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Hairspray (2007 soundtrack)
|
Hairspray ( 2007 soundtrack ) - Wikipedia Hairspray ( 2007 soundtrack ) Hairspray : Soundtrack to the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 10 , 2007 Recorded September 2006 -- January 2007 Genre Traditional pop , rock and roll , swing , soul , broadway , jazz , rhythm and blues , gospel Length 66 : 05 Label New Line Producer Marc Shaiman , Lucian Piane , Paul Broucek , Jason Lynn Hairspray soundtracks chronology Hairspray : Original Broadway Cast Recording ( 2002 ) Hairspray : Soundtrack to the Motion Picture ( 2007 ) Hairspray Live ! : Original Soundtrack of the NBC Television Event ( 2016 ) Hairspray : Soundtrack to the Motion Picture is the soundtrack album for the 2007 New Line Cinema musical film Hairspray . The film is an adaptation of the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name , itself adapted from John Waters 's original 1988 film . It features performances from the film 's cast , which includes John Travolta , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Amanda Bynes , James Marsden , Queen Latifah , Brittany Snow , Zac Efron , Elijah Kelley , and Nikki Blonsky as the lead character of Tracy Turnblad . The album has sold upwards of 1,200,000 copies in the USA , and has been certified Platinum by the RIAA . Contents 1 Critical reception 2 Album information 3 Track listing 4 2 - disc Collector 's edition 4.1 Additional songs 5 Vocalists 5.1 Main vocalists 5.2 Cameo vocalists 5.3 The Dynamites 5.4 Background vocals 6 Instrumentalists 6.1 Featured Rhythm Musicians 6.2 Featured Horn Section 6.3 Hollywood Studio Symphony 7 Chart performance and awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The News & Observer The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics . Album information ( edit ) The soundtrack contains nineteen songs from the film written by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman , three of which were not included in the stage musical version . Shaiman , who produced the original cast album for the Broadway musical , produced the songs for the film musical as well . Hairspray 's music is written and performed to conform to the story 's 1962 setting , with influences spanning the genres of rock and roll , soul , and pop . `` Ladies ' Choice '' , a new song performed by Zac Efron , was the Hairspray soundtrack 's first single . iTunes released the single on May 15 , 2007 . The iTunes version of the album includes bonus features such as the bonus track `` I Can Wait '' ( a song written for the film but cut ) , the `` Ladies ' Choice '' music video , an instructional dance video for `` Ladies ' Choice '' , and a digital version of the album booklet . The soundtrack debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 20 and peaked at number two . `` The New Girl in Town '' , `` Big , Blonde and Beautiful ( Reprise ) '' , and `` Come So Far ( Got So Far to Go ) '' are the three songs new to this version of Hairspray , although `` The New Girl in Town '' was originally written for but dropped from the Broadway production . `` Come So Far ( Got So Far to Go ) '' is played over the film 's end credits , as are renditions of two songs from the stage musical which were not included in the film proper : `` Cooties '' and `` Mama , I 'm a Big Girl Now '' . `` Cooties '' is performed on the soundtrack in a contemporary pop style by singer Aimee Allen . It was also played ( without vocals ) while the contestants , for Miss Teenage Hairspray , danced to show off their `` moves '' . `` Mama , I 'm a Big Girl Now '' , is performed by each of the three women most famous portraying Hairspray 's main character , Tracy Turnblad : the 1988 film 's Ricki Lake , the Broadway production 's Marissa Jaret Winokur , and this film 's Nikki Blonsky . Harvey Fierstein , who played Edna in the original Broadway production , also has a vocal cameo at the end of this track . Several of the songs from the Broadway musical had their lyrics altered and / or verses removed for use in the film version . These songs include `` ( The Legend of ) Miss Baltimore Crabs '' , `` Welcome to the 60s '' , `` Big , Blonde and Beautiful '' , `` Without Love '' , `` ( It 's ) Hairspray '' , `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' , et cetera . In 2016 , a vinyl edition of the album was released and sold at numerous retailers to coincide with the release of Hairspray Live ! . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Good Morning Baltimore '' Nikki Blonsky 3 : 54 2 . `` The Nicest Kids in Town '' James Marsden with the Council Members 2 : 42 3 . `` It Takes Two '' Zac Efron 3 : 04 4 . `` ( The Legend of ) Miss Baltimore Crabs '' Michelle Pfeiffer with the Council Members 4 : 08 5 . `` I Can Hear the Bells '' Nikki Blonsky ( All Vocals ) 4 : 14 6 . `` Ladies ' Choice '' Zac Efron 2 : 28 7 . `` The New Girl in Town '' Brittany Snow , Sarah Jayne Jensen , Hayley Podschun and The Dynamites 2 : 16 8 . `` Welcome to the 60 's '' Blonsky , John Travolta , The Dynamites with Jerry Stiller 5 : 13 9 . `` Run and Tell That '' Elijah Kelley , Taylor Parks 3 : 51 10 . `` Big , Blonde and Beautiful '' Queen Latifah with The Negro Day Kids 2 : 35 11 . `` Big , Blonde and Beautiful ( Reprise ) '' John Travolta , Michelle Pfeiffer 1 : 06 12 . `` ( You 're ) Timeless to Me '' John Travolta , Christopher Walken 4 : 47 13 . `` I Know Where I 've Been '' Latifah with Negros , Blonsky and Kelley 4 : 13 14 . `` Without Love '' Efron , Blonsky , Kelley , Amanda Bynes with Negro Day Kids 3 : 40 15 . `` ( It 's ) Hairspray '' Marsden with Council Members 2 : 20 16 . `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' Blonsky , Efron , Bynes , Kelley , Travolta and Latifah with Walken , Marsden , Snow , Pfeiffer 5 : 25 17 . `` Come So Far ( Got So Far to Go ) '' Latifah , Blonsky , Efron , Kelley 4 : 17 18 . `` Cooties '' Aimee Allen 2 : 42 19 . `` Mama , I 'm a Big Girl Now '' Ricki Lake , Marissa Jaret Winokur , Nikki Blonsky with Harvey Fierstein 3 : 19 2 - disc Collector 's edition ( edit ) A limited edition two - disc version of the Hairspray soundtrack was released on November 20 , 2007 , the same day as the film 's DVD / Blu - Ray release . The 2 - disc Collector 's edition soundtrack includes the one - disc soundtrack , as well as a second disc featuring additional songs from the film , deleted songs ( among them `` I Can Wait '' ) , demo recordings , and karaoke versions of certain songs . The album debuted at # 90 on the Billboard 200 with sales of at least 20,000 copies sold . Collector 's edition : Disc 2 No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I Can Wait '' ( Deleted number that was shot , but was cut from the film ) Blonsky 3 : 44 2 . `` Breakout '' ( Used in film as a record ) Chester Gregory 3 : 03 3 . `` Boink - Boink '' ( Used in film as a record ) Arthur Adams 2 : 04 4 . `` Trouble on the Line '' ( Used in film as a record ) Corey Reynolds 2 : 02 5 . `` Mr. Pinky 's Theme '' ( Instrumental score ) Instrumental 0 : 33 6 . `` Mrs. Von Tussle Says '' ( Demo for a potential replacement for `` ( The Legend of ) Miss Baltimore Crabs '' ) Pattie Darcy , Marc Shaiman 2 : 24 7 . `` Save Your Applause ' Til the End '' ( Demo for a potential replacement for `` ( The Legend of ) Miss Baltimore Crabs '' ) Christine Ebersole 2 : 55 8 . `` Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( Demo for an end - credits song ) Jenifer Lewis 3 : 02 9 . `` Timeless to Me '' ( Original demo recorded during development of the Broadway show ) Nathan Lane 4 : 03 10 . `` It Ai n't Over ' Til the Fat Lady Sings '' ( Original demo for an unused song ) Keala Settle 3 : 19 11 . `` It Does n't Get Better Than This '' ( Original demo for an unused song ) Marc Shaiman 3 : 05 12 . `` Ladies ' Choice '' ( Karaoke instrumental version ) Karaoke instrumental 2 : 29 13 . `` Welcome to the 60 's '' ( Karaoke instrumental version ) Karaoke instrumental 5 : 01 14 . `` Run and Tell That '' ( Karaoke instrumental version ) Karaoke instrumental 3 : 41 15 . `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' ( Karaoke instrumental version ) Karaoke instrumental 5 : 25 16 . `` Come So Far ( Got So Far to Go ) '' ( Karaoke instrumental version ) Karaoke instrumental 4 : 20 Additional songs ( edit ) Although included in the movie , `` The Nicest Kids in Town ( Reprise ) '' was not included on the motion picture soundtrack . The track included Tracy in the Roll Call with Corny and the Council Members . Another such song was `` Tied Up in the Knots of Sin '' and the performers included Marc Shaiman and Adam Shankman . The demo songs `` Mrs. Von Tussle Says '' and `` Save Your Applause ' Til the End '' contains some of the cut lyrics to `` ( The Legend of ) Miss Baltimore Crabs , '' as well as lyrics to another popular song in the show that was cut , `` Velma 's Revenge , '' which is a reprise of the former . Vocalists ( edit ) Main vocalists ( edit ) Nikki Blonsky as Tracy Turnblad ( also additional voices on 4 , 9 ) James Marsden as Corny Collins Zac Efron as Link Larkin ( also additional voices on 4 ) Michelle Pfeiffer as Velma Von Tussle Brittany Snow as Amber Von Tussle ( also additional voices on 4 ) John Travolta as Edna Turnblad Elijah Kelley as Seaweed J. Stubbs Queen Latifah as Motormouth Maybelle Christopher Walken as Wilbur Turnblad Amanda Bynes as Penny Pingleton ( also additional voices on 4 ) Hayley Podschun as Tammy ( also additional voices on 4 ) Sarah Jayne Jensen as Shelley Cameo vocalists ( edit ) Jerry Stiller as Mr. Pinky Taylor Parks as Little Inez ( also additional voices on 4 ) Harvey Fierstein The Dynamites ( edit ) Shayna Steele Kamilah Marshall Terita R. Redd Background vocals ( edit ) Bobbi Page - vocal ensemble , also vocal contractor John West - vocal ensemble , also vocal contractor Don Taylor - choir director New Dimensions - gospel choir vocals L.A. Mass Choir - gospel choir vocals Vocal ensemble members : Marc Shaiman , Shoshana Bean , Terron Brooks , Jenn Gambatese , Chester Gregory , Leslie Kritzer , Arnold McCuller , Louis Price , Sabrina Sloan , Donna Vivino , Willis White , Lucien Piane , Chyla Anderson , Jonathan Byram , Keith Cotton , Michael Cunio , Carmel Echols , Cliff Frazier , Christopher Johnson , Katharine Leonard , Laura Lively , Michael Mayo , Sophia Pizzulo , Jamison Scott Robinson , Jessica Rotter , Candice Rumph Burrows , Peter Mathew Smith , Leonard Sullivan , Matt Sullivan , Clarke Thorell , Davia Walker , Ayana Williams , Frank Wolf Instrumentalists ( edit ) Featured Rhythm Musicians ( edit ) Marc Shaiman - keyboards Peter Calo Francisco Centeno Keith Cotton - keyboards James `` Jim '' Cox - keyboards George Doering - guitar Nathan East - bass played by Mike Fisher Clint de Ganon Rick Gratton - drums played by Paul Jackson Jr . Dean Parks - guitar John Robinson Larry Saltzman Steve Schaeffer - percussion David Spinozza Neil Stubenhaus - bass played by Michael Thompson - guitar Michael Valerio - bass played by Featured Horn Section ( edit ) Saxophones : Dan Higgins ( Main ) , Larry Williams , Joel Peskin & Bill Liston Trumpets : Jerry Hey ( Main ) , Wayne Bergeron , Gary Grant , Larry Hall & Warren Luening Trombones : Charlie Loper ( Main ) , Steve Holtman , Alex Iles & Bill Reichenbach Hollywood Studio Symphony ( edit ) Violins : Ralph Morrison , Julie Ann Gigante & 26 others Viola : Pamela Goldsmith & 11 others Cello : Antony Cooke & 10 others Double Bass : Nico Abondolo & 8 others Bassoon ( 1st ) : Rose Corrigan Additional Bassoon : Allen M. Savedoff Clarinets : James Kanter & 4 others Flute ( 1st ) : Louise Dillon Additional Flutes : Geraldine Rotella & Greg Huckins Oboe ( 1st ) : Thomas Boyd Additional Oboe : Phillip Ayling Percussion : Alan Estes & 9 others Additional Trumpets : Daniel Fornero & Jon Lewis Additional Trombones : Andrew Martin & Craig Gosnell Additional Horns : James Thatcher Chart performance and awards ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Sales Australian ARIA Albums Chart 5 - U.S. Billboard 200 1,300,000 + U.S. Billboard Top Independent Albums France Albums Top 150 34 - Norway Norway Albums Top 40 10,000 + Wins Billboard Year End Charts ( 2007 ) # 1 Top Independent Album of the Year - `` Hairspray '' Nominations 2008 Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media See also ( edit ) Hairspray ( 2007 film ) Hairspray : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Hairspray : Original Broadway Cast Recording References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gold & Platinum - Hairspray Soundtrack Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . RIAA. 12 / 10 / 2007 Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Hairspray review '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Hairspray review '' . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hairspray Soundtrack Credits Jump up ^ Top 50 Albums Chart - Australian Recording Industry Association , Retrieved on September 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Soundtrack - Hairspray - Music Charts , Retrieved on September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Top Independent Albums , Retrieved on September 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Line Records Scores High on Billboard '' ( Press release ) . New Line Cinema. 2008 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website for the film ( 1 ) Hairspray Productions 1988 film 2002 musical 2007 film Hairspray Live ! ( 2016 ) Albums 1988 film soundtrack 2002 musical album 2007 film soundtrack Songs `` Good Morning Baltimore '' `` I Can Hear the Bells '' `` ( The Legend of ) Miss Baltimore Crabs '' `` Ladies ' Choice '' `` Welcome to the 60 's '' `` Run and Tell That '' `` Big , Blonde and Beautiful '' `` Without Love '' `` I Know Where I 've Been '' `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' See also Hairspray : The School Musical The Buddy Deane Show Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hairspray_(2007_soundtrack)&oldid=864258665 '' Categories : Film soundtracks 2007 soundtracks Albums produced by Lucian Piane Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 03 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings the new girl in town hairspray
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[
"No.TitlePerformer(s)Length1.\"Good Morning Baltimore\"Nikki Blonsky3:542.\"The Nicest Kids in Town\"James Marsden with the Council Members2:423.\"It Takes Two\"Zac Efron3:044.\"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\"Michelle Pfeiffer with the Council Members4:085.\"I Can Hear the Bells\"Nikki Blonsky (All Vocals)4:146.\"Ladies' Choice\"Zac Efron2:287.\"The New Girl in Town\"Brittany Snow, Sarah Jayne Jensen, Hayley Podschun and The Dynamites2:168.\"Welcome to the 60's\"Blonsky, John Travolta, The Dynamites with Jerry Stiller5:139.\"Run and Tell That\"Elijah Kelley, Taylor Parks3:5110.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful\"Queen Latifah with The Negro Day Kids2:3511.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful (Reprise)\"John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer1:0612.\"(You're) Timeless to Me\"John Travolta, Christopher Walken4:4713.\"I Know Where I've Been\"Latifah with Negros, Blonsky and Kelley4:1314.\"Without Love\"Efron, Blonsky, Kelley, Amanda Bynes with Negro Day Kids3:4015.\"(It's) Hairspray\"Marsden with Council Members2:2016.\"You Can't Stop the Beat\"Blonsky, Efron, Bynes, Kelley, Travolta and Latifah with Walken, Marsden, Snow, Pfeiffer5:2517.\"Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)\"Latifah, Blonsky, Efron, Kelley4:1718.\"Cooties\"Aimee Allen2:4219.\"Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now\"Ricki Lake, Marissa Jaret Winokur, Nikki Blonsky with Harvey Fierstein3:19",
"No.TitlePerformer(s)Length1.\"Good Morning Baltimore\"Nikki Blonsky3:542.\"The Nicest Kids in Town\"James Marsden with the Council Members2:423.\"It Takes Two\"Zac Efron3:044.\"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\"Michelle Pfeiffer with the Council Members4:085.\"I Can Hear the Bells\"Nikki Blonsky (All Vocals)4:146.\"Ladies' Choice\"Zac Efron2:287.\"The New Girl in Town\"Brittany Snow, Sarah Jayne Jensen, Hayley Podschun and The Dynamites2:168.\"Welcome to the 60's\"Blonsky, John Travolta, The Dynamites with Jerry Stiller5:139.\"Run and Tell That\"Elijah Kelley, Taylor Parks3:5110.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful\"Queen Latifah with The Negro Day Kids2:3511.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful (Reprise)\"John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer1:0612.\"(You're) Timeless to Me\"John Travolta, Christopher Walken4:4713.\"I Know Where I've Been\"Latifah with Negros, Blonsky and Kelley4:1314.\"Without Love\"Efron, Blonsky, Kelley, Amanda Bynes with Negro Day Kids3:4015.\"(It's) Hairspray\"Marsden with Council Members2:2016.\"You Can't Stop the Beat\"Blonsky, Efron, Bynes, Kelley, Travolta and Latifah with Walken, Marsden, Snow, Pfeiffer5:2517.\"Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)\"Latifah, Blonsky, Efron, Kelley4:1718.\"Cooties\"Aimee Allen2:4219.\"Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now\"Ricki Lake, Marissa Jaret Winokur, Nikki Blonsky with Harvey Fierstein3:19",
"No.TitlePerformer(s)Length1.\"Good Morning Baltimore\"Nikki Blonsky3:542.\"The Nicest Kids in Town\"James Marsden with the Council Members2:423.\"It Takes Two\"Zac Efron3:044.\"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\"Michelle Pfeiffer with the Council Members4:085.\"I Can Hear the Bells\"Nikki Blonsky (All Vocals)4:146.\"Ladies' Choice\"Zac Efron2:287.\"The New Girl in Town\"Brittany Snow, Sarah Jayne Jensen, Hayley Podschun and The Dynamites2:168.\"Welcome to the 60's\"Blonsky, John Travolta, The Dynamites with Jerry Stiller5:139.\"Run and Tell That\"Elijah Kelley, Taylor Parks3:5110.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful\"Queen Latifah with The Negro Day Kids2:3511.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful (Reprise)\"John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer1:0612.\"(You're) Timeless to Me\"John Travolta, Christopher Walken4:4713.\"I Know Where I've Been\"Latifah with Negros, Blonsky and Kelley4:1314.\"Without Love\"Efron, Blonsky, Kelley, Amanda Bynes with Negro Day Kids3:4015.\"(It's) Hairspray\"Marsden with Council Members2:2016.\"You Can't Stop the Beat\"Blonsky, Efron, Bynes, Kelley, Travolta and Latifah with Walken, Marsden, Snow, Pfeiffer5:2517.\"Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)\"Latifah, Blonsky, Efron, Kelley4:1718.\"Cooties\"Aimee Allen2:4219.\"Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now\"Ricki Lake, Marissa Jaret Winokur, Nikki Blonsky with Harvey Fierstein3:19",
"No.TitlePerformer(s)Length1.\"Good Morning Baltimore\"Nikki Blonsky3:542.\"The Nicest Kids in Town\"James Marsden with the Council Members2:423.\"It Takes Two\"Zac Efron3:044.\"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\"Michelle Pfeiffer with the Council Members4:085.\"I Can Hear the Bells\"Nikki Blonsky (All Vocals)4:146.\"Ladies' Choice\"Zac Efron2:287.\"The New Girl in Town\"Brittany Snow, Sarah Jayne Jensen, Hayley Podschun and The Dynamites2:168.\"Welcome to the 60's\"Blonsky, John Travolta, The Dynamites with Jerry Stiller5:139.\"Run and Tell That\"Elijah Kelley, Taylor Parks3:5110.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful\"Queen Latifah with The Negro Day Kids2:3511.\"Big, Blonde and Beautiful (Reprise)\"John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer1:0612.\"(You're) Timeless to Me\"John Travolta, Christopher Walken4:4713.\"I Know Where I've Been\"Latifah with Negros, Blonsky and Kelley4:1314.\"Without Love\"Efron, Blonsky, Kelley, Amanda Bynes with Negro Day Kids3:4015.\"(It's) Hairspray\"Marsden with Council Members2:2016.\"You Can't Stop the Beat\"Blonsky, Efron, Bynes, Kelley, Travolta and Latifah with Walken, Marsden, Snow, Pfeiffer5:2517.\"Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)\"Latifah, Blonsky, Efron, Kelley4:1718.\"Cooties\"Aimee Allen2:4219.\"Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now\"Ricki Lake, Marissa Jaret Winokur, Nikki Blonsky with Harvey Fierstein3:19"
] |
[
"Brittany Snow",
"Sarah Jayne Jensen",
"Hayley Podschun",
"The Dynamites"
] |
5339076935381489203
|
United States ten-dollar bill
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United States TEN - dollar bill - wikipedia United States TEN - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Ten dollars ( United States ) Value $10 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx. 1 g Security features Security thread , EURion constellation , Watermark , Color shifting ink , Microprinting Paper type Cotton - linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Alexander Hamilton Design date 2006 Reverse Design U.S. Treasury Design date 2006 The United States ten - dollar bill ( $10 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The obverse of the bill features the portrait of Alexander Hamilton , who served as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury . The reverse features the U.S. Treasury Building . All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes . As of December 2013 , the average life of a $10 bill is 4.5 years , or about 54 months , before it is replaced due to wear . Ten - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in yellow straps . 1805 portrait of Hamilton by John Trumbull The source of the portrait on the $10 bill is John Trumbull 's 1805 painting of Hamilton that belongs to the portrait collection of New York City Hall . The $10 bill is unique in that it is the only denomination in circulation in which the portrait faces to the left . It also features one of two non-presidents on currently issued U.S. bills , the other being Benjamin Franklin on the $100 bill . Hamilton is one of only four people featured on U.S. paper currency ( 1861 to the present ) who were not born in the continental United States or British America ; he was from the West Indies . The others were Albert Gallatin , Switzerland ( $500 1862 / 63 Legal Tender ) ; George Meade , Spain ( $1,000 1890 / 91 Treasury Note ) ; and Robert Morris , England ( $1,000 1862 / 63 Legal Tender ; $10 1878 / 80 Silver Certificate ) . In 2015 , the Treasury Secretary announced that the obverse portrait of Hamilton would be replaced by the portrait of an as yet undecided woman , starting in 2020 . However , due to the surging popularity of Hamilton , a hit Broadway musical based on Hamilton 's life , in 2016 this decision was reversed and Hamilton will remain on the $10 bill , and instead a woman will appear on the $20 bill . Contents ( hide ) 1 Large size note history 2 Small size note history 3 Rejected redesign and new 2020 bill 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Large size Note History ( edit ) ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) 1863 $10 Legal Tender note 1880 $10 Legal Tender 1861 : The first $10 bill was issued as a Demand Note with a small portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left side of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing art on the right . 1862 : The first $10 United States Note was issued with a face design similar to the 1861 Demand Note ; the reverse , however , was somewhat revised . The Roman numeral `` X '' may represent the origin of the slang term `` sawbuck '' to mean a $10 bill . 1863 : Interest Bearing Notes , featuring a portrait of Salmon P. Chase and vignette of liberty , were issued that could be redeemed one year after the date printed on the bill for $10 plus 5 % interest . The notes could also be spent for exactly $10 . 1864 : Compound Interest Treasury Notes , with a face design similar to the 1863 Interest Bearing Note , were issued that grew in face value 6 % compounded semi-annually . It is unknown if the note could actually be spent for $10 plus interest . 1869 : A new $10 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Daniel Webster on the left and an allegorical representation of Pocahontas being presented to the Royal Court of England on the right side of the obverse . This note is nicknamed a `` jackass note '' because the eagle on the front looks like a donkey when the note is turned upside down . 1870 : National Gold Bank Notes , featuring a vignette of Benjamin Franklin flying a kite on the left and liberty and an eagle on the right , were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national banks . The back of the bill featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins . Series 1880 $10 silver certificate . 1875 : The 1869 United States Note was revised . The blue and green tinting that was present on the obverse was removed and the design on the reverse was completely changed . 1878 : The first $10 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of Robert Morris on the left side of the obverse . The reverse , unlike any other federally issued note , was printed in black ink and featured the word SILVER in large block letters . 1879 : Refunding Certificates were issued that paid 4 % interest annually . 1886 : A new $10 silver certificate with a portrait of Thomas A. Hendricks was issued . 1890 : Ten - dollar Treasury or `` Coin Notes '' were issued and given for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry . The note featured a portrait of General Philip Sheridan . The reverse featured an ornate design that took up almost the entire note . 1891 : The reverse of the 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . Series 1901 $10 Legal Tender depicting military explorers Meriwether Lewis , William Clark , and an American bison . 1901 : The famous United States Note featuring portraits of Meriwether Lewis on the left , William Clark on the right , and an American bison which is sometimes erroneously noted as being Black Diamond , the Bison which was depicted on the reverse of the Indian Head Nickel . This United States Note was the only one to mention the legal provision that authorized its issuance . The reverse featured an allegorical figure representing Columbia between two Roman - styled pillars . 1907 : Congress officially ended the interest paid on Refunding Certificates , forever making their face value $21.30 . 1907 : The first $10 gold certificate with a portrait of Michael Hillegas on the front and orange - colored back was issued . 1914 : The first $10 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the obverse and vignettes of farming and industry on the reverse . The note initially had a red treasury seal and serial numbers ; however , they were changed to blue . 1914 $10 Federal Reserve Note 1915 : Federal Reserve Bank Notes ( not to be confused with Federal Reserve Notes ) were issued by 4 individual Federal Reserve banks . The obverse was similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve notes except for large wording in the middle of the bill and a portrait with no border on the left side of the bill . Each note was an obligation of the issuing bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank . 1918 : The 1915 Federal Reserve Bank Note was re-issued under series of 1918 by 4 Federal Reserve banks . 1923 : The $10 United States Note was redesigned with a portrait of Andrew Jackson . Some of the design aspects of this note , such as the bottom border and numeral 10 overprinted with the word TEN , were transferred over to the series of 1928 $10 bill . Small size Note History ( edit ) Series 1928 $10 Gold Certificate 1934 A Federal Reserve $10 Note Hawaii overprint note . The first 1953 $10 Silver Certificate printed ( Smithsonian ) . ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm ) 1929 : Under the Series of 1928 , all U.S. currency was changed to its current size . All variations of the $10 bill would carry the same portrait of Alexander Hamilton , same border design on the obverse , and the same reverse with a vignette of the U.S. Treasury building . The $10 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a gold certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers . The car parked outside of the Treasury Department building is based on a number of different cars manufactured at the time and was the creation of the Bureau designer who developed the artwork that served as a model for the engraving , because government agencies were prohibited from endorsing any specific manufacturer or product , according to a bureau of engraving and printing pamphlet . The tiny building to the right rear of the treasury building is the American Security and Trust Company Building , which for some years advertised itself as `` right on the money '' . 1933 : As an emergency response to the Great Depression , additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes . This was the only small - sized $10 bill that had a different border design on the obverse . The serial numbers and seal on it were brown . 1933 : The first small sized $10 silver certificates were issued with a blue seal and serial numbers . The obverse had a similar design style to the 1928 $1 Silver Certificates ; however , phrasing on the $10 bill was different from the $1 bill . This issue , with the series date of 1933 , was not widely released into general circulation . Surviving examples of these notes usually sell for $10,000 to $30,000 in the numismatic community depending on the condition of the paper . 1934 : The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard . 1934 : The $10 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a blue numeral 10 on the left side of the obverse and the treasury seal printed over the gray word TEN on the right . Phrasing on the certificate was changed to reflect the Silver Purchase Act of 1934 . 1942 : Special World War II currency was issued . HAWAII was overprinted on the front and back of the $10 Federal Reserve Note , and the seal and serial numbers were changed to brown . This was done so that the currency could be declared worthless in case of Japanese invasion . A $10 Silver Certificate was printed with a yellow instead of blue treasury seal ; these notes were given to U.S. troops in North Africa . These notes , too , could be declared worthless if seized by the enemy . 1950 : Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $10 Federal Reserve Note were changed . Most noticeably , the treasury seal , gray word TEN , and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller , the words WASHINGTON , D.C. were added between them and the serial number ; also , the Federal Reserve seal had spikes added around it . 1953 : The $10 silver certificate had several design changes analogous to the 1950 Federal Reserve Note design changes ; also , the blue numeral 10 on the left side of the bill was changed to gray . 1963 : WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse and IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse of the $10 Federal Reserve Notes . Also , the obligation was shortened to its current wording , THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS , PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . 1969 : The $10 bill began using the new treasury seal with wording in English that simply says , `` The Department of the Treasury , '' instead of Latin `` THESAUR . AMER . SEPTENT . SIGIL. , '' `` Seal of the Treasury of North America . '' 1981 : During production of Series 1977A , a few star notes from the Richmond FRB were made on experimental Natick paper , in the only experimental note series not involving the $1 bill . 1992 : The first modern anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced with microscopic printing around Hamilton 's portrait and a plastic security strip on the left side of the bill . Even though the notes read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in July 1992 . May 24 , 2000 : To combat evolving counterfeiting , a new $10 bill was issued under series 1999 whose design was similar in style to the $100 , $50 , $20 , and $5 bills that had all undergone previous design changes . The major changes were a revised portrait of Hamilton and a revised vignette of the U.S. Treasury building , now facing front . The plastic security strip reads `` USA TEN '' and now glows orange under a black light . Like the new $5 , the bills were first printed in December 1999 . March 2 , 2006 : In addition to design changes introduced in 2000 , the obverse features red background images of the Statue of Liberty 's torch , the phrase WE THE PEOPLE from the United States Constitution , a smaller metallic representation of the Statue of Liberty 's torch , orange and yellow background color , a borderless portrait of Hamilton , and to the left of Hamilton small yellow 10s whose zeros form the EURion constellation . The reverse features small yellow EURion 10s and have the fine lines removed from around the vignette of the United States Treasury building . These notes were issued in series 2004A with Cabral - Snow signatures . The first notes were printed in July 2005 . Rejected redesign and new 2020 bill ( edit ) On June 17 , 2015 , Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned ten - dollar bill by 2020 . The Department of Treasury was seeking the public 's input on who should appear on the new bill during the design phase . Removal of Hamilton was controversial . Many believed that Hamilton , as the first Secretary of the Treasury , should remain on U.S. Currency in some form , all the while acknowledging that U.S. Currency was long overdue to feature a female historical figure -- names that had been raised included Eleanor Roosevelt , Harriet Tubman , Susan B. Anthony and Rosa Parks . This led to the Treasury Department stating that Hamilton would remain on the bill in some way . The $10 bill was chosen because it was scheduled for a regular security redesign , a years - long process . The redesigned ten - dollar bill will be the first U.S. note to incorporate tactile features to assist those with visual disabilities . On April 20 , 2016 , it was announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain the primary face on the $10 bill , due in part to the sudden popularity of the first Treasury Secretary after the success of the Broadway musical Hamilton . It was simultaneously announced that Harriet Tubman 's likeness would appear on the $20 bill while Andrew Jackson would now appear on the reverse with the White House . The design for the reverse of the 2020 $10 bill will feature the heroines of the Women 's Suffrage Movement in the United States , including Susan B. Anthony , Alice Paul , Sojourner Truth , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , and the participants of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession who marched in Washington D.C. in favor of full voting rights for American women . See also ( edit ) Ten Dollar Bill ( Roy Lichtenstein ) References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : How long is the lifespan of U.S. paper money ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Secretary Lew Announces Historic Decision To Feature A Woman On The Newly Redesigned Ten Dollar Note '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Treasury Department . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change for a $20 : Tubman Ousts Jackson '' . The New York Times . 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Currency NOTES '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of engraving and Printing . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Washington DC . Random House . 1991 . p. 76 . American Security Bank likes to boast in its commercials that it 's `` Right on the money '' -- `` the money '' in this case being a $10 bill . If you look on the back of one you 'll see the Treasury Building and to its right the tiny American Security bank building . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Trademark search details for `` Right on the money '' `` . Boliven . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $10 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1999 $10 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004A $10 '' . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Woman 's Portrait Will Appear on the $10 Bill '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Woman 10 bill redesign update '' . CNN . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meaningful Access White Paper '' ( PDF ) . B of Engraving and Printing. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Women Currency Harriet Tubman '' . The New York Times . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New $10 Note '' . US Department of the Treasury . 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 27 . Sources ( edit ) Wilhite , Robert ( 1998 ) . Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money ( 17th ed ) . Krause Pubns Inc . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 653 - 8 . Hudgeons , Thomas ( 2005 ) . The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006 , Edition # 38 . House of Collectibles . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4845 - 1 . Friedberg , Arthur ; Ira Friedberg ; David Bowers ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book Of United States Paper Money : Complete Source for History , Grading , and Prices ( Official Red Book ) . Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The 2006 edition ( 2004 Series ) of the 10 dollar bill Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Alice Paul Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Co-authored Equal Rights Amendment Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Alice Paul Institute Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_ten-dollar_bill&oldid=826816659 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1861 Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton Banknotes of the United States Ten - base - unit banknotes Cultural depictions of Susan B. Anthony Alice Paul Elizabeth Cady Stanton Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is going to be on the 10 dollar bill
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"In 2015, the Treasury Secretary announced that the obverse portrait of Hamilton would be replaced by the portrait of an as yet undecided woman, starting in 2020.[3] However, due to the surging popularity of Hamilton, a hit Broadway musical based on Hamilton's life, in 2016 this decision was reversed and Hamilton will remain on the $10 bill, and instead a woman will appear on the $20 bill.[4]"
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"Hamilton"
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Temple of Hercules Victor
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Temple of Hercules Victor - wikipedia Temple of Hercules Victor The Temple of Hercules Victor , in the Forum Boarium . Detail of capitals The Temple of Hercules Victor ( ' Hercules the Winner ' ) ( Italian : Tempio di Ercole Vincitore ) or Hercules Olivarius is a Roman temple in Piazza Bocca della Verità , in the area of the Forum Boarium close to the Tiber in Rome . It is a tholos - a round temple of Greek ' peripteral ' design completely encircled by a colonnade . This layout caused it to be mistaken for a temple of Vesta until it was correctly identified by Napoleon 's Prefect of Rome , Camille de Tournon . Despite ( or perhaps due to ) the Forum Boarium 's role as the cattle - market for ancient Rome , the Temple of Hercules is the subject of a folk belief claiming that neither flies nor dogs will enter the holy place . Contents 1 Description 2 Identification 3 Post-Classical history 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) Dating from the later 2nd century BC , and perhaps erected by L. Mummius Achaicus , conqueror of the Achaeans and destroyer of Corinth , the temple is 14.8 m in diameter and consists of a circular cella within a concentric ring of twenty Corinthian columns 10.66 m tall , resting on a tuff foundation . These elements supported an architrave and roof , which have disappeared . The original wall of the cella , built of travertine and marble blocks , and nineteen of the originally twenty columns remain but the current tile roof was added later . Palladio 's published reconstruction suggested a dome , though this was apparently erroneous . The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome . Identification ( edit ) Its major literary sources are two almost identical passages , one in Servius ' commentary on the Aeneid ( viii. 363 ) and the other in Macrobius ' Saturnalia . Though Servius mentions that aedes duae sunt , `` there are two sacred temples '' , the earliest Roman calendars mention but one festival , on 13 August , to Hercules Victor and Hercules Invictus interchangeably . C.W. Eckersberg , Vesta Temple in Rome , 1814 - 1816 , Nivaagaards Malerisamling . Post-classical History ( edit ) By 1132 the temple had been converted to a church , known as Santo Stefano alle Carozze ( St. Stephen ' of the carriages ' ) . Additional restorations ( and a fresco over the altar ) were made in 1475 . A plaque in the floor was dedicated by Sixtus IV . In the 17th century the church was rededicated to Santa Maria del Sole ( `` St. Mary of the Sun '' ) . The temple and the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli were an inspiration for Bramante 's Tempietto and other High Renaissance churches of centralized plan . The temple was recognized officially as an ancient monument in 1935 and restored in 1996 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ... houses built into the round Temple of ' Vesta ' , which de Tournon correctly identified as of Hercules Victor , were removed '' in 1811 ( Salmon 1995 , 150 ) . Jump up ^ Leone Battista Alberti , Architecture , trans . James Leoni ( 1755 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ For its dating , see Ziolkowski 1988 , 314ff ; Ziolkowski 's argument for its dedicator and criticisms of other scholars ' candidates : 316ff . Jump up ^ sed Romae victoris Herculis aedes duae sunt , unam ad Portam Geminam , alia ad Forum Boarium . Jump up ^ Noted by Ziolkowski 1988 : 309 and notes ; the other temple was that of Hercules Invictus ad Circum Maximum . Jump up ^ Adam Ziolkowski 1988 : 311 and note 6 demonstrates the interchangeability that developed for the two originally separate epithets . Jump up ^ See Alessandro Pergoli Campanelli , Restauro del cosiddetto Tempio di Vesta , in `` AR '' , XXXV , 32 , novembre - dicembre 2000 , pp. 26 - 30 . References ( edit ) Alberti , Leone Battista . Architecture , 1755 , tr . Leoni , James . Claridge , Amanda . Oxford Archaeological Guides - Rome . Oxford University Press , 1998 Coarelli , Filippo . Guida Archeologica di Roma . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore , Milano , 1989 . Salmon , Frank ( 1995 ) . `` ' Storming the Campo Vaccino ' : British Architects and the Antique Buildings of Rome after Waterloo '' . Architectural History . 38 : 146 -- 175 . JSTOR 1568626 . Woodward , Christopher . The Buildings of Europe - Rome. page 30 , Manchester University Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4032 - 9 Ziolkowski , Adam ( 1988 ) . `` Mummius ' Temple of Hercules Victor and the Round Temple on the Tiber '' . Phoenix . 42 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 333 . JSTOR 1088657 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temple of Hercules ( Rome ) . Detailed photographs of the interior and features of the building High - resolution 360 ° Panoramas and Images of Temple of Hercules Art Atlas Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 19 '' N 12 ° 28 ′ 51 '' E / 41.8887 ° N 12.4808 ° E / 41.8887 ; 12.4808 Landmarks of Rome Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Ponte Sisto Basilicas and churches St. Peter 's Basilica Sistine Chapel Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Catacombs Church of the Gesù San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Prassede Santa Sabina Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza Santa Maria della Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Architecture and art Villas Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Sistine Chapel ceiling Fountains Fontana dell'Acqua Felice Fontana dell'Acqua Paola Trevi Fountain Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Parks and gardens Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Piazzas and public spaces Campo de ' Fiori Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Streets Appian Way Clivus Capitolinus Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Museums Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese Doria Pamphilj Gallery Museum of Roman Civilization Capitoline Museums National Roman Museum National Museum of Oriental Art Palaces Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Colonna Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Riario Palazzo Pamphilj Quirinal Palace Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Castello Orsini - Odescalchi Hadrian 's Villa Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Related Vatican City St. Peter 's Square VIAF : 253022269 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Hercules_Victor&oldid=849462409 '' Categories : 2nd - century BC religious buildings Temples of the Forum Boarium Temples of Heracles Conversion of non-Christian places of worship into churches Deconsecrated Roman Catholic churches in Rome Rome R. XII Ripa Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 05 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the temple of hercules victor built
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"Dating from the later 2nd century BC, and perhaps erected by L. Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of the Achaeans and destroyer of Corinth,[3] the temple is 14.8 m in diameter and consists of a circular cella within a concentric ring of twenty Corinthian columns 10.66 m tall, resting on a tuff foundation. These elements supported an architrave and roof, which have disappeared. The original wall of the cella, built of travertine and marble blocks, and nineteen of the originally twenty columns remain but the current tile roof was added later. Palladio's published reconstruction suggested a dome, though this was apparently erroneous. The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome.\n"
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"the later 2nd century BC"
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7220152845483996196
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Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)
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Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Wheel of Fortune Genre Game show Created by Merv Griffin Directed by Jeff Goldstein ( 1975 -- 78 ) Dick Carson ( 1978 -- 99 ) Mark Corwin ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Bob Cisneros ( 2013 -- 15 ) Robert Ennis ( 2015 -- present ) Presented by Network Host Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 81 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 89 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hostess Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 82 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 91 ) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White Narrated by Charlie O'Donnell ( 1975 -- 80 , 1989 -- 2010 ) Jack Clark ( 1980 -- 88 ) M.G. Kelly ( 1988 -- 89 ) Jim Thornton ( 2011 -- present ) Theme music composer Alan Thicke ( 1975 -- 83 ) Merv Griffin ( 1983 -- 97 ) Steve Kaplan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frankie Blue ( 2006 -- 16 ) John Hoke ( 2007 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Syndicated version : 6,000 ( as of April 11 , 2014 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Merv Griffin ( 1975 -- 2000 ) Harry Friedman ( 1999 -- present ) Producer ( s ) John Rhinehart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Nancy Jones ( 1976 -- 95 ) Harry Friedman ( 1995 -- 99 ) Karen Griffith ( 1997 -- present ) Steve Schwartz ( 1997 -- present ) Location ( s ) NBC Studios ( Burbank ) ( 1975 -- 89 ) CBS Television City ( 1989 -- 95 ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California ( 1995 -- present ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Merv Griffin Productions ( 1975 -- 84 ) Merv Griffin Enterprises ( 1984 -- 94 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Califon Productions , Inc . Distributor King World Productions ( 1983 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network Daytime : NBC ( 1975 -- 89 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 91 ) Evening : Syndicated ( 1983 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ; downgraded to 720p locally in some markets ) ( 2006 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release Network January 6 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 06 ) -- June 30 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ) ( NBC ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) -- January 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 11 ) ( CBS ) January 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 14 ) -- September 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 20 ) ( NBC ) Syndication September 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wheel 2000 External links Website Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and continues to air to this day . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by Vanna White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 35th season premiered on September 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one since the syndicated version 's 32nd season ( 2014 -- 15 ) The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category , and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two - contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants ' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control , allowing the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ) . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of , the sponsoring company , and the 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual 1⁄2 Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss - up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts round 1 , and the third determines who starts round 4 . Respectively , the toss - ups are valued at $1,000 , $2,000 , and $3,000 . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss - up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter of the puzzle is revealed . In this case , the contestant in the position closest to the host is interviewed first or starts the round . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges '' . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally , or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed - up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared . The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round , an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins , the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35 , the puzzle and category were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category , and every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( on the episode that aired October 14 , 2008 ) , to Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . At the end of the Bonus Round , Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 envelope was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it . Previous rules ( edit ) Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate , or he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the week 's first four shows returned to compete in the `` Friday Finals '' . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 in 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest - scoring contestant played a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981 . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV , was `` too local '' for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983 . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania '' . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011 . Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O'Donnell's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain and Jim Thornton . For the show 's twenty - ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and has been with the show ever since . Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . Tthey were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith 's and Schwartz 's former position . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full - time director . Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set , as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board , as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop - down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop - downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled `` Big Wheels '' . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , `` Changing Keys '' , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '' , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled `` Happy Wheels '' . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition . In addition to `` Changing Keys '' , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think ! '' , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , `` Nightwalk '' , `` Struttin ' on Sunset '' , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino , Resort & Spa , Cabazon , California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson , California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one - hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows , Tic - Tac - Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '' , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy '' . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '' , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to `` Come on down ! '' , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , `` Think ! '' from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show . Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability , he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner , '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game . Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin , and ask you to give me a letter . If it 's in the puzzle , you have three seconds to solve it . Vowels are worth nothing , consonants are worth ... ( wedge amount ) , we 'll add $1,000 to that , ( dollar amount ) apiece . '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3 , was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College Week , Episode 5 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 6000 . April 11 , 2014 . Syndicated . Sajak : `` By the way , I 'm not looking for any cheap applause , but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 14 , 1995 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE BEGINS 35TH SEASON CELEBRATION '' . WheelOfFortune.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Ali , Rasha ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch ' Wheel of Fortune ' Unveil a New Puzzle Format '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 31 May 2016 . Syndication . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004 , p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show '' . CBS Press Express . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 25 May 2016 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner '' . Philadelphia : WPVI - TV . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune '' . Tuscaloosa , AL : WCFT - TV . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher , Sarah Manchester , wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' '' . Washington , DC : WJLA - TV . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30 , Episode 4 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 30 . Episode 5834 . May 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment . '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik , Ben ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` TV Spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 30 , 1989 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 18 . September 4 , 2000 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 14 , Episode 11 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . September 16 , 1996 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 27 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 7 . September 4 , 1989 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 16 , Episode 15 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 16 . September 21 , 1998 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 6 . October 3 , 1988 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Clifford ( May 23 , 1986 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top '' . St. Petersburg Evening - Independent . p. 5B . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Weekly Variety : 80 . September 7 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford '' . Youngstown Vindicator . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Observer - Reporter . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' `` . Katie . April 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( January 8 , 1986 ) . `` Here comes Vanna White '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stargazing '' . The Kansas City Star . March 11 , 1991 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( March 6 , 1991 ) . `` Dog Bites Queen , And That 's News '' . The Inquirer . Philadelphia . Associated Press , Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White '' . Good Morning America . ABC . April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . Episode 2594 . November 21 , 1996 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 4 , 1997 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances , Holidays , and Celebrations . MobileReference. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special '' . Wheel of Fortune . April 1 , 1997 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Want to be Vanna for a day ? '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gehring , Lydia ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : West , Randy . `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute '' . Randy West official website . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark , announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Miami Herald . July 27 , 1988 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lycan , Gary ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5851 . September 16 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5866 . October 7 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5891 . November 11 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6066 . October 13 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6091 . November 17 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR '' . Wheel of Fortune . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , ' Jeopardy ! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holl , John ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` To Califon , Merv was just a regular farm guy '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions , a subtle nod from Merv Griffin , the program 's creator , to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm . Jump up ^ `` Pat , Vanna and Alex Play On ! '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' '' . TV Guide . 1987 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , America 's Favorite Game Show , Spins Into Its 20th Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 17 , 1995 . p . G5 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( July 26 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ed Flesh , Designed the Wheel of Fortune , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board '' . The Vindicator . February 25 , 1997 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N '' . Wheel of Fortune . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Teti , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the most amazing solve in ' Wheel of Fortune ' history '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Merv Griffin biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famous people who died in aviation accidents '' . www.planecrashinfo.com . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt , Susan ( September 5 , 1989 ) . `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy ! ' tonight '' . The Boston Globe . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips '' . Portland , OR : KATU - TV . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 26 , 1990 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Variety : 54 . August 10 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . TV Guide . 32 : 64 . 1984 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) '' . Australian Game Show Homepage . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liebst , Asger ( 2009 ) . `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet '' . Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001 , billeder fra danskernes hverdrag . Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ) . Émission TV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ) . fernsehserien.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna '' . GiocaItalia.it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ) . Media , Culture and Society in Malaysia . Routledge . pp. 29 , 31 , 35 . ISBN 0203861655 . Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns '' . Stuff.co.nz. April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimaculangan , Jocelyn ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Casino Observer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes , or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel-Roulette.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ) . Laguia TV . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . UKGameShows.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 23 . September 12 , 2005 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin '' . Austin American - Statesman . p. 11 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding '' . The Wrap TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Hall of Game Show Fame . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . GSN . Retrieved on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards '' . TV Eye . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . May 10 , 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame '' . St. Louis , MO : KSDK - TV . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Graham , Jefferson ( 1988 ) . Come on Down ! ! ! : The Game Show Book . New York : Abbeville Press . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6 . Griffin , Merv & Bender , David ( 2007 ) . Merv : Making the Good Life Last . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books . Sams , David R. & Shook , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . Wheel of Fortune . New York : St. Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4 . Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . Stafford , Susan ( 2011 ) . Stop the Wheel , I Want to Get Off ! ( eBook ) . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books . Trebek , Alex & Barsocchini , Peter ( 1990 ) . The ' Jeopardy ! ' Book : The Answers , the Questions , the Facts , and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History . Introduction by Merv Griffin . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) . Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) The Price Is Right ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=840261614 '' Categories : 1970s American game shows 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American game shows 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American game shows 1991 American television series endings 2000s American game shows 2010s American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did wheel of fortune start on tv
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[
"Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6, 1975, to June 30, 1989. After some changes were made to its format, the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17, 1989, to January 11, 1991. It then returned to NBC from January 14, 1991, until it was cancelled on September 20, 1991. The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed, which premiered on September 19, 1983, and continues to air to this day."
