumor growth, mitotic rate and necrosis were examined. MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured with DMSO or with various conc... 8. Opportunistic infections and malignancies in 231 Danish AIDS patients DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pedersen, C; Gerstoft, J; Tauris, P; 1990-01-01 We analysed cumulative disease frequencies in the first 231 adult Danish AIDS patients with life tables. There was a certain hierarchical pattern in the occurrence of complicating diseases. Herpes zoster, Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were early manifestations, whereas...... diseases caused by cytomegalovirus and atypical mycobacteria tended to occur later in the course of AIDS. Compared with all other AIDS patients, homosexual men were more likely to develop Kaposi's sarcoma, cytomegalovirus chorioretinitis and mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection. The proportion...... of patients who developed particular diseases changed with calendar time. Most striking was a three to fourfold decrease in diseases caused by cytomegalovirus. In conclusion, the study showed that disease frequencies in patients with AIDS may vary with the patients risk behaviour and duration of AIDS... 9. A study of plutonium and americium concentrations in seaspray on the southern Scottish coast International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Seaspray and seawater have been collected from the southern Scottish coast and, for comparison, Cumbria in northwest England during 1989 and 1991. The occurrence of sea-to-land transfer of the actinides plutonium and americium in seaspray was observed on these coasts using muslin screens (a semi-quantitative technique most efficient for collecting large spray droplets) and high volume conventional air samplers. The actinides and fine particulate in the spray were present in relatively higher concentrations than measured in the adjacent seawater, i.e. the spray was enriched in particulate actinides. The net efficiency of the muslim screens in collecting airborne plutonium isotopes and 241Am generally appeared to be about 20%. A review of earlier published concentrations of 239+240Pu and 241Am measured in aerosol and deposition for over a year several tens of metres inland was carried out. This suggested that airborne activities are up to a factor of 5 times higher in Cumbria than southern Scotland. However, neither the new data collected in 1989 and 1991 nor this older data suggests any enhancement of seaspray actinide enrichment in southern Scotland compared to Cumbria. This finding contrasts with earlier, more limited, comparisons that have been carried out which suggested such a difference. There is clear evidence of considerable localised spatial and temporal variability in aerosol actinide enrichment over the beaches in both areas. Enrichments varies between 20 and 500 relative to the adjacent surf zone waters. However, the average enrichment in spray based on the continuous measurements made further inland is likely to be at the lower end of this range. (author) 10. Biosorption of Americium-242 by saccharomyces cerevisiae: preliminary evaluation and mechanism International Nuclear Information System (INIS) As an important radioisotope in nuclear industry and other fields, americium-241 is one of the most serious contamination concerns duo to its high radiation toxicity and long half-life. In this experiment, the biosorption of 241Am from solution by a fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), and the effects of various experimental conditions on the biosorption and the mechanism were explored. The preliminary results showed that S. cerevisiae is a very efficient biosorbent. An average of more than 99% of the total 241Am could be removed by S. cerevisiae of 2.1g/L (dry weight) from 241Am solutions of 2.22MBq/L -555 MBq/L (Co). The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 1 hour and the optimum pH ranged 1-3. The culture times of more than 16 hours were suitable and the efficient adsorption of 241Am by the S. cerevisiae could be noted. The biosorption of 241Am by the decomposed cell wall, protoplasm or cell membrane of S. cerevisiae was same efficient as by the intact fungus, but the some components of S. cerevisiae, such as protein and acylation group had obvious effect on adsorption. When the concentrations of coexistent Eu3+, Nd3+ were 100 times more than that of 241Am, the adsorption rates would drop to 65%. However, most of the investigated acidic ions have no significant influence on the 241Am adsorption but minute change of pH value, while the saturated EDTA can strong inhibit the biosorption of 241Am.. (authors) 11. Transport of plutonium, americium, and curium from soils into plants by roots International Nuclear Information System (INIS) For assessing the dose from radionuclides in agricultural products by ingestion it is necessary to know the soil to plant transfer factors. The literature was entirely investigated, in order to judge the size of the soil to plant transfer factors. In total, 92 publications - from 1948 to 1978 -have been evaluated. As result, transfer factors from 10-9 to 10-3 have been found for Plutonium, and from 10-6 to 1 for Americium. For Curium only few data are available in literature. The considerable variation of the measured transfer factors is based on the dependence of these transfer factors from the ion exchange capacity of soils, from the amount of organic materials, from the pH-value, and from the mode of contamination. There are, in any case, contradictory data, although there has been detected a dependence of the transfer factors from these parameters. Chelating agenst increase the transfer factors to approximately 1300. As well, fertilizers have an influence on the size of the transfer factors - however, the relationships have been scarcely investigated. The distribution of actinides within the individual parts of plants has been investigated. The highest concentrations are in the roots; in the plant parts above ground the concentration of actinides decreases considerably. The most inferior transfer factors were measured for the respective seed or fruits. The soil to plant transfer factors of actinides are more dependend on the age of the plants within one growing period. At the beginning of the period, the transfer factor is considerably higher than at the end of this period. With respect to plants with a growing period of several years, correlations are unknown. (orig.) 12. The treatment of liquid radioactive waste containing Americium by using a cation exchange method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A research in the treatment of a liquid radioactive waste containing americium has been done. The liquid radioactive waste used in this research was standard solution of U dan Ce with the initial activity of 100 ppm. The experimental investigation is aimed at a study of the effects of the waste pH, the column dimension of IR-120 cation exchanger which is expressed as L/D, the flow rate of a liquid waste and the influence of thiocyanate as a complex agent against the efficiency of a decontamination for uranium and cerium element. The experiment was done by passing downward the feed of uranium and cerium solution into an IR-120 type of cation exchanger with the L/D of 11.37. From the experimental parameters done in this research where the influence of waste pH was varied from 3 - 8, the geometric column (L/D) 11.37, the liquid flow rate was from 2.5 - 10 ml/m and the thiocyanate concentration was between 100 ppm-500 ppm can be concluded that the optimum operational condition for the ion exchange achieved were the waste pH for uranium = 4 and the waste pH for cerium = 6, the flow rate = 2.5 ml/men. From the given maximum value of DF for uranium = 24 (DE = 95.83%) and of DF for cerium = 40 (DE = 97.5%), it can also be concluded that this investigation is to be continued in order that the greater value of DF/DE can be achieved 13. Use of radioisotopes in the study of tetracycline analytical application. Extraction of compounds formed between tetracycline and neptunium and americium elements International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The behavior of tetracycline as complexing agent, in solvent extraction studies of neptunium and americium, using benzyl alcohol as the organic phase, is presented. By using radioactive tracers of 239Np and 241Am the extraction percent of these elements were determined as a function of pH in the absence and in the presence of several masking agents. The influence of shaking time and the use of different types of supporting eletrolytes upon the extraction behavior was also studied. The extraction curves obtained using EDTA as masking agent show that tetracycline can be used for neptunium and americium separation. In this condition neptunium is extracted into the organic phase and americium remains in the aqueous phase. (Author) 14. Effect of a long-term release of plutonium and americium into an estuarine and coastal sea ecosystem International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This paper discusses the general problem of speciation of plutonium and americium in aquatic ecosystems and the implications relative to their fate in those systems. The following conclusions were reached: several oxidation states of plutonium coexist in the natural environment; the effect of environmental changes such as pH and Esub(h) values and complexes are probably the cause of these various oxidation states; a clearer definition of the 'concentration factor' should be given in view of the important role the sediments play in supplying plutonium for transfer through the food web. (author) 15. EFFECT OF COMPOSITION OF SELECTED GROUNDWATERS FROM THE BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE ON PLUTONIUM, NEPTUNIUM, AND AMERICIUM SPECIATION. Science.gov (United States) Rees, Terry F.; Cleveland, Jess M.; Nash, Kenneth L. 1984-01-01 The speciation of plutonium, neptunium, and americium was determined in groundwaters from four sources in the Basin and Range Province: the lower carbonate aquifer, Nevada Test Site (NTS) (Crystal Pool); alluvial fill, Frenchman Flat, NTS (well 5C); Hualapai Valley, Arizona (Red Lake south well); and Tularosa Basin, New Mexico (Rentfrow well). The results were interpreted to indicate that plutonium and, to a lesser extent, neptunium are least soluble in reducing groundwaters containing a large concentration of sulfate ion and a small concentration of strongly complexing anions. The results further emphasize the desirability of including studies such as this among the other site-selection criteria for nuclear waste repositories. 16. Microstructure and elemental distribution of americium-containing MOX fuel under the short-term irradiation tests International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In order to investigate the effect of americium addition to MOX fuels on the irradiation behavior, the 'Am-1' program is being conducted in JAEA. The Am-1 program consists of two short-term irradiation tests of 10-minute and 24-hour irradiations and a steady-state irradiation test. The short-term irradiation tests were successfully completed and the post irradiation examinations (PIEs) are in progress. The PIEs for Am-containing MOX fuels focused on the microstructural evolution and redistribution behavior of Am at the initial stage of irradiation and the results to date are reported. (author) 17. Development of a methodology for the determination of americium and thorium by ICP-AES and their inter-element effect International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Due to the scarcity of good quality uranium resources, the growth of nuclear technology in India is dependent on the utilization of the vast thorium resources. Therefore, Advance Heavy Water Reactor is going to acquire significant role in the scenario of Indian nuclear technology, where (Th, Pu)O2 will be utilized as fuel in the outermost ring of the reactor core. This will lead to a complex matrix containing thorium as well as americium, which is formed due to β-decay of plutonium. The amount of americium is dependent on the burn up and the storage time of the Pu based fuels. In the present case, attempt was made to develop a method for the determination of americium as well as thorium by ICP-AES. Two emission lines of americium were identified and calibration curves were established for determination of americium. Though the detection limit of 283.236 nm line (5 ng mL-1) of americium was found to be better than that of 408.930 nm (11 ng mL-1), the former line is significantly interfered by large amount of thorium. Three analytical lines (i.e. 283.242, 283.730 and 401.913 nm) of thorium were identified and calibration curves were established along with their detection limits. It was observed that 283.242 and 401.913 nm line are having similar detection limits (18 and 13 ng mL-1, respectively) which are better than that of 283.730 nm (60 ng mL-1). This can be attributed to the high background of 283.273 nm channel of thorium. The spectral interference study revealed that even small amount of americium has significant contribution on 283.242 nm channel of thorium while the other two channels remain practically unaffected. Considering both these facts, spectral interference and analytical performance (detection limits and sensitivity), it was concluded that 401.913 nm line is the best analytical line out of the three lines for determination of thorium in presence of americium. (author) 18. The 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome: clinical and behavioural phenotype. NARCIS (Netherlands) Bon, B.W.M. van; Koolen, D.A.; Brueton, L.; McMullan, D.; Lichtenbelt, K.D.; Ades, L.C.; Peters, G.; Gibson, K.; Moloney, S.; Novara, F.; Pramparo, T.; Bernardina, B. Dalla; Zoccante, L.; Balottin, U.; Piazza, F.; Pecile, V.; Gasparini, P.; Guerci, V.; Kets, M.; Pfundt, R.; Brouwer, A.P.M. de; Veltman, J.A.; Leeuw, N. de; Wilson, M.; Antony, J.; Reitano, S.; Luciano, D.; Fichera, M.; Romano, C.; Brunner, H.G.; Zuffardi, O.; Vries, L.B.A. de 2010-01-01 Six submicroscopic deletions comprising chromosome band 2q23.1 in patients with severe mental retardation (MR), short stature, microcephaly and epilepsy have been reported, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of one or more genes in the 2q23.1 region might be responsible for the common phenotypic fea 19. 42 CFR 23.1 - To what entities does this regulation apply? Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... Section 23.1 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PERSONNEL NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CORPS Assignment of National Health Service Corps Personnel § 23.1 To what entities does this regulation apply? This regulation applies to the assignment of National Health...... 20. 43 CFR 2.31 - How will DOI respond to my appeal? Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How will DOI respond to my appeal? 2.31... OF INFORMATION ACT FOIA Appeals § 2.31 How will DOI respond to my appeal? (a) Appeals will be decided... will state the basis for DOI's decision as follows: (1) Decision to release or withhold records. (i)... 1. 48 CFR 231.205-18 - Independent research and development and bid and proposal costs. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... allocated more than1,100,000 in independent research and development and bid and proposal (IR&D/B&P) costs... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Independent research and development and bid and proposal costs. 231.205-18 Section 231.205-18 Federal Acquisition Regulations... 2. 49 CFR 231.16 - Steam locomotives used in switching service. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steam locomotives used in switching service. 231... RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.16 Steam locomotives used in switching service. (a) Footboards—(1) Number. Two or more. (2) Dimensions. (i)... 3. 49 CFR 231.15 - Steam locomotives used in road service. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.15 Steam locomotives used... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steam locomotives used in road service. 231.15... extends across front end of locomotive to within 8 inches of end of buffer-beam, and is seven-eighths... 4. 49 CFR 231.19 - Definition of “Right” and “Left.” Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definition of âRightâ and âLeft.â 231.19 Section 231.19 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD...” and “Left.” Right or Left refers to side of person when facing end or side of car from ground.... 5. Effect of radiolysis on leachability of plutonium and americium from 76-101 glass. [Glass containing 2 mole % plutonium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nash, K.L.; Fried, S.; Friedman, A.M.; Susak, N.; Rickert, P.; Sullivan, J.C.; Karim, D.P.; Lam, D.J. 1982-01-01 One aspect of the leachability of actinide-bearing glass which has not been adequately addressed is the effect of radiolysis of the system (glass-water) on the amount of actinides liberated from the glass. In the present study, we have investigated the leaching of plutonium and americium from 76-101 glass samples (containing 2 mole % plutonium) in the presence of a one megaRad/hour gamma-radiation field. The presence of the radiation field was found to increase the leaching rate of both plutonium and americium by a factor of five. Speciation studies of the plutonium in the leachate indicate that the plutonium is present predominantly in the higher oxidation states, Pu(V) and Pu(VI) and that it is significantly associated with colloidal particles. Examination of the glass surfaces with x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, XPS, both before and after leaching was carried out; these studies showed lower surface concentrations of plutonium in the samples of glass leached in the radiation field. 1 figure, 3 tables. 6. Osteosarcoma induction by plutonium-239, americium-241 and neptunium-237 : the problem of deriving risk estimates for man International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Spontaneous bone cancer (osteosarcoma) represents only about 0.3% of all human cancers, but is well known to be inducible in humans by internal contamination with radium-226 and radium-224. plutonium-239, americium-241 and neptunium-237 form, or will form, the principal long-lived alpha particle emitting components of high activity waste and burnt-up nuclear fuel elements. These three nuclides deposit extensively in human bone and although, fortunately, no case of a human osteosarcoma induced by any of these nuclides is known, evidence from animal studies suggests that all three are more effective than radium-226 in inducing osteosarcoma. The assumption that the ratio of the risk factors, the number of osteosarcoma expected per 10000 person/animal Gy, for radium-226 and any other bone-seeking alpha-emitter will be independent of animal species has formed the basis of all the important studies of the radiotoxicity of actinide nuclides in experimental animals. The aim of this communication is to review the risk factors which may be calculated from the various animal studies carried out over the last thirty years with plutonium-237, americium-241 and neptunium-237 and to consider the problems which may arise in extrapolating these risk factors to homo sapiens 7. Experimental Study on Behavior of Americium in Pyrochemical Process of Nitride Fuel Cycle International Nuclear Information System (INIS) R and D on the transmutation of long-lived minor actinides (MA) by the accelerator-driven system (ADS) using nitride fuels is underway at JAEA. In regard to reprocessing technology, pyrochemical process has several advantages in case of treating spent fuel with large decay heat and fast neutron emission, and recovering highly enriched N-15. In the pyrochemical reprocessing, plutonium and MA are dissolved in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts and selectively recovered into liquid cadmium (Cd) cathode by molten salt electrorefining. The electrochemical behavior in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts and the subsequent nitride formation behavior of plutonium and MA recovered in liquid Cd cathode are investigated. In this paper, recent results on electrochemical study of americium (Am) on electrolyses of AmN in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts and nitride formation of Am recovered in the liquid Cd cathode are presented. Electrochemical behavior of Am on anodic dissolution of AmN and recovery of Am into a liquid Cd cathode by electrolyses in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts was investigated by transient electrochemical techniques. The formal standard potential of Am(III)/Am(0) obtained with the liquid Cd electrode is more positive than that calculated for the solid metal electrode. The potential shift is considered to be attributed to the lowering of the activity of Am by the formation of the intermetallic compound with Cd. Potentiostatic electrolyses of AmN in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts containing AmCl3 at 773 K were carried out. Nitrogen gas generated by the anodic dissolution of AmN was observed, and the current efficiency was obtained from the ratio of the amount of released nitrogen gas and the passed electric charge to be 20 - 28 %. Am was recovered as Am-Cd alloy in the liquid Cd cathode, in which AmCd6 type phase was identified besides Cd phase. The recovered Am was converted to AmN by the nitridation-distillation combined method, in which the Am-Cd alloy was heated in nitrogen gas stream at 973 K. These 8. Evidence for a chemically differentiated outflow in Mrk 231 CERN Document Server Lindberg, J E; Muller, S; Martí-Vidal, I; Falstad, N; Costagliola, F; Henkel, C; van der Werf, P; García-Burillo, S; González-Alfonso, E 2015-01-01 Aims: Our goal is to study the chemical composition of the outflows of active galactic nuclei and starburst galaxies. Methods: We obtained high-resolution interferometric observations of HCN and HCO$^+$ $J=1\\rightarrow0$ and $J=2\\rightarrow1$ of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk~231 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. We also use previously published observations of HCN and HCO$^+$ $J=1\\rightarrow0$ and $J=3\\rightarrow2$, and HNC $J=1\\rightarrow0$ in the same source. Results: In the line wings of the HCN, HCO$^+$, and HNC emission, we find that these three molecular species exhibit features at distinct velocities which differ between the species. The features are not consistent with emission lines of other molecular species. Through radiative transfer modelling of the HCN and HCO$^+$ outflow emission we find an average abundance ratio $X(\\mathrm{HCN})/X(\\mathrm{HCO}^+)\\gtrsim1000$. Assuming a clumpy outflow, modelling of the HCN and HCO$^+$ emission produces strongly inconsistent outflow masses.... 9. LIBS Spectral Data for a Mixed Actinide Fuel Pellet Containing Uranium, Plutonium, Neptunium and Americium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Judge, Elizabeth J. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Berg, John M. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Le, Loan A. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lopez, Leon N. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Barefield, James E. [Los Alamos National Laboratory 2012-06-18 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to analyze a mixed actinide fuel pellet containing 75% UO{sub 2}/20% PuO{sub 2}/3% AmO{sub 2}/2% NpO{sub 2}. The preliminary data shown here is the first report of LIBS analysis of a mixed actinide fuel pellet, to the authors knowledge. The LIBS spectral data was acquired in a plutonium facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory where the sample was contained within a glove box. The initial installation of the glove box was not intended for complete ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) transmission, therefore the LIBS spectrum is truncated in the UV and NIR regions due to the optical transmission of the window port and filters that were installed. The optical collection of the emission from the LIBS plasma will be optimized in the future. However, the preliminary LIBS data acquired is worth reporting due to the uniqueness of the sample and spectral data. The analysis of several actinides in the presence of each other is an important feature of this analysis since traditional methods must chemically separate uranium, plutonium, neptunium, and americium prior to analysis. Due to the historic nature of the sample fuel pellet analyzed, the provided sample composition of 75% UO{sub 2}/20% PuO{sub 2}/3% AmO{sub 2}/2% NpO{sub 2} cannot be confirm without further analytical processing. Uranium, plutonium, and americium emission lines were abundant and easily assigned while neptunium was more difficult to identify. There may be several reasons for this observation, other than knowing the exact sample composition of the fuel pellet. First, the atomic emission wavelength resources for neptunium are limited and such techniques as hollow cathode discharge lamp have different dynamics than the plasma used in LIBS which results in different emission spectra. Secondly, due to the complex sample of four actinide elements, which all have very dense electronic energy levels, there may be reactions and 10. Preconcentration of low levels of americium and plutonium from waste waters by synthetic water-soluble metal-binding polymers with ultrafiltration International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A preconcentration approach to assist in the measurement of low levels of americium and plutonium in waste waters has been developed based on the concept of using water-soluble metal-binding polymers in combination with ultrafiltration. The method has been optimized to give over 90% recovery and accountability from actual waste water. (author) 11. Theoretical investigation of pressure-induced structural transitions in americium using GGA+U and hybrid density functional theory methods DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Verma, Ashok K.; Modak, P.; Sharma, Surinder M.; 2013-01-01 First-principles calculations have been performed for americium (Am) metal using the generalized gradient approximation + orbital-dependent onsite Coulomb repulsion via Hubbard interaction (GGA+U) and hybrid density functional theory (HYB-DFT) methods to investigate various ground state propertie... 12. A mir-231-Regulated Protection Mechanism against the Toxicity of Graphene Oxide in Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Science.gov (United States) Yang, Ruilong; Ren, Mingxia; Rui, Qi; Wang, Dayong 2016-08-01 Recently, several dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in organisms exposed to graphene oxide (GO). However, their biological functions and mechanisms of the action are still largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of mir-231 in the regulation of GO toxicity using in vivo assay system of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that GO exposure inhibited the expression of mir-231::GFP in multiple tissues, in particular in the intestine. mir-231 acted in intestine to regulate the GO toxicity, and overexpression of mir-231 in intestine caused a susceptible property of nematodes to GO toxicity. smk-1 encoding a homologue to mammalian SMEK functioned as a targeted gene for mir-231, and was also involved in the intestinal regulation of GO toxicity. Mutation of smk-1 gene induced a susceptible property to GO toxicity, whereas the intestinal overexpression of smk-1 resulted in a resistant property to GO toxicity. Moreover, mutation of smk-1 gene suppressed the resistant property of mir-231 mutant to GO toxicity. In nematodes, SMK-1 further acted upstream of the transcriptional factor DAF-16/FOXO in insulin signaling pathway to regulate GO toxicity. Therefore, mir-231 may encode a GO-responsive protection mechanism against the GO toxicity by suppressing the function of the SMK-1 - DAF-16 signaling cascade in nematodes. 13. A mir-231-Regulated Protection Mechanism against the Toxicity of Graphene Oxide in Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Science.gov (United States) Yang, Ruilong; Ren, Mingxia; Rui, Qi; Wang, Dayong 2016-01-01 Recently, several dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in organisms exposed to graphene oxide (GO). However, their biological functions and mechanisms of the action are still largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of mir-231 in the regulation of GO toxicity using in vivo assay system of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that GO exposure inhibited the expression of mir-231::GFP in multiple tissues, in particular in the intestine. mir-231 acted in intestine to regulate the GO toxicity, and overexpression of mir-231 in intestine caused a susceptible property of nematodes to GO toxicity. smk-1 encoding a homologue to mammalian SMEK functioned as a targeted gene for mir-231, and was also involved in the intestinal regulation of GO toxicity. Mutation of smk-1 gene induced a susceptible property to GO toxicity, whereas the intestinal overexpression of smk-1 resulted in a resistant property to GO toxicity. Moreover, mutation of smk-1 gene suppressed the resistant property of mir-231 mutant to GO toxicity. In nematodes, SMK-1 further acted upstream of the transcriptional factor DAF-16/FOXO in insulin signaling pathway to regulate GO toxicity. Therefore, mir-231 may encode a GO-responsive protection mechanism against the GO toxicity by suppressing the function of the SMK-1 - DAF-16 signaling cascade in nematodes. PMID:27558892 14. 49 CFR 231.1 - Box and other house cars built or placed in service before October 1, 1966. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Box and other house cars built or placed in... APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.1 Box and other house cars built or placed in service before October 1, 1966. Except for box and other house cars that comply with either § 231.27 or § 231.28, each box and... 15. 8 CFR 231.2 - Electronic manifest and I-94 requirement for passengers and crew onboard departing vessels and... Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... section 231 of the Act are set forth in 19 CFR 4.64 (passengers and crew members onboard vessels) and in 19 CFR 122.75a (passengers onboard aircraft) and 122.75b (crew members onboard aircraft). (b... for passengers and crew onboard departing vessels and aircraft. 231.2 Section 231.2 Aliens... 16. 8 CFR 231.1 - Electronic manifest and I-94 requirement for passengers and crew onboard arriving vessels and... Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... section 231 of the Act are set forth in 19 CFR 4.7b (passengers and crew members onboard vessels) and in 19 CFR 122.49a (passengers onboard aircraft) and 122.49b (crew members onboard aircraft). (b... for passengers and crew onboard arriving vessels and aircraft. 231.1 Section 231.1 Aliens... 17. Inorganic sulfur reduces the motility and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells OpenAIRE Kim, Jin Joo; Ha, Ae Wha; Kim, Hee Sun; Kim, Woo Kyoung 2011-01-01 This study investigated the effects of inorganic sulfur on metastasis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the absence or presence of various concentrations (12.5, 25, or 50 µmol/L) of inorganic sulfur. Cell motility, invasion, and the activity and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) were examined. Numbers of viable MDA-MB-231 cells did not differ by inorganic sulfur treatment from 0 to 50 µmol/L within 48 h. Inorganic sulfur significantly d... 18. 75 FR 30902 - Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement; U.S. 231 Dubois County, IN Science.gov (United States) 2010-06-02 ... route, U.S. 231 is included in the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS includes all Interstate routes... national defense. The NHS includes 5 percent of the national roadway network but serves approximately... 19. Experimental study of piperlongumine inducing apoptosis of human breast adenoma MDA-MB-231 cells Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Zhifeng Yao; Jianxin Yao; Xia He; Zhanfeng Li; Yongbiao Liu 2013-01-01 Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the apoptosis induced by piperlongumine on human breast adenoma MDA-MB-231 cells and the mechanism involved. Methods: Human breast adenoma MDA-MB-231 cells line was cultured in vitro. The inhibitory effect of piperlongumine on the proliferation of human breast adenoma MDA-MB-231 cells was measured by CCK-8 assay. Distribution of cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The apoptosis rates of MDA-MB- 231 cells were measured using Annexin V/PI staining. The flow cytometry with the probe of DCFH-DA was used to detect the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Western blot was used to explore the protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. Results: The CCK-8 assay showed that piperlongumine had an inhibiting effect on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. MDA-MB-231 cells were markedly arrested at G0/G1 phase after treatment of piperlongumine. Piperlongumine induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells obviously. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was increased in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cystein inhibited the apoptosis of cells and the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was also decreased. By Western blot analysis, we found the expression of Bax was up-regulated whereas that of Bcl-2 was down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Piperlongumine possesses a significant function for inhibiting proliferation, arresting cells at G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, which seems to be associated with the increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species as well as the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax. 20. Stability of penta- and hexavalent americium in the solutions of sodium peroxydisulfate and sodium bromate at intensive internal α-irradiation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The spectrometric method has been used for studying the dependence of the rates of radiolytic reduction of Am(5) and (6) on the initial concentration of sodium persulfate and bromate, Am(5) and (6), acidity, and the dose rate of inner alpha-irradiation of the solutions. The high dose rates of inner alpha-irradiation of solutions (up to 3.25x1021 eV/lxmin-250Ci/l) have been attained with the aid of curium isotopes. The stability of americium (6) ions towards the action of ionizing radiation in solutions of sodium persulfate and bromate has been shown to be considerable lower than that of americium (5). The chemical difference has been shown in radiolytic behaviour between Am(5) and Am(6) ions in solutions of sodium persulfate and bromate. The equations have been derived showing the dependence of the rates of Am(6) and Am(5) reduction of different variables 1. Comparative XRPD and XAS study of the impact of the synthesis process on the electronic and structural environments of uranium-americium mixed oxides Science.gov (United States) Prieur, D.; Lebreton, F.; Martin, P. M.; Caisso, M.; Butzbach, R.; Somers, J.; Delahaye, T. 2015-10-01 Uranium-americium mixed oxides are potential compounds to reduce americium inventory in nuclear waste via a partitioning and transmutation strategy. A thorough assessment of the oxygen-to-metal ratio is paramount in such materials as it determines the important underlying electronic structure and phase relations, affecting both thermal conductivity of the material and its interaction with the cladding and coolant. In 2011, various XAS experiments on U1-xAmxO2±δ samples prepared by different synthesis methods have reported contradictory results on the charge distribution of U and Am. This work alleviates this discrepancy. The XAS results confirm that, independently of the synthesis process, the reductive sintering of U1-xAmxO2±δ leads to the formation of similar fluorite solid solution indicating the presence of Am+III and U+V in equimolar proportions. 2. THE FIRST ISOLATION OF AMERICIUM IN THE FORM OF PURE COMPOUNDS - THE SPECIFIC ALPHA-ACTIVITY AND HALF-LIFE OF Am241 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cunningham, B.B.; Asprey, L.B. 1950-07-20 The microgram scale isolation and preparation of pure compounds of americium is described. Data are presented to show that the alpha-half-life of the isotope Am{sup 241} is 490 {+-} 14 years. The absorption spectrum of Am(III) in 1M nitric acid in the range 3500-8000 mu is given. The wave lengths of 10 of the most prominent lines in the copper spark emission spectrum of americium are given to the nearest 0.01 {angstrom}. Evidence is presented to show that the potential for the Am(III)-Am(IV) couple in acid solution is more negative than -2v and that the potential for the Am(II)-Am(III) couple is more positive than +0.9v. 3. A Density Functional Study of Atomic Hydrogen and Oxygen Chemisorption on the Relaxed (0001) Surface of Double Hexagonal Close Packed Americium OpenAIRE Dholabhai, P. P.; Atta-Fynn, R.; A.K. Ray 2009-01-01 Ab initio total energy calculations within the framework of density functional theory have been performed for atomic hydrogen and oxygen chemisorption on the (0001) surface of double hexagonal packed americium using a full-potential all-electron linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitals method. Chemisorption energies were optimized with respect to the distance of the adatom from the relaxed surface for three adsorption sites, namely top, bridge, and hollow hcp sites, the adlayer str... 4. Experimental study of Americium-241 biokinetics in Homarus Gammarus lobster. Analysis of the accumulation and detoxication mechanisms at the sub-cellular level International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Americium 241 radioelement accumulation and elimination rate and mechanisms in the lobster organism have been experimentally studied; incorporation and detoxification capacities of each organ are evaluated. The existence of various biological compartments is shown; the major role of the digestive gland in accumulation of the radioelement, its distribution towards the various organs, and its resorption is comprehensively described, with an analysis at the subcellular and molecular levels. 401 p., 65 fig., 43 tab., 428 ref 5. A new method for the determination of plutonium and americium using high pressure microwave digestion and alpha-spectrometry or ICP-SMS International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Plutonium and americium are radionuclides particularly difficult to measure in environmental samples because they are a-emitters and therefore necessitate a careful separation before any measurement, either using radiometric methods or ICP-SMS. Recent developments in extraction chromatography resins such as EichromR TRU and TEVA have resolved many of the analytical problems but drawbacks such as low recovery and spectral interferences still occasionally occur. Here, we report on the use of the new EichromR DGA resin in association with TEVA resin and high pressure microwave acid leaching for the sequential determination of plutonium and americium in environmental samples. The method results in average recoveries of 83 ± 15% for plutonium and 73 ± 22% for americium (n = 60), and a less than 10% deviation from reference values of four IAEA reference materials and three samples from intercomparisons exercises. The method is also suitable for measuring 239Pu in water samples at the μBq/l level, if ICP-SMS is used for the measurement. (author) 6. An experimental study of americium-241 biokinetics in the Lobster Homarus Gammarus. Analysis of the accumulation/storage and detoxification processes at the subcellular level International Nuclear Information System (INIS) An experimental study of americium-241 kinetics has been conducted in the lobster Homarus gammmarus. The investigations were conducted at all the levels from the whole body to the subcellular and molecular levels. The animals were contaminated by a single or chronic ingestion of 241 Am labelled mussels. Assessments of accumulation, elimination and distribution of the radionuclide were established on organisms kept in the laboratory; they made it possible to demonstrate the importance of the digestive gland in the radionuclide transfer pathways. The preliminary results led to structural then ultrastructural investigations of the digestive gland in association with radioautographic studies and cellular extractions methods. Four cellular types were demonstrated, only two of them being implied in the radionuclide retention, the former being responsible for americium intake and the latter for its long-term retention. By means of biochemical techniques, subcellular accumulation was studied and the organelles implied in the nuclide retention were specified. Finally, a method of cellular nuclei dissociation was developed; it made it possible to analyse the molecular nature of americium ligands and to demonstrate the function of the protein nuclear matrix in the nuclide retention 7. Comparative XRPD and XAS study of the impact of the synthesis process on the electronic and structural environments of uranium–americium mixed oxides Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Prieur, D., E-mail: [email protected] [European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe (Germany); Lebreton, F. [CEA, DEN, DTEC/SDTC/LEMA, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex (France); Martin, P.M. [CEA, DEN, DEC/SESC/LLCC, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance cedex (France); Caisso, M. [CEA, DEN, DTEC/SDTC/LEMA, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex (France); Butzbach, R. [Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiochemistry, P.O. Box 10119, 01314 Dresden (Germany); Somers, J. [European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe (Germany); Delahaye, T. [CEA, DEN, DTEC/SDTC/LEMA, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex (France) 2015-10-15 Uranium–americium mixed oxides are potential compounds to reduce americium inventory in nuclear waste via a partitioning and transmutation strategy. A thorough assessment of the oxygen-to-metal ratio is paramount in such materials as it determines the important underlying electronic structure and phase relations, affecting both thermal conductivity of the material and its interaction with the cladding and coolant. In 2011, various XAS experiments on U{sub 1−x}Am{sub x}O{sub 2±δ} samples prepared by different synthesis methods have reported contradictory results on the charge distribution of U and Am. This work alleviates this discrepancy. The XAS results confirm that, independently of the synthesis process, the reductive sintering of U{sub 1−x}Am{sub x}O{sub 2±δ} leads to the formation of similar fluorite solid solution indicating the presence of Am{sup +III} and U{sup +V} in equimolar proportions. - Graphical abstract: Formation of (U{sup IV/V},Am{sup III})O{sup 2} solid solution by sol–gel and by powder metallurgy. - Highlights: • Uranium–americium mixed oxides were synthesized by sol–gel and powder metallurgy. • Fluorite solid solutions with similar local environment have been obtained. • U{sup V} and Am{sup III} are formed in equimolar proportions. 8. Leptonic CP Violation Search and the Ambiguity of dm^2_31 CERN Document Server Koike, M; Saitó, M; Takeuchi, T; Koike, Masafumi; Okamura, Naotoshi; Saito, Masako; Takeuchi, Tatsu 2006-01-01 We consider a search for the CP-violating angle deltaCP in long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. We show that the subleading deltaCP-dependent terms in the nu_mu -> nu_e oscillation probability can be easily obscured by the ambiguity of the leading term given by dm^2_31. It is thus necessary to determine the value of dm^2_31 with a sufficient accuracy. We point out that nu_mu survival events, which can be accumulated simultaneously with the nu_e appearance events, can serve for this purpose owing to its large statistics. Therefore, the combined analysis of nu_e appearance and nu_mu survival events is crucial to provide a restrictive constraint on deltaCP. Taking a test experimental setup, we demonstrate in the deltaCP-dm^2_31 plane that the analysis of nu_e appearance events leads to less restrictive constraints on the value of deltaCP due to the ambiguity of dm^2_31. In contrast, the combined analysis is capable of constraining the values of deltaCP and dm^2_31 into a single small region, and also ... 9. Escape, Accretion or Star Formation? The Competing Depleters of Gas in Markarian 231 CERN Document Server Alatalo, Katherine 2015-01-01 We report on high resolution CO(1-0), CS(2-1) and 3mm continuum Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy (CARMA) observations of the molecular outflow host and nearest quasar Markarian 231. We use the CS(2-1) measurements to derive a dense gas mass within Mrk 231 of $1.8\\pm0.3\\times10^{10}$ $M_\\odot$, quite consistent with previous measurements. The CS(2-1) data also seem to indicate that the molecular disk of Mrk 231 is forming stars at normal efficiency. The high resolution CARMA observations were able to resolve the CO(1-0) outflow into two distinct lobes, allowing for a size estimate to be made and further constraining the molecular outflow dynamical time, further constraining the molecular gas escape rate. We find that 15% of the molecular gas within the Mrk 231 outflow actually exceeds the escape velocity in the central kiloparsec. Assuming that molecular gas is not constantly being accelerated, we find the depletion timescale of molecular gas in Mrk 231 to be 49 Myr, rather than 32 Myr, more... 10. Molecular mechanisms mediating the neuroproyective effects of quinacrine and minocycline on cell death induced by the prion protein fragment 90-231 (hPrP90-231 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) V. Villa 2011-01-01 Full Text Available The effects of quinacrine and minocycline on the toxicity induced by hPrP90-231 were studied. By mild thermal denaturation, hPrP90-231 can be converted in a toxic PrPSc-like structure affecting the survival of SH-SY5Y cells. Quinacrine and minocycline prevented hPrP90-231-induced toxicity interfering with different mechanisms: protective effects of quinacrine are mediated by the binding to the fragment that abolished hPrP90-231 structural changes and cell internalization, whereas, minocycline reverted MAP kinase neurotoxic signaling exerted by the prion fragment. 11. Effect of amlodipine on apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2008-01-01 Objective: To elucidate the effects of amlodipine on the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods: Light microscopy was used to determine the effects of amiodipine on cell morphology; Flow cytometry was used to quantitate cells undergoing apoptosis; the expression of a cell cycle-related protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and an antiapoptosis protein, Bcl-2 were assessed by immunocytochemistry. Results: Amlodipine concentration of 8.25 Ixmol/L (1/2 of IC50) affected the morphology, decreased the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2 and induced apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion: The effect of amlodipine on the antiproliferation of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells is related to inducement of apoptosis, and the decrease of the expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA may be the possible mechanism for proliferation inhibitory and inducement of apoptosis. 12. Acute severe head injury resulted from road traffic accidents：a report on 231 cases Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 刘敬业; 张赛; 等 1999-01-01 Objective:To analyze the epidemiology and clinical outcome of acute severe head injurey induced by road traffic accidents.Methods:The data of 231 patients with acute severe head injury induced by road traffic accidents were retrospectively studied.Results:The major victim-maker was automobiles (98.8%).The first three common types of traffic accidents were automobiles crashing into automobiles,automobiles crashing into bicycles(42.9%),and automobiles crashing pedestrians(40.3%).Eighty-seven patients out of 231 died,with the mortality of 37.7%.Conclusions:It suggests tat improving traffic administration and traffic safety consciousness may significantly reduce traffic trauma. 13. Use of radioanalytical methods for determination of uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium isotopes in radioactive wastes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Activated charcoal is a common type of radioactive waste that contains high concentrations of fission and activation products. The management of this waste includes its characterization aiming the determination and quantification of the specific radionuclides including those known as Difficult-to-Measure Radionuclides (RDM). The analysis of the RDM's generally involves complex radiochemical analysis for purification and separation of the radionuclides, which are expensive and time-consuming. The objective of this work was to define a methodology for sequential analysis of the isotopes of uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium present in a type of radioactive waste, evaluating chemical yield, analysis of time spent, amount of secondary waste generated and cost. Three methodologies were compared and validated that employ ion exchange (TI + EC), extraction chromatography (EC) and extraction with polymers (ECP). The waste chosen was the activated charcoal from the purification system of primary circuit water cooling the reactor IEA-R1. The charcoal samples were dissolved by acid digestion followed by purification and separation of isotopes with ion exchange resins, extraction and chromatographic extraction polymers. Isotopes were analyzed on an alpha spectrometer, equipped with surface barrier detectors. The chemical yields were satisfactory for the methods TI + EC and EC. ECP method was comparable with those methods only for uranium. Statistical analysis as well the analysis of time spent, amount of secondary waste generated and cost revealed that EC method is the most effective for identifying and quantifying U, Np, Pu, Am and Cm present in charcoal. (author) 14. Intramolecular sensitization of americium luminescence in solution: shining light on short-lived forbidden 5f transitions. Science.gov (United States) Sturzbecher-Hoehne, M; Yang, P; D'Aléo, A; Abergel, R J 2016-06-14 The photophysical properties and solution thermodynamics of water soluble trivalent americium (Am(III)) complexes formed with multidentate chromophore-bearing ligands, 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), Enterobactin, and 5-LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO), were investigated. The three chelators were shown to act as antenna chromophores for Am(III), generating sensitized luminescence emission from the metal upon complexation, with very short lifetimes ranging from 33 to 42 ns and low luminescence quantum yields (10(-3) to 10(-2)%), characteristic of Near Infra-Red emitters in similar systems. The specific emission peak of Am(III) assigned to the (5)D1 → (7)F1 f-f transition was exploited to characterize the high proton-independent stability of the complex formed with the most efficient sensitizer 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), with a log β110 = 20.4 ± 0.2 value. In addition, the optical and solution thermodynamic features of these Am(III) complexes, combined with density functional theory calculations, were used to probe the influence of electronic structure on coordination properties across the f-element series and to gain insight into ligand field effects. 15. Nano-cerium vanadate: a novel inorganic ion exchanger for removal of americium and uranium from simulated aqueous nuclear waste. Science.gov (United States) Banerjee, Chayan; Dudwadkar, Nilesh; Tripathi, Subhash Chandra; Gandhi, Pritam Maniklal; Grover, Vinita; Kaushik, Chetan Prakash; Tyagi, Avesh Kumar 2014-09-15 Cerium vanadate nanopowders were synthesized by a facile low temperature co-precipitation method. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and found to consist of ∼25 nm spherical nanoparticles. The efficiency of these nanopowders for uptake of alpha-emitting radionuclides (233)U (4.82 MeV α) and (241)Am (5.49 MeV α, 60 keV γ) has been investigated. Thermodynamically and kinetically favorable uptake of these radionuclides resulted in their complete removal within 3h from aqueous acidic feed solutions. The uptake capacity was observed to increase with increase in pH as the zeta potential value decreased with the increase in pH but effect of ionic strength was insignificant. Little influence of the ions like Sr(2+), Ru(3+), Fe(3+), etc., in the uptake process indicated CeVO4 nanopowders to be amenable for practical applications. The isotherms indicated predominant uptake of the radioactive metal ions in the solid phase of the exchanger at lower feed concentrations and linear Kielland plots with positive slopes indicated favorable exchange of the metal ions with the nanopowder. Performance comparison with the other sorbents reported indicated excellent potential of nano-cerium vanadate for removing americium and uranium from large volumes of aqueous acidic solutions. 16. Distribution of plutonium, americium, and several rare earth fission product elements between liquid cadmium and LiCl-KCl eutectic International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Separation factors were measured that describe the partition between molten cadmium and molten LiCl-KCl eutectic of plutonium, americium, praseodymium, neodymium, cerium, lanthanum, gadolinium, dysprosium, and yttrium. The temperature range was 753-788 K, and the range of concentrations was that allowed by the sensitivity of the chemical analysis methods. Mean separation factors were derived for Am-Pu, Nd-Am, Nd-Pu, Nd-Pr, Gd-La, Dy-La, La-Ce, La-Nd, Y-La, and Y-Nd. Where previously published data were available, agreement was good. For convenience, the following series of separation factors relative to plutonium was derived by combining the measured separation factors: Pu, 1.00 (basis); Am, 1.54; Pr, 22.0; Nd, 23.4; Ce, 26; La, 70; Gd, 77; Dy, 270; Y, 3000. These data are used in calculating the distribution of the actinide and rare earth elements in the prochemical reprocessing of spent fuel from the Integral Fast Reactor. (orig.) 17. Evaluation of synthetic water-soluble metal-binding polymers with ultrafiltration for selective concentration of americium and plutonium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Routine counting methods and ICP-MS are unable to directly measure the new US Department of Energy (DOE) regulatory level for discharge waters containing alpha-emitting radionuclides of 30 pCi/L total alpha or the 0.05 pCi/L regulatory level for Pu or Am activity required for surface waters at the Rocky Flats site by the State of Colorado. This inability indicates the need to develop rapid, reliable, and robust analytical techniques for measuring actinide metal ions, particularly americium and plutonium. Selective separation or preconcentration techniques would aid in this effort. Water-soluble metal-binding polymers in combination with ultrafiltration are shown to be an effective method for selectively removing dilute actinide ions from acidic solutions of high ionic strength. The actinide-binding properties of commercially available water-soluble polymers and several polymers which have been reported in the literature were evaluated. The functional groups incorporated in the polymers were pyrrolidone, amine, oxime, and carboxylic, phosphonic, or sulfonic acid. The polymer containing phosphonic acid groups gave the best results with high distribution coefficients and concentration factors for 241Am(III) and 238Pu(III)/(IV) at pH 4 to 6 and ionic strengths of 0.1 to 4 18. Characteristics of plutonium and americium contamination at the former U.K. atomic weapons test ranges at Maralinga and Emu International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Physico-chemical studies on environmental plutonium are described, which provide data integral to an assessment of dose for the inhalation of artificial actinides by Australian Aborigines living a semi-traditional lifestyle at Maralinga and Emu, sites of U.K. atomic weapons tests between 1953 and 1963. The most significant area, from a radiological perspective, is the area contaminated by plutonium in a series of ''one point'' safety trials in which large quantities of plutonium were dispersed explosively at a location known as Taranaki. The activity distribution of plutonium and americium with particle size is quite different from the mass distribution, as a considerably higher proportion of the activity is contained in the finer (inhalable) fraction than of the mass. Except in areas which were disturbed through ploughing during a cleanup in 1967, most the activity remains in the top 1 cm of the surface. Much of the activity is in particulate form, even at distances > 20 km from the firing sites, and discrete particles have been located even at distances beyond 100 km. Data are presented which permit the assessment of annual committed doses through the inhalation pathway, for Aborigines living a semi-traditional lifestyle in the areas affected by the Taranaki firings in particular. (author) 19. 7 CFR 1280.231 - Patents, copyrights, inventions, product formulations, and publications. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Patents, copyrights, inventions, product formulations... Information Order Miscellaneous § 1280.231 Patents, copyrights, inventions, product formulations, and publications. (a) Any patents, copyrights, inventions or publications developed through the use of... 20. The Rare 23.1-GHz Methanol Masers in NGC 7538 IRS 1 CERN Document Server Galván-Madrid, Roberto; Ramírez, Edgar A; Kurtz, Stan; Araya, Esteban; Hofner, Peter 2010-01-01 We present high angular resolution (FWHM_beam < 0.2") observations of the 23.1-GHz methanol (CH_3OH) transition toward the massive-star forming region NGC 7538 IRS 1. The two velocity components previously reported by Wilson et al. are resolved into distinct spatial features with brightness temperatures (T_B) greater than 10^4 K, proving their maser nature. Thus, NGC 7538 IRS 1 is the third region confirmed to show methanol maser emission at this frequency. The brighter 23.1-GHz spot coincides in position with a rare formaldehyde (H_2CO) maser, and marginally with a 22.2-GHz water (H_2O) maser, for which we report archival observations. The weaker CH_3OH spot coincides with an H_2O maser. The ratio of T_B for the 23.1-GHz masers to that of the well-known 12.2-GHz CH_3OH masers in this region roughly agrees with model predictions. However, the 23.1-GHz spots are offset in position from the CH_3OH masers at other frequencies. This is difficult to interpret in terms of models that assume that all the masers a... 1. X-231B technology demonstration for in situ treatment of contaminated soil: Technology evaluation and screening International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (Ports) is located approximately 70 miles south of Columbus in southern Ohio. Among the several waste management units on the facility, the X-231B unit consists of two adjacent oil biodegradation plots. The plots encompass ∼ 0.8 acres and were reportedly used from 1976 to 1983 for the treatment and disposal of waste oils and degreasing solvents, some containing uranium-235 and technetium-99. The X-231B unit is a regulated solid waste management unit (SWMU) under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The X-231B unit is also a designated SWMU located within Quadrant I of the site as defined in an ongoing RCRA Facilities Investigation and Corrective Measures Study (RFI/CMS). Before implementing one or more Technology Demonstration Project must be completed. The principal goal of this project was to elect and successfully demonstrate one ore more technologies for effective treatment of the contaminated soils associated with the X-231B unit at PORTS. The project was divided into two major phases. Phase 1 involved a technology evaluation and screening process. The second phase (i.e., Phase 2) was to involve field demonstration, testing and evaluation of the technology(s) selected during Phase 1. This report presents the methods, results, and conclusions of the technology evaluation and screening portion of the project 2. 5 CFR 9701.231 - Conversion of positions and employees to the DHS classification system. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conversion of positions and employees to... Provisions § 9701.231 Conversion of positions and employees to the DHS classification system. (a) This... from the GS system, a prevailing rate system, the SL/ST system, or the SES system, as provided... 3. 48 CFR 231.205-1 - Public relations and advertising costs. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Public relations and... PROCEDURES Contracts With Commercial Organizations 231.205-1 Public relations and advertising costs. (e) See... public relations and advertising costs also include monies paid to the Government associated with... 4. Engagement of membrane immunoglobulin enhances Id3 promoter activity in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Xiao-jun LI; Kikumi HATA; Junichiro MIZUGUCHI 2005-01-01 Aim: We have recently shown that engagement of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) induced upregulation of inhibitor of differentiation 3 (Id3) mRNA, resulting in growth arrest at G1 phase in WEHI-231 cells. In the present study, we examined whether engagement of mIg will affect promoter activity of the Id3 gene in WEHI231 cells. Methods: DNA fragments corresponding to the 5′-flanking region of mId3 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic DNA as the template. Three DNA fragments upstream of the transcription start site (+ 1) of the mId3 gene were subcloned into the luciferase reporter vector PGVB2. The recombinant constructs were transiently transfected into WEHI-231 cells by an electroporation method. After incubation for 24 h, WEHI-231 cells were stimulated with 10 mg/L anti-IgM or irradiated CD40L-expressing NIH3T3 cells or control NIH3T3 cells for further 24 h, followed by assay for luciferase activity. Results: The luciferase analysis demonstrated that basal promoter activity of the Id3 gene was found in the region between -200 and +54. The Id3 promoter activity was increased 2-fold following stimulation with anti-IgM, but not CD40L, compared with medium alone. Conclusion: The mIg-mediated upregulation of Id3 expression is controlled, at least in part, through transcriptional regulation, as assessed by luciferase assay. 5. 49 CFR 231.17 - Specifications common to all steam locomotives. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Specifications common to all steam locomotives... RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.17 Specifications common to all steam locomotives. (a) Hand brakes. (1) Hand brakes will not be required... 6. 29 CFR 779.231 - Franchise arrangements which do not create a larger enterprise. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... Apply; Enterprise Coverage Leased Departments, Franchise and Other Business Arrangements § 779.231 Franchise arrangements which do not create a larger enterprise. (a) While it is clear that in every... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Franchise arrangements which do not create a... 7. The role of natural organic matter in the migration behaviour of americium in the Boom Clay - Part 1: migration experiments International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Full text of publication follows: In demonstrating the suitability of Boom Clay as reference site for studying the disposal of radioactive waste, the role of the relatively high amount of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) present in the Boom Clay on the mobility of critical radionuclides needs to be investigated thoroughly. It is generally accepted that trivalent actinides and lanthanides form strong complexes with humic substances. Complexation of these trivalent radionuclides with NOM present in the Boom Clay may therefore have two opposite effects. If complexed by the aqueous phase NOM (the mobile NOM), the radionuclide transport will be governed by the mobility of these dissolved radionuclide- NOM species. If complexed by the solid phase NOM (the immobile NOM) the migration will be retarded. One of the aims of the EC projects TRANCOM-Clay and TRANCOM-II was to investigate the role of mobile NOM as radionuclide carrier in order to develop a conceptual model for inclusion in a performance assessment (PA) model. The migration behaviour of Americium (used as an analogue for the critical radionuclide Pu) was investigated by complexing 241Am with radiolabelled (14C-labelled) NOM before passing through undisturbed Boom Clay cores contained in columns. The use of two different radionuclides, allows the migration behaviour of both the NOM and the Am to be followed. The results of the migration experiments showed that the Am-NOM complexes dissociated when they came into contact with Boom Clay and that the bulk of Am became immobilised (either as Am complexed to immobile NOM or sorbed to the mineral phase). Only a small percentage of the complex persisted as 'stabilised' Am-OM complex which exhibited slow dissociation kinetics upon moving through the Boom Clay. When the applied radionuclide source also contains Am in the form of an inorganic solid phase (when Am is applied above the solubility limit), a continuous source of Am exists to form 'temporarily stabilised' Am 8. Experimental study of Americium-241 biokinetics in Homarus Gammarus lobster. Analysis of the accumulation and detoxication mechanisms at the sub-cellular level; Etude experimentale des biocinetiques de lamericium-241 chez le homard homarus gammarus. Analyse des mecanismes daccumulation et de detoxication au niveau subcellulaire Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Paquet, F. 1991-12-01 The Americium 241 radioelement accumulation and elimination rate and mechanisms in the lobster organism have been experimentally studied; incorporation and detoxification capacities of each organ are evaluated. The existence of various biological compartments is shown; the major role of the digestive gland in accumulation of the radioelement, its distribution towards the various organs, and its resorption is comprehensively described, with an analysis at the subcellular and molecular levels. 401 p., 65 fig., 43 tab., 428 ref. 9. Nano-cerium vanadate: A novel inorganic ion exchanger for removal of americium and uranium from simulated aqueous nuclear waste Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Banerjee, Chayan; Dudwadkar, Nilesh [Fuel Reprocessing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India); Tripathi, Subhash Chandra, E-mail: [email protected] [Fuel Reprocessing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India); Gandhi, Pritam Maniklal [Fuel Reprocessing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India); Grover, Vinita [Waste Management Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India); Kaushik, Chetan Prakash [Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India); Tyagi, Avesh Kumar, E-mail: [email protected] [Waste Management Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India) 2014-09-15 Highlights: • Template free, low temperature synthesis of CeVO{sub 4} nanopowders. • Thermodynamically and kinetically favourable uptake of Am(III) and U(VI) exhibited. • K{sub d} and ΔG° values for Am(III) and U(VI) uptake in pH 1–6 are reported. • Interdiffusion coefficients and zeta potential values in pH 1–6 are reported. • Possible application in low level aqueous nuclear waste remediation. - Abstract: Cerium vanadate nanopowders were synthesized by a facile low temperature co-precipitation method. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and found to consist of ∼25 nm spherical nanoparticles. The efficiency of these nanopowders for uptake of alpha-emitting radionuclides {sup 233}U (4.82 MeV α) and {sup 241}Am (5.49 MeV α, 60 keV γ) has been investigated. Thermodynamically and kinetically favorable uptake of these radionuclides resulted in their complete removal within 3 h from aqueous acidic feed solutions. The uptake capacity was observed to increase with increase in pH as the zeta potential value decreased with the increase in pH but effect of ionic strength was insignificant. Little influence of the ions like Sr{sup 2+}, Ru{sup 3+}, Fe{sup 3+}, etc., in the uptake process indicated CeVO{sub 4} nanopowders to be amenable for practical applications. The isotherms indicated predominant uptake of the radioactive metal ions in the solid phase of the exchanger at lower feed concentrations and linear Kielland plots with positive slopes indicated favorable exchange of the metal ions with the nanopowder. Performance comparison with the other sorbents reported indicated excellent potential of nano-cerium vanadate for removing americium and uranium from large volumes of aqueous acidic solutions. 10. Plutonium, americium and radiocaesium in the marine environment close to the Vandellos I nuclear power plant before decommissioning International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Vandellos nuclear power plant (NPP), releasing low-level radioactive liquid waste to the Mediterranean Sea, is the first to be decommissioned in Spain, after an incident which occurred in 1989. The presence, distribution and uptake of various artificial radionuclides (radiocaesium, plutonium and americium) in the environment close to the plant were studied in seawater, bottom sediments and biota, including Posidonia oceanica, fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Seawater, sediments and Posidonia oceanica showed enhanced levels in the close vicinity of the NPP, although the effect was restricted to its near environment. Maximum concentrations in seawater were 11.6±0.5 Bq m-3 and 16.9±1.2 mBq m-3 for 137Cs and 239,240Pu, respectively. When sediment concentrations were normalized to excess 210Pb, they showed both the short-distance transport of artificial radionuclides from the Vandellos plant and the long-distance transport of 137Cs from the Asco NPP. Posidonia oceanica showed the presence of various gamma-emitters attributed to the impact of the Chernobyl accident, on which the effect of the NPP was superimposed. Seawater, sediment and Posidonia oceanica collected near the plant also showed an enhancement of the plutonium isotopic ratio above the fallout value. The uptake of these radionuclides by marine organisms was detectable but limited. Pelagic fish showed relatively higher 137Cs concentrations and only in the case of demersal fish was the plutonium isotopic ratio increased. The reported levels constitute a set of baseline values against which the impact of the decommissioning operations of the Vandellos I NPP can be studied 11. Molten salt extraction (MSE) of americium from plutonium metal in CaCl2-KCl-PuCl3 and CaCl2-PuCl3 salt systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Molten salt extraction (MSE) of americium-241 from reactor-grade plutonium has been developed using plutonium trichloride salt in stationary furnaces. Batch runs with oxidized and oxide-free metal have been conducted at temperature ranges between 750 and 945C, and plutonium trichloride concentrations from one to one hundred mole percent. Salt-to-metal ratios of 0.10, 0.15, and 0 30 were examined. The solvent salt was either eutectic 74 mole percent CaCl2 endash 26 mole percent KCl or pure CaCl2. Evidence of trivalent product americium, and effects of temperature, salt-to-metal ratio, and oxide contamination on the americium extraction efficiency are given. 24 refs, 20 figs, 13 tabs 12. Transfer across the human gut of environmental plutonium, americium, cobalt, caesium and technetium: studies with cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from the Irish Sea. Science.gov (United States) Hunt, G J 1998-06-01 Our previous studies have indicated lower values of the gut transfer factor ('f1 values') for plutonium and americium in winkles (Littorina littorea) than adopted by ICRP. The present study was undertaken primarily to investigate whether this observation extends to other species. Samples of cockles (Carastoderma edule) from Ravenglass, Cumbria were eaten by volunteers who provided 24 h samples of urine and faeces. Urine samples indicated f1 values for cockles which were higher than for winkles; for plutonium these ranged overall up to 7 x 10(-4) with an arithmetic mean in the range (2-3) x 10(-4), and for americium up to 2.6 x 10(-4) with an arithmetic mean of 1.2 x 10(-4). Limited data based on volunteers eating cockles from the Solway suggest that f1 values for americium may be greater at distance from Sellafield. The measured values compare with 5 x 10(-4) used by the ICRP for environmental forms of both elements, which would appear to provide adequate protection when calculating doses from Cumbrian cockles. Data for other nuclides were obtained by analysing faecal samples from the volunteers who ate the Ravenglass cockles. Cobalt-60 showed an f1 value in the region of 0.2, twice the value currently used by ICRP. For 137Cs, variabilities were indicated in the range 0.08 to 0.43, within the ICRP value of f1 = 1.0. Technetium-99 gave f1 values up to about 0.6, in reasonable conformity with the ICRP value of 0.5. 13. Transfer across the human gut of environmental plutonium, americium, cobalt, caesium and technetium: studies with cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from the Irish Sea Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hunt, G.J. [CEFAS Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT (United Kingdom) 1998-06-01 Our previous studies have indicated lower values of the gut transfer factor ('f{sub L} values') for plutonium and americium in winkles (Littorina littorea) than adopted by ICRP. The present study was undertaken primarily to investigate whether this observation extends to other species. Samples of cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from Ravenglass, Cumbria were eaten by volunteers who provided 24 samples of urine and faeces. Urine samples indicated f{sub L} values for cockles which were higher than for winkles; for plutonium these ranged overall up to 7x10{sup -4} with an arithmetic mean in the range (2-3)x10{sup -4}, and for americium up to 2.6x10{sup -4} with an arithmetic mean of 1.2x10{sup -4}. Limited data based on volunteers eating cockles from the Solway suggest that f{sub L} values for americium may be greater at distance from Sellafield. The measured values compare with 5x10{sup -4} used by the ICRP for environmental forms of both elements, which would appear to provide adequate protection when calculating doses from Cumbrian cockles. Data for other nuclides were obtained by analysing faecal samples from the volunteers who ate the Ravenglass cockles. Cobalt-60 showed an f{sub L} value in the region of 0.2, twice the value currently used by ICRP. For {sup 137}Cs, variabilities were indicated in the range 0.08 to 0.43, within the ICRP value of f{sub L}=1.0. Technetium-99 gave f{sub L} values up to about 0.6, in reasonable conformity with the ICRP value of 0.5. (author) 14. Determination by gamma-ray spectrometry of the plutonium and americium content of the Pu/Am separation scraps. Application to molten salts; Determination par spectrometrie gamma de la teneur en plutonium et en americium de produits issus de separation Pu/Am. Application aux bains de sels Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Godot, A. [CEA Valduc, Dept. de Traitement des Materiaux Nucleaires, 21 - Is-sur-Tille (France); Perot, B. [CEA Cadarache, Dept. de Technologie Nucleaire, Service de Modelisation des Transferts et Mesures Nucleaires, 13 - Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France) 2005-07-01 Within the framework of plutonium recycling operations in CEA Valduc (France), americium is extracted from molten plutonium metal into a molten salt during an electrolysis process. The scraps (spent salt, cathode, and crucible) contain extracted americium and a part of plutonium. Nuclear material management requires a very accurate determination of the plutonium content. Gamma-ray spectroscopy is performed on Molten Salt Extraction (MSE) scraps located inside the glove box, in order to assess the plutonium and americium contents. The measurement accuracy is influenced by the device geometry, nuclear instrumentation, screens located between the sample and the detector, counting statistics and matrix attenuation, self-absorption within the spent salt being very important. The purpose of this study is to validate the 'infinite energy extrapolation' method employed to correct for self-attenuation, and to detect any potential bias. We present a numerical study performed with the MCNP computer code to identify the most influential parameters and some suggestions to improve the measurement accuracy. A final uncertainty of approximately 40% is achieved on the plutonium mass. (authors) 15. An experimental study of americium-241 biokinetics in the Lobster Homarus Gammarus. Analysis of the accumulation/storage and detoxification processes at the subcellular level; Etude experimentale des biocinetiques de lamericium-241 chez le homard homarus gammarus. Analyse des mecanismes daccumulation et de detoxication au niveau subcellulaire Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Paquet, F. 1993-01-01 An experimental study of americium-241 kinetics has been conducted in the lobster Homarus gammmarus. The investigations were conducted at all the levels from the whole body to the subcellular and molecular levels. The animals were contaminated by a single or chronic ingestion of {sup 241} Am labelled mussels. Assessments of accumulation, elimination and distribution of the radionuclide were established on organisms kept in the laboratory; they made it possible to demonstrate the importance of the digestive gland in the radionuclide transfer pathways. The preliminary results led to structural then ultrastructural investigations of the digestive gland in association with radioautographic studies and cellular extractions methods. Four cellular types were demonstrated, only two of them being implied in the radionuclide retention, the former being responsible for americium intake and the latter for its long-term retention. By means of biochemical techniques, subcellular accumulation was studied and the organelles implied in the nuclide retention were specified. Finally, a method of cellular nuclei dissociation was developed; it made it possible to analyse the molecular nature of americium ligands and to demonstrate the function of the protein nuclear matrix in the nuclide retention. 16. Dissertation on the computer-based exploitation of a coincidence multi parametric recording. Application to the study of the disintegration scheme of Americium 241 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) After having presented the meaning of disintegration scheme (alpha and gamma emissions, internal conversion, mean lifetime), the author highlights the benefits of the use of multi-parametric chain for the recording of correlated parameters, and of the use of a computer for the analysis of bi-parametric information based on contour lines. Using the example of Americium 241, the author shows how these information are obtained (alpha and gamma spectrometry, time measurement), how they are chosen, coded, analysed and stored, and then processed by contour lines 17. Optical Identifications of Companion Soft X-ray Sources of Mrk 231 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2001-01-01 We present optical identification results for four ROSAT PSPC soft X-ray companions of Mrk 231 based on the deep BATC 6660 A-band image and the optical spectra obtained by the 60/90cm Schmidt telescope and the 2.16mtelescope at the Xinglong Station, NAOC. Three optical counterparts are quasarswith redshifts z ＞ 1 and the remaining X-ray source is probably a background galaxycluster. Therefore, none of these soft X-ray companions are physically connectedwith the central X-ray source Mrk 231. Incorporating the previous results of Arp 220and Mrk 273 (Xia et al. 1998, 1999), we suggest that the apparent soft X-rayassociations with ULIRGs are chance coincidence in most cases. 18. 49 CFR 231.25 - Track motorcars (self-propelled 4-wheel cars which can be removed from the rails by men). Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Track motorcars (self-propelled 4-wheel cars which can be removed from the rails by men). 231.25 Section 231.25 Transportation Other Regulations Relating... SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.25 Track motorcars (self-propelled 4-wheel cars which can be... 19. Microarray Analysis of 8p23.1 Deletion in New Patients with Atypical Phenotypical Traits. Science.gov (United States) Khelifa, Hela Ben; Kammoun, Molka; Hannachi, Hanene; Soyah, Najla; Hammami, Saber; Elghezal, Hatem; Sanlaville, Damien; Saad, Ali; Mougou-Zerelli, Soumaya 2015-12-01 We describe two patients carrying deletions of chromosome 8p23.1 with a commonly critical region identified by means of oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). They didn't present congenital heart defects or behavioral problems. Only one patient presented with intellectual disability and carrying deletion of TNKS gene. We presumed the inclusion of TNKS gene in the mental impairment. PMID:27617130 20. Relaxin reduces xenograft tumour growth of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells OpenAIRE Radestock, Yvonne; Hoang-Vu, Cuong; Hombach-Klonisch, Sabine 2008-01-01 Introduction Relaxin levels are increased in cases of human breast cancer and has been shown to promote cancer cell migration in carcinoma cells of the breast, prostate gland and thyroid gland. In oestrogen receptor alpha-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, relaxin was shown to down-regulate the metastasis-promoting protein S100A4 (metastasin), a highly significant prognostic factor for poor survival in breast cancer patients. The cellular mechanisms of relaxin exposure in breast c... 1. Frankincense derived heavy terpene cocktail boosting breast cancer cell(MDA-MB-231) death in vitro简 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Faruck; Lukmanul; Hakkim; Mohammed; Al-Buloshi; Jamal; Al-Sabahi 2015-01-01 Objective: To investigate the anti-cancer effect of frankincense derived heavy oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction method on breast cancer cells(MDA-MB-231), and to study its chemical profile using gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis.Methods: Hexane was used to extract heavy oil from frankincense resin. Chemical profiling of heavy oil was done using Perkin Elmer Clarus GC system with mass spectrometer. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different dilutions(1:1 000, 1:1 500,1:1 750, 1:2 000, 1:2 250, 1:2 500, 1:2 750, 1:3 000, 1:3 250) of heavy oil for 24 h. The cells were observed by using light microscopy. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay.Results: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry chemical profiling of frankincense derived heavy oil revealed the presence of terpenes such as a-pinene(61.56%), a-amyrin(20.6%), b-amyrin(8.1%), b-phellandrene(1.47%) and camphene(1.04%). Heavy terpene cocktail induced significant MDA-MB-231 cell death at each concentration tested. Noticeably, very low concentration of Soxhlet derived heavy terpenes elicits considerable cytotoxicity on MDA-MB-231 cells compared to hydro distillated essential oil derived from frankincense resin.Conclusions: Extracting anti-cancer active principle cocktail by simple Soxhlet method is cost effective and less time consuming. Our in vitro anti-cancer data forms the rationale for us to test heavy terpene complex in breast cancer xenograft model in vivo. Furthermore, fractionation and developing frankincense heavy terpene based breast cancer drug is the major goal of our laboratory. 2. Frankincense derived heavy terpene cocktail boosting breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) deathin vitro Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Faruck Lukmanul Hakkim; Mohammed Al-Buloshi; Jamal Al-Sabahi 2015-01-01 Objective:To investigate the anti-cancer effect of frankincense derived heavy oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction method on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), and to study its chemical profile using gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Methods: Hexane was used to extract heavy oil from frankincense resin. Chemical profiling of heavy oil was done using Perkin Elmer Clarus GC system with mass spectrometer.MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different dilutions (1:1 000, 1:1 500, 1:1 750, 1:2 000, 1:2 250, 1:2 500, 1:2 750, 1:3 000, 1:3 250) of heavy oil for 24 h. The cells were observed by using light microscopy. Cell viability was measured byMTT assay. Results: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry chemical profiling of frankincense derived heavy oil revealed the presence of terpenes such asα-pinene (61.56%),α-amyrin (20.6%),β-amyrin (8.1%),β-phellandrene (1.47%) and camphene (1.04%). Heavy terpene cocktail induced significantMDA-MB-231 cell death at each concentration tested. Noticeably, very low concentration of Soxhlet derived heavy terpenes elicits considerable cytotoxicityon MDA-MB-231cells compared to hydro distillated essential oil derived from frankincense resin. Conclusions: Extracting anti-cancer active principle cocktail by simple Soxhlet method is cost effective and less time consuming. Ourin vitro anti-cancer data forms the rationale for us to test heavy terpene complex in breast cancer xenograft modelin vivo. Furthermore, fractionation and developing frankincense heavy terpene based breast cancer drug is the major goal of our laboratory. 3. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter activity is dispensable for MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell survival. Science.gov (United States) Hall, Duane D; Wu, Yuejin; Domann, Frederick E; Spitz, Douglas R; Anderson, Mark E 2014-01-01 Calcium uptake through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) is thought to be essential in regulating cellular signaling events, energy status, and survival. Functional dissection of the uniporter is now possible through the recent identification of the genes encoding for MCU protein complex subunits. Cancer cells exhibit many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with altered mitochondrial Ca2+ levels including resistance to apoptosis, increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased oxidative metabolism. We used a publically available database to determine that breast cancer patient outcomes negatively correlated with increased MCU Ca2+ conducting pore subunit expression and decreased MICU1 regulatory subunit expression. We hypothesized breast cancer cells may therefore be sensitive to MCU channel manipulation. We used the widely studied MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line to investigate whether disruption or increased activation of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake with specific siRNAs and adenoviral overexpression constructs would sensitize these cells to therapy-related stress. MDA-MB-231 cells were found to contain functional MCU channels that readily respond to cellular stimulation and elicit robust AMPK phosphorylation responses to nutrient withdrawal. Surprisingly, knockdown of MCU or MICU1 did not affect reactive oxygen species production or cause significant effects on clonogenic cell survival of MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to irradiation, chemotherapeutic agents, or nutrient deprivation. Overexpression of wild type or a dominant negative mutant MCU did not affect basal cloning efficiency or ceramide-induced cell killing. In contrast, non-cancerous breast epithelial HMEC cells showed reduced survival after MCU or MICU1 knockdown. These results support the conclusion that MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells do not rely on MCU or MICU1 activity for survival in contrast to previous findings in cells derived from cervical, colon, and prostate cancers and 4. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter activity is dispensable for MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell survival. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Duane D Hall Full Text Available Calcium uptake through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU is thought to be essential in regulating cellular signaling events, energy status, and survival. Functional dissection of the uniporter is now possible through the recent identification of the genes encoding for MCU protein complex subunits. Cancer cells exhibit many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with altered mitochondrial Ca2+ levels including resistance to apoptosis, increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased oxidative metabolism. We used a publically available database to determine that breast cancer patient outcomes negatively correlated with increased MCU Ca2+ conducting pore subunit expression and decreased MICU1 regulatory subunit expression. We hypothesized breast cancer cells may therefore be sensitive to MCU channel manipulation. We used the widely studied MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line to investigate whether disruption or increased activation of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake with specific siRNAs and adenoviral overexpression constructs would sensitize these cells to therapy-related stress. MDA-MB-231 cells were found to contain functional MCU channels that readily respond to cellular stimulation and elicit robust AMPK phosphorylation responses to nutrient withdrawal. Surprisingly, knockdown of MCU or MICU1 did not affect reactive oxygen species production or cause significant effects on clonogenic cell survival of MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to irradiation, chemotherapeutic agents, or nutrient deprivation. Overexpression of wild type or a dominant negative mutant MCU did not affect basal cloning efficiency or ceramide-induced cell killing. In contrast, non-cancerous breast epithelial HMEC cells showed reduced survival after MCU or MICU1 knockdown. These results support the conclusion that MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells do not rely on MCU or MICU1 activity for survival in contrast to previous findings in cells derived from cervical, colon, and 5. Alkaloids of Cynanchum vincetoxicum: Efficacy against MDA-MB-231 Mammary Carcinoma Cells OpenAIRE Tanner, U.; Wiegrebe, Wolfgang 1993-01-01 Alkaloids 1-4 from Cynanchum vincetoxicum (asclepiadaceae) (Scheme 1) do not have affinity to the oestrogen receptor but they inhibit the growth of the hormone-independent mammary carcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 (Fig. 1) and bind to nucleosides and nucleotides (Table 1). Intercalation was not observed. Die Alkaloide 1-4 aus Cynanchum vincetoxicum (Asclepiadaceae) (Scheme 1) zeigen keine Affinität zum Oestrogen-Rezeptor, hemmen aber das Wachstum der hormonunabhängigen Mammakar... 6. Cytotoxicity of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells OpenAIRE Sangiliyandi Gurunathan; Jae Woong Han; Vasuki Eppakayala; Muniyandi Jeyaraj; Jin-Hoi Kim 2013-01-01 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as an antimicrobial and disinfectant agents. However, there is limited information about antitumor potential. Therefore, this study focused on determining cytotoxic effects of AgNPs on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and its mechanism of cell death. Herein, we developed a green method for synthesis of AgNPs using culture supernatant of Bacillus funiculus, and synthesized AgNPs were characterized by various analytical techniques such as UV-visible spe... 7. Irradiation studies of 231Pa in DHRUVA reactor for preparation of 232U International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In this paper, identification of the potential source of 231Pa, various stages of its recovery and the sample of 231Pa supplied for trial irradiation are described. For producing 232U, irradiation work is proposed in different stages of irradiation. Various trial irradiations and its results are discussed in this paper along with their specific objectives. A computational estimation of conversion efficiency of 231Pa (∼ 10μg) to 232U in DHRUVA reactor, was carried out. The computational result predicted the conversion efficiency and the results of γ-spectroscopy based analysis of the second trial sample matched well. A first level calculation was also carried out to estimate the tolerable quantity of 232Th to keep the concentration of 233U below 5% in the 232U sample. The radioactivity due to the presence of various impurities present in the sample, during the high fluence irradiation, is being estimated. The feasibility of production of the 232U isotope in DHRUVA reactor has thus been established. (author) 8. β-Sitosterol sensitizes MDA-MB-231 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Cheol PARK; Dong-oh MOON; Chung-ho RYU; Byung tae CHOI; Won ho LEE; Gi-young KIM; Yung hyun CHOI 2008-01-01 Aim:To investigate whether subtoxic concentration of β-sitosterol (SITO) com-bined with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.Methods:Cell viability and growth were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphnyl-2H-tetrazolim bromide assays,chromatin condensation,release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),and Annexin V+ cells.The apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting.Results:Treatment with TRAIL in combination with subtoxic concen-trations of SITO sensitized MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.The synergistic treatment induced chromatin condensation,DNA fragmentation,the release of LDH,and Annexin V cells.The indicators of apoptosis are correlated to the induction of caspase activities,which results in the cleavage ofpoly(ADP-ribose)polymerase.Both the cytotoxic effects and apoptotic characteristics induced by the synergistic treatment were significantly inhibited by a pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk,demonstrating the important role of caspases.These results indicate that caspases are crucial regulators of apoptosis induced by the combined treatment of SITO and TRAIL in MDA-MB-231 cells.Conclusion:The synergistic treatment of SITO and TRAIL induces apoptosis,which can serve as a potential preventive and therapeutic agent. 9. 巴西橡胶树TIM23-1基因克隆、进化及表达分析%Cloning, Phylogenetic and Expression Analyses ofTIM23-1 Gene inHevea brasiliensis Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 陈江淑; 邓治; 刘辉; 范玉龙; 姜达; 夏立琼; 夏志辉; 李德军 2015-01-01 In this study, a full-length cDNA sequence ofTIM23 gene was cloned fromHevea brasiliensis with the rapid-ampliifcation of cDNA ends (RACE) method, and the gene was named asHbTIM23-1. The full length cDNA ofHbTIM23-1 is 898 bpin size with a 567 bpopen reading frame,encoding a deduced polypeptide of 188 amino acids. The deduced HbTIM23-1 contains a predicted transmembrane region and preprotein and ami-no acid transporter (PRAT) domain and indicates high identity to AtTIM23-1 protein. Real-time RT-PCR anal-yses indicated thatHbTIM23-1 was expressed in latex, barks, leaves, barks, male lfowers, female lfowers and anthers. With the development of leaves, theHbTIM23-1 expression showed a signiifcant change. Compared with healthy rubber tree,HbTIM23-1 was down-regulated in tapping panel dryness (TPD) rubber tree latex. The expression of HbTIM23-1 was regulated by drought and low temperature treatments, suggesting thatHb-TIM23-1 might play important roles in drought and low temperature responses as well as TPD inH. brasiliensis.%本研究采用RACE技术,从巴西橡胶树中鉴定出一个线粒体内膜转位因子TIM23基因。该基因全长cDNA为898 bp,最长开放阅读框567 bp,预测编码蛋白包含188个氨基酸；序列比对分析发现,该基因编码蛋白具有转膜区和PRAT结构域,与拟南芥TIM23-1蛋白具有较高的相似性,将该基因命名为HbTIM23-1。实时定量RT-PCR分析结果表明, HbTIM23-1在巴西橡胶树胶乳、叶片、树皮、雄花、雌花、花药中均有表达。在橡胶树叶片不同发育时期, HbTIM23-1表达存在变化。与健康橡胶树相比,死皮橡胶树胶乳中HbTIM23-1表达量明显下降。研究发现HbTIM23-1表达受干旱和低温处理调控,表明Hb-TIM23-1可能在巴西橡胶树干旱和低温胁迫应答及死皮中发挥作用。 10. Extracts from Curcuma zedoaria Inhibit Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231 In Vitro OpenAIRE Xiu-fei Gao; Qing-lin Li; Hai-long Li; Hong-yan Zhang; Jian-ying Su; Bei Wang; Pei Liu; Ai-qin Zhang 2014-01-01 Objective. To evaluate the effect of petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria on the proliferation of human triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Methods. The reagents were isolated from Curcuma zedoaria by petroleum ether fraction. It was assayed by CCK8 for MDA-MB-231 cellular viability with various concentrations and days, cell cycle analyses, Western Blot analysis, and Realtime Reverse Transcriptase PCR analyses for chemokines molecules including E-cadherin, and E-select... 11. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia interval on chromosome 8p23.1 characterized by genetics and protein interaction networks DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Longoni, Mauro; Hansen, Kasper Lage; Russell, Meaghan K.; 2012-01-01 Chromosome 8p23.1 is a common hotspot associated with major congenital malformations, including congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and cardiac defects. We present findings from high‐resolution arrays in patients who carry a loss (n = 18) or a gain (n = 1) of sub‐band 8p23.1. We confirm a regio...... and their interaction networks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.... 12. Chromosome 8p23.1 deletions as a cause of complex congenital heart defects and diaphragmatic hernia. Science.gov (United States) Wat, Margaret J; Shchelochkov, Oleg A; Holder, Ashley M; Breman, Amy M; Dagli, Aditi; Bacino, Carlos; Scaglia, Fernando; Zori, Roberto T; Cheung, Sau Wai; Scott, Daryl A; Kang, Sung-Hae Lee 2009-08-01 Recurrent interstitial deletion of a region of 8p23.1 flanked by the low copy repeats 8p-OR-REPD and 8p-OR-REPP is associated with a spectrum of anomalies that can include congenital heart malformations and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Haploinsufficiency of GATA4 is thought to play a critical role in the development of these birth defects. We describe two individuals and a monozygotic twin pair discordant for anterior CDH all of whom have complex congenital heart defects caused by this recurrent interstitial deletion as demonstrated by array comparative genomic hybridization. To better define the genotype/phenotype relationships associated with alterations of genes on 8p23.1, we review the spectrum of congenital heart and diaphragmatic defects that have been reported in individuals with isolated GATA4 mutations and interstitial, terminal, and complex chromosomal rearrangements involving the 8p23.1 region. Our findings allow us to clearly define the CDH minimal deleted region on chromosome 8p23.1 and suggest that haploinsufficiency of other genes, in addition to GATA4, may play a role in the severe cardiac and diaphragmatic defects associated with 8p23.1 deletions. These findings also underscore the importance of conducting a careful cytogenetic/molecular analysis of the 8p23.1 region in all prenatal and postnatal cases involving congenital defects of the heart and/or diaphragm. 13. Chromosome 8p23.1 Deletions as a Cause of Complex Congenital Heart Defects and Diaphragmatic Hernia Science.gov (United States) Wat, Margaret J.; Shchelochkov, Oleg A.; Holder, Ashley M.; Breman, Amy M.; Dagli, Aditi; Bacino, Carlos; Scaglia, Fernando; Zori, Roberto T.; Cheung, Sau Wai; Scott, Daryl A.; Kang, Sung-Hae Lee 2009-01-01 Recurrent interstitial deletion of a region of 8p23.1 flanked by the low copy repeats 8p-OR-REPD and 8p-OR-REPP is associated with a spectrum of anomalies that can include congenital heart malformations and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Haploinsufficiency of GATA4 is thought to play a critical role in the development of these birth defects. We describe two individuals and a monozygotic twin pair discordant for anterior CDH all of whom have complex congenital heart defects caused by this recurrent interstitial deletion as demonstrated by array comparative genome hybridization. To better define the genotype/phenotype relationships associated with alterations of genes on 8p23.1, we review the spectrum of congenital heart and diaphragmatic defects that have been reported in individuals with isolated GATA4 mutations and interstitial, terminal, and complex chromosomal rearrangements involving the 8p23.1 region. Our findings allow us to clearly define the CDH minimal deleted region on chromosome 8p23.1 and suggest that haploinsufficiency of other genes, in addition to GATA4, may play a role in the severe cardiac and diaphragmatic defects associated with 8p23.1 deletions. These findings also underscore the importance of conducting a careful cytogenetic/molecular analysis of the 8p23.1 region in all prenatal and postnatal cases involving congenital defects of the heart and/or diaphragm. PMID:19606479 14. BSP gene silencing inhibits migration, invasion, and bone metastasis of MDA-MB-231BO human breast cancer cells. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jie Wang Full Text Available Bone sialoprotein (BSP has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological events, including tumor cell invasion, bone homing, adhesion, and matrix degradation. To explore the potential involvement of BSP in human breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis, we used retrovirus-mediated RNAi to deplete BSP levels in the human bone-seeking breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231BO (231BO and established the 231BO-BSP27 and 231BO-BSP81 cell clones. Cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing, and the ability to invade into matrigel of these BSP-depleted clones were all decreased. Both 231BO-BSP27 cells and 231BO-BSP81 cells showed a significant (15.4% and 28.6% respectively reduction of bone metastatic potential following intracardiac injection as determined by X-ray detection and by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, the expression of integrins αvβ3 and β3 was decreased in the BSP-silenced cells whereas ectopic BSP expression increased the integrins αvβ3 and β3 levels. These results together suggest that BSP silencing decreased the integrin αvβ3 and β3 levels, in turn inhibiting cell migration and invasion and decreasing the ability of the cells to metastasize to bone. 15. Inhaled americium dioxide International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This project includes experiments to determine the effects of Zn-DTPA therapy on the retention, translocation and biological effects of inhaled 241AmO2. Beagle dogs that received inhalation exposure to 241AmO2 developed leukopenia, clincial chemistry changes associated with hepatocellular damage, and were euthanized due to respiratory insufficiency caused by radiation pneumonitis 120 to 131 days after pulmonary deposition of 22 to 65 μCi 241Am. Another group of dogs that received inhalation exposure to 241AmO2 and were treated daily with Zn-DTPA had initial pulmonary deposition of 19 to 26 μCi 241Am. These dogs did not develop respiratory insufficiency, and hematologic and clinical chemistry changes were less severe than in the non-DTPA-treated dogs 16. Uranium age determination: Separation and analysis of 230Th and 231Pa International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In this work we focused on the age determination of uranium materials of different uranium enrichment. The radioactive decay of the uranium isotopes provides a chronometer that is inherent to the material, in particular the mother/daughter pairs 234U/230Th and 235U/231Pa can be advantageously used. Due to the relatively long half-lives of 234U (2.46 · 105 years) and 235U (7.04 · 108 years) only minute amounts of daughter nuclides are growing in, therefore both separation of Th and Pa from uranium must be of high chemical recovery and must afford large decontamination factors. Analytical methods for the age determination of uranium samples using the parent/daughter relations 234U/230Th and 235U/231Pa is demonstrated. Thorium is separated from bulk uranium using extraction chromatography and subsequently quantified using square-spectrometry, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) and inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Protactinium is separated by highly selective sorption of protactinium to silica gel followed by square-spectrometric quantification. The methods were tested and validated using uranium reference materials of different uranium enrichment and of known ages. The experimental results obtained with both methods were found to agree with the assumed ages of the reference materials within the combined uncertainty of the measurement. The analysis exploiting the parent/daughter pair 235U/231Pa exhibits a slightly larger combined uncertainty and bias than the thorium method but is found valuable in validating the experimental results by means of a second, independent analysis 17. [Genital ulcers in French Guyana. Apropos of 231 cases screened in 2 years]. Science.gov (United States) Crenn, Y; Zeller, H; Pradinaud, R; Sainte-Marie, D 1988-01-01 In fight against Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD), 231 cases of genital ulcers were observed, in 1985 and 1986, in Cayenne (French Guiana) according to a clinical and laboratory study protocol described by the authors. The diagnosis shown, in 146 cases, one STD agent, with a high frequency of chancroid, herpes genitalis and primary syphilis. In addition, 18 cases of mixed genital infections are described: emphasis is laid on the great diversity of these associated diseases. 67 genital ulcers had not been caused by a STD agent, however in each case a complete laboratory investigation was done, and each patient received a treatment according to the diagnosis. 18. The rotational bands in the nuclei 229Pa and 231Pa International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Experimental evidence is presented for the similarity between the rotational spectra built on the 1/2-[530] state in 231Pa, where the 3/2- member of the band forms the ground state, and in 229Pa, where this state lies within 20 keV of the ground state. Our findings are in contrast with earlier work invoking octupole deformations in the ground state to account for the different positions of low-lying Nilsson states in the two isotopes. (author) 19. Mulige interaksjoner mellom tyrosin kinase reseptoren Axl, metabolisme og proliferasjon i brystkreftceller (MDA-MB-231) OpenAIRE Bergslien, Ingunn 2009-01-01 Metabolismen i kreftceller er assosiert med økt aerob glykolyse, et fenomen omtalt som Warburg effekten. Den forhøyede glykolytiske raten utgjør en av de større forskjellene, som skiller normale celler fra kreftceller, og forståelse av de underliggende mekanismene er viktig for å kunne utvikle målrettet kreftterapi. Brystkreft cellelinjen MDA-MB-231 er karakterisert som aggressiv og invasiv, og viser høye rater av aerob glykolyse, sammenlignet med brystkreft cellelinjer med lavere invasivi... 20. Action and Signaling of Lysophosphatidylethanolamine in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells OpenAIRE Park, Soo-Jin; Lee, Kyoung-Pil; Im, Dong-Soon 2014-01-01 Previously, we reported that lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), a lyso-type metabolite of phosphatidylethanolamine, can increase intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) via type 1 lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor (LPA1) and CD97, an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, LPE signaling was suggested as like LPA1/CD97-Gi/o proteins-phospholipase C-IP3-Ca2+ increase in these cells. In the present study, we further investigated actions of LPE not onl... 1. Growth Inhibiton of H uman Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231 by Rosiglitazone through Activation of PPARy Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Tao Zhang; Qian Zhang; Daixiong Chen; Jianxin Jiang; Qixin zhou 2008-01-01 To investigate the anti-proliferative effect ofrosiglitazone and its relationship to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)in human breast cancer cell lineMDA-MB-231 and evaluate the potential application value ofrosiglitazone for breast cancer therapy.METHoDS The cytostatic effect of rosiglitazone on MDA-MB-231 cellS was measured by the MTT assay.Cell-cyclekinetics.was assessed by flow cytometry.Apoptotic cells weredetermined by the TUNEL assay.MDA.MB-231 cells weretreated with rosiglitazone or in combination with the PPARyantagonist GW9662 to investigate the effect of rosiglitazone on cellproliferation and its relationship to PPARγ.RESUITS The results showed that rosiglitazone could inhibitgrowth of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-and time-dependentmanner with an IC50 value of 5.2 pmol/L at 24 h after the drugwas added into the culture.Cell cycle analysis showed that thepercentage of G0/G1 phase cells increased,S phase cells decreased,and cells were arrested in G1 phase with increasing concentrationsof rosiglitazone.Detectable signs of apoptotic cell death caused byrosiglitazone occurred at a concentration of 100 pmol/L and theapoptotic rate was(18±3)%.PPARγ selective antagonist GW9662could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone onproliferation of MDA.MB-231 cells.CoNCLUSION It was concluded that rosiglitazone Can inhibitgrowth of MDA-MB-231 cells via PPARγ activation and a highconcentration of rosiglitazone can also induce MDA-MB-231 cellapoptosis.These results suggest that PPARv represents a putativemolecular target for chemopreventive therapy and rosiglitazonemay be effective in the treatment of breast cancer. 2. Recovery of Americium-241 from lightning rod by the method of chemical treatment; Recuperacion del Americio-241 provenientes de los pararrayos por el metodo de tratamiento quimico Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cruz, W.H., E-mail: [email protected] [Instituto Peruano de Energia Nuclear (GRRA/IPEN), Lima (Peru). Division de Gestion de Residuos Radiactivos 2013-07-01 About 95% of the lightning rods installed in the Peruvian territory have set in their structures, pose small amounts of radioactive sources such as Americium-241 ({sup 241}Am), fewer and Radium 226 ({sup 226}Ra) these are alpha emitters and have a half life of 432 years and 1600 years respectively. In this paper describes the recovery of radioactive sources of {sup 241}Am radioactive lightning rods using the conventional chemical treatment method using agents and acids to break down the slides. The {sup 241}Am recovered was as excitation source and alpha particle generator for analysing samples by X Ray Fluorescence, for fixing the stainless steel {sup 241}Am technique was used electrodeposition. (author) 3. Partitioning studies in China and the separation of americium and fission product rare earths with dialkyl phosphinic acid and its thio-substituted derivatives International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Studies on the TRPO extractions process for recovering actinides from highly active waste (HAW) and its application to the pretreatment of Chinese HAW are described. The removal of Sr by di-cyclohexyl 18 crown 6 and the removal of Cs by spherical titanium ferrous hexa-cyanate from acidic waste are also described. Results of the extraction of trivalent americium and fission product rare earths (FPREs) by dialkyl-phosphinic, dialkyl-mono-thio-phosphinic and dialkyl-di-thio-phosphinic acids are reported. Dialkyl-thio-phosphinic acid (commercial product Cyanex 301, alkyl =2, 4, 4-methyl-pentyl) shows very high selectivity towards Am. Using 1M Cyanex 301 -kerosene as extractant, 99.9 % Am can be separated from 0.5M(Pr+Nd)(NO3)3 solution with 3-4 extraction stages and 3-4 scrubbing stages. (authors) 4. Theoretical and experimental study of the bio-geochemical behaviour of americium 241 in simplified rhizosphere conditions. Application to a calcareous agricultural soil International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Americium 241, is one of the most radio-toxic contaminant produced during the nuclear fuel cycle. It can be found in all environmental compartments, in particular the soils. The main goals of this study are to identify, quantify and model the effect of the main factors controlling the mobility of 241Am in the rhizosphere and the agricultural soils. The physico-chemical parameters of the soil and of the soil solution, the potential role of microorganisms on the sorption-desorption processes, and the speciation of americium in solution have been more particularly studied. 241Am remobilization has been studied at the laboratory using leaching experiments performed in controlled conditions on reworked calcareous soils artificially contaminated with 241Am. The soil samples have been washed out in different hydrodynamic conditions by solutions with various compositions. The eluted solution has been analyzed (pH, conductivity, ionic composition, Fetot, organic acids, 241Am) and its bacterial biomass content too. The overall results indicate that 241Am remobilization is contrasted and strongly linked with the condition under study (pH, ionic strength, glucose and/or citrate concentration). Therefore, a solution in equilibrium with the soil or containing small exudate concentrations (10-4 M) re-mobilizes only a very small part of the americium fixed on the solid phase. The desorption of 241Am corresponds to a solid/liquid coefficient of partition (Kd) of about 105 L.kg-1. A significant addition of glucose induces an important dissolution of soil carbonates by the indirect action of microorganisms, but does not significantly favor the 241Am remobilization. On the other hand, the presence of strong citrate concentrations (≥ 10-2 M) allows 300 to 10000 time greater re-mobilizations by the complexing of 241Am released after the dissolution of the carrying phases. Finally, the colloidal transport of 241Am has been systematically observed in a limited but significant extend and 5. Safe handling of kilogram amounts of fuel-grade plutonium and of gram amounts of plutonium-238, americium-241 and curium-244 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 6. ASCA Observation of an X-Ray-Luminous Active Nucleus in Markarian 231 CERN Document Server Maloney, P R; Maloney, Philip R.; Reynolds, Christopher S 2000-01-01 We have obtained a moderately long (100 kilosecond) ASCA observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 231, the most luminous of the local ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) population. In the best-fitting model we do not see the X-ray source directly; the spectrum consists of a scattered power-law component and a reflection component, both of which have been absorbed by a column N_H \\approx 3 X 10^(22)/cm^2. About 3/4 of the observed hard X-rays arise from the scattered component, reducing the equivalent width of the iron K alpha line. The implied ratio of 1-10 keV X-ray luminosity to bolometric luminosity, L_x/L_bol \\sim 2%, is typical of Sy 1 galaxies and radio-quiet QSOs of comparable bolometric luminosities, and indicates that the bolometric luminosity is dominated by the AGN. Our estimate of the X-ray luminosity also moves Mrk 231 in line with the correlations found for AGN with extremely strong Fe II emission. A second source separated by about 2 arcminutes is also clearly detected, and contributes ... 7. Molecular Emission in Dense Massive Clumps from the Star-Forming Regions S231-S235 CERN Document Server Ladeyschikov, D A; Tsivilev, A P; Sobolev, A M 2016-01-01 The article deals with observations of star-forming regions S231-S235 in 'quasi-thermal' lines of ammonia (NH$_3$), cyanoacetylene (HC$_3$N) and maser lines of methanol (CH$_3$OH) and water vapor (H$_2$O). S231-S235 regions is situated in the giant molecular cloud G174+2.5. We selected all massive molecular clumps in G174+2.5 using archive CO data. For the each clump we determined mass, size and CO column density. After that we performed observations of these clumps. We report about first detections of NH$_3$ and HC$_3$N lines toward the molecular clumps WB89 673 and WB89 668. This means that high-density gas is present there. Physical parameters of molecular gas in the clumps were estimated using the data on ammonia emission. We found that the gas temperature and the hydrogen number density are in the ranges 16-30 K and 2.8-7.2$\\times10^3$ cm$^{-3}$, respectively. The shock-tracing line of CH$_3$OH molecule at 36.2 GHz is newly detected toward WB89 673. 8. Molecular emission in dense massive clumps from the star-forming regions S231-S235 Science.gov (United States) Ladeyschikov, D. A.; Kirsanova, M. S.; Tsivilev, A. P.; Sobolev, A. M. 2016-04-01 The paper is concerned with the study of the star-forming regions S231-S235 in radio lines of molecules of the interstellar medium—carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), cyanoacetylene (HC3N), in maser lines—methanol (CH3OH) and water vapor (H2O). The regions S231-S235 belong to the giant molecular cloudG174+2.5. The goal of this paper is to search for new sources of emission toward molecular clumps and to estimate their physical parameters from CO and NH3 molecular lines. We obtained new detections ofNH3 andHC3Nlines in the sources WB89673 and WB89 668 which indicates the presence of high-density gas. From the CO line, we derived sizes, column densities, and masses of molecular clumps. From the NH3 line, we derived gas kinetic temperatures and number densities in molecular clumps. We determined that kinetic temperatures and number densities of molecular gas are within the limits 16-30 K and 2.8-7.2 × 103 cm-3 respectively. The shock-tracing line of CH3OH molecule at a frequency of 36.2 GHz was detected in WB89 673 for the first time. 9. Another piece of the puzzle: the fast HI outflow in Mrk231 CERN Document Server Morganti, Raffaella; Oosterloo, Tom; Teng, Stacy H; Rupke, David 2016-01-01 We present the detection, performed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) and the Karl Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), of a fast HI 21-cm outflow in the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy Mrk 231. The outflow is observed as shallow HI absorption blueshifted ~1300 km/s with respect to the systemic velocity and located against the inner kpc of the radio source. The outflowing gas has an estimated column density between 5 and 15x10^18 Tspin cm^-2. We derive the Tspin to lie in the range 400-2000 K and the densities are n_HI~10-100 cm^-3. Our results confirm the multiphase nature of the outflow in Mrk231. Although effects of the interaction between the radio plasma and the surrounding medium cannot be ruled out, the energetics and the lack of a clear kpc-scale jet suggest that the most likely origin of the HI outflow is a wide-angle nuclear wind, as earlier proposed to explain the neutral outflow traced by NaI and molecular gas. Our results suggest that an HI component is present in fast outflows regard... 10. Induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 by genistein. Science.gov (United States) Li, Y; Upadhyay, S; Bhuiyan, M; Sarkar, F H 1999-05-20 Breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women, whereas Asian women, who consume a traditional diet high in soy products, have a relatively low incidence. Genistein is a prominent isoflavonoid in soy products and has been proposed as the agent responsible for lowering the rate of breast cancer in Asian women. We investigated the effects of genistein on cell growth and apoptosis-related gene expression in breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. We found up-regulation of Bax and p21WAF1 expressions and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and p53 expression in genistein-treated cells. Furthermore, DNA ladder formation, CPP32 activation, and PARP cleavage were observed after treatment with genistein, indicating apoptotic cell deaths. Flow cytometry with 7-amino actinomycin D staining showed that the number of apoptotic cells increased with longer treatment of genistein. From these results, we conclude that genistein inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, regulates the expression of apoptosis-related genes, and induces apoptosis through a p53-independent pathway. The up-regulation of Bax and p21WAF1 may be the molecular mechanisms by which genistein induces apoptosis, however, further definitive studies are needed. These results suggest that genistein may be a potentially effective chemopreventive or therapeutic agent against breast cancer. PMID:10340389 11. The Binary Black Hole Model for Mrk 231 Cannot Explain the Observed Emission Lines CERN Document Server Leighly, Karen M; Gallagher, Sarah C; Lucy, Adrian B 2016-01-01 Mrk 231 is a nearby quasar with an unusually red continuum, generally explained as heavy reddening by dust (e.g., Leighly et al. 2014). Yan et al. 2015 proposed that Mrk 231 is a milli-parsec black-hole binary with little intrinsic reddening. The large-mass black hole experiences advection-dominated accretion, emitting little continuum, while the accretion disk of the small-mass black hole emits as an ordinary quasar, dominating the observed weak UV continuum and contributing all of the photoionizing flux. We demonstrate that this model is untenable for four reasons. (1) To produce the observed near-infrared emission lines, the equivalent widths would have to be ~100 times larger than typical values with respect to the photoionizing continuum, a situation that seems energetically unlikely. (2) We use the photoionization code Cloudy to demonstrate it is not possible to produce the HeI* emission line intensity for the observed HeI/Pbeta flux ratios, even if the line-emitting gas intersects all of the photoioni... 12. Directional Migration of MDA-MB-231 Cells Under Oxygen Concentration Gradients. Science.gov (United States) Yahara, D; Yoshida, T; Enokida, Y; Takahashi, E 2016-01-01 To elucidate the initial mechanism of hematogenous metastasis of cancer cells, we hypothesized that cancer cells migrate toward regions with higher oxygen concentration such as intratumor micro vessels along the oxygen concentration gradient. To produce gradients of oxygen concentration in vitro, we devised the gap cover glass (GCG). After placing a GCG onto cultured MDA-MB-231 cells (a metastatic breast cancer cell line), the migration of individual cells under the GCG was tracked up to 12 h at 3 % oxygen in the micro incubator. We quantified the migration of individual cells using forward migration index (FMI). The cell migration perpendicular to the oxygen gradients was random in the direction whereas FMIs of the cell located at 300, 500, 700, and 1500 μm from the oxygen inlet were positive (p < 0.05) indicating a unidirectional migration toward the oxygen inlet. Present results are consistent with our hypothesis that MDA-MB-231 cells migrate toward regions with higher oxygen concentration. PMID:27526134 13. Functional Expression of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Navl.5 in Human Breast Caner Cell Line MDA-MB-231 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Rui GAO; Jing WANG; Yi SHEN; Ming LEI; Zehua WANG 2009-01-01 Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are known to be involved in the initiation and progression of many malignancies,and the different subtypes of VGSCs play important roles in the metastasis cascade of many tumors.This study investigated the functional expression of Nav 1.5 and its effect on invasion behavior of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.The mRNA and pro-tein expression of Navl.5 was detected by real time PCR,Western Blot and immunofluorescence.The effects of Navl.5 on cell proliferation,migration and invasion were respectively assessed by MTT and Transwell.The effects of Nav1.5 on the secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) by MDA-MB-231 were analyzed by RT-PCR.The over-expressed Navl.5 was present on the membrane of MDA-MB-231 cells.The invasion ability in vitro and the MMP-9 mRNA expression were respec-tively decreased to (47.82±0.53)% and (43.97±0.64)% (P<0.05) respectively in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with VGSCs specific inhibitor tetrodotoxin (TTX) by blocking Navl.5 activity.It was con-eluded that Nav1.5 functional expression potentiated the invasive behavior of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by increasing the secretion of MMP-9. 14. Synchronous 231Pa/230Th Holocene variability from the Mendeleev and Lomonosov Ridges at mid-depths Science.gov (United States) Hoffmann, S. S.; McManus, J. F.; Curry, W. B.; Brown-Leger, S. 2011-12-01 The Arctic Ocean contributes to global thermohaline circulation through export of intermediate and deep water through Fram Strait; however, the history of formation and circulation of Arctic waters at these depths is little known and presents a major challenge to paleoceanographers. Sedimentary measurements of the uranium-series radionuclides 231Pa and 230Th may provide a means of investigating the past dynamics of these deeper waters. We present 231Pa/230Th records from two well-dated box cores at mid-depths in the Arctic: PL-AR-94 BC 17 from 2255 m on the flank of the Mendeleev Ridge, Makarov Basin, and PL-94-AR BC 28 from 1990 m on the Lomonosov Ridge flank, Amundsen Basin. These records show synchronous millennial-scale variability through the Holocene, with peaks in 231Pa/230Th at 10.5, 7, and 5 ka, interspersed with low ratio values at 8, 6, and 4 ka. Indicators of surface ocean processes at these sites, such as particle fluxes and planktonic δ18O, do not show similar synchronous variation; nor do 231Pa/230Th records from shallower and deeper waters in the central Arctic. We therefore hypothesize that these millennial-scale variations in 231Pa/230Th ratios reflect paleoceanographic changes specific to mid-depth waters across Arctic subbasins, and that these common features may reflect a common source in the core flow of the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current between 1500 and 2500 m. 15. Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial proteins produced by a potential probiotic strain of human Lactobacillus rhamnosus 231 and its effect on selected human pathogens and food spoilage organisms OpenAIRE Ambalam, P. S.; Prajapati, J. B.; Dave, J. M.; Nair, Baboo M.; Ljungh, Åsa; Vyas, B. R. M. 2011-01-01 Objective: To study in vitro properties of potential probiotics and the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 231 isolated from human faeces. Methods and Results: Lact. rhamnosus 231 isolated from human faeces tolerated bile salt (4%), phenol (0.5%), and NaCl (4%) and retained viability at low pH (2.5). The cell-free culture (CFC) fi ltrate and extracellular protein concentrate (EPC) of Lact. rhamnosus 231 contained antimicrobial substances active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E... 16. Disparate SAR Data of Griseofulvin Analogues for the Dermatophytes Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cells DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rønnest, Mads Holger; Raab, Marc S.; Anderhub, Simon; 2012-01-01 of analogues showed increased activity against the cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, highlighted by 2'-benzyloxy-2'-demethoxy-griseofulvin, which showed low activity against both fungi but was among the most potent compounds against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Tubulin has been proposed as the target of griseofulvin...... in both fungal and mammalian cells, but the differences revealed by this SAR study strongly suggest that the mode-of-action of the compound class toward fungi and mammalian cancer cells is different.......Griseofulvin and 53 analogues of this compound have been tested against the pathogenic dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes as well as against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The modifications to griseofulvin include the 4, 5, 6, 2', 3', and 4' positions... 17. Polyphenols from Artemisia annua L Inhibit Adhesion and EMT of Highly Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells MDA-MB-231. Science.gov (United States) Ko, Young Shin; Lee, Won Sup; Panchanathan, Radha; Joo, Young Nak; Choi, Yung Hyun; Kim, Gon Sup; Jung, Jin-Myung; Ryu, Chung Ho; Shin, Sung Chul; Kim, Hye Jung 2016-07-01 Recent evidence suggests that polyphenolic compounds from plants have anti-invasion and anti-metastasis capabilities. The Korean annual weed, Artemisia annua L., has been used as a folk medicine for treatment of various diseases. Here, we isolated and characterized polyphenols from Korean A. annua L (pKAL). We investigated anti-metastatic effects of pKAL on the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells especially focusing on cancer cell adhesion to the endothelial cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Firstly, pKAL inhibited cell viability of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but not that of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs). Polyphenols from Korean A. annua L inhibited the adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells to ECs through reducing vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression of MDA-MB-231 and ECs, but not intracellular adhesion molecule-1 at the concentrations where pKAL did not influence the cell viability of either MDA-MB-231 cells nor EC. Further, pKAL inhibited tumor necrosis factor-activated MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell invasion through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and EMT. Moreover, pKAL inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, but not that of protein kinase C. These results suggest that pKAL may serve as a therapeutic agent against cancer metastasis at least in part by inhibiting the cancer cell adhesion to ECs through suppression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and invasion through suppression of EMT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID:27151203 18. Flexibility damps macromolecular crowding effects on protein folding dynamics: Application to the murine prion protein (121-231) Science.gov (United States) Bergasa-Caceres, Fernando; Rabitz, Herschel A. 2014-01-01 A model of protein folding kinetics is applied to study the combined effects of protein flexibility and macromolecular crowding on protein folding rate and stability. It is found that the increase in stability and folding rate promoted by macromolecular crowding is damped for proteins with highly flexible native structures. The model is applied to the folding dynamics of the murine prion protein (121-231). It is found that the high flexibility of the native isoform of the murine prion protein (121-231) reduces the effects of macromolecular crowding on its folding dynamics. The relevance of these findings for the pathogenic mechanism are discussed. 19. In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Origanum vulgare L. on HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines OpenAIRE Filip Grbović; Stanković, Milan S.; Milena Ćurčić; Nataša Đorđević; Dragana Šeklić; Marina Topuzović; Snežana Marković 2013-01-01 In the present investigation, we examined the cytotoxic effect of methanolic extract from Origanum vulgare on HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231 cell line in vitro. In order to determine the cytotoxic effects we used an MTT viability assay. The results showed that cell growth is significantly lower in extract treated cells compared to untreated control. The effect of inhibition of cell growth was higher in the treatment of HCT-116 cell line than in MDA-MB-231. Based on the results it is determined that O... 20. Mitotic arrest of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by a halogenated thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine OpenAIRE Ross, Christina R.; Temburnikar, Kartik W; Wilson, Gerald M.; Seley-Radtke, Katherine L. 2015-01-01 Halogenated thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines exhibit antiproliferative activity against a variety of cancer cell models, such as the mouse lymphocytic leukemia cell line L1210 in which they induce apoptosis independent of cell cycle arrest. Here we assessed these activities on MDA-MB-231 cells, a well-established model of aggressive, metastatic breast cancer. While 2,4-dichloro[3,2-d]pyrimidine was less toxic to MDA-MB-231 cells than previously observed in the L1210 model, flow cytometry analysis sho... 1. Recovery of protactinium-231 and thorium-230 from cotter concentrate: pilot plant operatins and process development Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hertz, M.R.; Figgins, P.E.; Deal, W.R. 1983-02-10 The equipment and methods used to recover and purify 339 g of thorium-230 and 890 mg of protactinium-231 from 22 of the 1251 drums of Cotter Concentrate are described. The process developed was (1) dissolution at 100/sup 0/C in concentrated nitric acid and dilution to 2 to 3 molar acid, (2) filtration to remove undissolved solids (mostly silica filter aid), (3) extraction of uranium with di-sec-butyl-phenyl phophonate (DSBPP) in carbon tetrachloride, (4) extraction of both thorium and protactinium with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in carbon tetrachloride followed by selective stripping of the thorium with dilute of sulfuric acid, (5) thorium purification using oxalic acid, (6) stripping protactinium from the TOPO with oxalic acid, and (7) protactinium purification through a sequence of steps. The development of the separation procedures, the design of the pilot plant, and the operating procedures are described in detail. Analytical procedures are given in an appendix. 8 figures, 4 tables. 2. Recovery of protactinium-231 and thorium-230 from cotter concentrate: pilot plant operatins and process development International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The equipment and methods used to recover and purify 339 g of thorium-230 and 890 mg of protactinium-231 from 22 of the 1251 drums of Cotter Concentrate are described. The process developed was (1) dissolution at 1000C in concentrated nitric acid and dilution to 2 to 3 molar acid, (2) filtration to remove undissolved solids (mostly silica filter aid), (3) extraction of uranium with di-sec-butyl-phenyl phophonate (DSBPP) in carbon tetrachloride, (4) extraction of both thorium and protactinium with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in carbon tetrachloride followed by selective stripping of the thorium with dilute of sulfuric acid, (5) thorium purification using oxalic acid, (6) stripping protactinium from the TOPO with oxalic acid, and (7) protactinium purification through a sequence of steps. The development of the separation procedures, the design of the pilot plant, and the operating procedures are described in detail. Analytical procedures are given in an appendix. 8 figures, 4 tables 3. Cell cycle arrest induced by MPPa-PDT in MDA-MB-231 cells Science.gov (United States) Liang, Liming; Bi, Wenxiang; Tian, Yuanyuan 2016-05-01 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment using a photosensitizing agent and light source to treat cancers. Pyropheophorbidea methyl ester (MPPa), a derivative of chlorophyll, is a novel potent photosensitizer. To learn more about this photosensitizer, we examined the cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231. Cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometer. Checkpoints of the cell cycle were measured by western blot. In this study, we found that the expression of Cyclin D1 was obviously decreased, while the expression of Chk2 and P21 was increased after PDT treatment. This study showed that MPPa-PDT affected the checkpoints of the cell cycle and led the cells to apoptosis. 