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"January 6, 1975"
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Once Upon a Time (TV series)
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Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2011 American series . For the various French animated TV series , see Once Upon a Time ... Once Upon a Time Genre Drama Fantasy Mystery Adventure Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Starring Ginnifer Goodwin Jennifer Morrison Lana Parrilla Josh Dallas Jared S. Gilmore Raphael Sbarge Jamie Dornan Robert Carlyle Eion Bailey Emilie de Ravin Meghan Ory Colin O'Donoghue Michael Raymond - James Michael Socha Rebecca Mader Sean Maguire Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Mekia Cox Composer ( s ) Mark Isham Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 143 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Steve Pearlman David H. Goodman Andrew Chambliss Producer ( s ) Damon Lindelof Christine Boylan Robert Hull Kalinda Vazquez Jane Espenson Daniel T. Thomsen Brian Wankum Kathy Gilroy Ian Goldberg Liz Tigelaar Samantha Thomas Jerome Schwartz Helga Ungurait Location ( s ) Steveston , British Columbia Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Steven Fierberg Stephen Jackson Tony Mirza Editor ( s ) Geofrey Hildrew Mark Goldman Scot J. Kelly Joe Talbot Hall Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios Kitsis / Horowitz Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Once Upon a Time in Wonderland External links Website Once Upon a Time is an American fantasy drama television series that premiered on October 23 , 2011 , on ABC . The show follows various fairy - tale characters who were transported to the real world and robbed of their original memories by a powerful curse . The first six seasons were largely set in the fictitious seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , with Emma Swan as the lead character , while the seventh takes place in a Seattle , Washington neighborhood called Hyperion Heights , with a new main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills . It borrows elements and characters from the Disney franchise and popular Western literature , folklore , and fairy tales . Once Upon a Time was created by Lost and Tron : Legacy writers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz . For the first six seasons , the series aired on Sundays at 8 : 00 pm ET / 7 : 00 pm CT . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a 22 - episode seventh season , moving to Friday 8 : 00 pm ET / 7 : 00 pm CT , which premiered on October 6 , 2017 . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series . A spin - off series , Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , consisting of 13 episodes , premiered on October 10 , 2013 , and concluded on April 3 , 2014 . It followed the journey of Alice , from Alice in Wonderland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.6 Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 2 Episodes 3 Cast 4 Development and production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Setting 5.1 Main settings 5.2 Expanded settings 6 Cultural references 7 Music 8 Broadcast 9 Reception 9.1 Critical response 9.2 Ratings 9.3 Awards and nominations 10 Tie - in material 10.1 Novels 10.2 Comic books 11 Spin - off 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Series overview ( edit ) For the first six seasons , the series originally took place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales and other stories that were transported to the real world town and robbed of their original memories by the Evil Queen Regina ( Lana Parrilla ) who used a powerful curse obtained from Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) . The residents of Storybrooke , where Regina is mayor , have lived an unchanging existence for 28 years , unaware of their own lack of aging . The town 's only hope lies with a bail - bonds person named Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) , the daughter of Snow White ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) and Prince Charming ( Josh Dallas ) , who was transported from the Enchanted Forest to the real world via a magic tree as an infant before she could be cursed . As such , she is the only person who can break the curse and restore the characters ' lost memories . She is aided by her son , Henry ( Jared S. Gilmore ) , with whom she was recently reunited after giving him up for adoption upon his birth , and his Once Upon a Time book of fairy tales that holds the key to breaking the curse . Henry is also the adopted son of Regina , providing a source of both conflict and common interest between the two women . In the seventh season reboot , an adult Henry Mills ( Andrew J. West ) , along with Regina , Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) and Rumplestiltskin , are found years later in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , where characters from a different realm were brought under a new curse . Hoping to restore her family 's memories , Lucy ( Alison Fernandez ) must convince her parents , Henry and Cinderella ( Dania Ramirez ) , of the true nature of Hyperion Heights , in the midst of emerging dangers involving Lady Tremaine ( Gabrielle Anwar ) and Mother Gothel ( Emma Booth ) . Episodes usually have one segment that details the characters ' past lives that , when serialized , adds a piece to the puzzle about the characters and their connection to the events that preceded the curse and its consequences . The other , set in the present day , follows a similar pattern with a different outcome but also offers similar insights . Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 1 ) The first season premiered on October 23 , 2011 . The Evil Queen interrupts the wedding of Snow White and Prince Charming to announce that she will cast a curse on everyone that will leave her with the only happy ending . In line with a prophecy that arises during the season , the Evil Queen 's curse comes on the eve of the birth of Snow White and Prince Charming 's daughter , and the two royal parents are forced to send her along to another realm in the hopes that some day she will be their salvation . As a result of the curse , the majority of the characters are transported to the town of Storybrooke , Maine , where they have been stripped of their original memories and identities as fairy tale characters . On her 28th birthday , Emma Swan , the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming , is brought to Storybrooke by her biological son Henry Mills in the hopes of breaking the curse cast by his adoptive mother , the Evil Queen Regina . Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 2 ) The second season premiered on September 30 , 2012 . Despite Emma having broken the curse , the characters are not returned to the fairy tale world , and must deal with their own dual identities . Emma struggles with the new knowledge that not only are her parents alive and well , but they come from a world in which magic is very , very real - a world in which Emma must now take part . With the introduction of magic into Storybrooke by Mr. Gold , the fates of the two worlds become intertwined , and new threats emerge in the form of Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) , Regina 's mother Cora ( Barbara Hershey ) , also known as the Queen of Hearts , and sinister operatives from the real world with an agenda to destroy magic . Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 3 ) The third season premiered on September 29 , 2013 . It was split into two volumes , with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2013 , and the later half from March to May 2014 . In the first volume , the main characters travel to Neverland to rescue Henry , who has been kidnapped by Peter Pan ( Robbie Kay ) as part of a plan to obtain the `` Heart of the Truest Believer '' from him . Their increasing power struggle with Pan continues in Storybrooke , which ultimately results in the complete reversal of the original curse . All the characters are returned to their original worlds , leaving Emma and Henry to escape to New York City . In the second volume , the characters are mysteriously brought back to a recreated Storybrooke with their memories of the previous year removed , and the envious Wicked Witch of the West ( Rebecca Mader ) from the Land of Oz appears with a plan to change the past . Once again , Emma is needed to save her family . Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) The fourth season premiered on September 28 , 2014 . It was also split into two volumes , with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2014 , and the later half from March to May 2015 . A new storyline incorporating elements from Frozen was revealed when the time travel events of the previous season lead to the accidental arrival of Elsa ( Georgina Haig ) from the Enchanted Forest of the past to present - day Storybrooke . As she searches for her sister Anna ( Elizabeth Lail ) with the aid of the main characters , they encounter the Snow Queen ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) . Meanwhile , Regina seeks the Author of Henry 's Once Upon a Time book so that she can finally have her happy ending . However , Mr. Gold , with the help of Cruella De Vil ( Victoria Smurfit ) , Maleficent ( Kristin Bauer van Straten ) , and Ursula ( Merrin Dungey ) , has his own plan to rewrite the rules governing the fates of all heroes and villains . Henry and Emma race to restore reality and the truth before the twisted inversion becomes permanent . However , the price leads to the ultimate sacrifice . Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 5 ) The fifth season was announced on May 7 , 2015 , and premiered on September 27 , 2015 . It was once again split into two volumes with the first volume ran from September to December 2015 , and the second volume from March to May 2016 . The characters embark on a quest to Camelot to find the Sorcerer Merlin ( Elliot Knight ) in order to free Emma from the powers of an ancient darkness that threatens to destroy everything . To complicate matters , King Arthur ( Liam Garrigan ) is determined to forever alter the balance between light and darkness using the legendary Excalibur . As history and destiny collide , unsuspected consequences lead the characters to the Underworld where they encounter souls of those with unfinished business and must face Hades ( Greg Germann ) . In an attempt to restore order to the chaos that has culminated , the characters ' dangerous manipulations of magic lead to an exacerbation of the war between light and darkness , with the separation of Regina and her Evil Queen persona , as well as the arrival of Dr. Jekyll ( Hank Harris ) and Mr. Hyde ( Sam Witwer ) . Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) The sixth season was announced on March 3 , 2016 , and premiered on September 25 , 2016 . The characters must defend Storybrooke from the combined threat of Mr. Hyde and an unleashed Evil Queen and the mysterious fate of saviors leads to Emma learning about Aladdin ( Deniz Akdeniz ) . The ongoing war between light and darkness ultimately leads to the arrival of the creator of the Dark Curse , the Black Fairy ( Jaime Murray ) as well as the final battle that was prophesied before the casting of the original curse . Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a seventh season consisting of 22 episodes , which marks the beginning of a soft reboot . Years later after the Final Battle , Lucy ( Alison Fernandez ) arrives in the neighborhood of Hyperion Heights in Seattle , Washington with her Once Upon a Time book to find her father Henry Mills ( Andrew J. West ) who is needed by his family . Characters from the New Enchanted Forest were brought to Hyperion Heights under a new curse and are caught in a rising conflict involving Cinderella ( Dania Ramirez ) and Lady Tremaine ( Gabrielle Anwar ) whose dangerous history with Mother Gothel ( Emma Booth ) is also revealed . The seventh season will serve as the final season of the series . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 - 49 rank 22 October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 11.71 28 4.1 / 10 18 22 September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 10.24 35 3.6 / 9 18 22 September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 9.38 35 3.3 / 8 12 22 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 8.98 50 3.2 / 7 17 5 23 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 6.32 69 2.2 / 7 34 6 22 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 4.39 105 1.5 / 5 70 7 22 October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA Once Upon a Time 's first season received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics . Metacritic gave it a score of 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews . The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18 -- 49 rating / share of 4.0 / 10 . The second season premiered on September 30 , 2012 , to an audience of 11.36 million viewers , while the third season began on September 29 , 2013 , opening to 8.52 million viewers . In May 2014 , ABC renewed the show for its fourth season , premiering in September 2014 to an audience of 9.47 million viewers . The series was renewed for a fifth season in May 2015 and for a sixth season in March 2016 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a 22 - episode seventh season . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Josh Dallas as Pauper / Prince Charming / David Nolan ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archibald Hopper ( main season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 ) Jamie Dornan as Huntsman / Sheriff Graham Humbert ( season 1 ) Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Crocodile / Beast / Mr. Gold / Weaver Eion Bailey as Pinocchio / August Wayne Booth ( main season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 , 4 , 6 ) Emilie de Ravin as Belle / Lacey ( main seasons 2 -- 6 ; recurring season 1 ) Meghan Ory as Red Riding Hood / Wolf / Ruby ( main season 2 ; recurring seasons 1 , 3 , 5 ) Colin O'Donoghue as Killian Jones / Captain Hook / Rogers ( seasons 2 -- ) Michael Raymond - James as Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( main season 3 ; recurring season 2 ) Michael Socha as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts / White King ( season 4 ) Rebecca Mader as Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West / Kelly ( main seasons 5 -- 6 ; recurring seasons 3 -- 4 , 7 ) Sean Maguire as Robin Hood ( main season 5 ; recurring seasons 3 -- 4 , 6 ) Andrew J. West as Henry Mills ( season 7 ) Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda ( season 7 ) Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey ( season 7 ) Alison Fernandez as Lucy ( season 7 ) Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine ( season 7 ) Development and production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis conceived the show in 2004 before joining the writing staff of Lost , but wanted to wait until that series was over to focus on this project . The idea is to take these characters that we all know collectively and try to find things about them that we have n't explored before . Sometimes it 's a story point , sometimes it 's a thematic connection , sometimes it 's a dilemma they face in both worlds that is similar . We are not generally retelling the exact same story as the fairy tale world . `` '' -- Executive producer Adam Horowitz Eight years before the Once Upon a Time pilot ( the two had just completed their work on Felicity , in 2002 ) , Kitsis and Horowitz became inspired to write fairy tales out of a love of `` mystery and excitement of exploring lots of different worlds . '' They presented the premise to networks , but were refused because of its fantastic nature . From their time on Lost , the writers learned to look at the story in a different way , namely that `` character has to trump mythology . '' They explained , `` As people , you 've got to see what the void in their heart or in their lives is to care about them ... For us , this was as much about the character journeys and seeing what was ripped from them in coming to Storybrooke -- going at it that way as opposed to making it the ' break - the - curse show . ' '' Despite the comparisons and similarities to Lost , the writers intend them to be very different shows . To them , Lost concerned itself with redemption , while Once Upon a Time is about `` hope '' . Lost co-creator Damon Lindelof aids in the development of the series as a consultant , but has no official credit on the show . Kitsis and Horowitz have called him a `` godfather '' to the series . To differentiate the storytelling from what the audience already knew , the writing staff decided to begin the pilot with the end of the typical Snow White fairytale . Themes concerning family and motherhood were emphasized , in contrast to the focus on fatherhood in Lost . Kitsis and Horowitz sought to write strong female characters , rather than the classic damsel in distress . Horowitz stated their desire to approach each character the same way , asking themselves , `` How do we make these icons real , make them relatable ? '' The pilot is meant to be the `` template of the series '' . Kitsis confirmed that every week will contain flashbacks between both worlds , as they `` love the idea of going back and forth and informing what the character is missing in their life . '' The writers ' desire to present a `` mash up '' of many small characters can be seen in a scene of the pilot , in which there is a war council featuring Geppetto , Pinocchio , and Grumpy . Horowitz elaborated , `` One of the fun things for us coming up with these stories is thinking of ways these different characters can interact in ways they never have before . '' Since then , the creators have added more elements , and given its ties to Disney , have managed to expand the universe to include more recent material , by throwing out hints that they might look ahead at incorporating characters from Brave and Frozen in future episodes , if they get the green light from Disney . The Season 3 finale introduced Elsa in the final minutes of the episode . The general premise , importing the Snow White core characters into the `` real world '' , was previously seen on ABC television in the short - lived 1980s comedy The Charmings . The show also has a similar premise to Bill Willingham 's ten - year - old comic series Fables , to which ABC bought the rights in 2008 but never made it past planning stages . After Fables fans raised controversy over possible appropriation , the show writers initially denied a link , but later said they may have `` read a couple issues '' of the comic book but while the two concepts are `` in the same playground '' , they are `` telling a different story . '' Bill Willingham responded to the controversy in an interview , where he stated he did not feel the show was plagiarism and said : `` Maybe they did remember reading Fables back then , but did n't want to mention it because we 've become a very litigious people . '' Casting ( edit ) The cast as they appeared in season three . Secondary character casting director , Samuel Forsyth , started the casting process in 2010 . Horowitz stated that everyone they initially wanted for roles in the series accepted their roles after being sent a script . Ginnifer Goodwin was cast as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard , who appreciated that she would be playing a strong character that was fleshed out for the audience . Goodwin had stated in interviews that she would love to play Snow White , and called her acceptance of the role `` a no - brainer . '' Both Kitsis and Horowitz are self - described big fans of Goodwin 's previous series , Big Love , and wrote the part of Snow White with her in mind . Josh Dallas , who portrays Prince Charming / David Nolan , was pleased the writers took `` some dramatic license '' with his character , believing the prince had become more real . He explained , `` Prince Charming just happens to be a name . He 's still a man with the same emotions as any other man . He 's a Prince , but he 's a Prince of the people . He gets his hands dirty . He 's got a kingdom to run . He has a family to protect . He has an epic , epic love for Snow White . He 's like everybody else . He 's human . '' Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan . The actress explained her character as someone who `` help ( s ) her son Henry whom she abandoned when he was a baby and who seems like he 's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional '' , but noted that Emma does not start out believing in the fairytale universe . Ten - year old Jared Gilmore , known for his work on Mad Men , took the role of her son , Henry . The role of The Evil Queen / Regina was given to Lana Parrilla . `` There 's always two stories being told when playing Regina . There 's the threat of her knowing she 's an evil queen and then there 's just the pure simple fact that the biological mother has stepped into her world and the threat of losing her son is just enormous . That 's a fear that I think any adopted mother would have . I think that 's going to really help the audience relate to Regina in some level . '' -- Lana Parrilla The role of Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold was given to Robert Carlyle , after having been written with him in mind , though the writers initially thought he would not accept the part . Horowitz recalled Carlyle 's prison sequence , which was the actor 's first day on the set as `` mind - blowing ... You could see Ginny actually jump , the first time he did that character . It was fantastic ! '' Jamie Dornan portrayed the Huntsman / Sheriff Graham as a series regular before being killed off in the seventh episode , while Eion Bailey was cast as Pinocchio / August Wayne Booth in a recurring role , starting in the show 's ninth episode , `` True North '' , where he was credited as `` Stranger '' , he was promoted to series regular status for the fifteenth episode , `` Red - Handed '' . Raphael Sbarge portrayed Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper . For the second season , Meghan Ory and Emilie de Ravin were promoted to series regulars as Red Riding Hood / Ruby and Belle / Lacey respectively , while Bailey made guest appearances in two episodes after departing the series and Sbarge joined the recurring cast . Colin O'Donoghue was cast as Captain Killian `` Hook '' Jones , and was upped to series regular for the fourteenth episode of the season . For the third season , Michael Raymond - James was promoted to a series regular as Neal Cassidy , while Ory did not return as a series regular due to commitments to the TV series , Intelligence . For the fourth season , Michael Socha was brought onto the show as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts from the show 's spin - off , Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , while Raymond - James was dropped from the regular cast when the writers decided to kill off his character . Bailey returned in a recurring arc towards the end of the season after being absent from the show since the second season . For the fifth season , Rebecca Mader and Sean Maguire were announced to have been promoted to series regulars as Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West and Robin Hood respectively , while Socha was confirmed to not be returning as a series regular . Ory also returned to the series in a recurring capacity after being absent since the third - season finale . Before the series was renewed for a seventh season , Jennifer Morrison announced that , if the series were to be renewed , she would not be returning as a series regular for that season but agreed to return for one episode to wrap up Emma Swan 's storyline . Later that week , actress Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the series after the sixth season wrapped . It was later announced that Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared S. Gilmore and Emilie de Ravin would also be leaving the show after the sixth season 's finale aired . Along with departures , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced to be joining the seventh season of the show as series regulars after guest starring in the previous season 's finale . They will portray an older Henry Mills and his daughter Lucy respectively . In July 2017 , actresses Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced to be joining the cast of the seventh season as series regulars , playing new iterations of Cinderella and Lady Tremaine , respectively . In September 2017 , Mekia Cox , who portrays Tiana , was promoted to a series regular . Filming ( edit ) Steveston , BC doubles as the town of Storybrooke , Maine for the series ' six seasons . Principal photography for the series takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia . The village of Steveston in the adjacent city of Richmond doubles as Storybrooke for the series , with props and exterior sets disguising the existing businesses and buildings . During filming , all brightly - colored objects ( flowers , etc . ) are hidden to reinforce the story village 's spell - subdued character . Certain sets are additionally filmed in separate studios , including the interior of Mr. Gold 's pawn shop and the clock tower , which are not found in Steveston . Setting ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main settings ( edit ) During the first six seasons , the Enchanted Forest was one of the main setting of the series . The Enchanted Forest is a realm within Fairy Tale Land , but the actual spread and scope of the realm is not known . However , they were later united during the Ogre Wars , which played a part in the formation of the War Council that was formed by Prince Charming and served as the catalysts in the backstories involving Rumpelstiltskin and the Evil Queen . Several independent kingdoms are implied by an array of different rulers . Most of the stories detailed their earlier lives before ascension to power and being influenced by their mentors through their upbringings . The Land Without Magic , commonly known as the Real World , is another main setting , shown as a place devoid with magic , and not connected to the others . It is often said that travelling to the Land Without Magic is hard , but possible , such as magical doors created by the Apprentice , magic beans , or the Dark Curse . During the first six seasons , Storybrooke , Maine was the main setting , serving as an isolated town separated from the rest of the world , where the cursed inhabitants are trapped by various forces . During the series ' seventh season , the setting shifted to Hyperion Heights , Seattle , where unlike Storybrooke , its cursed inhabitants are living among ordinary people . During the seventh season , the New Enchanted Forest is shown as the main setting , alongside with Hyperion Heights . As a realm in New Fairy Tale Land , it is divided into several independent kingdoms with different rulers . The inhabitants are in - conflict with each other , most notably between Lady Tremaine , Cinderella , Drizella , a resistance led by Tiana , and the Coven of the Eight led by Mother Gothel . Most flashbacks shown are involving events happened before the original curse and before the latest curse that brought everyone to Hyperion Heights . Expanded settings ( edit ) The realms and worlds featured in the series are mostly based on many fairy tales , mythologies and real life locations and are magical , unlike the real world which is dubbed the Land Without Magic . Just like the Enchanted Forest , the other realms and worlds were affected by the Evil Queen 's curse , but indirectly , merely freezing them in time and state for twenty - eight years . Some of the worlds within the universe are mostly based fairy tales where witchcraft plays a vital role in the lands . Known worlds are Fairy Tale Land , Wonderland , Neverland , the Land of Oz , Asgard , the Book Realm , the Land of Untold Stories , the World Behind the Mirror , the Dark Realm , the Wish Realm , New Fairy Tale Land , the Edge of Realms , and New Wonderland . There are also worlds known as the Realms of Storytelling . These realms are mostly based on the Land Without Magic , taking the name of a certain location and a certain time period . Known worlds are the Land Without Color , 19th Century London , Victorian England , Kansas , 1920s England , 19th Century France , and the Land Without Stories . Additionally , several spiritual worlds exist in the universe . These worlds are known to not sustain living inhabitants , merely souls of the living in some and the deceased in others , with exception of the deities . Such worlds are the Dreamscape , the Netherworld , the Underworld , the Worst Place , and Mount Olympus . Cultural references ( edit ) As a nod to the ties between the production teams of Once Upon a Time and Lost , the former show contains allusions to Lost , and is expected to continue alluding to Lost throughout its run . For example , many items found in the Lost universe , such as Apollo candy bars , Oceanic Airlines , Ajira Airways , the TV series Exposé and MacCutcheon Whiskey , can be seen in Once Upon a Time . Music ( edit ) Mark Isham composed the series ' theme and music . On February 14 , 2012 , an extended play album featuring four cues from the score was released by ABC Studios . On May 1 , 2012 , a full - length 25 - track official soundtrack album was released by Intrada Records to accompany season one . On August 13 , 2013 , another full - length 25 - track official soundtrack album was released by Intrada to accompany season two . Since December 2015 , Mark Isham had begun to release music that was previously not released from the third , fourth and fifth seasons on his Soundcloud account . ( show ) Season 1 Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Once Upon a Time Orchestral Suite '' 4 : 13 2 . `` Henry 's Proposal '' 1 : 17 3 . `` The Queen 's Curse '' 2 : 46 4 . `` Jiminy Cricket '' 3 : 11 5 . `` Dealing With Rumplestiltskin '' 3 : 26 6 . `` Belle 's Story '' 2 : 37 7 . `` Dwarves '' 2 : 45 8 . `` The Huntsman '' 4 : 31 9 . `` Things Are Changing in Storybrooke '' 1 : 47 10 . `` Cinderella '' 1 : 44 11 . `` Wedding Dance '' 1 : 21 12 . `` Advising Ashley '' 2 : 26 13 . `` If The Shoe Fits '' 1 : 35 14 . `` Unhappy Endings '' 3 : 46 15 . `` Emma And Henry '' 1 : 43 16 . `` The Siren '' 5 : 07 17 . `` The Man with the Wooden Box '' 1 : 11 18 . `` Hope Will Return '' 1 : 48 19 . `` Rumplestiltskin in Love '' 2 : 19 20 . `` The Genie 's Wishes '' 1 : 58 21 . `` The Road To True Love '' 2 : 50 22 . `` The Family Compass '' 2 : 00 23 . `` Burn The Witch '' 2 : 34 24 . `` What The Queen Loves Most '' 2 : 30 25 . `` The Clock Moves '' 1 : 12 ( show ) Season 2 Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Sleeping Beauty '' 2 : 29 2 . `` True Love '' 4 : 45 3 . `` Magic '' 3 : 12 4 . `` We Are Both '' 1 : 41 5 . `` Meet the Jefferson '' 2 : 37 6 . `` Ruby and Granny '' 1 : 54 7 . `` A Real Boy '' 2 : 26 8 . `` The Hedge Maze '' 4 : 13 9 . `` Regina 's True Love '' 2 : 29 10 . `` Storybrooke Reunions '' 2 : 12 11 . `` The Duelists '' 1 : 21 12 . `` The Lady Jack '' 0 : 45 13 . `` In a Burning Room '' 4 : 16 14 . `` Tallahassee '' 2 : 21 15 . `` This Boy Will Be Your Undoing '' 2 : 46 16 . `` Science ! '' 1 : 23 17 . `` To Neverland ! '' 1 : 58 18 . `` Cora 's Waltz '' 2 : 19 19 . `` Snow White in Black '' 2 : 45 20 . `` How Magic Is Made '' 3 : 33 21 . `` One Perfect Day After Another '' 2 : 37 22 . `` Bae and the Shadow '' 2 : 45 23 . `` Tamara Shows Her True Colors '' 4 : 20 24 . `` The Adventure Begins '' 2 : 14 25 . `` Main Title '' 0 : 14 Broadcast ( edit ) The series has been licensed to over 190 countries . In Australia , Once Upon a Time first aired on Seven Network , starting on May 15 , 2012 . In Canada it airs on CTV from October 23 , 2011 . It premiered on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom on April 1 , 2012 . On December 17 , 2013 , it was confirmed that Channel 5 would not be picking the series up for the third season airing in the UK . On March 14 , 2015 , Netflix picked up the show in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland , subsequently showing all seasons and premiering each new episode on Wednesdays after their initial showing on Sundays on ABC . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical response to the first season was generally positive . On Metacritic , it was given a score of 66 out of 100 with `` generally favorable reviews '' . E ! 's Kristin dos Santos cited the show as one of the five new shows of the 2011 -- 2012 season to watch . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave the show a `` C + '' grade commenting `` From a pair of Lost producers , this is a love - or - hate proposition . The ambition is impressive , as it asks us to imagine Goodwin 's Snow White and Parrilla 's Evil Queen as moderns . But Morrison is a wooden lead , and the back stories -- a random collection of fairy tales -- do n't promise to surprise . '' In a review from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , TV critic Gail Pennington hailed it as one of the `` Most Promising Shows of The Fall '' and , unlike Gilbert , had high marks for Morrison . USA Today 's Robert Blanco placed the series on its top ten list , declaring that `` There 's nothing else on the air quite like it . '' Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times preferred the series to another fairy - tale themed drama , Grimm , citing that the premise takes its time building up the charm and that the producer `` has that part nailed '' . She also gave excellent reviews for Morrison 's character : `` Her Emma is predictably cynical and prickly -- fairy - tale princess , my Aunt Fanny -- but she 's sharp and lively enough to keep audiences begging for ' just a few more pages ' before they go to bed . '' Several feminist outlets were pleased with the show for its feminist twist on fairy tales . Avital Norman Nathman of Bitch stated that she liked the show for `` infusing a feminist sensibility '' into the stories . Genie Leslie at Feministing commented that Emma was a `` badass '' , that she liked how Emma was `` very adamant that women be able to make their own decisions about their lives and their children '' , and how Emma was a `` well - rounded '' character who was `` feminine , but not ' girly ' '' . Natalie Wilson from Ms. praised the show for a strong , `` kick - butt '' female lead , for including multiple strong women who take turns doing the saving with the men , for subverting the fetishization of true love , and for dealing with the idea of what makes a mother in a more nuanced fashion . Wilson went on to state of the lead : `` Her pursuit of a ' happy ending ' is not about finding a man or going to a ball all gussied up , but about detective work , about building a relationship with her son Henry , and about seeking the ' truth ' as to why time stands still in the corrupt Storybrooke world . '' Ratings ( edit ) The first season premiered as the top - rated drama series . The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating / share among 18 - to 49 - year - olds . It was the season 's highest - rated drama debut among the age range and ABC 's biggest debut in five years . With DVR viewers , the premiere climbed to 15.5 million viewers and a 5.2 rating / share in adults 18 -- 49 . The show 's next three episodes had consistent ratings every week with over 11 million viewers . The series has become the number one non-sports program in the U.S. with viewers and young adults on Sunday nights . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 12.93 May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 9.66 2011 -- 12 28 11.71 4.1 / 10 22 September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 11.36 May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 7.33 2012 -- 13 35 10.24 3.6 / 9 22 September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 8.52 May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.80 2013 -- 14 35 9.38 3.3 / 8 22 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 9.47 May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 5.51 2014 -- 15 50 8.98 3.2 / 7 5 23 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 5.93 May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 4.07 2015 -- 16 69 6.32 6 22 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 2.95 2016 -- 17 105 4.39 1.5 / 5 7 Friday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Drama '' , but lost to Person of Interest . The show was nominated at the 39th People 's Choice Awards in four categories : Favorite Network TV Drama , Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show , Favorite TV Fan Following , and Favorite TV Drama Actress ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) ; it lost to another ABC show Grey 's Anatomy in the first category , Supernatural in the second two , and Ellen Pompeo ( from Grey 's Anatomy ) in the last category . the show was nominated at 40th People 's Choice Awards , but lost to Beauty and the Beast and The Vampire Diaries , respectively . The show was also nominated for `` Best Genre Series '' at the 2011 Satellite Awards , but lost to American Horror Story . The show was nominated in this category again at the 2012 Satellite Awards , but lost to The Walking Dead . The program also received three nominations at the 2012 Visual Effects Society Awards , but all lost to Boardwalk Empire , Gears of War 3 , and Terra Nova . At the 38th Saturn Awards , the series received a nomination for Best Network Television Series and Parrilla was nominated for Best Supporting Actress on Television , but lost to Fringe and Michelle Forbes , respectively . The program was nominated for the former award again at the 39th Saturn Awards , but lost to new series Revolution . Jared S. Gilmore was nominated for Best Performance by an Younger Actor on Television at 40th Saturn Awards , but lost to Chandler Riggs for The Walking Dead The show received trophies for `` Favorite New TV Drama '' and `` Favorite Villain '' for Lana Parrilla by the TV Guide . The show was nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries , Pretty Little Liars and Awkward and the show was also nominated at 2013 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries and Pretty Little Liars . The show was nominated again 2014 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries and Dylan O'Brien , respectively . It was also nominated at the 64th Creative Arts Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead and the show was nominated again at 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , but lost to The Borgias and Game of Thrones . Tie - in material ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) In 2013 , Disney - owned Hyperion Books published Reawakened by Odette Beane , a novelization of storylines from the first season , expanded to include new perspectives . The narrative is from the points - of - view of Emma Swan in Storybrooke and Snow White in the Enchanted Forest . The novel was published on April 28 , 2013 , as an ebook and May 7 , 2013 , in paperback form . In 2015 , production company Kingswell Teen published Red 's Untold Tale , by Wendy Toliver , a novel telling a story of Red 's past that was not seen in the show . The novel was published on September 22 , 2015 and consisted of 416 pages . In 2017 , Kingswell Teen published a second novel , Regina Rising , also written by Wendy Toliver , which depicts the life of a sixteen year old Regina . The novel was published on April 25 , 2017 . Comic Books ( edit ) A comic book , titled Once Upon a Time : Shadow of the Queen , was released on September 4 , 2013 , in both digital and hardcover forms . The story was written by Dan Thomsen and Corinna Bechko , with art by Nimit Malavia , Vasilis Lolos , Mike Del Mundo , Stephanie Hans and Mike Henderson . Shadow of the Queen details what happens after the Evil Queen takes the Huntsman 's heart . She forces the Huntsman to commit evil , and try to capture Snow White yet again . The Huntsman faces his past , and also meets Red Riding Hood , who is trying to cope with her beastly alter ego . Together , they team up and try to save Snow White before all is too late . On April 14 , 2014 , a sequel to the first comic book called Once Upon a Time : Out of the Past was released . Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Once Upon a Time in Wonderland In February 2013 , Kitsis & Horowitz , along with producers Zack Estrin and Jane Espenson , developed a spin - off focusing on Lewis Carroll 's Wonderland . The series was called Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . A `` teaser presentation '' began shooting in April 2013 , and the pilot was shot in late July or August . On May 10 , 2013 , ABC announced that it had approved the spin - off and on May 14 , 2013 , announced that the spin - off would air in the Thursday night 8 : 00pm time slot instead of making it a fill - in for the parent series . The series premiered on October 10 , 2013 , but was cancelled after a single - season thirteen - episode run that ended on April 3 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of items in Once Upon a Time List of LGBT characters in television and radio List of Once Upon a Time creatures and races Television in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time '' . Tourism Richmond . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LOST writers spin Once Upon A Time tale '' . TV Leak . October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 2017 - 18 Fall Schedule : Comedies Shuffle , ' Marvel 's Inhumans ' to Friday , Sunday Loads Up Unscripted '' from Variety ( May 16 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Revenge ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Nashville ' , ' Castle ' and ' Scandal ' Renewed for New Seasons by ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . TVbytheNumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC Announces Fall Premiere and Season Premiere Dates for 2012 -- 13 Season from The Futon Critic ( July 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' season finale : 39 burning / freezing questions about ( SPOILER ) 's introduction ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ABC 's Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 5 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time Season 6 Premiere Date Announced - Once Upon A Time '' . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Jennifer Morrison Exits , Others Near Deals For Season 7 '' . deadline.com . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Morrison '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Emilie de Ravin and Jared Gilmore exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Walking Dead Alum Andrew J. West in Finale Mystery Role , Possible Season 7 Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Jane the Virgin star in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals new details on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/12/13/once-upon-a-time-rebecca-mader-zelena-return/ Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' -- Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 broadcast TV shows of 2013 - 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - once upon a time on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitvich , Matt ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 6 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ratcliffe , Amy ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` COMIC - CON : ONCE UPON A TIME TALKS DARK SWAN AND MERIDA FOR SEASON 5 '' . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Bosses Confirm Six Total Exits : ' We Fervently Believe It Wo n't Be the Last We See of Them ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time season 5 news : Jennifer Morrison is looking forward to playing Dark Emma ; Casting call out for Rumplestilskin 's mother '' . vinereport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lana Parrilla ( @ LanaParrilla ) ( 7 July 2015 ) . `` We 're baaaaaack ! ! ! ... # OnceIsBack # Season5 # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Joshua Dallas , Edward Kitsis , Adam Horowitz ( 2011 ) . Fairy Tales in the Modern World ( DVD ) . Once Upon a Time : The Complete First Season Disc 5 : Disney - ABC Domestic Television . Jump up ^ `` ( # 501 ) `` The Dark Swan '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` @ swansrogers yes '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Meghan Ory to Return as Ruby in Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Ups Sean Maguire , Rebecca Mader to Series Regulars '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader exiting after season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Lost ' exec producers Horowitz , Kitsis sell pilot to ABC '' . Variety . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keily , Karl ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` NYCC -- Once Upon a Time -- Pilot Screening and Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Co-Creator / Executive Producer Adam Horowitz Once Upon a Time Interview '' . Collider . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Josie ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Lost 's Kitsis , Horowitz Start at the Beginning With Once Upon A Time '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Phegley , Kiel ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators Talk Willingham , Lindelof and Icons '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale - Stern , Kaila ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` On the TV show Once Upon a Time , all of your favorite fairy tale characters are trapped in Maine '' . io9 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Writers ' Once Upon a Time Among ABC Pilot Orders '' . IGN . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Robert Carlyle Is Rumplestiltskin in ABC 's Once Upon A Time '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ; Masters , Megan ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` Real Truths Behind ABC 's Once Upon a Time ( Including That Pesky Fables Comparison ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time Bosses Want to Do Frozen and Brave Princesses -- and Here 's Who Should Play Them '' from E ! Online ( March 10 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` 39 burning / freezing questions about ( SPOILER ) on ' Once Upon a Time ' PopWatch EW.com '' . popwatch.ew.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Willingham on Fables vs Once '' . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Joins ABC Drama Pilot ' Once Upon A Time ' As Snow White '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Halterman , Jim ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : `` Once Upon a Time '' Co-Stars Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas & Lana Parrilla `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set as the Lead in ABC Pilot ' Once Upon a Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Several Actors Board Broadcast Pilots '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Robert Carlyle joins ABC fairytale pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Once Upon A Time : `` The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter '' TV Club The A.V. Club `` . avclub.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Covert Affairs ' Eion Bailey Plays the Perfect Stranger on ' Once Upon a Time ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eion Bailey '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Meghan Ory Upped To Series Regular on ABC 's ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Once Upon a Time Promotes Emilie de Ravin to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Grey 's , Revolution 's Big Switch , Castle and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Sandra ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' scoop : Look who 's returning ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEASON PREMIERE '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drusilla ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Colin O'Donoghue cast as Captain Hook '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' upgrades Colin O'Donoghue ( Capt . Hook ) to series regular -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star made series regular '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keck , William . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Once Upon a Time Loses Its Little Red to CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Socha to become Series regular '' . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time -- WonderCon 2014 Season 3 Spoilers , Videos & Pics Entertainment Outlook '' . entertainmentoutlook.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Lightning Round 12 : Once Upon a Time Bosses Answer Your Burning Questions '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Eion Bailey returning to ' Once Upon a Time ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Teen Wolf , Once , Wayward Pines , iZombie , Major Crimes and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Jennifer Morrison Not Returning for Possible Season 7 '' . tvline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Mekia Cox Upped To Series Regular For Season 7 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dallas , Josh ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Last day on the finale of # onceuponatime season 2 ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Morrison ( @ jenmorrisonlive ) ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` Last day of season 2 ... # uglyducklings '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Start Dates for Vancouver Filming of Fall TV : # Supernatural # OnceuponaTime # Fringe # Arrow # EmilyOwensMD '' . YVRSHOOTS . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/12/13/once-upon-a-time-rebecca-mader-zelena-return/ ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Visiting the Magical Lands of `` Once Upon a Time '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.hypable.com/once-upon-a-time-season-4-episode-5-recap-temporary-reflections/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-4-finale/ Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Recap : Pain in the Glass -- Plus , Did Rumple Go Too Far ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Hooded figure revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/12/13/once-upon-a-time-rebecca-mader-zelena-return/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/27/once-upon-a-time-emilie-de-ravin-belle-dead/ Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` @ I_Love_Lana_Bex Yes '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : ' Sympathy for the De Vil ' '' . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQT90enuZc4 Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` FICTIONAL Victorian London . Where chars like Alice live . exists concurrently w / our world so same OUAT timeline remains '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` In OUAT , Dorothy exists in a `` fictional Kansas '' realm , like we 've seen w / other stories . Need slippers to get there and back '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` '' Sympathy for the De Vil '' - TheFutonCritic `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Chambliss ( @ AndrewChambliss ) ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` I love the Evil Queen 's french flourish . I want to see more of her adventures in Fictional 19th Century France '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://ohmy.disney.com/tv/2017/11/28/book-once-upon-a-time-henry-and-violet/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160906abc24/ Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : Into the Deep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Discuss `` Unfinished Business '' in Underworld , Potential Rumbelle Baby `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-once-upon-a-time-journey-underworld-20160306-story.html Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Underworld Preview : ' Dangerous ' and ' Warm ' Reunions , Emma Under Pressure and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carlyle , Robert ; Dallas , Josh ; Goodwin , Ginnifer ; Horowitz , Adam ; Kitsis , Edward ; Morrison , Jennifer ; Parrilla , Lana ; Pearlman , Steve ; Sbarge , Raphael ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Paleyfest 2012 : A Conversation with the Cast and Creators of Once Upon a Time '' ( Panel ) . Interview with Matt Mitovich . Beverly Hills . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time ( Music from the TV Series ) -- EP '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time : Original Television Soundtrack ( Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com/ . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time -- Season 2 ( Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' U.K. 's Channel 5 buys ' Once Upon a Time ' `` '' . Variety . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time dropped by Channel 5 after two seasons '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time -- Season 1 Reviews , Ratings , Credits and More '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ dos Santos , Kristin ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Five Fall Shows We Love : Once Upon a Time Is Magic . Period '' . E !. For Mark Perigard for Boston Herald `` Jennifer Morrison is superb . '' Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Which new fall series make the grade ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` A sneak peek at the fall TV season '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Blanco , Robert ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV preview : The new season 's top 10 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grimm ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' reviews : Fairy tales all grown up '' . Los Angeles Times . For TV Live , `` Morrison does a nice job of mirroring the viewer 's disbelief of this fantastical dilemma -- and Emma looks like she could become a worthy adversary for Regina . '' For twitlonger , `` Morrison 's performance is great , and she finally gets a chance to lead . '' For Daniel Fienberg , `` Jennifer Morrison is very good in the lead '' . Jump up ^ Avital Norman Nathman ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Mom & Pop Culture : Once Upon A Remake '' . Bitch . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Genie Leslie ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a ( Feminist ) Time '' . Feministing . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Natalie Wilson ( November 13 , 2011 ) . `` What a Difference a Strong Snow White Makes '' . Ms. Magazine blog . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints / Colts '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time ' Opens as the Season 's No. 1 New Drama '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Beaten By ' Modern Family ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' In Week No. 5 Among Teens and Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Private Practice ' Tops % Gains In Week 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Cleveland Show ' Adjusted Up ; ' Pan Am ' Adjusted Down + Unscrambled CBS Shows & ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' solid again Sunday , NFL scores for NBC '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV ratings : Patriots - Jets gives NBC a Sunday win , ' Once Upon a Time ' steady for ABC '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time ' is Sunday 's No. 1 Non-Sports Show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints / Colts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , Family guy ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor : Reunion ' , ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 666 Park Avenue ' , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' from TV by the Numbers / Zap2It ( May 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' -- Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' America 's Funniet Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' , ' Cosmos ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 broadcast TV shows of 2013 - 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere Week Live + 7 Ratings : NBC , CBS Win Network Race , ' Gotham ' , ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Lead DVR Gains '' . Deadline . October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' finale , everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' finale adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Award TV Nominations '' . Ology.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Winners '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Tintin ' , ' Harry Potter ' , ' Transformers ' lead the VES Awards nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' laun3ching a novel -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Plans A Once Upon A Time Original Graphic Novel '' . KSiteTV . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Out of the Past : Kalinda Vazquez , Corinna Bechko , Pascal Campion , Betsy Peterschmidt , Vanesa Del Rey , Janet Lee : 9780785191162 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Eddy Kitsis & Adam Horowitz 's ' Once Upon A Time ' Spin - off Set In Wonderland Takes Shape , Zack Estrin & Jane Espenson Join . '' Deadline.com ( March 19 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Spin - off ' Wonderland ' Casts Its Alice '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Thehollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ABC 2013 -- 14 Primetime Schedule : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' on Tuesday , ' Revenge ' Sticks With Sunday , ' Once Upon a Time ' Spinoff on Thursday , ' DWTS ' Downsized & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . `` It 's Official : ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' Canceled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' Canceled by ABC After One Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Official website Once Upon a Time on IMDb Once Upon a Time at TV.com Creators ' podcast Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. 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where is the series once upon a time filmed
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"Principal photography for the series takes place in Vancouver, British Columbia.[81][82] The village of Steveston in the adjacent city of Richmond doubles as Storybrooke for the series, with props and exterior sets disguising the existing businesses and buildings. During filming, all brightly-colored objects (flowers, etc.) are hidden to reinforce the story village's spell-subdued character. Certain sets are additionally filmed in separate studios, including the interior of Mr. Gold's pawn shop and the clock tower, which are not found in Steveston.[83]"
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"Vancouver, British Columbia"
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Live and Let Die (film)
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Live and Let Die ( film ) - wikipedia Live and Let Die ( film ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 87.122. 131.178 ( talk ) at 04 : 55 , 18 August 2017 ( Redundant category . `` Films set in fictional Caribbean nations '' is the more precise category ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 55 , 18 August 2017 by 87.122. 131.178 ( talk ) ( Redundant category . `` Films set in fictional Caribbean nations '' is the more precise category ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Live and Let Die British cinema poster for Live and Let Die , illustrated by Robert McGinnis Directed by Guy Hamilton Produced by Harry Saltzman Albert R. Broccoli Screenplay by Tom Mankiewicz Based on Live and Let Die by Ian Fleming Starring Roger Moore Yaphet Kotto Jane Seymour Music by George Martin Cinematography Ted Moore Edited by Bert Bates Raymond Poulton John Shirley Production company Eon Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date 27 June 1973 ( 1973 - 06 - 27 ) ( United States ) 6 July 1973 ( 1973 - 07 - 06 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 121 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $7 million Box office $161.8 million Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) is the eighth spy film in the James Bond series to be produced by Eon Productions , and the first to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , it was the third of four Bond films to be directed by Guy Hamilton . Although the producers had wanted Sean Connery to return after his role in the previous Bond film Diamonds Are Forever , he declined , sparking a search for a new actor to play James Bond . Moore was signed for the lead role . The film is adapted from the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming . In the film , a Harlem drug lord known as Mr. Big plans to distribute two tons of heroin free to put rival drug barons out of business . Mr. Big is revealed to be the disguised alter ego of Dr. Kananga , a corrupt Caribbean dictator , who rules San Monique , the fictional island where the heroin poppies are secretly farmed . Bond is investigating the deaths of three British agents , leading him to Kananga , and is soon trapped in a world of gangsters and voodoo as he fights to put a stop to the drug baron 's scheme . Live and Let Die was released during the height of the blaxploitation era , and many blaxploitation archetypes and clichés are depicted in the film , including derogatory racial epithets ( `` honky '' ) , black gangsters , and pimpmobiles . It departs from the former plots of the James Bond films about megalomaniac super-villains , and instead focuses on drug trafficking , a common theme of blaxploitation films of the period . It is set in African American cultural centres such as Harlem and New Orleans , as well as the Caribbean Islands . It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl to be romantically involved with 007 , Rosie Carver , who was played by Gloria Hendry . The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics . It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Live and Let Die '' , written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three MI6 agents , including one `` on loan '' to the American government , are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations , New Orleans and a Caribbean nation , San Monique , while monitoring the operations of the island 's dictator Dr. Kananga . James Bond , agent 007 , is sent to New York City to investigate the first murder . Kananga is also in New York , visiting the United Nations and representing San Monique . Just after Bond arrives , his driver is shot dead by Whisper , one of Kananga 's men , while taking Bond to meet Felix Leiter of the CIA . Bond is nearly killed in the ensuing car crash . Glastron speedboats in the Louisiana boat chase . The boat chase scene was filmed in the Bayou Des Allemands . A trace on the killer 's licence plate eventually leads Bond to Mr. Big , a ruthless gangster who runs a chain of Fillet of Soul restaurants throughout the United States . It is here that Bond first meets Solitaire , a beautiful tarot expert who has the power of the Obeah and can see both the future and remote events in the present . Mr. Big , who is actually Kananga in disguise , demands that his henchmen kill Bond , but Bond overpowers them and escapes unscathed . Bond flies to San Monique , where he meets Rosie Carver , a CIA double agent . They meet up with a friend of Bond 's , Quarrel Jr. , who takes them by boat near Solitaire 's home . Bond suspects Rosie of working for Kananga . She is shot dead , remotely , by Kananga , to stop her confessing the truth to Bond . Inside Solitaire 's house , Bond uses a stacked tarot deck of cards , that show only `` The Lovers '' , to trick her into thinking that seduction is in her future , and then seduces her . Solitaire loses her ability to foretell the future when she loses her virginity to Bond , and decides to co-operate with Bond as she has feelings for him and has grown tired of being controlled by Kananga . Bond and Solitaire escape by boat and fly to New Orleans . There , Bond is captured by Kananga . It transpires that Kananga is producing two tons of heroin and is protecting the poppy fields by exploiting San Monique locals ' fear of voodoo priest Baron Samedi , and the occult . Through his alter ego , Mr. Big , Kananga plans to distribute the heroin free of charge at his Fillet of Soul restaurants , which will increase the number of addicts . He intends to bankrupt other drug dealers with his giveaway , then charge high prices for his heroin later in order to capitalize on the huge drug dependencies he has cultivated . When Kananga finds out that Bond slept with Solitaire , he turns her over to Baron Samedi to be sacrificed . He is angry because her ability to read tarot cards is gone , and he wanted to be the one to take her powers away . Meanwhile , Kananga 's one - armed henchman , Tee Hee Johnson , leaves Bond to be eaten by alligators at a farm in the Louisiana backwoods . Bond escapes by running along the animals ' backs to safety . After setting a drug lab on fire , he steals a speedboat and escapes , pursued by both Kananga 's men and Sheriff J.W. Pepper and the Louisiana State Police . Bond travels to San Monique and sets timed explosives throughout the poppy fields . He rescues Solitaire from the voodoo sacrifice and throws Samedi into a coffin of poisonous snakes . Bond and Solitaire escape below ground into Kananga 's lair . Kananga captures them both and proceeds to lower them into a shark tank . Bond escapes and forces Kananga to swallow a compressed - gas pellet used in shark guns , causing his body to inflate and explode . Leiter puts Bond and Solitaire on a train leaving the country . Tee Hee sneaks aboard and attempts to kill Bond , but Bond cuts the wires of his prosthetic arm and throws him out the window . As the film ends , a laughing Samedi is revealed to be perched on the front of the speeding train . Cast ( edit ) Promotional image of the cast of Live and Let Die . From left : Julius Harris , Jane Seymour , Geoffrey Holder , Roger Moore , Yaphet Kotto and Earl Jolly Brown Roger Moore as MI6 agent James Bond 007 : A British agent who is sent on a mission to investigate the murder of three fellow agents . Yaphet Kotto as Dr. Kananga and Mr. Big . A corrupt Caribbean Prime Minister who doubles as a drug lord . Jane Seymour as Solitaire : Kananga 's psychic and the love interest of Bond . Julius Harris as Tee Hee Johnson : Kananga 's primary henchman who has a pincer for a hand . David Hedison as Felix Leiter : Bond 's CIA colleague . Leiter is also investigating Mr. Big . Gloria Hendry as Rosie Carver : A CIA agent in San Monique . Clifton James as Sheriff J.W. Pepper : An uncouth Louisiana sheriff . Geoffrey Holder as Baron Samedi : Kananga 's henchman who has ties to the Voodoo occult . Bernard Lee as M : The Head of the Secret Intelligence Service Roy Stewart as Quarrel Jr. : Bond 's ally in San Monique and son of Quarrel from Dr. No . Earl Jolly Brown as Whisper : Kananga 's henchman who only whispers . Tommy Lane as Adam : One of Dr. Kananga 's henchmen who pursues 007 through the Louisiana Bayou Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary . Lon Satton as Harry Strutter : CIA agent who assists Bond in New York . Madeline Smith as Miss Caruso : An Italian agent whom Bond briefly romances . She only appears in the beginning of the film . She spends the night with Bond and hides in the closet when M unexpectedly visits Bond 's home to give him an urgent mission . Michael Ebbin as Dambala : One of Kananga 's henchmen in San Monique and a voodoo priest of sorts that kills his victims with a snake . Production ( edit ) While filming Diamonds Are Forever , Live and Let Die was chosen as the next Ian Fleming novel to be adapted because screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz thought it would be daring to use black villains , as the Black Panthers and other racial movements were active at this time . Guy Hamilton was again chosen to direct , and since he was a jazz fan , Mankiewicz suggested he film in New Orleans . Hamilton did not want to use Mardi Gras since Thunderball featured Junkanoo , a similar festivity , so after more discussions with the writer and location scouting with helicopters , he decided to use two well - known features of the city , the jazz funerals and the canals . To develop a better feel of how Voodoo was practised , Saltzman and Broccoli escorted Hamilton , Mankiewicz and production designer Syd Cain to scout New Orleans further and then the islands of the West Indies . Haiti was an important destination of the tour and not only did Fleming connect it with the religion , there were many practitioners available to witness . Despite viewing actual demonstrations , due to political unrest in the country at the time , it was decided not to film in Haiti . While searching for locations in Jamaica , the crew discovered a crocodile farm owned by Ross Kananga , after passing a sign warning that `` trespassers will be eaten . '' The farm was put into the script and also inspired Mankiewicz to name the film 's villain after Kananga . Casting ( edit ) Broccoli and Saltzman tried to convince Sean Connery to return as James Bond , but he declined . At the same time United Artists approached both Batman actor Adam West and Burt Reynolds . Reynolds told the studios that Bond should be played by an Englishman and turned the offer down . Among the actors to test for the part of Bond were Julian Glover , John Gavin , Jeremy Brett , Simon Oates , John Ronane , and William Gaunt . The main frontrunner for the role was Michael Billington . United Artists was still pushing to cast an American to play Bond but producer Albert R. Broccoli insisted that the part should be played by a British actor and put forward Roger Moore . After Moore was chosen , Billington remained on the top of the list in the event that Moore would decline to come back for the next film . Billington ultimately played a brief role in the pre-credit sequence of The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . Moore , who had been considered by the producers before both Dr. No and On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , was ultimately cast . He tried not to imitate either Connery 's or his own prior performance as Simon Templar in The Saint , and Mankiewicz fitted the screenplay into Moore 's persona by giving more comedy scenes and a light - hearted approach to Bond . Mankiewicz had thought of turning Solitaire into a black woman , with Diana Ross as his primary choice . However , Broccoli and Saltzman decided to stick to Fleming 's description of a white woman , and after thinking of Catherine Deneuve , Jane Seymour , who was in the TV series The Onedin Line , was cast for the role . Yaphet Kotto was cast while doing another movie for United Artists , Across 110th Street . Kotto reported one of the things he liked in the role was Kananga 's interest in the occult , `` feeling like he can control past , present and future '' . Mankiewicz created Sheriff J.W. Pepper to add a comic relief character . Portrayed by Clifton James , Pepper appeared again in The Man with the Golden Gun . Live and Let Die is also the first of two films featuring David Hedison as Felix Leiter , who reprised the role in Licence to Kill . Hedison had said `` I was sure that would be my first and last '' , before being cast again . Madeline Smith , who played Miss Caruso , sharing Bond 's bed in the film 's opening , was recommended for the part by Roger Moore after he had appeared with her on TV . Smith said that Moore was extremely polite to work with , but she felt very uncomfortable being clad in only blue bikini panties while Moore 's wife was on set overseeing the scene . This was the only Bond film until 2006 not to feature ' Q ' , played at this stage by Desmond Llewelyn . He was then appearing in the TV series Follyfoot , but was written out of three episodes to appear in the film . By then , Saltzman and Broccoli decided not to include the character , feeling that `` too much was being made of the films ' gadgets '' , and decided to downplay this aspect of the series , much to Llewelyn 's annoyance . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in October 1972 , in Louisiana . For a while only the second unit was shot after Moore was diagnosed with kidney stones . In November production moved to Jamaica , which doubled for the fictional San Monique . In December , production was divided between interiors in Pinewood Studios and location shooting in Harlem . The producers were reportedly required to pay protection money to a local Harlem gang to ensure the crew 's safety . When the cash ran out , they were `` encouraged '' to leave . Some exteriors were in fact shot in Manhattan 's Upper East Side as a result of the difficulties of using real Harlem locations . Ross Kananga suggested the stunt of Bond jumping on crocodiles , and was enlisted by the producers to perform it . The scene took five takes to be completed , including one in which the last crocodile snapped at Kananga 's heel , tearing his trousers . The production also had trouble with snakes . The script supervisor was so afraid that she refused to be on set with them ; an actor fainted while filming a scene where he is killed by a snake ; Jane Seymour became terrified as a reptile got closer , and Geoffrey Holder only agreed to fall into the snake - filled casket because Princess Alexandra was visiting the set . The boat chase was filmed in Louisiana around the Irish Bayou area , with some interruption caused by flooding . Twenty - six boats were built by the Glastron boat company for the film . Seventeen were destroyed during rehearsals . The speedboat jump scene over the bayou , filmed with the assistance of a specially - constructed ramp , unintentionally set a Guinness World Record at the time with 110 feet ( 34 m ) cleared . The waves created by the impact caused the following boat to flip over . The chase involving the double - decker bus was filmed with a second - hand London bus adapted by having a top section removed , and then placed back in situ running on ball bearings to allow it to slide off on impact . The stunts involving the bus were performed by Maurice Patchett , a London Transport bus driving instructor . Music ( edit ) Dejan 's Olympia Brass Band Main article : Live and Let Die ( soundtrack ) John Barry , who had worked on the previous five themes and orchestrated the `` James Bond Theme '' , was unavailable during production . Broccoli and Saltzman instead asked Paul McCartney to write the theme song . Since McCartney 's salary was high and another composer could not be hired with the remainder of the music budget , George Martin , who had been McCartney 's producer while with The Beatles , was chosen to write the score for the film . `` Live and Let Die '' , written by McCartney along with his wife Linda and performed by their group Wings , was the first true rock and roll song used to open a Bond film , and became a major success in the UK ( where it reached number nine in the charts ) and the US ( where it reached number 2 , for three weeks ) . It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to `` The Way We Were '' . Producers hired B.J. Arnau to record and perform the title song , not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself . Arnau 's version was featured in the film itself , when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends . The Olympia Brass Band has a notable part in `` Live and Let Die '' , where they lead a funeral march for a ( soon to be ) assassination victim . Trumpeter Alvin Alcorn plays the killer . The piece of music the band plays at the beginning of the funeral march is `` Just a Closer Walk with Thee '' . After the agent is stabbed , the band starts playing the more lively `` Joe Avery 's Piece '' ( aka `` New Second Line '' ) . Release ( edit ) The film was released in the United States on 27 June 1973 . The world premiere was at Odeon Leicester Square in London on 6 July 1973 , with general release in the United Kingdom on the same day . From a budget of around $7 million , ( $38 million in 2016 dollars ) the film grossed $161.8 million ( $873 million in 2016 dollars ) worldwide . The film holds the record for the most viewed broadcast film on television in the United Kingdom by attracting 23.5 million viewers when premiered on ITV on 20 January 1980 . Reception ( edit ) The reviews were mostly positive , with praise for the action scenes , and Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 66 % `` fresh '' rating . Ian Nathan of Empire wrote `` This is good quality Bond , managing to reinterpret the classic moves - action , deduction , seduction - for a more modern idiom without breaking the mould . On one side we get the use of alligators as stepping stones and the pompous pitbull of rootin ' tootin ' Sheriff Pepper caught up in the thrilling boat chase . On the other , the genuine aura of threat through weird voodoo henchman Tee Hee and the leaning toward - what 's this ? - realism in Mr Big 's plot to take over the drug trade from the Mafia . '' He concluded that `` Moore had got his feet under the table . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that Moore `` has the superficial attributes for the job : The urbanity , the quizzically raised eyebrow , the calm under fire and in bed '' . However , he felt that Moore was n't satisfactory in living up to the legacy left by Sean Connery in the preceding films . He rated the villains `` a little banal '' , adding that the film `` does n't have a Bond villain worthy of the Goldfingers , Dr. Nos and Oddjobs of the past . '' Chris Nashawaty similarly argues that Dr. Kananga / Mr. Big is the worst villain of the Roger Moore James Bond films . BBC Films reviewer William Mager praised the use of locations , but said that the plot was `` convoluted '' . He stated that `` Connery and Lazenby had an air of concealed thuggishness , clenched fists at the ready , but in Moore 's case a sardonic quip and a raised eyebrow are his deadliest weapons '' . Reviewer Leonard Maltin rated the film two and a half stars out of four , describing it as a `` barely memorable , overlong James Bond movie '' that `` seems merely an excuse to film wild chase sequences '' . Danny Peary noted that Jane Seymour portrays `` one of the Bond series 's most beautiful heroines '' but had little praise for Moore , whom he described as making `` an unimpressive debut as James Bond in Tom Mankiewicz 's unimaginative adaptation of Ian Fleming 's second novel ... The movie stumbles along most of the way . It 's hard to remember Moore is playing Bond at times -- in fact , if he and Seymour were black , the picture could pass as one of the black exploitation films of the day . There are few interesting action sequences -- a motorboat chase is trite enough to begin with , but the filmmakers make it worse by throwing in some stupid Louisiana cops , including pot - bellied Sheriff Pepper . '' IGN ranked Solitaire as 10th in a Top 10 Bond Babes list . In November 2006 , Entertainment Weekly listed Live and Let Die as the third best Bond film . MSN chose it as the thirteenth best Bond film and IGN listed it as twelfth best . In 2004 the American Film Institute nominated the song `` Live and Let Die '' from the film for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs . Year Result Award Recipients 1974 Nominated Academy Award for Best Original Song Paul & Linda McCartney Nominated Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture Won Evening Standard Best Film Guy Hamilton See also ( edit ) James Bond portal 1970s portal Film portal List of American films of 1973 List of drug films Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Live and Let Die Ultimate Edition DVD ( Media notes ) . 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Inside Live and Let Die : Live and Let Die Ultimate Edition , Disc 2 ( NTSC , Widescreen , Closed - captioned ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . MGM / UA Home Video . 2000 . ASIN : B000LY209E . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bond 1973 : The Lost Documentary -- Live and Let Die Ultimate Edition , Disc 2 ( NTSC , Widescreen , Closed - captioned ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . MGM / UA Home Video . 1973 . ASIN : B000LY209E . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Field , Matthew ; Chowdhury , Ajay ( 2015 ) . `` Some Kind of Hero : The Remarkable Story of the James Bond Films '' . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jeffrey E. , ed. ( 2015 ) . `` The Voodoo Encyclopedia : Magic , Ritual , and Religion : Magic , Ritual , and Religion '' . p. 104 . ISBN 9781610692083 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Mankiewicz and Robert Crane , My Life as a Mankiewicz , University Press of Kentucky 2012 p 155 Jump up ^ David Hedison Interview , Mi6-HQ.com ^ Jump up to : Roger Moore . Live and Let Die Audio commentary 1 . Live and Let Die , Ultimate Edition , disk 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Llewelyn 's last interview ( with reference to ' ' Follyfoot ' ' and ' ' Live and Let Die ' ' ) '' . Follyfoot-tv.co.uk. 19 December 1999 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Memories of `` Q '' `` . Her Majesty 's Secret Servant . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Exotic Locations . Live and Let Die , Ultimate Edition , disk 2 . Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die -- Location Guide '' . Mi6-HQ.com . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Eric ( 25 January 2007 ) . `` Big , gaudy and Bond - like , Seattle Boat Show exhibit cuts to the chase '' . The Seattle Times . Jump up ^ Lindner , Christoph ( 2003 ) . The James Bond Phenomenon : a Critical Reader . Manchester University Press . pp. 130 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6541 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Music of James Bond . Jon Burlingame . Oxford University Press 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0199358854 Jump up ^ `` Live And Let Die ( 1973 ) '' . Mi6-HQ.com . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live and Let Die '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's jewels fail to shine in list of all - time winners '' . Electronic Telegraph . 7 February 1998 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Bond 's Top 20 '' . IGN. 17 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Norman Wilner . `` Rating the Spy Game '' . MSN . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die at Empire online '' . Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty , `` Moore ... And Sometimes Less : A look at the most -- and least -- memorable bad guys , babes , and Bonds in Roger Moore 's 007 oeuvre , '' Entertainment Weekly 1025 ( 12 December 2008 ) : 37 . Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2005 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2006 Movie Guide . New American Library . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Danny Peary , Guide for the Film Fanatic ( Simon & Schuster , 1986 ) p. 244 Jump up ^ IGN : Top 10 Bond Babes Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey & Joshua Rich ( 15 November 2006 ) . `` Ranking the Bond Films '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Live and Let Die ( film ) Live and Let Die on IMDb Live and Let Die at the TCM Movie Database Live and Let Die at AllMovie Live and Let Die at Rotten Tomatoes Live and Let Die at Box Office Mojo MGM Official Site : Live and Let Die ( show ) James Bond in film List of films Filmography Recurring characters Recurring actors Motifs Actors considered for the James Bond role Bond girls Eon Productions Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) Octopussy ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Non-Eon films Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) Book Category Portal ( show ) Films directed by Guy Hamilton The Ringer ( 1952 ) The Intruder ( 1953 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1954 ) The Colditz Story ( 1955 ) Charley Moon ( 1956 ) Manuela ( 1957 ) The Devil 's Disciple ( 1959 ) A Touch of Larceny ( 1959 ) The Best of Enemies ( 1961 ) Man in the Middle ( 1964 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) The Party 's Over ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) The Mirror Crack 'd ( 1980 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) Remo Williams : The Adventure Begins ( 1985 ) Try This One for Size ( 1989 ) ( show ) Films produced by Harry Saltzman James Bond films Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) Harry Palmer films The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Billion Dollar Brain ( 1967 ) Other films The Iron Petticoat ( 1956 ) Look Back in Anger ( 1959 ) The Entertainer ( 1960 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) Call Me Bwana ( 1963 ) A Man Named John ( 1965 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) Un monde nouveau ( 1966 ) Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) Play Dirty ( 1969 ) Toomorrow ( 1970 ) Nijinsky ( 1980 ) Documentary Israel : A Right to Live ( 1967 ) Television Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion ( 1955 - 1957 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_and_Let_Die_(film)&oldid=796052890 '' Categories : 1973 films English - language films 1970s action thriller films 1970s spy films Blaxploitation films British films British sequel films Films about the illegal drug trade Films based on British novels Films directed by Guy Hamilton Films set in Harlem Films set in New Orleans Films set in New York City Films set in the Caribbean Films shot in Jamaica Films set in fictional Caribbean nations Films shot in New Orleans Films shot in New York City Films about Vodou James Bond films Live and Let Die ( film ) Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Screenplays by Tom Mankiewicz United Artists films African - American films American films Films produced by Harry Saltzman Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli Films about virginity Film scores by George Martin Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Good articles Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where was the movie live and let die filmed
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[
"Principal photography began in October 1972, in Louisiana. For a while only the second unit was shot after Moore was diagnosed with kidney stones. In November production moved to Jamaica, which doubled for the fictional San Monique. In December, production was divided between interiors in Pinewood Studios and location shooting in Harlem.[2][11][12] The producers were reportedly required to pay protection money to a local Harlem gang to ensure the crew's safety. When the cash ran out, they were \"encouraged\" to leave.[8] Some exteriors were in fact shot in Manhattan's Upper East Side as a result of the difficulties of using real Harlem locations."