4. On the magnetic field of OH 231.8+4.2 Science.gov (United States) Leal-Ferreira, Marcelo L.; Vlemmings, Wouter H. T.; Diamond, Philip J.; Kemball, Athol; Amiri, Nikta; Desmurs, Jean-François 2012-08-01 During the transition from an AGB star to a planetary nebula, a large number of low/intermediate initial mass stars loses its spherical symmetry. The process responsible for that change of morphology is, so far, not well understood. The candidates responsible for shaping these objects are (i) a companion to the star (binary/heavy planet) and its tidal forces, (ii) disk interaction and (iii) magnetic fields - or a combination of these. In particular a binary induced magnetic field is a promising option. To study this we observed the polarization of H2O masers in the known binary pre-Planetary Nebula (pPN) OH231.8+4.2. Our results show a magnetic field B \|\| of ~45 mG is present in the H2O maser region of this pPN. 5. Polyphenols sensitization potentiates susceptibility of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells to Centchroman. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Neetu Singh Full Text Available Polyphenols as "sensitizers" together with cytotoxic drugs as "inducers" cooperate to trigger apoptosis in various cancer cells. Hence, their combination having similar mode of mechanism may be a novel approach to enhance the efficacy of inducers. Additionally, this will also enable to achieve the physiological concentrations facilitating significant increase in the activity at concentrations which the compound can individually provide. Here we propose that polyphenols (Resveratrol (RES and Curcumin (CUR pre-treatment may sensitize MCF-7/MDA MB-231 (Human Breast Cancer Cells, HBCCs to Centchroman (CC, antineoplastic agent. 6 h pre-treated cells with 10 µM RES/CUR and 100 µM RES/30 µM CUR doses, followed by 10 µM CC for 18 h were investigated for Ser-167 ER-phosphorylation, cell cycle arrest, redox homeostasis, stress activated protein kinase (SAPKs: JNK and p38 MAPK pathways and downstream apoptosis effectors. Low dose RES/CUR enhances the CC action through ROS mediated JNK/p38 as well as mitochondrial pathway in MCF-7 cells. However, RES/CUR sensitization enhanced apoptosis in p53 mutant MDA MB-231 cells without/with involvement of ROS mediated JNK/p38 adjunct to Caspase-9. Contrarily, through high dose sensitization in CC treated cells, the parameters remained unaltered as in polyphenols alone. We conclude that differential sensitization of HBCCs with low dose polyphenol augments apoptotic efficacy of CC. This may offer a novel approach to achieve enhanced action of CC with concomitant reduction of side effects enabling improved management of hormone-dependent breast cancer. 6. Androstane derivatives induce apoptotic death in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) Jakimov, Dimitar S; Kojić, Vesna V; Aleksić, Lidija D; Bogdanović, Gordana M; Ajduković, Jovana J; Djurendić, Evgenija A; Penov Gaši, Katarina M; Sakač, Marija N; Jovanović-Šanta, Suzana S 2015-11-15 Biological investigation was conducted to study in vitro antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic potential of selected 17α-picolyl and 17(E)-picolinylidene androstane derivatives. The antiproliferative impact was examined on six human tumor cell lines, including two types of breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), prostate (PC3), cervical (HeLa), colon (HT 29) and lung cancer (A549), as well as one normal fetal lung fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5). All derivatives selectively decreased proliferation of estrogen receptor negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells after 48 h and 72 h treatment and compounds showed time-dependent activity. We used this cell line to investigate cell cycle modulation and apoptotic cell death induction by flow cytometry, expression of apoptotic proteins by Western blot and apoptotic morphology by visual observation. Tested androstane derivatives affected the cell cycle distribution and induced apoptosis and necrosis. Compounds had different and specific mode of action, depending on derivative type and exposure time. Some compounds induced significant apoptosis measured by Annexin V test compared to reference compound formestane. Higher expression of pro-apoptotic BAX, downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and cleavage of PARP protein were confirmed in almost all treated samples, but the lack of caspase-3 activation suggested the induction of apoptosis in caspase-independent manner. More cells with apoptotic morphology were observed in samples after prolonged treatment. Structure-activity relationship analysis was performed to find correlations between the structure variations of investigated derivatives and observed biological effects. Results of this study showed that some of the investigated androstane derivatives have good biomedical potential and could be candidates for anticancer drug development. 7. The physics and the structure of the quasar-driven outflow in Mrk 231 Science.gov (United States) Cicone, C.; Feruglio, C.; Maiolino, R.; Fiore, F.; Piconcelli, E.; Menci, N.; Aussel, H.; Sturm, E. 2012-07-01 Massive AGN-driven outflows are invoked by AGN-galaxy co-evolutionary models to suppress both star formation and black hole accretion. Massive molecular outflows have been discovered in some AGN hosts. However, the physical properties and structures of these AGN-driven molecular outflows are still poorly constrained. Here we present new IRAM PdBI observations of Mrk 231, the closest quasar known, targeting both the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) transitions. We detect broad wings in both transitions, which trace a massive molecular outflow moving with velocities of up to 800 km s-1. The wings are spatially resolved at high significance levels (5-11σ), indicating that the molecular outflow extends to the kpc scale. The CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) ratio of the red broad wings is consistent with the ratio observed in the narrow core, while the blue broad wing is less excited than the core. The latter result suggests that quasar-driven outflow models invoking shocks (which would predict higher gas excitation) are inappropriate for describing the bulk of the outflow in Mrk 231. However, we note that within the central 700 pc the CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) ratio of the red wing is slightly, but significantly, higher than in the line core, suggesting that shocks may play a role in the central region. We also find that the average size of the outflow anticorrelates with the critical density of the transition used as a wind tracer. This indicates that, although diffuse and dense clumps coexist in the outflowing gas, dense outflowing clouds have shorter lifetimes and that they evaporate into the diffuse component along the outflow or, more simply, that diffuse clouds are more efficiently accelerated to larger distances by radiation pressure. 8. Actinide Oxidation State and O/M Ratio in Hypostoichiometric Uranium-Plutonium-Americium U0.750Pu0.246Am0.004O2-x Mixed Oxides. Science.gov (United States) Vauchy, Romain; Belin, Renaud C; Robisson, Anne-Charlotte; Lebreton, Florent; Aufore, Laurence; Scheinost, Andreas C; Martin, Philippe M 2016-03-01 Innovative americium-bearing uranium-plutonium mixed oxides U1-yPuyO2-x are envisioned as nuclear fuel for sodium-cooled fast neutron reactors (SFRs). The oxygen-to-metal (O/M) ratio, directly related to the oxidation state of cations, affects many of the fuel properties. Thus, a thorough knowledge of its variation with the sintering conditions is essential. The aim of this work is to follow the oxidation state of uranium, plutonium, and americium, and so the O/M ratio, in U0.750Pu0.246Am0.004O2-x samples sintered for 4 h at 2023 K in various Ar + 5% H2 + z vpm H2O (z = ∼15, ∼90, and ∼200) gas mixtures. The O/M ratios were determined by gravimetry, XAS, and XRD and evidenced a partial oxidation of the samples at room temperature. Finally, by comparing XANES and EXAFS results to that of a previous study, we demonstrate that the presence of uranium does not influence the interactions between americium and plutonium and that the differences in the O/M ratio between the investigated conditions is controlled by the reduction of plutonium. We also discuss the role of the homogeneity of cation distribution, as determined by EPMA, on the mechanisms involved in the reduction process. PMID:26907589 9. Extracts from Curcuma zedoaria Inhibit Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231 In Vitro Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Xiu-fei Gao 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Objective. To evaluate the effect of petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria on the proliferation of human triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Methods. The reagents were isolated from Curcuma zedoaria by petroleum ether fraction. It was assayed by CCK8 for MDA-MB-231 cellular viability with various concentrations and days, cell cycle analyses, Western Blot analysis, and Realtime Reverse Transcriptase PCR analyses for chemokines molecules including E-cadherin, and E-selectin, and adhesion molecules including CCR7, SLC, SDF-1, and CXCR4. Epirubicin was used as control in the study. Results. MDA-MB-231 cells were inhibited by petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria (P < 0.05, and the inhibition rate was dependent on concentrations and time. Petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria as well as Epirubicin produce a significant G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The level of expression of proteins E-cadherin and E-cadherin mRNA was significantly increased, while proteins SDF-1, CCR7, and CXCR4 mRNA were decreased after being incubated with petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria at the concentrations of 300 μg/mL than control (P < 0.05. The differences were that the protein CXCR4 mRNA expression level was higher than vehicle. Conclusions. MDA-MB-231 cells were inhibited by petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria. 10. Responsabilità “amministrativa” ex d. lgs. n. 231 del 2001 ed enti ecclesiastici civilmente riconosciuti Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Desirée Fondaroli 2012-12-01 Full Text Available Contributo sottoposto a valutazione SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Gli enti ecclesiastici civilmente riconosciuti - 3. (segue Natura giuridica. Le attività di “religione o di culto” e le “attività diverse” – 4. (segue L’ente ecclesiastico civilmente riconosciuto che svolge attività d’impresa – 5. Brevi riflessioni in ordine alla riconducibilità degli enti ecclesiastici al novero dei “soggetti” di cui all’art. 1 d.lgs. n. 231 del 2001 - 6. (segue Gli enti ecclesiastici e la disciplina della responsabilità “amministrativa” dei soggetti collettivi: i reati-presupposto commessi all’estero.ABSTRACT: This research is focused on bodies’ administrative liability ex d. lgs. n. 231 del 2001 and ecclesiastical boards which are civilly recognized. In particular we examine Italian regulations suitable for the mentioned boards. As a consequence we try to find the limits of d. lgs. n. 231 del 2001 application’s. This legislative decree regulates bodies’ liability for unlawful administrative (but substantial penal acts relating to offences. The provisions set out therein apply to corporate entities and companies and associations including those which are not bodies corporate. However, the decree do not mention any ecclesiastical boards which are civilly recognized.KEYWORDS: Ecclesiastical boards which are civilly recognized; Personae iuridicae canonicae; d.lgs. n. 231 del 2001. 11. 49 CFR 231.8 - Tank cars without side sills and tank cars with short side sills and end platforms. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tank cars without side sills and tank cars with... APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.8 Tank cars without side sills and tank cars with short side sills and end platforms. (a) Hand brakes—(1) Number. Same as specified for “Box and other house cars” (see §... 12. Expression and activity of carbonic anhydrase IX is associated with metabolic dysfunction in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. NARCIS (Netherlands) Li, Ying; Wang, H.; Oosterwijk, E.; Tu, C.; Shiverick, K.T.; Silverman, D.N.; Frost, S.C. 2009-01-01 The expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a marker for hypoxic tumors, is correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. We show herein that the MDA-MB-231 cells, a "triple-negative," basal B line, express exclusively CAIX, while a luminal cell line (T47D) expresses carbonic anhydra 13. X-231B technology demonstration for in situ treatment of contaminated soil: Contaminant characterization and three dimensional spatial modeling International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fine-textured soils and sediments contaminated by trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chlorinated organics present a serious environmental restoration challenge at US Department of Energy (DOE) sites. DOE and Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. initiated a research and demonstration project at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The goal of the project was to demonstrate a process for closure and environmental restoration of the X-231B Solid Waste Management Unit at the DOE Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. The X-231B Unit was used from 1976 to 1983 as a land disposal site for waste oils and solvents. Silt and clay deposits beneath the unit were contaminated with volatile organic compounds and low levels of radioactive substances. The shallow groundwater was also contaminated, and some contaminants were at levels well above drinking water standards. This document begins with a summary of the subsurface physical and contaminant characteristics obtained from investigative studies conducted at the X-231B Unit prior to January 1992 (Sect. 2). This is then followed by a description of the sample collection and analysis methods used during the baseline sampling conducted in January 1992 (Sect. 3). The results of this sampling event were used to develop spatial models for VOC contaminant distribution within the X-231B Unit 14. Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor affects the invasion, apoptosis and vascularisation in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Gao Yinguang; Ge Zhicheng; Zhang Zhongtao; Bai Zhigang; Ma Xuemei; Wang Yu 2014-01-01 Background Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant female diseases worldwide.It is a significant threat to every woman's health.Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) is known to be abundant in endothelial cells.According to previous literature,overexpression of VEGI has been shown to inhibit tumor neovascularisation and progression in cellular and animal models,but there has been limited research on the significance of VEGI in the breast cancer.Methods In our study,cell lines MDA-MB-231 were first constructed in which VEGI mediated by lentivirus over-expressed.The effects of VEGI over-expression on MDA-MB-231 cells were investigated both in vitro and in vivo.The expression of VEGI in the MDA-MB-231 cells after infection of lentivirus was analyzed using real-time PCR and Western blotting.The effect of the biological characteristics of MDA-MB-231 cells was assessed by growth,invasion,adhesion,and migration assay with subcutaneous tumor-bearing nude mice models.Then the growth curves of the subcutaneous tumors were studied.Expressions of VEGI,CD31 and CD34 in the tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.Results Infection of MDA-MB-231 cells within the lentivirus resulted in approximately a 1 000-fold increase in the expression of VEGI.As can be seen in the invasion,adhesion and migration assay,the over-expression of VEGI can inhibit the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells during migration,adhesion and invasion.The volume of the subcutaneous tumor in the over-expression group was distinctly and significantly less than that of the control groups.Immunohistochemistry analysis of the tumor biopsies cleady showed the expression of VEGI in the over-expression group increased while CD31 and CD34 decreased significantly.In vitro and in vivo,the early apoptosis rate and the apoptosis index were increased within the VEGI over-expression group as compared with the control group.Conclusions Taken 15. Nustar Reveals an Intrinsically X-ray Weak Broad Absorption Line Quasar in the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy Markarian 231 Science.gov (United States) Teng, Stacy H.; Brandt. W. N.; Harrison, F. A.; Luo, B.; Alexander, D. M.; Bauer, F. E.; Boggs, S. E.; Christensen, F. E.; Comastri, A.; Craig, W. W.; Fabian, A. C.; Farrah, D.; Fiore, F.; Gandhi, P.; Grefenstette, B. W.; Hailey, C. J.; Hickox, R. C.; Madsen, K. K.; Ptak, A. F.; Rigby, Jane Rebecca; Risaliti, G.; Saz, C.; Stern, D.; Veilleux, S.; Walton, D. J.; Wik, D. R.; Zhang, W. W. 2014-01-01 We present high-energy (3-30 keV) NuSTAR observations of the nearest quasar, the ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) Markarian 231 (Mrk 231), supplemented with new and simultaneous low-energy (0.5-8 keV) data from Chandra. The source was detected, though at much fainter levels than previously reported, likely due to contamination in the large apertures of previous non-focusing hard X-ray telescopes. The full band (0.5-30 keV) X-ray spectrum suggests the active galactic nucleus (AGN) in Mrk 231 is absorbed by a patchy and Compton-thin N(sub H) approx. 1.2(sup +0.3) sub-0.3) x 10(exp 23) / sq cm) column. The intrinsic X-ray luminosity L(sub 0.5-30 Kev) approx. 1.0 x 10(exp 43) erg /s) is extremely weak relative to the bolometric luminosity where the 2-10 keV to bolometric luminosity ratio is approx. 0.03% compared to the typical values of 2-15%. Additionally, Mrk 231 has a low X-ray-to-optical power law slope alpha(sub 0X) approx. -1.7. It is a local example of a low-ionization broad absorption line (LoBAL) quasar that is intrinsically X-ray weak. The weak ionizing continuum may explain the lack of mid-infrared [O IV], [Ne V], and [Ne VI] fine-structure emission lines which are present in sources with otherwise similar AGN properties. We argue that the intrinsic X-ray weakness may be a result of the super-Eddington accretion occurring in the nucleus of this ULIRG, and may also be naturally related to the powerful wind event seen in Mrk 231, a merger remnant escaping from its dusty cocoon. 16. Protactinium-231 as a new fissionable material for nuclear reactors that can produce nuclear fuel with stable neutron-multiplying properties Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shmelev, Anatoly N.; Kulikov, Gennady G.; Kulikov, Evgeny G.; Apse, Vladimir A. [National Research Nuclear Univ. MEPHI, Moscow (Russian Federation). Moscow Engineering Physics Inst. 2016-03-15 Main purpose of the study is justifying doping of protactinium-231 into fuel compositions of advanced nuclear reactors with the ultimate aim to improve their operation safety and economic efficiency. Protactinium-231 could be generated in thorium blankets of hybrid thermonuclear facilities. The following results were obtained: 1. Protactinium-231 has some favorable features for its doping into nuclear fuel; 2. Protactinium containing fuel compositions can be characterized by the higher values of fuel burn-up, the longer values of fuel lifetime and the better proliferation resistance; 3. as protactinium-231 is the stronger neutron absorber than uranium-238, remarkably lower amounts of protactinium-231 may be doped into fuel compositions. The free space could be occupied by materials which are able to improve heat conductivity and refractoriness of fuel. As a consequence, operation safety of nuclear reactors could be upgraded. 17. Uranium age determination - Separation and analysis of 230Th and 231Pa International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Full text: In recent years several incidents involving illicit trafficking and smuggling of nuclear material, radioactive sources and radioactively contaminated materials have raised growing public concern about criminal acts involving nuclear materials. Consequently, research efforts in nuclear forensic science have been intensified in order to develop and improve methods for the identification of the nature and origin of seized materials. Information obtained from the analysis of unknown nuclear materials is of key importance in order to aide authorities that are in charge of developing fast and appropriate response action. For the identification of nuclear materials various sample characteristics are of relevance, including isotopic composition, the content of chemical impurities, material properties and the date of production. Information on the production date, respectively the 'age' of nuclear materials, will also be of key importance in other fields of nuclear science, i.e. for the verification of a Fissile Materials Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT) in order to distinguish freshly produced materials from 'old' excess weapons materials. The age of nuclear materials may also be of relevance under a strengthened safeguards regime to reveal clandestine production of weapons usable materials, i.e. the separation of plutonium or production of highly enriched uranium (HEU). The age dating of plutonium samples has been described in detail for bulk samples as well as for particles. In this work we focused on the age determination of uranium materials of different uranium enrichment. The radioactive decay of the uranium isotopes provides a chronometer that is inherent to the material, in particular the mother/daughter pairs 234U/230Th and 235U/231Pa can be advantageously used. Due to the relatively long half-lives of 234U (2.46·105 years) and 235U (7.04·108 years) only minute amounts of daughter nuclides are growing in, therefore both separation of Th and Pa from uranium must 18. Human bones obtained from routine joint replacement surgery as a tool for studies of plutonium, americium and {sup 90}Sr body-burden in general public Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mietelski, Jerzy W., E-mail: [email protected] [Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow (Poland); Golec, Edward B. [Traumatology and Orthopaedic Clinic, 5th Military Clinical Hospital and Polyclinic, Independent Public Healthcare Facility, Wroclawska 1-3, 30-901 Cracow (Poland); Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Department, Chair of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor of the Bronislaw Czech' s Academy of Physical Education, Cracow (Poland); Department of Physical Therapy Basics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Administration College, Bielsko-Biala (Poland); Tomankiewicz, Ewa [Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow (Poland); Golec, Joanna [Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Department, Chair of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor of the Bronislaw Czech' s Academy of Physical Education, Cracow (Poland); Physical Therapy Department, Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Heath Science, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow (Poland); Nowak, Sebastian [Traumatology and Orthopaedic Clinic, 5th Military Clinical Hospital and Polyclinic, Independent Public Healthcare Facility, Wroclawska 1-3, 30-901 Cracow (Poland); Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Department, Chair of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor of the Bronislaw Czech' s Academy of Physical Education, Cracow (Poland); Szczygiel, Elzbieta [Physical Therapy Department, Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Heath Science, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow (Poland); Brudecki, Kamil [Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow (Poland) 2011-06-15 The paper presents a new sampling method for studying in-body radioactive contamination by bone-seeking radionuclides such as {sup 90}Sr, {sup 239+240}Pu, {sup 238}Pu, {sup 241}Am and selected gamma-emitters, in human bones. The presented results were obtained for samples retrieved from routine surgeries, namely knee or hip joints replacements with implants, performed on individuals from Southern Poland. This allowed to collect representative sets of general public samples. The applied analytical radiochemical procedure for bone matrix is described in details. Due to low concentrations of {sup 238}Pu the ratio of Pu isotopes which might be used for Pu source identification is obtained only as upper limits other then global fallout (for example Chernobyl) origin of Pu. Calculated concentrations of radioisotopes are comparable to the existing data from post-mortem studies on human bones retrieved from autopsy or exhumations. Human bones removed during knee or hip joint surgery provide a simple and ethical way for obtaining samples for plutonium, americium and {sup 90}Sr in-body contamination studies in general public. - Highlights: > Surgery for joint replacement as novel sampling method for studying in-body radioactive contamination. > Proposed way of sampling is not causing ethic doubts. > It is a convenient way of collecting human bone samples from global population. > The applied analytical radiochemical procedure for bone matrix is described in details. > The opposite patient age correlations trends were found for 90Sr (negative) and Pu, Am (positive). 19. The recycling of the actinides neptunium, americium and curium in a fast power reactor to reduce the long term activity in a final store International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The starting point for the considerations and calculations given in this dissertation is the inevitable production of radioactive materials in the use of nuclear energy, which creates a considerable potential danger in a final store for a very long period. As one possibility of alleviating this problem, a concept for recycling the waste actinides neptunium, americium and curium was proposed. The waste actinides are separated in the reprocessing of burnt-up fuel elements and reach a further irradiation circuit. There they pass through the stages 'manufacture of irradiation elements', 'use in a fast power reactor' and reprocessing of irradiation elements' several times. In each irradiation and subsequent storage, about 17% of the waste actinides are removed by fission or by conversion into nuclides which can be reused as fuel, so that during the life of 40 years of the fast recycling reacor, the waste actinides can be reduced in mass by one half. In order to determine this mass reduction effect, a model calculation was developed, which includes the representation of the neutron physics and thermal properties of the reactor core and the storage and reprocessing of the irradiation elements. (orig./RB) 20. Human bones obtained from routine joint replacement surgery as a tool for studies of plutonium, americium and 90Sr body-burden in general public International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The paper presents a new sampling method for studying in-body radioactive contamination by bone-seeking radionuclides such as 90Sr, 239+240Pu, 238Pu, 241Am and selected gamma-emitters, in human bones. The presented results were obtained for samples retrieved from routine surgeries, namely knee or hip joints replacements with implants, performed on individuals from Southern Poland. This allowed to collect representative sets of general public samples. The applied analytical radiochemical procedure for bone matrix is described in details. Due to low concentrations of 238Pu the ratio of Pu isotopes which might be used for Pu source identification is obtained only as upper limits other then global fallout (for example Chernobyl) origin of Pu. Calculated concentrations of radioisotopes are comparable to the existing data from post-mortem studies on human bones retrieved from autopsy or exhumations. Human bones removed during knee or hip joint surgery provide a simple and ethical way for obtaining samples for plutonium, americium and 90Sr in-body contamination studies in general public. - Highlights: → Surgery for joint replacement as novel sampling method for studying in-body radioactive contamination. → Proposed way of sampling is not causing ethic doubts. → It is a convenient way of collecting human bone samples from global population. → The applied analytical radiochemical procedure for bone matrix is described in details. → The opposite patient age correlations trends were found for 90Sr (negative) and Pu, Am (positive). 1. The estimation of reactions of hematopoietic systems of organisms to the effect, caused by americium and plutonium, of nuclear industry workers Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gasteva, G. N.; Ivanova, T. A.; Gordeeva, A. A.; Suvorova, L. A.; Molokanov, A. A.; Badine, I. 2004-07-01 Object of research are the workers having in an organism radioactive substance (Am-241 and Pu-239). The purpose of work was the estimation of reaction hemopoietic systems of an organism on influence of americium and plutonium at workers of the nuclear industry. At the surveyed contingent of persons the determined effects caused by total influence Am-241 and Pu-239 are ascertained; chronic radiation disease with development, besides diffusive a pneumoscleoris and a chronic toxic-chemical radiating bronchitis, reactions of system of blood, jet hepatopathy which frequency accrued with increase doses loadings and essentially did not depend on age. In peripheral blood on the foreground jet changes act: hyperglobulia, the tendency to neutrophilus leukocytosis, monocytosis, increase ESR, decrease (reduction ?/G of factor reflecting weight and processing of defeat bronchus and pulmonary of system. Stable downstroke in number thrombocytes and reticulocytes in peripheral blood, their direct dependence on a doze of an irradiation, reflect hypoplastic a background hemogenesis, caused by long influence incorporatedin a bone and a bone brain of radioactive substances. At cytologic research punctate a bone brain jet changes which are expressed in increase of functional activity erythro-and myelopoiesiscome to light and provide compensatory reaction of peripheral blood. At histologic research of a bone brain and a bone fabric attributes of development atrophic process which is expressed in reduction of volume parenchyma a bone brain (a fatty atrophy) and dysplasia to a bone fabric are observed. 2. Tank 241-TX-104, cores 230 and 231 analytical results for the final report International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This document is the analytical laboratory report for tank 241-TX-104 push mode core segments collected between February 18, 1998 and February 23, 1998. The segments were subsampled and analyzed in accordance with the Tank 241-TX-104 Push Mode Core Sampling and Analysis Plan (TSAP) (McCain, 1997), the Data Quality Objective to Support Resolution of the Organic Complexant Safety Issue (Organic DQO) (Turner, et al., 1995) and the Safety Screening Data Quality Objective (DQO) (Dukelow, et.al., 1995). The analytical results are included in the data summary table. None of the samples submitted for Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Total Alpha Activity (AT) exceeded notification limits as stated in the TSAP. The statistical results of the 95% confidence interval on the mean calculations are provided by the Tank Waste Remediation Systems Technical Basis Group in accordance with the Memorandum of Understanding (Schreiber, 1997) and are not considered in this report. Appearance and Sample Handling Attachment 1 is a cross reference to relate the tank farm identification numbers to the 222-S Laboratory LabCore/LIMS sample numbers. The subsamples generated in the laboratory for analyses are identified in these diagrams with their sources shown. Core 230: Three push mode core segments were removed from tank 241-TX-104 riser 9A on February 18, 1998. Segments were received by the 222-S Laboratory on February 19, 1998. Two segments were expected for this core. However, due to poor sample recovery, an additional segment was taken and identified as 2A. Core 231: Four push mode core segments were removed from tank 241-TX-104 riser 13A between February 19, 1998 and February 23, 1998. Segments were received by the 222-S Laboratory on February 24, 1998. Two segments were expected for this core. However, due to poor sample recovery, additional segments were taken and identified as 2A and 2B. The TSAP states the core samples should be transported to the laboratory within three 3. Anticancer property of sediment actinomycetes against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Ravikumar S; Fredimoses M; Gnanadesigan M 2012-01-01 Objective: To investigate the anticancer property of marine sediment actinomycetes against two different breast cancer cell lines. Methods:In vitro anticancer activity was carried out against breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines. Partial sequences of the 16s rRNA gene, phylogenetic tree construction, multiple sequence analysis and secondary structure analysis were also carried out with the actinomycetes isolates. Results: Of the selected five actinomycete isolates, ACT01 and ACT02 showed the IC50 value with (10.13±0.92) and (22.34±5.82)μg/mL concentrations, respectively for MCF-7 cell line at 48 h, but ACT01 showed the minimum (18.54±2.49 μg/mL) level of IC50 value with MDA-MB-231 cell line. Further, the 16s rRNA partial sequences of ACT01, ACT02, ACT03, ACT04 and ACT05 isolates were also deposited in NCBI data bank with the accession numbers of GQ478246, GQ478247, GQ478248, GQ478249 and GQ478250, respectively. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that, the isolates of ACT02 and ACT03 were represented in group I and III, respectively, but ACT01 and ACT02 were represented in group II. The multiple sequence alignment of the actinomycete isolates showed that, the maximum identical conserved regions were identified with the nucleotide regions of 125 to 221st base pairs, 65 to 119th base pairs and 55, 48 and 31st base pairs. Secondary structure prediction of the 16s rRNA showed that, the maximum free energy was consumed with ACT03 isolate (-45.4 kkal/mol) and the minimum free energy was consumed with ACT04 isolate (-57.6 kkal/mol). Conclusions:The actinomycete isolates of ACT01 and ACT02 (GQ478246 and GQ478247) which are isolated from sediment sample can be further used as anticancer agents against breast cancer cell lines. 4. The physics and the structure of the quasar-driven outflow in Mrk 231 CERN Document Server Cicone, C; Maiolino, R; Fiore, F; Piconcelli, E; Menci, N; Aussel, H; Sturm, E 2012-01-01 Massive AGN-driven outflows are invoked by AGN-galaxy co-evolutionary models to suppress both star formation and black hole accretion. Massive molecular outflows have recently been revealed in some AGN hosts. However, the physical properties and structure of these AGN-driven molecular outflows are still poorly constrained. Here we present new IRAM PdBI observations of Mrk231, the closest quasar known, targeting both the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) transitions. We detect broad wings in both transitions, tracing a massive molecular outflow with velocities up to 800 km/s. The wings are spatially resolved at high significance level (5-11 sigma), indicating that the molecular outflow extends on the kpc scale. The CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) ratio of the red broad wings is consistent with the ratio observed in the narrow core, while the blue broad wing is less excited than the core. The latter result suggests that quasar driven outflow models invoking shocks (which would predict higher gas excitation) are not appropriate to describe t... 5. Infrared polarimetry of Mrk 231: Scattering off hot dust grains in the central core CERN Document Server Lopez-Rodriguez, E; Jones, T J; Siebenmorgen, R; Roche, P F; Levenson, N A; Alonso-Herrero, A; Perlman, E; Ichikawa, K; Almeida, C Ramos; Gonzalez-Martin, O; Nikutta, R; Martinez-Paredes, M; Shenoy, D; Gordon, M S; Telesco, C M 2016-01-01 We present high-angular (0.17$-$0.35 arcsec) resolution imaging polarimetric observations of Mrk 231 in the 3.1 $\\mu$m filter using MMT-Pol on the 6.5-m MMT, and in the 8.7 $\\mu$m, 10.3 $\\mu$m, and 11.6 $\\mu$m filters using CanariCam on the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio CANARIAS. In combination with already published observations, we compile the 1$-$12 $\\mu$m total and polarized nuclear spectral energy distribution (SED). The total flux SED in the central 400 pc is explained as the combination of 1) a hot (731 $\\pm$ 4 K) dusty structure, directly irradiated by the central engine, which is at 1.6 $\\pm$ 0.1 pc away and attributed to be in the pc-scale polar region, 2) an optically-thick, smooth and disk-like dusty structure (`torus') with an inclination of 48 $\\pm$ 23$^{\\circ}$ surrounding the central engine, and 3) an extinguished (A$_{\\mbox{V}} =$ 36 $\\pm$ 5 mag) starburst component. The polarized SED decreases from 0.77 $\\pm$ 0.14 per cent at 1.2 $\\mu$m to 0.31 $\\pm$ 0.15 per cent at 11.6 $\\mu$m and follows a power... 6. Optimized Method for Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Amanda L. Peterson 2016-09-01 Full Text Available Cancer cells often have dysregulated metabolism, which is largely characterized by the Warburg effect—an increase in glycolytic activity at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation—and increased glutamine utilization. Modern metabolomics tools offer an efficient means to investigate metabolism in cancer cells. Currently, a number of protocols have been described for harvesting adherent cells for metabolomics analysis, but the techniques vary greatly and they lack specificity to particular cancer cell lines with diverse metabolic and structural features. Here we present an optimized method for untargeted metabolomics characterization of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells, which are commonly used to study metastatic breast cancer. We found that an approach that extracted all metabolites in a single step within the culture dish optimally detected both polar and non-polar metabolite classes with higher relative abundance than methods that involved removal of cells from the dish. We show that this method is highly suited to diverse applications, including the characterization of central metabolic flux by stable isotope labelling and differential analysis of cells subjected to specific pharmacological interventions. 7. Optimized Method for Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Science.gov (United States) Peterson, Amanda L; Walker, Adam K; Sloan, Erica K; Creek, Darren J 2016-01-01 Cancer cells often have dysregulated metabolism, which is largely characterized by the Warburg effect-an increase in glycolytic activity at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation-and increased glutamine utilization. Modern metabolomics tools offer an efficient means to investigate metabolism in cancer cells. Currently, a number of protocols have been described for harvesting adherent cells for metabolomics analysis, but the techniques vary greatly and they lack specificity to particular cancer cell lines with diverse metabolic and structural features. Here we present an optimized method for untargeted metabolomics characterization of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells, which are commonly used to study metastatic breast cancer. We found that an approach that extracted all metabolites in a single step within the culture dish optimally detected both polar and non-polar metabolite classes with higher relative abundance than methods that involved removal of cells from the dish. We show that this method is highly suited to diverse applications, including the characterization of central metabolic flux by stable isotope labelling and differential analysis of cells subjected to specific pharmacological interventions. PMID:27669323 8. Multispectral lensless digital holographic microscope: imaging MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell cultures Science.gov (United States) Ryle, James P.; Molony, Karen M.; McDonnell, Susan; Naughton, Thomas J.; Sheridan, John T. 2009-08-01 Digital holography is the process where an object's phase and amplitude information is retrieved from intensity images obtained using a digital camera (e.g. CCD or CMOS sensor). In-line digital holographic techniques offer full use of the recording device's sampling bandwidth, unlike off-axis holography where object information is not modulated onto carrier fringes. Reconstructed images are obscured by the linear superposition of the unwanted, out of focus, twin images. In addition to this, speckle noise degrades overall quality of the reconstructed images. The speckle effect is a phenomenon of laser sources used in digital holographic systems. Minimizing the effects due to speckle noise, removal of the twin image and using the full sampling bandwidth of the capture device aids overall reconstructed image quality. Such improvements applied to digital holography can benefit applications such as holographic microscopy where the reconstructed images are obscured with twin image information. Overcoming such problems allows greater flexibility in current image processing techniques, which can be applied to segmenting biological cells (e.g. MCF-7 and MDA-MB- 231) to determine their overall cell density and viability. This could potentially be used to distinguish between apoptotic and necrotic cells in large scale mammalian cell processes, currently the system of choice, within the biopharmaceutical industry. 9. A probable Milli-Parsec Supermassive Binary Black Hole in the Nearest Quasar Mrk 231 CERN Document Server Yan, Chang-Shuo; Dai, Xinyu; Yu, Qingjuan 2015-01-01 Supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) are unavoidable products of galaxy mergers and are expected to exist in the cores of many quasars. Great effort has been made during the past several decades to search for BBHs among quasars; however, observational evidence for BBHs remains elusive and ambiguous, which is difficult to reconcile with theoretical expectations. In this paper, we show that the distinct optical-to-UV spectrum of Mrk 231 can be well interpreted as emission from accretion flows onto a BBH, with a semimajor axis of ~590AU and an orbital period of ~1.2 year. The flat optical and UV continua are mainly emitted from a circumbinary disk and a mini-disk around the secondary black hole (BH), respectively; and the observed sharp drop off and flux deficit at wavelength lambda ~ 4000-2500 Angstrom is due to a gap (or hole) opened by the secondary BH migrating within the circumbinary disk. If confirmed by future observations, this BBH will provide a unique laboratory to study the interplay between BBHs an... 10. Herschel PACS Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Local ULIRGs: Conditions and Kinematics in Mrk 231 CERN Document Server Fischer, Jacqueline; González-Alfonso, Eduardo; Graciá-Carpio, Javier; Hailey-Dunsheath, Steve; Poglitsch, Albrecht; Contursi, Alessandra; Lutz, Dieter; Genzel, Reinhard; Sternberg, Amiel; Verma, Aprajita; Tacconi, Linda 2010-01-01 In this first paper on the results of our Herschel PACS survey of local Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs), as part of our SHINING survey of local galaxies, we present far-infrared spectroscopy of Mrk 231, the most luminous of the local ULIRGs, and a type 1 broad absorption line AGN. For the first time in a ULIRG, all observed far-infrared fine-structure lines in the PACS range were detected and all were found to be deficient relative to the far infrared luminosity by 1 - 2 orders of magnitude compared with lower luminosity galaxies. The deficits are similar to those for the mid-infrared lines, with the most deficient lines showing high ionization potentials. Aged starbursts may account for part of the deficits, but partial covering of the highest excitation AGN powered regions may explain the remaining line deficits. A massive molecular outflow, discovered in OH and 18OH, showing outflow velocities out to at least 1400 km/sec, is a unique signature of the clearing out of the molecular disk that formed ... 11. 改造DTL-231调节器为一个新型的抗喘振调节器%To Remould DTL-231 Regulator into a Surge-Resistant Regulator Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 任秀珍 1987-01-01 当泵或压缩机的工作状态大范围变化时,由于喘振缘故,会产生一种奇特的不稳定现象,这种现象可能破坏生产过程的连续条件.泵或压缩机的压力与(或)流量抗喘振控制系统,可以用改型DTL-231调节器来实现,这种改型的调节器具有两种特殊的组合功能,即选择性调节与抗积分饱和.本文详细介绍改型DTL-231调节器的结构和应用. 12. Overexpression of the dynein light chain km23-1 in human ovarian carcinoma cells inhibits tumor formation in vivo and causes mitotic delay at prometaphase/metaphase. Science.gov (United States) Pulipati, Nageswara R; Jin, Qunyan; Liu, Xin; Sun, Baodong; Pandey, Manoj K; Huber, Jonathan P; Ding, Wei; Mulder, Kathleen M 2011-08-01 km23-1 is a dynein light chain that was identified as a TGFβ receptor-interacting protein. To investigate whether km23-1 controls human ovarian carcinoma cell (HOCC) growth, we established a tet-off inducible expression system in SKOV-3 cells in which the expression of km23-1 is induced upon doxycycline removal. We found that forced expression of km23-1 inhibited both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of SKOV-3 cells. More importantly, induction of km23-1 expression substantially reduced the tumorigenicity of SKOV-3 cells in a xenograft model in vivo. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of SKOV-3 and IGROV-1 HOCCs demonstrated that the cells were accumulating at G2/M. Phospho-MEK, phospho-ERK and cyclin B1 were elevated, as was the mitotic index, suggesting that km23-1 suppresses HOCCs growth by inducing a mitotic delay. Immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that the cells were accumulating at prometaphase/metaphase with increases in multipolar and multinucleated cells. Further, although the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein BubR1 was present at the prometaphase kinetochore in Dox+/- cells, it was inappropriately retained at the metaphase kinetochore in Dox- cells. Thus, the mechanism by which high levels of km23-1 suppress ovarian carcinoma growth in vitro and inhibit ovary tumor formation in vivo appears to involve a BubR1-related mitotic delay. 13. PEA3 activates CXCR4 transcription in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Shengmei Gu; Li Chen; Qi Hong; Tingting Yan; Zhigang Zhuang; Qiaoqiao wang; Wei Jin; Hua Zhu; Jiong Wu 2011-01-01 CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a cell surface receptor that has been shown to mediate the metastasis of many solid tumors including lung,breast,kidney,and prostate tumors.In this study,we found that overexpression of ets variant gene 4 (PEA3) could elevate CXCR4 mRNA level and CXCR4 promoter activity in human MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells.PEA3 promoted CXCR4 expression and breast cancer metastasis.Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that PEA3 could bind to the CXCR4 promoter in the cells transfected with PEA3 expression vector.PEA3 siRNA attenuated CXCR4 promoter activity and the binding of PEA3 to the CXCR4 promoter in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells.These results indicated that PEA3 could activate CXCR4 promoter transcription and promote breast cancer metastasis. 14. Medium Renewal Blocks Anti-Proliferative Effects of Metformin in Cultured MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells OpenAIRE Maruša Rajh; Klemen Dolinar; Katarina Miš; Mojca Pavlin; Sergej Pirkmajer 2016-01-01 Epidemiological studies indicate that metformin, a widely used type 2 diabetes drug, might reduce breast cancer risk and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin might protect against breast cancer indirectly by ameliorating systemic glucose homeostasis. Alternatively, it might target breast cancer cells directly. However, experiments using MDA-MB-231 cells, a standard in vitro breast cancer model, produced inconsistent results regarding effectiveness of metformin as a direct ant... 15. Regulation of MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation by GSK-3β involves epigenetic modifications under high glucose conditions Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gupta, Chanchal; Kaur, Jasmine; Tikoo, Kulbhushan, E-mail: [email protected] 2014-05-15 Hyperglycemia is a critical risk factor for development and progression of breast cancer. We have recently reported that high glucose induces phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser 10 as well as de-phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser 9 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Here, we elucidate the mechanism underlying hyperglycemia-induced proliferation in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We provide evidence that hyperglycemia led to increased DNA methylation and DNMT1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. High glucose condition led to significant increase in the expression of PCNA, cyclin D1 and decrease in the expression of PTPN 12, p21 and PTEN. It also induced hypermethylation of DNA at the promoter region of PTPN 12, whereas hypomethylation at Vimentin and Snail. Silencing of GSK-3β by siRNA prevented histone H3 phosphorylation and reduced DNMT1 expression. We show that chromatin obtained after immunoprecipitation with phospho-histone H3 was hypermethylated under high glucose condition, which indicates a cross-talk between DNA methylation and histone H3 phosphorylation. ChIP-qPCR analysis revealed up-regulation of DNMT1 and metastatic genes viz. Vimentin, Snail and MMP-7 by phospho-histone H3, which were down-regulated upon GSK-3β silencing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report which shows that interplay between GSK-3β activation, histone H3 phosphorylation and DNA methylation directs proliferation of breast cancer cells. - Highlights: • High glucose induces phosphorylation of histone H3 and dephosphorylation of GSK-3β. • Moreover, hyperglycemia also leads to increased DNA methylation in MDA-MB-231 cells. • Inhibition of GSK-3β prevented histone H3 phosphorylation and reduced DNMT1 levels. • Interplay exists between GSK-3β, histone H3 phosphorylation and DNA methylation. 16. Novel Suppressive Effects of Ketotifen on Migration and Invasion of MDA-MB-231 and HT-1080 Cancer Cells OpenAIRE Kim, Hyun Ji; Park, Mi Kyung; Kim, Soo Youl; Lee, Chang Hoon 2014-01-01 The high mortality rates associated with cancer reflect the metastatic spread of tumor cells from the site of their origin. Metastasis, in fact, is the cause of 90% of cancer deaths. Therefore, considerable effort is being made to inhibit metastasis. In the present study, we screened ketotifen for anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cancer cells. Cancer cell migration and invasion were measured using multi-well chambers. Additi... 17. Curcumin Suppresses Proliferation and Migration of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells through Autophagy-Dependent Akt Degradation OpenAIRE Feng Guan; Youming Ding; Yemin Zhang; Yu Zhou; Mingxin Li; Changhua Wang 2016-01-01 Previous studies have evidenced that the anticancer potential of curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a main yellow bioactive compound from plant turmeric was mediated by interfering with PI3K/Akt signaling. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. This study experimentally revealed that curcumin treatment reduced Akt protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, along with an activation of autophagy and suppression of ubiqu... 18. Analysis of Protein–Protein Interactions in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines Using Phthalic Acid Chemical OpenAIRE Shih-Shin Liang; Tsu-Nai Wang; Eing-Mei Tsai 2014-01-01 Phthalates are a class of plasticizers that have been characterized as endocrine disrupters, and are associated with genital diseases, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity in the GeneOntology gene/protein database. In this study, we synthesized phthalic acid chemical probes and demonstrated differing protein–protein interactions between MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Phthalic acid chemical probes were synthesized using silicon dioxide particle carriers, whi... 19. NuSTAR reveals an intrinsically x-ray weak broad absorption line quasar in the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Markarian 231 DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Teng, Stacy H.; Brandt, W. N.; Harrison, F. A.; 2014-01-01 We present high-energy (3-30 keV) NuSTAR observations of the nearest quasar, the ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) Markarian 231 (Mrk 231), supplemented with new and simultaneous low-energy (0.5-8 keV) data from Chandra. The source was detected, though at much fainter levels than previously...... be a result of the super-Eddington accretion occurring in the nucleus of this ULIRG, and may also be naturally related to the powerful wind event seen in Mrk 231, a merger remnant escaping from its dusty cocoon.... 20. Comparison of Apoptotic Inducing Effect of Zerumbone and Zerumbone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier on Human Mammary Adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 Cell Line OpenAIRE Mahnaz Hosseinpour; Ahmad Bustamam Abdul; Heshu Sulaiman Rahman; Abdullah Rasedee; Swee Keong Yeap; Negin Ahmadi; Hemn Hassan Othman; Max Stanley Chartrand 2014-01-01 This study investigated the anticancer effect of zerumbone (ZER) and zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (ZER-NLC) on the human mammary gland adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cell line. The effect of ZER and ZER-NLC on MDA-MB-231 cells was determined via electron and fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry using the Annexin V, cell cycle, and Tdt-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assays. We demonstrated that ZER and ZER-NLC significantly suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells w... 1. 双氢睾酮对三阴乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的抑制作用%Inhibitory Effects of Dihydrotestosterone on Proliferation of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells MDA-MB-231 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 陈榕; 崔军威; 韦伟 2015-01-01 目的:研究不同浓度双氢睾酮(DHT)对三阴乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的抑制作用.方法:采用2-(2-甲氧基-4-硝苯基)-3-(4-硝苯基)-5-(2,4-二磺基苯)-2H-四氮唑单钠盐(CCK8)比色法检测1、10、100 nmol/L的DHT分别作用24、48、72 h后对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响;采用流式细胞检测仪分别检测上述浓度DHT作用48 h后对MDA-MB-231细胞周期的影响;并用Agilent miRNA microarray芯片V19杂交技术分析100 nmol/L DHT作用48 h前后细胞的miRNA表达谱,以生物学软件SAS筛选出表达差异在5倍以上的miRNA.结果:1、10、100 nmol/L的DHT对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖均有抑制作用,且与DHT浓度和作用时间呈正相关.与作用前比较,DHT作用于细胞48 h后S期细胞增多,出现S期阻滞,且与DHT浓度呈正相关.100 nmol/LDHT作用于细胞48 h后较作用前有9个miRNA表达上调大于5倍,10个miRNA表达下调大于5倍.结论:DHT对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖具有较为明显的抑制作用,其机制可能与阻滞细胞周期及诱导细胞miRNA表达谱改变有关. 2. Another piece of the puzzle: The fast H I outflow in Mrk 231 Science.gov (United States) Morganti, Raffaella; Veilleux, Sylvain; Oosterloo, Tom; Teng, Stacy H.; Rupke, David 2016-09-01 We present the detection, performed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) and the Karl Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), of a fast H I 21 cm outflow in the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy Mrk 231. The outflow is observed as shallow H I absorption blueshifted ~1300 km s-1 with respect to the systemic velocity and located against the inner kpc of the radio source. The outflowing gas has an estimated column density between 5 and 15 × 1018Tspin cm-2. We derive the Tspin to lie in the range 400-2000 K and the corresponding H I densities are nHI ~ 10-100 cm-3. Our results complement previous findings and confirm the multiphase nature of the outflow in Mrk 231. Although effects of the interaction between the radio plasma and the surrounding medium cannot be ruled out, the energetics and the lack of a clear kpc-scale jet suggest that the most likely origin of the H I outflow is a wide-angle nuclear wind, as earlier proposed to explain the neutral outflow traced by Na I and molecular gas in this source. Our results suggest that an H I component is present in fast outflows regardless of the acceleration mechanism (wind vs. jet driven) and that it must be connected with common properties of the pre-interaction gas involved. Considering the observed similarity of their column densities, the H I outflow likely represents the inner part of the broad wind identified on larger scales in atomic Na I. The mass outflow rate of the H I outflow (between 8 and 18 M⊙ yr-1) does not appear to be as large as that observed in molecular gas, partly owing to the smaller sizes of the outflowing region sampled by the H I absorption. These characteristics are commonly seen in other cases of outflows driven by the active galactic nucleus (AGN) suggesting that the H I may represent a short intermediate phase in the rapid cooling of the gas. The results further confirm H I as a good tracer for AGN-driven outflows not only in powerful radio sources. We also obtained deeper continuum 3. Extracts from Curcuma zedoaria Inhibit Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231 In Vitro. Science.gov (United States) Gao, Xiu-Fei; Li, Qing-Lin; Li, Hai-Long; Zhang, Hong-Yan; Su, Jian-Ying; Wang, Bei; Liu, Pei; Zhang, Ai-Qin 2014-01-01 Objective. To evaluate the effect of petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria on the proliferation of human triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Methods. The reagents were isolated from Curcuma zedoaria by petroleum ether fraction. It was assayed by CCK8 for MDA-MB-231 cellular viability with various concentrations and days, cell cycle analyses, Western Blot analysis, and Realtime Reverse Transcriptase PCR analyses for chemokines molecules including E-cadherin, and E-selectin, and adhesion molecules including CCR7, SLC, SDF-1, and CXCR4. Epirubicin was used as control in the study. Results. MDA-MB-231 cells were inhibited by petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria (P Curcuma zedoaria as well as Epirubicin produce a significant G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The level of expression of proteins E-cadherin and E-cadherin mRNA was significantly increased, while proteins SDF-1, CCR7, and CXCR4 mRNA were decreased after being incubated with petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria at the concentrations of 300 μ g/mL than control (P Curcuma zedoaria. 4. Differential Epigenetic Effects of Atmospheric Cold Plasma on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Science.gov (United States) Park, Sung-Bin; Kim, Byungtak; Bae, Hansol; Lee, Hyunkyung; Lee, Seungyeon; Choi, Eun H; Kim, Sun Jung 2015-01-01 Cold atmospheric plasma (plasma) has emerged as a novel tool for a cancer treatment option, having been successfully applied to a few types of cancer cells, as well as tissues. However, to date, no studies have been performed to examine the effect of plasma on epigenetic alterations, including CpG methylation. In this study, the effects of plasma on DNA methylation changes in breast cancer cells were examined by treating cultured MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, representing estrogen-positive and estrogen-negative cancer cells, respectively, with plasma. A pyrosequencing analysis of Alu indicated that a specific CpG site was induced to be hypomethylated from 23.4 to 20.3% (p plasma treatment in the estrogen-negative MDA-MB-231 cells only. A genome-wide methylation analysis identified "cellular movement, connective tissue development and function, tissue development" and "cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cell death and survival, cellular development" as the top networks. Of the two cell types, the MDA-MB-231 cells underwent a higher rate of apoptosis and a decreased proliferation rate upon plasma treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that plasma induces epigenetic and cellular changes in a cell type-specific manner, suggesting that a careful screening of target cells and tissues is necessary for the potential application of plasma as a cancer treatment option. 5. Differential Epigenetic Effects of Atmospheric Cold Plasma on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sung-Bin Park Full Text Available Cold atmospheric plasma (plasma has emerged as a novel tool for a cancer treatment option, having been successfully applied to a few types of cancer cells, as well as tissues. However, to date, no studies have been performed to examine the effect of plasma on epigenetic alterations, including CpG methylation. In this study, the effects of plasma on DNA methylation changes in breast cancer cells were examined by treating cultured MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, representing estrogen-positive and estrogen-negative cancer cells, respectively, with plasma. A pyrosequencing analysis of Alu indicated that a specific CpG site was induced to be hypomethylated from 23.4 to 20.3% (p < 0.05 by plasma treatment in the estrogen-negative MDA-MB-231 cells only. A genome-wide methylation analysis identified "cellular movement, connective tissue development and function, tissue development" and "cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cell death and survival, cellular development" as the top networks. Of the two cell types, the MDA-MB-231 cells underwent a higher rate of apoptosis and a decreased proliferation rate upon plasma treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that plasma induces epigenetic and cellular changes in a cell type-specific manner, suggesting that a careful screening of target cells and tissues is necessary for the potential application of plasma as a cancer treatment option. 6. On carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in starburst galaxies: New data from NGC253 and Mrk231 and their implications CERN Document Server Henkel, C; Ao, Y; Aalto, S; Danielson, A L R; Papadopoulos, P P; Garcia-Burillo, S; Aladro, R; Impellizzeri, C M V; Mauersberger, R; Martin, S; Harada, N 2014-01-01 Using the IRAM 30-m telescope, CN and CO isotopologues have been measured toward the central regions of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC253 and the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk231. In NGC253, the 12C/13C ratio is 40+-10. Assuming that the ratio also holds for the CO emitting gas, this yields 16O/18O = 145+-36 and 16O/17O = 1290+-365 and a 32S/34S ratio close to that measured for the local interstellar medium (20-25). No indication for vibrationally excited CN is found. Peak line intensity ratios between NGC253 and Mrk231 are ~100 for 12C16O and 12C18O J=1-0, while the ratio for 13C16O J=1-0 is ~250. This and similar 13CO and C18O line intensities in the J=1-0 and 2-1 transitions of Mrk231 suggest 12C/13C ~ 100 and 16O/18O ~ 100, in agreement with values obtained for the less evolved ultraluminous merger Arp220. Also accounting for other extragalactic data, 12C/13C ratios appear to vary over a full order of magnitude, from >100 in ultraluminous high redshift galaxies to ~100 in more local such... 7. Antitumor Activity of Chinese Propolis in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hongzhuan Xuan 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Chinese propolis has been reported to possess various biological activities such as antitumor. In present study, anticancer activity of ethanol extract of Chinese propolis (EECP at 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL was explored by testing the cytotoxicity in MCF-7 (human breast cancer ER(+ and MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer ER(− cells. EECP revealed a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, annexin A7 (ANXA7, p53, nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65, reactive oxygen species (ROS levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential were investigated. Our data indicated that treatment of EECP for 24 and 48 h induced both cells apoptosis obviously. Exposure to EECP significantly increased ANXA7 expression and ROS level, and NF-κB p65 level and mitochondrial membrane potential were depressed by EECP dramatically. The effects of EECP on p53 level were different in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, which indicated that EECP exerted its antitumor effects in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by inducing apoptosis, regulating the levels of ANXA7, p53, and NF-κB p65, upregulating intracellular ROS, and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, EECP had little or small cytotoxicity on normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs. These results suggest that EECP is a potential alternative agent on breast cancer treatment. 8. Deleterious effects on MDAMB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell lineage submitted to Ho-166 radioactive seeds at very low activity Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Falcao, Patricia L.; Campos, Tarcisio P.R., E-mail: [email protected] [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia Nuclear; Sarmento, Eduardo V. [Centro de Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Cuperschmid, Ethel M. [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEMEMOR/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, BR (Brazil). Fac. de Medicina. Centro de Memoria da Medicina 2011-07-01 Herein, the deleterious effect of ionizing radiation provided by Ho-166 radioactive seeds at low activity were addressed, based on experimental in vitro assays at the MDA MB231 cell lineage, a breast adenocarcinoma, compared to PBMC - peripheral blood cells. The methodology involves of the MDBMB-231 and PBMC expansion in culture in suitable environment in 30mm well plates and T-25 flasks. Seeds were synthesized with Ho-165 incorporated and characterized previously. Activation was processed at IPR1 reactor at the peripheral table, at 8h exposition. Three groups of seeds were tested: 0,34 mCi, 0,12 mCi activity, and control group. Such seeds were placed on culture and held to a period of 05 half-lives of the radionuclide. The biological responses at these exposure were documented by inverse microscopic photographic in time. Also, MTT essay were performed. A fast response in producing deleterious effects at cancer cell was observed even if for the low activity seeds. Also, a biological response dependent to a radial distance of the seed was observed. At conclusion, viability clonogenic control of MDAMB231 is identified at the exposition to Ho-166 ceramic seeds, even if at low activity of 0,1 to 0,3mCi. (author) 9. Deleterious effects on MDAMB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell lineage submitted to Ho-166 radioactive seeds at very low activity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Herein, the deleterious effect of ionizing radiation provided by Ho-166 radioactive seeds at low activity were addressed, based on experimental in vitro assays at the MDA MB231 cell lineage, a breast adenocarcinoma, compared to PBMC - peripheral blood cells. The methodology involves of the MDBMB-231 and PBMC expansion in culture in suitable environment in 30mm well plates and T-25 flasks. Seeds were synthesized with Ho-165 incorporated and characterized previously. Activation was processed at IPR1 reactor at the peripheral table, at 8h exposition. Three groups of seeds were tested: 0,34 mCi, 0,12 mCi activity, and control group. Such seeds were placed on culture and held to a period of 05 half-lives of the radionuclide. The biological responses at these exposure were documented by inverse microscopic photographic in time. Also, MTT essay were performed. A fast response in producing deleterious effects at cancer cell was observed even if for the low activity seeds. Also, a biological response dependent to a radial distance of the seed was observed. At conclusion, viability clonogenic control of MDAMB231 is identified at the exposition to Ho-166 ceramic seeds, even if at low activity of 0,1 to 0,3mCi. (author) 10. Analysis of Protein–Protein Interactions in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines Using Phthalic Acid Chemical Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shih-Shin Liang 2014-11-01 Full Text Available Phthalates are a class of plasticizers that have been characterized as endocrine disrupters, and are associated with genital diseases, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity in the GeneOntology gene/protein database. In this study, we synthesized phthalic acid chemical probes and demonstrated differing protein–protein interactions between MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Phthalic acid chemical probes were synthesized using silicon dioxide particle carriers, which were modified using the silanized linker 3-aminopropyl triethoxyslane (APTES. Incubation with cell lysates from breast cancer cell lines revealed interactions between phthalic acid and cellular proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Subsequent proteomics analyses indicated 22 phthalic acid-binding proteins in both cell types, including heat shock cognate 71-kDa protein, ATP synthase subunit beta, and heat shock protein HSP 90-beta. In addition, 21 MCF-7-specific and 32 MDA-MB-231 specific phthalic acid-binding proteins were identified, including related proteasome proteins, heat shock 70-kDa protein, and NADPH dehydrogenase and ribosomal correlated proteins, ras-related proteins, and members of the heat shock protein family, respectively. 