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"Jamaica"
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3465016931089997251
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Highway Patrol (U.S. TV series)
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Highway Patrol ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Highway Patrol ( U.S. TV series ) This article is about the American television show . For the Australian television show , see Highway Patrol ( Australian TV series ) . Highway Patrol Also known as Ten - 4 Genre Action / Police crime drama Starring Broderick Crawford Narrated by Art Gilmore Theme music composer David Rose Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 156 Production Executive producer ( s ) Frederick Ziv Producer ( s ) Vernon E. Clark Jack Herzberg Herbert L. Strock Production location ( s ) California Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Ziv Television Programs Distributor MGM Television Peter Rodgers Organization Release Original network Syndication Picture format Black and white Audio format Monaural Original release October 3 , 1955 -- September 1 , 1959 Highway Patrol is a 156 - episode action crime drama series produced for syndication from 1955 to 1959 . Contents 1 Overview 2 Episode closings 3 Actors 4 Guest stars 5 In popular culture 6 Show 's availability 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Highway Patrol stars Broderick Crawford as Dan Mathews , the gruff and dedicated head of a police force in an unidentified Western state . A signature shot of the series is fedora - wearing Mathews barking rapid - fire dialogue into a radio microphone as he leans against the door of his black and white patrol car . Mathews growls `` 21 - 50 to headquarters '' and the invariable response is `` Headquarters by '' ( as in , standing by ) . Ziv Television Programs was founded by Frederick Ziv in 1948 . Ten years later Ziv TV was a major producer of 1950s and early 1960s first - run syndicated series , including Bat Masterson , The Cisco Kid , Science Fiction Theater , Lock - Up , Sea Hunt and Ripcord . Highway Patrol was created by Ziv in response to the California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) wanting to be featured in a TV series . However , because Ziv thought that the show needed to have a broader police scope than the real CHP , the generic show name was adopted . In the four years of its run , Highway Patrol would feature many actors who would later become successful stars in their own right , among them Stuart Whitman , Clint Eastwood , Robert Conrad , Larry Hagman , Barbara Eden , Paul Burke and Leonard Nimoy . Highway Patrol premiered October 3 , 1955 with `` Prison Break '' , an episode filmed April 11 -- 13 , 1955 . Ziv Television Programs produced 156 episodes spanning four TV seasons , 1955 -- 1959 . Episodes are generally fast - paced -- notable considering how a typical episode was filmed : two days on location and one day at the studio . The budget for an episode ranged from $20,000 to $25,000 , somewhat higher when a Bell 47 helicopter was used . Producer Frederic W. Ziv said the show moved fast to match Broderick Crawford 's acting pace . Ziv said Highway Patrol introduced quick cutting to television , which started a new trend . Highway Patrol is famous for its location shooting around the San Fernando Valley and Simi Valley , then mostly rural . Other notable Los Angeles area locations include Griffith Park , and Bronson Canyon just above Hollywood . The show also filmed at railroad stations at Glendale , California , identified by a large sign , Santa Susana , California , and Chatsworth , California . Unlike the California Highway Patrol , the agency featured in the TV series was more concerned with chasing criminals than enforcing driving laws . Local and county police officers were seldom if ever in evidence , only the Highway Patrol . With such a limited budget , there were very few car chases , crashes , and other motor mayhem that is more common in modern police dramas ; scenes were often filmed on rural two - lane paved or dirt roads to save money and because Crawford 's own driver 's license was suspended for drunk driving . Excitement was mainly generated by Crawford 's own rapid - fire , staccato delivery of his lines , frequent shootouts , and numerous plot contrivances in which time was a critical factor , such as a hostage death threat , the escape of a violent criminal , a train derailment , or other imminent catastrophe . In the first two seasons the series received technical assistance from the California Highway Patrol . The patrol cars in early episodes are actual CHP vehicles with the show 's car door emblem covering the CHP emblem ( sometimes a real CHP star is briefly visible ) . For instance , the 1955 Buick Century two - door patrol car seen in early episodes was built exclusively for CHP . Eventually the California Highway Patrol dropped its support , reportedly dissatisfied with how the show had evolved . At that point the show had to create its own patrol cars using non-police models , but still outfitted in CHP - style , distinctly subdued compared with many police agencies . Officer uniforms are the CHP style of the day . In seasons one to three , the shoulder patch is essentially the CHP patch with `` California '' and `` Eureka '' ( state motto ) removed ; the California bear and other California state seal elements are retained . In season four the show adopted a uniform patch that matches its patrol car emblem . Highway Patrol chief Dan Mathews usually wears a suit and fedora , but not to be undercover -- he generally drives a black - and - white patrol car . Art Gilmore 's narration gives Highway Patrol a documentary feel , but several details are never mentioned . While described as a state police agency , the actual state is never stated . It is said to be a western state , and borders on Mexico , but only eastern state Rhode Island is small enough to allow Dan Mathews to regularly drive from headquarters to every crime scene in just minutes . Towns have simple names like `` Midvale '' , though sometimes a real place name is used because of a prominent sign . In some episodes Mathews uses an unlabeled wall map that appears to be central - east Oregon , with the towns of Bend and Redmond on the map 's left . Cars in the show are always described by color and body style , but never by brand name : `` blue coupe '' , `` gray sedan '' . Cars have the black - on - yellow California license plate of the time , but with a piece of tape covering the name of the state ( usually , but sometimes `` California '' is briefly visible ) . Episode `` Mistaken Identity '' did show a 1957 Illinois license plate in the opening scene . A key element of the show is two - way radio communication among patrol cars and headquarters , with heavy use of police code `` 10 - 4 '' ( meaning `` acknowledged '' ) . While 10 - 4 adds a feeling of authenticity , real police use many radio codes for brevity and clarity . The Highway Patrol show radio call signs are CHP - style , except California Highway Patrol uses the first part to indicate the geographic region / office . Dan Mathews unit `` 21 - 50 '' would be a CHP unit at office 21 , which is in Napa County , California . Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry wrote five episodes , sometimes using the pseudonym `` Robert Wesley '' . Future producer Quinn Martin is sound supervisor in the show 's early years ; style elements of `` Highway Patrol '' are evident in his later productions : ( The Untouchables , The Fugitive , Barnaby Jones , The Invaders , The FBI and The Streets of San Francisco ) . When asked why the popular show ended , Crawford said , `` We ran out of crimes '' . Crawford reportedly had had his fill of the show 's hectic TV schedule ( two shows per week ) , which had caused him to drink more heavily than ever , and he had decided to leave Highway Patrol to make films in Europe . Ziv held up Crawford 's ten percent share of the show 's gross ( some $2 million ) until Crawford agreed to sign for a new Ziv pilot and TV show , King of Diamonds . After returning from Europe , Crawford signed his new contract with Ziv and would later star in King of Diamonds playing diamond insurance investigator John King . King of Diamonds lasted only one season before being canceled in 1962 . Like most Ziv series , Highway Patrol repeats were syndicated for many years , sometimes with name Ten - 4 . In 2010 , ThisTV began airing the series . In 2017 it was added to the line - up on MeTV . Episode closings ( edit ) Similar to the contemporary Ziv Television action / adventure series , Sea Hunt , each episode ended with a gratitude from Broderick Crawford himself for watching and an invitation to view again next week . Highway Patrol 's style was different , however ; he would deliver an aphoristic comment on traffic safety , including these : `` The laws of your community are enforced for your protection ... obey them ! '' `` Leave your blood at the Red Cross , not on the highway ! '' `` Leave your blood at the Red Cross , or your community blood bank , not on the highway ! '' `` The careless driver is n't driving his car , he 's aiming it ! '' `` It is n't the car that kills , it 's the driver ! '' `` No matter how new , the safest device in your car is you ! '' `` It is n't what you drive , but how you drive that counts ! '' `` The clowns at the circus , they 're real funny , but on the highway they 're murder ! '' `` Reckless driving does n't determine who 's right , only who 's left ! '' `` If you care to drive , drive with care ! '' `` Try to be as good a driver as you think you are ! '' The style of these closings evolved slightly over time . In early episodes , Crawford promised next week 's viewers a `` different '' , `` unusual '' , or `` exciting '' case ; toward the end of the series this verbiage was dropped . Actors ( edit ) The only constant regular on Highway Patrol is star Broderick Crawford as Dan Mathews . Crawford won an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1949 for All the King 's Men . William Boyett became a regular in the fourth season as Sgt . Ken Williams . Boyett went on to play Sgt . MacDonald in Adam - 12 . Another constant is the voice of Art Gilmore as the heard but unseen narrator . Gilmore narrated many movie trailers and was the announcer on The Red Skelton Show and had a recurring role as Joe Friday 's commanding officer , Lieutenant and Captain in Dragnet , both the original late 1950s version and the series ' reprise in the late 1960s , and in Adam - 12 and also had a recurring role as L.A. County Battalion Fire Chief Sorensen in Emergency ! in the early and mid 1970s . Guest stars ( edit ) Diane Brewster played the role of the dispatcher in Prison Break ( 1955 ) . Paul Burke played trooper # 2217 in Prison Break ( 1955 ) . Robert Conrad played a murderer in 1959 . Pat Conway appeared as Mel in Radioactive ( 1955 ) . Jeanne Cooper played the female bandit in 1955 . Clint Eastwood appeared in a 1955 first - season episode called `` Motorcycle A '' . Barbara Eden appeared in the episode `` Hostage Copter '' ( 1957 ) . Joe Flynn appeared in the episode `` Taxi '' ( 1956 ) . Robert Fuller appeared as Judd Patterson in `` Fire '' ( 1959 ) Rodolfo Hoyos , Jr. appeared as Capt . Julio Gonzales in `` Mexican Chase '' ( 1959 ) . Ruta Lee played Lea Franklin in `` Armored Car '' ( 1957 ) . Joyce Meadows played Ella McKay in `` Suspected Cop '' ( 1957 ) . Leonard Nimoy played Harry Wells in `` Hot Dust '' ( 1957 ) , and Ray in `` Blood Money '' ( 1958 ) . Carol Thurston played Patty March in `` Officer 's Wife '' ( 1957 ) and Lita Morgan in `` Women Escapee '' ( 1959 ) Stuart Whitman appeared in 13 episodes as Sergeant Walters . Guy Williams ( 1955 ) played occasional role as partner to top cop Dan Mathews on several episodes . Kirk Alyn also appeared occasionally as a patrol officer working with Mathews . In popular culture ( edit ) Crawford makes a cameo in the 1977 episode `` Hustle '' of CHiPs , which is also about the California Highway Patrol . After chatting about Highway Patrol , Officer Jon Baker ( Larry Wilcox ) says , tongue - in - cheek , `` they do n't make TV shows like that anymore . '' Crawford comes back with , `` No , they do n't . '' To mark the 75th anniversary of the CHP in 2004 , Los Angeles City Council Member Tom LaBonge , District 4 ( which includes parts of Hollywood ) asked his `` Dollar a Year Man '' to come up with an idea . In response , Goltz came up with the 10 - 4 Day Parade which is held every October 4 . Approximately 20 to 30 classic police cars from the CHP , LAPD , and many classic cop TV shows gather in front of The Los Angeles Fire Museum by Engine Company # 27 . Show 's availability ( edit ) All the 156 episodes are now available on DVD from the 35mm masters . The rights to all the 156 episodes are held by Ziv Television Productions ' successor United Artists Television under MGM Television . In 2010 episodes began being shown on ThisTV , a network which features classic shows and movies . In 2017 it joined the line - up on MeTV . It has also appeared on the TV network Decades . Some episodes of Highway Patrol have been provided online via Hulu.com . MGM Home Entertainment released the first season of Highway Patrol on DVD on August 11 , 2010 via Amazon. com 's CreateSpace program . This is a manufactured - on - demand ( MOD ) release , available exclusively through Amazon.com . On April 2 , 2013 , TGG Direct released seasons 2 , 3 , and 4 on DVD . Most episodes are also available , for free , via YouTube . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Saul . `` Looking Back on Chatsworth Through the Flickering Eye of Television '' . Archived from the original on 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jason , Rick , Scrapbooks of My Mind : A Hollywood Autobiography Jump up ^ Staff ( 2016 ) . `` Episode Guide : Season 1 : Hustle '' . CHiPs Online . Adequate.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://goltzjudo.com/WSJ%20Buick%20Article%207-26-16.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.highwaypatroltv.com/index.shtml External links ( edit ) Highway Patrol TV Series Site Highway Patrol on IMDb Highway Patrol at TV.com Highway Patrol Rolls Again -- 10 - 4 ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highway_Patrol_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=853397265 '' Categories : 1950s American television series 1955 American television series debuts 1959 American television series endings American crime television series American drama television series Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Fictional police officers First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 13 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who starred in the tv show highway patrol
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[
"Highway PatrolAlso known as\nTen-4Genre\nAction/Police crime dramaStarring\nBroderick CrawfordNarrated by\nArt GilmoreTheme music composer\nDavid RoseCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n4No. of episodes\n156ProductionExecutive producer(s)\nFrederick ZivProducer(s)\nVernon E. ClarkJack HerzbergHerbert L. StrockProduction location(s)\nCaliforniaRunning time\n30 minutesProduction company(s)\nZiv Television ProgramsDistributor\nMGM TelevisionPeter Rodgers OrganizationReleaseOriginal network\nSyndicationPicture format\nBlack and whiteAudio format\nMonauralOriginal release\nOctober 3, 1955 – September 1, 1959"
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"Broderick Crawford"
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-8986119039547936815
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Capital gains tax
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Capital gains tax - Wikipedia Capital gains tax Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay A capital gains tax ( CGT ) is a tax on capital gains , the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset that was greater than the amount realized on the sale . The most common capital gains are realized from the sale of stocks , bonds , precious metals and property . Not all countries implement a capital gains tax and most have different rates of taxation for individuals and corporations . For equities , an example of a popular and liquid asset , national and state legislation often has a large array of fiscal obligations that must be respected regarding capital gains . Taxes are charged by the state over the transactions , dividends and capital gains on the stock market . However , these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Argentina 2 Australia 3 Austria 4 Barbados 5 Belgium 6 Belize 7 Brazil 8 Bulgaria 9 Canada 10 Cayman Islands 11 China 12 Croatia 13 Cyprus 14 Czech Republic 15 Denmark 16 Ecuador 17 Egypt 18 Estonia 19 Finland 20 France 21 Germany 22 Hong Kong 23 Hungary 24 Iceland 25 India 26 Ireland , Republic of 27 Isle of Man 28 Israel 29 Italy 30 Jamaica 31 Japan 32 Kenya 33 Latvia 34 Lithuania 35 Malaysia 36 Mexico 37 Moldova 38 Netherlands 39 New Zealand 40 Norway 41 Philippines 42 Poland 43 Portugal 44 Romania 45 Russia 46 Serbia 47 Sierra Leone 48 Singapore 49 Slovakia 50 South Africa 51 South Korea 52 Spain 53 Sri Lanka 54 Sweden 55 Switzerland 55.1 Real estate 56 Taiwan 57 Thailand 58 Turkey 59 United Kingdom 59.1 History 59.2 Basics 59.3 Corporate notes 59.4 Background to changes to 18 % rate 59.5 Historical 60 United States 61 Deferring or reducing capital gains tax 62 References 63 Further reading 64 External links Argentina ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is no specific capital gains tax in Argentina ; however , there is a 9 % to 35 % tax for fiscal residents on their world revenues , including capital gains . Australia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Capital gains tax in Australia Australia collects capital gains tax only upon realized capital gains , except for certain provisions relating to deferred - interest debt such as zero - coupon bonds . The tax is not separate in its own right , but forms part of the income - tax system . The proceeds of an asset sold less its `` cost base '' ( the original cost plus addition for cost price increases over time ) are the capital gain . Discounts and other concessions apply to certain taxpayers in varying circumstances . From 21 September 1999 , after a report by Alan Reynolds , the 50 % capital gains tax discount has been in place for individuals and for some trusts that acquired the asset after that time and that have held the asset for more than 12 months , however the tax is levied without any adjustment to the cost base for inflation . The amount left after applying the discount is added to the assessable income of the taxpayer for that financial year . For individuals , the most significant exemption is the family home . The sale of personal residential property is normally exempt from capital gains tax , except for gains realized during any period in which the property was not being used as an individual 's personal residence ( for example , while leased to other tenants ) or portions attributable to business use . Capital gains or losses as a general rule can be disregarded for CGT purposes when assets were acquired before 20 September 1985 ( pre-CGT ) . Austria ( edit ) Austria taxes capital gains at 25 % ( on checking account and `` Sparbuch '' interest ) or 27.5 % ( all other types of capital gains ) . There is an exception for capital gains from the sale of shares of foreign entities ( with opaque taxation ) if the participation exceeds 10 % and shares are held for over one year ( so - called `` Schachtelprivileg '' ) . Barbados ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is no capital gains tax charged in Barbados . Belgium ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Under the participation exemption , capital gains realised by a Belgian resident company on shares in a Belgian or foreign company are fully exempt from corporate income tax , provided that the dividends on the shares qualify for the participation exemption . For purposes of the participation exemption for capital gains the minimum participation test is not required . Unrealised capital gains on shares that are recognised in the financial statements ( which recognition is not mandatory ) are taxable . But a roll - over relief is granted if , and as long as , the gain is booked in a separate reserve account on the balance sheet and is not used for distribution or allocation of any kind . As a counterpart to the new exemption of realised capital gains , capital losses on shares , both realised and unrealised , are no longer tax deductible . However , the loss incurred in connection with the liquidation of a subsidiary company remains deductible up to the amount of the paid - up share capital . Other capital gains are taxed at the ordinary rate . If the total amount of sales is used for the purchase of depreciable fixed assets within 3 years , the taxation of the capital gains will be spread over the depreciable period of these assets . Belize ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are no capital gains taxes for residents or non-residents in Belize . Brazil ( edit ) Capital gain taxes are only paid on realized gains . At the current stage , taxes are 15 % for transactions longer than one day old and 20 % for day trading , both transactions are due payable at the following month after selling or closing the position . Dividends are tax free , since the issuer company has already paid to RECEITA FEDERAL ( the Brazilian IRS ) . Derivatives ( futures and options ) follow the same rules for tax purposes as company stocks . When selling less than R $20.000 ( Brazilian Reais ) within a month ( and not operating in day trading ) , the financial operation is considered tax - free . Also , non-residents have no tax on capital gains . Bulgaria ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Corporate tax rate is 10 % . The personal tax rate is flat at 10 % . There is no capital gains tax on equity instruments traded on the BSE . Canada ( edit ) Currently , only 50 % of realized capital gains are taxable in Canada at an individual 's tax rate . Some exceptions apply , such as selling one 's primary residence which may be exempt from taxation . Capital gains made by investments in a Tax - Free Savings Account ( TFSA ) are not taxed . For example , if your capital gains ( profit ) is $100 , you are taxed on $50 at your marginal tax rate . That is , if you were in the top tax bracket and your profit was $100 , you would be taxed on $50 at approximately 43 % , in Ontario . A formula for this example using the top tax bracket would be as follows : ( Capital gain x 50.00 % ) x marginal tax rate = capital gain tax ( $100 x 50.00 % ) x 43 % = $50 x 43 % = $21.50 In this example your capital gains tax on $100 is $21.50 , leaving you with $78.50 . As of the 2013 budget , interest can no longer be claimed a capital gain . The formula is the same for capital losses and these can be carried forward indefinitely to offset future years ' capital gains ; capital losses not used in the current year can also be carried back to the previous three tax years to offset capital gains tax paid in those years . For corporations as for individuals , 50 % of realized capital gains are taxable . The net taxable capital gains ( which can be calculated as 50 % of total capital gains minus 50 % of total capital losses ) are subject to income tax at normal corporate tax rates . If more than 50 % of a small business 's income is derived from specified investment business activities ( which include income from capital gains ) they are not permitted to claim the small business deduction . Capital gains earned on income in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan are not taxed at the time the gain is realized ( i.e. when the holder sells a stock that has appreciated inside of their RRSP ) but they are taxed when the funds are withdrawn from the registered plan ( usually after converting to a registered income fund . ) These gains are then taxed at the individual 's full marginal rate . Capital gains earned on income in a TFSA are not taxed at the time the gain is realized . Any money withdrawn from a TFSA , including capital gains , are also not taxed . Unrealized capital gains are not taxed . Cayman Islands ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are no capital gains taxes charged on any transaction in the Cayman Islands . However , a Cayman Islands entity may be subject to taxation on capital gains made in other jurisdictions . China ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The applicable tax rate for capital gains in China depends upon the nature of the taxpayer ( i.e. whether the taxpayer is a person or company ) and whether the taxpayer is resident or non-resident for tax purposes . It should however be noted that , unlike common law tax systems , Chinese income tax legislation does not provide a distinction between income and capital . What commonly referred by taxpayers and practitioners as capital gain tax is actually within the income tax framework , rather than a separate regime . Tax - resident enterprises will be taxed at 25 % in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law . Non-resident enterprises will be taxed at 10 % on capital gains in accordance with the Implementing Regulations to the Enterprise Income Tax Law . In practice , where a resident of a treaty partner alienates assets situated in China as part of its ordinary course of business the gains so derived will likely be assessed as if it is a capital gain , rather than business profit . This is somewhat contradictory with the basic principles of double taxation treaty . The only tax circular specifically addressing the PRC income tax treatment of income derived by QFIIs from the holding and trading of Chinese securities is Guo Shui Han ( 2009 ) No. 47 ( `` Circular 47 '' ) issued by the State Administration of Taxation ( `` SAT '' ) on 23 January 2009 . The circular addresses the withholding tax treatment of dividends and interest received by QFIIs from PRC resident companies , however , circular 47 is silent on the treatment of capital gains derived by QFIIs on the trading of A-shares . It is generally accepted that Circular 47 is intentionally silent on capital gains and possible indication that SAT is considering but still undecided on whether to grant tax exemption or other concessionary treatment to capital gains derived by QFIIs . Nevertheless , it is noted that there have been cases where QFIIs withdraw capital from China after paying 10 % withholding tax on gains derived through share trading over years on a transaction - by - transaction basis . This uncertainty has caused significant problems for those investment managers investing in A-Shares . Guo Shui Han ( 2009 ) No. 698 ( `` Circular 698 '' ) was issued on 10 December 2009 addressing the PRC corporate income tax treatment on the transfer of PRC equity interest by non-PRC tax resident enterprises directly or indirectly , however has not resolved the uncertain tax position with regards A-Shares . With respect to Circular 698 itself , there are views that it is not consistent with the Enterprise Income Tax Law as well as double taxation treaties signed by the Chinese government . The validity of the Circular is controversial , especially in light of recent developments in the international arena , such as the TPG case in Australia and Vodafone case in India . Croatia ( edit ) The capital gains tax in Croatia equals 12 % . It was introduced in 2015 . Cyprus ( edit ) As determined by the Cyprus Capital Gains Tax Law , Capital gains tax in Cyprus arising from the sale or disposition of immovable property in Cyprus or the disposal of shares of companies which own immovable property in Cyprus and not listed in a recognised stock exchange . These gains are not added to other income but are taxed separately . Payment of immovable property tax is paid by both individuals and companies on property owned in Cyprus . Capital gains tax does not apply to profits from the sale of overseas real estate by non-residents , offshore entities , or residents who were not resident when they purchased the asset . Gains accruing from disposal of immovable property held outside Cyprus and shares in companies , the property whereof consists of immovable property held outside Cyprus , will be exempted from capital gains tax . Individuals may , subject to certain conditions , may claim certain deductions from the applicable taxable gain . Czech Republic ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Capital gains in the Czech Republic are taxed as income for companies and individuals . The Czech income tax rate for an individual 's income in 2010 is a flat 15 % rate . Corporate tax in 2010 is 19 % . Capital gains from the sale of shares by a company owning 10 % or more is entitled to participation exemption under certain terms . For an individual , gain from the sale of a primary private dwelling , held for at least 2 years , is tax exempt . Or , when not used as a main residence , if held for more than 5 years . Denmark ( edit ) Share dividends and realized capital gains on shares are charged 27 % to individuals of gains up to DKK 48,300 ( 2013 - level , adjusted annually ) , and at 42 % of gains above that . Carryforward of realized losses on shares is allowed . Individuals ' interest income from bank deposits and bonds , realized gains on property and other capital gains are taxed up to 59 % , however , several exemptions occur , such as on selling one 's principal private residence or on gains on selling bonds . Interest paid on loans is deductible , although in case the net capital income is negative , only approx. 33 % tax credit applies . Companies are taxed at 25 % . Share dividends are taxed at 28 % . Ecuador ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Corporate taxation : Residence for tax purposes is based on the place of incorporation . Resident entities are taxed on worldwide income . Nonresidents are subject to tax only on Ecuador - source income . Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal corporate rate . The standard rate is 22 % , with a reduced rate of 15 % applying where corporate profits are reinvested for the purchase of machinery or equipment and / or the acquisition of new technology . Companies engaged in the exploration or exploitation of hydrocarbon also are subject to the standard corporate tax rate . Personal taxation : Resident individuals are taxed on their worldwide income ; nonresidents are taxed only on Ecuadorian - source income . An individual is deemed to be resident if he / she is in Ecuador for more than 6 months in a year . Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal rate . Rates are progressive from 0 % to 35 % . Egypt ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There was no capital gains tax . After the Egyptian Revolution there is a proposal for a 10 % capital gains tax . This proposal came to life on 29 May 2014 . Egypt exempt bonus shares from a new 10 percent capital gains tax on profits made on the stock market as the country 's Finance Minister Hany Dimian said on 30 May 2014 , and distributions of bonus shares will be exempt from the taxes , and the new tax will not be retroactive . Estonia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is no separate capital gains tax in Estonia . For residents of Estonia all capital gains are taxed the same as regular income , the rate of which currently stands at 20 % . Resident natural persons that have investment account can realise capital gains on some classes of assets tax free until withdrawal of funds from the investment account . For resident legal persons ( includes partnerships ) no tax is payable for realising capital gain ( or receiving any other type of income ) , but only on payment of dividends , payments from capital ( exceeding contributions to capital ) and payments not related to business . The income tax rate for resident legal persons is 20 % ( payment of 80 units of dividends triggers 20 units of tax due ) . Finland ( edit ) The capital gains tax in Finland is 30 % on realized capital income and 34 % if the realized capital income is over 30,000 euros . The capital gains tax in 2011 was 28 % on realized capital income . Carryforward of realized losses is allowed for five years . However , capital gains from the sale of residential homes is tax - free after two years of residence , with certain limitations . France ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For residents , capital gains on the sale of financial instruments ( shares , bonds , etc ... ) are taxed at the marginal tax rate ( up to 45 % ) , plus 15.5 % of social contributions ( i.e. : up to 60.5 % ) . A deduction of 20 to 40 % on the gross capital gain can be applied if the instrument has been held for at least 2 years . If shares are held in a special account ( called a PEA ) , the gain is subject only to social security taxes provided that the PEA is held for at least five years . The maximum amount that can be deposited in the PEA is € 152,000 . The gain realized on the sale of a principal residence is not taxable . A gain realized on the sale of other real estate held at least 30 years , however , is not taxable , although this will become subject to 15.5 % social security taxes as of 2012 . ( There is a sliding scale for non principal residence property owned for between 22 and 30 years . ) Non-residents are generally taxable on capital gains realized on French real estate and on some French financial instruments , subject to any applicable double tax treaty . Social security taxes , however , are not usually payable by non-residents . A French tax representative will be mandatory if you are non-resident and you sell a property for an amount over 150.000 euros or you own the real estate for more than 15 years . Germany ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In January 2009 , Germany introduced a very strict capital gains tax ( called Abgeltungsteuer in German ) for shares , funds , certificates , bank interest rates etc . Capital gains tax only applies to financial instruments ( shares , bonds etc . ) that have been bought after 31 December 2008 . Instruments bought before this date are exempt from capital gains tax ( assuming that they have been held for at least 12 months ) , even if they are sold in 2009 or later , barring a change of law . Certificates are treated specially , and only qualify for tax exemption if they have been bought before 15 March 2007 . Real estate continues to be exempt from capital gains tax if it has been held for more than ten years . The German capital gains tax is 25 % plus Solidarity surcharge ( add - on tax initially introduced to finance the 5 eastern states of Germany -- Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania , Saxony , Saxony - Anhalt , Thuringia and Brandenburg -- and the cost of the reunification , but later kept in order to finance all kinds of public funded projects in all Germany ) , plus Kirchensteuer ( church tax , voluntarily ) , resulting in an effective tax rate of about 28 - 29 % . Deductions of expenses such as custodian fees , travel to annual shareholder meetings , legal and tax advice , interest paid on loans to buy shares , etc. , are no longer permitted starting in 2009 . There is an allowance ( Freistellungsauftrag ) on capital gains income in Germany of € 801 per person per year of which you do not have to be taxed , if appropriate forms are completed . Hong Kong ( edit ) In general Hong Kong has no capital gains tax . However , employees who receive shares or options as part of their remuneration are taxed at the normal Hong Kong income tax rate on the value of the shares or options at the end of any vesting period less any amount that the individual paid for the grant . If part of the vesting period is spent outside Hong Kong then the tax payable in Hong Kong is pro-rated based on the proportion of time spent working in Hong Kong . Hong Kong has very few double tax agreements and hence there is little relief available for double taxation . Therefore , it is possible ( depending on the country of origin ) for employees moving to Hong Kong to pay full income tax on vested shares in both their country of origin and in Hong Kong . Similarly , an employee leaving Hong Kong can incur double taxation on the unrealized capital gains of their vested shares . The Hong Kong taxation of capital gains on employee shares or options that are subject to a vesting period , is at odds with the treatment of unrestricted shares or options which are free of capital gains tax . For those who do trading professionally ( buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living ) as `` traders '' , this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates . Hungary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 1 January 2016 there is one flat tax rate ( 15 % ) on capital income . This includes : selling stocks , bonds , mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits . Since January 2010 , Hungarian citizens can open special `` long - term '' accounts . The tax rate on capital gains from securities held in such an account is 10 % after a 3 - year holding period , and 0 % after the account 's maximum 5 years period is expired . Iceland ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Taxation in Iceland From 1 January 2011 the capital gains tax in Iceland is 20 % . It was 18 % prior to that ( for a full year , in 2010 ) , which in turn was a result of a progressive raises in the preceding couple years . 2008 10 % 2009 ( until 30 June ) 10 % 2009 ( from 1 July ) 15 % 18 % 2011 20 % India ( edit ) As of 2008 , equities are considered long term capital if the holding period is one year or more . Long term capital gains from equities are not taxed as per section 10 ( 38 ) if shares are sold through recognized stock exchange and Securities Transaction Tax ( STT ) is paid on the sale . STT in India is currently between 0.017 % and 0.1 % of total amount received on sale of securities through a recognized Indian stock exchange like the NSE or BSE . However short term capital gain from equities held for less than one year , is sold through recognised stock exchange and STT paid should not be considered and it is taxable at a flat rate of 15 % u / s 111A and other surcharges , educational cess are imposed . ( w.e.f. 1 April 2009 . ) Many other capital investments ( house , buildings , real estate , bank deposits ) are considered long term if the holding period is 3 or more years and are taxed @ 20 % u / s 112 . Capital Gains Tax Rates for Fiscal Year 2016 - 17 ( Assessment Year 2017 - 18 ) Assets Duration ( Short Term ) Duration ( Long Term ) Short Term Capital Gains Tax Long Term Capital Gains Tax Stocks / shares Less than 12 months More than 12 months 15 % 10 % Equity oriented mutual funds Less than 12 months More than 12 months 15 % 10 % Debt oriented mutual funds Less than 36 months More than 36 months Slab rate 20 % with indexation Bonds Less than 12 months More than 12 months Slab rate 10 % without indexation Real estate / property Less than 36 months More than 36 months Slab rate 20 % with indexation Gold Less than 36 months More than 36 months Slab rate 20 % with indexation Ireland , Republic of ( edit ) Since 5 December 2012 , there is a 33 % tax on capital gains , with several exclusions and deductions ( e.g. agricultural land , primary residence , transfers between spouses ) . Gains made where the asset was originally purchased before 2003 attract indexation relief ( the cost of the asset can be multiplied by a published factor to reflect inflation ) . Costs of purchase and sale are deductible , and every person has an exempt band of € 1,270 per year . The tax rate is 23 % on certain investment policies , and rises to 40 % on certain offshore gains when they are not declared in time . Tax on capital gains arising in the first eleven months of the year must be paid by 15 December , and tax on capital gains arising in the last month of the year must be paid by the following 31 January . Isle of Man ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is no capital gains tax . Israel ( edit ) Capital gains tax in Israel is set to 25 % on the real gains made in non inflation indexed bonds , ( Or 20 % for a substantial shareholder ) 25 % on any other capital gains . ( Or 30 % for a substantial shareholder ) Italy ( edit ) Capital gains tax of corporate income tax 27.5 % ( IRES ) on gains derived from disposals of participations and extraordinary capital gains . For individuals ( IRPEF ) , capital gains shall incur a 26 % tax . Jamaica ( edit ) There are capital gains taxes in Jamaica . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , there were two options for paying tax on capital gains from the sale of listed stocks . The first , Withholding Tax ( 源泉 課税 ) , taxed all proceeds ( regardless of profit or loss ) at 1.05 % . The second method , declaring proceeds as `` taxable income '' ( 申告 所得 ) , required individuals to declare 26 % of proceeds on their income tax statement . Many traders in Japan used both systems , declaring profits on the Withholding Tax system and losses as taxable income , minimizing the amount of income tax paid . In 2003 , Japan scrapped the system above in favor of a flat 20 % tax on gains , though the rate was temporarily halved at 10 % and after being postponed a few times the return to the normal rate of 20 % is now set for 2014 . Losses can be carried forward for 3 years . Starting in 2009 , losses can alternatively be deducted from dividend income declared as `` Separate Income '' since the tax rate on both categories is equal ( i.e. , 20 % temporarily halved to 10 % ) . Aggregating profits and dividends to reach a single figure taxed at the same rate is fairly innovative . Kenya ( edit ) Capital gains taxes were abolished in Kenya in 1985 in order to spur growth in the securities and property market . The Kenyan Parliament passed a motion in August 2014 to reintroduce capital gains tax in January 2015 and `` is expected to increase the cost of land transaction as investors pass on the cost to buyers . The tax will also affect those investing in shares and debt in the capital markets . '' The capital gains tax came into effect on 1 January 2015 with 5 % as the general applicable tax rate . Latvia ( edit ) As of 1 January 2013 , the capital gains made on the disposal of shares are exempt from the corporate income tax . If loss is incurred upon sale , it will not be deductible . To apply exemption , there are no restrictions on minimal holding period or shareholding . The exemption , however , does not apply on gain from sale of shares in entities located in the black - listed tax haven countries . The latter gains are subject to regular corporate income tax rate at 15 % . Similarly , gains on disposal of securities quoted on the regulated markets of the EU or EEA countries and investment certificates in EU and EEA open - end investment funds are exempt from taxation in Latvia . Gains on the disposal of other investments ( like real estate properties ) are taxed at regular corporate income tax rate of 15 % . The inbound dividends are not taxed in the hands of Latvian company ( except , the dividends received from the low - tax jurisdiction ) . The outbound dividends are no subject to any taxes , except the dividends payable to the low - tax jurisdiction ( 15 % ) . In the hands of individuals the capital gains are taxed at 15 % , the dividends -- 10 % . Lithuania ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Capital gains tax from the disposal of securities and from sale of real estate is 15 % . Gains from the disposal of securities are exempt if they are acquired more than 366 days before their sale and the individual owns not more than 10 % of securities for three years preceding the tax year during which the securities are sold . Gains from sale of real estate are exempt if the property is owned for more than 3 years before sale . These tax exemptions will cease to be valid on 1 January 2014 for annual gains of over 10,000 LTL . Malaysia ( edit ) There is no capital gains tax for equities in Malaysia . Malaysia used to have a capital gains tax on real estate but the tax was repealed in April 2007 . However , a real property gains tax ( RPGT ) introduced in 2010 now applies to property sold less than six years from its purchase . Property disposed off less than three years after purchase will incur RGPT of 30 % while those sold in its four and fifth year after will incur 20 % and 15 % RPGT , respectively . As for non-citizens , RPGT is imposed at 30 % on the gains from properties disposed within the holding period of up to sixth year . And for disposal made in sixth and subsequent years , 5 % RPGT is imposed for non-citizens , while companies and foreign property buyers are taxed at 5 % . Malaysia has imposed capital gain tax on share options and share purchase plan received by employee starting year 2007 . For who does trading professionally ( buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living ) as `` traders '' , this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates . Mexico ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is no current Capital Gains Tax for profits in the stock market , it will be introduced in 2014 at 10 % rate in Mexico . Moldova ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Under the Moldovan Tax Code a capital gain is defined as the difference between the acquisition and the disposition price of the capital asset . Only this difference ( i.e. the gain ) is taxable . The applicable rate is half ( 1 / 2 ) of the income tax rate , which for individuals is 18 % and for companies was 15 % ( but in 2008 is 0 % ) . Therefore , in 2008 the capital gain tax rate is 9 % for individuals and 0 % for companies . Not all types of assets are `` capital assets '' . Capital assets include : real estate ; shares ; stakes in limited liability companies etc . Netherlands ( edit ) Capital gains generally are exempt from tax . However , exceptions apply to the following assets : Capital gains realised on the disposal of business assets ( including real estate ) and on the disposal of other assets that qualify as income from independently performed activities Capital gains on liquidation of a company Capital gains derived from the sale of a substantial interest in a company ( that is , 5 % of the issued share capital ) Taxable income under Box 2 category includes dividends and capital gains from a substantial shareholding . ( inkomsten uit aanmerkelijk belang ) ( i.e. a shareholding of at least 5 % ) Income that falls into the Box 2 category is taxed at a flat rate of 25 % . Box 3 : taxable income from savings and investments ( viz . real estate ) However a `` theoretical capital yield '' of 4 % is taxed at a rate of 30 % ( so 1.2 % ) but only if the savings plus stocks of a person exceed a threshold of 25.000 euros . This will be raised to a threshold of 30.000 euros in 2018 , together with other changes so that people with less wealth , pay lower taxes . In general an individual will not have to pay tax on capital gains . So if the main residence is sold or shares are sold the profit is not taxable . This is different if the transaction ( s ) exceed ( s ) normal asset management . In that case the capital gain is treated as income from other activities or even business income . Relevant are : the number of transactions - > the more transactions the sooner it is assumed that activities exceed normal asset management specific knowledge of the individual - > if the individual is a professional trader , the personal transactions will be seen as taxable income sooner than if the individual does n't have specific knowledge or experience . work which is invested in the asset - > if maintenance of a property is taken care of by an external party the activitities may be seen as normal asset management , if the owner does all the maintenance himself and even the renovations the tax authorities will argue that this is no longer normal asset management . So it depends on the actual facts and circumstances how the capital gain is treated . Even judges do not always decide the same . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand has no capital gains tax , however income tax may be charged on profits from the sale of personal property and land that was acquired for the purposes of resale . This tax is widely avoided and not usually enforced , perhaps due to the difficulty in proving intent at the time of purchase . However , there have been a few cases of the IRD enforcing the law ; in 2004 the government gathered $106.6 million checking on property sales from Queenstown , Wanaka and some areas of Auckland . New Zealand capital gains tax applies to foreign debt and equity investments . In a speech delivered on 3 June 2009 , then New Zealand Treasury Secretary John Whitehead called for a capital gains tax to be included in reforms to New Zealand 's taxation system . The introduction of a capital gains tax was proposed by the Labour Party as an election campaign strategy in the 2011 and 2014 general elections . On 17 May 2015 , the governing National Party announced it would tighten rules for taxing profits on the sale of property . From 1 October 2015 , any person selling a residential property within two years of purchase would be taxed on the profits at their marginal income tax rate . The seller 's main home would be exempt , as well as properties inherited from deceased estates or transferred as part of a relationship settlement . To help enforcement , all buyers would need to supply their IRD number at settlement . Norway ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The individual capital gains tax in Norway is 27 % . In most cases , there is no capital gains tax on profits from sale of your principal home . This tax was introduced in 2006 through a reform that eliminated the `` RISK - system '' , which intended to avoid the double taxation of capital . The new shareholder model , introduced in 2006 , aims to reduce the difference in taxation of capital and labor by taxing dividends beyond a certain level as ordinary income . This means that focus was moved from capital to individuals and their level of income . This system also introduced a deductible allowance equal to the share 's acquisition value times the average rate for Treasury bills with a 3 - month period adjusted for tax . Shielding interest shall secure financial neutrality in that it returns the taxpayer what he or she alternatively would have achieved in a safe , passive capital placement exempt from additional taxation . The main purpose of the allowance is to prevent adverse shifts in investment and corporate financing structure as a result of the dividend tax . According to the papers explaining the new policy , a dividend tax without such shielding could push up the pressures on the rate of return on equity investments and lead Norwegian investors from equities to bonds , property etc . Philippines ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is a 6 % Capital Gains Tax and a 1.5 % Documentary Stamps on the disposal of real estate in the Philippines . While the Capital Gain Tax is imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale , exchange , or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philippines , including other forms of conditional sale , the Documentary Stamp Tax is imposed on documents , instruments , loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance , assignment , sale or transfer of an obligation , rights , or property incident thereto . These two taxes are imposed on the actual price the property has been sold , or on its current Market Value , or on its Zonal Value whichever is higher . Zonal valuation in the Philippines is set by its tax collecting agency , the Bureau of Internal Revenue . Most often , real estate transactions in the Philippines are being sealed higher than their corresponding Market and Zonal values . As a standard process , the Capital Gain Tax is paid for by the seller , while the Documentary Stamp is paid for by the buyer . However , either of the two parties may pay both taxes depending on the agreement they entered into . Tax Rates : For real property 6 % , higher of fair market value ( zonal or assessed value ) and selling price For Shares of Stocks Not Traded in the Stock Exchange Not over P100 , 000 - 5 % Any amount in excess of P100 , 000 - 10 % Poland ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 2004 there is one flat tax rate ( 19 % ) on capital income . It includes : selling stocks , bonds , mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits . Portugal ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is a capital gains tax on sale of home and property . Any capital gain ( mais - valia ) arising is taxable as income . For residents this is on a sliding scale from 12 to 40 % . However , for residents the taxable gain is reduced by 50 % . Proven costs that have increased the value during the last five years can be deducted . For non-residents , the capital gain is taxed at a uniform rate of 25 % . The capital gain which arises on the sale of own homes or residences , which are the elected main residence of the taxpayer or his family , is tax free if the total profit on sale is reinvested in the acquisition of another home , own residence or building plot in Portugal . In 1986 and 1987 Portuguese corporations changed their capital structure by increasing the weight of equity capital . This was particularly notorious on quoted companies . In these two years , the government set up a large number of tax incentives to promote equity capital and to encourage the quotation on the Lisbon Stock Exchange . Until 2010 , for stock held for more than twelve months the capital gain was exempt . The capital gain of stock held for shorter periods of time was taxable on 10 % . From 2010 onwards , for residents , all capital gain of stock above € 500 is taxable on 20 % . Investment funds , banks and corporations are exempted of capital gain tax over stock . As of 2013 , it is 28 % . Romania ( edit ) In Romania there is a 16 % flat tax plus 5.5 % health insurance from capital gains . Next year the health insurance will increase to 8.9 % . It also applies for real estate transactions but only if the property is sold less than three years from the date it was acquired . Russia ( edit ) There is no separate tax on capital gains ; rather , gains or gross receipt from sale of assets are absorbed into income tax base . Taxation of individual and corporate taxpayers is distinctly different : Capital gains of individual taxpayers are tax free if the taxpayer owned the asset for at least three years . If not , gains on sales of real estate and securities are absorbed into their personal income tax base and taxed at 13 % ( residents ) and 30 % ( non-residents ) . A tax resident is any individual residing in the Russian Federation for more than 183 days in the past year . Capital gains of resident corporate taxpayers operating under the general tax framework are taxed as ordinary business profits at the common rate of 20 % , regardless of the ownership period . Small businesses operating under the simplified tax framework pay tax not on capital gains , but on gross receipts at 6 % or 15 % . Dividends that may be included into gains on disposal of securities are taxed at source at 13 % ( residents ) and 15 % ( non-residents ) for either corporate or individual taxpayers . Serbia ( edit ) Capital gains are subject to a 15 % tax for residents and 20 % for nonresidents ( based on the tax assessment ) . Sierra Leone ( edit ) There is no capital gains tax in Sierra Leone . Singapore ( edit ) There is no capital gains tax in Singapore . For professional traders and who trade frequently , the profit is considered a sourced income in Singapore and subject to tax . Slovakia ( edit ) Individuals pay 19 % or 25 % capital gains tax . In addition , as a world rarity , they are also required to pay 14 % health insurance from capital gains . South Africa ( edit ) For legal persons in South Africa , 80 % of their net profit will attract CGT and for natural persons 40 % . This portion of the net gain will be taxed at their marginal tax rate . As an effective tax rate this means a maximum effective rate of 16.4 % ( 41 % maximum marginal tax rate ) for individuals is payable , and for corporate taxpayers a maximum of 22.4 % . The annual individual and special trust exemption is R40 000 . South Korea ( edit ) For individuals holding less than 3 % of listed company , there is only 0.3 % trade tax for sales of shares . Exchange traded funds are exempt from any trade tax . For larger than 3 % shareholders of listed companies or for sales of shares in any unlisted company , capital gains tax in South Korea is 11 % for tax residents for sales of shares in small - and medium - sized companies . Rates of 22 % and 33 % apply in certain other situations . Those who have been resident in Korea for less than five years are exempt from capital gains tax on foreign assets . Spain ( edit ) Spain 's capital gains tax from 1 January 2016 Individuals : All capital gains taxed at maximum 23 % Companies : Capital gains taxed like any other income gain , at maximum 25 % Sri Lanka ( edit ) Currently there is no capital gains tax in Sri Lanka . Sweden ( edit ) The capital gains tax in Sweden is up to 30 % on realized capital income , depending on the depot type . Traditionally , the capital gains tax in Sweden has been 30 % . Switzerland ( edit ) There is no capital gains tax in Switzerland for natural persons on trades of securities . An exception are persons considered to be `` professional traders '' , which are treated as self - employed persons for tax purposes : capital gains are taxed as company income , taxed at corporate rates , and additionally social contributions ( AHV , currently at 10.25 % rate ) must be paid on the income . However such a status is rather infrequent , the decision is made on a case by case basis by the tax authorities . A set of safe heaven criteria were formulated in 2012 which guarantee a negative status : holding each security for at least 6 months , low trading volume : sum of buying prices and sale proceeds is less than 500 % of capital at the beginning of the year , realized capital gains make up less than 50 % of income during the tax year , no use of foreign capital , or the interest paid on it is less than the dividend income , derivatives ( especially options ) are used solely to safeguard own portfolio risk . For companies , capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at corporate rates . Real estate ( edit ) Capitals gains tax is levied on the sale of real estate property in all cantons . Taxation rules vary significantly by canton . For natural persons , the tax generally follows a separate progression from income taxes , diminishes with number of years held , and often can be postponed in cases like inheritance or for buying a replacement home . The tax is levied by canton or municipality only , there is no tax at the federal level . However , natural persons involved in real estate trading in a professional manner , may get treated as self - employed and taxed at higher rates similarly to a company and , additionally , social contributions would then need to be paid . For companies , capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at the federal level , and at the cantonal and municipal level , depending on the canton , either as ordinary income or at a special lower tax progression , like for natural persons . Taiwan ( edit ) No tax is collected from individual investors whose annual transactions are below T $1 billion ( $33 million ) . Transactions above T $1 billion will be charged with a 0.1 percent tax . This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) Thailand ( edit ) There is no separate capital gains tax in Thailand . If capital gains arise outside of Thailand it is not taxable . All earned income in Thailand from capital gains is taxed the same as regular income . However , if individual earns capital gain from security in the Stock Exchange of Thailand , it is exempted from personal income tax . Turkey ( edit ) Capital gains tax rate on share certificates for residents is 0 % as of 2013 for two years of holding period . United Kingdom ( edit ) History ( edit ) Channon observes that one of the primary drivers to the introduction of CGT in the UK was the rapid growth in property values post World War II . This led to property developers deliberately leaving office blocks empty so that a rental income could not be established and greater capital gains made . The capital gains tax system was therefore introduced by chancellor James Callaghan in 1965 Basics ( edit ) Individuals who are residents or ordinarily residents in the United Kingdom ( and trustees of various trusts ) are subject to an 18 % capital gains tax . For people paying more than the basic rate of income tax , this increased to 28 % from 23 June 2010 . There are exceptions such as for principal private residences , holdings in ISAs or gilts . Certain other gains are allowed to be rolled over upon re-investment . Investments in some start up enterprises are also exempt from CGT . Entrepreneurs ' relief allows a lower rate of CGT ( 10 % ) to be paid by people who have been involved for a year with a trading company and have a 5 % or more shareholding . Shares in companies with trading properties are eligible for entrepreneurs ' relief , but not investment properties . Every individual has an annual capital gains tax allowance : gains below the allowance are exempt from tax , and capital losses can be set against capital gains in other holdings before taxation . All individuals are exempt from tax up to a specified amount of capital gains per year . For the 2015 / 16 tax year this `` annual exemption '' is £ 11,100 . Corporate notes ( edit ) Companies are subject to corporation tax on their `` chargeable gains '' ( the amounts of which are calculated along the lines of capital gains tax in the United Kingdom ) . Companies can not claim taper relief , but can claim an indexation allowance to offset the effect of inflation . A corporate substantial shareholdings exemption was introduced on 1 April 2002 for holdings of 10 % or more of the shares in another company ( 30 % or more for shares held by a life assurance company 's long - term insurance fund ) . This is effectively a form of UK participation exemption . Almost all of the corporation tax raised on chargeable gains is paid by life assurance companies taxed on the I minus E basis . The rules governing the taxation of capital gains in the United Kingdom for individuals and companies are contained in the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 . Background to changes to 18 % rate ( edit ) In the Chancellor 's October 2007 Autumn Statement , draft proposals were announced that would change the applicable rates of CGT as of 6 April 2008 . Under these proposals , an individual 's annual exemption will continue but taper relief will cease and a single rate of capital gains tax at 18 % will be applied to chargeable gains . This new single rate would replace the individual 's marginal ( Income Tax ) rate of tax for CGT purposes . The changes were introduced , at least in part , because the UK government felt that private equity firms were making excessive profits by benefiting from overly generous taper relief on business assets . The changes were criticised by a number of groups including the Federation of Small Businesses , who claimed that the new rules would increase the CGT liability of small businesses and discourage entrepreneurship in the UK . At the time of the proposals there was concern that the changes would lead to a bulk selling of assets just before the start of the 2008 -- 09 tax year to benefit from existing taper relief . Capital Gains Tax rose to 28 % on 23 June 2010 at 00 : 00 . Historical ( edit ) Individuals paid capital gains tax at their highest marginal rate of income tax ( 0 % , 10 % , 20 % or 40 % in the tax year 2007 / 8 ) but from 6 April 1998 were able to claim a taper relief which reduces the amount of a gain that is subject to capital gains tax ( reducing the effective rate of tax ) , depending on whether the asset is a `` business asset '' or a `` non-business asset '' and the length of the period of ownership . Taper relief provided up to a 75 % reduction ( leaving 25 % taxable ) in taxable gains for business assets , and 40 % ( leaving 60 % taxable ) , for non-business assets , for an individual . Taper relief replaces indexation allowance for individuals , which can still be claimed for assets held prior to 6 April 1998 from the date of purchase until that date , but was itself abolished on 5 April 2008 . United States ( edit ) US capital gains taxes history Main article : Capital gains tax in the United States In the United States , with certain exceptions , individuals and corporations pay income tax on the net total of all their capital gains . Short - term capital gains are taxed at a higher rate : the ordinary income tax rate . The tax rate for individuals on `` long - term capital gains '' , which are gains on assets that have been held for over one year before being sold , is lower than the ordinary income tax rate , and in some tax brackets there is no tax due on such gains . The tax rate on long - term gains was reduced in 1997 via the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 from 28 % to 20 % and again in 2003 , via the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 , from 20 % to 15 % for individuals whose highest tax bracket is 15 % or more , or from 10 % to 5 % for individuals in the lowest two income tax brackets ( whose highest tax bracket is less than 15 % ) . ( See progressive tax . ) The reduced 15 % tax rate on eligible dividends and capital gains , previously scheduled to expire in 2008 , was extended through 2010 as a result of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act signed into law by President Bush on 17 May 2006 , which also reduced the 5 % rate to 0 % . Toward the end of 2010 , President Obama signed a law extending the reduced rate on eligible dividends until the end of 2012 . The law allows for individuals to defer capital gains taxes with tax planning strategies such as the structured sale ( ensured installment sale ) , charitable trust ( CRT ) , installment sale , private annuity trust , and a 1031 exchange . The United States , unlike almost all other countries , taxes its citizens ( with some exceptions ) on their worldwide income no matter where in the world they reside . U.S. citizens therefore find it difficult to take advantage of personal tax havens . Although there are some offshore bank accounts that advertise as tax havens , U.S. law requires reporting of income from those accounts , and willful failure to do so constitutes tax evasion . Deferring or reducing capital gains tax ( edit ) Taxpayers may defer capital gains taxes by simply deferring the sale of the asset . In addition , depending on the specifics of national tax law , taxpayers may be able to defer , reduce , or avoid capital gains taxes using the following strategies : A nation may tax at a lower rate the gains on investments in favored industries or sectors , such as small business . There may be accounts with tax - favored status . The most advantageous let gains accumulate in the account without taxes ; taxes are paid only when the taxpayer withdraws funds from the account . Selling an asset at a loss may create a `` tax loss '' that can be applied to offset gains realized in the future , and avoid or reduce taxes on those gains . Tax losses are a business asset , but the business must avoid `` sham '' transactions , such as selling to oneself or a subsidiary for no legitimate purpose other than to create a tax loss . Tax may be waived if the asset is given to a charity . Tax may be deferred if the taxpayer sells the asset but receives payment from the buyer over a period of years . However , the taxpayer bears the risk of a default by the buyer during that period . A structured sale or purchase of an annuity may be ways to defer taxes . In certain transactions , the basis ( original cost ) of the asset is changed . In the U.S. , the basis for an inherited asset becomes its value at the time of the inheritance . Tax may be deferred if the seller of an asset puts the funds into the purchase of a `` like - kind '' asset . In the U.S. , this is called a 1031 exchange and is now generally available only for business - related real estate and tangible property . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.bmf.gv.at/steuern/Besteuerung-inl-sowie-im-Inland-bez-Kapitalertraege.html Jump up ^ `` Invest in Belgium '' . economie.fgov.be . Archived from the original on 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil '' . CVM -- Comissão de Valores Mobiliários ( Brazilian SEC ) . Archived from the original on 10 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CRA '' . cra-arc.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Various tax rates in Cyprus and information ; Capital Gains in Cyprus '' . Investment-Gateway.eu . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SKAT : Satser og belřbsgrćnser 2010 + 2011 '' . Skat.dk . Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL6N0OG28120140530 Jump up ^ `` Tax Guide , Individuals 2015 '' . vero.fi. 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ VERO Taxation of Stock Options Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` VERO '' . vero.fi . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Share Awards and Share Options are Taxed '' . GovHK . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Capital Gain Tax on Share Trading Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ftn97section105. htm '' . Law.incometaxindia.gov.in. 4 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Indian Gov Capital Gains Tax Calculator Archived 16 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rastogi , Vasundhara ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Capital Gains Tax in India : An Explainer '' . www.india-briefing.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Gains Tax '' . Citizensinformation.ie . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Your taxes : Tax rates for 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.pwc.com/jm/en/business-in-jamaica/tax-system.jhtml Jump up ^ `` Capital Gains Tax : The Good , The Bad and The Ugly '' . abacus.co.ke/ . Abacus . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tax measures to boost growth but prices of goods will go up '' . Nation.co.ke . Jump up ^ `` Global Tax Alert : Kenya reintroduces capital gains tax - EYG no . CM4776 '' . www.ey.com . Ernst & Young . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://taxwise.lv/useful-information/general-tax-facts-and-rates-in-latvia/ Jump up ^ `` '' Budget 2014 Highlights `` . 25 October 2013 '' . Theedgemalaysia.com. 25 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Netherlands/Taxes-and-Costs Jump up ^ https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/bldcontentnl/belastingdienst/prive/vermogen_en_aanmerkelijk_belang/vermogen/belasting_betalen_over_uw_vermogen/heffingsvrij_vermogen/heffingsvrij_vermogen Jump up ^ http://www.expatax.nl/kb/article/tax-for-capital-gains-is-it-applicable-in-the-netherlands-and-if-so-in-which-situations-209.html#.VUNYBmSqiko Jump up ^ `` Buying and Selling Residential Property '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Inland Revenue . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Gains Tax -- Is this needed in New Zealand '' . National.org.nz. 22 March 2007 Jump up ^ Fallow , Brian ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` Treasury pushes for capital gains tax '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Adam Bennett ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Labour unveils ' bold ' tax plan '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Own Our Future '' . New Zealand Labour Party . 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tighter rules on residential property investors and overseas buyers '' . Fairfax New Zealand . 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Brockett , Matthew ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` New property tax and tighter rules for foreigners in New Zealand '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bir.gov.ph/index.php/tax-information/capital-gains-tax.html Jump up ^ Afaceri , Stiri . `` Noul impozit pe tranzactiile imobiliare '' . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.e-racuni.com Jump up ^ `` Summary of Korean Corporate and Individual Income Taxes 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Samil Price Waterhouse Coopers . 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korea : Publications : 2009 Korean Tax Summaries '' . Price Waterhouse Coopers . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.estv.admin.ch/dam/estv/de/dokumente/bundessteuer/kreisschreiben/2004/1-036-D-2012.pdf.download.pdf/1-036-D-2012-d.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.estv.admin.ch/dam/estv/de/dokumente/allgemein/Dokumentation/Publikationen/dossier_steuerinformationen/d/Die-Besteuerung-der-Grundstueckgewinne.pdf.download.pdf/Die-Besteuerung-der-Grundstueckgewinne_2015_d.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.wengervieli.ch/getattachment/2b57d10e-d7ad-4255-af98-a68bf240561c/Steuerfreier-Kapitalgewinn.aspx Jump up ^ `` Basbakanlik.gov.tr '' . rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr . Jump up ^ Channon , Derek F ( 1978 ) . The Service Industries . London : The MacMillan Press Ltd . ISBN 0841950326 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph : Capital Gains Tax : a brief history '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Residential property tax planning '' . MAH , Chartered Accountants . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Gains Tax allowances '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Jean Eaglesham and John Willman ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Final showdown on CGT reforms '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Capital Gains Tax '' ( PDF ) . HM Revenue and Customs . p. 94 . Retrieved 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Public Law No. 109 - 222 . Jump up ^ An example of an exception is the exemption from U.S. federal income tax for a limited amount of foreign earned income of a citizen or resident of the United States who is living abroad , under 26 U.S.C. § 911 . Further reading ( edit ) Black , Stephen ( 2011 ) . `` A Capital Gains Anomaly : Commissioner v. Banks and the Proceeds from Lawsuits '' . St. Mary 's Law Journal . 43 : 113 . SSRN 1858776 . External links ( edit ) The Labyrinth of Capital Gains Tax Policy : A Guide for the Perplexed ( 1999 ) , Brookings Institution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_gains_tax&oldid=826642359 '' Categories : Capital gains taxes Taxation in Australia Taxation in Canada Taxation in China Taxation in the Czech Republic Taxation in India Taxation in Israel Taxation in Kenya Taxation in Lithuania Taxation in the Netherlands Taxation in New Zealand Taxation in Norway Taxation in Poland Taxation in Russia Taxation in Singapore Taxation in South Africa Taxation in Spain Taxation in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from April 2014 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 06 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the tax on capital gains in canada
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"Currently, only 50% of realized capital gains are taxable in Canada at an individual's tax rate. Some exceptions apply, such as selling one's primary residence which may be exempt from taxation.[4] Capital gains made by investments in a Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) are not taxed."