11. Half-megasecond Chandra spectral imaging of the hot circumgalactic nebula around quasar MRK 231 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Veilleux, S. [Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States); Teng, S. H. [Observational Cosmology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States); Rupke, D. S. N. [Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112 (United States); Maiolino, R. [Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE (United Kingdom); Sturm, E., E-mail: [email protected] [Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, D-85741 Garching (Germany) 2014-08-01 A deep 400 ks ACIS-S observation of the nearest quasar known, Mrk 231, is combined with archival 120 ks data to carry out the first ever spatially resolved spectral analysis of a hot X-ray-emitting circumgalactic nebula around a quasar. The 65 × 50 kpc X-ray nebula shares no resemblance with the tidal debris seen at optical wavelengths. One notable exception is the small tidal arc ∼3.5 kpc south of the nucleus where excess soft X-ray continuum emission and Si XIII 1.8 keV line emission are detected, consistent with star formation and its associated alpha-element enhancement, respectively. An X-ray shadow is also detected at the location of the 15 kpc northern tidal tail. The hard X-ray continuum emission within ∼6 kpc of the center is consistent with being due entirely to the bright central active galactic nucleus. The soft X-ray spectrum of the outer (≳6 kpc) portion of the nebula is best described as the sum of two thermal components with temperatures ∼3 and ∼8 million K and spatially uniform super-solar alpha-element abundances, relative to iron. This result implies enhanced star formation activity over ∼10{sup 8} yr, accompanied by redistribution of the metals on a large scale. The low-temperature thermal component is not present within ∼6 kpc of the nucleus, suggesting extra heating in this region from the circumnuclear starburst, the central quasar, or the optically identified ≳3 kpc quasar-driven outflow. The soft X-ray emission is weaker in the western quadrant, coincident with a deficit of Hα and some of the largest columns of neutral gas outflowing from the nucleus. Shocks may heat the gas to high temperatures at this location, consistent with the tentative ∼2σ detection of extended Fe XXV 6.7 keV line emission. 12. The construction of TRIGA-TRAP and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements on rare-earth elements and americium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ketelaer, Jens 2010-06-14 The construction of TRIGA-TRAP and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements on rare-earth elements and americium: Nuclear masses are an important quantity to study nuclear structure since they reflect the sum of all nucleonic interactions. Many experimental possibilities exist to precisely measure masses, out of which the Penning trap is the tool to reach the highest precision. Moreover, absolute mass measurements can be performed using carbon, the atomic-mass standard, as a reference. The new double-Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP has been installed and commissioned within this thesis work, which is the very first experimental setup of this kind located at a nuclear reactor. New technical developments have been carried out such as a reliable non-resonant laser ablation ion source for the production of carbon cluster ions and are still continued, like a non-destructive ion detection technique for single-ion measurements. Neutron-rich fission products will be available by the reactor that are important for nuclear astrophysics, especially the r-process. Prior to the on-line coupling to the reactor, TRIGA-TRAP already performed off-line mass measurements on stable and long-lived isotopes and will continue this program. The main focus within this thesis was on certain rare-earth nuclides in the well-established region of deformation around N {proportional_to} 90. Another field of interest are mass measurements on actinoids to test mass models and to provide direct links to the mass standard. Within this thesis, the mass of {sup 241}Am could be measured directly for the first time. (orig.) 13. Medium Renewal Blocks Anti-Proliferative Effects of Metformin in Cultured MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Maruša Rajh Full Text Available Epidemiological studies indicate that metformin, a widely used type 2 diabetes drug, might reduce breast cancer risk and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin might protect against breast cancer indirectly by ameliorating systemic glucose homeostasis. Alternatively, it might target breast cancer cells directly. However, experiments using MDA-MB-231 cells, a standard in vitro breast cancer model, produced inconsistent results regarding effectiveness of metformin as a direct anti-cancer agent. Metformin treatments in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells are usually performed for 48-96 hours, but protocols describing renewal of cell culture medium during these prolonged treatments are rarely reported. We determined whether medium renewal protocol might alter sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with metformin. Using the MTS assay, BrdU incorporation and Hoechst staining we found that treatment with metformin for 48-72 hours failed to suppress viability and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells if low-glucose (1 g/L medium was renewed every 24 hours. Conversely, metformin suppressed their viability and proliferation if medium was not renewed. Without renewal glucose concentration in the medium was reduced to 0.1 g/L in 72 hours, which likely explains increased sensitivity to metformin under these conditions. We also examined whether 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG reduces resistance to metformin. In the presence of 2-DG metformin reduced viability and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells with or without medium renewal, thus demonstrating that 2-DG reduces their resistance to metformin. In sum, we show that medium renewal blocks anti-proliferative effects of metformin during prolonged treatments in low-glucose medium. Differences in medium renewal protocols during prolonged treatments might therefore lead to apparently inconsistent results as regards effectiveness of metformin as a direct anti-cancer agent. Finally, our results indicate that co-therapy with 14. Medium Renewal Blocks Anti-Proliferative Effects of Metformin in Cultured MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Science.gov (United States) Rajh, Maruša; Dolinar, Klemen; Miš, Katarina; Pavlin, Mojca; Pirkmajer, Sergej 2016-01-01 Epidemiological studies indicate that metformin, a widely used type 2 diabetes drug, might reduce breast cancer risk and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin might protect against breast cancer indirectly by ameliorating systemic glucose homeostasis. Alternatively, it might target breast cancer cells directly. However, experiments using MDA-MB-231 cells, a standard in vitro breast cancer model, produced inconsistent results regarding effectiveness of metformin as a direct anti-cancer agent. Metformin treatments in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells are usually performed for 48-96 hours, but protocols describing renewal of cell culture medium during these prolonged treatments are rarely reported. We determined whether medium renewal protocol might alter sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with metformin. Using the MTS assay, BrdU incorporation and Hoechst staining we found that treatment with metformin for 48-72 hours failed to suppress viability and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells if low-glucose (1 g/L) medium was renewed every 24 hours. Conversely, metformin suppressed their viability and proliferation if medium was not renewed. Without renewal glucose concentration in the medium was reduced to 0.1 g/L in 72 hours, which likely explains increased sensitivity to metformin under these conditions. We also examined whether 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) reduces resistance to metformin. In the presence of 2-DG metformin reduced viability and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells with or without medium renewal, thus demonstrating that 2-DG reduces their resistance to metformin. In sum, we show that medium renewal blocks anti-proliferative effects of metformin during prolonged treatments in low-glucose medium. Differences in medium renewal protocols during prolonged treatments might therefore lead to apparently inconsistent results as regards effectiveness of metformin as a direct anti-cancer agent. Finally, our results indicate that co-therapy with 2-DG and 15. Unusual roles of caspase-8 in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Science.gov (United States) De Blasio, Anna; Di Fiore, Riccardo; Morreale, Marco; Carlisi, Daniela; Drago-Ferrante, Rosa; Montalbano, Mauro; Scerri, Christian; Tesoriere, Giovanni; Vento, Renza 2016-06-01 Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a clinically aggressive form of breast cancer that is unresponsive to endocrine agents or trastuzumab. TNBC accounts for ~10-20% of all breast cancer cases and represents the form with the poorest prognosis. Patients with TNBC are at higher risk of early recurrence, mainly in the lungs, brain and soft tissue, therefore, there is an urgent need for new therapies. The present study was carried out in MDA-MB-231 cells, where we assessed the role of caspase-8 (casp-8), a critical effector of death receptors, also involved in non‑apoptotic functions. Analysis of casp-8 mRNA and protein levels indicated that they were up-regulated with respect to the normal human mammalian epithelial cells. We demonstrated that silencing of casp-8 by small interfering-RNA, strongly decreased MDA-MB-231 cell growth by delaying G0/G1- to S-phase transition and increasing p21, p27 and hypo-phosphorylated/active form of pRb levels. Surprisingly, casp-8-knockdown, also potently increased both the migratory and metastatic capacity of MDA-MB‑231 cells, as shown by both wound healing and Matrigel assay, and by the expression of a number of related-genes and/or proteins such as VEGFA, C-MYC, CTNNB1, HMGA2, CXCR4, KLF4, VERSICAN V1 and MMP2. Among these, KLF4, a transcriptional factor with a dual role (activator and repressor), seemed to play critical roles. We suggest that in MDA-MB‑231 cells, the endogenous expression of casp-8 might keep the cells perpetually cycling through downregulation of KLF4, the subsequent lowering of p21 and p27, and the inactivation by hyperphosphorylation of pRb. Simultaneously, by lowering the expression of some migratory and invasive genes, casp-8 might restrain the metastatic ability of the cells. Overall, our findings showed that, in MDA-MB-231 cells, casp-8 might play some unusual roles which should be better explored, in order to understand whether it might be identified as a molecular therapeutic target. PMID 16. The Emission Nebula Sh2-231 And Its Relation To The Dust Cloud TGU 1192 (LDN 1525) Science.gov (United States) Boyle, Richard P.; Janusz, R.; Straizys, V.; Laugalys, V. 2012-01-01 The HII region Sh2-231 is thought to belong to the Auriga OB1 association, together with other emission nebulae, Sh2-232, Sh2-233 and Sh2-235, all within 1 square degree. The area is surrounded by a giant molecular cloud G173.7+02.7 also known as a dust cloud LDN 1525 or TGU 1192. Distances estimated from the exciting stars of the HII regions are known with low accuracy (between 1.0 and 2.3 kpc). Most authors consider that all listed HII regions are related to the association Aur OB1: the mean distance of its stars is 1.3 kpc. In our earlier paper (Straizys et al., Baltic Astronomy, 19, 169, 2010) we argued the Sh2-231 nebula might not be related to the association. More probably this nebula is in the Perseus arm seen semi-transparently through the dust cloud TGU 1192. We investigate the 12' by 12' area using the VATT telescope with a 4K CCD camera and seven filters of the Vilnius photometric system to determine spectral and luminosity classes, interstellar reddenings, extinctions and distances for the field stars down to V = 17 mag. Thus we learn the distance to the dust cloud and its relation to the nebula Sh2-231. IPHAS and MegaCam photometry provides spectral types for fainter stars. Both Vilnius and IPHAS photometric data are in agreement that the dust cloud in the direction of Sh2-231 begins at a distance of about 1.3 kpc, i.e., it is undoubtedly related to the Aur OB1 association. The extinction Av in the cloud ranges between 1.5 and 4.5 mag. However, the star ALS 8476 (O9 V, V = 10.79, Av = 3.6, d = 2.3 kpc) is too far to be related to the Aur OB1 star-forming region. Consequently, if this star is the exciting source of Sh2-231, the nebula belongs to the Perseus arm. 17. 6,6 '-bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-benzo 1,2,4 triazine-3-yl) 2,2 ' bipyridine, an effective extracting agent for the separation of americium(III) and curium(III) from the lanthanides International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The extraction of americium(III), curium(III), and the lanthanides(III) from nitric acid by 6,6'- bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazine-3-yl)-[2,2'] bipyridine (CyMe4-BTBP) has been studied. Since the extraction kinetics were slow, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-di-octyl-2-(2-hexyl-oxy-ethyl)malonamide (DMDOHEMA) was added as a phase transfer reagent. With a mixture of 0.01 M CyMe4-BTBP + 0.25 M DMDOHEMA in n -octanol, extraction equilibrium was reached within 5 min of mixing. At a nitric acid concentration of 1 M, an americium(III) distribution ratio of approx. 10 was achieved. Americium(III)/lanthanide(III) separation factors between 50 (dysprosium) and 1500 (lanthanum) were obtained. Whereas americium(III) and curium(III) were extracted as di-solvates, the stoichiometries of the lanthanide(III) complexes were not identified unambiguously, owing to the presence of DMDOHEMA. In the absence of DMDOHEMA, both americium(III) and europium(III) were extracted as di-solvates. Back-extraction with 0.1 M nitric acid was thermodynamically possible but rather slow. Using a buffered glycolate solution of pH=4, an americium(III) distribution ratio of 0.01 was obtained within 5 min of mixing. There was no evidence of degradation of the extractant, for example, the extraction performance of CyMe4-BTBP during hydrolysis with 1 M nitric acid did not change over a two month contact. (authors) 18. Herbal Extract SH003 Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting STAT3-IL-6 Signaling OpenAIRE Youn Kyung Choi; Sung-Gook Cho; Sang-Mi Woo; Yee Jin Yun; Sunju Park; Yong Cheol Shin; Seong-Gyu Ko 2014-01-01 Cancer inflammation promotes cancer progression, resulting in a high risk of cancer. Here, we demonstrate that our new herbal extract, SH003, suppresses both tumor growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via inhibiting STAT3-IL-6 signaling path. Our new herbal formula, SH003, mixed extract from Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas, and Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz, suppressed MDA-MB-231 tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo and reduced the viability and metastatic ... 19. Chamaejasmine Arrests Cell Cycle, Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Nuclear NF-κB Translocation in the Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231 OpenAIRE Yuxian Bai; Guanglu Dong; Li Cai; Hongyang Yu; Tingting Zhang 2013-01-01 In this study, the anticancer activity of chamaejasmine was characterized in the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blotting was performed to determine changes in levels of various proteins. Results showed that treatment with chamaejasmine (4–16 μM) inhibited cell proliferation, which correlated with G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. C... 20. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis data in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines treated with dioscin. Science.gov (United States) Aumsuwan, Pranapda; Khan, Shabana I; Khan, Ikhlas A; Walker, Larry A; Dasmahapatra, Asok K 2016-09-01 Microarray technology (Human OneArray microarray, phylanxbiotech.com) was used to compare gene expression profiles of non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells exposed to dioscin (DS), a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots of wild yam, (Dioscorea villosa). Initially the differential expression of genes (DEG) was identified which was followed by pathway enrichment analysis (PEA). Of the genes queried on OneArray, we identified 4641 DEG changed between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (vehicle-treated) with cut-off log2 \|fold change\|≧1. Among these genes, 2439 genes were upregulated and 2002 were downregulated. DS exposure (2.30 μM, 72 h) to these cells identified 801 (MCF-7) and 96 (MDA-MB-231) DEG that showed significant difference when compared with the untreated cells (pMDA-MB-231 cells. Further comparison of DEG between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to DS identified 3626 DEG of which 1700 were upregulated and 1926 were down-regulated. Regarding to PEA, 12 canonical pathways were significantly altered between these two cell lines. However, there was no alteration in any of these pathways in MCF-7 cells, while in MDA-MB-231 cells only MAPK pathway showed significant alteration. When PEA comparison was made on DS exposed cells, it was observed that only 2 pathways were significantly affected. Further, we identified the shared DEG, which were targeted by DS and overlapped in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, by intersection analysis (Venn diagram). We found that 7 DEG were overlapped of which six are reported in the database. This data highlight the diverse gene networks and pathways in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines treated with dioscin. PMID:27331101 1. Morin, a flavonoid from Moraceae, suppresses growth and invasion of the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB‑231 partly through suppression of the Akt pathway. Science.gov (United States) Jin, Hana; Lee, Won Sup; Eun, So Young; Jung, Ji Hyun; Park, Hyeon-Soo; Kim, Gonsup; Choi, Yung Hyun; Ryu, Chung Ho; Jung, Jin Myung; Hong, Soon Chan; Shin, Sung Chul; Kim, Hye Jung 2014-10-01 Morin, a flavonoid found in figs and other Moraceae, displays a variety of biological actions, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic. However, the anticancer effects of morin and in particular its anti-metastatic effects are not well known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of morin on highly metastatic human breast cancer cells. Our results showed that morin significantly inhibited the colony forming ability of highly metastatic MDA-MB‑231 breast cancer cells from low doses (50 µM) without cytotoxicity. In addition, morin changed MDA-MB‑231 cell morphology from mesenchymal shape to epithelial shape and inhibited the invasion of MDA-MB‑231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Morin decreased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) secretion and expression of the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin of MDA-MB‑231 cells, suggesting that morin might suppress the EMT process. Furthermore, morin significantly decreased the phosphorylation of Akt, and inhibition of the Akt pathway significantly reduced MDA-MB‑231 invasion. In an in vivo xenograft mouse model, morin suppressed MDA-MB‑231 cancer cell progression. Taken together, our findings suggest that morin exhibits an inhibitory effect on the cancer progression and EMT process of highly metastatic breast cancer cells at least in part through inhibiting Akt activation. This study provides evidence that morin may have anticancer effects against metastatic breast cancer. 2. Sediment 231Pa/230Th as a recorder of the rate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: insights from a 2-D model Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) S. E. Allen 2009-11-01 Full Text Available A two dimensional scavenging-circulation model is used to investigate the patterns of sediment 231Pa/230Th generated by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC and further advance the application of this proxy for ocean paleocirculation studies. The scavenging parameters and the geometry of the overturning circulation cell have been chosen so that the model generates meridional sections of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa consistent with published water column profiles and an additional 12 previously unpublished profiles measured in the North and Equatorial Atlantic. The processes that generate the meridional sections of dissolved and particulate 230Th, dissolved and particulate 231Pa, dissolved and particulate 231Pa/230Th, and sediment 231Pa/230Th are discussed in detail. The results indicate that the relationship between sediment 231Pa/230Th at any given site and the overturning circulation is very complex. They clearly show that constraining past changes in the strength and geometry of the AMOC requires an extensive data set and they suggest strategies to maximize information from a limited number of samples. 3. Analysis of the Risk Factors Related with Diabetes among 231 Peoples who were 49 -51 Years Old%49～51岁231例糖尿病相关危险因素的临床分析 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 田坚; 赵晓伟 2011-01-01 目的:对沈阳市铁西区49 ～51岁的231例研究对象进行糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)相关危险因素的调查分析.方法:选取1959～1961年出生的231人为研究对象,男116人,女115人,行75g葡萄糖耐量实验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)、胰岛素或C肽释放试验,糖化血红蛋白、血脂、肝肾功能,以及血压、体重测定.结果:分析231例研究对象的血糖、血脂、血压、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、血尿酸各项指标,以高甘油三酯血症最高,占53.2％,次为肥胖BMI＞ 25 kg/m2,占43.7％,高尿酸血症占34.6％.结论:该年龄者因普遍存在出生时营养欠佳,成年后生活方式改变,体重增加,存在糖脂代谢紊乱、肥胖症、高尿酸血症,提示是DM和心脑血管疾病的极高危人群. 4. Radiosensitizing effect of conjugated linoleic acid in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells; Effet radiosensibilisateur de l'acide linoleique conjugue chez les cellules cancereuses de sein MCF-7 et MDA-MB-231 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Drouin, G.; Douillette, A. [Univ. de Sherbrooke, Dept. de medecine nucleaire de radiobiologie, Faculte de medecine, Sherbrooke, Quebec (Canada); Lacasse, P. [Centre de recherche et development sur le bovin laitier et le porc, Lennoxville, Quebec (Canada); Paquette, B. [Univ. de Sherbrooke, Dept. de medecine nucleaire de radiobiologie, Faculte de medecine, Sherbrooke, Quebec (Canada)]. E-mail: [email protected] 2004-02-01 5. Impact of the cation distribution homogeneity on the americium oxidation state in the U0.54Pu0.45Am0.01O2-x mixed oxide Science.gov (United States) Vauchy, Romain; Robisson, Anne-Charlotte; Martin, Philippe M.; Belin, Renaud C.; Aufore, Laurence; Scheinost, Andreas C.; Hodaj, Fiqiri 2015-01-01 The impact of the cation distribution homogeneity of the U0.54Pu0.45Am0.01O2-x mixed oxide on the americium oxidation state was studied by coupling X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Oxygen-hypostoichiometric Am-bearing uranium-plutonium mixed oxide pellets were fabricated by two different co-milling based processes in order to obtain different cation distribution homogeneities. The americium was generated from β- decay of 241Pu. The XRD analysis of the obtained compounds did not reveal any structural difference between the samples. EPMA, however, revealed a high homogeneity in the cation distribution for one sample, and substantial heterogeneity of the U-Pu (so Am) distribution for the other. The difference in cation distribution was linked to a difference in Am chemistry as investigated by XAS, with Am being present at mixed +III/+IV oxidation state in the heterogeneous compound, whereas only Am(IV) was observed in the homogeneous compound. Previously reported discrepancies on Am oxidation states can hence be explained by cation distribution homogeneity effects. 6. Context dependent reversion of tumor phenotype by connexin-43 expression in MDA-MB231 cells and MCF-7 cells: Role of β-catenin/connexin43 association Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Talhouk, Rabih S., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut (Lebanon); Fares, Mohamed-Bilal; Rahme, Gilbert J.; Hariri, Hanaa H.; Rayess, Tina; Dbouk, Hashem A.; Bazzoun, Dana; Al-Labban, Dania [Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut (Lebanon); El-Sabban, Marwan E., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut (Lebanon) 2013-12-10 Connexins (Cx), gap junction (GJ) proteins, are regarded as tumor suppressors, and Cx43 expression is often down regulated in breast tumors. We assessed the effect of Cx43 over-expression in 2D and 3D cultures of two breast adenocarcinoma cell lines: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. While Cx43 over-expression decreased proliferation of 2D and 3D cultures of MCF-7 by 56% and 80% respectively, MDA-MB-231 growth was not altered in 2D cultures, but exhibited 35% reduction in 3D cultures. C-terminus truncated Cx43 did not alter proliferation. Untransfected MCF-7 cells formed spherical aggregates in 3D cultures, and MDA-MB-231 cells formed stellar aggregates. However, MCF-7 cells over-expressing Cx43 formed smaller sized clusters and Cx43 expressing MDA-MB-231 cells lost their stellar morphology. Extravasation ability of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was reduced by 60% and 30% respectively. On the other hand, silencing Cx43 in MCF10A cells, nonneoplastic human mammary cell line, increased proliferation in both 2D and 3D cultures, and disrupted acinar morphology. Although Cx43 over-expression did not affect total levels of β-catenin, α-catenin and ZO-2, it decreased nuclear levels of β-catenin in 2D and 3D cultures of MCF-7 cells, and in 3D cultures of MDA-MB-231 cells. Cx43 associated at the membrane with α-catenin, β-catenin and ZO-2 in 2D and 3D cultures of MCF-7 cells, and only in 3D conditions in MDA-MB-231 cells. This study suggests that Cx43 exerts tumor suppressive effects in a context-dependent manner where GJ assembly with α-catenin, β-catenin and ZO-2 may be implicated in reducing growth rate, invasiveness, and, malignant phenotype of 2D and 3D cultures of MCF-7 cells, and 3D cultures of MDA-MB-231 cells, by sequestering β-catenin away from nucleus. - Highlights: • Cx43 over-expressing MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were grown in 2D and 3D cultures. • Proliferation and growth morphology were affected in a context dependent manner. • Extravasation ability of both MCF 7. Cardiotoxin III suppresses MDA-MB-231 cell metastasis through the inhibition of EGF/EGFR-mediated signaling pathway. Science.gov (United States) Tsai, Pei-Chien; Hsieh, Chi-Ying; Chiu, Chien-Chih; Wang, Chih-Kuang; Chang, Long-Sen; Lin, Shinne-Ren 2012-10-01 Cardiotoxin III (CTX III), a basic polypeptide isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor, EGFR, play roles in cancer metastasis in various tumors. We use EGF as a metastatic inducer of MDA-MB-231 cells to investigate the effect of CTX III on cell migration. CTX III inhibited the EGF-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and further suppressed cell invasion and migration without obvious cellular cytotoxicity. CTX III suppressed EGF-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and also abrogated the EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. In addition, CTX III similar to wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor) and U0126 (an up-stream kinase regulating ERK1/2 inhibitor) attenuated cell migration and invasion induced by EGF. Furthermore, the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 inhibited EGF-induced MMP-9 expression, cell migration and invasion, as well as the activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt, suggesting that ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt activation occur downstream of EGFR activation. These findings suggest that CTX III inhibited the EGF-induced invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells via EGFR-dependent PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and NF-κB signaling, leading to the down-regulation of MMP-9 expression. These results provide a novel mechanism to explain the role of CTX III as a potent anti-metastatic agent in MDA-MB-231 cells. 8. Fabrication of targets for transmutation of americium : synthesis of inertial matrix by sol-gel method. Procedure study on the infiltration of a radioactive solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) addition a new and unexpected phase formed by the reaction of americium with spinel during the high temperature synthesis process has been identified. This new phase could provide a unique menas to stabilise Am in one particular oxidation state. (Author) 9. Sorption and diffusion of cobalt, nickel, strontium, iodine, cesium and americium in natural fissure surfaces and drill core cups studied by autoradiography, 3 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This report summarizes the studies on sorption and diffusion of Cs, Sr, Co, Ni, Am and I in common rocks in Finnish bedrock carried out in laboratory experiments. Samples used in these studies were sections of drill cores containing filled and unfilled natural fracture surfaces and drill cores with a diamond drilled longitudinal cavity in the middle of the sample (drill core cups). Samples originated from the two nuclear power plant sites in Finland: tonalite and mica gneiss from Olkiluoto in Eurajoki and rapakivi granite from Haestholmen in Loviisa. The water used in the experiments was synthetic groundwater spiked at a time with one of the radionuclides: Cs-134, Sr-90, Co-60, Ni-63, Am-241 and I-125. Contact times from one week to one year were used to evaluate time dependence of diffusion. An autoradiographic method was used for determination of the penetration depths and diffusion pathways of elements. For determination of diffusion coefficients a quantitative computerized autoradiographic method was used to get the concentration profiles of the radionuclides in the drill cores. Sorption on natural fracture surfaces was more effective than on freshly drilled core samples. Filling materials on natural fracture surfaces, except calcite, increased sorption. The distribution coefficients for drill core cups were about the same as those for unfilled natural fracture surfaces after a contact time of one week and the sorption tendency of radionuclides was: Ka(Cs) > Ka(Co) > Ka(Am) > Ka(Ni) > Ka(Sr) > Ka(I). Radionuclides were observed to penetrate into fissures of the rock matrix and high-capacity minerals. Strontium was found as far as 35 mm in a filled natural fracture surface sample of rapakivi granite after a contact time of one year. The corresponding values were 3.0 mm for cesium, 2.1 mm for cobalt and 2.6 mm for nickel. For americium no diffusion could be observed (a-values for strontium was 6.6 x 10-16-1.1 x 10-13 m2/s, for cesium 4.7 x 10-16-7.2 x 10-15 m2/s 10. Separation by sequential chromatography of americium, plutonium and neptunium elements: application to the study of trans-uranian elements migration in a European lacustrine system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The nuclear tests carried out in the atmosphere in the Sixties, the accidents and in particular that to the power station of Chernobyl in 1986, were at the origin of the dispersion of a significant quantity of transuranic elements and fission products. The study of a lake system, such that of the Blelham Tarn in Great Britain, presented in this memory, can bring interesting answers to the problems of management of the environment. The determination of the radionuclides in sediment cores made it possible not only to establish the history of the depositions and consequently the origin of the radionuclides, but also to evaluate the various transfers which took place according to the parameters of the site and the properties of the elements. The studied transuranic elements are plutonium 238, 239-240, americium 241 and neptunium 237. Alpha emitting radionuclides, their determination requires complex radiochemical separations. A method was worked out to successively separate the three radioelements by using a same chromatographic column. Cesium 137 is the studied fission product, its determination is done by direct Gamma spectrometry. Lead 210, natural radionuclide, whose atmospheric flow can be supposed constant. makes it possible to obtain a chronology of the various events. The detailed vertical study of sediment cores showed that the accumulation mode of the studied elements is the same one and that the methods of dating converge. The cesium, more mobile than transuranic elements in the atmosphere, was detected in the 1963 and 1986 fallout whereas an activity out of transuranic elements appears only for the 1963 fallout. The activity of the 1963 cesium fallout is of the same order of magnitude as that of 1986. The calculation of the diffusion coefficients of the elements in the sediments shows an increased migration of cesium compared to transuranic elements. An inventory on the whole of the lake made it possible to note that the atmospheric fallout constitute the 11. ESTRATÉGIAS DE RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL CORPORATIVA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE OS 231 CASOS CONCRETOS DO INSTITUTO ETHOS OpenAIRE Franciara Maria de Oliveira 2006-01-01 Resumo principal deste trabalho. Utilizou-se como universo de estudo os 231 Casos Concretos preenchidos espontaneamente pelas empresas filiadas na página web do Instituto Ethos de Empresa e Responsabilidade Social (Instituto Ethos). Os casos foram analisados pelo software alemão de análise de dados qualitativos&l... 12. X-231B technology demonstration for in situ treatment of contaminated soil: Laboratory evaluation of chemical oxidation using hydrogen peroxide International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Treatability studies were conducted as part of a comprehensive research project initiated to demonstrate as well as evaluate in situ treatment technologies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and radioactive substances in wet, slowly permeable soils. The site of interest for this project was the X-231B Oil Biodegradation unit at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, a US Department of Energy (DOE) facility in southern Ohio. This report describes the treatability studies that investigated the feasibility of the application of low-strength hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutions to treat trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated soil 13. Human Sulfatase 2 inhibits in vivo tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Extracellular human sulfatases modulate growth factor signaling by alteration of the heparin/heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) 6-O-sulfation state. HSPGs bind to numerous growth factor ligands including fibroblast growth factors (FGF), epidermal growth factors (EGF), and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and are critically important in the context of cancer cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. We hypothesized that sulfatase activity in the tumor microenvironment would regulate tumor growth in vivo. We established a model of stable expression of sulfatases in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and purified recombinant human Sulfatase 2 (rhSulf2) for exogenous administration. In vitro studies were performed to measure effects on breast cancer cell invasion and proliferation, and groups were statistically compared using Student's t-test. The effects of hSulf2 on tumor progression were tested using in vivo xenografts with two methods. First, MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing hSulf1, hSulf2, or both hSulf1/hSulf2 were grown as xenografts and the resulting tumor growth and vascularization was compared to controls. Secondly, wild type MDA-MB-231 xenografts were treated by short-term intratumoral injection with rhSulf2 or vehicle during tumor growth. Ultrasound analysis was also used to complement caliper measurement to monitor tumor growth. In vivo studies were statistically analyzed using Student's t test. In vitro, stable expression of hSulf2 or administration of rhSulf2 in breast cancer cells decreased cell proliferation and invasion, corresponding to an inhibition of ERK activation. Stable expression of the sulfatases in xenografts significantly suppressed tumor growth, with complete regression of tumors expressing both hSulf1 and hSulf2 and significantly smaller tumor volumes in groups expressing hSulf1 or hSulf2 compared to control xenografts. Despite significant suppression of tumor volume, sulfatases did not affect vascular 14. A simple quantitative model of macromolecular crowding effects on protein folding: Application to the murine prion protein(121-231) Science.gov (United States) Bergasa-Caceres, Fernando; Rabitz, Herschel A. 2013-06-01 A model of protein folding kinetics is applied to study the effects of macromolecular crowding on protein folding rate and stability. Macromolecular crowding is found to promote a decrease of the entropic cost of folding of proteins that produces an increase of both the stability and the folding rate. The acceleration of the folding rate due to macromolecular crowding is shown to be a topology-dependent effect. The model is applied to the folding dynamics of the murine prion protein (121-231). The differential effect of macromolecular crowding as a function of protein topology suffices to make non-native configurations relatively more accessible. 15. Radiosensitizing effect of conjugated linoleic acid in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 16. High throughput screening of natural products for anti-mitotic effects in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells OpenAIRE Mazzio, E; Badisa, R; Mack, N; Deiab, S.; Soliman, KFA 2013-01-01 Some of the most effective anti-mitotic microtubule-binding agents, such as paclitaxel (Taxus brevifolia) were originally discovered through robust NCI botanical screenings. In this study, a high-through microarray format was utilized to screen 897 aqueous extracts of commonly used natural products (0.00015–0.5 mg/ml) relative to paclitaxel for anti-mitotic effects (independent of toxicity) on proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. The data obtained showed that less than 1.34 % tested showed inhi... 17. Expression and Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Is Associated With Metabolic Dysfunction in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells OpenAIRE Ying LI; Wang, Hai; Oosterwijk, Egbert; Tu, Chingkuang; Shiverick, Kathleen T.; Silverman, David N.; Frost, Susan C. 2009-01-01 The expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a marker for hypoxic tumors, is correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. We show herein that the MDA-MB-231 cells, a “triple-negative,” basal B line, express exclusively CAIX, while a luminal cell line (T47D) expresses carbonic anhydrase XII (CAXII). CAIX expression in the basal B cells is both density-and hypoxia-dependent and is correlated with carbonic anhydrase activity. Evidence is provided that CAIX contributes to extracel... 18. Differential Epigenetic Effects of Atmospheric Cold Plasma on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells OpenAIRE Sung-Bin Park; Byungtak Kim; Hansol Bae; Hyunkyung Lee; Seungyeon Lee; Eun H. Choi; Sun Jung Kim 2015-01-01 Cold atmospheric plasma (plasma) has emerged as a novel tool for a cancer treatment option, having been successfully applied to a few types of cancer cells, as well as tissues. However, to date, no studies have been performed to examine the effect of plasma on epigenetic alterations, including CpG methylation. In this study, the effects of plasma on DNA methylation changes in breast cancer cells were examined by treating cultured MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, representing estrogen-positive and ... 19. Interfering with CXCR4 expression inhibits proliferation, adhesion and migration of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells OpenAIRE Guo, Shanyu; Xiao, Dan; LIU, HUIHUI; Zheng, Xiao; Liu, Lei; LIU, SHOUGUI 2014-01-01 To investigate the effect and mechanism of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in the proliferation and migration of breast cancer, a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) eukaryotic expression vector targeting CXCR4 was constructed, and the impact of such on the proliferation, adhesion and migration of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells was observed. The fragments of CXCR4-shRNA were synthesized and cloned into a pGCsi-U6-Neo-green fluorescent protein vector. The recombinant plasmids were transfected... 20. Inhibition of γ-synuclein (SNCG) expression in breast cancer MDA-MB231 cell line%抑制SNCG阳性表达乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB231的实验研究 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Tao Ren; Bangxian Tan; Xiaojie Ma; Yan Gui; Daiyuan Ma; Yeqin Zhou 2012-01-01 Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the inhibition of different chemotherapy drugs on γ-synuclein (SNCG) positive expression of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231, and the effects on cell cycle and apoptosis, and to explore the related mechanism as well.Methods: We treated the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231 for the inhibition of SNCG with chemotherapy drugs such as irinotecan, nedaplatin and 5-fluorouracil using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and adopted flow cytometry to detect cell cycle distribution and apoptosis.Results: At the transcription and translation levels, the SNCG expression level in nedaplatin group and 5-fluorouracil group was lower than that of other groups and there was statistically significance (P < 0.01) compared with the control group, while there was not statistically significant between irinotecan group and the control group.After drugs action, cell cycle and distribution in each experiment group changed obviously, where the cells in G0G1 phase increased, especially the cells in the nedaplatin group and 5-fluorouracil group changed most significantly, as well as the obvious change in the cells of nedaplatin group and 5-fluorouracil group in the apoptosis period.Conclusion: There was a stronger inhibition of SNCG expression in nedaplatin and 5-fluorouracil groups, and can cause significant cell cycle and apoptosis changes.It may also be concluded that nedaplatin and 5-fluorouracil could make effects by the mechanisms of inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. 1. Expression of GATA3 in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells induces a growth inhibitory response to TGFß. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Isabel M Chu Full Text Available Transforming growth factor (ß1TGFß1 can promote proliferation in late stage cancers but acts as a tumor suppressor in normal epithelial cells and in early stage cancers. Although, the TGFß pathway has been shown to play a key role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, only a limited number of models have been developed to understand this process. Here, we present a novel model system to discern this paradoxical role of TGFß1 using the MDA-MB-231 (MB-231 cell line. The MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line has been extensively characterized and has been shown to continue to proliferate and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT upon TGFß1 stimulation. We have previously shown by microarray analysis that expression of GATA3 in MB-231 cells results in reprogramming of these cells from a basal to a luminal subtype associated with a reduction of metastasis and tumorigenesis when implanted as xenografts. We now demonstrate that GATA3 overexpression in these cells results in a reduction of TGFß1 response, reversal of EMT, and most importantly, restoration of sensitivity to the inhibitory effects on proliferation of TGFß1. Microarray analysis revealed that TGFß1 treatment resulted in reduction of several cell cycle effectors in 231-GATA3 cells but not in control cells. Furthermore, our microarray analysis revealed a significant increase of BMP5 in 231-GATA3 cells. We demonstrate that combined treatment of MB-231 control cells with TGFß1 and BMP5 results in a significant reduction of cellular proliferation. Thus, this model offers a means to further investigate potentially novel mechanisms involved in the switch in response to TGFß1 from tumor promoter to tumor suppressor through the reprogramming of a triple-negative breast cancer cell line by the GATA3 transcription factor. 2. HAP1基因对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞裸鼠移植瘤放射敏感性的影响%The Effect of HAP1 on Radiosensitivity of Human Breast Carcinoma Cell MDA-MB-231 Xenograft in Nude Mice Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 吴婧; 尹丽; 陈猛; 张君莹; 吴建中; 郭文杰; 吴建峰; 夏铀铀; 田浩 2015-01-01 [目的]研究HAP1基因对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞裸鼠移植瘤放射敏感性的影响及作用机制.[方法]取对数生长期已构建好的MDA-MB-23 1/HAP1和MDA-MB-231/Pb稳转细胞株(5×106),接种于5周龄BALB/C雄性裸鼠左腹股沟部皮下,建立人乳腺癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,21d裸鼠皮下肿瘤长径到达0.6～0.9cm时,分为4组(n=5):MDA-MB-231/Pb组,MDA-MB-231/HAP1组,MDA-MB-231/Pb+放射组和MDA-MB-231/HAP1+放射组.放射组在第21d给予5Gy X线照射一次后继续饲养3周左右.期间每隔4d测量1次肿瘤的长径及短径,计算肿瘤体积.第6周时处死各组裸鼠统计瘤重.免疫组织化学方法分析Cleaved-caspase-3和Cleaved-caspase-9表达,TUNEL分析细胞凋亡.[结果]MDA-MB-231/HAP1+放射组裸鼠肿瘤生长明显迟缓,平均体积小于其他3组(P均＜0.01),MDA-MB-231/HAP1+放射组平均瘤重明显小于其他3组(P均＜0.01).TUNEL凋亡实验结果表明,MDA-MB-231/Pb组细胞平均凋亡率为3.27％ ±1.51％,MDA-MB-231/HAP1组为36.77％ ±3.78％,MDA-MB-231/Pb+放射组为46.27％±2.98％,MDA-MB-231/HAP1+放射组为83.07％±0.21％,MDA-MB-231/HAP1+放射组凋亡率明显高于其他3组(P＜0.05).免疫组织化学染色评分结果显示,MDA-MB-231/Pb组,MDA-MB-23 1/HAP1组,MDA-MB-231/Pb+放射组,MDA-MB-231/HAP1+放射组中凋亡蛋白Cleaved-caspase-3平均积分分别为1.67±0.47,6.00±1.63,7.00±1.41和14.67±1.89,凋亡蛋白Cleaved-caspase-9平均积分分别为2.00±0.82,4.67±0.94,5.33±0.94和11.00±1.41;Cleavedcaspase 3和cleaved-caspase 9在MDA-MB-231/HAP11+放射组中的水平明显高于其他3组(P＜0.05).[结论] HAP1基因可能通过调控肿瘤细胞的凋亡来增强人乳腺癌细胞对放射治疗的敏感性. 3. Curcumin inhibits intracellular fatty acid synthase and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Science.gov (United States) Fan, Huijin; Liang, Yan; Jiang, Bing; Li, Xiabing; Xun, Hang; Sun, Jia; He, Wei; Lau, Hay Tong; Ma, Xiaofeng 2016-05-01 High levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression have been found in many tumors, including prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers, and inhibition of FAS has been reported to obstruct tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Curcumin is one of the major active ingredients of Curcuma longa, which has been proven to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the potential activity of curcumin as a FAS inhibitor for chemoprevention of breast cancer. As a result, curcumin induced human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis with the half-inhibitory concentration value of 3.63 ± 0.26 µg/ml, and blocked FAS activity, expression and mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. Curcumin also regulated B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bax and p-Akt protein expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, FAS knockdown showed similar effect as curcumin. All these results suggested that curcumin may induce cell apoptosis via inhibiting FAS. PMID:26985864 4. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of Hypericum spp. on human glioblastoma A1235 and breast cancer MDA MB-231 cells. Science.gov (United States) Madunić, Josip; Matulić, Maja; Friščić, Maja; Pilepić, Kroata Hazler 2016-11-01 Cytotoxic activity of 16 Hypericum ethanolic extracts was evaluated by MTT assay on two human cancer cell lines: glioblastoma A1235 and breast cancer MDA MB-231. Morphology and the type of induced cell death were determined using light and fluorescence microscopy. The majority of Hypericum extracts had no significant cytotoxic effect on MDA MB-231 cells. Eight extracts exhibited mild cytotoxic effect on A1235 cells after 24 h incubation, ranging from 8.0% (H. patulum) to 21.7% (H. oblongifolium). After 72 h of treatment, the strongest inhibition of A1235 viability was observed for extracts of H. androsaemum (26.4-43.9%), H. balearicum (25.8-36.3%), H. delphicum (14.8-27.4%) and H. densiflorum (11.2-24.1%). Micro-scopic examination of cells showed apoptosis as the dominant type of cell death. Due to observed high viability of treated cells, we propose that cytotoxic effects of Hypericum extracts could be related to alternations/interruptions in the cell cycle. 5. PARP inhibitor ABT-888 affects response of MDA-MB-231 cells to doxorubicin treatment, targeting Snail expression. Science.gov (United States) Mariano, Germano; Ricciardi, Maria Rosaria; Trisciuoglio, Daniela; Zampieri, Michele; Ciccarone, Fabio; Guastafierro, Tiziana; Calabrese, Roberta; Valentini, Elisabetta; Tafuri, Agostino; Del Bufalo, Donatella; Caiafa, Paola; Reale, Anna 2015-06-20 To overcome cancer cells resistance to pharmacological therapy, the development of new therapeutic approaches becomes urgent. For this purpose, the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in combination with other cytotoxic agents could represent an efficacious strategy. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a post-translational modification that plays a well characterized role in the cellular decisions of life and death. Recent findings indicate that PARP-1 may control the expression of Snail, the master gene of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Snail is highly represented in different resistant tumors, functioning as a factor regulating anti-apoptotic programmes. MDA-MB-231 is a Snail-expressing metastatic breast cancer cell line, which exhibits chemoresistance properties when treated with damaging agents. In this study, we show that the PARP inhibitor ABT-888 was capable to modulate the MDA-MB-231 cell response to doxorubicin, leading to an increase in the rate of apoptosis. Our further results indicate that PARP-1 controlled Snail expression at transcriptional level in cells exposed to doxorubicin. Given the increasing interest in the employment of PARP inhibitors as chemotherapeutic adjuvants, our in vitro results suggest that one of the mechanisms through which PARP inhibition can chemosensitize cancer cells in vivo, is targeting Snail expression thus promoting apoptosis. PMID:25938539 6. L-leucine transport in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231): kinetics, regulation by estrogen and molecular identity of the transporter. Science.gov (United States) Shennan, D B; Thomson, J; Gow, I F; Travers, M T; Barber, M C 2004-08-30 The transport of L-leucine by two human breast cancer cell lines has been examined. L-leucine uptake by MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was via a BCH-sensitive, Na+ -independent pathway. L-leucine uptake by both cell lines was inhibited by L-alanine, D-leucine and to a lesser extent by L-lysine but not by L-proline. Estrogen (17beta-estradiol) stimulated L-leucine uptake by MCF-7 but not by MDA-MB-231 cells. L-leucine efflux from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was trans-stimulated by BCH in a dose-dependent fashion. The effect of external BCH on L-leucine efflux from both cell types was almost abolished by reducing the temperature from 37 to 4 degrees C. There was, however, a significant efflux of L-leucine under zero-trans conditions which was also temperature-sensitive. L-glutamine, L-leucine, D-leucine, L-alanine, AIB and L-lysine all trans-stimulated L-leucine release from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. In contrast, D-alanine and L-proline had little or no effect. The anti-cancer agent melphalan inhibited L-leucine uptake by MDA-MB-231 cells but had no effect on L-leucine efflux. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that LAT1 mRNA was approximately 200 times more abundant than LAT2 mRNA in MCF-7 cells and confirmed that MDA-MB-231 cells express LAT1 but not LAT2 mRNA. LAT1 mRNA levels were higher in MCF-7 cells than in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, LAT1 mRNA was more abundant than CD98hc mRNA in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The results suggest that system L is the major transporter for L-leucine in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. It is possible that LAT1 may be the major molecular correlate of system L in both cell types. However, not all of the properties of system L reflected those of LAT1/LAT2/CD98hc. PMID:15328053 7. Molecular deficiency (ies) in MT₁ melatonin signaling pathway underlies the melatonin-unresponsive phenotype in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) Mao, Lulu; Yuan, Lin; Xiang, Shulin; Zeringue, Samantha B; Dauchy, Robert T; Blask, David E; Hauch, Adam; Hill, Steven M 2014-04-01 Melatonin has been shown repeatedly to inhibit the growth of human breast tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Its antiproliferative effects have been well studied in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and several other estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive human breast cancer cell lines. However, the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, an ERα-negative cell line widely used in breast cancer research, has been shown to be unresponsive to melatonin's growth-suppressive effect in vitro. Here, we examined the effect of melatonin on the cell proliferation of several ERα-negative breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231, BT-20, and SK-BR-3 cells. Although the MT1 G-protein-coupled receptor is expressed in all three cell lines, melatonin significantly suppressed the proliferation of SK-BR-3 cells without having any significant effect on the growth of MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cells. We confirmed that the MT1-associated Gα proteins are expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Further studies demonstrated that the melatonin unresponsiveness in MDA-MB-231 cells may be caused by aberrant signaling downstream of the Gαi proteins, resulting in differential regulation of ERK1/2 activity. PMID:24372669 8. The Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal Syndrome Point Mutation F231L in the ERCC1 DNA Repair Protein Causes Dissociation of the ERCC1-XPF Complex Science.gov (United States) Faridounnia, Maryam; Wienk, Hans; Kovačič, Lidija; Folkers, Gert E.; Jaspers, Nicolaas G. J.; Kaptein, Robert; Hoeijmakers, Jan H. J.; Boelens, Rolf 2015-01-01 The ERCC1-XPF heterodimer, a structure-specific DNA endonuclease, is best known for its function in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The ERCC1 point mutation F231L, located at the hydrophobic interaction interface of ERCC1 (excision repair cross-complementation group 1) and XPF (xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group F), leads to severe NER pathway deficiencies. Here, we analyze biophysical properties and report the NMR structure of the complex of the C-terminal tandem helix-hairpin-helix domains of ERCC1-XPF that contains this mutation. The structures of wild type and the F231L mutant are very similar. The F231L mutation results in only a small disturbance of the ERCC1-XPF interface, where, in contrast to Phe231, Leu231 lacks interactions stabilizing the ERCC1-XPF complex. One of the two anchor points is severely distorted, and this results in a more dynamic complex, causing reduced stability and an increased dissociation rate of the mutant complex as compared with wild type. These data provide a biophysical explanation for the severe NER deficiencies caused by this mutation. PMID:26085086 9. Inhibition effect of luteolin on IL-8 signal path in breast cancer cells MDA MB 231%Luteolin抑制乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB231增殖及IL-8信号通路的实验研究 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 李文仿; 周科; 赵宗彬; 王明华; 王耕 2014-01-01 目的:探讨木犀草素(Luteolin)对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB231增殖及IL-8信号通路的抑制作用.方法:采用不同浓度的Luteolin处理乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB231,观察MDA-MB231细胞的增殖、IL-8蛋白和mRNA的表达以及AKT、ERK的表达.结果:Luteolin可抑制MDA-MB231细胞的增殖和IL-8的分泌,并明显抑制IL-8对乳腺癌细胞的激活.结论:Luteolin是重要的乳腺癌抑制剂,在预防乳腺癌复发及转移中可能有重要的作用. 10. Americium behaviour in plastic vessels Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Legarda, F.; Herranz, M. [Departamento de Ingenieria Nuclear y Mecanica de Fluidos, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria de Bilbao, Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU), Alameda de Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao (Spain); Idoeta, R., E-mail: [email protected] [Departamento de Ingenieria Nuclear y Mecanica de Fluidos, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria de Bilbao, Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU), Alameda de Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao (Spain); Abelairas, A. [Departamento de Ingenieria Nuclear y Mecanica de Fluidos, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria de Bilbao, Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU), Alameda de Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao (Spain) 2010-07-15 The adsorption of {sup 241}Am dissolved in water in different plastic storage vessels was determined. Three different plastics were investigated with natural and distilled waters and the retention of {sup 241}Am by these plastics was studied. The same was done by varying vessel agitation time, vessel agitation speed, surface/volume ratio of water in the vessels and water pH. Adsorptions were measured to be between 0% and 70%. The adsorption of {sup 241}Am is minimized with no water agitation, with PET or PVC plastics, and by water acidification. 11. Herbal Extract SH003 Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting STAT3-IL-6 Signaling Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Youn Kyung Choi 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Cancer inflammation promotes cancer progression, resulting in a high risk of cancer. Here, we demonstrate that our new herbal extract, SH003, suppresses both tumor growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via inhibiting STAT3-IL-6 signaling path. Our new herbal formula, SH003, mixed extract from Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas, and Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz, suppressed MDA-MB-231 tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo and reduced the viability and metastatic abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. Furthermore, SH003 inhibited STAT3 activation, which resulted in a reduction of IL-6 production. Therefore, we conclude that SH003 suppresses highly metastatic breast cancer growth and metastasis by inhibiting STAT3-IL-6 signaling path. 12. Roles for GP IIb/IIIa and αvβ3 integrins in MDA-MB-231 cell invasion and shear flow-induced cancer cell mechanotransduction. Science.gov (United States) Zhao, Fenglong; Li, Li; Guan, Liuyuan; Yang, Hong; Wu, Chunhui; Liu, Yiyao 2014-03-01 Adhesion of cancer cell to endothelial cells and the subsequent trans-endothelial migration are key steps in hematogenous metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms of cancer cell/endothelial cell interaction under hemodynamic shear flow and how shear flow-induced cancer cell mechanotransduction are yet to be fully defined. In this study, we identified that the integrins of both platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) and αvβ3 were crucial for hematogenous metastasis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. The cell migration and invasion were studied by using Millicell cell culture insert system. The numbers of invaded MDA-MB-231 cells significantly increased by thrombin-activated platelets and reduced by eptifibatide, a platelet inhibitor. Meanwhile, RGDWE peptides, a specific inhibitor of αvβ3 integrin, also inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell invasion. We further used a parallel-plate flow chamber to investigate MDA-MB-231 cell adhesion under flow conditions. Alike in static condition, the adhesion capability of MDA-MB-231 cells to endothelial monolayer was also significantly affected by GP IIb/IIIa and αvβ3 integrins. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and αvβ3 integrin in MDA-MB-231 cells were up-regulated after low shear stress exposure (1.84 dynes/cm(2), 2 h). Moreover, we also demonstrated that low shear stress induced a sustained activation of p85 (a regulatory subunit of PI3K) and Akt. Pre-treating MDA-MB-231 cells with the specific PI3K inhibitor of LY294002 abolished the shear stress induced-Akt activation, and the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and αvβ3 integrin were also down-regulated. Immunofluorescence assay showed that low shear stress also induced αvβ3 integrin clustering and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Interestingly, shear stress-induced activation of Akt and NF-κB was attenuated by LM609, a specific antibody of αvβ3 integrin. It suggests that αvβ3 13. Cinnamomum cassia Suppresses Caspase-9 through Stimulation of AKT1 in MCF-7 Cells but Not in MDA-MB-231 Cells OpenAIRE Sima Kianpour Rad; Kanthimathi, M. S.; Sri Nurestri Abd Malek; Guan Serm Lee; Chung Yeng Looi; Won Fen Wong 2015-01-01 Background Cinnamomum cassia bark is a popular culinary spice used for flavoring and in traditional medicine. C. cassia extract (CE) induces apoptosis in many cell lines. In the present study, particular differences in the mechanism of the anti-proliferative property of C. cassia on two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, were elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings The hexane extract of C. cassia demonstrated high anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells ... 14. The multi-phase winds of Markarian 231: from the hot, nuclear, ultra-fast wind to the galaxy-scale, molecular outflow OpenAIRE Feruglio, C.; Fiore, F.; Carniani, S.; Piconcelli, E.; Zappacosta, L.; Bongiorno, A.; Cicone, C.; Maiolino, R.; Marconi, A.; Menci, N.; Puccetti, S.; Veilleux, S. 2015-01-01 Mrk 231 is a nearby ultra-luminous IR galaxy exhibiting a kpc-scale, multi-phase AGN-driven outflow. This galaxy represents the best target to investigate in detail the morphology and energetics of powerful outflows, as well as their still poorly-understood expansion mechanism and impact on the host galaxy. In this work, we present the best sensitivity and angular resolution maps of the molecular disk and outflow of Mrk 231, as traced by CO(2−1) and (3−2) observations obtained with the IRAM/P... 15. Tanshinone IIA inhibits human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by decreasing LC3-II, Erb-B2 and NF-κBp65 OpenAIRE Su, Chin-Cheng; Chien, Su-Yu; Kuo, Shou-Jen; Chen, Yao-Li; CHENG, CHUN-YUAN; Chen, Dar-Ren 2012-01-01 The ability of tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) to inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo is well documented. However, the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different concentrations of Tan-IIA for 48 h, followed by protein extraction for western blotting. For an in vivo study, MDA-MB-231 cells were implanted directly into female SCID mice which were divided randomly into three groups ... 16. Induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, MDA-MB231 cells, by ethanolic mango seed extract OpenAIRE Abdullah, Al-Shwyeh Hussah; Mohammed, Abdulkarim Sabo; Rasedee, Abdullah; Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed; Al-Qubaisi, Mothanna Sadiq 2015-01-01 Background In this study, the effect of mango kernel extract in the induction of apoptosis of the breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell line was examined. This is an attempt to discover alternatives to current therapeutic regimes in the treatment of breast cancers. Methods The pro-apoptotic markers, Bax, cytochrome c, caspases-. -8 and −9, and anti-apoptotic markers, Bcl-2, p53 and glutathione were determined in MDA-MB231 cells treated for 12 and 24 h with mango kernel extract. Results The results ... 17. Blueberry Phytochemicals Inhibit Growth and Metastatic Potential of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Through Modulation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway OpenAIRE Adams, Lynn S.; Phung, Sheryl; Yee, Natalie; Seeram, Navindra P.; Li, Liya; Chen, Shiuan 2010-01-01 Dietary phytochemicals are known to exhibit a variety of anti-carcinogenic properties. This study investigated the chemopreventive activity of blueberry extract in triple negative breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Blueberry decreased cell proliferation in HCC38, HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cells with no effect on the non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cell line. Decreased metastatic potential of MDA-MB-231 cells by blueberry was shown through inhibition of cell motility using wound healing assay... 18. Platycodin D from Platycodonis Radix enhances the anti-proliferative effects of doxorubicin on breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells OpenAIRE Tang, Zheng-Hai; Li, Ting; Gao, Hong-wei; Sun, Wen; Chen, Xiu-Ping; Wang, Yi-Tao; Lu, Jin-jian 2014-01-01 Background It has been demonstrated that platycodin D (PD) exhibits anti-cancer activities. This study aims to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of the combination of PD and doxorubicin (DOX) on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells). Methods The anti-proliferative effects of different dosages of PD, DOX, and PD + DOX on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were determined by the MTT assay. The 10 μM PD, 5 μM DOX, and 10 μM PD + 5 μM DOX induced-protein expression of apoptosis-... 19. Ginsenoside Rg3 Inhibits Constitutive Activation of NF-κB Signaling in Human Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells: ERK and Akt as Potential Upstream Targets OpenAIRE Kim, Bo-Min; Kim, Do-hee; Park, Jeong-Hill; Surh, Young-Joon; Na, Hye-Kyung 2014-01-01 Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the major ingredients of heat-processed ginseng, has been reported to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells. We previously reported that Rg3 inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. In the present study, we have explored the mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects of Rg3 in MDA-MB-231 cells, which have constitutively activated NF-κB and the mutant form of p53. Rg3 inhibited DNA binding and ... 20. EURADOS action for determination of americium in skull measures in vivo and Monte Carlo simulation; Accion EURADOS para la determinacion de americio en craneo mediante medidas in-vivo y simulacion Monte Carlo Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lopez Ponte, M. A.; Navarro Amaro, J. F.; Perez Lopez, B.; Navarro Bravo, T.; Nogueira, P.; Vrba, T. 2013-07-01 From the Group of WG7 internal dosimetry of the EURADOS Organization (European Radiation Dosimetry group, e.V.) which It coordinates CIEMAT, international action for the vivo measurement of americium has been conducted in three mannequins type skull with detectors of Germanium by gamma spectrometry and simulation by Monte Carlo methods. Such action has been raised as two separate exercises, with the participation of institutions in Europe, America and Asia. Other actions similar precede this vivo intercomparison of measurement and modeling Monte Carlo1. The preliminary results and associated findings are presented in this work. The laboratory of the body radioactivity (CRC) of service counter of dosimetry staff internal (DPI) of the CIEMAT, it has been one of the participants in vivo measures exercise. On the other hand part, the Group of numerical dosimetry of CIEMAT is participant of the Monte Carlo2 simulation exercise. (Author) 1. Critical and shielding parametric studies with the Monte Carlo code TRIPOLI to identify the key points to take into account during the transportation of blanket assemblies with high ratio of americium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2. Amyloid beta1–42 and the phoshorylated tau threonine 231 in brains of aged cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Darusman, Huda Shalahudin; Gjedde, Albert; Sajuthi, Dondin; 2014-01-01 Pathological hallmarks indicative of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which are the plaques of amyloid beta1-42 and neurofibrillary tangles, were found in brain of aged cynomolgus monkey. The aim of this study was to investigate if aged monkeys exhibiting spatial memory impairment and levels of biomarkers...... indicative of AD, had brain lesions similar to human patients suffering from senile dementia. Generating immunohistochemistry technique to biomarkers of amyloid beta1-42 and the phosphorylated tau 231, our study assessed the amyloidopathy, such as indicative to the senile plaques and cerebral amyloid......, the amyloids were found to deposit in the small veins and capillaries. In one of the affected individuals, phosphorylated tau was positively stained intracellularly of the neurons, indicating a possibility of an early stage of the formation of tangles. These findings add to the body of evidence of the utility... 3. Evaluation of anticancer potential of Bacopa monnieri L. against MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cell line Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Md. Nasar Mallick 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Background: The ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri contains bacoside A and B, brahmin, cucurbitacins, and betulinic acid. Currently, cucurbitacins have also been reported for their strong anti-tumorigenic and anti-proliferative activity by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and formation of multiplied cells. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of dichloromethane (DCM fraction of B. monnieri on two different cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of B. monnieri was prepared using soxhlet extraction method and different fractions (hexane, DCM, methanol, acetone, and water of ethanolic extracts were prepared. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay of ethanolic extract and of all fractions was carried out on MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cell lines. The presence of cucurbitacins and betulinic acid in these fractions was confirmed by high-performance thin layer chromatography. Results: The IC50 values of ethanolic extract of B. monnieri in MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cell lines were 72.0 μg/mL and 75.0 μg/mL, respectively. The DCM fraction of B. monnieri showed maximum cytotoxic activity among all fraction upto 72 h and was found to be 57.0 μg/mL and 42.0 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed good cytotoxic activity in DCM fraction in both the cell lines may be due to the presence of cucurbitacins and betulinic acid in DCM fraction. 4. Parthenolide induces superoxide anion production by stimulating EGF receptor in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) D'Anneo, A; Carlisi, D; Emanuele, S; Buttitta, G; Di Fiore, R; Vento, R; Tesoriere, G; Lauricella, M 2013-12-01 The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide (PN) has recently attracted considerable attention because of its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. However, the mechanism of its cytotoxic action on tumor cells remains scarcely defined. We recently provided evidence that the effect exerted by PN in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study shows that PN promoted the phosphorylation of EGF receptor (phospho-EGFR) at Tyr1173, an event which was observed already at 1 h of incubation with 25 µM PN and reached a peak at 8-16 h. This effect seemed to be a consequence of ROS production, because N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a powerful ROS scavenger, prevented the increment of phospho-EGFR levels. In addition fluorescence analyses performed using dihydroethidium demonstrated that PN stimulated the production of superoxide anion already at 2-3 h of incubation and the effect further increased prolonging the time of treatment, reaching a peak at 8-16 h. Superoxide anion production was markedly hampered by apocynin, a well known NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, suggesting that the effect was dependent on NOX activity. The finding that AG1478, an EGFR kinase inhibitor, substantially blocked both EGFR phosphorylation and superoxide anion production strongly suggested that phosphorylation of EGFR can be responsible for the activation of NOX with the consequent production of superoxide anion. Therefore, EGFR phosphorylation can exert a key role in the production of superoxide anion and ROS induced by PN in MDA-MB-231 cells. 5. Berberine hydrochloride IL-8 dependently inhibits invasion and IL-8-independently promotes cell apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Science.gov (United States) Li, Xiang; Zhao, Shu-Juan; Shi, Hai-Lian; Qiu, Shui-Ping; Xie, Jian-Qun; Wu, Hui; Zhang, Bei-Bei; Wang, Zheng-Tao; Yuan, Jian-Ye; Wu, Xiao-Jun 2014-12-01 Breast cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide in females, has high metastastic and recurrence rates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-metastatic and anticancer in situ effect of berberine hydrochloride (BER) in MDA-MB-231 cells. BER dose-dependently inhibited proliferation and the IL-8 secretion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Additional experiments revealed that the inactivation of PI3K, JAK2, NF-κB and AP-1 by BER contributed to the decreased IL-8 secretion. BER abrogated cell invasion induced by IL-8 accompanied with the downregulation of the gene expression of MMP-2, EGF, E-cadherin, bFGF and fibronectin. In addition, BER reduced cell motility but induced G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis in an IL-8‑independent manner. BER modulated multiple signaling pathway molecules involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis, including activation of p38 MAPK and JNK and deactivation of JAK2, p85 PI3K, Akt and NF-κB. The enhanced cell apoptosis induced by BER was eliminated by inhibitors of p38 MAPK and JNK but was strengthened by activator of p38 MAPK. Thus, BER inhibited cell metastasis partly through the IL-8 mediated pathway while it induced G2/M arrest and promoted cell apoptosis through the IL-8 independent pathway. Apoptosis induced by BER was mediated by crosstalks of various pathways including activation of p38 MAPK and JNK pathways and inactivation of Jak2/PI3K/NF-κB/AP-1 pathways. The results suggested that BER may be an efficient and safe drug candidate for treating highly metastatic breast cancer. 6. Clinical and liver biopsy pathological features in military patients with liver diseases: An analysis of 231 cases Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yan-ling SUN 2012-06-01 Full Text Available Objective 　To explore epidemiological, serological and histopathological (by liver biopsy features of liver diseases, and clinical manifestations in patients of the Chinese armed forces. Methods 　The clinical data of 231 cases of military patients with liver diseases in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed in terms of their age, gender, location of enlistment, services, official rank, clinical manifestation, and laboratory examination, and also pathological characteristics of liver biopsy. Results 　Among the 231 hospitalized military patients, 202 were male and 29 were female. The age at onset of the disease ranged from 18 to 73 years (mean age 29.7±9.1. Higher morbidity (48.1% was found in the 18-25 year age bracket, while lower (only about 7.4% in above 55-year-old age bracket. Virus infection accounted for 68.0% and non-virus infection accounted for 32.0%. About 64.9% of the patients suffered from chronic liver disease, while 35.1% from acute liver disease. In addition, the prevalence of liver disease was as high as 47.2% in the soldiers, slightly higher than that in the officers (about 38.1%. Transmission of the disease between comrades in arms accounted approximately for 14.0%. Conclusions 　The mean age of onset of liver disease in military personnel is younger, ranging from 18 to 25 years old predominantly, and the incidence is gradually decreased along with the age. The prevalence of liver disease may be higher in soldiers than in officers. There is a higher percentage of virus infection-associated liver ailment and chronic liver ailment. For acute liver ailment, pathological diagnosis by liver biopsy should be made, and timely therapeutic measures should be taken to prevent transformation of acute to chronic stage. 7. Analysis of the Antiproliferative Effects of Curcumin and Nanocurcumin in MDA-MB231 as a Breast Cancer Cell Line. Science.gov (United States) 2016-01-01 Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality in the world which appears by the effect of enviromental physico-chemical mutagen and carcinogen agents. The identification of new cytotoxic drug with low sid effects on immune system has developed as important area in new studies of immunopharmacology. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Its therapeutic potential is substantially hindered by the rather low water solubility and bioavailability, hence the need for suitable carriers. In this report we employed nanogel-based nanoparticle approach to improve upon its effectiveness. Myristic acid-chitosan (MA-chitosan) nanogels were prepared by the technique of self-assembly. Curcumin was loaded into the nanogels. The surface morphology of the prepared nanoparticles was determined using SEM and TEM. The other objective of this study was to examine the in vitro cytotoxic activity of cell death of curcumin and nanocurcumin on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB231). Cytotoxicity and viability of curcumin and nanocurcumin were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dye exclusion assay. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the particle diameter was between 150 to 200 nm. Proliferation of MDA-MB231 cells was significantly inhibited by curcumin and nanocurcumin in a concentration-dependent manner in defined times. There were significant differences in IC50 curcumin and nanocurcumin. curcumin -loaded nanoparticles proved more effective compared to TQ solution. The high drug-targeting potential and efficiency demonstrates the significant role of the anticancer properties of curcumin -loaded nanoparticles. PMID:27610163 8. Hedgehog信号转导途径对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖与凋亡以及对CycinD1表达的影响%Effects of hehodge signaling pathway on proliferation, apoptosis and cyclinD1 expression of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 黄伟; 张徽; 姜小良; 刘香丽 2009-01-01 目的:本实验通过Hedgehog(HH)信号转导途径的抑制剂cyclopamine作用于人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,研究Hedgehog信号转导途径对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖与凋亡以及对CycinD1表达的影响.方法:以MDA-MB-231细胞为研究对象,应用Cyclopamine处理后,用MTT方法检测细胞增殖活性的改变;用流式细胞术检测细胞周期与凋亡的情况;RT-PCR检测GLI1、CyclinD1的mRNA的变化;用免疫细胞化学术检测细胞中的CyclinD1蛋白表达的变化.结果:与对照组相比,Cyclopamine可显著抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的生长并呈时效-量效关系;流式细胞术检测MDA-MB-231细胞,发现Cyclopamine能提高细胞周期G0/G1期的比例,48 h后出现明显的"亚G1"峰;GLI1,CyclinD1的mRNA以及CyclinD1蛋白的表达降低.结论:乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞有Hedgehog信号转导途径的激活;Hedgehog信号转导途径的抑制剂Cyclopamine能明显抑制MDA-MB-231细胞生长并能诱导其凋亡,减少CyclinD1的表达. 9. The Size of the Extragalactic Source J1801-231 and the Association of Pulsar PSR B1758-23 with the Supernova Remnant W28 CERN Document Server Claussen, M J; Desai, K M; Brogan, C L 2002-01-01 We have used the NRAO Very Large Array (VLA) in conjunction with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) Pie Town antenna as a real-time interferometer system to measure the size of the extragalactic source J1801-231 as a function of frequency from 1285 to 4885 MHz. These observations were made in an attempt to determine the effect interstellar scattering has on the observed sizes of OH (1720 MHz) masers in the nearby (d=2.5 kpc) supernova remnant W28. The observations clearly show that J1801-231 displays angular broadening due to turbulence in the Galaxy's interstellar medium. The minimum distance of the nearby (two arcminutes from J1801-231) pulsar PSR B1758-23 is constrained to be 9.4 +/- 2.4 kpc. This value is based on both the measured size of 220 mas for J1801-231 at 1715 MHz and the temporal broadening of the pulsar. A single thin scattering screen along the line of sight to the W28 OH(1720 MHz) masers must be at 4.7 +/- 1.2 kpc for this minimum pulsar distance. The screen may be placed closer to the Earth... 10. Effect of 3-bromopyruvate acid on the redox equilibrium in non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) Kwiatkowska, Ewa; Wojtala, Martyna; Gajewska, Agnieszka; Soszyński, Mirosław; Bartosz, Grzegorz; Sadowska-Bartosz, Izabela 2016-02-01 Novel approaches to cancer chemotherapy employ metabolic differences between normal and tumor cells, including the high dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis ("Warburg effect"). 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP), inhibitor of glycolysis, belongs to anticancer drugs basing on this principle. 3-BP was tested for its capacity to kill human non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We found that 3-BP was more toxic for MDA-MB-231 cells than for MCF-7 cells. In both cell lines, a statistically significant decrease of ATP and glutathione was observed in a time- and 3-BP concentration-dependent manner. Transient increases in the level of reactive oxygen species and reactive oxygen species was observed, more pronounced in MCF-7 cells, followed by a decreasing tendency. Activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased in 3-BP treated MDA-MB-231 cells. For MCF-7 cells decreases of GR and GST activities were noted only at the highest concentration of 3-BP.These results point to induction of oxidative stress by 3-BP via depletion of antioxidants and inactivation of antioxidant enzymes, more pronounced in MDA-MB-231 cells, more sensitive to 3-BP. 11. Effect of 3-bromopyruvate acid on the redox equilibrium in non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) Kwiatkowska, Ewa; Wojtala, Martyna; Gajewska, Agnieszka; Soszyński, Mirosław; Bartosz, Grzegorz; Sadowska-Bartosz, Izabela 2016-02-01 Novel approaches to cancer chemotherapy employ metabolic differences between normal and tumor cells, including the high dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis ("Warburg effect"). 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP), inhibitor of glycolysis, belongs to anticancer drugs basing on this principle. 3-BP was tested for its capacity to kill human non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We found that 3-BP was more toxic for MDA-MB-231 cells than for MCF-7 cells. In both cell lines, a statistically significant decrease of ATP and glutathione was observed in a time- and 3-BP concentration-dependent manner. Transient increases in the level of reactive oxygen species and reactive oxygen species was observed, more pronounced in MCF-7 cells, followed by a decreasing tendency. Activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased in 3-BP treated MDA-MB-231 cells. For MCF-7 cells decreases of GR and GST activities were noted only at the highest concentration of 3-BP.These results point to induction of oxidative stress by 3-BP via depletion of antioxidants and inactivation of antioxidant enzymes, more pronounced in MDA-MB-231 cells, more sensitive to 3-BP. PMID:26715289 12. 49 CFR 231.27 - Box and other house cars without roof hatches or placed in service after October 1, 1966. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Box and other house cars without roof hatches or... SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.27 Box and other house cars without roof hatches or placed in service...) Number. (i) Each box or other house car without roof hatches shall be equipped with an efficient... 13. 49 CFR 231.28 - Box and other house cars with roof hatches built or placed in service after October 1, 1966. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Box and other house cars with roof hatches built... RAILROAD SAFETY APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.28 Box and other house cars with roof hatches built or placed in... other house cars with roof hatches. Box and other house cars with roof hatches built on or before... 14. Cytotoxicity enhancement in MDA-MB-231 cells by the combination treatment of tetrahydropalmatine and berberine derived from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yan Zhao 2014-04-01 Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the combination of THP and Ber might be beneficial for anti-proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through a significant synergy effect. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2014; 3(2.000: 68-72 15. Direct RNA sequencing mediated identification of mRNA localized in protrusions of human MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jakobsen, Kristine Raaby; Sørensen, Emilie; Brøndum, Karin Kathrine; 2013-01-01 localized transcripts represents novel candidates to mediate cancer cell subcellular region specific functions through mRNA direction to protrusions. We included a further characterization of p0071, an armadillo repeat protein of adherence junctions and desmosomes, in MDA-MB-231 and non-metastatic MCF7... 16. 40 CFR 264.231 - Special requirements for hazardous wastes FO20, FO21, FO22, FO23, FO26, and FO27. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES Surface Impoundments § 264.231 Special requirements for hazardous wastes FO20, FO21, FO22, FO23, FO26, and FO27. (a) Hazardous Wastes FO20, FO21, FO22... surface impoundments managing hazardous wastes FO20, FO21, FO22, FO23, FO26, and FO27 in order to... 17. 钢板固定治疗胫骨平台骨折231例临床疗效观察%Observation on Clinical Effect of Plate Fixation for Tibial Plateau Fracture in 231 Cases Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 王春鹏 2015-01-01 Objective To discuss the clinical effect of different plate ifxation methods for tibial plateau fracture. Methods 231 patients with tibial plateau fracture were given plate ifxation in our hospital from 2012 to 2014. The clinical effects were made a retrospective analysis. 112 cases with unilateral locking plate ifxation was A group, 119 cases with bilateral anatomic plate ifxation was B group. The healing time of patients with fracture ifxation and their function of knee joint were compared between the two groups. Results The healing time and knee function in group A were signiifcantly better than the control group, P<0.05, there were differences. Conclusion Unilateral locking plate fixation for tibial plateau fracture can shorten the fracture healing time, make knee joint rehabilitation early and the knee functions are better.%目的：探讨不同钢板固定方式治疗胫骨平台骨折的效果。方法回顾性分析2012～2014年在我院进行胫骨平台骨折内固定治疗的患者231例，其中112例采用单侧锁定钢板内固定为A组，119例采用双侧解剖钢板内固定为B组，对比两组不同内固定方式患者的骨折愈合时间，膝关节功能。结果 A组患者的骨折愈合时间，以及膝关节功能优于对照组，P＜0.05，差异有统计学意义。结论单侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折，骨折能够较早的愈合，膝关节得到较早的康复锻炼，膝关节功能较好。 18. Stable transfection of estrogen receptor-alpha suppresses expression of interleukin-8 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells%转染ERα基因对MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞白细胞介素-8表达的影响 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 张辉; 林颖; 肖颖; 王三明; 刘祥厦; 王深明 2010-01-01 目的通过转染GFP-C1-ERα质粒建立稳定表达ERα的MDA-MB-23l细胞株,观察ERα对该细胞株白细胞介素(IL)-8表达的影响.方法 pEGFP-C1-ERα质粒经酶切和测序后转染MDA-MB-231细胞,使用G418筛选出稳定表达的克隆并鉴定.使用荧光逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分别测定稳定转染ERα的MDA-MB-231细胞、MDA-MB-231细胞及MCF-7细胞的IL-8mRNA的表达,使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定细胞上清液IL-8的浓度.结果成功建立ERα阳性表达的MDA-MB-231细胞株,转染ERα的细胞株IL-8 mRNA的合成(105±16)ng/L明显低于MDA-MB-231细胞(195±32)ng/L(P<0.05),但仍然高于MCF-7细胞(32±4)ng/L(P<0.05),转染后细胞上清液IL-8浓度较未转染细胞明显降低,分别为(3499±312)ng/L和(6788±427)ng/L(P<0.05),但仍然高于MCF-7细胞(1846±44)ng/L(P<0.05).结论稳定转染ERα基因抑制了MDA-MB-231细胞的IL-8的合成和分泌.%Objective To construct stable MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line expressing estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) ,and explore the effect of ERα on interleukin (IL) -8 expression. Methods The GFP-C1-ERα plasmids were stably transfected into ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. Forty-eight hours posttransfection, the media was replaced with C418-containing media. Individual colonies were picked following 2 weeks of selection. The expression of IL-8 mRNA and the IL-8 secretion concentration were assayed in MDA-MB-231 ,ER-α transfected MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. Results The ERα stable transfectants in MDA-MB-231 cells were constructed successfully according Western blotting of ERα protein. The level of IL-8 mRNA and IL-8 secretion in ERα tranfected MDA-MB-231 cells were lower than which in MDA-MB-231 cells [(105 ±16) vs (195 ±32) ng/L,and (3499 ±312) vs (6788 ±427) ng/L,P <0. 05]but were still higher than which in MCF-7 cells [(32 ± 4) ng/L and (1846 ± 44) ng/L, P <0. 05]. Conclusion ERα stable transfection inhibits the expression and 19. The anticancer potential of steroidal saponin, dioscin, isolated from wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) root extract in invasive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro. Science.gov (United States) Aumsuwan, Pranapda; Khan, Shabana I; Khan, Ikhlas A; Ali, Zulfiqar; Avula, Bharathi; Walker, Larry A; Shariat-Madar, Zia; Helferich, William G; Katzenellenbogen, Benita S; Dasmahapatra, Asok K 2016-02-01 Previously, we observed that wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) root extract (WYRE) was able to activate GATA3 in human breast cancer cells targeting epigenome. This study aimed to find out if dioscin (DS), a bioactive compound of WYRE, can modulate GATA3 functions and cellular invasion in human breast cancer cells. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated in the absence/presence of various concentrations of DS and subjected to gene analysis by RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. We determined the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to migrate into wound area and examined the effects of DS on cellular invasion using invasion assay. DS reduced cell viability of both cell lines in a concentration and time-dependent manner. GATA3 expression was enhanced by DS (5.76 μM) in MDA-MB-231 cells. DS (5.76 μM)-treated MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited the morphological characteristic of epithelial-like cells; mRNA expression of DNMT3A, TET2, TET3, ZFPM2 and E-cad were increased while TET1, VIM and MMP9 were decreased. Cellular invasion of MDA-MB-231 was reduced by 65 ± 5% in the presence of 5.76 μM DS. Our data suggested that DS-mediated pathway could promote GATA3 expression at transcription and translation levels. We propose that DS has potential to be used as an anti-invasive agent in breast cancer. PMID:26682631 20. Antioxidant Activity and ROS-Dependent Apoptotic Effect of Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser Methanol Extract in Human Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231 Science.gov (United States) Marvibaigi, Mohsen; Amini, Neda; Supriyanto, Eko; Abdul Majid, Fadzilah Adibah; Kumar Jaganathan, Saravana; Jamil, Shajarahtunnur; Hamzehalipour Almaki, Javad; Nasiri, Rozita 2016-01-01 Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser is one of the mistletoe species belonging to Loranthaceae family, which grows on the branches of many deciduous trees in tropical countries. This study evaluated the antioxidant activities of S. ferruginea extracts. The cytotoxic activity of the selected extracts, which showed potent antioxidant activities, and high phenolic and flavonoid contents, were investigated in human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and non-cancer human skin fibroblast cells (HSF-1184). The activities and characteristics varied depending on the different parts of S. ferruginea, solvent polarity, and concentrations of extracts. The stem methanol extract showed the highest amount of both phenolic (273.51 ± 4.84 mg gallic acid/g extract) and flavonoid contents (163.41 ± 4.62 mg catechin/g extract) and strong DPPH• radical scavenging (IC50 = 27.81 μg/mL) and metal chelation activity (IC50 = 80.20 μg/mL). The stem aqueous extract showed the highest ABTS•+ scavenging ability. The stem methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 of 19.27 and 50.35 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited the migration and colony formation of MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Morphological observations revealed hallmark properties of apoptosis in treated cells. The methanol extract induced an increase in ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization in MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting its potent apoptotic activity. The present study demonstrated that the S. ferruginea methanol extract mediated MDA-MB-231 cell growth inhibition via induction of apoptosis which was confirmed by Western blot analysis. It may be a potential anticancer agent; however, its in vivo anticancer activity needs to be investigated. PMID:27410459 1. Melatonin Suppresses the Expression of 45S Preribosomal RNA and Upstream Binding Factor and Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Puromycin in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Science.gov (United States) Jung, Ji Hoon; Sohn, Eun Jung; Shin, Eun Ah; Lee, Duckgue; Kim, Bonglee; Jung, Deok-Beom; Kim, Ji-Hyun; Yun, Miyong; Lee, Hyo-Jeong; Park, Yong Koo; Kim, Sung-Hoon 2013-01-01 Since the dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis is closely associated with tumor progression, in the current study, the critical role of ribosome biogenesis related signaling was investigated in melatonin and/or puromycin induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Despite its weak cytotoxicity, melatonin from 3 mM attenuated the expression of 45S pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA), UBF as a nucleolar transcription factor, and fibrillarin at mRNA level and consistently downregulated nucleolar proteins such as UBF and fibrillarin at protein level in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assay revealed that UBF was also degraded by melatonin in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, melatonin attenuated the expression of survival genes such as Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, cyclinD1, and cyclin E, suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, and STAT3, and cleaved PARP and activated caspase 3 only at a high concentration of 12 mM. However, combined treatment of melatonin (3 mM) and puromycin (1 μM) synergistically inhibited viability, attenuated the expression of 45S pre-rRNA and UBF, and consistently downregulated UBF, XPO1 and IPO7, procaspase 3, and Bcl-xL in MDA-MB 231 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that melatonin can be a cancer preventive agent by combination with puromycin via the inhibition of 45S pre-rRNA and UBF in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. PMID:23690862 2. Melatonin Suppresses the Expression of 45S Preribosomal RNA and Upstream Binding Factor and Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Puromycin in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ji Hoon Jung 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Since the dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis is closely associated with tumor progression, in the current study, the critical role of ribosome biogenesis related signaling was investigated in melatonin and/or puromycin induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Despite its weak cytotoxicity, melatonin from 3 mM attenuated the expression of 45S pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA, UBF as a nucleolar transcription factor, and fibrillarin at mRNA level and consistently downregulated nucleolar proteins such as UBF and fibrillarin at protein level in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assay revealed that UBF was also degraded by melatonin in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, melatonin attenuated the expression of survival genes such as Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, cyclinD1, and cyclin E, suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, and STAT3, and cleaved PARP and activated caspase 3 only at a high concentration of 12 mM. However, combined treatment of melatonin (3 mM and puromycin (1 μM synergistically inhibited viability, attenuated the expression of 45S pre-rRNA and UBF, and consistently downregulated UBF, XPO1 and IPO7, procaspase 3, and Bcl-xL in MDA-MB 231 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that melatonin can be a cancer preventive agent by combination with puromycin via the inhibition of 45S pre-rRNA and UBF in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. 3. Hypoxia counteracts taxol-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells: role of autophagy and JNK activation. Science.gov (United States) Notte, A; Ninane, N; Arnould, T; Michiels, C 2013-05-16 Cancer cell resistance against chemotherapy is still a heavy burden to improve anticancer treatments. Autophagy activation and the development of hypoxic regions within the tumors are known to promote cancer cell resistance. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the role of autophagy and hypoxia on the taxol-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The results showed that taxol induced apoptosis after 16 h of incubation, and that hypoxia protected MDA-MB-231 cells from taxol-induced apoptosis. In parallel, taxol induced autophagy activation already after 2 h of incubation both under normoxia and hypoxia. Autophagy activation after taxol exposure was shown to be a protective mechanism against taxol-induced cell death both under normoxia and hypoxia. However, at longer incubation time, the autophagic process reached a saturation point under normoxia leading to cell death, whereas under hypoxia, autophagy flow still correctly took place allowing the cells to survive. Autophagy induction is induced after taxol exposure via mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, which is more important in cells exposed to hypoxia. Taxol also induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and phosphorylation of its substrates B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and BCL2-like 1 (BclXL) under normoxia and hypoxia very early after taxol exposure. Bcl2 and BclXL phosphorylation was decreased more importantly under hypoxia after long incubation time. The role of JNK in autophagy and apoptosis induction was studied using siRNAs. The results showed that JNK activation promotes resistance against taxol-induced apoptosis under normoxia and hypoxia without being involved in induction of autophagy. In conclusion, the resistance against taxol-induced cell death observed under hypoxia can be explained by a more effective autophagic flow activated via the classical mTOR pathway and by a mechanism involving JNK, which could be dependent on Bcl2 and BclXL phosphorylation but independent of 4. Hypoxia counteracts taxol-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells: role of autophagy and JNK activation Science.gov (United States) Notte, A; Ninane, N; Arnould, T; Michiels, C 2013-01-01 Cancer cell resistance against chemotherapy is still a heavy burden to improve anticancer treatments. Autophagy activation and the development of hypoxic regions within the tumors are known to promote cancer cell resistance. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the role of autophagy and hypoxia on the taxol-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The results showed that taxol induced apoptosis after 16 h of incubation, and that hypoxia protected MDA-MB-231 cells from taxol-induced apoptosis. In parallel, taxol induced autophagy activation already after 2 h of incubation both under normoxia and hypoxia. Autophagy activation after taxol exposure was shown to be a protective mechanism against taxol-induced cell death both under normoxia and hypoxia. However, at longer incubation time, the autophagic process reached a saturation point under normoxia leading to cell death, whereas under hypoxia, autophagy flow still correctly took place allowing the cells to survive. Autophagy induction is induced after taxol exposure via mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, which is more important in cells exposed to hypoxia. Taxol also induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and phosphorylation of its substrates B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and BCL2-like 1 (BclXL) under normoxia and hypoxia very early after taxol exposure. Bcl2 and BclXL phosphorylation was decreased more importantly under hypoxia after long incubation time. The role of JNK in autophagy and apoptosis induction was studied using siRNAs. The results showed that JNK activation promotes resistance against taxol-induced apoptosis under normoxia and hypoxia without being involved in induction of autophagy. In conclusion, the resistance against taxol-induced cell death observed under hypoxia can be explained by a more effective autophagic flow activated via the classical mTOR pathway and by a mechanism involving JNK, which could be dependent on Bcl2 and BclXL phosphorylation but 5. Metabolomic Dynamic Analysis of Hypoxia in MDA-MB-231 and the Comparison with Inferred Metabolites from Transcriptomics Data Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tsai, I-Lin [Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1 Taipei 10051, Taiwan (China); The Metabolomics Group, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan (China); Kuo, Tien-Chueh [The Metabolomics Group, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Room 410 BL Building, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Ho, Tsung-Jung [The Metabolomics Group, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan (China); Harn, Yeu-Chern [The Metabolomics Group, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan (China); Wang, San-Yuan [The Metabolomics Group, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan (China); Fu, Wen-Mei [Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, 11 F No. 1 Sec. 1, Ren-ai Rd., Taipei 10051, Taiwan (China); Kuo, Ching-Hua, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1 Taipei 10051, Taiwan (China); The Metabolomics Group, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan (China); Tseng, Yufeng Jane, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1 Taipei 10051, Taiwan (China); The Metabolomics Group, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan (China); Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Room 410 BL Building, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan (China); Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan (China) 2013-05-03 Hypoxia affects the tumor microenvironment and is considered important to metastasis progression and therapy resistance. Thus far, the majority of global analyses of tumor hypoxia responses have been limited to just a single omics level. Combining multiple omics data can broaden our understanding of tumor hypoxia. Here, we investigate the temporal change of the metabolite composition with gene expression data from literature to provide a more comprehensive insight into the system level in response to hypoxia. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to perform metabolomic profiling on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line under hypoxic conditions. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the metabolic difference between hypoxia and normoxia was similar over 24 h, but became distinct over 48 h. Time dependent microarray data from the same cell line in the literature displayed different gene expressions under hypoxic and normoxic conditions mostly at 12 h or earlier. The direct metabolomic profiles show a large overlap with theoretical metabolic profiles deduced from previous transcriptomic studies. Consistent pathways are glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate, purine and arginine and proline metabolism. Ten metabolic pathways revealed by metabolomics were not covered by the downstream of the known transcriptomic profiles, suggesting new metabolic phenotypes. These results confirm previous transcriptomics understanding and expand the knowledge from existing models on correlation and co-regulation between transcriptomic and metabolomics profiles, which demonstrates the power of integrated omics analysis. 6. Effect of aluminium on migration of oestrogen unresponsive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in culture. Science.gov (United States) Bakir, Ayse; Darbre, Philippa D 2015-11-01 Aluminium (Al) has been measured in human breast tissue, and may be a contributory factor in breast cancer development. At the 10th Keele meeting, we reported that long-term exposure to Al could increase migratory properties of oestrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells suggesting a role for Al in the metastatic process. We now report that long-term exposure (20-25 weeks) to Al chloride or Al chlorohydrate at 10(-4) M or 10(-5) M concentrations can also increase the migration of oestrogen unresponsive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells as measured using time-lapse microscopy and xCELLigence technology. In parallel, Al exposure was found to give rise to increased secretion of active matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 as measured by zymography, and increased intracellular levels of activated MMP14 as measured by western immunoblotting. These results demonstrate that Al can increase migration of human breast cancer cells irrespective of their oestrogen responsiveness, and implicate alterations to MMPs as a potential mechanism worthy of further study. 7. The Vascular-Ablative Agent VEGF121/rGel Inhibits Pulmonary Metastases of MDA-MB-231 Breast Tumors Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sophia Ran 2005-05-01 Full Text Available VEGF121/rGel, a fusion protein composed of the growth factor VEGF121 and the recombinant toxin gelonin (rGel, targets the tumor neovasculature and exerts impressive cytotoxic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis. We evaluated the effect of VEGF121/rGel on the growth of metastatic MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in SCID mice. VEGF121/rGel treatment reduced surface lung tumor foci by 58% compared to controls (means were 22.4 and 53.3, respectively; P < .05 and the mean area of lung colonies by 50% (210 ± 37 m2vs 415 ± 10 m2 for VEGF121/rGel and control, respectively; P < .01. In addition, the vascularity of metastatic foci was significantly reduced: (198 ± 37 vs 388 ± 21 vessels/mm2 for treated and control, respectively. Approximately 62% of metastatic colonies from the VEGF121/rGel-treated group had fewer than 10 vessels per colony compared to 23% in the control group. The VEGF receptor Flk-1 was intensely detected on the metastatic vessels in the control but not in the VEGF121/rGel-treated group. Metastatic foci present in lungs had a three-fold lower Ki-67 labeling index compared to control tumors. Thus, the antitumor vascular-ablative effect of VEGF121/rGel may be utilized not only for treating primary tumors but also for inhibiting metastatic spread and vascularization of metastases. 8. Compact radio cores in three Seyfert galaxies - high resolution studies of Mkn 3, Mkn 231, and Mkn 463 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The small-scale morphologies of Mkn 231 and Mkn 463 have been investigated using the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.6 GHz and the VLA at 15 and 22 GHz. Mkn 3 has been studied using the EVN at 1.4 and 1.6 GHz. All of the galaxies have a substantial fraction of their core radio flux in linear or elongated structures, typically tens of parsecs in extent. Agreement between the parsec- and kiloparsec-scale position angles of continuum radio emission suggests collimated outflow from the galaxy centers that continues over several orders of magnitude in scale. Supernova rates of order one hundred per year on scales of tens of parsecs are required to explain the nuclear radio emission as the result of bursts of star formation. The luminosities, small extents, and linear morphologies of the radio sources all support the idea that the nuclear radio sources are energized by active galactic nuclei and therefore support the more general picture of Seyfert galaxy nuclei being low-luminosity quasars. All of the galaxies appear to have undergone violent interactions in the recent past. 55 references 9. Detection of HCN, HCO+ and HNC in the Mrk231 molecular outflow - Dense molecular gas in the AGN wind CERN Document Server Aalto, S; Muller, S; Winters, J M; van der Werf, P; Henkel, C; Costagliola, F; Neri, R 2011-01-01 We detect luminous emission from HCN, HCO+ and HNC 1--0 in the QSO ULIRG Mrk~231 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer at 1."55 by 1."28 resolution. All three lines show broad line wings - which are particularly prominent for HCN. Velocities are found to be similar (750 km/s) to those found for CO 1-0. This is the first time bright HCN, HCO+ and HNC emission has been detected in a large-scale galactic outflow. We find that both the blue- and red-shifted line wings are spatially extended by at least 0."75 (700 pc) in a north-south direction. The line wings are brighter (relative to the line center intensity) in HCN than in CO 1-0 and line ratios suggest that the molecular outflow consists of dense (n>10E4 cmE-3) and clumpy gas with a high HCN abundance X(HCN)>10E-8. These properties are consistent with the molecular gas being compressed and fragmented by shocks in the outflow. Alternatively, HCN is instead pumped by mid-IR continuum, but we propose that this effect is not strong for the spatially extend... 10. Anti-proliferative effect of biogenic gold nanoparticles against breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 & MCF-7) Science.gov (United States) K. S., Uma Suganya; Govindaraju, K.; Ganesh Kumar, V.; Prabhu, D.; Arulvasu, C.; Stalin Dhas, T.; Karthick, V.; Changmai, Niranjan 2016-05-01 Breast cancer is a major complication in women and numerous approaches are being developed to overcome this problem. In conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy the post side effects cause an unsuitable effect in treatment of cancer. Hence, it is essential to develop a novel strategy for the treatment of this disease. In the present investigation, a possible route for green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using leaf extract of Mimosa pudica and its anticancer efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer cell lines is studied. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be effective in killing cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 & MCF-7) which were studied using various anticancer assays (MTT assay, cell morphology determination, cell cycle analysis, comet assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and DAPI staining). Cell morphological analysis showed the changes occurred in cancer cells during the treatment with AuNPs. Cell cycle analysis revealed apoptosis in G0/G1 to S phase. Similarly in Comet assay, there was an increase in tail length in treated cells in comparison with the control. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assay showed prompt fluorescence in treated cells indicating the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner membrane. PI and DAPI staining showed the DNA damage in treated cells. 11. Metabolomic Dynamic Analysis of Hypoxia in MDA-MB-231 and the Comparison with Inferred Metabolites from Transcriptomics Data International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hypoxia affects the tumor microenvironment and is considered important to metastasis progression and therapy resistance. Thus far, the majority of global analyses of tumor hypoxia responses have been limited to just a single omics level. Combining multiple omics data can broaden our understanding of tumor hypoxia. Here, we investigate the temporal change of the metabolite composition with gene expression data from literature to provide a more comprehensive insight into the system level in response to hypoxia. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to perform metabolomic profiling on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line under hypoxic conditions. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the metabolic difference between hypoxia and normoxia was similar over 24 h, but became distinct over 48 h. Time dependent microarray data from the same cell line in the literature displayed different gene expressions under hypoxic and normoxic conditions mostly at 12 h or earlier. The direct metabolomic profiles show a large overlap with theoretical metabolic profiles deduced from previous transcriptomic studies. Consistent pathways are glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate, purine and arginine and proline metabolism. Ten metabolic pathways revealed by metabolomics were not covered by the downstream of the known transcriptomic profiles, suggesting new metabolic phenotypes. These results confirm previous transcriptomics understanding and expand the knowledge from existing models on correlation and co-regulation between transcriptomic and metabolomics profiles, which demonstrates the power of integrated omics analysis 12. Metabolomic Dynamic Analysis of Hypoxia in MDA-MB-231 and the Comparison with Inferred Metabolites from Transcriptomics Data Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yufeng Jane Tseng 2013-05-01 Full Text Available Hypoxia affects the tumor microenvironment and is considered important to metastasis progression and therapy resistance. Thus far, the majority of global analyses of tumor hypoxia responses have been limited to just a single omics level. Combining multiple omics data can broaden our understanding of tumor hypoxia. Here, we investigate the temporal change of the metabolite composition with gene expression data from literature to provide a more comprehensive insight into the system level in response to hypoxia. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to perform metabolomic profiling on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line under hypoxic conditions. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the metabolic difference between hypoxia and normoxia was similar over 24 h, but became distinct over 48 h. Time dependent microarray data from the same cell line in the literature displayed different gene expressions under hypoxic and normoxic conditions mostly at 12 h or earlier. The direct metabolomic profiles show a large overlap with theoretical metabolic profiles deduced from previous transcriptomic studies. Consistent pathways are glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate, purine and arginine and proline metabolism. Ten metabolic pathways revealed by metabolomics were not covered by the downstream of the known transcriptomic profiles, suggesting new metabolic phenotypes. These results confirm previous transcriptomics understanding and expand the knowledge from existing models on correlation and co-regulation between transcriptomic and metabolomics profiles, which demonstrates the power of integrated omics analysis. 13. Optimization of Culture Conditions and Inducers for Improved Protease Production by Penicillium griseofulvum LCJ231 under Submerged Fermentation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) X. Josephine Jenitta 2015-04-01 Full Text Available The production of protease by Penicillium griseofulvum LCJ231 under submerged fermentation was studied with an objective to improve the production through medium optimization. Important nutritional and physical parameters were optimized for maximizing the protease production. The most suitable carbon source, nitrogen source and inducer for maximizing the protease production were studied. It was found that starch, yeast extract and casein were the suitable carbon source, nitrogen source and inducer respectively. The present study also explored the utilization of several agro-wastes as low-cost natural inducers for protease production. The addition of black gram husk as an inducer successfully enhanced the protease production (145.12 U/mL. Maximum production of the protease enzyme was found in the culture medium with initial medium pH of 8 and 2 g/L of inoculum. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the potential use of the cheap and abundantly available black gram husk for the induction of proteases and thus offer a new approach for industrial enzyme production. 14. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter silencing potentiates caspase-independent cell death in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) Curry, Merril C; Peters, Amelia A; Kenny, Paraic A; Roberts-Thomson, Sarah J; Monteith, Gregory R 2013-05-10 The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) transports free ionic Ca(2+) into the mitochondrial matrix. We assessed MCU expression in clinical breast cancer samples using microarray analysis and the consequences of MCU silencing in a breast cancer cell line. Our results indicate that estrogen receptor negative and basal-like breast cancers are characterized by elevated levels of MCU. Silencing of MCU expression in the basal-like MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line produced no change in proliferation or cell viability. However, distinct consequences of MCU silencing were seen on cell death pathways. Caspase-dependent cell death initiated by the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-263 was not altered by MCU silencing; whereas caspase-independent cell death induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin was potentiated by MCU silencing. Measurement of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels showed that the promotion of ionomycin-induced cell death by MCU silencing occurs independently of changes in bulk cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. This study demonstrates that MCU overexpression is a feature of some breast cancers and that MCU overexpression may offer a survival advantage against some cell death pathways. MCU inhibitors may be a strategy to increase the effectiveness of therapies that act through the induction of caspase-independent cell death pathways in estrogen receptor negative and basal-like breast cancers. 15. Inhibition of Hypoxia-Induced Cell Motility by p16 in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Liyuan Li, Yi Lu 2010-01-01 Full Text Available Our previous studies indicated that p16 suppresses breast cancer angiogenesis and metastasis, and downregulates VEGF gene expression by neutralizing the transactivation of the VEGF transcriptional factor HIF-1α. Hypoxia stimulates tumor malignant progression and induces HIF-1α. Because p16 neutralizes effect of HIF-1α and attenuates tumor metastatic progression, we intended to investigate whether p16 directly affects one or more aspects of the malignant process such as adhesion and migration of breast cancer cells. To approach this aim, MDA-MB-231 and other breast cancer cells stably transfected with Tet-on inducible p16 were used to study the p16 effect on growth, adhesion and migration of the cancer cells. We found that p16 inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and migration, but has no apparent effect on cell adhesion. Importantly, p16 inhibits hypoxia-induced cell migration in breast cancer in parallel with its inhibition of HIF-1α transactivation activity. This study suggests that p16's ability to suppress tumor metastasis may be partially resulted from p16's inhibition on cell migration, in addition to its known functions on inhibition of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. 16. Fluvastatin mediated breast cancer cell death: a proteomic approach to identify differentially regulated proteins in MDA-MB-231 cells. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anantha Koteswararao Kanugula Full Text Available Statins are increasingly being recognized as anti-cancer agents against various cancers including breast cancer. To understand the molecular pathways targeted by fluvastatin and its differential sensitivity against metastatic breast cancer cells, we analyzed protein alterations in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with fluvastatin using 2-DE in combination with LC-MS/MS. Results revealed dys-regulation of 39 protein spots corresponding to 35 different proteins. To determine the relevance of altered protein profiles with breast cancer cell death, we mapped these proteins to major pathways involved in the regulation of cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cell cycle, Rho GDI and proteasomal pathways using IPA analysis. Highly interconnected sub networks showed that vimentin and ERK1/2 proteins play a central role in controlling the expression of altered proteins. Fluvastatin treatment caused proteolysis of vimentin, a marker of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This effect of fluvastatin was reversed in the presence of mevalonate, a downstream product of HMG-CoA and caspase-3 inhibitor. Interestingly, fluvastatin neither caused an appreciable cell death nor did modulate vimentin expression in normal mammary epithelial cells. In conclusion, fluvastatin alters levels of cytoskeletal proteins, primarily targeting vimentin through increased caspase-3- mediated proteolysis, thereby suggesting a role for vimentin in statin-induced breast cancer cell death. 17. Effect of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway on Invasion and Metastasis of Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells and Relevant Mechanism%Hedgehog信号转导通路对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231侵袭转移的影响及其机制 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 隆玲; 邓华瑜; 韩铭; 陈黎; 姜蓉 2011-01-01 Objective To investigate the effect of Hedgehog signaling pathway on invasion and metastasis of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells as well as the relevant mechanism, Methods MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with cyclopamine, an inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling pathway, and evaluated for invasion and metastasis abilities in vitro by Transwell test, for matrix metal protease-9 (MMP-9) and MMP-2 activities by gelatin zymography, for expressions of P-c-Jun and MMP-9 proteins by Western blot,and for expressions of Glil, c-jun and MMP-9 mRNAs by RT-PCR. Results The invasion and metastasis abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with cyclopamine decreased significantly, while MMP-9 activity, expression levels of P-c-Jun and MMP-9 proteins as well as Glil, c-jun and MMP-9 mRNAs decreased. Conclusion Hedgehog signaling pathway was activated in MDA-MB-231 cells, which promoted the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells by up-regnlating the expressions of c-jun and M MP-9.%目的探讨Hedgehog信号转导通路对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231 侵袭转移的影响及其机制.方法应用Hedgehog信号转导通路抑制剂环巴胺(Cyclopamine)处理MDA-MB-231 细胞,Transwell小室侵袭迁移实验检测细胞体外侵袭和转移能力;明胶酶谱实验检测细胞MMP-9和MMP-2的活性;Western blot法检测细胞P-c-Jun和MMP-9蛋白的表达;RT-PCR法检测细胞Gli1、c-jun和MMP-9基因mRNA的表达.结果经Cyclopamine处理后,MDA-MB-231细胞的侵袭迁移能力明显下降;MMP-9的活性降低;P-c-Jun和MMP-9蛋白表达降低;Gli1、c-jun和MMP-9基因mRNA的表达水平下降.结论 MDA-MB-231细胞存在Hedgehog信号转导通路的激活;活化的Hedgehog信号转导通路可通过上调c-jun和MMP-9的表达,促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移. 18. Investigation on dietary of 231 rural pregnant women of Uyghur nationality in Kashi city%喀什市231例维吾尔族农村孕妇膳食调查 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 孙春梅; 吐尔逊江·买买提明; 王晓军; 张文娟; 郝婷; 王明霞; 袁帅; 阿扎提古丽·艾合买提; 吐尔洪·买买提 2011-01-01 Objective: To understand the dietary structure and intake of nutrients of pregnant women of Uyghur nationality in Kashi city, provide a basis for carrying out nutritional health education in minority regions and promoting the development of bearing and rearing better children of Uyghur nationality in Xinjiang. Methods: A random cluster sampling method was used to select 242 pregnant women from two townships and 1 town for 24 -hour dietary survey. Results: Ineffective questionnaires were rejected, 231 effective questionnaires were obtained, the effective rate was 95.45％; the proportions of protein, adipose and carbohydrate out of total heat energy were 13.66％, 13.51％ and 72. 83％, respectively, the proportion of high quality protein out of total intake of protein was 26. 20％, the proportion of animal iron was 13. 75％; the proportions of calcium, iodine, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folic acid and vitamin C were 30. 70％, 29. 52％, 66. 67％, 60. 59％, 21.83％ and 67.55％, respectively. Conclusion: The proportions of the three nutrients producing heat in pregnant dietary are not reasonable, the main lacking nutrients are high quality protein, calcium, iron, iodine, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and folio acid among local residents, the intake of nutrients should be increased in order to guarantee the health of pregnant women and fetuses effectively.%目的:了解喀什地区维吾尔族孕妇膳食结构和营养素摄入状况,为在少数民族地区进行营养健康教育,促进新疆维吾尔族孕妇优牛优育事业的发展提供依据.方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取了喀什市8个乡中的2乡1镇共242名孕妇进行24 h膳食调查.结果:剔除无效问卷,获得有效问卷231份,有效率95.45%.孕妇膳食中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物分别占总热能的13.66%、13.51%、72.83%,优质蛋白占蛋白总摄入量的26.20%,动物性铁仅占13.75%,钙、碘、维生素B1、维生索B2、叶酸、维生 19. Survey and analysis on microbiaI contamination of 231 instant foods%231份即食食品中微生物污染状况调查分析 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 李卫东; 刘晓娟; 郑秀清; 赵丽萍; 李伟昊 2012-01-01 目的了解邯郸市即食食品中微生物污染状况,提高我市食源性疾病检测、预警和控制能力,为食物中毒监测提供科学依据,以保障我市居民饮食安全.方法依据GB4789 - 2010和《2011年河北省食源性疾病监测技术指南》对我市的熟肉制品、即食非发酵豆制品、中式凉拌菜、鲜榨果汁、夹心饼干和盒饭6类即食食品进行微生物学检测.检测项目:卫生学指标(菌落总数、大肠菌群)和6种致病菌(沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、O157:H7/NM、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、志贺氏菌、腊样芽孢杆菌).结果 231份样品中合格72份,合格率为31.17％,其中夹心饼干类合格率最高为93.33％；其他类别的样品的合格率均较低,即食非发酵豆制品的合格率低至13.33％.结论我市即食食品卫生状况极差,部分食品还检出食源性致病菌,存在细菌性食物中毒的隐患,有关部门应加大监管力度,以保障居民的食品安全.%Objective To understand the microbial contamination of instant food in Handan City, improve the detection, warning and control abilities of foodborne diseases in our city, and provide scientific basis for food poisoning mornitoring so as to safeguard food safety of residents. Method Conduct microbial detection for the 6 kinds of instant food, namely, cooked meat products, instant non - fermented bean products, Chinese cold dishes, freshly squeezed juice, sandwich biscuits, and box lunch, in accordance with GB4789 -2010 and Monitoring Technical Guideline on Foodborne Diseases in Hebei Province in 2011. The detection items included hygienics indexes (total number of bacterial colony and coliform colony) and 6 kinds of pathogens ( salmonella, staphyloccus aureus, 0157; H7/NM, listeria monocytogens, shigella and bacilus cereus) . Results Among the 231 samples, 72 were qualified, and the qualified rate was 31. 17%. The sandwich biscuits had the highest qualified rate (93. 33% ); and 20. PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation by suppression of ELK3 mediates chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to doxorubicin by inhibiting autophagy. Science.gov (United States) Park, Ji-Hoon; Kim, Keun Pil; Ko, Jeong-Jae; Park, Kyung-Soon 2016-08-19 Drug resistance in breast cancer remains a major obstacle of clinical therapy. We found that suppression of ELK3 in the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 impaired autophagy and led to a hypersensitive response to doxorubicin treatment. In ELK3-knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells (ELK3 KD), autophagy was not activated under starvation conditions, which is a major stimulus of autophagy activation. We revealed that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was the main cause of impaired autophagy in ELK3 KD. Our results suggest that targeting ELK3 may be a potential approach to overcome doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer therapeutics. PMID:27301639 1. K2-31B, a Grazing Transiting Hot Jupiter on a 1.26-day Orbit around a Bright G7V Star Science.gov (United States) Grziwa, Sascha; Gandolfi, Davide; Csizmadia, Szilard; Fridlund, Malcolm; Parviainen, Hannu; Deeg, Hans J.; Cabrera, Juan; Djupvik, Amanda A.; Albrecht, Simon; Palle, Enric B.; Pätzold, Martin; Béjar, Victor J. S.; Prieto-Arranz, Jorge; Eigmüller, Philipp; Erikson, Anders; Fynbo, Johan P. U.; Guenther, Eike W.; Hatzes, Artie P.; Kiilerich, Amanda; Korth, Judith; Kuutma, Teet; Montañés-Rodríguez, Pilar; Nespral, David; Nowak, Grzegorz; Rauer, Heike; Saario, Joonas; Sebastian, Daniel; Slumstrup, Ditte 2016-11-01 We report the discovery of K2-31b, the first confirmed transiting hot Jupiter detected by the K2 space mission. We combined K2 photometry with FastCam lucky imaging and FIES and HARPS high-resolution spectroscopy to confirm the planetary nature of the transiting object and derived the system parameters. K2-31b is a 1.8-Jupiter-mass planet on a 1.26-day orbit around a G7 V star ({M}\\star =0.91 M ⊙, {R}\\star =0.78 R ⊙). The planetary radius is poorly constrained (0.7 < R p < 1.4 R Jup),15 owing to the grazing transit and the low sampling rate of the K2 photometry.16 2. Combined xanthorrhizol-curcumin exhibits synergistic growth inhibitory activity via apoptosis induction in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Azimahtol Hawariah 2009-01-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background It has been suggested that combined effect of natural products may improve the treatment effectiveness in combating proliferation of cancer cells. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possibility that the combination of xanthorrhizol and curcumin might show synergistic growth inhibitory effect towards MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells via apoptosis induction. The effective dose that produced 50% growth inhibition (GI50 was calculated from the log dose-response curve of fixed-combinations of xanthorrhizol and curcumin generated from the sulforhodamine B (SRB assay. The experimental GI50 value was used to determine the synergistic activity of the combination treatment by isobolographic analysis and combination-index method. Further investigation of mode of cell death induced by the combination treatment was conducted in the present study. Results Isobole analysis revealed that substances interaction was synergistic when xanthorrhizol and curcumin were added concurrently to the cultures but merely additive when they were added sequentially. The synergistic combination treatment was then applied to the cultures to investigate the mode of cell death induced by the treatment. Immunofluorescence staining using antibody MitoCapture™ revealed the possibility of altered mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which is one of the hallmark of apoptosis. Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining assay showed the rate of apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells to increase in response to the treatment. Apoptotic cell death was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay, where internucleosomal excision of DNA was induced upon treatment with xanthorrhizol-curcumin. Conclusion This is the first time the combined cytotoxic effect of xanthorrhizol and curcumin on MDA-MB-231 cells has been documented and our findings provide experimental support to the hypothesis that combined xanthorrhizol-curcumin showed synergistic growth inhibitory activity on 3. ESTRATÉGIAS DE RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL CORPORATIVA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE OS 231 CASOS CONCRETOS DO INSTITUTO ETHOS [doi: 10.5329/RECADM.20060501004 OpenAIRE Franciara Maria de Oliveira 2006-01-01 ResumoUm perfil das estratégias de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa adotadas por empresas no Brasil é o objetivoprincipal deste trabalho. Utilizou-se como universo de estudo os 231 Casos Concretos preenchidosespontaneamente pelas empresas filiadas na página web do Instituto Ethos de Empresa e ResponsabilidadeSocial (Instituto Ethos). Os casos foram analisados pelo software alemão de análise de dados qualitativosdenominado Atlas.ti 5.0, sob o enfoque metod... 4. Human ether à-gogo K(+) channel 1 (hEag1) regulates MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration through Orai1-dependent calcium entry. Science.gov (United States) Hammadi, Mehdi; Chopin, Valérie; Matifat, Fabrice; Dhennin-Duthille, Isabelle; Chasseraud, Maud; Sevestre, Henri; Ouadid-Ahidouch, Halima 2012-12-01 Breast cancer (BC) has a poor prognosis due to its strong metastatic ability. Accumulating data present ether à go-go (hEag1) K(+) channels as relevant player in controlling cell cycle and proliferation of non-invasive BC cells. However, the role of hEag1 in invasive BC cells migration is still unknown. In this study, we studied both the functional expression and the involvement in cell migration of hEag1 in the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 human BC cells. We showed that hEag1 mRNA and proteins were expressed in human invasive ductal carcinoma tissues and BC cell lines. Functional activity of hEag1 channels in MDA-MB-231 cells was confirmed using astemizole, a hEag1 blocker, or siRNA. Blocking or silencing hEag1 depolarized the membrane potential and reduced both Ca(2+) entry and MDA-MB-231 cell migration without affecting cell proliferation. Recent studies have reported that Ca(2+) entry through Orai1 channels is required for MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Down-regulation of hEag1 or Orai1 reduced Ca(2+) influx and cell migration with similar efficiency. Interestingly, no additive effects on Ca(2+) influx or cell migration were observed in cells co-transfected with sihEag1 and siOrai1. Finally, both Orai1 and hEag1 are expressed in invasive breast adenocarcinoma tissues and invaded metastatic lymph node samples (LNM(+)). In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that hEag1 channels are involved in the serum-induced migration of BC cells by controlling the Ca(2+) entry through Orai1 channels. hEag1 may therefore represent a potential target for the suppression of BC cell migration, and thus prevention of metastasis development. 