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"50% of realized capital gains are taxable in Canada at an individual's tax rate"
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Diathesis–stress model
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Diathesis -- stress model - wikipedia Diathesis -- stress model Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of diathesis -- stress model The diathesis -- stress model is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences . The term diathesis derives from the Greek term ( διάθεσις ) for a predisposition , or vulnerability . A diathesis can take the form of genetic , psychological , biological , or situational factors . A large range of differences exists among individuals ' vulnerabilities to the development of a disorder . The diathesis , or predisposition , interacts with the individual 's subsequent stress response . Stress is a life event or series of events that disrupts a person 's psychological equilibrium and may catalyze the development of a disorder . Thus the diathesis -- stress model serves to explore how biological or genetic traits ( diatheses ) interact with environmental influences ( stressors ) to produce disorders such as depression , anxiety , or schizophrenia . The diathesis -- stress model asserts that if the combination of the predisposition and the stress exceeds a threshold , the person will develop a disorder . The use of the term diathesis in medicine and in the specialty of psychiatry dates back to the 1800s ; however , the diathesis -- stress model was not introduced and used to describe the development of psychopathology until it was applied to explaining schizophrenia in the 1960s by Paul Meehl . The diathesis -- stress model is used in many fields of psychology , specifically for studying the development of psychopathology . It is useful for the purposes of understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in the susceptibility to psychological disorders throughout the lifespan . Diathesis -- stress models can also assist in determining who will develop a disorder and who will not . For example , in the context of depression , the diathesis -- stress model can help explain why Person A may become depressed while Person B does not , even when exposed to the same stressors . More recently , the diathesis -- stress model has been used to explain why some individuals are more at risk for developing a disorder than others . For example , children who have a family history of depression are generally more vulnerable to developing a depressive disorder themselves . A child who has a family history of depression and who has been exposed to a particular stressor , such as exclusion or rejection by his or her peers , would be more likely to develop depression than a child with a family history of depression that has an otherwise positive social network of peers . The diathesis -- stress model has also served as useful in explaining other poor ( but non-clinical ) developmental outcomes . Protective factors , such as positive social networks or high self - esteem , can counteract the effects of stressors and prevent or curb the effects of disorder . Many psychological disorders have a window of vulnerability , during which time an individual is more likely to develop disorder than others . Diathesis -- stress models are often conceptualized as multi-causal developmental models , which propose that multiple risk factors over the course of development interact with stressors and protective factors contributing to normal development or psychopathology . The differential susceptibility hypothesis is a recent theory that has stemmed from the diathesis -- stress model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diathesis 2 Stress 3 Protective factors 4 Throughout the lifespan 5 See also 6 References Diathesis ( edit ) The term diathesis is synonymous with vulnerability . A vulnerability makes it more or less likely that an individual will succumb to the development of psychopathology if a certain stress is encountered . Diatheses are considered inherent within the individual and are typically conceptualized as being stable , but not unchangeable , over the lifespan . They are also often considered latent ( i.e. dormant ) , because they are harder to recognize unless provoked by stressors . Diatheses are understood to include genetic , biological , physiological , cognitive , and personality - related factors . Some examples of diatheses include genetic factors , such as abnormalities in some genes or variations in multiple genes that interact to increase vulnerability . Other diatheses include early life experiences such as the loss of a parent , or high neuroticism . Diatheses can also be conceptualized as situational factors , such as low socio - economic status or having a parent with depression . Stress ( edit ) Stress can be conceptualized as a life event that disrupts the equilibrium of a person 's life . For instance , a person may be vulnerable to become depressed , but will not develop depression unless he or she is exposed to a specific stress , which may trigger a depressive disorder . Stressors can take the form of a discrete event , such the divorce of parents or a death in the family , or can be more chronic factors such as having a long - term illness , or ongoing marital problems . Stresses can also be related to more daily hassles such as school assignment deadlines . It has been long recognized that stress plays a significant role in understanding how psychopathology develops in individuals . However , psychologists have also identified that not all individuals who are stressed , or go through stressful life events , develop a psychological disorder . To understand this , theorists and researchers explored other factors that affect the development of a disorder and proposed that some individuals under stress develop a disorder and others do not . As such , some individuals are more vulnerable than others to develop a disorder once stress has been introduced . This led to the formulation of the diathesis -- stress model . Protective factors ( edit ) Protective factors , while not an inherent component of the diathesis -- stress model , are of importance when considering the interaction of diatheses and stress . Protective factors can mitigate or provide a buffer against the effects of major stressors by providing an individual with developmentally adaptive outlets to deal with stress . Examples of protective factors include a positive parent - child attachment relationship , a supportive peer network , and individual social and emotional competence . Throughout the lifespan ( edit ) Many models of psychopathology generally suggest that all people have some level of vulnerability towards certain mental disorders , but posit a large range of individual differences in the point at which a person will develop a certain disorder . For example , an individual with personality traits that tend to promote relationships such as extroversion and agreeableness may engender strong social support , which may later serve as a protective factor when experiencing stressors or losses that may delay or prevent the development of depression . Conversely , an individual who finds it difficult to develop and maintain supportive relationships may be more vulnerable to developing depression following a job loss because they do not have protective social support . An individual 's threshold is determined by the interaction of diatheses and stress . Windows of vulnerability for developing specific psychopathologies are believed to exist at different points of the lifespan . Moreover , different diatheses and stressors are implicated in different disorders . For example , breakups and other severe or traumatic life stressors are implicated in the development of depression . Stressful events can also trigger the manic phase of bipolar disorder and stressful events can then prevent recovery and trigger relapse . Having a genetic disposition for becoming addicted and later engaging in binge drinking in college are implicated in the development of alcoholism . A family history of schizophrenia combined with the stressor of being raised in a dysfunctional family raises the risk of developing schizophrenia . Diathesis -- stress models are often conceptualized as multi-causal developmental models , which propose that multiple risk factors over the course of development interact with stressors and protective factors contributing to normal development or psychopathology . For example , a child with a family history of depression likely has a genetic vulnerability to depressive disorder . This child has also been exposed to environmental factors associated with parental depression that increase his or her vulnerability to developing depression as well . Protective factors , such as strong peer network , involvement in extracurricular activities , and a positive relationship with the non-depressed parent , interact with the child 's vulnerabilities in determining the progression to psychopathology versus normative development . Some theories have branched from the diathesis -- stress model , such as the differential susceptibility hypothesis , which extends the model to include a vulnerability to positive environments as well as negative environments or stress . A person could have a biological vulnerability that when combined with a stressor could lead to psychopathology ( diathesis -- stress model ) ; but that same person with a biological vulnerability , if exposed to a particularly positive environment , could have better outcomes than a person without the vulnerability . See also ( edit ) Biopsychosocial model Gene -- environment interaction Heritability Human behavior genetics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ingram , R.E. & Luxton , D.D. ( 2005 ) . `` Vulnerability - Stress Models . '' In B.L. Hankin & J.R.Z. Abela ( Eds . ) , Development of Psychopathology : A vulnerability stress perspective ( pp. 32 - 46 ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications Inc . ^ Jump up to : Ormel J. ; Jeronimus , B.F. ; Kotov , M. ; Riese , H. ; Bos , E.H. ; Hankin , B. ( 2013 ) . `` Neuroticism and common mental disorders : Meaning and utility of a complex relationship '' . Clinical Psychology Review . 33 ( 5 ) : 686 -- 697 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cpr. 2013.04. 003 . PMC 4382368 . PMID 23702592 . ^ Jump up to : Oatley , K. , Keltner , D. & Jenkins , J.M. ( 2006b ) . `` Emotions and mental health in childhood . '' Understanding emotions ( 2nd ed . ) ( pp. 321 - 351 ) . Oxford , UK : Blackwell Publishing . Jump up ^ Prevention Action . Diathesis - stress models Retrieved from http://www.preventionaction.org/reference/diathesis-stress-models Jump up ^ Lazarus R.S. ( 1993 ) . `` From psychological stress to the emotions : A history of changing outlooks '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Psychology . 44 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ps. 44.020193. 000245 . PMID 8434890 . Jump up ^ Paul E. Meehl . `` Schizotaxia , schizotypy , schizophrenia '' . American Psychologist. 17 ( 12 ) : 827 -- 838 . doi : 10.1037 / h0041029 . ^ Jump up to : Sigelman , C.K. & Rider , E.A. ( 2009 ) . Developmental psychopathology . Life - span human development ( 6th ed . ) ( pp. 468 - 495 ) . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . ^ Jump up to : Oatley , K. , Keltner , D. , & Jenkins , J.M. ( 2006a ) . `` Emotions and mental health in adulthood . '' Understanding Emotions ( 2nd ed . ) ( pp. 353 - 383 ) . Oxford , UK : Blackwell Publishing . ^ Jump up to : Gazelle H. ; Ladd G.W. ( 2003 ) . `` Anxious solitude and peer exclusion : A diathesis stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood '' . Child Development . 74 : 257 -- 278 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8625.00634 . ^ Jump up to : Administration for Children and Families ( 2012 ) . Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well - being : A network for action . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 ^ Jump up to : Barlow , D.H. & Durand , V.M. ( 2009 ) . Abnormal psychology : An integrative approach . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing Company . ^ Jump up to : Masten A.S. ( 2001 ) . `` Ordinary magic : Resilience processes in development '' . American Psychologist. 56 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 238 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 56.3. 227 . PMID 11315249 . ^ Jump up to : Belsky J. ; Pluess M. ( 2009 ) . `` Beyond diathesis stress : Differential susceptibility to environmental influences '' . Psychological Bulletin . 135 ( 6 ) : 885 -- 908 . doi : 10.1037 / a0017376 . PMID 19883141 . Jump up ^ Jeronimus B.F. ; Kotov , R. ; Riese , H. ; Ormel , J. ( 2016 ) . `` Neuroticism 's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history , but the adjusted association hardly decays with time : a meta - analysis on 59 longitudinal / prospective studies with 443 313 participants '' . Psychological Medicine . 46 : 2883 -- 2906 . doi : 10.1017 / S0033291716001653 . PMID 27523506 . Jump up ^ Jeronimus , B.F. ; Ormel , J. ; Aleman , A. ; Penninx , B.W.J.H. ; Riese , H. ( 2013 ) . `` Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism '' . Psychological Medicine . 43 ( 11 ) : 2403 -- 15 . doi : 10.1017 / s0033291713000159 . PMID 23410535 . Jump up ^ Nolen - Hoeksema , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Suicide '' . Abnormal Psychology ( 4th ed . ) ( pp. 350 - 373 ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Monroe S.M. ; Simons A.D. ( 1991 ) . `` Diathesis - stress theories in the context of life stress research : Implications for depressive disorders '' . Psychological Bulletin . 110 ( 3 ) : 406 -- 425 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.110. 3.406 . Jump up ^ Cummings , M.E. , Davies , P.T. , & Campbell , S.B. ( 2000 ) . Developmental psychopathology and family process : Theory , research , and clinical implications . New York , NY : The Guilford Press . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diathesis -- stress_model&oldid = 813031139 '' Categories : Abnormal psychology Psychological theories Stress Schizophrenia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 09 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the vulnerability-stress model of mental illness argues that
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"The diathesis–stress model is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences. The term diathesis derives from the Greek term (διάθεσις) for a predisposition, or vulnerability. A diathesis can take the form of genetic, psychological, biological, or situational factors.[1] A large range of differences exists among individuals' vulnerabilities to the development of a disorder.[1][2]"
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"a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences"
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The Lord of the Rings
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The Lord of the Rings - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film series , see The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) . For other uses , see The Lord of the Rings ( disambiguation ) . The Lord of the Rings The first single volume edition ( 1968 ) The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy Adventure Publisher Allen & Unwin Published 29 July 1954 11 November 1954 20 October 1955 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Preceded by The Hobbit Followed by The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The title of the novel refers to the story 's main antagonist , the Dark Lord Sauron , who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle - earth . From quiet beginnings in the Shire , a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside , the story ranges across Middle - earth , following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters , not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins , Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took , but also the hobbits ' chief allies and travelling companions : the Men Aragorn son of Arathorn , a Ranger of the North , and Boromir , a Captain of Gondor ; Gimli son of Glóin , a Dwarf warrior ; Legolas Greenleaf , an Elven prince ; and Gandalf , a wizard . The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two - volume set , the other to be The Silmarillion , but this idea was dismissed by his publisher . For economic reasons , The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 . The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King . Structurally , the novel is divided internally into six books , two per volume , with several appendices of background material included at the end . Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume . The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages . Tolkien 's work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins . Although a major work in itself , the story was only the last movement of a larger epic Tolkien had worked on since 1917 , in a process he described as mythopoeia . Influences on this earlier work , and on the story of The Lord of the Rings , include philology , mythology , religion and the author 's distaste for the effects of industrialization , as well as earlier fantasy works and Tolkien 's experiences in World War I . The Lord of the Rings in its turn is considered to have had a great effect on modern fantasy ; the impact of Tolkien 's works is such that the use of the words `` Tolkienian '' and `` Tolkienesque '' have been recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary . The enduring popularity of The Lord of the Rings has led to numerous references in popular culture , the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien 's works , and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works . The Lord of the Rings has inspired , and continues to inspire , artwork , music , films and television , video games , board games , and subsequent literature . Award - winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio , theatre , and film . In 2003 , it was named Britain 's best - loved novel of all time in the BBC 's The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Prologue 1.2 The Fellowship of the Ring 1.3 The Two Towers 1.4 The Return of the King 2 Main characters 2.1 Protagonists 2.2 Antagonists 3 Concept and creation 3.1 Background 3.2 Writing 3.3 Influences 4 Publication history 4.1 Editions and revisions 4.2 Posthumous publication of drafts 4.3 Translations 5 Reception 6 Themes 7 Adaptations 7.1 Radio 7.2 Film 7.3 Television 7.4 Stage 8 Legacy 8.1 Influences on the fantasy genre 8.2 Music 8.3 Impact on popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Summary ( edit ) See also : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King plot summaries Prologue ( edit ) Thousands of years before the events of the novel , the Dark Lord Sauron had forged the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power and corrupt those who wore them : the leaders of Men , Elves and Dwarves . Sauron was defeated by an alliance of Elves and Men led by Gil - galad and Elendil , respectively . In the final battle , Isildur , son of Elendil , cut the One Ring from Sauron 's finger , causing Sauron to lose his physical form . Isildur claimed the Ring as an heirloom for his line , but when he was later ambushed and killed by the Orcs , the Ring was lost in the River Anduin . Over two thousand years later , the Ring was found by one of the river - folk called Déagol . His friend Sméagol fell under the Ring 's influence and strangled Déagol to acquire it . Sméagol was banished and hid under the Misty Mountains . The Ring gave him long life and changed him over hundreds of years into a twisted , corrupted creature called Gollum . Gollum lost the Ring , his `` precious '' , and as told in The Hobbit , Bilbo Baggins found it . Meanwhile , Sauron assumed a new form and took back his old realm of Mordor . When Gollum set out in search of the Ring , he was captured and tortured by Sauron . Sauron learned from Gollum that `` Baggins '' of the Shire had taken the Ring . Gollum was set loose . Sauron , who needed the Ring to regain his full power , sent forth his powerful servants , the Nazgûl , to seize it . The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) The story begins in the Shire , where the hobbit Frodo Baggins inherits the Ring from Bilbo Baggins , his cousin and guardian . Neither hobbit is aware of the Ring 's nature , but Gandalf the Grey , a wizard and an old friend of Bilbo , suspects it to be Sauron 's Ring . Seventeen years later , after Gandalf confirms his guess , he tells Frodo the history of the Ring and counsels him to take it away from the Shire . Frodo sets out , accompanied by his gardener , servant and friend , Samwise ( `` Sam '' ) Gamgee , and two cousins , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took . They are nearly caught by the Black Riders , but shake off their pursuers by cutting through the Old Forest . There they are aided by Tom Bombadil , a strange and merry fellow who lives with his wife Goldberry in the forest . The hobbits reach the town of Bree , where they encounter a Ranger named Strider , whom Gandalf had mentioned in a letter . Strider persuades the hobbits to take him on as their guide and protector . Together , they leave Bree after another close escape from the Black Riders . On the hill of Weathertop , they are again attacked by the Black Riders , who wound Frodo with a cursed blade . Strider fights them off and leads the hobbits towards the Elven refuge of Rivendell . Frodo falls deathly ill from the wound . The Black Riders nearly capture him at the Ford of Bruinen , but flood waters summoned by Elrond , master of Rivendell , rise up and overwhelm them . Frodo recovers in Rivendell under Elrond 's care . The Council of Elrond discusses the history of Sauron and the Ring . Strider is revealed to be Aragorn , Isildur 's heir . Gandalf reports that Sauron has corrupted Saruman , chief of the wizards . The Council decides that the Ring must be destroyed , but that can only be done by sending it to the Fire of Mount Doom in Mordor , where it was forged . Frodo takes this task upon himself . Elrond , with the advice of Gandalf , chooses companions for him . The Company of the Ring are nine in number : Frodo , Sam , Merry , Pippin , Aragorn , Gandalf , Gimli the Dwarf , Legolas the Elf , and the Man Boromir , son of Denethor , the Ruling Steward of the land of Gondor . After a failed attempt to cross the Misty Mountains through the Redhorn Pass , the Company are forced to take a perilous path through the Mines of Moria . They are attacked by the Watcher in the Water before the doors of Moria . Inside Moria , they learn of the fate of Balin and his colony of Dwarves . After surviving an attack , they are pursued by Orcs and by an ancient demon called a Balrog . Gandalf faces the Balrog , and both of them fall into the abyss . The others escape and find refuge in the Elven forest of Lothlórien , where they are counselled by its rulers , Galadriel and Celeborn . With boats and gifts from Galadriel , the Company travel down the River Anduin to the hill of Amon Hen . There , Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo , but Frodo puts it on and disappears . Frodo chooses to go alone to Mordor , but Sam guesses what he intends and goes with him . The two Towers ( edit ) Orcs sent by Saruman and Sauron kill Boromir and capture Merry and Pippin . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas debate which pair of hobbits to follow . They decide to pursue the Orcs taking Merry and Pippin to Saruman . In the kingdom of Rohan , the Orcs are slain by a company of Rohirrim . Merry and Pippin escape into Fangorn Forest , where they are befriended by Treebeard , the oldest of the tree - like Ents . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn . There they unexpectedly meet Gandalf . Gandalf explains that he slew the Balrog ; darkness took him , but he was sent back to Middle - earth to complete his mission . He is clothed in white and is now Gandalf the White , for he has taken Saruman 's place as the chief of the wizards . Gandalf assures his friends that Merry and Pippin are safe . Together they ride to Edoras , capital of Rohan . Gandalf frees Théoden , King of Rohan , from the influence of Saruman 's spy Gríma Wormtongue . Théoden musters his fighting strength and rides with his men to the ancient fortress of Helm 's Deep , while Gandalf departs to seek help from Treebeard . Meanwhile , the Ents , roused by Merry and Pippin from their peaceful ways , attack Isengard , Saruman 's stronghold , and trap the wizard in the tower of Orthanc . Gandalf convinces Treebeard to send an army of Huorns to Théoden 's aid . Gandalf brings an army of Rohirrim to Helm 's Deep , and they defeat the Orcs , who flee into the `` forest '' of Huorns , never to be seen again . Gandalf offers Saruman a chance to turn away from evil . When Saruman refuses to listen , Gandalf strips him of his rank and most of his powers . After Saruman crawls back to his prison , Wormtongue drops a sphere to try and kill Gandalf . Pippin picks it up ; it is revealed to be a palantír , a seeing - stone that Saruman used to speak with Sauron and through which Saruman was ensnared . Pippin is seen by Sauron . Gandalf rides for Minas Tirith , chief city of Gondor , taking Pippin with him . Frodo and Sam capture Gollum , who has followed them from Moria . They force him to guide them to Mordor . They find that the Black Gate of Mordor is too well guarded , so instead they travel to a secret way Gollum knows . On the way , they encounter Faramir , who , unlike his brother Boromir , resists the temptation to seize the Ring . Gollum -- who is torn between his loyalty to Frodo and his desire for the Ring -- betrays Frodo by leading him to the great spider Shelob in the tunnels of Cirith Ungol . Frodo falls to Shelob 's sting . But with the help of Galadriel 's gifts , Sam fights off the spider . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam takes the Ring to continue the quest alone . Orcs find Frodo ; Sam overhears them and learns that Frodo is still alive . The Return of the King ( edit ) Sauron sends a great army against Gondor . Gandalf arrives at Minas Tirith to warn Denethor of the attack , while Théoden musters the Rohirrim to ride to Gondor 's aid . Minas Tirith is besieged . Denethor is deceived by Sauron and falls into despair . He burns himself alive on a pyre , nearly taking his son Faramir with him . Aragorn , accompanied by Legolas , Gimli and the Rangers of the North , takes the Paths of the Dead to recruit the Dead Men of Dunharrow , who are bound by a curse which denies them rest until they fulfil their ancient forsworn oath to fight for the King of Gondor . Following Aragorn , the Army of the Dead strikes terror into the Corsairs of Umbar invading southern Gondor . Aragorn defeats the Corsairs and uses their ships to transport the men of southern Gondor up the Anduin , reaching Minas Tirith just in time to turn the tide of battle . Éowyn , Théoden 's niece , slays the Lord of the Nazgûl with help from Merry . Together , Gondor and Rohan defeat Sauron 's army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , though at great cost . Théoden is slain , and Éowyn and Merry are injured . Meanwhile , Sam rescues Frodo from the tower of Cirith Ungol . They set out across Mordor . Aragorn leads an army of men from Gondor and Rohan to march on the Black Gate to distract Sauron from his true danger . His army is vastly outnumbered by the great might of Sauron . Frodo and Sam reach the edge of the Cracks of Doom , but Frodo can not resist the Ring any longer . He claims it for himself and puts it on his finger . Gollum suddenly reappears . He struggles with Frodo and bites off Frodo 's finger with the Ring still on it . Celebrating wildly , Gollum loses his footing and falls into the Fire , taking the Ring with him . When the Ring is destroyed , Sauron loses his power forever . All he created collapses , the Nazgûl perish , and his armies are thrown into such disarray that Aragorn 's forces emerge victorious . Aragorn is crowned Elessar , King of Arnor and Gondor , and weds Arwen , daughter of Elrond . The four hobbits make their way back to the Shire , only to find out that it has been taken over by men led by Sharkey . The hobbits raise a rebellion and liberate the Shire , though 19 hobbits are killed and 30 wounded . Sharkey turns out to be Saruman . Frodo stops the hobbits from killing the wizard after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo , but Gríma turns on Saruman and kills him in front of Bag End , Frodo 's home . He is slain in turn by hobbit archers , and the War of the Ring comes to its true end on Frodo 's very doorstep . Merry and Pippin are celebrated as heroes . Sam marries Rosie Cotton and uses his gifts from Galadriel to help heal the Shire . But Frodo is still wounded in body and spirit , having borne the Ring for so long . A few years later , in the company of Bilbo and Gandalf , Frodo sails from the Grey Havens west over the Sea to the Undying Lands to find peace . In the appendices , Sam gives his daughter Elanor the Red Book of Westmarch , which contains the story of Bilbo 's adventures and the War of the Ring as witnessed by the hobbits . Sam is then said to have crossed west over the Sea himself , the last of the Ring - bearers . Main characters ( edit ) Some characters in The Lord of the Rings are unequivocal protagonists , and others are absolute antagonists . However despite criticism that the book 's characters `` are all either black or white '' , some of the ' good ' characters have darker sides that feature in the story , and likewise some of the villains have `` good impulses '' . Therefore the categorization of characters as either ' protagonists ' or ' antagonists ' below indicates their general role in the story . Protagonists ( edit ) The Company of the Ring : Frodo Baggins , bearer of the One Ring , given to him by Bilbo Baggins Samwise Gamgee , gardener and friend of the Bagginses Meriadoc Brandybuck ( Merry ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Peregrin Took ( Pippin or Pip ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Gandalf the Grey , a wizard , leads the Fellowship until his fall in Moria , returns from death as Gandalf the White to lead the armies of the West against Sauron Aragorn , ( aka Strider ) descendant of Isildur and rightful heir to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor Legolas Greenleaf , an Elf prince and son of King Thranduil of the Silvan Elves of Northern Mirkwood Gimli , son of Glóin , a dwarf Boromir , the eldest son and heir of Denethor Denethor , ruling Steward of Gondor and Lord of Minas Tirith Faramir , younger son of Denethor and brother of Boromir Galadriel , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , and grandmother of Arwen Celeborn , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , husband of Galadriel , and grandfather of Arwen Elrond , Half - elven Lord of Rivendell and father of Arwen Arwen Undómiel , daughter of Elrond , love interest of Aragorn Bilbo Baggins , Frodo 's cousin Théoden , King of Rohan , ally of Gondor Éomer , the 3rd Marshal of the Mark and Théoden 's nephew . Later King of Rohan after Théoden 's death . Éowyn , sister of Éomer , who disguises herself as a male warrior named Dernhelm to fight beside Théoden Treebeard , oldest of the Ents Tom Bombadil , lives at the edge of the Old Forest near the barrow - downs , a mysterious character with great powers Antagonists ( edit ) Sauron , the Dark Lord and titular Lord of the Rings , a fallen Maia who helped the Elves forge the Rings of Power in the Second Age . The Nazgûl or Ringwraiths , men enslaved by Sauron when they accepted his treacherous gifts of Rings of Power The Witch - king of Angmar , the Lord of the Nazgûl , and Sauron 's most powerful servant , who commands Sauron 's army Saruman the White , a wizard who seeks the One Ring for himself . Originally the chief of the order of wizards of which Gandalf is also a member ; corrupted by Sauron through the palantír . Gríma Wormtongue , a secret servant of Saruman and traitor to Rohan , who poisons Théoden 's perceptions with well placed `` advice '' Gollum , a river hobbit originally named Sméagol and an obsessive previous owner of the One Ring , planning to steal it back . Shelob , a giant spider who dwells in the passes above Minas Morgul Durin 's Bane , a Balrog dwelling beneath the Mines of Moria Concept and creation ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings started as a sequel to J.R.R. Tolkien 's work The Hobbit , published in 1937 . The popularity of The Hobbit had led George Allen & Unwin , the publishers , to request a sequel . Tolkien warned them that he wrote quite slowly , and responded with several stories he had already developed . Having rejected his contemporary drafts for The Silmarillion , putting on hold Roverandom , and accepting Farmer Giles of Ham , Allen & Unwin thought more stories about hobbits would be popular . So at the age of 45 , Tolkien began writing the story that would become The Lord of the Rings . The story would not be finished until 12 years later , in 1949 , and would not be fully published until 1955 , when Tolkien was 63 years old . Writing ( edit ) Persuaded by his publishers , he started `` a new Hobbit '' in December 1937 . After several false starts , the story of the One Ring emerged . The idea for the first chapter ( `` A Long - Expected Party '' ) arrived fully formed , although the reasons behind Bilbo 's disappearance , the significance of the Ring , and the title The Lord of the Rings did not arrive until the spring of 1938 . Originally , he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more ; however , he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work . As the story progressed , he also brought in elements from ' The Silmarillion ' mythology . Writing was slow , because Tolkien had a full - time academic position , and needed to earn further money as a university examiner . Tolkien abandoned The Lord of the Rings during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944 , as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien , who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force . Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946 , and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947 . The story was effectively finished the next year , but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949 . The original manuscripts , which total 9,250 pages , now reside in the J.R.R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University . Influences ( edit ) Mentioned at the beginning of The Lord of the Rings , the Ivy Bush is the closest public house to Birmingham Oratory which Tolkien attended while living near Edgbaston Reservoir . Perrott 's Folly is nearby . Main article : J.R.R. Tolkien 's influences The influence of the Welsh language , which Tolkien had learned , is summarized in his essay English and Welsh : `` If I may once more refer to my work . The Lord of the Rings , in evidence : the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh ( closely similar but not identical ) . This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it . '' The Lord of the Rings developed as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology , religion ( particularly Roman Catholicism ) , fairy tales , Norse and general Germanic mythology , and also Celtic , Slavic , Persian , Greek , and Finnish mythology . Tolkien acknowledged , and external critics have verified , the influences of George MacDonald and William Morris and the Anglo - Saxon poem Beowulf . The question of a direct influence of Wagner 's The Nibelung 's Ring on Tolkien 's work is debated by critics . Tolkien included neither any explicit religion nor cult in his work . Rather the themes , moral philosophy , and cosmology of The Lord of the Rings reflect his Catholic worldview . In one of his letters Tolkien states , `` The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work ; unconsciously so at first , but consciously in the revision . That is why I have not put in , or have cut out , practically all references to anything like ' religion ' , to cults or practices , in the imaginary world . For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism . '' Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where Tolkien frequently stayed during the 1940s . The work was influenced by the effects of his military service during World War I , to the point that Frodo has been `` diagnosed '' as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , or `` shell - shock '' , which was first diagnosed under that name at the Battle of the Somme , at which Tolkien served . Publication history ( edit ) A dispute with his publisher , George Allen & Unwin , led to the book being offered to Collins in 1950 . Tolkien intended The Silmarillion ( itself largely unrevised at this point ) to be published along with The Lord of the Rings , but A&U were unwilling to do this . After Milton Waldman , his contact at Collins , expressed the belief that The Lord of the Rings itself `` urgently wanted cutting '' , Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952 . Collins did not ; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin , saying , `` I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff '' , fearing his work would never see the light of day . For publication , the book was divided into three volumes to minimize any potential financial loss due to the high cost of type - setting and modest anticipated sales : The Fellowship of the Ring ( Books I and II ) , The Two Towers ( Books III and IV ) , and The Return of the King ( Books V and VI plus six appendices ) . Delays in producing appendices , maps and especially an index led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped -- on 29 July 1954 , on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom . In the United States , Houghton Mifflin published The Fellowship of the Ring on 21 October 1954 , The Two Towers on 21 April 1955 , and The Return of the King on 5 January 1956 . The Return of the King was especially delayed due to Tolkien revising the ending and preparing appendices ( some of which had to be left out because of space constraints ) . Tolkien did not like the title The Return of the King , believing it gave away too much of the storyline , but deferred to his publisher 's preference . He suggested the title The Two Towers in a deliberately ambiguous attempt to link the unconnected books III and IV , and as such the eponymous towers could be either Orthanc and Barad - dûr , or Minas Tirith and Barad - dûr , or Orthanc and Cirith Ungol . Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two - book volume , preferring instead the use of book titles : e.g. The Lord of the Rings : Vol. 1 , The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South ; Vol. 2 , The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age . However these individual book titles were later scrapped , and after pressure from his publishers , Tolkien initially suggested the titles : Vol. 1 , The Shadow Grows ; Vol. 2 , The Ring in the Shadow ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring or The Return of the King . The books were published under a profit - sharing arrangement , whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even , after which he would take a large share of the profits . It has ultimately become one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The book was published in the UK by Allen & Unwin until 1990 when the publisher and its assets were acquired by HarperCollins . Editions and revisions ( edit ) In the early 1960s Donald A. Wollheim , science fiction editor of the paperback publisher Ace Books , claimed that The Lord of the Rings was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because Houghton Mifflin , the US hardcover publisher , had neglected to copyright the work in the United States . Then , in 1965 , Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition , unauthorized by Tolkien and without paying royalties to him . Tolkien took issue with this and quickly notified his fans of this objection . Grass - roots pressure from these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien . Authorized editions followed from Ballantine Books and Houghton Mifflin to tremendous commercial success . Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright . This text became the Second Edition of The Lord of the Rings , published in 1965 . The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year , and sold a quarter of a million copies within ten months . On September 4 1966 , the novel debuted on New York Times ' Paperback Bestsellers list as number three , and was number one by December 4 , a position it held for eight weeks . Houghton Mifflin editions after 1994 consolidate variant revisions by Tolkien , and corrections supervised by Christopher Tolkien , which resulted , after some initial glitches , in a computer - based unified text . In 2004 , for the 50th Anniversary Edition , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , under supervision from Christopher Tolkien , studied and revised the text to eliminate as many errors and inconsistencies as possible , some of which had been introduced by well - meaning compositors of the first printing in 1954 , and never been corrected . The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers . Further corrections were added to the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014 . Several editions , notably the 50th Anniversary Edition , combine all three books into one volume , with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions . Posthumous publication of drafts ( edit ) From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of The Rings , chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text 's development , in volumes 6 -- 9 of his History of Middle - earth series . The four volumes carry the titles The Return of the Shadow , The Treason of Isengard , The War of the Ring , and Sauron Defeated . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Translations of The Lord of the Rings The novel has been translated , with various degrees of success , into at least 56 languages . Tolkien , an expert in philology , examined many of these translations , and made comments on each that reflect both the translation process and his work . As he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators , such as the Swedish translation by Åke Ohlmarks , Tolkien wrote a `` Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings '' ( 1967 ) . Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the fictitious Red Book of Westmarch , with the English language representing the Westron of the `` original '' , Tolkien suggested that translators attempt to capture the interplay between English and the invented nomenclature of the English work , and gave several examples along with general guidance . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception of J.R.R. Tolkien While early reviews for The Lord of the Rings were mixed , reviews in various media have been , on the whole , highly positive and acknowledge Tolkien 's literary achievement as a significant one . The initial review in the Sunday Telegraph described it as `` among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century '' . The Sunday Times echoed this sentiment , stating that `` the English - speaking world is divided into those who have read The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit and those who are going to read them '' . The New York Herald Tribune also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become , writing in its review that they were `` destined to outlast our time '' . W.H. Auden , an admirer of Tolkien 's writings , regarded The Lord of the Rings as a `` masterpiece '' , further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton 's Paradise Lost . New York Times reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the `` pedantry '' of Tolkien 's literary style , saying that he `` formulated a high - minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist , which turns out to be death to literature itself '' . Critic Richard Jenkyns , writing in The New Republic , criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth . Both the characters and the work itself are , according to Jenkyns , `` anemic , and lacking in fibre '' . Even within Tolkien 's literary group , The Inklings , reviews were mixed . Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings . However , another Inkling , C.S. Lewis , had very different feelings , writing , `` here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron . Here is a book which will break your heart . '' Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s , The Lord of the Rings initially sold well in hardback . In 1957 , The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award . Despite its numerous detractors , the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s . The book has remained so ever since , ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century , judged by both sales and reader surveys . In the 2003 `` Big Read '' survey conducted in Britain by the BBC , The Lord of the Rings was found to be the `` Nation 's best - loved book '' . In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book . In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers , The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite `` book of the millennium '' . The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009 . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes of The Lord of the Rings Although The Lord of the Rings was published in the 1950s , Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the atomic bomb , nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind , but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit . A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story , generally based upon their views of how Tolkien 's imagery depicts good and evil , characters ' race ( e.g. Elf , Dwarf , Hobbit , Southron , Númenórean , Orc ) ; and that the character 's race is seen as determining their behaviour . Counter-arguments note that race - focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary , cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself ; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author 's personal life , and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view . The opinions that pit races against one another are likely to reflect Tolkien 's critique on war rather than a racist perspective . In The Two Towers , the character Samwise sees a fallen foe and considers for a moment the humanity of this fallen Southron who , just moments before , is shown to be a man of color . Director Peter Jackson considers Sam this scene in the director 's commentary of the scene and argues that Tolkien is n't projecting any negative sentiments towards the individual soldier because of his race , but the evil that 's driving them from their authority , These sentiments , Jackson argues , were derived from Tolkien 's experience in the Great War and found their way into his writings to show the evils of war itself , not of other races . Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determining factor in the portrayal of good and evil . Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure . In his essay `` Epic Pooh '' , science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world - view displayed by the book as deeply conservative , in both the ' paternalism ' of the narrative voice and the power - structures in the narrative . Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle - classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class . Other observers have cited Christian and Catholic themes in The Lord of the Rings . The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell 's `` monomyth '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings has been adapted for film , radio and stage . Radio ( edit ) The book has been adapted for radio four times . In 1955 and 1956 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a 12 - part radio adaptation of the story . In the 1960s radio station WBAI produced a short radio adaptation . A 1979 dramatization of The Lord of the Rings was broadcast in the United States and subsequently issued on tape and CD . In 1981 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a new dramatization in 26 half - hour instalments . This dramatization of The Lord of the Rings has subsequently been made available on both tape and CD both by the BBC and other publishers . For this purpose it is generally edited into 13 one - hour episodes . Film ( edit ) Following J.R.R. Tolkien 's sale of the film rights for The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1969 , rock band The Beatles considered a corresponding film project and approached Stanley Kubrick as a potential director ; however , Kubrick turned down the offer , explaining to John Lennon that he thought the novel could not be adapted into a film due to its immensity . The eventual director of the film adaptation Peter Jackson further explained that a major hindrance to the project 's progression was Tolkien 's opposition to the involvement of the Beatles . Two film adaptations of the book have been made . The first was J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) , by animator Ralph Bakshi , the first part of what was originally intended to be a two - part adaptation of the story ; it covers The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers . A three - issue comic book version of the movie was also published in Europe ( but not printed in English ) , with illustrations by Luis Bermejo . When Bakshi 's investors shied away of financing the second film that would complete the story , the remainder of the story was covered in an animated television special by Rankin - Bass . Stylistically , the two segments are very different . The second and more commercially successful adaptation was Peter Jackson 's live action The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , produced by New Line Cinema and released in three instalments as The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . All three parts won multiple Academy Awards , including consecutive Best Picture nominations . The final instalment of this trilogy was the second film to break the one - billion - dollar barrier and won a total of 11 Oscars ( something only two other films in history , Ben - Hur and Titanic , have accomplished ) , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay . The Hunt for Gollum , a fan film based on elements of the appendices to The Lord of the Rings , was released on the internet in May 2009 and has been covered in major media . Born of Hope , written by Paula DiSante , directed by Kate Madison , and released in December 2009 , is a fan film based upon the appendices of The Lord of the Rings . Television ( edit ) On November 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Amazon had acquired the global television rights to The Lord of the Rings , committing to a multi-season television series . The series will not be a direct adaptation of the books , but will instead introduce new stories that are set before The Fellowship of the Ring . Amazon said the deal included potential for spin - off series as well . The press release referred to `` previously unexplored stories based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's original writings '' . Amazon will be the producer in conjunction with the Tolkien Estate and the Tolkien Trust , HarperCollins and New Line Cinema . Stage ( edit ) In 1990 , Recorded Books published an audio version of The Lord of the Rings , with British actor Rob Inglis -- who had previously starred in his own one - man stage productions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings -- reading . A large - scale musical theatre adaptation , The Lord of the Rings was first staged in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2006 and opened in London in May 2007 . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien Influences on the fantasy genre ( edit ) The enormous popularity of Tolkien 's work expanded the demand for fantasy fiction . Largely thanks to The Lord of the Rings , the genre flowered throughout the 1960s , and enjoys popularity to the present day . The opus has spawned many imitators , such as The Sword of Shannara , which Lin Carter called `` the single most cold - blooded , complete rip - off of another book that I have ever read '' . Dungeons & Dragons , which popularized the role - playing game ( RPG ) genre in the 1970s , features many races found in The Lord of the Rings , most notably halflings ( another term for hobbits ) , elves ( who are distinct from dark elves , following Tolkien 's example ) , dwarves , half - elves , orcs , and dragons . However , Gary Gygax , lead designer of the game , maintained that he was influenced very little by The Lord of the Rings , stating that he included these elements as a marketing move to draw on the popularity the work enjoyed at the time he was developing the game . Because D&D has gone on to influence many popular role - playing video games , the influence of The Lord of the Rings extends to many of them as well , with titles such as Dragon Quest , the Ultima series , EverQuest , the Warcraft series , and the Elder Scrolls series of games as well as video games set in Middle - earth itself . Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by The Lord of the Rings . Music ( edit ) In 1965 , songwriter Donald Swann , who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann , set six poems from The Lord of the Rings and one from The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( `` Errantry '' ) to music . When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval , Tolkien suggested for `` Namárië '' ( Galadriel 's lament ) a setting reminiscent of plain chant , which Swann accepted . The songs were published in 1967 as The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle , and a recording of the songs performed by singer William Elvin with Swann on piano was issued that same year by Caedmon Records as Poems and Songs of Middle Earth . Rock bands of the 1970s were musically and lyrically inspired by the fantasy embracing counter-culture of the time ; British 70s rock band Led Zeppelin recorded several songs that contain explicit references to The Lord of the Rings , such as mentioning Gollum in `` Ramble On '' , the Misty Mountains in `` Misty Mountain Hop '' , and Ringwraiths in `` The Battle of Evermore '' . In 1970 , the Swedish musician Bo Hansson released an instrumental concept album based on the book titled Sagan om ringen ( translated as `` The Saga of the Ring '' , which was the title of the Swedish translation of The Lord of the Rings at the time ) . The album was subsequently released internationally as Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings in 1972 . The songs `` Rivendell '' and `` The Necromancer '' by the progressive rock band Rush were inspired by Tolkien . Styx also paid homage to Tolkien on their `` Pieces of Eight '' album with the song `` Lords of the Ring '' , while Black Sabbath 's song , `` The Wizard '' , which appeared on their debut album , was influenced by Tolkien 's hero , Gandalf . The heavy metal bands Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth took their names from landmarks in Mordor . Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition `` Nimrodel / The Procession / The White Rider '' , and Progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name , and used `` Bombadil '' , the name of another character , as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single `` Breathless '' / `` When the City Sleeps '' was released ; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre . Later , from the 1980s to the present day , many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien . Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle - earth , including the full concept album Nightfall in Middle Earth . Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien - themed . Summoning 's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor . Gorgoroth and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor , and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor . The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music . American heavy metal band Megadeth released two song titled This Day We Fight ! and How the Story Ends which were both inspired by the Lord of the Rings series . German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield , and naturally has a number of Tolkien - themed songs . They are not to be confused with the 70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild . In 1988 , Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his Symphony No. 1 `` The Lord of the Rings '' , which encompassed 5 movements , titled `` Gandalf '' , `` Lothlórien '' , `` Gollum '' , `` Journey in the Dark '' , and `` Hobbits '' . In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award , awarded biennially for best wind band composition . The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of The Lord of the Rings set to music , with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee . Enya wrote an instrumental piece called `` Lothlórien '' in 1991 , and composed two songs for the film The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- `` May It Be '' ( sung in English and Quenya ) and `` Aníron '' ( sung in Sindarin ) . Impact on popular culture ( edit ) `` Welcome to Hobbiton '' sign in Matamata , New Zealand , where the film trilogy was shot . The Lord of the Rings has had a profound and wide - ranging impact on popular culture , beginning with its publication in the 1950s , but especially throughout the 1960s and 1970s , during which time young people embraced it as a countercultural saga . `` Frodo Lives ! '' and `` Gandalf for President '' were two phrases popular amongst United States Tolkien fans during this time . Parodies like the Harvard Lampoon 's Bored of the Rings , the VeggieTales episode `` Lord of the Beans '' , the South Park episode `` The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers '' , the Futurama film `` Bender 's Game '' , The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius episode `` Lights ! Camera ! Danger ! '' , The Big Bang Theory episode `` The Precious Fragmentation '' , and the American Dad ! episode `` The Return of the Bling '' are testimony to the work 's continual presence in popular culture . In 1969 , Tolkien sold the merchandising rights to The Lord of The Rings ( and The Hobbit ) to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £ 10,000 plus a 7.5 % royalty after costs , payable to Allen & Unwin and the author . In 1976 , three years after the author 's death , United Artists sold the rights to Saul Zaentz Company , who now trade as Tolkien Enterprises . Since then all `` authorized '' merchandise has been signed - off by Tolkien Enterprises , although the intellectual property rights of the specific likenesses of characters and other imagery from various adaptations is generally held by the adaptors . Outside any commercial exploitation from adaptations , from the late 1960s onwards there has been an increasing variety of original licensed merchandise , from posters and calendars created by illustrators such as Pauline Baynes and the Brothers Hildebrandt , to figurines and miniatures to computer , video , tabletop and role - playing games . Recent examples include the Spiel des Jahres award winning ( for best use of literature in a game ) board game The Lord of the Rings by Reiner Knizia and the Golden Joystick award - winning massively multiplayer online role - playing game , The Lord of the Rings Online : Shadows of Angmar by Turbine , Inc ... The Lord of the Rings has been mentioned in numerous songs including The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins by Leonard Nimoy , Led Zeppelin 's Misty Mountain Hop , Over the Hills and Far Away , Ramble On , and The Battle of Evermore , Genesis ' song `` Stagnation '' ( from Trespass , 1970 ) was about Gollum , and Argent included the song `` Lothlorien '' on the 1971 album Ring of Hands . Steve Peregrin Took ( born Stephen Ross Porter ) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took ( better known as Pippin ) . Took later recorded under the pseudonym ' Shagrat the Vagrant ' , before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970 . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Novels portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Norse mythology in popular culture 1954 in literature 1955 in literature Literature of the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is made clear in the chapter The Council of Elrond , where Glorfindel states : `` ( E ) ven if we could ( hide the Ring ) , soon or late the Lord of the Rings would learn of its hiding place and would bend all his power towards it . '' Jump up ^ Tolkien created the word to define a different view of myth from C.S. Lewis 's `` lies breathed through silver '' . Mythopoeia was also the title of one of his poems , first published in Tree and Leaf in 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his `` uncle '' , they were in fact first and second cousins , once removed either way ( his paternal great - great - uncle 's son 's son and his maternal great - aunt 's son ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Vit ( 16 April 2007 ) . `` Tolkien proves he 's still the king '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Council of Elrond , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' ( PDF ) . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 126. , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien '' . BBC . 7 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Doughan , David . `` J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biographical Sketch '' . TolkienSociety.org . Archived from the original on 3 March 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide : II . Reader 's Guide , pp. 620 -- 622 Jump up ^ `` World War I and World War II '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilliver , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Ring of Words : Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861069 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 23 March 2007 ) . `` Elvish Impersonators '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings '' . The Lord of the Rings . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 They are popularly thought to be cousins , but Tolkien only calls them `` friends '' in The Lord of the Rings . In a later letter ( The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , # 214 ) , he writes that they were `` evidently relatives '' . Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis , quoted in Christina Scull & Wayne Hammond ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide , HarperCollins , article ' The Lord of the Rings ' , § Reviews , p. 549 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1977 , pp. 195 Jump up ^ My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' Work - Son Of Hobbit Scribe J.R.R. Tolkien Finally Speaks Out Worldcrunch Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` I have spent nearly all the vacation - times of seventeen years examining ( ... ) Writing stories in prose or verse has been stolen , often guiltily , from time already mortgaged ... '' Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 17 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Collection Marquette Archives Raynor Memorial Libraries Marquette University '' . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , Book 1 , Chapter 1 , paragraph 8 . Jump up ^ Readanybooks website ; English and Welsh essay Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; access date 25 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1995 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05699 - 8 , Letter no . 142 , page 172 Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. ( 2005 ( 1982 ) ) . The Road to Middle - earth , 3rd ed. , HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10275 - 3 . Jump up ^ T.A. Shippey : Tolkien , Author of the Century HarperCollins , 2000 Jump up ^ Gunnell , Terry ( 13 -- 14 September 2002 ) . `` Tívar in a timeless land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesniewski , Michal ( 3 September 2003 ) . `` Re Redigast Quid * cum Boromir ? '' ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jason ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Slavic echoes in Tolkien -- A response '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuzmenko , Dmitry . `` Slavic echoes in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien '' ( in Ukrainian ) . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Elizabeth M. ( 1985 ) . `` Persian Influences in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings '' in The Transcendent Adventure : Studies of Religion in Science Fiction / Fantasy , ed . Robert Reilly . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 189 -- 206 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23062 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Hobbits , Elves , and Wizards : Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 1 March 2004 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . Letter # 19 , 31 December 1960 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Author of the Century , HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10401 - 2 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 178 & # 303 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul . `` In the Valley of the Hobbits '' . Travel Lady Magazine . Archived from the original on 22 June 2002 . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` The Shellshocked Hobbit : The First World War and Tolkien 's Trauma of the Ring '' . Mythlore . Mythopoeic Society . pp. 77 -- 92 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , p. 211 ff. , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring : Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tolkien , John Ronald ( 2006 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . London : Harper Collins . pp. 167 , 170 , 173 . ISBN 0261102656 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , Christopher ( 2000 ) . The War of the Ring : The History of The Lord of the Rings , Part Three . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08359 - 6 . Jump up ^ D.C. Drout , Michael ( 2007 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien encyclopedia . CRC Press . ISBN 9780415969420 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anthony ( 2000 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Rayner Unwin '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Betsy Wollheim : The Family Trade '' . Locus Online . June 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Robert ( 1997 ) . Reflections & Refractions : Thoughts on Science Fiction , Science , and Other Matters . Grass Valley , Calif : Underwood . pp. 253 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 887424 - 22 - 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ripp . `` Middle America Meets Middle - earth : American Publication and Discussion of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . p. 38 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . There was a campaign against Ace , who , as a result , agreed to pay royalties , and not to print any more copies . But , as a result of being advised that he had lost his copyright , even before the Ace edition was issued , Tolkien began to revise The Lord of the Rings , so that there could be an authorised paperback which would be a new edition , and more importantly , a new edition for which he would still own the copyright . This was published by Ballentine ( sic ) Books in October 1965 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , especially # 270 , # 273 and # 277 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Medievalist Comics and the American Century Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the text '' pp. xi -- xiii , Douglas A. Anderson , in the 1994 HarperCollins edition of The Fellowship of the Ring . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion '' , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , HarperCollins ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Comparison '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.elrondslibrary.fr/ Jump up ^ Letters , 305f. ; c.f. Martin Andersson `` Lord of the Errors or , Who Really Killed the Witch - King ? '' Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings Boxed Set ( Lord of the Rings Trilogy Series ) section : Editorial reviews '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From the Critics '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Auden , W.H. ( 22 January 1956 ) . `` At the End of the Quest , Victory '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Shulevitz , Judith ( 22 April 2001 ) . `` Hobbits in Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Jenkyns , Richard ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Bored of the Rings '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Derek Bailey ( Director ) and Judi Dench ( Narrator ) ( 1992 ) . A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien ( Television documentary ) . Visual Corporation . Jump up ^ Dyson 's actual comment , bowdlerized in the TV version , was `` Not another fucking Elf ! '' Grovier , Kelly ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Seiler , Andy ( 16 December 2003 ) . `` ' Rings ' comes full circle '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Diver , Krysia ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` A lord for Germany '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 28 March 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Callista ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll '' . ABC News Online . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( 4 June 2001 ) . `` The book of the century '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power , ( Revised Edition , by Jane Chance , copyright 2001 ) . University Press of Kentucky , cited in `` Influences on `` The Lord of the Rings '' `` . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. from Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference USA . Cited in `` J.R.R. Tolkien Summary '' . BookRags . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1991 ) . The Lord of the Rings . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10238 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yatt , John ( 2 December 2002 ) . `` Wraiths and Race '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Shyam ( 8 January 2003 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism '' . Rediff India Abroad . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Straubhaar , Sandra Ballif . `` Myth , Late Roman history and Multiculturalism in Tolkien 's Middle Earth '' . In Chance , Jane . Tolkien and the Invention of Myth : A Reader . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Patrick ( 2004 ) . Defending Middle - earth : Tolkien : Myth and Modernity . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17671 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien 's Works '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Racism , Charges of '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Rearick , Anderson ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc ? The Dark Face of Racism in Tolkien 's World '' . Modern Fiction Studies . p. 861 . ^ Jump up to : Magoun , John ( 2007 ) . `` The South '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) . The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin . p. 661 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 544 - 27344 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . IMDB. 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brin , David ( December 2002 ) . `` We Hobbits are a Merry Folk : an incautious and heretical re-appraisal of J.R.R. Tolkien '' . Salon Magazine . Archived from the original on 23 March 2006 . Retrieved 9 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Moorcock , Michael . `` Epic Pooh '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. The Roots of Tolkien 's Middle Earth ( review ) Tolkien Studies -- Volume 4 , 2007 , pp. 307 -- 311 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bower , Jody G . `` The Lord of the Rings '' -- An Archetypal Hero 's Journey `` . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Drout 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ See also interview in `` Show '' magazine vol. 1 , Number 1 1970 Jump up ^ `` Beatles plan for Rings film '' . CNN . 20 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2002 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Making Middle - earth on a shoestring '' . BBC News . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Sydell , Laura ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` High - Def ' Hunt For Gollum ' New Lord Of The Fanvids '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Tom . `` Born of Hope -- and a lot of charity '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will run a multi-season Lord of the Rings prequel TV series '' . Ars Technica . November 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon announces ' Lord of the Rings ' TV show '' . CNN . November 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/arts/television/lord-of-the-rings-series-amazon.html Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 4025 - 1627 - 4 Jump up ^ Carter , Lin ( 1978 ) . The Year 's Best Fantasy Stories : 4 . New York : DAW Books . pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Gygax , Gary . `` Gary Gygax -- Creator of Dungeons & Dragons '' . The One Ring.net . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards : Role - Playing Games '' . Honorable Mention : Dragon Warrior . Gamasutra. 6 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kalata , Kurt . `` The History of Dragon Quest '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Perry ( 17 May 2006 ) . `` The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett A.S. ( 2004 ) , `` Using the Imagination : Consumer Evoking and Thematizing of the Fantastic Imaginary '' Archived 6 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Journal of Consumer Research , 31 ( June ) , 136 - 149 . Jump up ^ Tolkien had recorded a version of his theme on a friend 's tape recorder in 1952 . This was later issued by Caedmon Records in 1975 as part of J.R.R. Tolkien reads and sings The Lord of the Rings ( LP recording TC1478 ) . Jump up ^ Swann , Donald and Tolkien , J.R.R. The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle New York : Ballantine Books ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. and Swann , Donald . Poems and Songs of Middle Earth New York : Caedmon Records ( 1967 ) . LP recording , TC1231 / TC91231 . ^ Jump up to : Snider , Charles . ( 2008 ) . The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock . Strawberry Bricks . pp. 120 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 17566 - X . Jump up ^ Rockers influenced by LOTR Archived 16 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Feist , Raymond ( 2001 ) . Meditations on Middle - earth . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30290 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05702 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien sold film rights for £ 10,000 '' . London Evening Standard . 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pulley , Brett ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Heirs Seek $220 Million for ' Rings ' Rights ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Hobbit movies meet dire foe in son of Tolkien '' . The Times Online . London : The Times . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathijs , Ernest ( 2006 ) . The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Wallflower Press . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 82 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Carter , Lin ( 1969 ) . Tolkien : A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 27539 - X . Day , David ( 2004 ) . The World of Tolkien : Mythological Sources of the Lord of the Rings . Gramercy Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22317 - 8 . Drout , Michael D.C. ( 2006 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96942 - 0 . Foster , Robert ( 1978 ) . The Complete Guide to Middle - Earth : from `` The Hobbit '' through `` The lord of the Rings '' and Beyond . Rev. and enl . ed . Ballantine Books . N.B. : An alphabetical dictionary of personages and lore in this body of works by J.R.R. Tolkien . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 3297 - 4 hdbk . Hammond , Wayne G. ; Christina Scull ( 2005 ) . The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion . Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 618 - 64267 - 6 . Glyer , Diana Pavlac ( 2007 ) . The Company They Keep : C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 890 - 9 . Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide ( 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Christopher Tolkien ( ed . ) , The History of The Lord of the Rings , 4 vols ( 1988 -- 1992 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien , On Fairy Stories External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings Wikivoyage has a travel guide for The Lord of the Rings tourism . Tolkien website of Harper Collins ( the British publisher ) Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin ( the American publisher ) The Encyclopedia of Arda : An Interactive Guide to the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien The Tolkien Library J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1990 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) The Tale of Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) VIAF : 184093601 LCCN : no97079452 GND : 4124318 - 3 BNF : cb11939715m ( data ) BNE : XX3049459 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&oldid=827941041 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings Artificial mythology 1950s fantasy novels 1954 British novels English novels British adventure novels Fantasy books by series Sequel novels Epic novels British fantasy novels British novels adapted into films BILBY Award - winning works Prometheus Award - winning works Allen & Unwin books Three - volume novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English Oxford spelling from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many books are in the lord of rings
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[
"The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set, the other to be The Silmarillion, but this idea was dismissed by his publisher.[3][4] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.[3][5] The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. Structurally, the novel is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material included at the end. Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume. The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages.",
"The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set, the other to be The Silmarillion, but this idea was dismissed by his publisher.[3][4] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.[3][5] The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. Structurally, the novel is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material included at the end. Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume. The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages.",
"The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set, the other to be The Silmarillion, but this idea was dismissed by his publisher.[3][4] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.[3][5] The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. Structurally, the novel is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material included at the end. Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume. The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages."
] |
[
"three volumes",
"six books, two per volume",
"six books, two per volume"
] |
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United States congressional delegations from California
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United States congressional delegations from California - wikipedia United States congressional delegations from California California 's congressional districts since 2013 These are tables of congressional delegations from California to the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate . Contents 1 House of Representatives 1.1 Current Representatives 1.2 List of Representatives 1.2. 1 1849 -- 1861 : 2 seats 1.2. 2 1861 -- 1873 : 3 seats 1.2. 3 1873 -- 1883 : 4 seats 1.2. 4 1883 -- 1893 : 6 seats 1.2. 5 1893 -- 1903 : 7 seats 1.2. 6 1903 -- 1913 : 8 seats 1.2. 7 1913 -- 1933 : 11 seats 1.2. 8 1933 -- 1943 : 20 seats 1.2. 9 1943 -- 1953 : 23 seats 1.2. 10 1953 -- 1963 : 30 seats 1.2. 11 1963 -- 1973 : 38 seats 1.2. 12 1973 -- 1983 : 43 seats 1.2. 13 1983 -- 1993 : 45 seats 1.2. 14 1993 -- 2003 : 52 seats 1.2. 15 2003 -- present : 53 seats 1.2. 16 Key 2 United States Senate 2.1 List of Senators 2.2 Mid-term changes 2.3 Living former senators 3 See also 4 References House of Representatives ( edit ) Current Representatives ( edit ) List of members of the Californian United States House delegation , their terms in office , district boundaries , and the district political ratings according to the CPVI . The delegation has 53 members , with 39 Democrats and 14 Republicans , including both the Republican majority leader , Kevin McCarthy , and the Democratic minority leader , Nancy Pelosi . District Representative ( Residence ) Party CPVI Incumbent time in office District map 1st Doug LaMalfa ( Richvale ) Republican R + 11 Since January 3 , 2013 2nd Jared Huffman ( San Rafael ) Democratic D + 22 Since January 3 , 2013 3rd John Garamendi ( Walnut Grove ) Democratic D + 5 Since November 3 , 2009 4th Tom McClintock ( Elk Grove ) Republican R + 10 Since January 3 , 2009 5th Mike Thompson ( St. Helena ) Democratic D + 21 Since January 3 , 1999 6th Doris Matsui ( Sacramento ) Democratic D + 21 Since March 8 , 2005 7th Ami Bera ( Elk Grove ) Democratic D + 3 Since January 3 , 2013 8th Paul Cook ( Yucca Valley ) Republican R + 9 Since January 3 , 2013 9th Jerry McNerney ( Stockton ) Democratic D + 8 Since January 3 , 2007 10th Jeff Denham ( Atwater ) Republican EVEN Since January 3 , 2011 11th Mark DeSaulnier ( Concord ) Democratic D + 21 Since January 3 , 2015 12th Nancy Pelosi ( San Francisco ) Democratic D + 37 Since June 2 , 1987 13th Barbara Lee ( Oakland ) Democratic D + 40 Since April 7 , 1998 14th Jackie Speier ( Hillsborough ) Democratic D + 27 Since April 8 , 2008 15th Eric Swalwell ( Dublin ) Democratic D + 20 Since January 3 , 2013 16th Jim Costa ( Fresno ) Democratic D + 9 Since January 3 , 2005 17th Ro Khanna ( Fremont ) Democratic D + 25 Since January 3 , 2017 18th Anna Eshoo ( Atherton ) Democratic D + 23 Since January 3 , 1993 19th Zoe Lofgren ( San Jose ) Democratic D + 24 Since January 3 , 1995 20th Jimmy Panetta ( Carmel ) Democratic D + 23 Since January 3 , 2017 21st David Valadao ( Hanford ) Republican D + 5 Since January 3 , 2013 22nd Devin Nunes ( Tulare ) Republican R + 8 Since January 3 , 2003 23rd Kevin McCarthy ( Bakersfield ) Republican R + 14 Since January 3 , 2007 24th Salud Carbajal ( Santa Barbara ) Democratic D + 7 Since January 3 , 2017 25th Steve Knight ( Palmdale ) Republican EVEN Since January 3 , 2015 26th Julia Brownley ( Oak Park ) Democratic D + 7 Since January 3 , 2013 27th Judy Chu ( Monterey Park ) Democratic D + 16 Since July 14 , 2009 28th Adam Schiff ( Burbank ) Democratic D + 23 Since January 3 , 2001 29th Tony Cardenas ( San Fernando Valley ) Democratic D + 29 Since January 3 , 2013 30th Brad Sherman ( Sherman Oaks ) Democratic D + 18 Since January 3 , 1997 31st Pete Aguilar ( Fontana ) Democratic D + 8 Since January 3 , 2015 32nd Grace Napolitano ( Norwalk ) Democratic D + 17 Since January 3 , 1999 33rd Ted Lieu ( Torrance ) Democratic D + 16 Since January 3 , 2015 34th Jimmy Gomez ( Los Angeles ) Democratic D + 35 Since July 11 , 2017 35th Norma Torres ( Pomona ) Democratic D + 19 Since January 3 , 2015 36th Raul Ruiz ( Palm Desert ) Democratic D + 2 Since January 3 , 2013 37th Karen Bass ( Los Angeles ) Democratic D + 37 Since January 3 , 2011 38th Linda Sánchez ( Orange ) Democratic D + 17 Since January 3 , 2003 39th Ed Royce ( Fullerton ) Republican EVEN Since January 3 , 1993 40th Lucille Roybal - Allard ( Los Angeles ) Democratic D + 33 Since January 3 , 1993 41st Mark Takano ( Riverside ) Democratic D + 12 Since January 3 , 2013 42nd Ken Calvert ( Corona ) Republican R + 9 Since January 3 , 1993 43rd Maxine Waters ( Inglewood ) Democratic D + 29 Since January 3 , 1991 44th Nanette Barragán ( San Pedro ) Democratic D + 35 Since January 3 , 2017 45th Mimi Walters ( Laguna Niguel ) Republican R + 3 Since January 3 , 2015 46th Lou Correa ( Santa Ana ) Democratic D + 15 Since January 3 , 2017 47th Alan Lowenthal ( Long Beach ) Democratic D + 13 Since January 3 , 2013 48th Dana Rohrabacher ( Costa Mesa ) Republican R + 4 Since January 3 , 1989 49th Darrell Issa ( Vista ) Republican R + 1 Since January 3 , 2001 50th Duncan D. Hunter ( Lakeside ) Republican R + 11 Since January 3 , 2009 51st Juan Vargas ( San Diego ) Democratic D + 22 Since January 3 , 2013 52nd Scott Peters ( La Jolla ) Democratic D + 6 Since January 3 , 2013 53rd Susan Davis ( San Diego ) Democratic D + 14 Since January 3 , 2001 List of Representatives ( edit ) Tables showing all members of the U.S. House of Representatives from California . 