5. A Breast Cell Atlas: Organelle analysis of the MDA-MB-231 cell line by density-gradient fractionation using isotopic marking and label-free analysis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marianne Sandin 2015-09-01 Full Text Available Protein translocation between organelles in the cell is an important process that regulates many cellular functions. However, organelles can rarely be isolated to purity so several methods have been developed to analyse the fractions obtained by density gradient centrifugation. We present an analysis of the distribution of proteins amongst organelles in the human breast cell line, MDA-MB-231 using two approaches: an isotopic labelling and a label-free approach. 6. Inhibition of MMP-3 activity and invasion of the MDA-MB-231 human invasive breast carcinoma cell line by bioflavonoids Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Kanokkarn PHROMNOI; Supachai YODKEEREE; Songyot ANUCHAPREEDA; Pornngarm LIMTRAKUL 2009-01-01 Aim: Stromelysin 1 (matrix metalloproteinase 3; MMP-3) is an enzyme known to be involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, flavonoids from vegetables and fruits, such as quercetin, kaempferol, genistein, genistin, and daidzein, were tested for their abil-ity to modulate the secretion and activity of MMP-3 in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. In addition, we investigated the in vitro effects of flavonoids on MDA-MB-231 cell invasion.Methods: The toxic concentration range of flavonoids was evaluated using the MTr assay. The ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to invade was evaluated using a modified Boyden chamber system. The activity of MMP-3 was determined by casein zymography. The secretion of MMP-3 was evaluated using Western blotting, casein zymography and confirmed by ELISA.Results: Some putative flavonoids, ie, quercetin and kaempferol (flavonols), significantly inhibited the in vitro invasion of MDA-MB-231cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 27 and 30 pmol/L, respectively. Quercetin and kaempferol also reduced MMP-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values in the range of 30 μmol/L and 45 μmol/L, respectively. None of the flavonoids had a significant effect on the secretion of MMP-3.Conclusion: These data show that the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol have higher anti-invasion potency and higher MMP-3 inhibi-tory activity than isoflavones genistein, genistin and daidzein. In contrast, neither flavonols nor isofiavones have any effect on MMP-3 secretion. 7. 49 CFR 231.24 - Box and other house cars with roofs, 16 feet 10 inches or more above top of rail. 1 Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Box and other house cars with roofs, 16 feet 10... APPLIANCE STANDARDS § 231.24 Box and other house cars with roofs, 16 feet 10 inches or more above top of.... Same as specified for “Box and Other House Cars.” (2) Dimensions. Same as specified for “Box and... 8. Effects of exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 on proliferation of endothelial cells and the role of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shuang LONG 2012-11-01 Full Text Available Objective 　To investigate the effects of exosomes derived from breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 on proliferation of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs, and evaluate the role of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway during the process. Methods 　Exosomes were derived and purified from MDA-MB-231 by cryogenic ultracentrifugation and density gradient centrifugation. MTT assay was carried out for measurement of cell proliferation in HUVECs with exosome of 50, 100, 200 and 400μg/ml. The states of cell cycle of HUVECs co-cultured with 200μg/ml exosomes were detected by flow cytometry. The effects of 200μg/ml exosomes on the expression of ERK, Akt and phosphorylated ERK, Akt in HUVECs were detected with Western blotting. Results 　Exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 significantly promoted HUVECs proliferation in a classical time-and dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed that, co-cultured with 200μg/ml exosomes for 24h, S-phase cells in HUVECs increased, while G1/S phase cells in HUVECs decreased. Western blotting showed that, cocultured with 200μg/ml exosomes for 24h, 48h and 72h, the expressions of phosphorylated ERK and Akt were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion 　Exosomes derived from breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 may promote HUVECs proliferation, the changes in cell cycle and the continuous activation of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathways may be the underlying mechanism. 9. β-sitosterol induces G1 arrest and causes depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells OpenAIRE Vundru, Shanthi Sri; Kale, Raosaheb K.; Singh, Rana P. 2013-01-01 Backgrounds It is suggested that dietary phytosterols, such as β-sitosterol (ST), have cancer chemopreventive effects; however, studies are limited to support such claims. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ST on three different human cancer cell lines including skin epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells, lung epithelial carcinoma A549 cells and breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231. Methods Cell growth assay, cell cycle analysis, FACS, JC-1 staining, annexin V staining and immunoblotting were used to s... 10. Human ether à-gogo K(+) channel 1 (hEag1) regulates MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration through Orai1-dependent calcium entry. Science.gov (United States) Hammadi, Mehdi; Chopin, Valérie; Matifat, Fabrice; Dhennin-Duthille, Isabelle; Chasseraud, Maud; Sevestre, Henri; Ouadid-Ahidouch, Halima 2012-12-01 Breast cancer (BC) has a poor prognosis due to its strong metastatic ability. Accumulating data present ether à go-go (hEag1) K(+) channels as relevant player in controlling cell cycle and proliferation of non-invasive BC cells. However, the role of hEag1 in invasive BC cells migration is still unknown. In this study, we studied both the functional expression and the involvement in cell migration of hEag1 in the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 human BC cells. We showed that hEag1 mRNA and proteins were expressed in human invasive ductal carcinoma tissues and BC cell lines. Functional activity of hEag1 channels in MDA-MB-231 cells was confirmed using astemizole, a hEag1 blocker, or siRNA. Blocking or silencing hEag1 depolarized the membrane potential and reduced both Ca(2+) entry and MDA-MB-231 cell migration without affecting cell proliferation. Recent studies have reported that Ca(2+) entry through Orai1 channels is required for MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Down-regulation of hEag1 or Orai1 reduced Ca(2+) influx and cell migration with similar efficiency. Interestingly, no additive effects on Ca(2+) influx or cell migration were observed in cells co-transfected with sihEag1 and siOrai1. Finally, both Orai1 and hEag1 are expressed in invasive breast adenocarcinoma tissues and invaded metastatic lymph node samples (LNM(+)). In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that hEag1 channels are involved in the serum-induced migration of BC cells by controlling the Ca(2+) entry through Orai1 channels. hEag1 may therefore represent a potential target for the suppression of BC cell migration, and thus prevention of metastasis development. PMID:22495877 11. G-231A and G+70C polymorphisms of endothelin receptor type-A gene could affect the psoriasis area and severity index score and endothelin 1 levels Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gökhan Okan 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Background: The etiopathogenesis of psoriasis has not been clearly elucidated although the role of chronic inflammation, imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and many immunological events have been established. Endothelin 1 (EDN1 and endothelin receptor type-A (EDNRA are implicated in the inflammatory process. The relationships between EDN1 and EDNRA polymorphisms with several diseases have been found. Aims and Objectives: This study examined the possible association of EDN1 (G5665T and T-1370G and EDNRA (G-231A and G + 70C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs with the occurence of psoriasis, and evaluated the relationship between genotypes and clinical/laboratory manifestation of psoriasis. Materials and Methods: We analyzed genotype and allele distributions of the above-mentioned polymorphisms in 151 patients with psoriasis and 152 healthy controls by real-time PCR combined with melting curve analysis. Results: We did not find significant differences in the genotype and allele distributions of EDN1 T-1370G, EDNRA G-231A, and EDNRA G+70C polymorphisms between patients with psoriasis and healthy controls. Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI score of EDNRA -231 polymorphic A allele carrying subjects (AA and AA + AG was higher than that of wild homozygotes (P = 0.044 and P = 0.027, respectively. In addition, EDN1 levels in EDNRA+70 polymorphic C allele carriers (CC + CG were elevated when compared with GG genotype; however, the difference was at borderline significance (P = 0.05. Conclusion: Although there were no associations between studied polymorphisms and psoriasis susceptibility, the PASI score and EDN1 levels seem to be affected by EDNRA G-231A and G + 70C polymorphisms. 12. Altered Localization of Retinoid X Receptor α Coincides with Loss of Retinoid Responsiveness in Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells OpenAIRE Tanaka, T; Dancheck, B. L.; Trifiletti, L. C.; Birnkrant, R. E.; Taylor, B J; Garfield, S. H.; Thorgeirsson, U; De Luca, L M 2004-01-01 To understand the mechanism of retinoid resistance, we studied the subcellular localization and function of retinoid receptors in human breast cancer cell lines. Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) localized throughout the nucleoplasm in retinoid-sensitive normal human mammary epithelial cells and in retinoid-responsive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), whereas it was found in the splicing factor compartment (SFC) of the retinoid-resistant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and in human breast carcin... 13. Melatonin Suppresses the Expression of 45S Preribosomal RNA and Upstream Binding Factor and Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Puromycin in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells OpenAIRE Ji Hoon Jung; Eun Jung Sohn; Eun Ah Shin; Duckgue Lee; Bonglee Kim; Deok-Beom Jung; Ji-Hyun Kim; Miyong Yun; Hyo-Jeong Lee; Yong Koo Park; Sung-Hoon Kim 2013-01-01 Since the dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis is closely associated with tumor progression, in the current study, the critical role of ribosome biogenesis related signaling was investigated in melatonin and/or puromycin induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Despite its weak cytotoxicity, melatonin from 3 mM attenuated the expression of 45S pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA), UBF as a nucleolar transcription factor, and fibrillarin at mRNA level and consistently downregulated nucleol... 14. Induction of G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathway in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Laurencia papillosa OpenAIRE 2016-01-01 Background Marine algae consumption is linked to law cancer incidences in countries that traditionally consume marine products. Hence, Phytochemicals are considered as potential chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic agents against cancer. We investigated the effects of the algal sulfated polysaccharide extract (ASPE) from the red marine alga L. papillosa on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Methods Flow cytometry analysis was performed to study the cell viability, cell cycle arrest an... 15. In vitro evaluation of Pandanus amaryllifolius ethanol extract for induction of cell death on non-hormone dependent human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell via apoptosis OpenAIRE Chong Hueh; Yeap Swee; Rahmat Asmah; Akim Abdah; Alitheen Noorjahan; Othman Fauziah; Gwendoline-Ee Cheng 2012-01-01 Abstract Background Our previous study had shown that P. amaryllifolius was able to selectively inhibit cell proliferation of hormone independent breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. To understand the mode of killing and mechanism of action for P. amaryllifolius, the ethanol extract was evaluated for their alteration of cell cycle progression, PS externalization, DNA fragmentation and expression of anti/pro-apoptotic related protein. Results Cell cycle progression analysis, Annexin V and Tunel... 16. A potential peptide vector that allows targeted delivery of a desired fusion protein into the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 OpenAIRE LIU, WEI QING; Yang, Jun; Hong, Min; GAO, CHANG E.; Dong, Jian 2016-01-01 Effective control of breast cancer has been primarily hampered by a lack of tumor specificity in treatments. One potential way to improve targeting specificity is to develop novel vectors that specifically bind to and are internalized by tumor cells. Through a phage display library, an 11-L-amino acid peptide, PI (sequence, CASPSGALRSC), was selected. PI was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and named PI-FITC. Subsequently, the specific affinity of PI-FITC to MDA-MB-231 human bre... 17. ESTRATÉGIAS DE RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL CORPORATIVA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE OS 231 CASOS CONCRETOS DO INSTITUTO ETHOS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Franciara Maria de Oliveira 2006-05-01 Full Text Available Resumo principal deste trabalho. Utilizou-se como universo de estudo os 231 Casos Concretos preenchidos espontaneamente pelas empresas filiadas na página web do Instituto Ethos de Empresa e Responsabilidade Social (Instituto Ethos. Os casos foram analisados pelo software alemão de análise de dados qualitativos denominado Atlas.ti 5.0, sob o enfoque metodológico das seis variáveis adotadas por Kotler e Lee (2005 em Corporate Social Responsability: doing the most good for your company and your cause, como estratégias para Corporativo, Marketing de Causa Social, Patrocínio, Filantropia Estratégica, Voluntariado Corporativo e Ação Social Responsável. Percebe-se que a maioria das empresas que divulgaram suas estratégias de Responsabilidade Social ainda não tem a percepção plena da utilização dessas estratégias, haja vista que a grande maioria ainda está classificada com Ação Social Responsável, vindo em seguida o Marketing Social Corporativo, Filantropia Estratégica, Voluntariado Corporativo, Patrocínio e Marketing de Causa Social Palavras-chave: Estratégias. Marketing. Responsabilidade Social Corporativa. Abstract A profile of the strategies of Corporate Social Responsibility adopted by companies in Brazil is the main objective of this work. It was used as study universe the 231 Concrete Cases filled of spontaneous form for the companies registered in the web page of the Ethos Institute of Company and Social Responsibility (Ethos Institute. The cases had been analyzed by the German software of analysis of qualitative data called Atlas.ti 5.0, under the 18. Isoalantolactone inhibits the migration and invasion of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells via suppression of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Jing; Cui, Li; Feng, Liang; Zhang, Zhenhai; Song, Jie; Liu, Dan; Jia, Xiaobin 2016-09-01 Isoalantolactone is a bioactive sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the flowering plant Inula helenium L. This study was conducted to assess the anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities of isoalantolactone in MDA-MB-231 cells, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Wound-healing and Transwell chambers assays demonstrated that isoalantolactone inhibited the adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. The activity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were downregulated by isoalantolactone in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, isoalantolactone markedly decreased the p-p38 MAPK level, whereas no significant change in p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK1/2 was noted. The downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression and suppression of in vitro invasion might be associated with the blockade of p38 MAPK activation. Furthermore, isoalantolactone blocked the translocation of NF-κB p65 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. These results revealed that isoalantolactone inhibited the adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells via suppression of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, and isoalantolactone might be an alternative treatment for breast cancer. PMID:27461575 19. The Impact of Soy Isoflavones on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Using a Global Metabolomic Approach Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alina Uifălean 2016-08-01 Full Text Available Despite substantial research, the understanding of the chemopreventive mechanisms of soy isoflavones remains challenging. Promising tools, such as metabolomics, can provide now a deeper insight into their biochemical mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive assessment of the metabolic alterations induced by genistein, daidzein and a soy seed extract on estrogen responsive (MCF-7 and estrogen non-responsive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, using a global metabolomic approach. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay showed that all test compounds induced a biphasic effect on MCF-7 cells and only a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR profiling of extracellular metabolites and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS profiling of intracellular metabolites confirmed that all test compounds shared similar metabolic mechanisms. Exposing MCF-7 cells to stimulatory concentrations of isoflavones led to increased intracellular levels of 6-phosphogluconate and ribose 5-phosphate, suggesting a possible upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway. After exposure to inhibitory doses of isoflavones, a significant decrease in glucose uptake was observed, especially for MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, the glutamine uptake was significantly restricted, leading to alterations in protein biosynthesis. Understanding the metabolomic alterations of isoflavones represents a step forward in considering soy and soy derivates as functional foods in breast cancer chemoprevention. 20. The Impact of Soy Isoflavones on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Using a Global Metabolomic Approach. Science.gov (United States) Uifălean, Alina; Schneider, Stefanie; Gierok, Philipp; Ionescu, Corina; Iuga, Cristina Adela; Lalk, Michael 2016-01-01 Despite substantial research, the understanding of the chemopreventive mechanisms of soy isoflavones remains challenging. Promising tools, such as metabolomics, can provide now a deeper insight into their biochemical mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive assessment of the metabolic alterations induced by genistein, daidzein and a soy seed extract on estrogen responsive (MCF-7) and estrogen non-responsive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), using a global metabolomic approach. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that all test compounds induced a biphasic effect on MCF-7 cells and only a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) profiling of extracellular metabolites and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling of intracellular metabolites confirmed that all test compounds shared similar metabolic mechanisms. Exposing MCF-7 cells to stimulatory concentrations of isoflavones led to increased intracellular levels of 6-phosphogluconate and ribose 5-phosphate, suggesting a possible upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway. After exposure to inhibitory doses of isoflavones, a significant decrease in glucose uptake was observed, especially for MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, the glutamine uptake was significantly restricted, leading to alterations in protein biosynthesis. Understanding the metabolomic alterations of isoflavones represents a step forward in considering soy and soy derivates as functional foods in breast cancer chemoprevention. PMID:27589739 1. Chamaejasmine Arrests Cell Cycle, Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Nuclear NF-κB Translocation in the Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yuxian Bai 2013-01-01 Full Text Available In this study, the anticancer activity of chamaejasmine was characterized in the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blotting was performed to determine changes in levels of various proteins. Results showed that treatment with chamaejasmine (4–16 μM inhibited cell proliferation, which correlated with G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Chamaejasmine treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in induction of WAF1/p21 and KIP1/p27, decrease in cyclins A and cyclins B1. Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk 2 and cdc2 was also decreased after chamaejasmine treatment. Moreover, inhibition of nuclear translocation, phosphorylation of NF-κB, activation of IKKα and IKKβ, inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα were also detected in this work. Our findings suggested that chamaejasmine could be explored as a preventive and perhaps as a chemotherapeutic agent in the management of breast cancer. 2. Enhancement of viability of radiosensitive (PBMC) and resistant (MDA-MB-231) clones in low-dose-rate cobalt-60 radiation therapy Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Falcao, Patricia Lima, E-mail: [email protected] [Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM (Brazil); Motta, Barbara Miranda; Lima, Fernanda Castro de; Lima, Celso Vieira; Campos, Tarcisio Passos Ribeiro [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2015-05-15 3. Enhancement of viability of radiosensitive (PBMC and resistant (MDA-MB-231 clones in low-dose-rate cobalt-60 radiation therapy Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Patrícia Lima Falcão 2015-06-01 4. The Impact of Soy Isoflavones on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Using a Global Metabolomic Approach Science.gov (United States) Uifălean, Alina; Schneider, Stefanie; Gierok, Philipp; Ionescu, Corina; Iuga, Cristina Adela; Lalk, Michael 2016-01-01 Despite substantial research, the understanding of the chemopreventive mechanisms of soy isoflavones remains challenging. Promising tools, such as metabolomics, can provide now a deeper insight into their biochemical mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive assessment of the metabolic alterations induced by genistein, daidzein and a soy seed extract on estrogen responsive (MCF-7) and estrogen non-responsive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), using a global metabolomic approach. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that all test compounds induced a biphasic effect on MCF-7 cells and only a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) profiling of extracellular metabolites and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling of intracellular metabolites confirmed that all test compounds shared similar metabolic mechanisms. Exposing MCF-7 cells to stimulatory concentrations of isoflavones led to increased intracellular levels of 6-phosphogluconate and ribose 5-phosphate, suggesting a possible upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway. After exposure to inhibitory doses of isoflavones, a significant decrease in glucose uptake was observed, especially for MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, the glutamine uptake was significantly restricted, leading to alterations in protein biosynthesis. Understanding the metabolomic alterations of isoflavones represents a step forward in considering soy and soy derivates as functional foods in breast cancer chemoprevention. PMID:27589739 5. Antibacterial effect of an extract of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata and its cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 tumour cell lines Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) EZHIL ARIVUDAINAMBI U.S. 2014-06-01 Full Text Available There is a growing need for new and effective antimicrobial agents to treat life-threatening diseases. Fungal endophytes are receiving increasing attention by natural product chemists due to the diverse and structurally unprecedented compounds, which make them interesting candidates for drug discovery. The present study evaluates the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata VN3 on multi-resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as its cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 tumour cell lines of breast cancer. The maximum inhibition zone of 21.4±0.07 mm and 21.5±0.25 mm was observed for S. aureus strain 10 and P. aeruginosa strain 2, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract showed minimal inhibitory concentration ranging from 100 to 900 μg/ml for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Further, the ethyl acetate extract of A. alternata VN3 exhibited moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cell lines. At 30 μg/ml the cell viability was decreased to 75.5% and 71.8% for MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells, respectively. These results clearly indicate that the metabolites of A. alternata VN3 are a potential source for production of new drugs. 6. In vitro response of the human breast cancer cell line MDAMB-231 and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to {sup 60}Co at single fraction Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Andrade, Lidia Maria; Campos, Tarcisio Passos Ribeiro de [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia Nuclear]. E-mail: [email protected]; Leite, M.F. [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Dept. de Fisiologia e Biofisica; Goes, A.M. [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Dept. de Bioquimica e Imunologia 2005-10-15 Radiotherapy using gamma rays is a common modality of breast cancer treatment. The aim of this research is to investigate the biological response of the human breast cancer cell line MDAMB-231 and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exposed in vitro to {sup 60} Co irradiation at a single fraction of 10 Gy, 25 Gy and 50 Gy doses at 136,4 cGy.min{sup -1} rate. Cells were irradiated at room temperature by the Theratron 80 radiotherapy system. Biological response was evaluated through cellular viability using MTT assay and nucleus damages visualized by Propidium Iodide assay and electrophoresis agarose gel after gamma irradiation. Nucleus damages induced by {sup 60} Co irradiation were compared to damage caused by cell exposure to 10% methanol. The 50 Gy dose of irradiation did not stimulate nucleus damages at the same level as that affected by 10% methanol induction in the MDAMB-231. Further studies are necessary to understand these mechanisms in the MDAMB-231 human breast carcinoma cell line.(author) 7. Rapid dimerization of quercetin through an oxidative mechanism in the presence of serum albumin decreases its ability to induce cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pham, Anh; Bortolazzo, Anthony [Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192-0100 (United States); White, J. Brandon, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192-0100 (United States) 2012-10-19 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Quercetin cannot be detected intracellularly despite killing MDA-MB-231 cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Quercetin forms a heterodimer through oxidation in media with serum. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The quercetin heterodimer does not kill MDA-MB-231 cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ascorbic acid stabilizes quercetin increasing cell death in quercetin treated cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Quercetin, and not a modified form, is responsible for apoptosis and cell death. -- Abstract: Quercetin is a member of the flavonoid family and has been previously shown to have a variety of anti-cancer activities. We and others have reported anti-proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis of cancer cells after treatment with quercetin. Quercetin has also been shown to undergo oxidation. However, it is unclear if quercetin or one of its oxidized forms is responsible for cell death. Here we report that quercetin rapidly oxidized in cell culture media to form a dimer. The quercetin dimer is identical to a dimer that is naturally produced by onions. The quercetin dimer and quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside are unable to cross the cell membrane and do not kill MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, supplementing the media with ascorbic acid increases quercetin's ability to induce cell death probably by reduction oxidative dimerization. Our results suggest that an unmodified quercetin is the compound that elicits cell death. 8. Melatonin-mediated Bim up-regulation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) down-regulation enhances tunicamycin-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Science.gov (United States) Woo, Seon Min; Min, Kyoung-jin; Kwon, Taeg Kyu 2015-04-01 Melatonin is involved in many physiological functions, and it has differential effects on apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. However, the mechanism of its antitumor roles is not well understood. In this study, we show that melatonin enhances tunicamycin-induced apoptosis in human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Melatonin up-regulates pro-apoptotic protein Bim expression at the transcriptional levels in the presence of tunicamycin. Melatonin inhibits tunicamycin-induced COX-2 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 activity using the COX-2 inhibitor, NS398, increases tunicamycin-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with melatonin receptor signal pathways. Pertussis toxin (a general Gi protein inhibitor) or luzindole (a nonspecific melatonin receptor antagonist) did not reverse the effect of melatonin. In addition, melatonin blocked tunicamycin-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity, p65 nuclear translocation, and p38 MAPK activation. Melatonin-mediated p38 MAPK inhibition contributed to decreased COX-2 mRNA stability. Taken together, our results suggest that melatonin enhances antitumor function through up-regulation of Bim expression and down-regulation of COX-2 expression in tunicamycin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. PMID:25711465 9. Diverse effects of a biosurfactant from Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 231 on the adhesion of resting and growing bacteria to polystyrene. Science.gov (United States) Kuyukina, Maria S; Ivshina, Irena B; Korshunova, Irina O; Stukova, Galina I; Krivoruchko, Anastasiya V 2016-03-01 This study evaluated the effects of a trehalolipid biosurfactant produced by Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 231 on the bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the surface of polystyrene microplates. The adhesion of Gram-positive (Arthrobacter simplex, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacterium linens, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescencens) bacteria correlated differently with the cell hydrophobicity and surface charge. In particular, exponentially growing bacterial cells with increased hydrophobicities adhered stronger to polystyrene compared to more hydrophilic stationary phase cells. Also, a moderate correlation (0.56) was found between zeta potential and adhesion values of actively growing bacteria, suggesting that less negatively charged cells adhered stronger to polystyrene. Efficient biosurfactant concentrations (10-100 mg/L) were determined, which selectively inhibited (up to 76 %) the adhesion of tested bacterial cultures, however without inhibiting their growth. The biosurfactant was more active against growing bacteria rather than resting cells, thus showing high biofilm-preventing properties. Contact angle measurements revealed more hydrophilic surface of the biosurfactant-covered polystyrene compared to bare polystyrene, which allowed less adhesion of hydrophobic bacteria. Furthermore, surface free-energy calculations showed a decrease in the Wan der Waals (γ(LW)) component and an increase in the acid-based (γ(AB)) component caused by the biosurfactant coating of polysterene. However, our results suggested that the biosurfactant inhibited the adhesion of bacteria independently on their surface charges. AFM scanning revealed three-type biosurfactant structures (micelles, cord-like assemblies and large vesicles) formed on glass, depending on concentrations used, that could lead to diverse anti-adhesive effects against different bacterial species. PMID:26888203 10. Infrared imaging of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line phenotypes in 2D and 3D cultures. Science.gov (United States) Smolina, Margarita; Goormaghtigh, Erik 2015-04-01 One current challenge in the field of breast cancer infrared imaging is the identification of carcinoma cell subtypes in the tissue. Neither sequencing nor immunochemistry is currently able to provide a cell by cell thorough classification. The latter is needed to build accurate statistical models capable of recognizing the diversity of breast cancer cell lines that may be present in a tissue section. One possible approach for overcoming this problem is to obtain the IR spectral signature of well-characterized tumor cell lines in culture. Cultures in three-dimensional matrices appear to generate an environment that mimics better the in vivo environment. There are, at present, series of breast cancer cell lines that have been thoroughly characterized in two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) cultures by full transcriptomics analyses. In this work, we describe the methods used to grow, to process, and to characterize a triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, in 3D laminin-rich extracellular matrix (lrECM) culture and compare it with traditional monolayer cultures and tissue sections. While unsupervised analyses did not completely separate spectra of cells grown in 2D from 3D lrECM cultures, a supervised statistical analysis resulted in an almost perfect separation. When IR spectral responses of epithelial tumor cells from clinical triple-negative breast carcinoma samples were added to these data, a principal component analysis indicated that they cluster closer to the spectra of 3D culture cells than to the spectra of cells grown on a flat plastic substrata. This result is encouraging because of correlating well-characterized cell line features with clinical biopsies. PMID:25568895 11. Frequent loss of heterozygosity in two distinct regions,8p23.1 and 8p22,in hepatocelluar carcinoma Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Tomoe Lu; Hiroshi Hano; Chenxi Meng; Keisuke Nagatsuma; Satoru Chiba; Masahiro Ikegami 2007-01-01 AIM:To identify the precise location of putative tumor suppressor genes(TSGs)on the short arm of chromosome 8 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:We used 16 microsatellite markers informative in Japanese patients,which were selected from 61 published markers,on 8p,to analyze the frequency of loss of heterozygosity(LOH)in each region in 33 cases(56 lesions)of HCC.RESULTS:The frequency of LOH at 8p23.2-21 with at least one marker was 63%(20/32)in the informative cases.More specifically,the frequency of LOH at 8p23.2,8p23.1,8p22,and 8p21 was 6%,52%,47%,and 13% in HCC cases.The LOH was significantly more frequent at 8p23.1 and 8p22 than the average(52% vs 22%,P = 0.0008;and 47% vs 22%,P = 0.004,respectively)or others sites,such as 8p23.2(52% vs 6%,P = 0.003;47% vs 22%,P = 0.004)and 8p21(52% vs 13%,P = 0.001;47% vs 13%,P = 0.005)in liver cancer on the basis of cases.Notably,LOH frequency was significantly higher at D8S277,D8S503,D8S1130,D8S552,D8S254 and D8S258 than at the other sites.However,no allelic loss was detected at any marker on 8p in the lesions of nontumor liver tissues.CONCLUSION:Deletion of 8p,especially the loss of 8p23.1-22,is an important event in the initiation or promotion of HCC.Our results should be useful in identifying critical genes that might lie at 8p23.1-22. 12. Immunolocalization of MMP9 and MMP2 in osteolytic metastasis originating from MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) Liu, Bo; Cui, Jian; Sun, Jing; Li, Juan; Han, Xiuchun; Guo, Jie; Yi, Min; Amizuka, Norio; Xu, Xin; Li, Minqi 2016-08-01 The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 and MMP2, and their potential roles in bone metastasis nests using a well-standardized model of breast cancer bone metastasis in nude mice. BALB/c nu/nu mice (5-week-old; n=10) were subjected to intracardiac injection of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. After 4 weeks, the mice exhibiting radiolucent lesions in tibiae were sacrificed, and the tibiae were removed for histochemical analysis. The gene expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the tumor cells, metaphysis and diaphysis of normal BALB/c nu/nu mice were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The metastatic tumor tissue occupied almost the entire bone marrow cavity. Numerous tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts were found in the metastasized lesions. The invaded tumor cells positive for mammaglobin 1 exhibited different proliferation activities and apoptosis between the metaphysis and diaphysis. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was expressed at high levels in the metaphyseal area, whereas TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were more evident in the diaphysis area. Of note, MMP9 was expressed predominantly in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen‑positive area, whereas the expression of MMP2 was observed predominantly in the diaphysis, which had more TUNEL‑positive cells. Taken together, the results suggested that MMP9 and MMP2 may have their own importance in extracellular matrix degradation and trabecular bone damage in different zones of bone metastasis, including the metaphysis and diaphysis. PMID:27278284 13. Down-Regulation of Notchl and NF-κB by Curcumin in Breast Cancer Cells MDA-MB-231 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) LONG Li; CAO You-de 2008-01-01 Objective:To test whether the down-regulation of Notch1 gene expression by curcumin could inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis,which may be associated mechanistically with the down-regulation of NF-κB in breast cancer cells. Methods:Breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 were cultured in vitro and treated with different dosages of curcumin(0,1.25,5.0,20.0μmol/L)for dose-dependent assay and different time(0,24,48,72 h)at the dosage of 5.0μmol/L for time course assay.The changes of the mRNA and protein expression of Notch1 and NF-κB were measured by RT-PCR and Western Blot,and MTT assay was used to measure the change of proliferation. Results:The mRNA and protein levels of Notch 1 and NF-κB were decreased significantly in human breast cancer cell line with the increase of dosage of curcumin(P＜0.05),and with the extension of time course(P＜0.05).These changes suggested a dose- and time-dependent manner.The proliferation rate of cells also was significantly inhibited(P＜0.05). Conclusion:The current results show that the Notch-1 signaling pathway is associated mechanistically with NF-κB activity during curcumin-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of breast cancer cells.These results suggest that the down-regulation of Notch signaling by curcumin may be a novel strategy for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. 14. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter silencing potentiates caspase-independent cell death in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Curry, Merril C.; Peters, Amelia A. [School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 (Australia); Kenny, Paraic A. [Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 (United States); Roberts-Thomson, Sarah J. [School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 (Australia); Monteith, Gregory R., E-mail: [email protected] [School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 (Australia) 2013-05-10 Highlights: •Some clinical breast cancers are associated with MCU overexpression. •MCU silencing did not alter cell death initiated with the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-263. •MCU silencing potentiated caspase-independent cell death initiated by ionomycin. •MCU silencing promoted ionomycin-mediated cell death without changes in bulk Ca{sup 2+}. -- Abstract: The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) transports free ionic Ca{sup 2+} into the mitochondrial matrix. We assessed MCU expression in clinical breast cancer samples using microarray analysis and the consequences of MCU silencing in a breast cancer cell line. Our results indicate that estrogen receptor negative and basal-like breast cancers are characterized by elevated levels of MCU. Silencing of MCU expression in the basal-like MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line produced no change in proliferation or cell viability. However, distinct consequences of MCU silencing were seen on cell death pathways. Caspase-dependent cell death initiated by the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-263 was not altered by MCU silencing; whereas caspase-independent cell death induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin was potentiated by MCU silencing. Measurement of cytosolic Ca{sup 2+} levels showed that the promotion of ionomycin-induced cell death by MCU silencing occurs independently of changes in bulk cytosolic Ca{sup 2+} levels. This study demonstrates that MCU overexpression is a feature of some breast cancers and that MCU overexpression may offer a survival advantage against some cell death pathways. MCU inhibitors may be a strategy to increase the effectiveness of therapies that act through the induction of caspase-independent cell death pathways in estrogen receptor negative and basal-like breast cancers. 15. Use of radioactive methods for determination of uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium isotopes in waste radioactive; Utilizacao de metodos radioanaliticos para determinacao de isotopos de uranio, netunio, plutonio, americio e curio em rejeitos radioativos Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Geraldo, Bianca 2012-07-01 Activated charcoal is a common type of radioactive waste that contains high concentrations of fission and activation products. The management of this waste includes its characterization aiming the determination and quantification of the specific radionuclides including those known as Difficult-to-Measure Radionuclides (RDM). The analysis of the RDM's generally involves complex radiochemical analysis for purification and separation of the radionuclides, which are expensive and time-consuming. The objective of this work was to define a methodology for sequential analysis of the isotopes of uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium present in a type of radioactive waste, evaluating chemical yield, analysis of time spent, amount of secondary waste generated and cost. Three methodologies were compared and validated that employ ion exchange (TI+EC), extraction chromatography (EC) and extraction with polymers (ECP). The waste chosen was the activated charcoal from the purification system of primary circuit water cooling the reactor IEA-R1. The charcoal samples were dissolved by acid digestion followed by purification and separation of isotopes with ion exchange resins, extraction and chromatographic extraction polymers. Isotopes were analyzed on an alpha spectrometer, equipped with surface barrier detectors. The chemical yields were satisfactory for the methods TI+EC and EC. ECP method was comparable with those methods only for uranium. Statistical analysis as well the analysis of time spent, amount of secondary waste generated and cost revealed that EC method is the most effective for identifying and quantifying U, Np, Pu, Am and Cm present in charcoal. (author) 16. 乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞源exosomes对血管内皮细胞EGFR表达的影响%Effect of exosomes derived from breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 on EGFR expression in HUVECs Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 谢莹珊; 沈宜; 隆霜; 范维柯; 姜蓉; 陈黎 2012-01-01 目的研究人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞源exosomes介导表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)对人脐静脉内皮细胞株(HUVECs) EGFR表达影响,探讨肿瘤组织血管内皮细胞异常表达EGFR的机制.方法超速离心及密度梯度离心法提取MDA-MB-231细胞源exosomes;免疫细胞化学法检测MDA-MB-231细胞EGFR的表达;Western blot法检测MDA-MB-231细胞、exosomes及HUVECs EGFR蛋白表达;免疫细胞化学法检测HUVECs与exosomes共培养24 h后EGFR的表达;RT-PCR法检测MDA-MB-231细胞与实验组HUVECs细胞 EGFR mRNA的表达.结果 EGFR在MDA-MB-231细胞中呈高表达,MDA-MB-231细胞及exosomes可见相对分子质量为170×103的EGFR蛋白呈阳性反应带,HUVECs呈阴性反应带;HUVECs与exosomes共培养24 h后,镜下可见实验组部分HUVECs细胞质有淡黄色或棕黄色颗粒,EGFR阳性表达率为(21.4±3.1)%,与对照组(无EGFR蛋白表达)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).MDA-MB-231细胞EGFR mRNA表达阳性,而实验组HUVECs EGFR mRNA表达阴性.结论 MDA-MB-231细胞源exosomes携带癌基因EGFR,并能介导其向周围血管内皮细胞转移,这可能是肿瘤内皮细胞异常表达EGFR的一种方式.%Objective To study the effect of exosomes derived from breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 on epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVKCs) and to research the possible manner of abnormal expression EGFR of tumor endothelial cell. Methods Exosomes were purified by serial ultracentrifugation and sugar density ultracentrifugation. The expression of KGFR in MDA-MB-231 was detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. The expression of EGFR in exosomes and HUVECs was detected by Western blotting. The expression of EGFR in HUVECs with exosomes co-cultured 24 h was detected by immunocytochemistry. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of EGFR in MDA-MB-231 and experimental group. Results MDA-MB-231 cells expressed high level of EGFR. In 17. Comment: 231 [Taxonomy Icon Lifescience Database Archive (English) Full Text Available 1.png Hideko Urushihara (University of Tsukuba) licensed under CC Attribution2.1 Japan 写真提供:漆原秀子 (筑波大学） Phot...ograph provided by Hideko Urushihara (University of Tsukuba) bando 2010/08/04 09:34:01 2010/08/04 09:45:10 ... 18. 甘精胰岛素和人胰岛素对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖作用%Effect of insulin glargine and human insulin on proliferation f a human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 刘珊英; 李焱; 潘秋辉; 魏菁; 梁颖; 傅玉如; 梁蔚文; 林天歆 2010-01-01 目的探讨甘精胰岛素(insulin glargine)和人胰岛素(human insulin)对人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231增殖的影响及细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的调节作用.方法使用不同浓度的甘精胰岛素和人胰岛素刺激人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞株,检测不同时间段的细胞增殖作用,探讨抑制ERK1/2激活对细胞增殖的影响.使用cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)试剂检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布.结果甘精胰岛素和人胰岛素在1、10、100 IU·L-1刺激MDA-MB-231细胞96 h后均可轻度促进MDA-MB-231细胞增殖,相同条件下甘精胰岛素和人胰岛素的促增殖效应无差异.甘精胰岛素与人胰岛素以10 IU·L-1分别刺激48、72、96 h后两药均诱导细胞增殖,比较两种药物间增殖效应的差异无统计学意义.甘精胰岛素和人胰岛素均使S+G2/M期细胞比例增加,但两处理组间差异无显著性.ERK1/2抑制剂PD98059可抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖;但PD98059不影响甘精胰岛素和人胰岛素对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的促进作用.结论甘精胰岛素和人胰岛素对人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231增殖有类似的轻度促进作用,该作用不依赖于ERK的激活. 19. Hyperglycemia regulates thioredoxin-ROS activity through induction of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP in metastatic breast cancer-derived cells MDA-MB-231 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Friday Ellen 2007-06-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background We studied the RNA expression of the genes in response to glucose from 5 mM (condition of normoglycemia to 20 mM (condition of hyperglycemia/diabetes by microarray analysis in breast cancer derived cell line MDA-MB-231. We identified the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP, whose RNA level increased as a gene product particularly sensitive to the variation of the level of glucose in culture media. We investigated the kinesis of the TXNIP RNA and protein in response to glucose and the relationship between this protein and the related thioredoxin (TRX in regulating the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS in MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods MDA-MB-231 cells were grown either in 5 or 20 mM glucose chronically prior to plating. For glucose shift (5/20, cells were plated in 5 mM glucose and shifted to 20 mM at time 0. Cells were analyzed with Affymetrix Human U133A microarray chip and gene expression profile was obtained. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot was used to validate the expression of TXNIP RNA and protein in response to glucose, respectively. ROS were detected by CM-H2DCFDA (5–6-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and measured for mean fluorescence intensity with flow cytometry. TRX activity was assayed by the insulin disulfide reducing assay. Results We found that the regulation of TXNIP gene expression by glucose in MDA-MB-231 cells occurs rapidly within 6 h of its increased level (20 mM glucose and persists through the duration of the conditions of hyperglycemia. The increased level of TXNIP RNA is followed by increased level of protein that is associated with increasing levels of ROS and reduced TRX activity. The inhibition of the glucose transporter GLUT1 by phloretin notably reduces TXNIP RNA level and the inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase activity by SB203580 reverses the effects of TXNIP on ROS-TRX activity. Conclusion In this study we show that TXNIP is an oxidative stress responsive 20. Redundant 230Th/ 234U/ 238U, 231Pa/ 235U and 14C dating of fossil corals for accurate radiocarbon age calibration Science.gov (United States) Chiu, Tzu-Chien; Fairbanks, Richard G.; Mortlock, Richard A.; Cao, Li; Fairbanks, Todd W.; Bloom, Arthur L. 2006-09-01 230Th/ 234U/ 238U dating of fossil corals by mass spectrometry is remarkably precise, but some samples exposed to freshwater over thousands of years may gain and/or lose uranium and/or thorium and consequently yield inaccurate ages. Although a δ 234U initial value equivalent to modern seawater and modern corals has been an effective quality control criterion, for samples exposed to freshwater but having δ 234U initial values indistinguishable from modern seawater and modern corals, there remains a need for additional age validation in the most demanding applications such as the 14C calibration (Fairbanks et al., 2005. Radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 0 to 50,000 years BP based on paired 230Th/ 234U/ 238U and 14C dates on pristine corals. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(16-17), 1781-1796). In this paper we enhance screening criteria for fossil corals older than 30,000 years BP in the Fairbanks0805 radiocarbon calibration data set (Fairbanks et al., 2005) by measuring redundant 230Th/ 234U/ 238U and 231Pa/ 235U dates via multi-collector magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-MS-ICPMS) using techniques described in Mortlock et al. (2005. 230Th/ 234U/ 238U and 231Pa/ 235U ages from a single fossil coral fragment by multi-collector magnetic-sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69(3), 649-657.). In our present study, we regard paired 231Pa/ 235U and 230Th/ 234U/ 238U ages concordant when the 231Pa/ 235U age (±2 σ) overlaps with the associated 230Th/ 234U/ 238U age (±2 σ). Out of a representative set of 11 Fairbanks0805 (Fairbanks et al., 2005) radiocarbon calibration coral samples re-measured in this study, nine passed this rigorous check on the accuracy of their 230Th/ 234U/ 238U ages. The concordancy observed between 230Th/ 234U/ 238U and 231Pa/ 235U dates provides convincing evidence to support closed system behavior of these fossil corals and validation of their 230Th/ 234U/ 238U 1. Biodegradable Eri silk nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for bovine lactoferrin against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Roy K 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Kislay Roy,1,* Yogesh S Patel,1,* Rupinder K Kanwar,1 Rangam Rajkhowa,2 Xungai Wang,2 Jagat R Kanwar1 1Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR, School of Medicine (SoM, Faculty of Health, 2Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: This study used the Eri silk nanoparticles (NPs for delivering apo-bovine lactoferrin (Apo-bLf (~2% iron saturated and Fe-bLf (100% iron saturated in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Apo-bLf and Fe-bLf-loaded Eri silk NPs with sizes between 200 and 300 nm (±10 nm showed a significant internalization within 4 hours in MDA-MB-231 cells when compared to MCF-7 cells. The ex vivo loop assay with chitosan-coated Fe-bLf-loaded silk NPs was able to substantiate its future use in oral administration and showed the maximum absorption within 24 hours by ileum. Both Apo-bLf and Fe-bLf induced increase in expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and lactoferrin receptor in epidermal growth factor (EGFR-positive MDA-MB-231 cells, while transferrin receptor (TfR and TfR2 in MCF-7 cells facilitated the receptor-mediated endocytosis of NPs. Controlled and sustained release of both bLf from silk NPs was shown to induce more cancer-specific cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells compared to normal MCF-10A cells. Due to higher degree of internalization, the extent of cytotoxicity and apoptosis was significantly higher in MDA-MB-231 (EGFR+ cells when compared to MCF-7 (EGFR- cells. The expression of a prominent anti-cancer target, survivin, was found to be downregulated at both gene and protein levels. Taken together, all the observations suggest the potential use of Eri silk NPs as a delivery vehicle for an anti-cancer milk protein, and indicate bLf for the treatment of breast cancer. Keywords: breast 2. Book Review: R. Gregory Lande. Madness, Malingering, and Malfeasance: The Transformation of Psychiatry and the Law in the Civil War Era. Washington, DC: Brassey's Inc., 2003. Pp. xii + 231. $27.95. ISBN 1-57488-352-6 OpenAIRE 2007-01-01 Book Review: R. Gregory Lande. Madness, Malingering, and Malfeasance: The Transformation of Psychiatry and the Law in the Civil War Era. Washington, DC: Brassey's Inc., 2003. Pp. xii + 231.$27.95. ISBN 1-57488-352-6 3. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 231 cases with spinal infections%231例脊柱感染患者的流行病学和临床特点 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 肖二辉; 宁会彬; 康谊; 曹永革; 魏君锋; 尚佳 2016-01-01 Objective To describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of spinal infections to assist the clinical diagnosis and treatment .Methods Clinical data of all cases with spinal infections at He′nan Provincial People′s Hospital from January 2010 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively . The demographic characteristics , risk factors , clinical characteristics and outcomes were evaluated . Variables were compared by t‐test ,chi‐square test or Fisher exact test when appropriate .Results Totally 231 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were reviewed ,of which 179 (77 .5% ) were pyogenic spinal infection (PSI) and 52 (22 .5% ) were tuberculous spinal infection (TSI) .The most common risk factor for infection was history of previous spinal surgery or procedure (43 .3% ) ,followed by diabetes mellitus (14 .7% ) .The infection site of lumbosacral spine was prominent with 114 cases (63 .7% ) in PSI and 38 cases (73 .1% ) in TSI .At initial presentation ,white cell blood count ([10 .8 ± 4 .5] × 109/L vs [7 .3 ± 3 .2]× 109/L ,t=2 .685) and C‐reactive protein levels ([79 ± 33] vs [37 ± 21] mg/L ,t=6 .241) in PSI were higher compared to TSI (both P<0 .05) .The positive rate of blood culture was significant higher than tissue culture in PSI (47 .9% vs 21 .8% ,χ2 = 6 .782 , P< 0 .05 ) .But the positive rate of blood culture was significantly lower than tissue culture in TSI (0 vs 39 .4% ,χ2 =8 .312 , P<0 .05) .Surgical treatment was performed in 30 .2% of PSI and 25 .0% of TSI .Conclusions History of spinal surgery or procedure is the most common risk factor for spinal infections , followed by diabetes mellitus . The lumbosacral spine is the common involved site in both PSI and TSI .The incidence of PSI is higher among spinal infections in our hospital .And Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogenic bacteria in PSI .%目的：了解脊柱感染的流行病学和临床特点，为临床正确诊治提供参考。方法回 4. 231例基层社区女性压力性尿失禁早期干预效果观察%Investigation on efficiency of 231 female cases by early intervention on stressed-urinary incontinence Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 吴永红; 胡铧文; 韩春艳 2015-01-01 Objective To observe the effect of early intervention of women suffering from stress urinary incontinence in their menopausal transition, provide the best prevention measure, and reduce the incidence of stress urinary incontinence.Methods An investigation of 1300 cases of women, aged from 40~55, from the three streets in Nanshan District in Shenzhen.They were screened for stress urinary incontinence by filling the self-administered questionnaires.231 women (206 mild cases, 25 moderate cases) suffered from stress urinary incontinence.They were randomly divided into three groups according to their degrees of illness.A group had 77 cases who used the topical estrogen cream.B group had 77 cases who used the rehabilitation methods including pelvic floor muscle exercises.C group had 77 cases who used the pelvic floor muscle exercises with combination of topical estrogen cream.All cases were analyzed after 1 and 3 months based on the indicators.Results The efficiency rate after 1 month for A, B, and C group was 41.59%, 62.34%, and 75.33% respectively.It increased to 68.83%, 83.12%, and 94.81% respectively.There was a significant difference (P <0.05). Conclusions 1.Host community health education seminars regularly to improve female's knowledge on the illness and their compliance.2.Female should start the pelvic floor muscle earlier to avoid the occurrence of stress urinary incontinence.3.Increase physical activity;enhance self-care awareness;improve the quality of life of the menopausal transition female.4.For female, who suffered from mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence, should use the pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation with combination of topical estrogen cream treatments.%目的：探索基层社区绝经过渡期患压力性尿失禁女性早期干预的效果观察，提供最佳的防治措施，降低压力性尿失禁的发生。方法南山区三个街道的基层社区女性年龄在40～55岁之间共1300例，采用自填问卷方式进行压力性 5. Oridonin induces MDA-MB-231 cells apoptosis through PI3K/Akt pathway in vitro%冬凌草甲素通过PI3K/Akt通路诱导MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 汪茗; 章尧; 谢向荣; 戚之琳; 毕富勇 2013-01-01 AIM: To research the proliferation inhibitory effect of oridonin on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and explore the mech anism of the inhibitory effect.METHODS: MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with oridonin in vitro.Morphological changes of MDA-MB-231 cells induced by oridonin for 24 h were ob served by invert microscrope.The cell viability rate was evaluated by MTT assay.The cell ap-optotic rate was evalutated by flow cytometry (FCM).The apoptosis associated protein level of procaspase-3, PARP,Akt, p-Akt, p-GSK 3β was examined by Western blotting.RESULTS: The apoptosis phenomenon of MDA-MB-231 cells induced by oridonin for 24 h could be ob served.The apoptosis phenomenon of 24 μmol/ L group was more obvious than other groups.The cell viability rate induced by 6,12,24 μmol/ L oridonin was decreased and apoptotic rate was increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P<0.01).Oridonin cleaved PARP which is the substrate of caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).Oridonin also down- regula ted the protein level of procaspase-3, phospho-Akt(p-Akt) and phospho-GSK3β (p- GSK3β) in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).CONCLU SION: Oridonin can inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and in duce cell apoptosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt path way.%目的:研究冬凌草甲素对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖产生的影响,初步探讨其作用机理.方法:体外培养人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,采用6、12、24 μmol/L冬凌草甲素对其进行处理,采用倒置显微镜进行细胞形态学观察,MTT比色法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白procaspase-3、PARP及Akt、p-Akt、p-GSK3β表达的变化.结果:冬凌草甲素作用MDA-MB-231细胞24 h后,可观察到细胞凋亡的形态学改变,以24 μmol/L组最为明显.实验组与对照组相比,细胞存活率显著降低、凋亡率显著升高(P＜0.01),具有时间和剂量 6. The effect of hedgehog signaling pathway on c - jun, uPA expression of breast cancer cells MDA- MB - 231%Hedgehog通路对乳腺癌细胞MDA—MB-231c—jun、uPA表达的影响和机制 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 隆玲; 邓华瑜; 姜容; 陈黎 2011-01-01 目的：研究Hedgehog信号转导通路对人乳腺癌细胞MDA—MB-231c—jun、uPA表达的影响和作用机制，认识其在侵袭转移中的意义。方法：应用Hedgehog信号通路抑制剂Cyclopamine作用人乳腺癌细胞MDA—MB-231，Transwell小室进行侵袭迁移实验；Western blotting检测P—c—itin、uPA蛋白的水平：RT—PCR检测Gli1、c—jun和uPA的mRNA水平。结果：应用Cyclopamine后，细胞的侵袭迁移能力明显下降；P—c—Jun、uPA蛋白表达减少；Gli1、c—iun和uPAmRNA水平降低。结论：Hedgehog信号通路可通过活化c—jun上调uPA的表达，促进乳腺癌细胞MDA—MB-231细胞的侵袭转移。%Objective： To explore the effect and the possible mechanisms of Hedgehog singaling pathway on expression of c - jun, uPA in MDA - MB - 231 cells. Methods： Invasion and metastasis of MDA- MB- 231 cells were evaluated with transwell chamber.The expression of P- c- jun and uPA were detected by Western blot. The mRNA levels of Gli 1, c - jun and uPA were measured by reverse transcriplion - poly - merage chain reaction （ RT - PCR ）. Results ： When MDA - MB - 231 cells were treated with Cyclopamine, invasion and metastasis were depressed. The expression level of P- c- Jun and uPA were decreased. The mRNA levels of Ghl, c-jun and uPA were also reduced. Conclusion： invasion, metastasis and uPA level can be induced by activeled Hedgehog singnaling nathwav with activation of c - iun. 7. Solubility and speciation studies of waste radionuclides pertinent to geologic disposal at Yucca Mountain: Results on neptunium, plutonium and americium in J-13 groundwater; Letter report (R707): Reporting period, October 1, 1985--September 30, 1987 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nitsche, H.; Standifer, E.M.; Lee, S.C.; Gatti, R.C.; Tucker, D.B. 1988-01-01 We have studied the solubilities of neptunium, plutonium, and americium in J-13 groundwater from Yucca Mountain (Nevada) at three temperatures and hydrogen ion concentrations. They are 25{degree}, 60{degree}C, and 90{degree}C and pH 5.9, 7.0, and 8.5. The results for 25{degree}C are from a study which we did during FY 1984. We included these previous results in the tables to give more information on the solubility temperature dependence; they were, however, done at only one pH (7.0). The solubilities were studied from oversaturation. The nuclides were added at the beginning of each experiment as NpO{sub 2}{sup +}, Pu{sup 4+}, and Am{sup 3+}. The neptunium solubility decreased with increasing temperature and with increasing pH. The soluble neptunium did not change oxidation state at steady state. The pentavalent neptunium was increasingly complexed by carbonate with increasing pH. All solids were crystalline and contained carbonate, except the solid formed at 90{degree}C and pH 5.9. We identified this solid as crystalline Np{sub 2}P{sub 5}. The 25{degree}C, pH 7 solid was Na{sub 3}NpO{sub 2}(CO{sub 3}){sub 2} {center_dot} nH{sub 2}O. Plutonium concentrations decreased with increasing temperature and showed no trend with pH. Pu(V) and Pu(VI) were the dominant oxidation states in the supernatant solution; as the amount of Pu(V) increased with pH, Pu(VI) decreed. The steady-state solids were mostly amorphous, although some contained a crystalline component. They contained Pu(IV) polymer and unknown carbonates. 8. Studies of TBX4 and chromosome 17q23.1q23.2: an uncommon cause of nonsyndromic clubfoot Science.gov (United States) Lu, W.; Bacino, C. A.; Richards, B.S.; Alvarez, C.; VanderMeer, J.E.; Vella, M.; Ahituv, N.; Sikka, N.; Dietz, F.R.; Blanton, S.H.; Hecht, J.T. 2012-01-01 Clubfoot is a common birth defect characterized by inward posturing and rigid downward displacement of one or both feet. The etiology of syndromic forms of clubfoot is varied and the causes of isolated clubfoot are not well understood. A microduplication of 2.2 Mb on chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 which includes T-box 4 (TBX4), a hindlimb-specific gene, and 16 other genes was recently identified in 3 of 66 families reported as nonsyndromic clubfoot, but additional non-foot malformations place them in the syndromic clubfoot category. Our study assesses whether variation in or around TBX4 contributes to nonsyndromic clubfoot. To determine whether this microduplication was a common cause of nonsyndromic clubfoot, 605 probands (from 148 multiplex and 457 simplex families) with nonsyndromic clubfoot were evaluated by copy number and oligonucleotide array CGH testing modalities. Only one multiplex family (0.68%) that had 16 with clubfoot and 9 with other foot anomalies, had a 350kb microduplication, which included the complete duplication of TBX4 and NACA2 and partial duplication of BRIP1. The microduplication was transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern and all with the microduplication had a range of phenotypes from short wide feet and toes to bilateral clubfoot. Minimal evidence was found for an association between TBX4 and clubfoot and no pathogenic sequence variants were identified in the two known TBX4 hindlimb enhancer elements. Altogether, these results demonstrate that variation in and around the TBX4 gene and the 17q23.1q23.2 microduplication are not a frequent cause of this common orthopedic birth defect and narrows the 17q23.1q23.2 nonsyndromic clubfoot-associated region. PMID:22678995 9. X-231A demonstration of in-situ remediation of DNAPL compounds in low permeability media by soil fracturing with thermally enhanced mass recovery or reactive barrier destruction Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Siegrist, R.L. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)]\|[Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States). Environmental Science and Engineering Div.; Lowe, K.S. [Oak Ridge National Lab., Grand Junction, CO (United States). Life Sciences Div.; Murdoch, L.D. [FRx, Inc., Cincinnati, OH (United States)]\|[Clemson Univ., SC (United States); Slack, W.W. [FRx, Inc., Cincinnati, OH (United States); Houk, T.C. [Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Piketon, OH (United States) 1998-03-01 The overall goal of the program of activities is to demonstrate robust and cost-effective technologies for in situ remediation of DNAPL compounds in low permeability media (LPM), including adaptations and enhancements of conventional technologies to achieve improved performance for DNAPLs in LPM. The technologies sought should be potential for application at simple, small sites (e.g., gasoline underground storage tanks) as well as at complex, larger sites (e.g., DOE land treatment units). The technologies involved in the X-231A demonstration at Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS) utilized subsurface manipulation of the LPM through soil fracturing with thermally enhanced mass recovery or horizontal barrier in place destruction. To enable field evaluation of these approaches, a set of four test cells was established at the X-231A land treatment unit at the DOE PORTS plant in August 1996 and a series of demonstration field activities occurred through December 1997. The principal objectives of the PORTS X-231A demonstration were to: determine and compare the operational features of hydraulic fractures as an enabling technology for steam and hot air enhanced soil vapor extraction and mass recovery, in situ interception and reductive destruction by zero valent iron, and in situ interception and oxidative destruction by potassium permanganate; determine the interaction of the delivered agents with the LPM matrix adjacent to the fracture and within the fractured zone and assess the beneficial modifications to the transport and/or reaction properties of the LPM deposit; and determine the remediation efficiency achieved by each of the technology strategies. 10. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin and doxorubicin in combination on the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Science.gov (United States) Radwan, Esam M; Abdullah, Rasedee; Al-Qubaisi, Mothanna Sadiq; El Zowalaty, Mohamed E; Naadja, Seïf-Eddine; Alitheen, Noorjahan B; Omar, Abdul-Rahman 2016-05-01 Patients with cancer often exhibit signs of anemia as the result of the disease. Thus, cancer chemotherapies often include erythropoietin (EPO) in the regime to improve the survival rate of these patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of EPO on doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin alone or in combination with EPO against the MCF-7 and MDA-MB‑231 human breast cancer cells were determined using an MTT cell viability assay, neutral red (NR) uptake assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The estimated half maximal inhibitory concentration values for doxorubicin and the combination of doxorubicin with EPO were between 0.140 and 0.260 µg/ml for all cells treated for 72 h. Treatment with doxorubicin in combination with EPO led to no notable difference in cytotoxicity, compared with treatment with doxorubicin alone. The antiproliferative effect of doxorubicin at a concentration of 1 µg/ml on the MDA‑MB‑231 cells was demonstrated by the decrease in viable cells from 3.6x10(5) at 24 h to 2.1x10(5) at 72 h of treatment. In order to confirm apoptosis in the doxorubicin-treated cells, the activities of caspases-3/7 and ‑9 were determined using a TBE assay. The results indicated that the activities of caspases-3/7 and ‑9 were significantly elevated in the doxorubicin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells by 571 and 645%, respectively, and in the MCF 7 cells by 471 and 345%, respectively, compared with the control cells. EPO did not modify the effect of doxorubicin on these cell lines. The results of the present study suggested that EPO was safe for use in combination with doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with breast cancer and concurrent anemia. PMID:26987078 11. Pyruvate Carboxylase Is Up-Regulated in Breast Cancer and Essential to Support Growth and Invasion of MDA-MB-231 Cells. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Phatchariya Phannasil Full Text Available Pyruvate carboxylase (PC is an anaplerotic enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, which is crucial for replenishing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates when they are used for biosynthetic purposes. We examined the expression of PC by immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded breast tissue sections of 57 breast cancer patients with different stages of cancer progression. PC was expressed in the cancerous areas of breast tissue at higher levels than in the non-cancerous areas. We also found statistical association between the levels of PC expression and tumor size and tumor stage (P < 0.05. The involvement of PC with these two parameters was further studied in four breast cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials; i.e., MCF-7, SKBR3 (low metastasis, MDA-MB-435 (moderate metastasis and MDA-MB-231 (high metastasis. The abundance of both PC mRNA and protein in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 cells was 2-3-fold higher than that in MCF-7 and SKBR3 cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of PC expression in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 cells resulted in a 50% reduction of cell proliferation, migration and in vitro invasion ability, under both glutamine-dependent and glutamine-depleted conditions. Overexpression of PC in MCF-7 cells resulted in a 2-fold increase in their proliferation rate, migration and invasion abilities. Taken together the above results suggest that anaplerosis via PC is important for breast cancer cells to support their growth and motility. 12. EGFR antisense RNA blocks expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and partially reverse the malignant phenotype of human breast cancer MDA—MB—231 cells Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) FANWENHONG; YINGLINLU; 等 1998-01-01 The effects of human EGFR to the malignant phenotype of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 were investigated experimentally.A retroviral vector containing a 5'1350bp fragment of the human EGFR cDNA in the antisense orientation was transfected into targeted cells by lipofectamine.The effects on cell proliferation,cell cycle and adherent ability to extracellular matrix(ECM) components were studied after the expression of antisense transcripts to EGFR5'1350bp fragment in target cells,In vitro studies showed that the growth ability of the transfected cells was partialy inhibited in comparison to parental cells and to cells transfected with the plasmid containing the neomycin resistance gene only.It was found that EGF(10ng/ml) had an augmenation effect on the growth of transfected MDA-AS10 cells but not MDA-MB-231 cells.Flow cytometric analysis showed that the cell cycle of the transfected cells was abnormal with a decrease of cells in G2/M and S phases and an increase of cells in G1 phase,indicating a blockage in phase G1.Immunofluorescence of EGFR expression in transfectants stained with an antiEGFR antibody was decreased and their growth in soft agarose was also severely imparired.The transfected cells showed less adherence to laminin(LN) and fibronectin (FN).In short,EGFR antisense RNA decreases the expression of EGFR on MDA-MB-231 cells and partially reverses their malignant phenotype as well. 13. X-231A demonstration of in-situ remediation of DNAPL compounds in low permeability media by soil fracturing with thermally enhanced mass recovery or reactive barrier destruction International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The overall goal of the program of activities is to demonstrate robust and cost-effective technologies for in situ remediation of DNAPL compounds in low permeability media (LPM), including adaptations and enhancements of conventional technologies to achieve improved performance for DNAPLs in LPM. The technologies sought should be potential for application at simple, small sites (e.g., gasoline underground storage tanks) as well as at complex, larger sites (e.g., DOE land treatment units). The technologies involved in the X-231A demonstration at Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS) utilized subsurface manipulation of the LPM through soil fracturing with thermally enhanced mass recovery or horizontal barrier in place destruction. To enable field evaluation of these approaches, a set of four test cells was established at the X-231A land treatment unit at the DOE PORTS plant in August 1996 and a series of demonstration field activities occurred through December 1997. The principal objectives of the PORTS X-231A demonstration were to: determine and compare the operational features of hydraulic fractures as an enabling technology for steam and hot air enhanced soil vapor extraction and mass recovery, in situ interception and reductive destruction by zero valent iron, and in situ interception and oxidative destruction by potassium permanganate; determine the interaction of the delivered agents with the LPM matrix adjacent to the fracture and within the fractured zone and assess the beneficial modifications to the transport and/or reaction properties of the LPM deposit; and determine the remediation efficiency achieved by each of the technology strategies 14. Culture supernatants of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 treated with parthenolide inhibit the proliferation, migration, and lumen formation capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) LI Cai-juan; GUO Su-fen; SHI Tie-mei 2012-01-01 Background Parthenolide has been tested for anti-tumor activities,such as anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis in recent studies.However,little is known about its role in the process of tumor angiogenesis.This study aims to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of parthenolide on the proliferation,migration and lumen formation capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Methods Different concentrations of parthenolide were applied to the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cells.After 24-hour incubation,the culture supematants were harvested and used to treat human umbilical vein endothelial cells for 24 hours.Then an inverted fluorescence phase contrast microscope was used to evaluate the human umbilical vein endothelial cells.The secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),interleukin (IL)-8 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 in the culture supernatant of the MDA-MB-231 cells was then measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays.Results Suppression of proliferation,migration,and the lumen formation capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was observed in the presence of the culture supernatants from the breast cancer cell line treated with different concentrations of parthenolide.Parthenolide decreased the levels of the angiogenic factors MMP-9,VEGF,and IL-8secreted by the MDA-MB-231 cells.Conclusions Parthenolide may suppress angiogenesis through decreasing angiogenic factors secreted by breast cancer cells to interfere with the proliferation,migration and lumen-like structure formation of endothelial cells,thereby inhibiting tumor growth.It is a promising potential anti-angiogenic drug. 15. Comparative proteomic analysis implicates eEF2 as a novel target of PI3Kγ in the MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cell line Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Niu Meizhi 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Cancer cell migration is fundamentally required for breast tumour invasion and metastasis. The insulin-like growth factor 1 tyrosine kinase receptor (IGF-1R and the chemokine G-protein coupled receptor, CXCR4 have been shown to play an important role in breast cancer metastasis. Our previous study has shown that IGF-1R can transactivate CXCR4 via a physical association in the human MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cell line and that this plays a key role in IGF-I-induced migration of these cells. In the present study we used pharmacological inhibition and RNAi to identify PI3Kγ as an important migration signalling molecule downstream of receptor transactivation in MDA-MB-231 cells. To identify PI3Kγ-regulated proteins upon transactivation of CXCR4 by IGF-I, we undertook a comparative proteomics approach using 2-D- Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE and identified the proteins by mass spectrometry. Results These experiments identified eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2 as a novel downstream target of PI3Kγ after activation of the IGF-1R-CXCR4 heterodimer by IGF-I. Further analysis demonstrated that eEF2 is phosphorylated in MDA-MB-231 cells in response to IGF-I and that this is dependent on PI3Kγ activity. Conclusions Our data imply a novel role for PI3Kγ in facilitating cell migration by regulating phosphorylation of eEF2. 16. Response to the criticism by Taube et al. in ESE 23:1, 2011, on the booklet "Green Genetic Engineering" published by the German Research Foundation (DFG) OpenAIRE Broer, Inge; Jung, Christian; Ordon, Frank; Qaim, Matin; Reinhold-Hurek, Barbara; Sonnewald, Uwe; von Tiedemann, Andreas 2011-01-01 Die Autoren der DFG-Broschüre „Grüne Gentechnik“ nehmen zur Kritik von Taube et al. in Environmental Sciences Europe 2011, 23:1, Stellung. Der vorgebrachten breiten Systemkritik an der modernen landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenproduktion wird entgegnet, dass die Broschüre ausschließlich auf die Darstellung der Grünen Gentechnik als moderne Methode in der Pflanzenzüchtung und die Anwendungspotentiale von GVO-Sorten fokussiert. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die in der Kritik genannte... 17. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis data in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines treated with dioscin OpenAIRE Aumsuwan, Pranapda; Khan, Shabana I.; Khan, Ikhlas A.; Walker, Larry A.; Dasmahapatra, Asok K 2016-01-01 Microarray technology (Human OneArray microarray, phylanxbiotech.com) was used to compare gene expression profiles of non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells exposed to dioscin (DS), a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots of wild yam, (Dioscorea villosa). Initially the differential expression of genes (DEG) was identified which was followed by pathway enrichment analysis (PEA). Of the genes queried on OneArray, we identified 4641 DEG changed between MCF-7 and MDA-M... 18. The human c-Kirsten ras gene is activated by a novel mutation in codon 13 in the breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB231. OpenAIRE Kozma, S C; Bogaard, M E; Buser, K; Saurer, S M; Bos, J. L.; Groner, B; Hynes, N E 1987-01-01 We have detected amplified human Ki-ras sequences in tumorigenic NIH 3T3 cells transfected with genomic DNA from the human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB231. Hybridization of synthetic oligonucleotides specific for human Ki-ras sequences showed a mutation at codon 13. The polymerase chain reaction with Ki-ras specific amplimers revealed a guanosine to adenosine transition at the second position of codon 13, resulting in a substitution of glycine by aspartic acid. The codon 13 mutation is a... 19. Chemotherapy cytotoxicity of human MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells is altered by osteoblast-derived growth factors. OpenAIRE Koutsilieris, M; Reyes-Moreno, C.; Choki, I.; Sourla, A.; Doillon, C.; Pavlidis, N. 1999-01-01 One-third of women with breast cancer will develop bone metastases and eventually die from disease progression at these sites. Therefore, we analyzed the ability of human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells (MG-63 cells), MG-63 conditioned media (MG-63 CM), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) to alter the effects of adriamycin on cell cycle and apoptosis of estrogen receptor negative (ER-) MDA-MB-231 and positive (ER+) MCF-7 breast cancer cells, usi... 20. Conjugation of doxorubicin to cell penetrating peptides sensitizes human breast MDA-MB 231 cancer cells to endogenous TRAIL-induced apoptosis. OpenAIRE Aroui, Sonia; Brahim, Souhir; Hamelin, Jocelyne; De Waard, Michel; Bréard, Jacqueline; Kenani, Abderraouf 2009-01-01 International audience Previous work from our laboratory has shown that coupling doxorubicin (Dox) to cell penetrating peptides (Dox-CPPs) is a good strategy to overcome Dox resistance in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. We also reported that, in contrast to unconjugated Dox-induced cell death, the increase in apoptotic response does not involve the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that both Dox and Dox-CPPs can increase the density of the TRAIL receptors DR4 a... 1. Molecular deficiency (ies) in MT1 melatonin signaling pathway underlies the melatonin-unresponsive phenotype in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells OpenAIRE Mao, Lulu; YUAN, LIN; Xiang, Shulin; Zeringue, Samantha B.; Dauchy, Robert T; Blask, David E.; Hauch, Adam; Steven M. Hill 2014-01-01 Melatonin, has been shown repeatedly to inhibit the growth of human breast tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Its anti-proliferative effects have been well-studied in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and several other estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive human breast cancer cell lines. However, the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, an ERα negative cell line widely used in breast cancer research, has been shown to be unresponsive to melatonin’s growth-suppressive effect in vitro. Here we examine... 2. 乌司他丁和泰索帝对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖和侵袭的影响及其机制%Effect of Ulinastatin and Taxotere on Proliferation and Invasion of Human Breast Cancer Line MDA-MB-231 Ce1Ps and Relevant Mechanism Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 赵晓亮; 孙治君; 罗杰; 高峰 2011-01-01 Objective To observe the effect of ulinastatin (ULI)and taxotere (TXT) on proliferation and invasion of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells as well as expressions of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α.Methods The estrogen receptor-negative MDAMB-231 cells cultured in vitro were randomly divided into blank control, ULI (800 U/mi), TXT (3.7 μg/ml) and ULI + TXT groups, and determined for the transcription levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α mRNAs by fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, for proliferation ability by MTF method, and for invasion ability by Transwell chamber assay.Results Both TXT and ULI inhibited the expressions of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α genes as well as the proliferation and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, while the inhibition ability of ULI was lower than that of TXT.However, TXT combined with ULI showed the strongest inhibitory effect in all the four groups.Conclusion ULI inhibited the proliferation and invasion of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by a mechanism which might be associated with the down-regulation of expressions of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α genes.%目的探讨乌司他丁(Ulinastatin,ULI)和泰索帝(Taxotere,TXT)对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖、侵袭及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响.方法将体外培养的人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231(雌激素受体阴性)随机分为4组:对照组、ULI组(800 U/ml),TXT组(3.7 Rg/ml)和ULI+TXT组,采用荧光定量RT-PCR法检测细胞IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α基因mRNA的转录水平;MTT法检测细胞的增殖能力;TransweⅡ小室侵袭试验检测细胞的浸润能力.结果 TXT和ULI均能抑制MDA-MB-231细胞IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α基因的表达及细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,ULI的抑制作用低于TXT,但TXT与ULI联合应用,抑制作用最强.结论 ULI能抑制人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖、侵袭,其作用机制可能与ULI降低IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α基因的表达有关. 3. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C in human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231%血管内皮生长因子C在人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中的表达 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 高杰; 刘执玉; 毕玉顺; 田铧 2003-01-01 目的:研究血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)在人乳腺癌细胞中的体外表达情况,探讨其在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用.方法:运用半定量RT-PCR和免疫组织化学的方法分别检测了VEGF-CmRNA和VEGF-C在人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中的表达.结果:半定量RT-PCR检测到VEGF-CmRNA以较高水平表达,免疫组化结果显示MDA-MB-231细胞的胞浆中有棕黄色阳性颗粒,而阴性对照细胞的胞浆中则均无阳性颗粒.结论:人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231细胞在体外能够转录VEGF-C mRNA并翻译合成相应的蛋白. 4. Fucoidan Extract Enhances the Anti-Cancer Activity of Chemotherapeutic Agents in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Zhongyuan Zhang 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Fucoidan, a fucose-rich polysaccharide isolated from brown alga, is currently under investigation as a new anti-cancer compound. In the present study, fucoidan extract (FE from Cladosiphon navae-caledoniae Kylin was prepared by enzymatic digestion. We investigated whether a combination of FE with cisplatin, tamoxifen or paclitaxel had the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment. These co-treatments significantly induced cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, as well as cell cycle modifications in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. FE enhanced apoptosis in cancer cells that responded to treatment with three chemotherapeutic drugs with downregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. The combination treatments led to an obvious decrease in the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt in MDA-MB-231 cells, but increased the phosphorylation of ERK in MCF-7 cells. In addition, we observed that combination treatments enhanced intracellular ROS levels and reduced glutathione (GSH levels in breast cancer cells, suggesting that induction of oxidative stress was an important event in the cell death induced by the combination treatments. 5. XMM-Newton reveals a Seyfert-like X-ray spectrum in the z=3.6 QSO B1422+231 CERN Document Server Dadina, M; Cappi, M; Lanzuisi, G; Ponti, G; De Marco, B; Chartas, G; Giustini, M 2016-01-01 Matter flows in the central regions of quasars during their active phases are probably responsible for the properties of the super-massive black holes and that of the bulges of host galaxies. To understand how this mechanism works, we need to characterize the geometry and the physical state of the accreting matter at cosmological redshifts. The few high quality X-ray spectra of distant QSO have been collected by adding sparse pointings of single objects obtained during X-ray monitoring campaigns. This could have introduced spurious spectral features due to source variability. Here we present a single epoch, high-quality X-ray spectrum of the z=3.62 quasar B1422+231 whose flux is enhanced by gravitationally lensing (F$_{2-10 keV}\\sim$10$^{-12}$erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$). The X-ray spectrum of B1422+231 is found to be very similar to the one of a typical nearby Seyfert galaxy. Neutral absorption is detected (N$_{H}\\sim$5$\\times$10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$ at the redshift of the source) while a strong absorption edge is me... 6. Anticancer effects of tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Science.gov (United States) Hunakova, Luba; Macejova, D; Toporova, L; Brtko, J 2016-05-01 Triorganotin compounds induce hormonal alterations, i.e., endocrine-disrupting effects in mammals, including humans. Tributyltin chloride (TBT-Cl) and triphenyltin chloride (TPT-Cl) are known to function as nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists. Their cytotoxic effects in ER(+) luminal human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and ER(-) basal-like human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 were examined. We observed significantly higher toxicity of TBT-Cl in comparison with TPT-Cl in both cell lines. Comparable apoptosis-inducing concentrations were 200 and 800 nM, respectively, as shown by PARP cleavage and FDA staining. Both compounds activated executive caspases in the concentration-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 cells, but the onset of TPT-Cl-induced caspase-3/7 activation was delayed in comparison with TBT-Cl. Both compounds slowed down the migration of these highly invasive cells, which was accompanied by RARbeta upregulation. Other RAR and RXR expressions were differentially modulated by studied organotins in both cell lines. PMID:26662104 7. High resolution observations of HCN and HCO+ J=3-2 in the disk and outflow of Mrk231 -Detection of vibrationally excited HCN in the warped nucleus CERN Document Server Aalto, S; Muller, S; Winters, J M; Gonzalez-Alfonso, E; van der Werf, P; Henkel, C; Costagliola, F; Neri, R 2014-01-01 We obtained high resolution (0."25 to 0."90) observations of HCN and HCO+ J=3-2 of the ultraluminous QSO galaxy Mrk231 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. We find luminous HCN and HCO+ 3-2 emission in the main disk and we detect compact (r350 pc) line wings are found for HCN 3-2 with velocities +-750 km/s. Line ratios indicate that the emission is emerging in dense gas n=1e4 - 5e5 cm-3 of elevated HCN abundance X(HCN)=1e-8 to 1e-6. High X(HCN) also allows for the emission to originate in gas of more moderate density. We tentatively detect nuclear emission from the reactive ion HOC+ with HCO+/HOC+=10-20. The HCN v2=1f line emission is consistent with the notion of a hot, dusty, warped inner disk of Mrk231 where the v2=1f line is excited by bright mid-IR 14 micron continuum. We estimate the vibrational temperature T_vib to 200-400 K. We propose that 50% of the main HCN emission may have its excitation affected by the radiation field through IR pumping of the vibrational ground state. The HCN emission ... 8. Small molecule inhibition of arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type I inhibits proliferation and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tiang, Jacky M. [School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072 (Australia); Butcher, Neville J., E-mail: [email protected] [School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072 (Australia); Minchin, Rodney F. [School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072 (Australia) 2010-02-26 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 is a phase II metabolizing enzyme that has been associated with certain breast cancer subtypes. While it has been linked to breast cancer risk because of its role in the metabolic activation and detoxification of carcinogens, recent studies have suggested it may be important in cell growth and survival. To address the possible importance of NAT1 in breast cancer, we have used a novel small molecule inhibitor (Rhod-o-hp) of the enzyme to examine growth and invasion of the breast adenocarcinoma line MDA-MB-231. The inhibitor significantly reduced cell growth by increasing the percent of cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Rhod-o-hp also reduced the ability of the MDA-MB-231 cells to grow in soft agar. Using an in vitro invasion assay, the inhibitor significantly reduced the invasiveness of the cells. To test whether this effect was due to inhibition of NAT1, the enzyme was knocked down using a lentivirus-based shRNA approach and invasion potential was significantly reduced. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that NAT1 activity may be important in breast cancer growth and metastasis. The study suggests that NAT1 is a novel target for breast cancer treatment. 9. Brefeldin A Reduces Anchorage-Independent Survival, Cancer Stem Cell Potential and Migration of MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Chao-Neng Tseng 2014-10-01 Full Text Available Cancer stem cells (CSCs are a subset of cancer cells in tumors or established cancer cell lines that can initiate and sustain the growth of tumors in vivo. Cancer stem cells can be enriched in serum-free, suspended cultures that allow the formation of tumorspheres over several days to weeks. Brefeldin A (BFA is a mycotoxin that induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress in eukaryotic cells. We found that BFA, at sub-microgram per milliliter concentrations, preferentially induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 suspension cultures (EC50: 0.016 µg/mL compared to adhesion cultures. BFA also effectively inhibited clonogenic activity and the migration and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9 activity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blotting analysis indicated that the effects of BFA may be mediated by the down-regulation of breast CSC marker CD44 and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, as well as the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, BFA also displayed selective cytotoxicity toward suspended MDA-MB-468 cells, and suppressed tumorsphere formation in T47D and MDA-MB-453 cells, suggesting that BFA may be effective against breast cancer cells of various phenotypes. 10. (--)-Xanthatin selectively induces GADD45γ and stimulates caspase-independent cell death in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Science.gov (United States) Takeda, Shuso; Matsuo, Kazumasa; Yaji, Kentaro; Okajima-Miyazaki, Shunsuke; Harada, Mari; Miyoshi, Hiroko; Okamoto, Yoshiko; Amamoto, Toshiaki; Shindo, Mitsuru; Omiecinski, Curtis J; Aramaki, Hironori 2011-06-20 exo-Methylene lactone group-containing compounds, such as (--)-xanthatin, are present in a large variety of biologically active natural products, including extracts of Xanthium strumarium (Cocklebur). These substances are reported to possess diverse functional activities, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and anticancer potential. In this study, we synthesized six structurally related xanthanolides containing exo-methylene lactone moieties, including (--)-xanthatin and (+)-8-epi-xanthatin, and examined the effects of these chemically defined substances on the highly aggressive and farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI)-resistant MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. The results obtained demonstrate that (--)-xanthatin was a highly effective inhibitor of MDA-MB-231 cell growth, inducing caspase-independent cell death, and that these effects were independent of FTase inhibition. Further, our results show that among the GADD45 isoforms, GADD45γ was selectively induced by (--)-xanthatin and that GADD45γ-primed JNK and p38 signaling pathways are, at least in part, involved in mediating the growth inhibition and potential anticancer activities of this agent. Given that GADD45γ is becoming increasingly recognized for its tumor suppressor function, the results presented here suggest the novel possibility that (--)-xanthatin may have therapeutic value as a selective inducer of GADD45γ in human cancer cells, in particular in FTI-resistant aggressive breast cancers. PMID:21568272 11. FV-429 induces apoptosis and inhibits glycolysis by inhibiting Akt-mediated phosphorylation of hexokinase II in MDA-MB-231 cells. Science.gov (United States) Zhou, Yuxin; Lu, Na; Qiao, Chen; Ni, Ting; Li, Zhiyu; Yu, Boyang; Guo, Qinglong; Wei, Libin 2016-09-01 In this study, the anticancer effect of a newly synthesized flavonoid FV-429, against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. FV-429 triggered the apoptosis and simultaneously inhibited the glycolysis of MDA-MB-231 cells. Both the HK II activity and its level in mitochondria were significantly down regulated by FV-429. Moreover, FV-429 weakened the interaction between HKII and VDAC, stimulated the detachment of HK II from the mitochondria, and resulted in the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Thus FV-429 induced the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, showing increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and activation of caspase-3 and -9, cytochrome c (Cyt c) release, and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) transposition. Further research revealed that the phosphorylation of mitochondrial HKII via Akt was responsible for the dissociation of HKII and the decreased HKII activity induced by FV-429. Taken together, FV-429 inhibited the phosphorylation of HKII, down-regulated its activity, and stimulated the release of HKII from the mitochondria, resulting the inhibited glycolysis and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. The studies provide a molecular basis for the development of flavonoid compounds as novel anticancer agents for breast cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PMID:26258875 12. Antiproliferative effect of gold(I compound auranofin through inhibition of STAT3 and telomerase activity in MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nam-Hoon Kim 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3 andtelomerase are considered attractive targets for anticancertherapy. The in vitro anticancer activity of the gold(I compoundauranofin was investigated using MDA-MB 231 human breastcancer cells, in which STAT3 is constitutively active. In cellculture, auranofin inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner,and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, a scavenger of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS, markedly blocked the effect of auranofin.Incorporation of 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine into DNA andanchorage-independent cell growth on soft agar were decreasedby auranofin treatment. STAT3 phosphorylation and telomeraseactivity were also attenuated in cells exposed to auranofin, butNAC pretreatment restored STAT3 phosphorylation andtelomerase activity in these cells. These findings indicate thatauranofin exerts in vitro antitumor effects in MDA-MB 231 cellsand its activity involves inhibition of STAT3 and telomerase.Thus, auranofin shows potential as a novel anticancer drug thattargets STAT3 and telomerase. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(1: 59-64 13. LINE-1 ORF-1p functions as a novel HGF/ETS-1 signaling pathway co-activator and promotes the growth of MDA-MB-231 cell. Science.gov (United States) Yang, Qian; Feng, Fan; Zhang, Fan; Wang, Chunping; Lu, Yinying; Gao, Xudong; Zhu, Yunfeng; Yang, Yongping 2013-12-01 Long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE)-1 ORF-1p is encoded by the human pro-oncogene LINE-1. It is involved in the development and progression of several human carcinomas, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and lung and breast cancers. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/ETS-1 signaling pathway is involved in regulation of cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and invasion. The biological function of the interaction between LINE-1 ORF-1p and the HGF/ETS-1 signaling pathway in regulation of human breast cancer proliferation remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that LINE-1 ORF-1p enhanced ETS-1 transcriptional activity and increased expression of downstream genes of ETS-1. Interaction between ETS-1 and LINE-1 ORF-1p was identified by immunoprecipitation assays. LINE-1 ORF-1p modulated ETS-1 activity through cytoplasm/nucleus translocation and recruitment to the ETS-1 binding element in the MMP1 gene promoter. We also showed that LINE-1 ORF-1p promoted proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. By investigating a novel role of the LINE-1 ORF-1p in the HGF/ETS-1 signaling pathway and MDA-MB-231 cells, we demonstrated that LINE-1 ORF-1p may be a novel ETS-1 coactivator and molecular target for therapy of human triple negative breast cancer. 14. Inhibition effect of LKB1 gene on MDA-MB-231 cell growth by hedgehog signaling pathways%LKB1基因与Hedgehog信号通路对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞抑制机制的探讨 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 庄志刚; 成小林; 蒋蓓琦; 李正东; 屈雪莹 2011-01-01 OBJECTIVE: To detect the relationship of LKB1 gene and the correlation factor of hedgehog signaling pathways in MDA-MB-231 cell. METHODS:RT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of Shh, Sufu, Ptch, Smo, Gli 1 and Hip in the MDA-MB-231 cell, which transfected with LKB1 gene plasmids and silenced LKB1 gene with the small interfering RNA (siRNA). Xenografted tumor model was established in nude mice by subcutaneous inoculation of MDA-MB-231 cells to proof the in vitro result. RESULTS: The mRNA and protein expressions of the exciting factor of hedgehog signaling pathways · Ptch level was not changed in all the groups. But other exciting factors, the levels of Shh, Glil and Smo were all significant decrease in the MDA-MB-231/LKB1 cells (F = 29. 56,P<0. 05) and increase in the MDA-MB-231/siRNALKBl cells (F=32. 15,P<0. 05). And the mRNA and protein expressions of the inhibiting factor of hedgehog signaling pathways, both sufu and hip were significant decrease in the MDA-MB-231/ siRNALKBl cells and increase in the MDA-MB-231/LKB1 cells (F=30. 25,P<0. 05). The protein contents of Shh, Sufu, Smo. Gli 1 and Hip in transplanted tumors was similar to the result in vitro(F = 8. 40,P<0. 01). The average volume of the nude mouse tumor in MDA-MB-231/siRNALKBl group was higher than control group (F=4. 68, P<0. 05), and survival time was less than the control group (F=3. 50, P<0. 01). The expression of the correlation factor between LKB1 and hedgehog signaling pathways was negative (r=0. 232, P<0. 05). CONCLUSIONS, The expressions of LKB1 and the correlation factors in hedgehog signaling pathways is Negative correlation. LKB1 gene inhibits cell growth by hedgehog signaling pathways in MDA-MB-231. The crosstalk between these pathways may play an important role in the breast cancer growth.%目的:探讨乳腺癌细胞中LKB1基因与Hedgehog信号转导途径的关系.方法:以乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞为研究对象,LKB1基因转染或干扰 15. Inhibitory effect of salinomycin on human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 proliferation through Hedgehog signaling pathway%盐霉素通过 Hedgehog 信号通路抑制乳腺癌细胞 MDA-MB-231的增殖 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 卢颖; 张春影; 李青; 毛俊; 马威; 于晓棠; 侯震寰; 李连宏 2015-01-01 目的：探讨盐霉素对Hedgehog信号通路的调控作用及盐霉素抑制乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖的作用机制。方法培养人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231，在不同浓度盐霉素及不同作用时间下，采用CCK-8比色法检测盐霉素对MDA-MB-231细胞生长的影响，采用流式细胞术观察经盐霉素作用后细胞周期的改变，采用即时定量PCR和Western blot检测盐霉素处理后Hedgehog通路中靶基因Shh、Smo、Gli1的mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果盐霉素可以抑制MDA-MB-231的增殖，0、0.4、0.8和1.6μmol／L 作用48 h后抑制率分别为11.18％、25.88％、50.03％和92.65％。盐霉素能够阻滞MDA-MB-231细胞由 G1期进入 S 期，0、0.8和1.6μmol／L 的 S 期比率分别是25.03％、11.85％和35.21％。盐霉素抑制Shh、Smo以及Gli1的mRNA和蛋白的表达具有剂量依赖性。结论盐霉素可以阻滞MDA-MB-231细胞由G1期进入S期，其机制可能是通过下调Hedgehog通路中相关靶基因的表达进而抑制细胞增殖。%Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of salinomycin on human breast cancer cells in vitro, and to explore the related molecular mechanism.Methods Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with salinomycin at different concentrations and at various time points.The effect of salinomycin on MDA-MB-231 cells proliferation was studied by CCK-8 method.The cell cycle status was examined by flow cytometry.RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 in the Hedgehog pathway at mRNA and protein levels.Results Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with salinomycin was markedly inhibited in a concentration and time dependent manner.Salinomycin at concentrations of 0,0.4,0.8 and 1.6 μmol/L inhibited the growth at the rates of 11.18%,25.88%, 50.03%, 92.65%, respectively.Salinomycin prevented MDA-MB-231 cells from G1 into S phase.Salinomycin at concentrations of 0,0.8 and 1.6μmol/L resulted in S 16. Cytotoxic activity of ten algae from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea on human breast cancer cell lines; MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T-47D Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nasrollah Erfani 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Background: Seaweeds have proven to be a promising natural source of bioactive metabolites for drug development. Objective: This study aimed to monitor the ethanol extract of ten algae from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, for their in vitro cytotoxic activity on three human breast cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Three human breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231(ER− , MCF-7(ER + , and T-47D (ER + were treated by different concentrations of total ethanol (90% algae extracts and the cytotoxic effects were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Doxorubicin (Ebewe, Austria was used as a positive control. After 72 h of incubation, the cytotoxic effect of the algae was calculated and presented as 50%-inhibitory concentration (IC 50 . Results: The results indicated Gracilaria foliifera and Cladophoropsis sp. to be the most active algae in terms of cytotoxic effects on the investigated cancer cell lines. The IC 50 values against MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T-47D cells were, respectively, 74.89 ± 21.71, 207.81 ± 12.07, and 203.25 ± 30.98 mg/ml for G. foliifera and 66.48 ± 4.96, 150.86 ± 51.56 and >400 mg/ml for Cladophoropsis sp. The rest of the algal extracts were observed not to have significant cytotoxic effects in the concentration range from 6.25 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml. Conclusion: Our data conclusively suggest that G. foliifera and Cladophoropsis sp. may be good candidates for further fractionation to obtain novel anticancer substances. Moreover, stronger cytotoxic effects on estrogen negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231(ER− in comparison to estrogen positive cells (MCF-7 and T-47D suggest that the extract of G. foliifera and Cladophoropsis sp. may have an estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-independent mechanism for their cellular growth inhibition. 17. Stromelysin-3 over-expression enhances tumourigenesis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines: involvement of the IGF-1 signalling pathway Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mennerich Detlev 2007-01-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Stromelysin-3 (ST-3 is over-expressed in the majority of human carcinomas including breast carcinoma. Due to its known effect in promoting tumour formation, but its impeding effect on metastasis, a dual role of ST-3 in tumour progression, depending on the cellular grade of dedifferentiation, was hypothesized. Methods The present study was designed to investigate the influence of ST-3 in vivo and in vitro on the oestrogen-dependent, non-invasive MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line as well as on the oestrogen-independent, invasive MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line. Therefore an orthotopic human xenograft tumour model in nude mice, as well as a 3D matrigel cell culture system, were employed. Results Using both in vitro and in vivo techniques, we have demonstrated that over-expression of ST-3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells leads to both increased cell numbers and tumour volumes. This observation was dependent upon the presence of growth factors. In particular, the enhanced proliferative capacity was in MCF-7/ST-3 completely and in MDA-MB-231/ST-3 cells partially dependent on the IGF-1 signalling pathway. Microarray analysis of ST-3 over-expressing cells revealed that in addition to cell proliferation, further biological processes seemed to be affected, such as cell motility and stress response. The MAPK-pathway as well as the Wnt and PI3-kinase pathways, appear to also play a potential role. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that breast cancer cell lines of different differentiation status, as well as the non-tumourigenic cell line MCF-10A, have a comparable capability to induce endogenous ST-3 expression in fibroblasts. Conclusion These data reveal that ST-3 is capable of enhancing tumourigenesis in highly differentiated "early stage" breast cancer cell lines as well as in further progressed breast cancer cell lines that have already undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We propose that ST-3 induction in tumour 18. pACC1 peptide loaded chitosan nanoparticles induces apoptosis via reduced fatty acid synthesis in MDA-MB-231 cells Science.gov (United States) Kaliaperumal, Jagatheesh; Hari, Natarajan; Pavankumar, Padarthi; Elangovan, Namasivayam 2016-06-01 The development of formulations with therapeutic peptides has been restricted to poor cell penetration and in this attempt; we developed pACC1 peptide loaded chitosan nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized with FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TEM. In addition, the suitable formulation was evaluated for hemocompatibility, plasma stability and embryo toxicity using Danio rerio embryo model. The results showed that pACC1 peptide loaded chitosan nanoparticles were compatible with plasma. They possess sustained release pattern and also found to be safe up to 300 mg/L in embryo toxicity tests. Cytotoxicity assays with MDA-MB-231 cell lines suggested that, pACC1 peptide loaded chitosan nanoparticles were capable of enhanced cellular penetration and reduced palmitic acid content, which was confirmed by H1 NMR. Hence, these nanoparticles could be employed as excellent adjuvant therapeutics while treating solid tumors with multi-drug resistance. 19. Environmental Performance Report 2013: Annual Site Environmental Report per the U.S. Department of Energy Order 231.1-1B (Management Publication) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schlomberg, K.; Eickhoff, J.; Beatty, B.; Braus, G.; Durbin, L.; Fiehweg, R.; Ray, M.; Ryon, T.; Schmitz, E. 2014-08-01 The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Environmental Performance Report provides a description of the laboratory's environmental management activities for 2013, including information on environmental and sustainability performance, environmental compliance activities and status, and environmental protection programs, highlights, and successes. The purpose of this report is to ensure that U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the public receive timely, accurate information about events that have affected or could adversely affect the health, safety, and security of the public or workers; the environment; or the operations of DOE facilities. This report meets the requirements of the Annual Site Environmental Report and is prepared in accordance with the DOE Order 231.1B, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting. 20. Changes in cell migration due to the combined effects of sonodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy on MDA-MB-231 cells International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sono-photodynamic therapy is an emerging method with an increasing amount of research having demonstrated its anti-cancer efficacy. However, the impacts of cell migration ability after sono-photodynamic therapy have seldom been reported. In this study, we identified cell migration by wound healing and transwell assays. Significant inability of cell migration was observed in combined groups accompanied by the decline of cell adhesion. Cells in combined treatment groups showed serious microfilament network collapse as well as decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9. These results suggested that sono-photodynamic therapy could inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell migration and that the microfilament and matrix metalloproteinases-9 disorder might be involved. (letter) 1. The nuclear structure of 229Pa from the 231Pa(p,t)229Pa and 230Th(p,2nγ)229Pa reactions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The level structure of the 229Pa nucleus has been investigated by means of the 231Pa(p,t)229Pa and 230Th(p,2nγ)229Pa reactions. Triton angular-distribution measurements were subjected to a CCBA analysis and combined with the results of in-beam conversion electron and γ-ray spectroscopy to establish a level scheme. Two low-lying bands of opposite parity were observed up to spins (23/2)- and (17/2)+, respectively. Rotational bands built on some 0+ excitations of the even-even core can be assigned. The lowest states of three further low-lying bands are observed. The level scheme is interpreted in terms of an octupole-deformed core with an unpaired proton. From the E1/E2 branching ratio the electric dipole moment can be deduced vertical stroke D0vertical stroke =(0.09 ±0.04) e .fm. ((orig.)) 2. Changes in cell migration due to the combined effects of sonodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy on MDA-MB-231 cells Science.gov (United States) Wang, Haiping; Wang, Pan; Zhang, Kun; Wang, Xiaobing; Liu, Quanhong 2015-03-01 Sono-photodynamic therapy is an emerging method with an increasing amount of research having demonstrated its anti-cancer efficacy. However, the impacts of cell migration ability after sono-photodynamic therapy have seldom been reported. In this study, we identified cell migration by wound healing and transwell assays. Significant inability of cell migration was observed in combined groups accompanied by the decline of cell adhesion. Cells in combined treatment groups showed serious microfilament network collapse as well as decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9. These results suggested that sono-photodynamic therapy could inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell migration and that the microfilament and matrix metalloproteinases-9 disorder might be involved. 3. Rapid dimerization of quercetin through an oxidative mechanism in the presence of serum albumin decreases its ability to induce cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Science.gov (United States) Pham, Anh; Bortolazzo, Anthony; White, J Brandon 2012-10-19 Quercetin is a member of the flavonoid family and has been previously shown to have a variety of anti-cancer activities. We and others have reported anti-proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis of cancer cells after treatment with quercetin. Quercetin has also been shown to undergo oxidation. However, it is unclear if quercetin or one of its oxidized forms is responsible for cell death. Here we report that quercetin rapidly oxidized in cell culture media to form a dimer. The quercetin dimer is identical to a dimer that is naturally produced by onions. The quercetin dimer and quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside are unable to cross the cell membrane and do not kill MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, supplementing the media with ascorbic acid increases quercetin's ability to induce cell death probably by reduction oxidative dimerization. Our results suggest that an unmodified quercetin is the compound that elicits cell death. PMID:23000408 4. Synthesis and Single Crystal X-Ray Structure of New (2E-2-[3-(1H-Imidazol-1-yl-1-phenylpropylidene]-N-phenylhydrazinecarboxamide Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mohamed I. Attia 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and X-ray crystal structure of a new (2E-2-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-1-phenylpropylidene]-N-phenylhydrazinecarboxamide (4 are reported. The stereochemistry of the title compound 4, C19H19N5O, about the imine bond [1.296 (4 Å] was assigned to have (E-configuration. In the urea moiety, the N–H entities are trans to each other, and one of these forms is an intramolecular N–H⋯H hydrogen bond. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 5.8093 (2 Å, b = 20.5575 (6 Å, c = 14.0355 (5 Å, α = 90.00°, β = 97.365° (2, γ = 90.00°, V = 1662.36 (10 Å3, and Z = 4. The molecules are packed in crystal structure by weak intermolecular hydrogen interactions. 5. 2-DE analysis of breast cancer cell lines 1833 and 4175 with distinct metastatic organ-specific potentials: comparison with parental cell line MDA-MB-231. Science.gov (United States) Selicharova, Irena; Sanda, Miloslav; Mladkova, Jana; Ohri, Sujata Saraswat; Vashishta, Aruna; Fusek, Martin; Jiracek, Jiri; Vetvicka, Vaclav 2008-05-01 Human MDA-MB-231 derived breast cancer cell lines 1833 and 4175 have different metastatic potentials in terms of their tissue tropisms and aggressiveness. Cell line 1833 is specifically metastatic to the bone. The highly aggressive cell line 4175 is specific to the lung. We performed 2-DE analysis of the cell lines. We found 16 significantly changed protein spots, 14 protein spots were identified. Expression of cathepsin D, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, heme binding protein 1 and annexin 2 could be correlated with the in vitro aggressiveness of the respective cell lines. Interstitial collagenase and dimethylargininase 2 were exclusive to the cell line 1833 and might contribute to its bone specificity. Serpin B9, cathepsin B chain b, galectin 3 and HSP 27 were changed in the lung specific cell line 4175. The possible contribution of identified proteins to differences in metastatic behavior of the cell lines is discussed. PMID:18425382 6. OT1_csanch01_1: Molecular complexity of the O-rich pre-Planetary Nebula OH231.8 Science.gov (United States) Sánchez Contreras, C. 2010-07-01 Envelopes around evolved stars are extraordinarily efficient factories of complex molecules and dust particles that will eventually enrich the ISM. To date, most chemistry studies have focused on C-rich envelopes, expected to show the largest molecular variety and abundances. Recent observations suggest that O-rich shells may be as chemically diverse as their Carbon counterparts, however, no serious attempt has been made yet to perform a full frequency scan of such objects. We propose to carry out a line survey with HIFI of the well known, O-rich pre-PN OH 231.8, which displays fast (>400 km/s), bipolar outflows and a molecular richness unparalleled amongst O-rich AGB and post-AGB stars. Results from our exploratory mm line survey with the IRAM 30 m antenna of this object has led to the detection of hundreds of lines from different species that clearly point to non-equilibrium/shock-induced molecule formation processes in the fast flow. The HIFI could be potentially effective to reveal the dense and warm regions near the centre, which is strongly affected by shocks. At its completion, this project will provide the sorely needed molecular inventory and abundance measurements in O-rich CSEs, which are required to obtain a better understanding of the intricate, non-equilibrium molecule formation processes in O-rich environments. We will use our radiative transfer and chemistry models to reproduce the observed spectra and empirically derived abundances, respectively, and constrain the nebular physical and chemical conditions in the envelope of OH231. 7. The Complete Ultraviolet Spectrum of the Archetypal "Wind-dominated" Quasar Mrk 231: Absorption and Emission from a High-speed Dusty Nuclear Outflow Science.gov (United States) Veilleux, S.; Meléndez, M.; Tripp, T. M.; Hamann, F.; Rupke, D. S. N. 2016-07-01 New near- and far-ultraviolet (NUV and FUV) Hubble Space Telescope spectra of Mrk 231, the nearest quasar known, are combined with ground-based optical spectra to study the remarkable dichotomy between the FUV and NUV-optical spectral regions in this object. The FUV emission-line features are faint, broad, and highly blueshifted (up to ˜7000 km s-1), with no significant accompanying absorption. In contrast, the profiles of the NUV absorption features resemble those of the optical Na i D, He i, and Ca ii H and K lines, exhibiting broad blueshifted troughs that overlap in velocity space with the FUV emission-line features and indicate a dusty, high-density and patchy broad absorption line (BAL) screen covering ˜90% of the observed continuum source at a distance ≲2-20 pc. The FUV continuum emission does not show the presence of any obvious stellar features and is remarkably flat compared with the steeply declining NUV continuum. The NUV (FUV) features and continuum emission have not varied significantly over the past ˜22 (3) years and are unresolved on scales ˜40 (170) pc. These results favor an active galactic nucleus origin for the NUV-FUV line and continuum emission. The observed FUV line emission is produced in the outflowing BAL cloud system, while the Balmer lines arise primarily from the standard broad line region seen through the dusty BAL screen. Our data are inconsistent with the recently proposed binary black hole model. We argue instead that Mrk 231 is the nearest example of weak-lined “wind-dominated” quasars with high Eddington ratios and geometrically thick (“slim”) accretion disks; these quasars are likely more common in the early universe. 8. MANEJO DO USO DA VINHAÇA NO SOLO AGRÍCOLA DE ACORDO COM A NORMA TÉCNICA P4.231 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) DAMY, Carla Raquel da Silva 2008-01-01 Full Text Available 30 years ago the stillage was ordinarily released in water currents. From 1978 up to now, ithas been to be recycled for field’s adubation. Gradually, the doses for unity of area were reduced, as has beenintroduced new technologies to increment the fertirrigation and, so, to eliminate possible risks of undergroundwaters contamination. In 2005, CETESB (Technology of Ambiental Sanitation Company elaborated and publisheda Technique Norm P4.231 that dispose about criterions and procedure application in the ground of the residuein question. The Norm explain many points in the process of stillage utilization, since the stockpile, passing bytransport and emphasizing the application way.Há 30 anos, a vinhaça era comumente lançada em cursos de água. A partir de 1978, passou aser reciclada para adubação dos campos. Gradualmente, reduziram-se as doses por unidade de área, bem como,introduziram-se novas tecnologias para incrementar a área de fertirrigação e, assim, conseguir eliminar possíveisriscos de contaminação das águas subterrâneas. Em 2005, a CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de SaneamentoAmbiental elaborou e publicou a Norma técnica P4.231 que dispõe sobre critérios e procedimentos para aplicaçãono solo do resíduo em questão. A norma discorre sobre inúmeros aspectos no processo de utilização da vinhaça,desde o armazenamento, passando pelo transporte e enfatizando o modo de aplicação. 9. Activation of H-Ras and Rac1 correlates with epidermal growth factor-induced invasion in Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Science.gov (United States) Koh, Min-Soo; Moon, Aree 2011-03-01 There is considerable experimental evidence that hyperactive Ras proteins promote breast cancer growth and development including invasiveness, despite the low frequency of mutated forms of Ras in breast cancer. We have previously shown that H-Ras, but not N-Ras, induces an invasive phenotype mediated by small GTPase Rac1 in MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in aberrant growth and metastasis formation of many tumor types including breast cancer. The present study aims to investigate the correlation between EGF-induced invasiveness and Ras activation in four widely used breast cancer cell lines. Upon EGF stimulation, invasive abilities and H-Ras activation were significantly increased in Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, but not in MDA-MB-453 and T47D cell lines. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target H-Ras, we showed a crucial role of H-Ras in the invasive phenotype induced by EGF in Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, siRNA-knockdown of Rac1 significantly inhibited the EGF-induced invasiveness in these cells. Taken together, this study characterized human breast cancer cell lines with regard to the relationship between H-Ras activation and the invasive phenotype induced by EGF. Our data demonstrate that the activation of H-Ras and the downstream molecule Rac1 correlates with EGF-induced breast cancer cell invasion, providing important information on the regulation of malignant progression in mammary carcinoma cells. 10. The proliferation potential of neptunium and americium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) An, J. S.; Shin, J. S.; Kim, J. S.; Kwack, E. H.; Kim, B. K 2000-05-01 It is recognized that some trans-uranic elements other than plutonium, in particular Np and Am, if will be available in sufficient quantities, could be used for nuclear explosive devices. The spent fuel has been accumulating in number of nuclear power plant and operation of large scale commercial reprocessing plants. However, these materials are not covered by the definition of special fissionable material in the Agency Statute. At the time when the Statute was adopted, the availability of meaningful quantities of separated Np and Am was remote and they were not included in the definition of special fissionable material. Then, IAEA Board decided a measure for control of Np and Am on September 1999. This report contains the control method and the characteristic of Np and Am for using domestic nuclear industries, and it can be useful for understanding how to report and account of Np and Am. (author) 11. Delocalization and new phase in Americium: theory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Soderlind, P 1999-04-23 Density-functional electronic structure calculations have been used to investigate the high pressure behavior of Am. At about 80 kbar (8 GPa) calculations reveal a monoclinic phase similar to the ground state structure of plutonium ({alpha}-Pu). The experimentally suggested {alpha}-U structure is found to be substantially higher in energy. The phase transition from fcc to the low symmetry structure is shown to originate from a drastic change in the nature of the electronic structure induced by the elevated pressure. A calculated volume collapse of about 25% is associated with the transition. For the low density phase, an orbital polarization correction to the local spin density (LSD) theory was applied. Gradient terms of the electron density were included in the calculation of the exchange/correlation energy and potential, according to the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The results are consistent with a Mott transition; the 5f electrons are delocalized and bonding on the high density side of the transition and chemically inert and non-bonding (localized) on the other. Theory compares rather well with recent experimental data which implies that electron correlation effects are reasonably modeled in our orbital polarization scheme. 12. Evaluation of neutron data for americium-241 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Maslov, V.M.; Sukhovitskij, E.Sh.; Porodzinskij, Yu.V.; Klepatskij, A.B.; Morogovskij, G.B. [Radiation Physics and Chemistry Problems Inst., Minsk-Sosny (Belarus) 1997-03-01 The evaluation of neutron data for {sup 241}Am is made in the energy region from 10{sup -5} eV up to 20 MeV. The results of the evaluation are compiled in the ENDF/B-VI format. This work is performed under the Project Agreement CIS-03-95 with the International Science and Technology Center (Moscow). The Financing Party for the Project is Japan. The evaluation was requested by Y. Kikuchi (JAERI). (author). 60 refs. 13. Age-dependent association between IgG2 and IgG3 subclasses to Pf332-C231 antigen and protection from malaria, and induction of protective antibodies by sub-patent malaria infections, in Daraweesh DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Giha, Hayder A; Nasr, Amre; Iriemenam, Nnaemeka C; 2010-01-01 , three variable markers for protection were emerged, two age-dependent, the antibody response to Pf332-C231 and an unidentified marker (likely immune response to other antigens), and the third was an age-independent unidentified marker (possibly gene polymorphisms). In conclusion, this report suggests.......211, p=0.014, respectively), and also with age (CC - 0.311, p 14. Platycodin D, a metabolite of Platycodin grandiflorum, inhibits highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo by targeting the MDM2 oncogene. Science.gov (United States) Kong, Ya; Lu, Zong-Liang; Wang, Jia-Jia; Zhou, Rui; Guo, Jing; Liu, Jie; Sun, Hai-Lan; Wang, He; Song, Wei; Yang, Jian; Xu, Hong-Xia 2016-09-01 The objective of the present study was to explore the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of Platycodin D (PD), derived from Platycodin grandiflorum, on highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Using the MTT assay, we found that PD inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 7.77±1.86 µM. Further studies showed that PD had anti-proliferative effects and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. To explore the detailed mechanism(s) by which PD suppressed MDA-MB-231 cell growth, western blot analyses were used to detect the expression levels of proteins related to cell proliferation and survival. The data showed that PD decreased the expression of proteins related to the G0/G1 phases, downregulated the protein expression of MDM2, MDMX, and mutant p53, and increased the expression levels of p21 and p27 in vitro. We verified the effects of PD on the expression of MDM2, MDMX, mutant p53, p21 and p27 using a pcDNA3-Flag-MDM2 plasmid and MDM2 siRNA transfection, and found that PD inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell viability by targeting MDM2 and mutant p53. Compared with the corresponding parental cells, the cells with siRNA-MDM2 transfection had a greater decrease in cell viability and proliferation, while those with pcDNA3-MDM2 plasmid transfection did not show any increase in the effects of PD. We also established a MDA-MB-231 xenograft model in BALB/c nude mice, and found that PD significantly inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in these mice. The expression levels of various proteins in the tumor tissue exhibited changes similar to those observed in vitro. These findings indicate that PD exerted in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, that PD is a potential MDM2/MDMX inhibitor, and that the anticancer effects of PD were likely associated with its inhibition of these proteins. Our observations help to identify a mechanism by which PD functions as 15. 乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞源Exosomes对内皮细胞增殖的影响及MAPK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号通路的作用%Effects of exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 on proliferation of endothelial cells and the role of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 隆霜; 沈宜; 谢莹珊; 范维珂; 姜蓉; 陈黎 2012-01-01 目的研究人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞源Exosomes对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)的促增殖作用,并初步探讨MAPK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号转导通路在此过程中的作用.方法低温超速离心及密度梯度离心法提取乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞源Exosomes.采用MTT法分别检测50、100、200、400μg/ml Exosomes对HUVECs促增殖作用的影响,流式细胞仪测定200μg/ml Exosomes对HUVECs细胞周期的影响,Western blotting检测200μg/ml Exosomes诱导下HUVECs细胞内细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)和蛋白激酶B (Akt)蛋白的表达水平.结果乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞源Exosomes可促进HUVECs细胞增殖,且呈时间和剂量依赖性.200μg/ml Exosomes作用HUVECs细胞24h后,S期细胞比例(27.8％±3.37％)较对照组(15.34％±0.71％)增加(P＜0.05),G1/S期细胞比例(2.22％±0.37％)与对照组(4.67％±0.47％)比较下降(P＜0.05).Western blotting结果显示,200μg/ml Exosomes作用HUVECs细胞24、48、72h后,磷酸化ERK表达(0.3378±0.0415,0.4967±0.0511,0.9205±0.0462)与磷酸化Akt蛋白表达(0.4091±0.0361,0.5484±0.0382,0.7496±0.0481)与对照组(磷酸化ERK 0.1836±0.0324,磷酸化Akt 0.2582±0.0215)相比有所增加(P＜0.05).结论乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞源Exosomes能促进HUVECs的增殖,其机制可能与细胞周期改变,以及MAPK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号通路的持续活化有关.%Objective To investigate the effects of exosomes derived from breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 on proliferation of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and evaluate the role of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway during the process. Methods Exosomes were derived and purified from MDA-MB-231 by cryogenic ultracentrifugation and density gradient centrifugation. MTT assay was carried out for measurement of cell proliferation in HUVECs with exosome of 50, 100, 200 and 400μg/ml. The states of cell cycle of HUVECs co-cultured with 200μg/ml exosomes were detected by flow cytometry. The 16. EPHA7 and EPHA10 Physically Interact and Differentially Co-localize in Normal Breast and Breast Carcinoma Cell Lines, and the Co-localization Pattern Is Altered in EPHB6-expressing MDA-MB-231 Cells. Science.gov (United States) Johnson, Candace; Segovia, Briana; Kandpal, Raj P Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell (EPH) receptors comprise the most abundant receptor tyrosine kinase family characterized to date in mammals including humans. These proteins are involved in axon guidance, tissue organization, vascular development and the intricate process of various diseases including cancer. These diverse functions of EPH receptors are attributed, in part, to their abilities for heterodimerization. While the interacting partners of kinase-deficient EPHB6 receptor have been characterized, the interaction of the kinase-dead EPHA10 with any other receptor has not been identified. By using co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated physical interaction between kinase-deficient EPHA10 with kinase-sufficient EPHA7 receptor. Immunocytochemical analyses have revealed that these two receptors co-localize on the cell surface, and soluble portions of the receptors exist as a complex in the cytoplasm as well as the nuclei. While EPHA7 and EPHA10 co-localize similarly on the membrane in MCF10A and MCF7 cells, they were differentially co-localized in MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with empty pcDNA vector (MDA-MB-231-PC) or an expression construct of EPHB6 (MDA-MB-231-B6). The full-length isoforms of these receptors were co-localized on the cell surface, and the soluble forms were present as a complex in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus in MDA-MB-231-PC cells. MDA-MB-231-B6 cells, on the other hand, were distinguished by the absence of any signal in the nuclei. Our results represent the first demonstration of physical interaction between EPHA10 and EPHA7 and their cellular co-localization. Furthermore, these observations also suggest gene-regulatory functions of the complex of the soluble forms of these receptors in breast carcinoma cells of differential invasiveness. PMID:27566654 17. Smad2/3-Regulated Expression of DLX2 Is Associated with Radiation-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Radioresistance of A549 and MDA-MB-231 Human Cancer Cell Lines. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yeo-Jin Choi 18. Smad2/3-Regulated Expression of DLX2 Is Associated with Radiation-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Radioresistance of A549 and MDA-MB-231 Human Cancer Cell Lines. Science.gov (United States) Choi, Yeo-Jin; Baek, Ga-Young; Park, Hae-Ran; Jo, Sung-Kee; Jung, Uhee 2016-01-01 19. The dose dependent in vitro responses of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines to extracts of Vatica diospyroides symington type SS fruit include effects on mode of cell death Science.gov (United States) Srisawat, Theera; Sukpondma, Yaowapa; Graidist, Potchanapond; Chimplee, Siriphon; Kanokwiroon, Kanyanatt 2015-01-01 Background: Vatica diospyroides type LS is a known source of valuable compounds for cancer treatment, however, in contrast little is known about therapeutic efficacy of type SS. Objective: This study focused on in vitro cytotoxicity of these fruit extracts, and the cell death mode they induce in breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Acetone extracts of fruit were tested for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The apoptosis and necrosis of these cells were quantified by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and western blot analyses. Results: After 72 h of treatment, the 50% growth inhibition concentrations (IC50) levels were 16.21 ± 0.13 µg/mL against MCF-7 and 30.0 ± 4.30 µg/mL against MDA-MB-231, indicating high and moderate cytotoxicity, respectively. From the FACS results, we estimate that the cotyledon extract at half IC50 produced 11.7% dead MCF-7 cells via apoptosis, whereas another concentrations both apoptosis and necrosis modes co-existed in a dose-dependent manner. In MDA-MB-231 cell line, only the apoptosis was induced by the pericarp extract in a dose-dependent manner. With the extracts at half IC50 concentration, in both cells, the expression of p21 decreased while that of Bax increased within 12–48 h of dosing, confirming apoptosis induced by time-dependent responses. Apoptosis dependent on p53 was found in MCF-7, whereas the mutant p53 of MDA-MB-231 cells was expressed. Conclusion: The results indicate that fruit extracts of V. diospyroides have cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells via apoptosis pathway in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests that the extracts could provide active ingredients for the development, targeting breast cancer therapy. PMID:26109760 20. Effects of the components of osthole, psoralen, paeonol on breast cancer MDA-MB-231BO cell lines inhibition and TGF-β1 gene expression in vitro%蛇床子素、补骨脂素及丹皮酚配伍对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231BO细胞株的体外抑制及TGF-β1基因表达的影响 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 郭保凤; 刘胜; 叶依依; 韩向晖 2012-01-01 目的:探讨蛇床子素、补骨脂素及丹皮酚对人乳腺癌高转移MDA-MB-231BO细胞株的体外抑制及侵袭作用的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法:采用均匀设计实验方案进行组方设计；MDA-MB-231BO细胞体外侵袭实验,实时荧光聚合酶链反应( RT-PCR)检测,观察药物处理后细胞的侵袭情况及对人转化生长因子TGF-β1基因的表达情况.结果:获取蛇床子素、补骨脂素、丹皮酚3个药物的最佳配伍比例为10.00:7.78:6.67;单体组和阳性药物组在体外作用24h后,可以显著抑制MDA-MB-231BO细胞的侵袭(P＜0.01).结论:中药单体组蛇床子素、补骨脂素、丹皮酚对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231BO细胞的生长具有抑制作用,有效抑制其侵袭和转移,其机制可能与抑制TGF-β1基因的表达有关.%Objective: To study the effects of Osthole, Psoralen, Paeonol on cell lines in vitro on proliferation and invasion of breast cancer MDA-MB-231BO and to study the anti-cancer mechanism of the Chinese Herb active components. Methods: The best combination dose of osthole, psoralen, paeonol on inhibition breast cancer MDA-MB-231BO cell lines in vitro was obtained after adopting the uniform experiment design; MDA-MB-231BO in vitro invasion assay was observed in cell invasion after drug treatment, and Real-time Quantitative RT-PCR experiment was observed the gene expression after drug treatment. Results: The best matched compatibility of Osthol, psoralen, Paeonol was 10.00:7.78:6.67; MDA-MB-231BO cells invasion was significantly inhibited after 24 hours drug treatment by The Chinese monomer groups and Zoledronic acid for injection group; TGF- β 1 gene expression after drug treatment was significantly reduced compared with the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: The best matched compatibility of osthol, psoralen, paeonol can inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231BO cells and can effectually inhibit the invasion of MDA-MB-231BO cells in vitro. The mechanism may be related to	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.731066882610321, "perplexity": 14470.972522490903}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607802.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524055048-20170524075048-00504.warc.gz"}