1849 -- 1861 : 2 seats ( edit ) Congress Elected at - large statewide on a general ticket 1st seat 2nd seat 31st ( 1849 -- 1851 ) George Washington Wright ( Ind ) Edward Gilbert ( D ) 32nd ( 1851 -- 1853 ) Edward C. Marshall ( D ) Joseph W. McCorkle ( D ) 33rd ( 1853 -- 1855 ) Milton S. Latham ( D ) James A. McDougall ( D ) 34th ( 1855 -- 1857 ) James W. Denver ( D ) Philemon T. Herbert ( D ) 35th ( 1857 -- 1859 ) Joseph C. McKibbin ( D ) Charles L. Scott ( D ) 36th ( 1859 -- 1861 ) John C. Burch ( D ) 1861 -- 1873 : 3 seats ( edit ) Congress Elected at - large statewide on a general ticket 1st seat 2nd seat 3rd seat 37th ( 1861 -- 1863 ) Timothy Guy Phelps ( R ) Aaron A. Sargent ( R ) Frederick F. Low ( R ) 38th ( 1863 -- 1865 ) Cornelius Cole ( R ) William Higby ( R ) Thomas B. Shannon ( R ) District 1st 2nd 3rd 39th ( 1865 -- 1867 ) Donald C. McRuer ( R ) William Higby ( R ) John Bidwell ( R ) 40th ( 1867 -- 1869 ) Samuel B. Axtell ( D ) James A. Johnson ( D ) 41st ( 1869 -- 1871 ) Aaron A. Sargent ( R ) 42nd ( 1871 -- 1873 ) Sherman O. Houghton ( R ) John M. Coghlan ( R ) 1873 -- 1883 : 4 seats ( edit ) Congress District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 43rd ( 1873 -- 1875 ) Charles Clayton ( R ) Horace F. Page ( R ) John K. Luttrell ( D ) Sherman O. Houghton ( R ) 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) William Adam Piper ( D ) Peter D. Wigginton ( D ) 45th ( 1877 -- 1879 ) Horace Davis ( R ) Romualdo Pacheco ( R ) Peter D. Wigginton ( D ) 46th ( 1879 -- 1881 ) Campbell P. Berry ( D ) Romualdo Pacheco ( R ) 47th ( 1881 -- 1883 ) William S. Rosecrans ( D ) 1883 -- 1893 : 6 seats ( edit ) Congress District At - large seats 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st seat 2nd seat 48th ( 1883 -- 1885 ) William S. Rosecrans ( D ) James H. Budd ( D ) Barclay Henley ( D ) Pleasant B. Tully ( D ) John R. Glascock ( D ) Charles A. Sumner ( D ) 49th ( 1885 -- 1887 ) District Barclay Henley ( D ) James A. Louttit ( R ) Joseph McKenna ( R ) William W. Morrow ( R ) 5th 6th Charles N. Felton ( R ) Henry H. Markham ( R ) 50th ( 1887 -- 1889 ) Thomas Larkin Thompson ( D ) Marion Biggs ( D ) William Vandever ( R ) 51st ( 1889 -- 1891 ) John J. De Haven ( R ) Thomas J. Clunie ( D ) Thomas J. Geary ( D ) 52nd ( 1891 -- 1893 ) Anthony Caminetti ( D ) John T. Cutting ( R ) Eugene F. Loud ( R ) William W. Bowers ( R ) Samuel G. Hilborn ( R ) 1893 -- 1903 : 7 seats ( edit ) Congress District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 53rd ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Thomas J. Geary ( D ) Anthony Caminetti ( D ) Samuel G. Hilborn ( R ) James G. Maguire ( D ) Eugene F. Loud ( R ) Marion Cannon ( Pop ) William W. Bowers ( R ) Warren B. English ( D ) 54th ( 1895 -- 1897 ) John All Barham ( R ) Grove L. Johnson ( R ) Samuel G. Hilborn ( R ) James McLachlan ( R ) 55th ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Marion De Vries ( D ) Charles A. Barlow ( Pop ) Curtis H. Castle ( Pop ) 56th ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Victor H. Metcalf ( R ) Julius Kahn ( R ) Russell J. Waters ( R ) James C. Needham ( R ) Samuel D. Woods ( R ) 57th ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Frank L. Coombs ( R ) James McLachlan ( R ) 1903 -- 1913 : 8 seats ( edit ) Congress District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 58th ( 1903 -- 1905 ) James N. Gillett ( R ) Theodore A. Bell ( D ) Victor Metcalf ( R ) Edward J. Livernash ( D and Union Labor ) William J. Wynn ( D ) James C. Needham ( R ) James McLachlan ( R ) Milton J. Daniels ( R ) Joseph R. Knowland ( R ) 59th ( 1905 -- 1907 ) Duncan E. McKinlay ( R ) Julius Kahn ( R ) Everis A. Hayes ( R ) Sylvester C. Smith ( R ) William F. Englebright ( R ) 60th ( 1907 -- 1909 ) 61st ( 1909 -- 1911 ) 62nd ( 1911 -- 1913 ) John E. Raker ( D ) William Kent ( Prog . R ) William D. Stephens ( R ) 1913 -- 1933 : 11 seats ( edit ) Congress District District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 63rd ( 1913 -- 1915 ) William Kent ( Ind ) John E. Raker ( D ) Charles F. Curry ( R ) Julius Kahn ( R ) John I. Nolan ( R ) Joseph R. Knowland ( R ) Denver S. Church ( D ) Everis A. Hayes ( R ) Charles W. Bell ( Prog R ) William D. Stephens ( R ) William Kettner ( D ) 63rd ( 1913 -- 1915 ) 64th ( 1915 -- 1917 ) John A. Elston ( Prog ) Charles H. Randall ( Proh ) William D. Stephens ( Prog ) 64th ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Henry S. Benedict ( R ) 65th ( 1917 -- 1919 ) Clarence F. Lea ( D ) Henry Z . Osborne ( R ) 65th ( 1917 -- 1919 ) 66th ( 1919 -- 1921 ) Henry E. Barbour ( R ) Hugh S. Hersman ( D ) 66th ( 1919 -- 1921 ) 67th ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Arthur M. Free ( R ) Walter F. Lineberger ( R ) Phil Swing ( R ) 67th ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Mae E. Nolan ( R ) James H. MacLafferty ( R ) 68th ( 1923 -- 1925 ) 68th ( 1923 -- 1925 ) John D. Fredericks ( R ) 69th ( 1925 -- 1927 ) Florence P. Kahn ( R ) Lawrence J. Flaherty ( R ) Albert E. Carter ( R ) 69th ( 1925 -- 1927 ) Harry L. Englebright ( R ) Richard J. Welch ( R ) 70th ( 1927 -- 1929 ) William E. Evans ( R ) Joe Crail ( R ) 70th ( 1927 -- 1929 ) 71st ( 1929 -- 1931 ) 71st ( 1929 -- 1931 ) 72nd ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Charles F. Curry , Jr . ( R ) 72nd ( 1931 -- 1933 ) 1933 -- 1943 : 20 seats ( edit ) Congress District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 73rd ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Clarence F. Lea ( D ) Harry L. Englebright ( R ) Frank H. Buck ( D ) Florence P. Kahn ( R ) Richard J. Welch ( R ) Albert E. Carter ( R ) Ralph R. Eltse ( R ) John J. McGrath ( D ) Denver S. Church ( D ) Henry E. Stubbs ( D ) William E. Evans ( R ) John H. Hoeppel ( D ) Charles Kramer ( D ) Thomas F. Ford ( D ) William I. Traeger ( R ) John F. Dockweiler ( D ) Charles J. Colden ( D ) John H. Burke ( D ) Sam L. Collins ( R ) George Burnham ( R ) 74th ( 1935 -- 1937 ) John H. Tolan ( D ) Bertrand W. Gearhart ( R ) John S. McGroarty ( D ) John M. Costello ( D ) Byron N. Scott ( D ) 75th ( 1937 -- 1939 ) Franck R. Havenner ( Prog ) Jerry Voorhis ( D ) Harry R. Sheppard ( D ) Edouard V.M. Izac ( D ) Alfred J. Elliott ( D ) 76th ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Jack Z . Anderson ( R ) John Carl Hinshaw ( R ) Leland M. Ford ( R ) Lee E. Geyer ( D ) Thomas M. Eaton ( R ) 77th ( 1941 -- 1943 ) Thomas Rolph ( R ) William Ward Johnson ( R ) Cecil R. King ( D ) 1943 -- 1953 : 23 seats ( edit ) Congress District District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 78th ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Clarence F. Lea ( D ) Harry L. Englebright ( R ) Justin L. Johnson ( R ) Thomas Rolph ( R ) Richard J. Welch ( R ) Albert E. Carter ( R ) John H. Tolan ( D ) Jack Z . Anderson ( R ) Bertrand W. Gearhart ( R ) Alfred J. Elliott ( D ) George E. Outland ( D ) Jerry Voorhis ( D ) C. Norris Poulson ( R ) Thomas F. Ford ( D ) John M. Costello ( D ) Will Rogers , Jr . ( D ) Cecil R. King ( D ) William Ward Johnson ( R ) Chet Holifield ( D ) John Carl Hinshaw ( R ) Harry R. Sheppard ( D ) John J. Phillips ( R ) Edouard V.M. Izac ( D ) Clair Engle ( D ) 79th ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Franck R. Havenner ( D ) George P. Miller ( D ) Ned R. Healy ( D ) Helen G. Douglas ( D ) Gordon L. McDonough ( R ) Ellis E. Patterson ( D ) Clyde Doyle ( D ) 80th ( 1947 -- 1949 ) John J. Allen , Jr . ( R ) Ernest K. Bramblett ( R ) Richard Nixon ( R ) C. Norris Poulson ( R ) Donald L. Jackson ( R ) Willis W. Bradley ( R ) Charles K. Fletcher ( R ) 81st ( 1949 -- 1951 ) Hubert B. Scudder ( R ) Cecil F. White ( D ) Thomas H. Werdel ( R ) Clyde Doyle ( D ) Clinton D. McKinnon ( D ) John F. Shelley ( D ) 82nd ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Allan O. Hunter ( R ) Patrick J. Hillings ( R ) Samuel W. Yorty ( D ) 1953 -- 1963 : 30 seats ( edit ) Congress District District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 83rd ( 1953 -- 1955 ) Hubert B. Scudder ( R ) Clair Engle ( D ) John E. Moss ( D ) William S. Mailliard ( R ) John F. Shelley ( D ) Robert Condon ( D ) John J. Allen , Jr . ( R ) George P. Miller ( D ) Jesse A. Younger ( R ) Charles S. Gubser ( R ) Justin L. Johnson ( R ) Allan O. Hunter ( R ) Ernest K. Bramblett ( R ) Harlan Hagen ( D ) Gordon L. McDonough ( R ) Donald L. Jackson ( R ) Cecil R. King ( D ) Craig Hosmer ( R ) Chet Holifield ( D ) John Carl Hinshaw ( R ) Edgar W. Hiestand ( R ) Joseph F. Holt ( R ) Clyde Doyle ( D ) C. Norris Poulson ( R ) Patrick J. Hillings ( R ) Samuel W. Yorty ( D ) Harry R. Sheppard ( D ) James B. Utt ( R ) John J. Phillips ( R ) Bob Wilson ( R ) Glenard P. Lipscomb ( R ) 84th ( 1955 -- 1957 ) John F. Baldwin , Jr . ( R ) Bernice F. Sisk ( D ) Charles M. Teague ( R ) James Roosevelt ( D ) 85th ( 1957 -- 1959 ) John J. McFall ( D ) H. Allen Smith ( R ) Dalip Singh Saund ( D ) 86th ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Clement Woodnutt Miller ( D ) Harold T. Johnson ( D ) Jeffery Cohelan ( D ) George A. Kasem ( D ) 87th ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Alphonzo E. Bell , Jr . ( R ) James C. Corman ( D ) John H. Rousselot ( R ) 1963 -- 1973 : 38 seats ( edit ) Congress District District District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 88th ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Don H. Clausen ( R ) Harold T. Johnson ( D ) John E. Moss ( D ) Robert L. Leggett ( D ) John F. Shelley ( D ) William S. Mailliard ( R ) Jeffery Cohelan ( D ) George P. Miller ( D ) Don Edwards ( D ) Charles S. Gubser ( R ) Jesse A. Younger ( R ) Burt L. Talcott ( R ) Charles M. Teague ( R ) John F. Baldwin , Jr . ( R ) John J. McFall ( D ) Bernice F. Sisk ( D ) Cecil R. King ( D ) Harlan Hagen ( D ) Chet Holifield ( D ) H. Allen Smith ( R ) Augustus F. Hawkins ( D ) James C. Corman ( D ) Clyde Doyle ( D ) Glenard P. Lipscomb ( R ) Ronald B. Cameron ( D ) James Roosevelt ( D ) Everett G. Burkhalter ( D ) Alphonzo E. Bell , Jr . ( R ) George Brown , Jr . ( D ) Edward R. Roybal ( D ) Charles H. Wilson ( D ) Craig Hosmer ( R ) Harry R. Sheppard ( D ) Richard T. Hanna ( D ) James B. Utt ( R ) Bob Wilson ( R ) Lionel Van Deerlin ( D ) Patrick M. Martin ( R ) Phillip Burton ( D ) Del M. Clawson ( R ) 89th ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Edwin Reinecke ( R ) Kenneth W. Dyal ( D ) John V. Tunney ( D ) Jerome R. Waldie ( D ) Thomas M. Rees ( D ) 90th ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Robert B. Mathias ( R ) Charles E. Wiggins ( R ) Jerry L. Pettis ( R ) Paul N. McCloskey , Jr . ( R ) Barry Goldwater , Jr . ( R ) 91st ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Glenn M. Anderson ( D ) John H. Rousselot ( R ) John G. Schmitz ( R ) 92nd ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Ron Dellums ( D ) George E. Danielson ( D ) Victor V. Veysey ( R ) 1973 -- 1983 : 43 seats ( edit ) Congress District District District District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 93rd ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Don H. Clausen ( R ) Harold T. Johnson ( D ) John E. Moss ( D ) Robert L. Leggett ( D ) Phillip Burton ( D ) William S. Mailliard ( R ) Ron Dellums ( D ) Pete Stark ( D ) Don Edwards ( D ) Charles S. Gubser ( R ) Leo Ryan ( D ) Burt L. Talcott ( R ) Charles M. Teague ( R ) Jerome R. Waldie ( D ) John J. McFall ( D ) Bernice F. Sisk ( D ) Paul N. McCloskey , Jr . ( R ) Robert B. Mathias ( R ) Chet Holifield ( D ) Carlos J. Moorhead ( R ) Augustus F. Hawkins ( D ) James C. Corman ( D ) Del M. Clawson ( R ) John H. Rousselot ( R ) Charles E. Wiggins ( R ) Thomas M. Rees ( D ) Barry Goldwater , Jr . ( R ) Alphonzo E. Bell , Jr . ( R ) George E. Danielson ( D ) Edward R. Roybal ( D ) Charles H. Wilson ( D ) Craig Hosmer ( R ) Jerry L. Pettis ( R ) Richard T. Hanna ( D ) Glenn M. Anderson ( D ) William M. Ketchum ( R ) Yvonne B. Burke ( D ) George Brown , Jr . ( D ) Andrew J. Hinshaw ( R ) Bob Wilson ( R ) Lionel Van Deerlin ( D ) Clair W. Burgener ( R ) Victor Veysey ( R ) John Burton ( D ) Robert J. Lagomarsino ( R ) 94th ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Harold T. Johnson ( D ) Donald H. Clausen ( R ) John Burton ( D ) Phillip Burton ( D ) George Miller ( D ) Ron Dellums ( D ) Pete Stark ( D ) Don Edwards ( D ) Paul N. McCloskey , Jr . ( R ) Norman Mineta ( D ) John J. McFall ( D ) B.F. Sisk ( D ) Burt L. Talcott ( R ) John Hans Krebs ( D ) William M. Ketchum ( R ) Robert J. Lagomarsino ( R ) Barry Goldwater , Jr . ( R ) James C. Corman ( D ) Carlos J. Moorhead ( R ) Thomas M. Rees ( D ) Henry Waxman ( D ) Edward R. Roybal ( D ) John H. Rousselot ( R ) Alphonzo E. Bell , Jr . ( R ) Yvonne B. Burke ( D ) Augustus F. Hawkins ( D ) George E. Danielson ( D ) Glenn M. Anderson ( D ) Del M. Clawson ( R ) Mark W. Hannaford ( D ) James F. Lloyd ( D ) George Brown , Jr . ( D ) Jerry Lyle Pettis ( R ) Jerry M. Patterson ( D ) Charles E. Wiggins ( R ) Andrew J. Hinshaw ( R ) Bob Wilson ( R ) Lionel Van Deerlin ( D ) Clair W. Burgener ( R ) Shirley Neil Pettis ( R ) 95th ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Leon Panetta ( D ) Anthony C. Beilenson ( D ) Robert K. Dornan ( R ) Robert E. Badham ( R ) 96th ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Robert T. Matsui ( D ) Victor H. Fazio ( D ) William H. Royer ( R ) Norman D. Shumway ( R ) Tony Coelho ( D ) Charles Pashayan , Jr . ( R ) Bill Thomas ( R ) Julian C. Dixon ( D ) Wayne R. Grisham ( R ) Daniel E. Lungren ( R ) Jerry Lewis ( R ) William E. Dannemeyer ( R ) 97th ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Eugene A. Chappie ( R ) Tom Lantos ( D ) Bobbi Fiedler ( R ) Mervyn M. Dymally ( D ) David Dreier ( R ) Bill Lowery ( R ) Duncan Hunter ( R ) Matthew G. Martinez ( D ) 1983 -- 1993 : 45 seats ( edit ) Congress District District District District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 98th ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Douglas H. Bosco ( D ) Eugene A. Chappie ( R ) Robert T. Matsui ( D ) Victor H. Fazio ( D ) Phillip Burton ( D ) Barbara Boxer ( D ) George Miller ( D ) Ron Dellums ( D ) Pete Stark ( D ) Don Edwards ( D ) Tom Lantos ( D ) Ed Zschau ( R ) Norman Mineta ( D ) Norman D. Shumway ( R ) Tony Coelho ( D ) Leon Panetta ( D ) Charles Pashayan , Jr . ( R ) Richard H. Lehman ( D ) Robert J. Lagomarsino ( R ) Bill Thomas ( R ) Bobbi Fiedler ( R ) Carlos J. Moorhead ( R ) Anthony C. Beilenson ( D ) Henry Waxman ( D ) Edward R. Roybal ( D ) Howard L. Berman ( D ) Mel Levine ( D ) Julian C. Dixon ( D ) Augustus F. Hawkins ( D ) Matthew G. Martinez ( D ) Mervyn M. Dymally ( D ) Glenn M. Anderson ( D ) David Dreier ( R ) Esteban E. Torres ( D ) Jerry Lewis ( R ) George Brown , Jr . ( D ) Alfred A. McCandless ( R ) Jerry M. Patterson ( D ) William E. Dannemeyer ( R ) Robert E. Badham ( R ) Bill Lowery ( R ) Daniel E. Lungren ( R ) Ron Packard ( R ) Jim Bates ( D ) Duncan Hunter ( R ) Sala Burton ( D ) 99th ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Bob Dornan ( R ) Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 100th ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Wally Herger ( R ) Ernest L. Konnyu ( R ) Elton Gallegly ( R ) 101st ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Tom Campbell ( R ) Christopher Cox ( R ) Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) Gary Condit ( D ) 102nd ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Frank D. Riggs ( R ) John Doolittle ( R ) Calvin M. Dooley ( D ) Maxine Waters ( D ) Randy Cunningham ( R ) 1993 -- 2003 : 52 seats ( edit ) Congress District District District District District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 103rd ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Daniel Hamburg ( D ) Wally Herger ( R ) Victor H. Fazio ( D ) John T. Doolittle ( R ) Robert T. Matsui ( D ) Lynn C. Woolsey ( D ) George Miller ( D ) Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Ron Dellums ( D ) William P. Baker ( R ) Richard W. Pombo ( R ) Tom Lantos ( D ) Pete Stark ( D ) Anna G. Eshoo ( D ) Norman Y . Mineta ( D ) Don Edwards ( D ) Leon Panetta ( D ) Gary A. Condit ( D ) Richard H. Lehman ( D ) Calvin M. Dooley ( D ) Bill Thomas ( R ) Michael Huffington ( R ) Elton Gallegly ( R ) Anthony C. Beilenson ( D ) Howard `` Buck '' McKeon ( R ) Howard L. Berman ( D ) Carlos J. Moorhead ( R ) David Dreier ( R ) Henry Waxman ( D ) Xavier Becerra ( D ) Matthew G. Martinez ( D ) Julian C. Dixon ( D ) Lucille Roybal - Allard ( D ) Esteban E. Torres ( D ) Maxine Waters ( D ) Jane Harman ( D ) Walter R. Tucker III ( D ) Steve Horn ( R ) Ed Royce ( R ) Jerry Lewis ( R ) Jay C. Kim ( R ) George Brown , Jr . ( D ) Ken Calvert ( R ) Alfred A. McCandless ( R ) Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) Bob Dornan ( R ) Christopher Cox ( R ) Ron Packard ( R ) Lynn Schenk ( D ) Bob Filner ( D ) Randy Cunningham ( R ) Duncan Hunter ( R ) Sam Farr ( D ) 104th ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Frank D. Riggs ( R ) Zoe Lofgren ( D ) George Radanovich ( R ) Andrea H. Seastrand ( R ) Sonny Bono ( R ) Brian P. Bilbray ( R ) Tom Campbell ( R ) Juanita Millender - McDonald ( D ) 105th ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Ellen O. Tauscher ( D ) Walter H. Capps ( D ) Brad Sherman ( D ) James E. Rogan ( R ) Loretta Sanchez ( D ) Barbara Lee ( D ) Lois Capps ( D ) Mary Bono ( R ) 106th ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Mike Thompson ( D ) Doug Ose ( R ) Grace F. Napolitano ( D ) Steven T. Kuykendall ( R ) Gary G. Miller ( R ) Joe Baca ( D ) 107th ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Mike Honda ( D ) Adam B. Schiff ( D ) Hilda L. Solis ( D ) Diane E. Watson ( D ) Jane Harman ( D ) Darrell E. Issa ( R ) Susan A. Davis ( D ) 2003 -- present : 53 seats ( edit ) After the 2000 U.S. census , California gained one seat . The 2010 U.S. census , however , kept the state 's apportionment at 53 seats . In 2012 , owing to a new reapportionment method , some incumbent members chose to run in differently numbered districts ( typically within a similar geographic region , with some changing their residence ) and owing to a new open primary system , some incumbents were placed against opponents of their own party in the general election . For details concerning these changes and the specific effects upon the 2012 election see Politics of California . Congress District District District District District District 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 108th ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Mike Thompson ( D ) Wally Herger ( R ) Doug Ose ( R ) John T. Doolittle ( R ) Robert T. Matsui ( D ) Lynn C. Woolsey ( D ) George Miller ( D ) Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Barbara Lee ( D ) Ellen O. Tauscher ( D ) Richard W. Pombo ( R ) Tom Lantos ( D ) Pete Stark ( D ) Anna G. Eshoo ( D ) Mike Honda ( D ) Zoe Lofgren ( D ) Sam Farr ( D ) Dennis Cardoza ( D ) George Radanovich ( R ) Calvin M. Dooley ( D ) Devin Nunes ( R ) Bill Thomas ( R ) Lois Capps ( D ) Elton Gallegly ( R ) Howard McKeon ( R ) David Dreier ( R ) Brad Sherman ( D ) Howard L. Berman ( D ) Adam B. Schiff ( D ) Henry Waxman ( D ) Xavier Becerra ( D ) Hilda L. Solis ( D ) Diane E. Watson ( D ) Lucille Roybal - Allard ( D ) Maxine Waters ( D ) Jane Harman ( D ) Juanita Millender - McDonald ( D ) Grace F. Napolitano ( D ) Linda T. Sánchez ( D ) Edward R. Royce ( R ) Jerry Lewis ( R ) Gary G. Miller ( R ) Joe Baca ( D ) Ken Calvert ( R ) Mary Bono Mack ( R ) Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) Loretta Sanchez ( D ) Christopher Cox ( R ) Darrell Issa ( R ) Duke Cunningham ( R ) Bob Filner ( D ) Duncan L. Hunter ( R ) Susan Davis ( D ) 109th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dan Lungren ( R ) Doris Matsui ( D ) Jim Costa ( D ) John Campbell ( R ) Brian P. Bilbray ( R ) 110th ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Jerry McNerney ( D ) Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Laura Richardson ( D ) Jackie Speier ( D ) 111th ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Tom McClintock ( R ) Duncan D. Hunter ( R ) John Garamendi ( D ) Judy Chu ( D ) 112th ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Jeff Denham ( R ) Karen Bass ( D ) Janice Hahn ( D ) 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Doug LaMalfa ( R ) Jared Huffman ( D ) John Garamendi ( D ) Mike Thompson ( D ) Doris Matsui ( D ) Ami Bera ( D ) Paul Cook ( R ) Jerry McNerney ( D ) Jeff Denham ( R ) George Miller ( D ) Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Barbara Lee ( D ) Jackie Speier ( D ) Eric Swalwell ( D ) Jim Costa ( D ) Mike Honda ( D ) Anna Eshoo ( D ) Zoe Lofgren ( D ) Sam Farr ( D ) David Valadao ( R ) Devin Nunes ( R ) Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Lois Capps ( D ) Julia Brownley ( D ) Judy Chu ( D ) Adam Schiff ( D ) Tony Cardenas ( D ) Brad Sherman ( D ) Gary Miller ( R ) Grace Napolitano ( D ) Henry Waxman ( D ) Xavier Becerra ( D ) Gloria Negrete McLeod ( D ) Raul Ruiz ( D ) Karen Bass ( D ) Linda T. Sánchez ( D ) Ed Royce ( R ) Lucille Roybal - Allard ( D ) Mark Takano ( D ) Ken Calvert ( R ) Maxine Waters ( D ) Janice Hahn ( D ) John Campbell ( R ) Loretta Sánchez ( D ) Alan Lowenthal ( D ) Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) Duncan D. Hunter ( R ) Juan Vargas ( D ) Scott Peters ( D ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Mark DeSaulnier ( D ) Steve Knight ( R ) Pete Aguilar ( D ) Ted Lieu ( D ) Norma Torres ( D ) Mimi Walters ( R ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Ro Khanna ( D ) Jimmy Panetta ( D ) Salud Carbajal ( D ) Nanette Barragán ( D ) Lou Correa ( D ) Jimmy Gomez ( D ) Key ( edit ) Key to party colors and abbreviations for members of the U.S. Congress American ( Know Nothing ) ( K-N ) Adams ( A ) , Anti-Jacksonian ( Anti-J ) , National Republican ( NR ) Anti-Administration ( Anti-Admin ) Anti-Masonic ( Anti-M ) Conservative ( Con ) Democratic ( D ) Dixiecrat ( Dix ) , States ' rights ( SR ) Democratic - Republican ( D-R ) Farmer -- Labor ( FL ) Federalist ( F ) Free Soil ( FS ) Free Silver ( FSv ) Fusion ( FU ) Greenback ( GB ) Jacksonian ( J ) Nonpartisan League ( NPL ) Nullifier ( N ) Opposition ( O ) Populist ( Pop ) Pro-Administration ( Pro-Admin ) Progressive ( Prog ) Prohibition ( Proh ) Readjuster ( Rea ) Republican ( R ) Socialist ( Soc ) Unionist ( U ) Whig ( W ) Independent , None , or Unaffiliated United States Senate ( edit ) See also : List of United States Senators from California Current delegation Senator Dianne Feinstein ( D ) Senator Kamala Harris ( D ) List of Senators ( edit ) Tables showing membership in the California U.S. Senate delegation . Class 1 Senators Congress Class 3 Senators John C. Frémont ( R ) 31st ( 1849 -- 1851 ) William M. Gwin ( D ) John B. Weller ( D ) 32nd ( 1851 -- 1853 ) 33rd ( 1853 -- 1855 ) 34th ( 1855 -- 1857 ) Vacant William M. Gwin ( D ) David C. Broderick ( D ) 35th ( 1857 -- 1859 ) Henry P. Haun ( D ) Milton S. Latham ( D ) 36th ( 1859 -- 1861 ) 37th ( 1861 -- 1863 ) James A. McDougall ( D ) John Conness ( R ) 38th ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 39th ( 1865 -- 1867 ) 40th ( 1867 -- 1869 ) Cornelius Cole ( R ) Eugene Casserly ( D ) 41st ( 1869 -- 1871 ) 42nd ( 1871 -- 1873 ) 43rd ( 1873 -- 1875 ) Aaron A. Sargent ( R ) John S. Hager ( D ) Newton Booth ( AM ) 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) 45th ( 1877 -- 1879 ) 46th ( 1879 -- 1881 ) James T. Farley ( D ) John Franklin Miller ( R ) 47th ( 1881 -- 1883 ) 48th ( 1883 -- 1885 ) 49th ( 1885 -- 1887 ) Leland Stanford ( R ) George Hearst ( D ) Abram P. Williams ( R ) George Hearst ( D ) 50th ( 1887 -- 1889 ) 51st ( 1889 -- 1891 ) Charles N. Felton ( R ) 52nd ( 1891 -- 1893 ) Stephen M. White ( D ) 53rd ( 1893 -- 1895 ) George C. Perkins ( R ) 54th ( 1895 -- 1897 ) 55th ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Thomas R. Bard ( R ) 56th ( 1899 -- 1901 ) 57th ( 1901 -- 1903 ) 58th ( 1903 -- 1905 ) Frank P. Flint ( R ) 59th ( 1905 -- 1907 ) 60th ( 1907 -- 1909 ) 61st ( 1909 -- 1911 ) John D. Works ( R ) 62nd ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 63rd ( 1913 -- 1915 ) 64th ( 1915 -- 1917 ) James D. Phelan ( D ) Hiram Johnson ( R ) 65th ( 1917 -- 1919 ) 66th ( 1919 -- 1921 ) 67th ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Samuel M. Shortridge ( R ) 68th ( 1923 -- 1925 ) 69th ( 1925 -- 1927 ) 70th ( 1927 -- 1929 ) 71st ( 1929 -- 1931 ) 72nd ( 1931 -- 1933 ) 73rd ( 1933 -- 1935 ) William Gibbs McAdoo ( D ) 74th ( 1935 -- 1937 ) 75th ( 1937 -- 1939 ) Thomas M. Storke ( D ) 76th ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Sheridan Downey ( D ) 77th ( 1941 -- 1943 ) 78th ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 79th ( 1945 -- 1947 ) William F. Knowland ( R ) 80th ( 1947 -- 1949 ) 81st ( 1949 -- 1951 ) Richard Nixon ( R ) 82nd ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Thomas H. Kuchel ( R ) 83rd ( 1953 -- 1955 ) 84th ( 1955 -- 1957 ) 85th ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Clair Engle ( D ) 86th ( 1959 -- 1961 ) 87th ( 1961 -- 1963 ) 88th ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Pierre Salinger ( D ) George Lloyd Murphy ( R ) 89th ( 1965 -- 1967 ) 90th ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 91st ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Alan Cranston ( D ) John V. Tunney ( D ) 92nd ( 1971 -- 1973 ) 93rd ( 1973 -- 1975 ) 94th ( 1975 -- 1977 ) S.I. Hayakawa ( R ) 95th ( 1977 -- 1979 ) 96th ( 1979 -- 1981 ) 97th ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Pete Wilson ( R ) 98th ( 1983 -- 1985 ) 99th ( 1985 -- 1987 ) 100th ( 1987 -- 1989 ) 101st ( 1989 -- 1991 ) 102nd ( 1991 -- 1993 ) John Seymour ( R ) Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 103rd ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Barbara Boxer ( D ) 104th ( 1995 -- 1997 ) 105th ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 106th ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 107th ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 108th ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 109th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 110th ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 111th ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 112th ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Kamala Harris ( D ) Mid-term changes ( edit ) Congress Senator Reason for Vacancy Appointed Successor Date of Appointment Elected Successor Date of Election 32nd Seat was vacant from March 4 , 1851 due to failure of the legislature to elect . John B. Weller January 30 , 1852 34th Seat was vacant from March 4 , 1855 due to failure of the legislature to elect . William M. Gwin January 13 , 1857 35th David C. Broderick Died September 16 , 1859 , mortally wounded in a duel with the chief justice of the supreme court of California . Henry P. Haun November 3 , 1859 Milton S. Latham March 5 , 1860 43rd Eugene Casserly Resigned November 29 , 1873 . none John S. Hager December 23 , 1873 49th John Franklin Miller Died March 8 , 1886 . George Hearst March 23 , 1886 Abram P. Williams August 4 , 1886 51st , 52nd George Hearst Died February 28 , 1891 . none Charles N. Felton March 19 , 1891 53rd Leland Stanford Died June 21 , 1893 . George C. Perkins July 26 , 1893 George C. Perkins 56th Seat was vacant from March 4 , 1899 due to failure of the legislature to elect . Thomas R. Bard February 7 , 1900 75th William Gibbs McAdoo Resigned November 8 , 1938 . Thomas M. Storke November 9 , 1938 none 79th Hiram Johnson Died August 6 , 1945 . William F. Knowland August 26 , 1945 William F. Knowland General election 81st Sheridan Downey Resigned November 30 , 1950 due to ill health . Richard Nixon December 1 , 1950 Richard Nixon General election 82nd Richard Nixon Resigned January 1 , 1953 to be Vice President of the United States . Thomas H. Kuchel January 2 , 1953 Thomas H. Kuchel General election 88th Clair Engle Died July 30 , 1964 . Pierre Salinger August 4 , 1964 none 88th Pierre Salinger Resigned December 31 , 1964 . George Lloyd Murphy January 1 , 1965 George Lloyd Murphy General election 91st George Lloyd Murphy Resigned January 2 , 1971 . Tunney had been elected to the next term and took office a day early . John V. Tunney January 2 , 1971 John V. Tunney General election 94th John V. Tunney Resigned January 1 , 1977 . Hayakawa had been elected to the next term and took office a day early . S.I. Hayakawa January 2 , 1977 S.I. Hayakawa General election 102nd Pete Wilson Resigned January 7 , 1991 to be governor of California . John F. Seymour January 10 , 1991 Dianne Feinstein November 10 , 1992 Living former senators ( edit ) As of January 2018 , there are three living former U.S. Senators from California , two from Class 1 and one from Class 3 Senator Term of office Class Date of birth ( and age ) Pete Wilson 1983 -- 1991 ( 1933 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1933 ( age 85 ) John F. Seymour 1991 -- 1992 ( 1937 - 12 - 03 ) December 3 , 1937 ( age 80 ) Barbara Boxer 1993 -- 2017 ( 1940 - 11 - 11 ) November 11 , 1940 ( age 77 ) United States portal California portal See also ( edit ) List of United States congressional districts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The national atlas '' . nationalatlas.gov . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ron Dellums resigned February 6 , 1998 , and was replaced by Barbara Lee on April 7 , 1998 Jump up ^ Robert Matsui died January 1 , 2005 , after re-election to the 109th Congress but before the Congress started , and was replaced by Doris Matsui on March 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tom Lantos died February 11 , 2008 and was replaced by Jackie Speier on April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jane Harman resigned on February 28 , 2011 , and was replaced by Janice Hahn on July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Juanita Millender - McDonald died April 22 , 2007 , and was replaced by Laura Richardson on August 21 , 2007 . 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Hunter ( R ) Juan Vargas ( D ) Scott Peters ( D ) Susan Davis ( D ) Other states ' delegations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non-voting delegations American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( H , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska ( H , S ) Nevada ( H , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( H , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( H , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( H , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former House members List of former Senators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California&oldid=843629983 '' Categories : Members of the United States House of Representatives from California United States Senators from California United States congressional delegations by state Politics of California Lists of California politicians Hidden categories : Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Română Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 11 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many house of representatives are there in california
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[
"List of members of the Californian United States House delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has 53 members, with 39 Democrats and 14 Republicans, including both the Republican majority leader, Kevin McCarthy, and the Democratic minority leader, Nancy Pelosi.\n"
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"53"
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Drop kick
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Drop kick - wikipedia Drop kick Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Drop kick ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with dropkick . A drop kick is a type of kick in various codes of football . It involves a player dropping the ball and then kicking it when it bounces off the ground . Drop kicks are most importantly used as a method of restarting play and scoring points in rugby union and rugby league . Association football goalkeepers also often return the ball to play with drop kicks . The kick was once in wide use in both Australian rules football and gridiron football , but is today rarely seen in either sport . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rugby 1.1 Drop kick technique 1.2 Rugby league 1.3 Rugby union 1.4 Rugby sevens 2 American and Canadian ( gridiron ) football 2.1 NFL 2.2 NCAA 2.3 Canadian football 2.4 Arena football 3 Australian rules football 4 See also 5 References Rugby ( edit ) Pat O'Dea Drop kick technique ( edit ) See also : Drop goal The drop kick technique in rugby codes is usually to hold the ball with one end pointing downwards in two hands above the kicking leg . The ball is dropped onto the ground in front of the kicking foot , which makes contact at the moment or fractionally after the ball touches the ground , called the half - volley . The kicking foot usually makes contact with the ball slightly on the instep . In a rugby union kick - off , or drop out , the kicker usually aims to kick the ball high but not a great distance , and so usually strikes the ball after it has started to bounce off the ground , so the contact is made close to the bottom of the ball . Rugby league ( edit ) In rugby league , drop kicks are mandatory to restart play from the goal line ( called a goal line drop - out ) after the defending team is tackled or knocks on in the in - goal area or the defending team causes the ball to go dead or into touch - in - goal . Drop kicks are also mandatory to restart play from the 20 metre line after an unsuccessful penalty goal attempt goes dead or into touch - in - goal and to score a drop goal ( sometimes known as a field goal ) in open play , which is worth one point . Drop kicks are optional for a penalty kick to score a penalty goal ( this being done rarely , as place kicks are generally used ) and when kicking for touch ( the sideline ) from a penalty , although the option of a punt kick is usually taken instead . Rugby union ( edit ) In rugby union , a drop kick is used for the kick - off and restarts and to score a drop goal ( sometimes called a field goal ) . Originally , it was one of only two ways to score points , along with the place kick . Drop kicks are mandatory from the centre spot to start a half ( a kick - off ) , from the centre spot to restart the game after points have been scored , to restart play from the 22 - metre line ( called a drop - out ) after the ball is touched down or made dead in the in - goal area by the defending team when the attacking team kicked or took the ball into the in - goal area , and to score a drop goal ( sometimes called a field goal ) in open play , which is worth three points . Drop kicks are optional for a conversion kick after a try has been scored . This is rare , as place kicks are almost always used for the conversion ; a drop kick is sometimes used late in a game if the scoring team needs to score again quickly , and taking a place kick would be slower . Also , if a gust of wind blows the ball over on a place kick attempt after the kicker has begun his run - up , thus allowing the opposing team to begin a charge down , then there is no time to reset the ball , and the kicker may attempt a quick drop kick . Drop kicks are also optional for a penalty kick to score a penalty goal . This is rare , as place kicks are almost always used . When kicking for touch ( the sideline ) from a penalty , a drop kick may be used . This is rare , as the option of a punt kick is almost always taken instead . Rugby sevens ( edit ) The usage of drop kicks in rugby sevens is the same as in rugby union , except that drop kicks are used for all conversion attempts and for penalty kicks , both of which must be taken within 40 seconds of the try being scored or the award of the penalty . American and Canadian ( gridiron ) football ( edit ) In both American and Canadian football , one method of scoring a field goal or extra point is by drop - kicking the football through the goal . Zach Curlin drop kicking . It contrasts to a punt , wherein the player kicks the ball without letting it hit the ground first ; and a placekick , wherein the player kicks a stationary ball off the ground : `` from placement '' . A drop kick is significantly more difficult ; as Jim Thorpe once explained , `` I regard the place kick as almost two to one safer than the drop kick in attempting a goal from the field . '' Brickley 's drop kick to defeat Dartmouth in 1912 . The drop kick was often used in early football as a surprise tactic . The ball would be snapped or lateraled to a back , who would fake a run or pass , but then would kick the field goal instead . This method of scoring worked well in the 1920s and early 1930s , when the football was rounder at the ends ( similar to a modern rugby ball ) . Early football stars such as Charles Brickley , Frank Hudson , Jim Thorpe , Paddy Driscoll , and Al Bloodgood were skilled drop - kickers ; Driscoll in 1925 and Bloodgood in 1926 hold a tied NFL record of four drop kicked field goals in a single game . Driscoll 's 55 yard drop kick in 1924 stood as the unofficial record for field goal range until Bert Rechichar kicked a 56 - yard field goal ( by placekick ) in 1953 . In 1934 , the ball was made more pointed at the ends . The creation of the pointed football is generally credited to Shorty Ray , at the time a college football official and later the NFL 's head of officiating . This made passing the ball easier , as was its intent , but made the drop kick obsolete , as the more pointed ball did not bounce up from the ground reliably . The drop kick was supplanted by the place kick , which can not be attempted out of a formation generally used as a running or passing set . The drop kick remains in the rules , but is seldom seen , and rarely effective when attempted . In Canadian football the drop kick can be taken from any point on the field , unlike placekicks which must be attempted behind the line of scrimmage . NFL ( edit ) Before the NFL -- AFL merger , the last successful drop kick in the NFL was executed by Scooter McLean of the Chicago Bears in their 37 -- 9 victory over the New York Giants on December 21 , 1941 , in the NFL Championship game at Chicago 's Wrigley Field . Though it was not part of the NFL at the time , the All - America Football Conference saw its last drop kick November 28 , 1948 , when Joe Vetrano of the San Francisco 49ers drop kicked an extra point after a muffed snap against the Cleveland Browns . Eddie Mahan preparing to drop kick . The only successful drop kick in the NFL since the 1940s was by Doug Flutie , the backup quarterback of the New England Patriots , against the Miami Dolphins on January 1 , 2006 , for an extra point after a touchdown . Flutie had estimated `` an 80 percent chance '' of making the drop kick , which was called to give Flutie , 43 at the time , the opportunity to make a historic kick in his final NFL game ; the drop kick was his last play in the NFL . After the game , New England coach Bill Belichick said , `` I think Doug deserves it , '' and Flutie said , `` I just thanked him for the opportunity . '' Dallas Cowboys punter Mat McBriar attempted a maneuver similar to a drop kick during the 2010 Thanksgiving Day game after a botched punt attempt , but the ball bounced several times before the kick and the sequence of events is officially recorded as a fumble , followed by an illegal kick , with the fumble being recovered by the New Orleans Saints 29 yards downfield from the spot of the kick . The Saints declined the illegal kick penalty . New England Patriots kicker Stephen Gostkowski attempted an onside drop kick on a free kick after a safety against the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 30 , 2011 . The kick went out of bounds . New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees , a former teammate of Flutie 's , executed a drop kick late on an extra point attempt in the fourth quarter of the 2012 Pro Bowl ; the kick fell short . New England Patriots special teams player Nate Ebner attempted an onside drop kick on a kickoff after a Patriots touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles on December 6 , 2015 . The kick was recovered by the Eagles at their own 41 yard line . Two weeks later , on December 20 , Buffalo Bills punter Colton Schmidt executed what is believed to be an unintentional drop kick after a botched punt against the Washington Redskins ; because the Redskins recovered the kick , it was treated as a punt ( and not as a field goal attempt , which would have pushed the ball back to the spot of the kick ) . NCAA ( edit ) The last successful drop kick extra point in the NCAA was by Jason Millgan of Hartwick College on December 11 , 1998 , St. Lawrence University . Frosty Peters of Montana State College made 17 drop kicks in one game in 1924 . Canadian football ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Canadian game , the drop kick can be attempted at any time by either team . Any player on the kicking team behind the kicker , and including the kicker , can recover the kick . When a drop kick goes out of bounds , possession on the next scrimmage goes to the non-kicking team . On September 8 , 1974 , Tom Wilkinson , quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos , unsuccessfully attempted a drop kick field goal in the final seconds of a 24 -- 2 romp over the Winnipeg Blue Bombers . This may have been the last time the play was deliberately attempted in the CFL . During one game in the 1980s , Hamilton Tiger - Cats wide receiver Earl Winfield was unable to field a punt properly ; in frustration , he kicked the ball out of bounds . The kick was considered a drop kick and led to a change of possession , with the punting team regaining possession of the ball . Arena football ( edit ) In Arena football , a drop - kicked extra point counts for two points rather than one and a drop - kicked field goal counts for four points rather than three . The most recent conversion of a drop kick was by Geoff Boyer of the Pittsburgh Power on June 16 , 2012 ; it was the first successful conversion in the Arena Football League since 1997 . Australian rules football ( edit ) Once the preferred method of conveying the ball over long distances , the drop - kick has been superseded by the drop punt as a more accurate means of delivering the ball to a fellow player . It is , therefore , no longer used in the game as it is considered too unpredictable . See also ( edit ) Drop goal Punt kick Grubber kick Bomb kick Glossary of American football Dropped - ball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kicking : The Drop Kick '' at www.coachingrugby.com . Retrieved 11 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Section 6 : Scoring '' . The International Laws of the Game and Notes on the Laws ( PDF ) . Rugby League International Federation . 2004 - 03 - 11 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Law 9 : Method of Scoring '' ( PDF ) . Laws of the Game . International Rugby Board . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Billy Evans ( December 3 , 1926 ) . `` Place Kick Is best Method For Point '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . p. 19 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Release '' The last dropkick `` . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Coffin Corner : Vol . No. 7 ( 1979 ) -- A Closer Look : 50 - yd DKs '' ( PDF ) . Profootballresearchers.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Seymour Smith ( September 14 , 1966 ) . `` Pro Football To Honor Ray : Rules Advisor 's Ideas Gave Game Needed Boost '' . The Sun ( Baltimore ) . p . C4 . Jump up ^ Borges , Ron ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` A get - rich kick scheme fails '' . The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : Ulman , Howard . `` Dolphins Win Sixth Straight Despite Flutie 's Drop Kick '' . TheLedger.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Flutie converts first drop kick since 1941 championship -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints vs. Dallas Cowboys -- Play By Play -- November 25 , 2010 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Watch New Orleans Saints vs. Dallas Cowboys ( 11 / 25 / 2010 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Polamalu punch vs. Patriots was illegal '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ England , New ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Patriots - Steelers Studs & Duds -- Musket Fire -- A New England Patriots Fan Site -- News , Blogs , Opinion and more '' . Musket Fire . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2015/12/06/patriots-attempt-unusual-drop-kick-style-kickoff/XFIH51dJek0CSQekn7W4CM/story.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bills punter somehow turns punt into drop kick through beautiful incompetence '' . usatoday.com. 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hartwick College ESPN Drop Kick Field Goal '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` BOBCAT ATHLETIC TRADITIONS '' . msubobcats.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Rules of the Game Archived December 25 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Knighton , Tom ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` A drop kick into history '' . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Andrew ( 11 June 2011 ) . `` Future direction of an evolving art form '' . The Australian . Gridiron football plays Play from scrimmage Play calling system Offense Rush Keeper Bootleg Sneak Dive Power Counter Off - tackle End Option Sweep Toss Trap Veer Zone Pass Incomplete Checkdown Screen Drop - back Hail Mary Alley - oop Defense Man - to - man Zone Blitz Zone blitz Special teams Touchback Kickoff Kickoff return Punt Punt return Drop kick Place kick Fair catch Fair catch kick Onside kick Squib kick Other Trick play Quick kick Australian rules football terminology Skills Clanger Handball Kick ( after the siren , checkside punt , drop kick , drop punt , grubber , place kick , punt , set shot , snap , up and under , torpedo punt ) Kick - in Mark ( Mark of the Year , spectacular mark ) One percenter Running bounce Shepherd Tackle ( chicken wing tackle , fend - off , spear tackle ) Free kicks 50 - metre penalty Coathanger Deliberate out of bounds Holding the ball Holding the man Push in the back Scoring Behind ( rushed behind ) Goal ( coast - to - coast goal , Goal of the Year , super goal ) Other Ball - up Banner Boundary rider Father -- son rule Flooding Guernsey Laws Names Positions Priority draft pick Recycled player Rookie list Time - on Umpire Youth system Zone defence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drop_kick&oldid=807069061 '' Categories : American football plays Rugby union terminology Rugby league terminology Australian rules football terminology Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who did the last drop kick in the nfl
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[
"Before the NFL–AFL merger, the last successful drop kick in the NFL was executed by Scooter McLean of the Chicago Bears in their 37–9 victory over the New York Giants on December 21, 1941, in the NFL Championship game at Chicago's Wrigley Field. Though it was not part of the NFL at the time, the All-America Football Conference saw its last drop kick November 28, 1948, when Joe Vetrano of the San Francisco 49ers drop kicked an extra point after a muffed snap against the Cleveland Browns.[8]"
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"Scooter McLean"
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Frozen (2013 film)