http://antarcticaneutrinos.blogspot.com/2014/10/	## Thursday, October 23, 2014 ### Looking ahead - is bigger better? Now that IceCube has a few years of data under our belt, it is natural to size up where we are, and where we want to go. Where we are is pretty clear. We have observed a clear astrophysical neutrino signal, with a spectral index most likely in the 2.3-2.5 range, so the neutrino flux goes as dN_nu/dE_nu ~ E_nu^-2.3. However, we have seen no sign of a point source signal (either continuous or transient), so we do not yet know of any specific neutrino sources. Dedicated searches for neutrinos in coincidence with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have largely (but not completely) eliminated GRBs as the source of the observed neutrinos. Although we continue to collect statistics, we have enough data now that the only way that we could observe a statistically significant point source signal in the near future would be if a powerful transient source appears. It is likely that IceCube is too small to observe point sources. This observation of point sources is a natural focus for a next-generation instrument. ARIANNA (or another radio-neutrino detector) is clearly of high interest, but probably has an energy threshold too high to study the class of cosmic neutrinos seen by IceCube. So, there growing interest in an optical Cherenkov detector like IceCube, but 10 times bigger. It wouldn't be possible to deploy 800 strings in a reasonable time (or at a reasonable cost), so most of the preliminary designs involve of order 100 strings of optical sensors with spacings larger than the 125 m prevalent in IceCube - 254 to 360 m are popular separations. It would have better optical sensors than were available when we built IceCube. This detector would necessarily have a higher energy threshold than IceCube, but would be well-matched to the astrophysical neutrino signal spectrum. Clearly, it would do a much better job of measuring the neutrino energy spectrum than IceCube did. But, the key question is whether it is sensitive enough to have a good chance of seeing point sources. There are many calculations which attempt to answer this question. Unfortunately, the results depend on the assumptions about the distribution of sources in the universe, and their strengths and energy spectra, and, at least so far, we cannot demonstrate this convincingly. So, stay tuned. Of course, an alternative direction is toward an infill array with even higher density than PINGU. This is at a more advanced stage of design, and will be covered in my next post. ## Monday, October 13, 2014 ### Now you see them, now you don't - oscillating neutrinos One of the most interesting particle physics discoveries over the past 20 years has been that neutrinos oscillate. That is, they change from one flavor into another. For example, an electron neutrino (produced in associate with an electron) may, upon travelling some distance, interact as if it was a muon neutrino. If you have a detector that is only sensitive to one flavor (type) of neutrino, it may appear as if neutrinos are disappearing. This oscillation is important for a number of reasons. First, it shows that neutrinos can mix - that the states that propagate through space are not exactly the same states that appear when they are created or interact. This is one of those weird quantum mechanical puzzles, in that you should use different basis (set of possible states) to describe neutrinos as they are created or interact, then when they are propagating through space. The second thing is that it requires that neutrinos have mass, since it is the different mass that differentiates the states that propagate through space. Many, many papers have been written about how this can work; Harry Lipkin has written a nice article that focuses on the interesting quantum mechanics. The presence of neutrino masses is often considered one of the first clear signs of physics beyond the 'standard model' of particle physics (dark matter and dark energy) are two other signs. There are two important parameters in neutrino oscillations. The first is the mixing angle (do the neutrinos mix perfectly, or only a little bit), and the second is the square of the mass difference (\delta m^2), which controls how long it takes for the oscillations to occur; the conversion probability scales as sin^2(\delta m^2*L/4E) where L is the distance traveled, and E is the energy. Of course, since there are three neutrino flavors (electron, muon and tau), there is more than one \delta m^2 and mixing angle. Interestingly, neutrino oscillations were discovered almost entirely by astroparticle physicists, rather than at accelerators. The first clue came from a gold mine in Lead, South Dakota. There, in the late 1960's,Ray Davis and colleagues placed a 100,000 gallon tank of perchloroethylene (a dry cleaning fluid) 1500 meters underground. Theory predicted that neutrinos produced by nuclear fusion in the sun would turn a couple of chlorine atoms a day into argon. Through careful chemistry, these argon atoms could be collected and counted. David found only about 1/3 as many argon atoms as expected. Needless to say, this was a very difficult experiment, and it took years of data collection and careful checks, and further experiments (see below) before the discrepancy was accepted. The photo at the top of this post shows Davis swimming in the 300,000 gallon water tanks that served as a shield for the perchloroethylene. The next step forward was by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in Japan, also underground. In 1998, they published a paper comparing the rate of upward-going and downward-going muons from muon-neutrino interactions. The found a deficit of upward-going events which they described as consistent with neutrino oscillations, with the downward-going events (which had traveled just a short distance, and so presumably were un-oscillated) serving as a reference. The third major observation was the by SNO collaboration, who deployed 1,000 tons of heavy water (D_2O) in a mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The deuterium in heavy water has one fairly unique property, in that it is undergoes a reaction that is sensitive to all three neutrino flavors. SNO measured the total flux of neutrinos from the Sun, and found that it was as expected. In contrast, and in agreement with Ray Davis experiment, the flux of electron neutrinos was only 1/2 to 1/3 of that expected (the exact number depends on the energy range). So, the missing electron neutrinos were not disappearing; they were turning into another flavor of neutrinos. Some years later, the Kamland collaboration performed an experiment to observe the oscillations from neutrinos that were produced in nuclear reactors, further confirming the observation. Now, IceCube has also made measurements of neutrino oscillations, using the same atmospheric neutrinos used by Super-Kamiokande. Although it is not easy for IceCube to reach down low enough in energy for these studies, we have the advantage of having an enormous sensitive area, so that we can quickly gather enough data for a precision result. The plot below shows a recent IceCube result. The top plot shows IceCube data, as a function of L/E; L is determined from the zenith angle of the event, which is used to calculate how far the neutrino propagated through the Earth. The data is compared with two curves, on showing the expectations without oscillations (red curve), and the second a best-fit, which returns mixing angles and \delta m^2 compatible with other experiments. Although our measurement is not yet quite as powerful as some other experiments, we are quickly collecting more data, and also working on improving our understanding of the detector; the latter is accounted for in the systematic errors. The bottom plot is just the ratio of the data to the no-oscillation expectation; no-oscillations are clearly ruled out.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9202317595481873, "perplexity": 1052.7709119702224}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948575124.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215153355-20171215175355-00194.warc.gz"}
https://python-textbook.pythonhumanities.com/05_streamlit/05_02_02_charts.html	# 2.1. Data Visualization# When working with large quantities of data, it can often be difficult to present that data in a way that makes sense to non-experts. In these situations, we often rely on some form of chart to represent our data. Creating quality graphs in Python requires a lot of practice, but quality charts can be produced with Matplotlib, Altair, PyDeck, PyVis, Plotly, and Bokeh. Each has their own strengths. In this section, we will not go into these libraries, rather we will focus on how to present these different types of graphs in Streamlit. In Streamlit, we can leverage these libraries to produce visually appealing charts in just a few lines of code. We will focus on three types of graphs: Basic Plot Graphs, Map Graphs, and Network Graphs. ## 2.1.1. Metrics# Before we address plots, we should spend a brief moment and think about how we display raw numerical quantitative data. We could display the length of a dataframe or the word count of some text st.write(). Again, while this would be quick to do, it would not allow you to display other important information, such as how that number has changed from a previous state. Nor would it allow you to easily represent the change in a positive or negative direction without complex JavaScript and HTML. In these scenarios, we would want to use st.metric(). By default, the metric will display a numerical output of some sort. This number could also be a string representation of a number, e.g. temperature. Let’s say, we wanted to create a simple application where a user could copy-and-paste some text into a st.text_area() field. The app would split up the words at every white space and then provide the user with the total word count. import streamlit as st text = st.text_area("Paste text here to get word count.", "This is some default text.") word_count = len(text.split()) st.metric("Word Count", word_count) The output will look like this: Since we are using the st.metric() widget, however, we can also pass in a keyword argument that displays the degree to which the metric changed from the previous state. To do this, we will need to leverage the Streamlit Session State, which we will meet later in this chapter. This allows us to store a variable across different runs of the application. For now, we can ignore this bit of the code below and focus on the third argument that we passed to metric, change. This will display a change feature in the widget that will show the up or down trend of the change in green and red color, respectively. if "prev_word_count" not in st.session_state: st.session_state["prev_word_count"] = 5 text = st.text_area("Paste text here to get word count.", "This is some default text.") word_count = len(text.split()) change = word_count-st.session_state.prev_word_count st.metric("Word Count", word_count, change) st.session_state.prev_word_count = word_count The output will look like this: Metric is a useful feature that allows us to create apps that display numerical data in easy-to-understand ways. But in other situations, a single qualitative number may not be appropriate. Here is where charts come in handy. ## 2.1.2. Plotting Basic Graphs with Streamlit# We can plot basic graphs in Streamlit by passing a Pandas dataframe to different chart widgets in Streamlit. The first basic plot we can create is a line chart which we can create with the Streamlit widget st.line_chart(). We will be working with the Titanic dataset here that we first met in Part Two of this textbook. To prepare the data for visualization, we need to modify it a bit and group everything by the specific value that we want to plot. In our case, we want to visualize the number of survivors for different age groups on the Titanic. We can prepare our dataframe with the code below. df = pd.read_csv("data/titanic.csv") df = df[["Age", "Survived"]] chart_df = df.groupby(["Age"]).sum() chart_df["Age"] = chart_df.index ### 2.1.2.1. Line Charts with st.line_chart()# Once we have created our new chart_df, we can pass it to st.line_chart(). Here, we will pass the entire dataframe as the first argument and specify our x axis and y axis on the graph. In our case, we want to view the Age column on the x axis and the Survived column on the y axis. st.line_chart(chart_df, x="Age", y=["Survived"]) The output will look like this: ### 2.1.2.2. Bar Charts with st.bar_chart()# Likewise, we can present this same data as a bar_chart with the widget st.bar_chart(). This will take the same arguments as above. st.bar_chart(chart_df, x="Age", y=["Survived"]) The output will look like this: ### 2.1.2.3. Area Charts with st.area_chart()# And finally we can also use the same arguments to create an area chart with the st.area_char() widget. st.area_chart(chart_df, x="Age", y=["Survived"]) The output will look like this: ## 2.1.3. Map Charts# A lot of digital humanities data is geospatial, or data that can be plotted on a map. Streamlit affords the ability to map geospatial data in several different ways; first, via the standard st.map() widget and second via the third-party chart libraries. Regardless of the library used, you will want to prepare your data well where your coordinates are labeled as either lat or latitude for the latitude and lon or longitude for the longitude. For this demonstration, we will be working with data from South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission that we met in Part Four of this textbook when we explores Social Network Analysis. In order to prepare the dataframe, we can use the following code: df = pd.read_feather("data/trc") df = df.dropna() df = df[["full_name", "long", "lat"]] df["lat"] = pd.to_numeric(df["lat"], downcast="float") df["long"] = pd.to_numeric(df["long"], downcast="float") df.columns = ["full_name", "lon", "lat"] ### 2.1.3.1. Creating Maps with st.map()# Once the data is prepared properly, we can then graph it with the standard Streamlit widget st.map() with a single line of code: st.map(df) The output will look like this: Each node on this graph is a row in the dataframe. This is an interactive map that users can zoom in to each node on the graph. While this is useful for users to get a sense of the geospatial data quickly, the Streamlit st.map() widget is limited in what it can do. ### 2.1.3.2. Third-Party Maps - An Example with PyDeck# For more advanced mapping features, you will need to rely on third-party libraries. Fortunately, Stremalit has wrappers pre-designed so that you can leverage the power and versatility of these other libraries all within your application Python file. For our purposes, we will use Streamlit’s built in PyDeck wrapper with the st.pydeck_chart() widget. The code below will create a similar graph, but note that because we are creating a PyDeck map, rather than a standard Streamlit map, we can leverage the full power of the PyDeck library, including giving tooltips that pop out for each node, the radius of our nodes, the degree to which they come off the map in 3 dimensional space, the pitch of the map, and the default zoom. st.pydeck_chart(pdk.Deck( map_style=None, initial_view_state=pdk.ViewState( latitude=-25.97, longitude=30.50, zoom=5, pitch=0, ), layers=[ pdk.Layer( "ScatterplotLayer", df, pickable=True, opacity=0.8, stroked=True, filled=False,	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2067141979932785, "perplexity": 1435.7587045583255}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710933.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203143925-20221203173925-00162.warc.gz"}
http://clay6.com/qa/39814/find-the-coordinates-of-the-foot-of-perpendicular-from-the-point-1-3-to-the	# Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular from the point (-1,3) to the line $3x-4y-16=0$ Toolbox: • Slope of a line joining the points $(x_1,y_1)$ and $(x_2,y_2)$ is $m=\large\frac{(y_2-y_1)}{(x_2-x_1)}$ • If two lines are perpendicular then the product of their slopes is -1. Let (a,b) be the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from the point (-1,3) to the line $3x-4y-16=0$ Slope of the line joining (-1,3) and (a,b) is $m_1 = \large\frac{b-3}{a+1}$ Slope of the line $3x-4y-16$ is $m_2 = \large\frac{3}{4}$ Since the lines are perpendicular $m_1m_2=-1$ (i.e.,) $\large\frac{b-3}{a+1} $$\times \large\frac{3}{4}$$=1$ $3(b-3)=-4(a+1)$ $\Rightarrow 4a+3b=5$------------(1) Since the point (a,b) lies on the line $3x-4y=16$ $\qquad 3a-4b=16$------------(2) On solving eq(1) and (2) we get, $\qquad (\times 3) 4a+3b=5$ $\qquad ( \times 4) 3a-4b=16$ $\qquad \qquad 12a+9b=15$ $\qquad \quad -12a-16b=-64$ $\qquad \qquad \qquad 25b=-49$ $\Rightarrow b = -\large\frac{49}{25}$ Substituting for b in eqn (1)we get, $4a+3 \bigg( \large\frac{-49}{25} \bigg)$$=5 \Rightarrow 4a=5+\large\frac{147}{25} \Rightarrow 4a=\large\frac{125+147}{25}$$= \large\frac{272}{25}$ $\therefore a = \large\frac{272}{100}$ $\Rightarrow a = \large\frac{68}{25}$ Hence $a = \large\frac{68}{25}$ and $b=-\large\frac{49}{25}$ Hence the coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular are $\bigg( \large\frac{68}{25}$$, \large\frac{-49}{25} \bigg)$ edited May 24, 2014	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9897966384887695, "perplexity": 524.5047053958973}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812871.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220010854-20180220030854-00070.warc.gz"}
https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Arjan-Pellenkoft/1695002	# Arjan Pellenkoft Query optimizers that explore a search space exhaustively using transformation rules usually apply all possible rules on each alternative, and stop when no new information is produced. A memoizing structure was proposed in [McK93] to improve the re-use of common subexpression, thus improving the efficiency of the search considerably. However, a question(More) • BNCOD • 2000 Uniform sampling of join orders is known to be a competitive alternative to transformation-based optimization techniques. However, uniformity of the sampling process is difficult to establish and only for a restricted class of join queries techniques are known. In this paper, we investigate non-uniform sampling devising a simple yet powerful algorithm that(More) Transformation-based optimizers that explore a search space exhaustively usually apply all possible transformation rules on each alternative, and stop when no new information is produced. In general, diierent sequences of transformations may end up deriving the same element. The optimizer must detect and discard these duplicate elements. In this paper we(More) We study the effectiveness of probabilistic selection of join-query evaluation plans, t&hout reliance on tree transformation rules. Instead, each candidate plan is chosen uniformly at random from the space of valid evaluation orders. This leads to a transformation-free strategy where a sequence of random plans is generated and the plans are compared on(More) In this paper we study the space of operator trees that can be used to answer a join query, with the goal of generating elements form this space at random. We solve the problem for queries with acyclic query graphs. We rst count, in O(n 3) time, the exact number of trees that can be used to evaluate a given query on n relations. The intermediate results of(More) • BNCOD • 2000 Database systems allow for concurrent use of several applications (and query interfaces). Each application generates an “optimal” plan—a sequence of low-level database operators—for accessing the database. The queries posed by users through the same application can be optimized together using traditional multi-query optimization techniques. However, the(More) • C. Galindo-Legaria, J. Pellenkoft, esar Galindo-Legaria • 1994 We study the eeectiveness of probabilistic selection of join-query evaluation plans without reliance on tree transformation rules. Instead, each candidate plan is chosen uniformly at random from the space of valid evaluation orders. This leads to a transformation-free strategy where a sequence of random plans is generated and the plans are compared on their(More) Join-ordering is known to be NP-complete and therefore a variety of heuristics have been devised to tackle large queries which are considered computational intractable otherwise. However, practitioners often point out that typical problem instances are not di cult to optimize at all. In this paper we address that seeming discrepancy. We present a(More)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8734361529350281, "perplexity": 1251.3722714899573}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823153.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018214541-20171018234541-00237.warc.gz"}
http://www.solved-problems.com/topic/circuits/electrical-circuits-problems/	# Category Archives: Electrical Circuits Problems All Solved Problems in Electrical Circuits # AC Circuit Analysis - Sources with Different Frequencies In AC circuit analysis, if the circuit has sources operating at different frequencies, Superposition theorem can be used to solve the circuit. Please note that AC circuits are linear and that is why Superposition theorem is valid to solve them. ## Problem Determine $i_x(t)$ where $i_s(t)=4 \cos (4t) ~ A$ and $v_s(t)=2 \sin (2t) ~ V$. ## Solution with AC Circuit Analysis Since sources are operating at different frequencies, i.e. $4 \frac{rad}{s}$ and $2 \frac{rad}{s}$, we have to use the Superposition theorem. That is to say that we need to determine contribution of each source on $i_x(t)$. Then, the final answer is to obtained by adding the individual responses in the time domain. Please note that, since the impedances depend on frequency, we need to have a different frequency-domain circuit for each frequency. ### Contribution of the current source To find the contribution of the current source, we need to turn off other source(s). So, we need to turn off the voltage source. This is very similar to DC circuits that we discussed before: Voltage sources become a short circuit when turned off. #### Frequency domain We first convert the circuit to the frequency domain: $i_s(t)=4 \cos (4t) ~ A \rightarrow I_s=4\angle 0^{\circ} (\omega = 4 \frac{rad}{s})$ $L=1\text{H} \rightarrow Z_L=j \omega L=j4$ $C=1\text{F} \rightarrow Z_C=\frac{1}{j \omega C}=\frac{1}{j4}=-j0.25$ $R=1 \Omega \rightarrow Z_R=R=1$ $i_{x_1}(t) \rightarrow I_{x_1}$ Using current divider: $I_{x_1}=\frac{Z_C}{Z_C+R}I_s$ $=\frac{-j0.25}{-j0.25+1} \times 4$ $=\frac{-j0.25}{1-j0.25} \times 4$ $=\frac{-j0.25 \times (1+j0.25)}{(1-j0.25)\times (1+j0.25)} \times 4$ $=\frac{-j0.25 + 0.0625)}{1^2+0.25^2} \times 4$ $=\frac{-j0.25 + 0.0625)}{1.0625} \times 4$ $=0.235-j0.941$ $=0.97\angle -76^{\circ}$ #### Time domain Conversion to time-domain: $i_{x_1}(t)=0.97 \cos (4t-76^{\circ}) ~ \text{A}$ Please note that the sinusoidal function for $i_s(t)$ is cosine and consequently, cosine must be used in converting $I_{x_1}$ to the time domain. ### Contribution of the voltage source To find the contribution of the voltage source, the current source needs to be turned off. As mentioned before: To turn off a current source it should be replaced by an open circuit #### Frequency domain $v_s(t)=2 \sin (2t) ~ V \rightarrow V_s=2\angle 0^{\circ} (\omega = 2 \frac{rad}{s})$ $L=1\text{H} \rightarrow Z_L=j \omega L=j2$ $C=1\text{F} \rightarrow Z_C=\frac{1}{j \omega C}=\frac{1}{j2}=-j0.5$ $R=1 \Omega \rightarrow Z_R=R=1$ $i_{x_2}(t) \rightarrow I_{x_2}$ As the inductor branch is open, this is a very simple circuit with three elements in series: $R$, $Z_C$ and $V_s$. Therefore, $I_{x_2}=\frac{V_s}{R+Z_C}$ $=\frac{2}{1-j0.5}$ $=\frac{2\times (1+j0.5)}{(1-j0.5)\times (1+j0.5)}$ $=\frac{2+j}{1^2+0.5^2}$ $=\frac{2+j}{1.25}$ $=1.6+j0.8$ $=1.789\angle 26.6^{\circ}$ #### Time domain $i_{x_2}(t)=1.789 \sin (2t+26.6^{\circ}) ~ \text{A}$ (why $\sin$?) Now that we have determined both $i_{x_1}(t)$ and $i_{x_2}(t)$ in time domain, we can go ahead and add them up to find $i_x(t)$. Please note that we could not add $I_{x_1}$ and $I_{x_2}$ because they are not phasors with the same frequency. $i_{x}(t)=i_{x_1}(t)+i_{x_2}(t)=0.97 \cos (4t-76^{\circ}) + 1.789 \sin (2t+26.6^{\circ}) ~ \text{A}$ # Mesh (Current) Analysis Problem Solve the circuit by mesh analysis and find the current $I_x$ and the voltage across $R_2$. # Solution ## Mesh Analysis There are four meshes in the circuit. So, we need to assign four mesh currents. It is better to have all the mesh currents loop in the same direction (usually clockwise) to prevent errors when writing out the equations. # Find Equivalent Impedance - AC Steady State Analysis Determine the driving-point impedance of the network at a frequency of $2$kHz: # Solution Lets first find impedance of elements one by one: ## Resistor $R$ The resistor impedance is purely real and independent of frequency. $Z_R=R=20 \Omega$ # Superposition method - Circuit with two sources Find $I_x$ using superposition rule: # Solution ## Superposition The superposition theorem states that the response (voltage or current) in any branch of a linear circuit which has more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone, while all other independent sources are turned off (made zero). # Find Thevenin's and Norton's Equivalent Circuits Find Thevenin's and Norton's Equivalent Circuits: Suppose that $R_1=5\Omega$, $R_2=3\Omega$ and $I_S=2 A$. # Solution The circuit has both independent and dependent sources. In these cases, we need to find open circuit voltage and short circuit current to determine Norton's (and also Thevenin's) equivalent circuits. # Solve Using Current Division Rule Find current of resistors, use the current division rule. Suppose that $R_1=2 \Omega$, $R_2=4 \Omega$, $R_3=1 \Omega$, $I_S=5 A$ and $V_S=4 V$ Solution: $R_2$ and $R_3$ are parallel. The current of $I_S$ is passing through them and it is actually divided between them. The branch with lower resistance has higher current because electrons can pass through that easier than the other branch. Using the current division rule, we get # Mesh Analysis - Supermesh Solve the circuit and find the power of sources: $V_S=10V$, $I_S=4 A$, $R_1=2 \Omega$, $R_2=6 \Omega$, $R_3=1 \Omega$, $R_4=2 \Omega$. Solution: There are three meshes in the circuit. So, we need to assign three mesh currents. It is better to have all the mesh currents loop in the same direction (usually clockwise) to prevent errors when writing out the equations. # Solve By Source Definitions, KCL and KVL Find the voltage across the current source and the current passing through the voltage source. Assume that $I_1=3A$, $R_1=2 \Omega$, $R_2=3 \Omega$, $R_3=2 \Omega$,$I_1=3A$, $V_1=15 V$, Solution $R_1$ is in series with the current source; therefore, the same current passing through it as the current source: # Find Voltage Using Voltage Division Rule Determine voltage across $R_2$ and $R_4$ using voltage division rule. Assume that $V_1=20 V$, $R_1=10 \Omega$, $R_2=5 \Omega$, $R_3=30 \Omega$ and $R_4=10 \Omega$ Solution: Please note that the voltage division rule cannot be directly applied. This is to say that: $R_1$ and $V_1$ are parallel. So the voltage across $R_1$ is equal to $V_1$. This can be also calculated using KVL in the left hand side loop:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 86, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 86, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9223750233650208, "perplexity": 757.8909886364572}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125654.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00535-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://leconjugueur.lefigaro.fr/conjugaison/anglais/shall+get.html	Verbe anglais à conjuguer : Modal : aucun \| may \| might \| can \| could \| shall \| should \| will \| would \| must \| ought to # Conjugaison du verbe anglais SHALL GET Verbe irrégulier : get - got - got ## Affirmation Forme simple I shall get you shall get he shall get we shall get you shall get they shall get Forme en V-ing I shall be getting you shall be getting he shall be getting we shall be getting you shall be getting they shall be getting Perfect I shall have got you shall have got he shall have got we shall have got you shall have got they shall have got Perfect en V-ing I shall have been getting you shall have been getting he shall have been getting we shall have been getting you shall have been getting they shall have been getting ## Négation Forme simple I shall not get you shall not get he shall not get we shall not get you shall not get they shall not get Forme en V-ing I shall not be getting you shall not be getting he shall not be getting we shall not be getting you shall not be getting they shall not be getting Perfect I shall not have got you shall not have got he shall not have got we shall not have got you shall not have got they shall not have got Perfect en V-ing I shall not have been getting you shall not have been getting he shall not have been getting we shall not have been getting you shall not have been getting they shall not have been getting ## Interrogation Forme simple shall I get? shall you get? shall he get? shall we get? shall you get? shall they get? Forme en V-ing shall I be getting? shall you be getting? shall he be getting? shall we be getting? shall you be getting? shall they be getting? Perfect shall I have got? shall you have got? shall he have got? shall we have got? shall you have got? shall they have got? Perfect en V-ing shall I have been getting? shall you have been getting? shall he have been getting? shall we have been getting? shall you have been getting? shall they have been getting? ## Interro-négation Forme simple shall I not get? shall you not get? shall he not get? shall we not get? shall you not get? shall they not get? Forme en V-ing shall I not be getting? shall you not be getting? shall he not be getting? shall we not be getting? shall you not be getting? shall they not be getting? Perfect shall I not have got? shall you not have got? shall he not have got? shall we not have got? shall you not have got? shall they not have got? Perfect en V-ing shall I not have been getting? shall you not have been getting? shall he not have been getting? shall we not have been getting? shall you not have been getting? shall they not have been getting?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9961485266685486, "perplexity": 27611.02639380843}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663039492.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529041832-20220529071832-00381.warc.gz"}
https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IDETC-CIE/proceedings-abstract/IDETC-CIE2003/37033/81/359074?redirectedFrom=PDF	Establishing a methodology of parallel computing which considers collaborative computation with other computer codes and/or softwares which may be installed in different computers is important for collaborative parallel computing with other softowares of multibody system which are developed under separate developing environments. In this paper, a fundamental parallel computing procedure is proposed by means of DAE approach in multibody dynamics. Then constraint errors in DAE are analyzed and a stabilization procedure of constrained errors is derived to be introduced into the proposed parallel computing procedure. By modifying standard DAE of multibody system, each subsystem is obtained by decomposing a total system into several subsystems so that parallel computation can be proceeded. The proposed method is effective for combining multibody subsystems which are developed in different developing environments. This paper describes a proposed procedure, and presents numerical simulation of a fundamental example to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. This content is only available via PDF.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9551469683647156, "perplexity": 974.1773107321176}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570827.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808122331-20220808152331-00209.warc.gz"}
https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article-abstract/131/6/061401/444704/Implicit-Large-Eddy-Simulation-of-Two-Dimensional?redirectedFrom=fulltext	For the aim of computing compressible turbulent flowfield involving shock waves, an implicit large eddy simulation (LES) code has been developed based on the idea of monotonically integrated LES. We employ the weighted compact nonlinear scheme (WCNS) not only for capturing possible shock waves but also for attaining highly accurate resolution required for implicit LES. In order to show that WCNS is a proper choice for implicit LES, a two-dimensional homogeneous turbulence is first obtained by solving the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flow. We compare the inertial range in the computed energy spectrum with that obtained by the direct numerical simulation (DNS) and also those given by the different LES approaches. We then obtain the same homogeneous turbulence by solving the equations for compressible flow. It is shown that the present implicit LES can reproduce the inertial range in the energy spectrum given by DNS fairly well. A truncation of energy spectrum occurs naturally at high wavenumber limit indicating that dissipative effect is included properly in the present approach. A linear stability analysis for WCNS indicates that the third order interpolation determined in the upwind stencil introduces a large amount of numerical viscosity to stabilize the scheme, but the same interpolation makes the scheme weakly unstable for waves satisfying $kΔx≈1$. This weak instability results in a slight increase in the energy spectrum at high wavenumber limit. In the computed result of homogeneous turbulence, a fair correlation is shown to exist between the locations where the magnitude of $∇×ω$ becomes large and where the weighted combination of the third order interpolations in WCNS deviates from the optimum ratio to increase the amount of numerical viscosity. Therefore, the numerical viscosity involved in WCNS becomes large only at the locations where the subgrid-scale viscosity can arise in ordinary LES. This suggests the reason why the present implicit LES code using WCNS can resolve turbulent flowfield reasonably well. 1. Daimon , Y. , , T. , Takaki , R. , Fujita , K. , and Takekawa , K. , 2006, “ Evaluation of Ablation and Longitudinal Vortices in Solid Rocket Motor by Computational Fluid Dynamics ,” AIAA Paper No. 2006-5243. 2. Lesieur , M. , Metais , O. , and Comte , P. , 2005, Large-Eddy Simulations of Turbulence , Cambridge University , Cambridge . 3. Grinstein , F. F. , Margolin , L. G. , and Rider , W. J. , 2007, Implicit Large Eddy Simulation , Cambridge University , Cambridge . 4. Boris , J. P. , Grinstein , F. F. , Oran , E. S. , and Kolbe , R. L. , 1992, “ New Insights Into Large Eddy Simulation ,” Fluid Dyn. Res. 0169-5983, 10 , pp. 199 288 . 5. Grinstein , F. F. , Fureby , C. , and DeVore , C. R. , 2005, “ On MILES Based on Flux-Limiting Algorithms ,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 0271-2091, 47 , pp. 1043 1051 . 6. van Leer , B. , 1979, “ Towards the Ultimate Conservative Difference Scheme. V. A Second-Order Sequel to Godunov’s Method ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 32 , pp. 101 136 . 7. Shu , C. W. , and Osher , S. , 1988, “ Efficient Implementation of Essentially Non-Oscillatory Shock-Capturing Schemes ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 77 , pp. 439 471 . 8. Shu , C. W. , and Osher , S. , 1989, “ Efficient Implementation of Essentially Non-Oscillatory Shock-Capturing Schemes, II ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 83 , pp. 32 78 . 9. Liu , X. D. , Osher , S. , and Chan , T. , 1994, “ Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory Schemes ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 115 , pp. 200 212 . 10. Jiang , G. S. , and Shu , C. W. , 1996, “ Efficient Implementation of Weighted ENO Schemes ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 126 , pp. 202 228 . 11. Drikakis , D. , 2002, “ Embedded Turbulence Model in Numerical Methods for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws ,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 0271-2091, 39 , pp. 763 781 . 12. Drikakis , D. , 2003, “ Advances in Turbulent Flow Computations Using High-Resolution Methods ,” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 0376-0421, 39 , pp. 405 424 . 13. Garnier , E. , Mossi , M. , Sagaut , P. , Comte , P. , and Deville , M. , 1999, “ On the Use of Shock-Capturing Schemes for Large-Eddy Simulation ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 153 , pp. 273 311 . 14. Lele , S. K. , 1992, “ Compact Finite Difference Schemes With Spectral-Like Resolution ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 103 , pp. 16 42 . 15. Deng , X. G. , and Mao , M. L. , 1997, “ Weighted Compact High-Order Nonlinear Schemes for the Euler Equations ,” AIAA Paper No. 97-1941. 16. Deng , X. G. , and Zhang , H. X. , 2000, “ Developing High-Order Weighted Compact Nonlinear Schemes ,” J. Comput. Phys. 0021-9991, 165 , pp. 22 44 . 17. Ishiko , K. , Ohnishi , N. , and , K. , 2005, “ Implicit LES of Turbulence Using Weighted Compact Scheme ,” Nagare 0286-3154, 24 ( 5 ), pp. 515 523 . 18. Das , A. , and Moser , R. D. , 2002, “ Optimal Large-Eddy Simulation of Forced Burgers Equation ,” Phys. Fluids 1070-6631, 14 ( 12 ), pp. 4344 4351 . 19. Aprovitola , A. , and Denaro , F. M. , 2004, “ On the Application of Congruent Upwind Discretizations for Large Eddy Simulations ,” J. Comput. Phys. , 194 , pp. 329 343 . 0021-9991 20. Kraichnan , R. H. , 1971, “ Inertial-Range Transfer in Two- and Three-Dimensional Turbulence ,” J. Fluid Mech. 0022-1120, 47 , pp. 525 535 . 21. , Y. , and Liu , M. S. , 1994, “ A Flux Splitting Scheme With High-Resolution and Robustness for Discontinuities ,” AIAA Paper No. 94-0083. 22. Chasnov , J. R. , 1997, “ On the Decay of Two-Dimensional Homogeneous Turbulence ,” Phys. Fluids 1070-6631, 9 ( 1 ), pp. 171 180 . 23. Das , C. , Kida , S. , and Goto , S. , 2001, “ Overall Self-Similar Decay of Two-Dimensional Turbulence ,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 0031-9015, 70 ( 4 ), pp. 966 976 . 24. Batchelor , G. K. , 1969, “ Computation of the Energy Spectrum in Homogeneous Two-Dimensional Turbulence ,” Phys. Fluids 0031-9171, 12 , pp. 233 239 . 25. van Bokhoven , L. J. A. , Trieling , R. R. , Clercx , H. J. J. , and van Heijst , G. J. F. , 2007, “ Influence of Initial Conditions on Decaying Two-Dimensional Turbulence ,” Phys. Fluids 1070-6631, 19 , p. 046601 . 26. Thornber , B. , Drikakis , D. , Williams , R. J. R. , and Youngs , D. , 2008, “ On Entropy Generation and Dissipation of Kinetic Energy in High-Resolution Shock-Capturing Schemes ,” J. Comput. Phys. , 227 , pp. 4853 4872 . 0021-9991	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8628008961677551, "perplexity": 9390.841315315329}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141743438.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204193220-20201204223220-00214.warc.gz"}
http://archive.numdam.org/item/CM_1996__104_2_153_0/	Weight multiplicity polynomials for affine Kac-Moody algebras of type ${A}_{r}$ Compositio Mathematica, Volume 104 (1996) no. 2, pp. 153-187. @article{CM_1996__104_2_153_0, author = {Benkart, Georgia and Kang, Seok-Jin and Misra, Kailash C.}, title = {Weight multiplicity polynomials for affine {Kac-Moody} algebras of type $A_r$}, journal = {Compositio Mathematica}, pages = {153--187}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, zbl = {0862.17016}, mrnumber = {1421398}, language = {en}, url = {http://archive.numdam.org/item/CM_1996__104_2_153_0/} } TY - JOUR AU - Benkart, Georgia AU - Kang, Seok-Jin AU - Misra, Kailash C. TI - Weight multiplicity polynomials for affine Kac-Moody algebras of type $A_r$ JO - Compositio Mathematica PY - 1996 DA - 1996/// SP - 153 EP - 187 VL - 104 IS - 2 UR - http://archive.numdam.org/item/CM_1996__104_2_153_0/ UR - https://zbmath.org/?q=an%3A0862.17016 UR - https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1421398 LA - en ID - CM_1996__104_2_153_0 ER - %0 Journal Article %A Benkart, Georgia %A Kang, Seok-Jin %A Misra, Kailash C. %T Weight multiplicity polynomials for affine Kac-Moody algebras of type $A_r$ %J Compositio Mathematica %D 1996 %P 153-187 %V 104 %N 2 %G en %F CM_1996__104_2_153_0 Benkart, Georgia; Kang, Seok-Jin; Misra, Kailash C. Weight multiplicity polynomials for affine Kac-Moody algebras of type $A_r$. Compositio Mathematica, Volume 104 (1996) no. 2, pp. 153-187. http://archive.numdam.org/item/CM_1996__104_2_153_0/ [BBL] Benkart, G.M., Britten, D.J. and Lemire, F.W.: Stability in Modules for Classical Lie Algebras - A Constructive Approach, Memoir Amer. Math. Soc. 430 (1990). \| MR \| Zbl [BKM] Benkart, G., Kang, S.-J. and Misra, K.C.: Graded Lie algebras of Kac-Moody type, Adv. in Math. 97 (1993) 154-190. \| MR \| Zbl [BK] Benkart, G. and Kass, S.N.: Weight multiplicities for affine Kac-Moody algebras, Modem Trends in Lie Theory, Queen's Papers in Pure and Applied Math. 94, V. Futorny and D. Pollack eds. (1994) 1-12. \| MR \| Zbl [FH] Fulton, W. and Harris, J.: Representation Theory, A First Course, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 129 Springer-Verlag, New York (1991). \| MR \| Zbl [FK] Frenkel, I.B. and Kac, V.G.: Basic representations of affine Lie algebras and dual resonance models, Invent. Math. 62 (1980) 23-66. \| MR \| Zbl [FL] Feingold, A.J. and Lepowsky, J.: The Weyl-Kac character formula and power series identities, Adv. Math. 29 (1978) 271-309. \| MR \| Zbl [GL] Garland, H. and Lepowsky, J.: Lie algebra homology and the Macdonald-Kac formulas, Invent. Math. 34 (1976) 37-76. \| MR \| Zbl [H] Humphreys, J.E.: Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 9 Springer-Verlag, New York (1972). \| MR \| Zbl [Kc] Kac, V.G.: Infinite Dimensional Lie Algebras, Third Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990). \| MR \| Zbl [Kn1] Kang, S.-J.: Kac-Moody Lie algebras, spectral sequences, and the Witt formula, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 339 (1993) 463-495. \| Zbl [Kn2] Kang, S. -J.: Root multiplicities of Kac-Moody algebras, Duke Math. J. 74 (1994) 635-666. \| MR \| Zbl [KMPS] Kass, S., Moody, R.V., Patera, J. and Slansky, R.: Affine Lie Algebras, Weight Multiplicities, and Branching Rules, Vols. I and II, Los Alamos Series in Basic and Applied Sciences, Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford (1990). \| Zbl [L] Liu, L.-S.: Kostant's formula for Kac-Moody Lie algebras, J. Algebra 149 (1992) 155-178. \| MR \| Zbl [M] Macdonald, I.G.: Symmetric Functions and Hall Polynomials 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford (1995). \| MR \| Zbl	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.659353494644165, "perplexity": 7496.8044430494165}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711003.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205032447-20221205062447-00070.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/119996/elliptic-fibration-of-k3-surface/119997	# Elliptic fibration of K3 surface Let $X$ be a K3 surface with $U(k) \subset NS(X)$ for some $k$. Here $U$ is the hyperbolic lattice. Can one conclude that $X$ admits an elliptic fibration? If my memory serves, I read somewhere that this is true for $k=1$. In characteristic $0$, I think the answer is yes, since $U(k)$ contains elements with square zero. See Theorem 11.1 in Brendan Hassett, Potential density of rational points on algebraic varieties (pdf). It says that a K3 surface $X$ over a number field possesses an elliptic fibration iff there exists $D \in \operatorname{NS}(X)$ such that $D^2 = 0$. I see no reason that the proof should not work over any field of characteristic zero, but of course this has to be checked.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9352717995643616, "perplexity": 45.501383007146416}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378431.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00138-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/ramanujan-misterious-pi-formula.170760/	# Ramanujan Misterious PI formula 1. May 18, 2007 ### tpm Is there any mathematical explanation to the incredible fast converging formula by Ramanujan?: $$\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{9801} \sum^\infty_{k=0} \frac{(4k)!(1103+26390k)}{(k!)^4 396^{4k}}=\frac{1}{\pi}$$ or simply "ocurred to him" and put it on a paper. 2. May 23, 2007 ### Gib Z There most likely is a mathematical explanation to the series, but from arguments that are far more advanced than my knowledge. There is however a very small chance it just luckily occurred to him, just as this interesting approximation did (he got it in a dream apparently) : $$\sqrt[4]{\frac{2143}{22}}$$ Thats accurate to 9 digits, and came from a dream with no mathematical basis, so obviously Ramanujan was extremely proficient in his numeracy. I can only offer 2 ideas : The first is the following expression for pi, which looks like it may be somehow related to the series and had been transformed : $$\frac{\sqrt2}2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}}2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}}}2 \cdot \cdots = \frac2\pi$$ The 2nd idea is to send an email to the Chudnovsky brothers, because I know that the series you ask about is in fact the basis for this faster series: $$\frac{1}{\pi} = 12 \sum^\infty_{k=0} \frac{(-1)^k (6k)! (13591409 + 545140134k)}{(3k)!(k!)^3 640320^{3k + 3/2}}$$ 3. May 24, 2007 ### Gib Z O just in case there was any confusion over my last part of the post, the Chudnovsky brothers discovered that series.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8729137182235718, "perplexity": 1267.0552129241746}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018180631-20171018200631-00327.warc.gz"}
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=135&t=11782&p=29066	## Delta G equals 0 $\Delta G^{\circ}= \Delta H^{\circ} - T \Delta S^{\circ}$ $\Delta G^{\circ}= -RT\ln K$ $\Delta G^{\circ}= \sum \Delta G_{f}^{\circ}(products) - \sum \Delta G_{f}^{\circ}(reactants)$ Mayvera Doaran 2H Posts: 23 Joined: Fri Sep 25, 2015 3:00 am ### Delta G equals 0 When delta G is positive, the reaction is not spontaneous. When it is negative, it is spontaneous. What does it mean when delta G equals zero? Deanna Necula 3B Posts: 62 Joined: Fri Sep 25, 2015 3:00 am ### Re: Delta G equals 0 Equilibrium (no likelihood of proceeding either direction)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 3, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.66690993309021, "perplexity": 14976.528725073846}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482038.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205190939-20191205214939-00107.warc.gz"}
http://www.aboureada.com/networking/2017/11/16/networking_concept.html	2017, Nov 16 Networking Concepts Types of networks • LAN - Local area network • All users must be trusted • Owned by single entity • MAN - Metropolitan area Network • City/town wide network • hospitals / corporation offices • WAN - Wide area network • Internet • PAN - Personal area network Physical and Logical topologies Physical topologies How network is connected together? via cables or wireless Types of physical topologies Bus topology • All systems are attached to the same cable segment. • Rarely used today because of fault tolerance, poor reliability, poor traffic isolation capability and limited scalability. • It’s very hard to secure because all devices can see all the traffic. Ring topology • Each system has two connections to the network. • System transmit message from one side, receives from the other one. • Not secure, messages are going for a full loop until it reaches destination. Star topology • The most common used topology today. • All systems are connected to a central device (hub or switch). • Sender –> Center Point –> Receiver • Switched star network is the only topology that can prevent other users from eavesdropping on traffic sent between two hosts. Logical Topologies These protocols are responsible for making sure that a signal sent by a system finds its way to it’s destination. There are two general ways systems can communicate on a network: • Shared segment (Ethernet) • Allocated time (Token ring) Ethernet • Layer 2 protocol. • Only one should be transmitting a frame (chunk of data) at a time. • Collisions happen when multiple systems are transmitting simultaneously. • A collision occurs can cause both signals to fail and require systems to re-transmit their frames again. • CSMA/CD Protocol (Carrier Sense multiple Access/Collusion Detection) Token ring and FDDI • Not so popular Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Establishing a channel for each connection allows ATM to provide Quality of Service (QoS). When setting up a virtual circuit, switches along the path can be requested to allocate the desired amount of bandwidth “ I need 1MB to support a video conference, Do you have that much available?” If answer is “Yes” then a virtual circuit is created, if the answer is “No” we search for another switch. • Expensive to set up. • Not frequently used on LANs. • Good fit for network that need low-latency traffic such as video streaming. • Connection-oriented, so before systems can communicate, they must establish a virtual circuit connection between them. • The virtual circuit is torn down at the end of the connection. Types of ATM • PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) PVC is set up in advance usually manually. • SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) Is established automatically on the fly Wan Technologies • Point to point communication over a dedicated line. • high cost. • Confident as you run solely on the line. Allowing n sites to directly communicate with each one another would require n+1 links. In such situation it’s better to use Packet-Switched technology. e.g Frame Relay Frame Relay It’s a wan technology similar to Ethernet and Token Ring in that it’s based on packet switching. Lowering the costs of the WAN instead of using dedicated direct links between sites, you will use the Frame Relay Cloud. MPLS (Multi-protocol Label Switching) • Layer 2.5 in OSI model. • Supports IP traffic including IPv6, VoIP, IP Video. • Used as a replacement for Frame Relay and ATM. ISDN, DSL, Cable Modems • Connecting throw telephone companies and ISP (Internet service providers) ISDN • Use “dial-up” connection over phone to connect to only SPID (Service profile identifier). • Used mainly as a back up. • Sometimes can connect with any remote caller, so can be used as a backdoor. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) • High-speed network access over traditional telephone lines. • Operates on regular telephone line with a different modulation frequency, so it can be used in the same time with the telephone service. Cable modems • Delivered by cable television companies. • Using DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Interface Specification). Network Hardware Cabling Todays the standard for the modern ethernet networks is to use CAT 5 or CAT 6 cables Network Tap • Sniff the raw data on a network. • Needs switch configuration to configure a spanning port. • Depending on the switch this could have limitations and not gather all the info. Better option will be a device that operates on the cable level to sniff all the data. Vampire Tap • Works on coaxial cable that uses 10Base5 cabling category. • It allows you to tap all the traffic without reconfigure the switch. • Vampire taps allow new connections to be made on a given physical cable while the cable is in use. • This allows administrators to expand bus-topology network sections without interrupting communications. Without a vampire tap, the cable has to be cut and connectors have to be attached to both ends. How protocol stacks communicate The basic principle of stack based communication is that: Data from one layer of the stack can only be understood by the corresponding layer from the remote computer This layer independence does have a security implications: for example giving a wrong ip address for a specific dns service, id IP and DNS layers work together they would probably notice the fake IP, but because they work independently from each other they will not notice that. You need security software to check all the layer and make sure the headers are showing the correct info. How TCP packets are created IP fragment attacks • Tiny fragment attack • Fragment overlap attack • Sending thousands of initial fragments without sending the rest of the packets could cause IP stack to crash. Subnet classes Not used any more as it’s a waste of ips. It has been supplanted by CIDR CIDR (ClassLess Inter-Domain Routing) • Uses VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masks) to allocate IPs to subnets according to the individual needs. • The network/host division can occur at any bit boundary in the address. Limited broadcasts are used when computers boot so they can obtain DHCP lease or otherwise configure network interfaces. IP v6 • ARP is a layer 2 broadcast DNS (Domain Name System) • static host table: • in unix systems: /etc/hosts • in windows systems: %systemroot%\system32\drivers\etc\hosts with a second similar file in the same directory called lmhosts that contains additional mappings for NetBIOS to lP address translations. Types of DNS Queries • Gethostbyname - forward lookup • Maps fully qualified domain name (FQDN) to IP address • e.g. maps www.sans.org to its IP address • Maps IP address to FQDN DNS Security Attacks Cache Poisoning • DNS cache poisoning attacks involve returning extra data along with the results of a query. • This extra data contains invalid information, which on vulnerable DNS servers will be written to the DNS cache, thus poisoning the DNS cache for the server. • The end result is that any traffic for a server with a poisoned entry could be redirected to a server the attacker controls. Denial of Service • Involve flooding legitimate DNS servers with a large number of queries. • This effectively makes servers in the domain served by the DNS server unavailable. Footprinting • Footprinting involves using DNS data to learn about the servers in a network. • This can be done by requesting • zone transfers against improperly configured DNS servers, • or by performing reverse DNS lookups against an entire network range. • The gathered information can be used to formulate attacks against servers in the address space. defense against footprinting • limit zone transfers to only DNS servers who legitimately require them. • limit the DNS information available externally to only the information for your internet accessible servers. Registration Spoofing • Not a real attack, mostly social engineering. • convincing the domain registrar to use the attacker DNS server. • Large registrars use their own DNS servers to prevent this attack. UDP (User Diagram Protocol) Other important UDP-based protocols include: • Network Time Protocol (NTP)-Synchronizes time. • BOOTP/DHCP protocols-Automatically configures network interfaces and load operating systems via the network when they start up. • Network File System (NFS)-Supports file sharing for Unix-based networks. • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)-Used as a management tool to query network- and server-based devices for monitoring or troubleshooting purposes. • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)-Used as a method to transfer files from one device to another without requiring authentication. TFTP’s most common use is in updating code on network-based devices. TCP (Transmission control protocol) TCP often is a network programmer’s protocol of choice. It is probably the easier of the two protocols to program for, because most of the error handling is down inside the transport layer and out of sight from the application code. Establishing a TCP connection • After a connection is established, the ACK flag is set for every packet. As a result, the presence of the ACK can indicate whether a connection has been established or not. • In fact, simple packet filters allow all packets with ACK set and assume that they are part of an established connection. • It is trivial to circumvent such a filter by crafting a packet with the ACK bit set. This technique is often used to probe a network behind a filtering device and called an ACK scan. • To minimize traffic, ACKs are “piggy-backed” (as frequently as possible) onto packets containing data, as opposed to sending a packet with just an ACK. • The ACKs confirm to the client and server that both ends are still using the connection. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) FTP Security issues • Blind FTP configurations will prevent all or certain users (especially anonymous ones) from being able to list the files or even folders in a directory. • In order to avoid becoming a warez site, the anonymous user can be permitted to upload into a directory that allows only Put access. ln other words, one anonymous user can upload a file, but another anonymous user will be unable to download the file. • Another issue to consider with FTP is that all traffic that passes as part of an FTP connection passes in clear text. This means that even with username and password security, an FTP connection or server is only as secure as the network it traverses. • A potential attacker who has the ability to sniff traffic on a network has the ability to capture username and passwords and even to stealthily obtain files that were transmitted by the FTP server while they were sniffing the network. • Another common issue with FTP revolves around one specific feature commonly referred to as the PORT command. The effect is that a user can cause an FTP server to open a connection from the FTP server directly based upon commands entered through an FTP command/control channel. • The end result is that a user can effectively bypass firewall controls to port scan a network behind a firewall, where they can connect to an FTP server. They can also obscure their identity by using an FTP server to scan other hosts on the Internet for them. • In most cases, it is advisable to disable the PORT command entirely to prevent this type of problem. Active vs passive FTP • An ephemeral port === a port greater than 1023. Implications of ftp connection on firewalls A stateless firewall that will have no knowledge about the mechanics of the different ports being requested to be opened for FTP. This type of firewall will require the following ports to be opened for FTP to function: • Active/Passive FTP Command Channel: • 21 /TCP permitted inbound to the FTP server from any host coming from an ephemeral port • Source port 21/TCP from FTP server permitted outbound to any host on an ephemeral port • Active FTP Data Channel: • Source port 20/tcp from FTP server permitted outbound to any host on an ephemeral port • 20/TCP permitted inbound to the FTP server from any host coming from an ephemeral port • Passive FTP Data Channel: • Ephemeral ports to the FTP server permitted inbound from any host on an ephemeral port • Ephemeral ports from the FTP server permitted outbound to any host on an ephemeral port That’s a lot of traffic to be permitted through a firewall. The high traffic essentially provides a mechanism for unauthorized services to be accessible to or from the FTP server that may have nothing to do with FTP at all. This loose security model can magnify the problems mentioned previously with respect to bounce scans with the PORT command and can provide a mechanism for a potentially infected FTP server to have a backdoor installed that is listening on an obscure high port. If you are stuck with such a firewall, it would be better to disable passive FTP altogether, as active ftp is much less permissive in what it permits through the firewall. A stateful firewall It would be better, however, to use a stateful firewall that has additional knowledge of the FTP protocol and can dynamically open ports for the data channel based upon reading into command channel packets. This type of firewall will always permit 21/TCP inbound (and the stateful replies outbound) for valid connections and will prevent the need to leave all of the ephemeral ports wide open at all times, either from 20/TCP or from all ephemeral ports. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Layer 3 (Network layer) protocol Purposes: • Destination host unreachable • Fragmentation needed and OF flag set • To provide network information • Ping - Is the host alive and what’s the latency? Traceroute Unix and Windows Traceroute Works differently; might produce different results • Unix traceroute uses UDP packets • Windows tracert uses ICMP packets Not only is traceroute a great tool for determining paths through the network, but it is also a pretty decent network mapper. By carefully examining the output of several runs to different hosts on the same remote network, you can start to notice similarities and differences.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2559751272201538, "perplexity": 5629.642784713799}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494125.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220003821-20190220025821-00529.warc.gz"}

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.