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Frozen ( 2013 film ) - Wikipedia Frozen ( 2013 film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Frozen Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Produced by Peter Del Vecho Screenplay by Jennifer Lee Story by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Shane Morris Starring Kristen Bell Idina Menzel Jonathan Groff Josh Gad Santino Fontana Music by Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Christophe Beck Frode Fjellheim Edited by Jeff Draheim Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $1.276 billion Frozen is a 2013 American 3D computer - animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 53rd Disney animated feature film . Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale `` The Snow Queen '' , the film tells the story of a fearless princess who sets off on a journey alongside a rugged iceman , his loyal reindeer , and a naïve snowman to find her estranged sister , whose icy powers have inadvertently trapped the kingdom in eternal winter . Frozen underwent several story treatments for years before being commissioned in 2011 , with a screenplay written by Jennifer Lee , who also co-directed with Chris Buck . The film features the voices of Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , Jonathan Groff , Josh Gad , and Santino Fontana . Christophe Beck , who had worked on Disney 's award - winning short Paperman ( 2012 ) , was hired to compose the film 's orchestral score , while husband - and - wife songwriting team Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson - Lopez wrote the songs . Frozen premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on November 19 , 2013 , had a limited release on November 22 and went into general theatrical release on November 27 . It was met with positive reviews from critics and audiences ; some film critics consider Frozen to be the best Disney animated feature film since the studio 's renaissance era . The film also achieved significant commercial success , earning $1.2 billion in worldwide box office revenue , including $400 million in the United States and Canada and $247 million in Japan . It ranks as the highest - grossing animated film of all time , the third highest - grossing original film of all time , the ninth highest - grossing film of all time , the highest - grossing film of 2013 , and the third highest - grossing film in Japan . It was also the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings , until surpassed by Warner Bros . ' Wonder Woman . With over 18 million home media sales in 2014 , it became the best - selling film of the year in the United States . By January 2015 , Frozen had become the all - time best - selling Blu - ray Disc in the United States . Frozen won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ( `` Let It Go '' ) , the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film , the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film , five Annie Awards ( including Best Animated Feature ) , two Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media and Best Song Written for Visual Media ( `` Let It Go '' ) , and two Critics ' Choice Movie Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ( `` Let It Go '' ) . An animated short sequel , Frozen Fever , premiered on March 13 , 2015 , with Disney 's Cinderella . A holiday featurette titled Olaf 's Frozen Adventure premiered as a limited time offering on November 22 , 2017 , with Pixar 's Coco , and made its television debut on December 14 , 2017 , on ABC . On March 12 , 2015 , a feature - length sequel titled Frozen 2 , was announced , with Buck and Lee returning as directors and Peter Del Vecho returning as producer . It is set for release on November 27 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Origins 3.1. 2 Later efforts 3.1. 3 Revitalization 3.1. 4 Writing 3.1. 5 Casting 3.2 Animation 3.3 Technology development 3.4 Scandinavian and Sámi inspiration 3.5 Music and sound design 3.6 Localization 4 Release 4.1 Home media 4.2 Lawsuit against Phase 4 Films 4.3 File sharing 4.4 Television broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.1. 3 Commercial analysis 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Portrayal of emotions 5.3. 2 Perceived LGBT parallels 5.3. 3 `` Let it Go '' lawsuit 5.4 Accolades 6 Legacy 6.1 Cultural impact 6.2 Franchise 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Princess Elsa of Arendelle possesses cryokinetic magic , often using it to play with her younger sister , Anna . After Elsa accidentally injures Anna with her magic , their parents , the King and Queen , rush both siblings to a colony of trolls led by Grand Pabbie . He heals Anna , but alters her memories to remove traces of Elsa 's magic , warning Elsa that she must learn to control her powers . The King and Queen isolate both sisters within the castle . Elsa shuts out Anna , causing a rift between them . Elsa suppresses her magic rather than mastering it , causing her to become more insecure . When the sisters are teenagers , their parents die at sea during a storm . When Elsa turns twenty - one , she is to be crowned queen of Arendelle . She is terrified that the kingdom 's citizens might find out about her powers and fear her . The castle gates open to the public and visiting dignitaries for the first time in years . Amongst them is the scheming Duke of Weselton , and the dashing Prince Hans of the Southern Isles , with whom Anna falls head - over-heels in love . Elsa 's coronation happens without a hitch , but she still remains distant from Anna . When Hans proposes to Anna , Elsa objects , accidentally unleashing her powers before the court . The Duke brands her a monster . Elsa flees to the North Mountain , where she throws out her crown and builds a palace of ice in which to live a solitary life . In the process , however , her suppressed magic engulfs Arendelle in an eternal winter . Anna ventures out to find Elsa and end the winter , leaving Hans in charge . She gets lost , collecting supplies at Wandering Oaken 's shop . She meets an ice harvester named Kristoff , and his reindeer , Sven , convincing them to escort her to the mountains . An attack by wolves leads to Kristoff 's sleigh being destroyed . On foot , they meet Olaf , a cheerful snowman brought to life unknowingly by Elsa , who offers to lead them to her . When Anna 's horse returns to Arendelle , Hans sets out to find Anna and Elsa , accompanied by the Duke 's minions , who have secret orders to capture Elsa . Reaching the ice palace , Anna meets Elsa , but when she reveals what has become of Arendelle , Elsa becomes angry and frustrated , saying that she ca n't do it , and accidentally freezes Anna 's heart . She then makes a giant snow monster named Marshmallow , who chases Anna , Kristoff , and Olaf away . Anna 's hair begins turning white , so Kristoff takes her to meet the trolls , his adoptive family . Grand Pabbie reveals that Anna will freeze solid unless `` an act of true love '' reverses the spell . Kristoff races Anna back home so Hans can give her true love 's kiss . Hans and his men reach Elsa 's palace , defeating Marshmallow , and capturing Elsa . Anna is delivered to Hans , but rather than kissing her , he instead reveals that he has actually been plotting to seize the throne of Arendelle by eliminating both sisters . He locks Anna in a room to die , and manipulates the dignitaries into believing that Elsa killed her . He orders the queen 's execution , only to discover she has escaped her detention cell . Olaf frees Anna , and they venture into the blizzard outside to meet Kristoff , whom Olaf reveals is in love with her . Hans confronts Elsa outside , claiming that she killed Anna , causing Elsa to break down . Anna spots Hans about to kill Elsa ; she leaps in the way and freezes solid , stopping Hans . Devastated , Elsa hugs and mourns over her sister , who thaws out , her heroism constituting `` an act of true love '' . Realizing that her magic is controlled by love , Elsa ends the winter before giving Olaf his own snow flurry to survive the warmer climate . Both Hans and the Duke are arrested and removed from the kingdom . Anna and Kristoff become a couple , while both sisters are reunited , with Elsa promising never to lock the castle gates again . Voice cast ( edit ) Top row ( L -- R ) : Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel Bottom row ( L -- R ) : Jonathan Groff , Josh Gad , and Santino Fontana Kristen Bell as Anna , the 18 - year - old Princess of Arendelle and Elsa 's younger sister Livvy Stubenrauch as 5 - year - old Anna Katie Lopez as 5 - year - old Anna ( singing ) Agatha Lee Monn as 9 - year - old Anna Idina Menzel as Elsa , the 21 - year - old Queen of Arendelle and Anna 's elder sister Eva Bella as 8 - year - old Elsa Spencer Lacey Ganus as 12 - year - old Elsa Jonathan Groff as Kristoff , an iceman who is accompanied by a reindeer named Sven Tyree Brown as 8 - year - old Kristoff Josh Gad as Olaf , a comic - relief snowman that Elsa and Anna created as children , who dreams of experiencing summer Santino Fontana as Hans , a prince from the Southern Isles Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton Ciarán Hinds as Grand Pabbie , the Troll King Chris Williams as Oaken , the owner of Wandering Oaken 's Trading Post and Sauna Maia Wilson as Bulda , a troll and Kristoff 's adoptive mother Paul Briggs as Marshmallow , a giant snow monster who guards Elsa 's palace Maurice LaMarche as the King of Arendelle , Anna and Elsa 's father Jennifer Lee as the Queen of Arendelle , Anna and Elsa 's mother Non-speaking characters include Kristoff 's reindeer companion Sven , horses and wolves . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Concept art from Disney 's shelved hand - drawn film adaptation of The Snow Queen Walt Disney Productions first began exploring a possible live action / animation biography film of author and poet Hans Christian Andersen sometime in late 1937 before the December premiere of its film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , the first feature - length hand - drawn animated film ever made . In March 1940 , Walt Disney suggested a co-production to film producer Samuel Goldwyn , where Goldwyn 's studio would shoot the live - action sequences of Andersen 's life and Disney 's studio would animate Andersen 's fairy tales . The animated sequences would be based on some of Andersen 's best known works , such as The Little Mermaid , The Little Match Girl , The Steadfast Tin Soldier , The Snow Queen , Thumbelina , The Ugly Duckling , The Red Shoes , and The Emperor 's New Clothes . However , the studio encountered difficulty with The Snow Queen , as it could not find a way to adapt and relate the Snow Queen character to modern audiences . Even as far back as the 1930s and 1940s , it was clear that the source material contained great cinematic possibilities , but the Snow Queen character proved to be too problematic . After the United States entered World War II , the studio began to focus on making wartime propaganda , which caused development on the Disney -- Goldwyn project to grind to a halt in 1942 . Goldwyn went on to produce his own live - action film version in 1952 , entitled Hans Christian Andersen , with Danny Kaye as Andersen , Charles Vidor directing , Moss Hart writing , and Frank Loesser penning the songs . All of Andersen 's fairy tales were , instead , told in song and ballet in live - action , like the rest of the film . It went on to receive six Academy Award nominations the following year . Back at Disney , The Snow Queen , along with other Andersen fairy tales ( including The Little Mermaid ) , were shelved . Later efforts ( edit ) `` Hans Christian Andersen 's original version of The Snow Queen is a pretty dark tale and it does n't translate easily into a film . For us the breakthrough came when we tried to give really human qualities to the Snow Queen . When we decided to make the Snow Queen Elsa and our protagonist Anna sisters , that gave a way to relate to the characters in a way that conveyed what each was going through and that would relate for today 's audiences . This film has a lot of complicated characters and complicated relationships in it . There are times when Elsa does villainous things but because you understand where it comes from , from this desire to defend herself , you can always relate to her . ' Inspired by ' means exactly that . There is snow and there is ice and there is a Queen , but other than that , we depart from it quite a bit . We do try to bring scope and the scale that you would expect but do it in a way that we can understand the characters and relate to them . '' -- Producer Peter Del Vecho , on the difficulties adapting The Snow Queen In the late 1990s , Walt Disney Feature Animation started developing a new adaptation of The Snow Queen after the tremendous success of their recent films during the Disney Renaissance era ( 1989 - 1999 ) , but the project was scrapped completely in late 2002 , when Glen Keane reportedly quit the project and went on to work on another project which became Tangled ( 2010 ) . Even before then , Harvey Fierstein pitched his version of the story to Disney 's executives , but was turned down . Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Dick Zondag and Dave Goetz reportedly all tried their hand at it , but failed . After a number of unsuccessful attempts from 2000 to 2002 , Disney shelved the project again . During one of those attempts , Michael Eisner , then - chairman and chief executive officer of The Walt Disney Company , offered his support to the project and suggested doing it with Oscar - winning director John Lasseter at Pixar after the then - expected renewal of Pixar 's contract with Disney . But negotiations between Pixar and Disney collapsed in January 2004 and that contract was never renewed . Instead , Eisner 's successor Bob Iger negotiated Disney 's purchase of Pixar in January 2006 for $7.4 billion , and Lasseter was promoted to chief creative officer of both Pixar and Disney Animation . The next attempt started in 2008 , when Lasseter was able to convince Chris Buck ( who co-directed the 1999 film Tarzan for the studio ) to return to Walt Disney Feature Animation from Sony Pictures Animation ( where he had recently co-directed the Oscar - nominated 2007 film Surf 's Up ) ; that September , Buck pitched several ideas to Lasseter , one of which was The Snow Queen . Buck later revealed that his initial inspiration for The Snow Queen was not the Andersen fairy tale itself , but that he wanted `` to do something different on the definition of true love . '' `` Disney had already done the ' kissed by a prince ' thing , so ( I ) thought it was time for something new , '' he recalled . It turned out Lasseter had been interested in The Snow Queen for a long time ; back when Pixar was working with Disney on Toy Story in the 1990s , he saw and was `` blown away '' by some of the pre-production art from Disney 's prior attempts . Development began under the title Anna and the Snow Queen , which was planned to be traditionally animated . According to Josh Gad , he first became involved with the film at that early stage , when the plot was still relatively close to the original Andersen fairy tale and Megan Mullally was going to play Elsa . By early 2010 , the project entered development hell once again , when the studio again failed to find a way to make the story and the Snow Queen character work . Revitalization ( edit ) On December 22 , 2011 , following the success of Tangled , Disney announced a new title for the film , Frozen , and a release date of November 27 , 2013 . A month later , it was confirmed that the film would be a computer - animated feature in stereoscopic 3D , instead of the originally intended hand - drawn animation . Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez joined the project and started writing songs for Frozen in January 2012 . On March 5 , 2012 , it was announced that Buck would be directing , with Lasseter and Peter Del Vecho producing . After Disney decided to advance The Snow Queen into development again , one of the main challenges Buck and Del Vecho faced was the character of the Snow Queen , who was then a villain in their drafts . The studio has a tradition of screening animated films in development every twelve weeks , then holding lengthy `` notes sessions '' in which its directors and screenwriters from different projects provide extensive `` notes '' on each other 's work . Buck and Del Vecho presented their storyboards to Lasseter , and the entire production team adjourned to a conference to hear his thoughts on the project . Art director Michael Giaimo later acknowledged Lasseter as the `` game changer '' of the film : `` I remember John saying that the latest version of The Snow Queen story that Chris Buck and his team had come up with was fun , very light - hearted . But the characters did n't resonate . They are n't multi-faceted . Which is why John felt that audiences would n't really be able to connect with them . '' The production team then addressed the film 's problems , drafting several variations on The Snow Queen story until the characters and story felt relevant . At that stage , the first major breakthrough was the decision to rewrite the film 's protagonist , Anna ( who was based on the Gerda character from The Snow Queen ) , as the younger sibling of Elsa , thereby effectively establishing a family dynamic between the characters . This was unusual in that relationships between sisters are rarely used as a major plot element in American animated films , with the notable exception of Disney 's Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) . To fully explore the unique dynamics of such relationships , Disney Animation convened a `` Sister Summit , '' at which women from all over the studio who grew up with sisters were asked to discuss their relationships with their sisters . Writing ( edit ) In March 2012 , Jennifer Lee , one of the screenwriters of Wreck - It Ralph , was brought in as the film 's screenwriter by Del Vecho. Lee later explained that as Wreck - It Ralph was wrapping up , she was giving notes on other projects , and `` we kind of really connected with what we were thinking . '' According to Lee , several core concepts were already in place from Buck and Del Vecho 's early work , such as the film 's `` frozen heart '' hook : `` That was a concept and the phrase ... an act of true love will thaw a frozen heart . '' They already knew the ending involved true love in the sense of the emotional bond between siblings , not romance , in that `` Anna was going to save Elsa . We did n't know how or why . '' Lee said Edwin Catmull , president of Disney Animation , told her early on about the film 's ending : `` First and foremost , no matter what you have to do to the story , do it . But you have to earn that ending . If you do ( , ) it will be great . If you do n't , it will suck . '' Before Lee was brought on board , another screenwriter had made a first pass at a script , and Anderson - Lopez and Lopez tried to write songs for that script but none worked and all were cut . Then `` the whole script imploded , '' which gave the songwriters the opportunity `` to put a lot of ( their ) DNA '' into the new script that Lee was writing . The production team `` essentially started over and ... had 17 months , '' which resulted in a very `` intense schedule '' and implied `` a lot of choices had to be made fast . '' The earlier versions differed sharply from the final version . In the original script the songwriters first saw , Elsa was evil from the start ; she kidnapped Anna from her own wedding to intentionally freeze her heart , then later descended upon the town with an army of snowmen with the objective of recapturing Anna to freeze her heart properly . By the time Lee came in , the first act included Elsa deliberately striking Anna in the heart with her freezing powers ; then `` the whole second act was about Anna trying to get to Hans and to kiss him and then Elsa trying to stop her . '' Buck revealed that the original plot attempted to make Anna sympathetic by focusing on her frustration as being perceived as the `` spare '' in relation to the `` heir , '' Elsa . The original plot also had different pacing , in that it was `` much more of an action adventure '' than a musical or a comedy . One major breakthrough was the composition of the song `` Let It Go '' by songwriters Lopez and Anderson - Lopez , which forced the production team to reconceptualize and rewrite Elsa as a far more complex , vulnerable , and sympathetic character . In The Daily Telegraph 's words , instead of the villain envisioned by the producers , the songwriters saw Elsa as `` a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift . '' Lee recalled : `` Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like ( to be Elsa ) . Forget villain . Just what it would feel like . And this concept of letting out who she is ( , ) that she 's kept to herself for so long ( , ) and she 's alone and free , but then the sadness of the fact ( sic ) that the last moment is she 's alone . It 's not a perfect thing , but it 's powerful . '' Del Vecho explained that `` Let It Go '' changed Elsa into a person `` ruled by fear and Anna was ruled by her own love of other people and her own drive , '' which in turn caused Lee to `` rewrite the first act and then that rippled through the entire movie . So that was when we really found the movie and who these characters were . '' Another major breakthrough was developing the plot twist that Prince Hans would be revealed as the film 's true villain only near the end . Hans was not even in the earliest drafts , then at first was not a villain , and after becoming one , was revealed to be evil much earlier in the plot . Del Vecho said , `` We realized ( what ) was most important ( was ) if we were going to make the ending so surprising ( , ) you had to believe at one point that Hans was the answer ... ( when ) he 's not the answer , it 's Kristoff ... ( I ) f you can get the audience to leap ahead and think they have figured it out ( , ) you can surprise them by turning it the other way . '' Lee acknowledged that Hans was written as `` sociopathic '' and `` twisted '' throughout the final version . For example , Hans mirrors the behavior of the other characters : `` He mirrors ( Anna ) and he 's goofy with her ... ( T ) he Duke ( of Weselton ) is a jerk , so he 's a jerk back . And with Elsa he 's a hero . '' It was difficult to lay the foundation for Anna 's belated turn to Kristoff without also making Hans ' betrayal of Anna too predictable , in that the audience had to `` feel ... her feeling something but not quite understanding it ... Because the minute it is ( understood , ) it deflated . '' At one point , Anna openly flirted with Kristoff upon first meeting him , but that was changed after Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn pointed out that it would confuse and annoy viewers since Anna was already engaged to Hans . Lee had to work through the issue of how to write Anna 's personality , in that some of her colleagues felt Anna should be more dysfunctional and co-dependent , like Vanellope von Schweetz in Wreck - It Ralph . Lee disagreed with that position , but it took her almost a year to figure out how to convincingly articulate `` this is what Anna 's journey is . No more than that . No less than that . '' In the end , Lee successfully argued Anna 's journey should be presented as a simple coming - of - age story , `` where she goes from having a naive view of life and love -- because she 's lonely -- to the most sophisticated and mature view of love , where she 's capable of the ultimate love , which is sacrifice . '' Lee also had to let go of some ideas that she liked , such as a scene portraying Anna and Elsa 's relationship as teenagers , which did not work because they needed to maintain the separation between Anna and Elsa . To construct Anna and Elsa 's relationship as sisters , Lee found inspiration in her own relationship with her older sister . Lee said her older sister was `` a big inspiration for Elsa , '' called her `` my Elsa '' in an op - ed in the Los Angeles Times , and walked the red carpet with her at the 86th Academy Awards . Lee explained , `` ( h ) aving to ... lose each other and then rediscover each other as adults , that was a big part of my life . '' The production team also turned Olaf from Elsa 's obnoxious sidekick into Anna 's comically innocent sidekick. Lee 's initial response to the original `` mean '' version of Olaf had been , `` Kill the f - ing snowman , '' and she found Olaf by far `` the hardest character to deal with . '' The problem of how exactly Anna would save Elsa at the film 's climax was solved by story artist John Ripa . At the story meeting where Ripa pitched his take on the story , the response was silence until Lasseter said , `` I 've never seen anything like that before , '' which was followed by a standing ovation . Along the way , the production team went through drafts where the first act included far more detail than what ended up in the final version , such as a troll with a Brooklyn accent who would have explained the backstory behind Elsa 's magical powers , and a regent for whom Lee was hoping to cast comedian Louis C.K. After all those details were thoroughly `` over-analyzed '' , they were excised because they amounted to a `` much more complex story than really we felt like we could fit in this 90 - minute film . '' As Del Vecho put it , `` the more we tried to explain things at the beginning , the more complicated it got . '' Following Lee 's extensive involvement in Frozen 's development process and her close work with director Buck and songwriters Lopez and Anderson - Lopez , studio heads Lasseter and Catmull promoted her to director of the film alongside Buck in August 2012 . Her promotion was officially announced on November 29 , 2012 , making Lee the first woman to direct a full - length animated motion picture produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios . She primarily worked on story while Buck focused on animation . Lee later stated that she was `` really moved by a lot of what Chris had done '' and that they `` shared a vision '' of the story , having `` very similar sensibilities '' . By November 2012 , the production team thought they had finally `` cracked '' the puzzle of how to make the film 's story work , but according to Del Vecho , in late February 2013 , it was realized that the film still `` was n't working '' , which necessitated even more rewriting of scenes and songs from February through June 2013 . He explained , `` we rewrote songs , we took out characters and changed everything , and suddenly the movie gelled . But that was close . In hindsight , piece of cake , but during , it was a big struggle . '' Looking back , Anderson - Lopez joked she and Lopez thought at the time they could end up working as `` birthday party clown ( s ) '' if the final product `` pull ( ed ) ... down '' their careers and recalled that `` we were really writing up until the last minute . '' In June ( five months before the already - announced release date ) , the songwriters finally got the film working when they composed the song `` For the First Time in Forever '' , which , in Lopez 's words , `` became the linchpin of the whole movie . '' That month , Disney conducted test screenings of the half - completed film with two audiences ( one made up of families and the other made up of adults ) in Phoenix , Arizona , at which Lasseter and Catmull were personally present . Lee recalled that it was the moment when they realized they `` had something , because the reaction was huge . '' Catmull , who had instructed Lee at the outset to `` earn that ending , '' told her afterwards , `` you did it '' . Casting ( edit ) Actress Kristen Bell was cast as the voice of Anna on March 5 , 2012 . Lee admitted that Bell 's casting selection was influenced after the filmmakers listened to a series of vocal tracks Bell had recorded when she was young , where the actress performed several songs from The Little Mermaid , including `` Part of Your World '' . Bell completed her recording sessions while she was pregnant , and subsequently re-recorded some of her character 's lines after her pregnancy , as her voice had deepened . Bell was called in to re-record dialogue for the film `` probably 20 times , '' which is normal for lead roles in Disney animated films whose scripts are still evolving . As for her approach to the role of Anna , Bell enthused that she had `` dreamed of being in a Disney animated film '' since she was four years old , saying , `` I always loved Disney animation , but there was something about the females that was unattainable to me . Their posture was too good and they were too well - spoken , and I feel like I really made this girl much more relatable and weirder and scrappier and more excitable and awkward . I 'm really proud of that . '' Frozen is `` a bit of a feminist movie for Disney . I 'm really proud of that . It has everything , but it 's essentially about sisterhood . I think that these two women are competitive with one another , but always trying to protect each other -- sisters are just so complicated . It 's such a great relationship to have in movies , especially for young kids . '' -- Idina Menzel , on her impression of Frozen Idina Menzel , a Broadway veteran , was cast as Elsa . Menzel had formerly auditioned for Tangled , but did not get the part . However , Tangled 's casting director , Jamie Sparer Roberts , preserved a recording of Menzel 's performance on her iPhone , and on the basis of that , asked her to audition along with Bell for Frozen . Before they were officially cast , Menzel and Bell deeply impressed the directors and producers at an early table read ; after reading the entire script out loud , they sang `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' together as a duet , since no music had been composed yet . Bell had suggested that idea when she visited Menzel at her California home to prepare together for the table read . The songwriters were also present for the table read ; Anderson - Lopez said `` Lasseter was in heaven '' upon hearing Menzel and Bell sing in harmony , and from that moment forward , he insisted , `` Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel have to be in the movie ! '' Lee said , `` They sung ( sic ) it like sisters and what you mean to me ( , ) ( a ) nd there was n't a dry eye in the house after they sang . '' Between December 2012 and June 2013 , the casting of additional roles was announced , including Jonathan Groff as Kristoff , Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton , Santino Fontana as Prince Hans , and Josh Gad as Olaf . Animation ( edit ) Similar to Tangled , Frozen employed a unique artistic style by blending together features of both computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) and traditional hand - drawn animation . From the beginning , Buck knew Giaimo was the best candidate to develop the style he had in mind -- which would draw from the best Disney hand - drawn classics of the 1950s , the Disney Little Golden Books , and mid-century modern design -- and persuaded him to come back to Disney to serve as the art director for Frozen . Buck , Lasseter , and Giaimo were all old friends who had first met at the California Institute of the Arts , and Giaimo had previously served as the art director for Disney 's Pocahontas ( 1995 ) , which Buck had worked on as a supervising animator . To create the look of Frozen , Giaimo began pre-production research by reading extensively about the entire region of Scandinavia and visiting the Danish - themed city of Solvang near Los Angeles , but eventually zeroed in on Norway in particular because `` 80 percent '' of the visuals that appealed to him were from Norway . Disney eventually sponsored three research field trips . Animators and special effects specialists were dispatched to Jackson Hole , Wyoming , to experience walking , running , and falling in deep snow in a variety of types of attire , including long skirts ( which both female and male personnel tried on ) ; while lighting and arts teams visited an Ice Hotel in Quebec City , Quebec to study how light reflects and refracts on snow and ice . Finally , Giaimo and several artists traveled to Norway to draw inspiration from its mountains , fjords , architecture , and culture . `` We had a very short time schedule for this film , so our main focus was really to get the story right but we knew that John Lasseter is keen on truth in the material and creating a believable world , and again that does n't mean it 's a realistic world -- but a believable one . It was important to see the scope and scale of Norway , and important for our animators to know what it 's like , '' Del Vecho said . `` There is a real feeling of Lawrence of Arabia scope and scale to this , '' he finished . During 2012 , while Giaimo and the animators and artists conducted preparatory research and developed the film 's overall look , the production team was still struggling to develop a compelling script , as explained above . That problem was not adequately solved until November 2012 , and the script would later require even more significant revisions after that point . As a result , the single `` most daunting '' challenge facing the animation team was a short schedule of less than 12 months to turn Lee 's still - evolving shooting script into an actual film . Other films like Pixar 's Toy Story 2 had been successfully completed on even shorter schedules , but a short schedule necessarily meant `` late nights , overtime , and stress . '' Lee estimated the total size of the entire team on Frozen to be around 600 to 650 people , `` including around 70 lighting people ( , ) 70 - plus animators , '' and 15 to 20 storyboard artists . Del Vecho explained how the film 's animation team was organized : `` On this movie we do have character leads , supervising animators on specific characters . The animators themselves may work on multiple characters but it 's always under one lead . I think it was different on Tangled , for example , but we chose to do it this way as we wanted one person to fully understand and develop their own character and then be able to impart that to the crew . Hyrum Osmond , the supervising animator on Olaf , is quiet but he has a funny , wacky personality so we knew he 'd bring a lot of comedy to it ; Anna 's animator , Becky Bresee , it 's her first time leading a character and we wanted her to lead Anna . '' Acting coach Warner Loughlin was brought in to help the film 's animators understand the characters they were creating . In order to get the general feeling of each scene , some animators did their own acting . `` I actually film myself acting the scene out , which I find very helpful , '' said animation supervisor Rebecca Wilson Bresee . This helped her discover elements that made the scene feel real and believable . Elsa 's supervising animator was Wayne Unten , who asked for that role because he was fascinated by the complexity of the character . Unten carefully developed Elsa 's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna 's fearlessness . He also studied videos from Menzel 's recording sessions and animated Elsa 's breathing to match Menzel 's breathing . Head of Animation , Lino DiSalvo , said , `` The goal for the film was to animate the most believable CG characters you 've ever seen . '' Regarding the look and nature of the film 's cinematography , Giaimo was greatly influenced by Jack Cardiff 's work in Black Narcissus . According to him , it lent a hyper - reality to the film : `` Because this is a movie with such scale and we have the Norwegian fjords to draw from , I really wanted to explore the depth . From a design perspective , since I was stressing the horizontal and vertical aspects , and what the fjords provide , it was perfect . We encased the sibling story in scale . '' Ted D. McCord 's work in The Sound of Music was another major influence for Giaimo . It was also Giaimo 's idea that Frozen should be filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen process , which was approved by Lasseter . This marked Frozen the first film to be completely shot in CinemaScope since 2000 's Titan A.E. . Giaimo also wanted to ensure that Norway 's fjords , architecture and rosemaling folk art , were critical factors in designing the environment of Arendelle . Giaimo , whose background is in traditional animation , said that the art design environment represents a unity of character and environment and that he originally wanted to incorporate saturated colors , which is typically ill - advised in computer animation . For further authenticity , a live reindeer named Sage was brought into the studio for animators to study its movements and mannerisms for the character Sven . Another important issue Giaimo insisted on addressing was costumes , in that he `` knew from the start '' it would be a `` costume film . '' To realize that vision , he brought in character designer Jean Gillmore to act as a dedicated `` costume designer '' . While traditional animation simply integrates costume design with character design and treats clothing as merely part of the characters , computer - generated animation regards costume as almost a separate entity with its own properties and behaviors -- and Frozen required a level of as - yet untried detail , down to minutiae like fabrics , buttons , trim , and stitching . Gillmore explained that her `` general approach was to meld the historic silhouettes of 1840 Western Europe ( give or take ) , with the shapes and garment relationships and details of folk costume in early Norway , circa 19th century . '' This meant using primarily wool fabric with accents of velvet , linen , and silk . During production , Giaimo and Gillmore `` ran around '' supplying various departments with real - world samples to use as references ; they were able to draw upon both the studio 's own in - house library of fabric samples and the resources of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts ' costume division in Fullerton , California . The film 's `` look development artists '' ( the Disney job title for texture artists ) created the digitally painted simulation of the appearance of surfaces , while other departments dealt with movement , rigging and weight , thickness and lighting of textile animation . During production , the film 's English title was changed from The Snow Queen to Frozen , a decision that drew comparisons to another Disney film , Tangled . Peter Del Vecho explained that `` the title Frozen came up independently of the title Tangled . It 's because , to us , it represents the movie . Frozen plays on the level of ice and snow but also the frozen relationship , the frozen heart that has to be thawed . We do n't think of comparisons between Tangled and Frozen , though . '' He also mentioned that the film will still retain its original title , The Snow Queen , in some countries : `` because that just resonated stronger in some countries than Frozen . Maybe there 's a richness to The Snow Queen in the country 's heritage and they just wanted to emphasize that . '' Technology development ( edit ) Test animation demonstrating snow effects employed in the film The studio also developed several new tools to generate realistic and believable shots , particularly the heavy and deep snow and its interactions with the characters . Disney wanted an `` all - encompassing '' and organic tool to provide snow effects but not require switching between different methods . As noted above , several Disney artists and special effects personnel traveled to Wyoming to experience walking through deep snow . Dr. Kenneth Libbrecht , a professor from the California Institute of Technology , was invited to give lectures to the effects group on how snow and ice form , and why snowflakes are unique . Using this knowledge , the effects group created a snowflake generator that allowed them to randomly create 2,000 unique snowflake shapes for the film . Another challenge that the studio had to face was to deliver shots of heavy and deep snow that both interacted believably with characters and had a realistic sticky quality . According to principal software engineer Andrew Selle , `` ( Snow ) 's not really a fluid . It 's not really a solid . It breaks apart . It can be compressed into snowballs . All of these different effects are very difficult to capture simultaneously . '' In order to achieve this , software engineers used advanced mathematics ( the material point method ) and physics , with assistance from mathematics researchers at the University of California , Los Angeles to create a snow simulator software application called Matterhorn . The tool was capable of depicting realistic snow in a virtual environment and was used in at least 43 scenes in the film , including several key sequences . Software engineer Alexey Stomakhin referred to snow as `` an important character in the film , '' therefore it attracted special attention from the filmmakers . `` When you stretch it , snow will break into chunks . Since snow does n't have any connections , it does n't have a mesh , it can break very easily . So that was an important property we took advantage of , '' explained Selle . `` There you see ( Kristoff ) walking through and see his footprints breaking the snow into little pieces and chunk up and you see ( Anna ) being pulled out and the snow having packed together and broken into pieces . It 's very organic how that happens . You do n't see that they 're pieces already -- you see the snow as one thing and then breaking up . '' The tool also proved to be particularly useful in scenes involving characters walking through deep snow , as it ensured that the snow reacted naturally to each step . Other tools designed to help artists complete complicated effects included Spaces , which allowed Olaf 's deconstructible parts to be moved around and rebuilt , Flourish , which allowed extra movement such as leaves and twigs to be art - directed ; Snow Batcher , which helped preview the final look of the snow , especially when characters were interacting with an area of snow by walking through a volume , and Tonic , which enabled artists to sculpt their characters ' hair as procedural volumes . Tonic also aided in animating fur and hair elements such as Elsa 's hair , which contains 420,000 computer - generated strands , while the average number for a real human being is only 100,000 . The number of character rigs in Frozen is 312 and the number of simulated costumes also reached 245 cloth rigs , which were far beyond all other Disney films to date . Fifty effects artists and lighting artists worked together on the technology to create `` one single shot '' in which Elsa builds her ice palace . Its complexity required 30 hours to render each frame , with 4,000 computers rendering one frame at a time . Besides 3D effects , the filmmakers also used 2D artwork and drawings for specific elements and sequences in the film , including Elsa 's magic and snow sculptures , as well as freezing fountains and floors . The effects group created a `` capture stage '' where the entire world of Frozen gets displayed on monitors , which can be `` filmed '' on special cameras to operate a three - dimensional scene . `` We can take this virtual set that 's mimicking all of my actions and put it into any one of our scenes in the film , '' said technology manager Evan Goldberg . Scandinavian and Sámi inspiration ( edit ) The setting was principally based on Norway , and the cultural influences in the film come from Scandinavian culture . Several landmarks in Norway appear in the film , including the Akershus Fortress in Oslo , the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim , and Bryggen in Bergen . Numerous other typical cultural Scandinavian elements are also included in the film , such as stave churches , trolls , Viking ships , a hot spring , Fjord horses , clothes , and food such as lutefisk . A maypole is also present in the film , as well as the brief appearance of runes in a book that Anna and Elsa 's father opens to figure out where the trolls live . A scene where two men argue over whether to stack firewood bark up or bark down is a reference to the perennial Norwegian debate over how to stack firewood properly . The film also contains several elements specifically drawn from Sámi culture , such as the usage of reindeer for transportation and the equipment used to control these , clothing styles ( the outfits of the ice cutters ) , and parts of the musical score . Decorations , such as those on the castle pillars and Kristoff 's sled , are also in styles inspired by Sámi duodji decorations . During their field work in Norway , Disney 's team , for inspiration , visited Rørosrein , a Sámi family - owned company in the village Plassje that produces reindeer meat and arranges tourist events . Arendelle was inspired by Nærøyfjord , a branch of Norway 's longest fjord Sognefjorden , which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site ; while a castle in Oslo with beautiful hand - painted patterns on all four walls served as the inspiration for the kingdom 's royal castle interior . The filmmakers ' trip to Norway provided essential knowledge for the animators to come up with the design aesthetic for the film in terms of color , light , and atmosphere . According to Giaimo , there were three important factors that they had acquired from the Norway research trip : the fjords , which are the massive vertical rock formations , and serve as the setting for the secluded kingdom of Arendelle ; the medieval stave churches , whose rustic triangular rooflines and shingles inspired the castle compound ; and the rosemaling folk art , whose distinctive paneling and grid patterns informed the architecture , decor , and costumes . Music and sound design ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( soundtrack ) Christophe Beck composed the film 's score . The songs for Frozen were written and composed by the husband - and - wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson - Lopez , both of whom had previously worked with Disney Animation on Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) ( also produced by Del Vecho , who then hired them for Frozen ) and before that , with Disney Parks on Finding Nemo -- The Musical ( 2007 ) . Lopez first heard Disney Animation 's pitch while in Los Angeles working on The Book of Mormon , but Disney was so eager to get both of them on board that the production team traveled to New York City to also pitch the film in person to Anderson - Lopez ( who was busy raising the couple 's two young daughters ) . Lopez believes Disney was particularly interested in his wife 's strong story talent . The decision , of course , was easy : `` Whenever Disney asks if you want to do a fairy tale musical , you say yes . '' About 23 minutes of the film are dedicated to their musical numbers . Because they live in New York City , collaborating closely with the production team in Burbank required two - hour - long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months . For each song they composed , they recorded a demo in their home studio ( with both of them singing the lyrics and Lopez accompanying on piano ) , then emailed it to Burbank for discussion at the next videoconference . Lopez and Anderson - Lopez were aware of the fact that their work would be compared to that of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman from the Disney Renaissance era , and whenever they felt lost , they asked `` What would Ashman do ? '' In the end , they wrote 25 songs for the film , of which eight made it into the final version . One song ( `` For the First Time in Forever '' ) had a reprise and the other ( `` Let It Go '' ) was covered by Demi Lovato over the final credits , for a total of ten songs . Seven of the 17 that did not make it were later released on the deluxe edition soundtrack . In February 2013 , Christophe Beck was hired to score the film , following his work on Paperman , a Disney animated short film released the year prior to Frozen . It was revealed on September 14 , 2013 , that Sámi musician Frode Fjellheim 's Eatnemen Vuelie would be the film 's opening song , as it contains elements of the traditional Sámi singing style joik . The music producers recruited a Norwegian linguist to assist with the lyrics for an Old Norse song written for Elsa 's coronation and traveled to Trondheim , Norway , to record the all - female choir Cantus , for a piece inspired by traditional Sámi music . Under the supervision of sound engineer David Boucher , the lead cast members began recording the film 's vocal tracks in October 2012 at the Sunset Sound recording studio in Hollywood before the songs had been orchestrated , meaning they heard only Lopez 's demo piano track in their headphones as they sang . Most of the dialogue was recorded at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank under the supervision of original dialogue mixer Gabriel Guy , who also mixed the film 's sound effects . Some dialogue was recorded after recording songs at both Sunset Sound and Capitol Studios ; for scenes involving Anna and Elsa , both studios offered vocal isolation booths where Menzel and Bell could read dialogue with line - of - sight with one another , while avoiding `` bleedthrough '' between their respective tracks . Additional dialogue was recorded at an ADR facility on the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank ( across the street from the Disney Animation building ) and at the Soundtrack Group 's New York studio , since the production team had to work around the busy schedules of the film 's New York - based cast members like Fontana . Lopez and Anderson - Lopez 's piano - vocal scores for the songs along with the vocal tracks were sent to Salem , Oregon - based Dave Metzger for arrangement and orchestration ; Metzger also orchestrated a significant portion of Beck 's score . For the orchestral film score , Beck paid homage to the Norway - and Sápmi - inspired setting by employing regional instruments , such as the bukkehorn , and traditional vocal techniques , such as kulning . Beck worked with Lopez and Anderson - Lopez on incorporating their songs into arrangements in the score . The trio 's goal `` was to create a cohesive musical journey from beginning to end . '' Similarly , Beck 's scoring mixer , Casey Stone ( who also supervised the recording of the score ) , worked with Boucher to align their microphone setups to ensure the transitions between the songs and score were seamless , even though they were separately recorded on different dates . The final orchestrations of both the songs and score were all recorded at the Eastwood Scoring Stage on the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank by an 80 - piece orchestra , featuring 32 vocalists , including native Norwegian Christine Hals . Boucher supervised the recording of Anderson - Lopez and Lopez 's songs from July 22 to 24 , 2013 , then Stone supervised the recording of Beck 's score from September 3 to 6 and 9 to 10 . Boucher mixed the songs at the Eastwood stage , while Stone mixed the score at Beck 's personal studio in Santa Monica , California . Regarding the sound of Frozen , director Jennifer Lee stated that sound played a huge part in making the film `` visceral '' and `` transported '' ; she explained , `` ( i ) n letting it tell the story emotionally , the sound of the ice when it 's at its most dangerous just makes you shudder . '' The complete silence at the climax of the film right after Anna freezes was Lasseter 's idea , one he `` really wanted '' . In that scene , even the ambient sound that would normally be there was taken out in order to make it feel unusual . Lee explained `` that was a moment where we wanted everything to feel suspended . '' To obtain certain snow and ice sound effects , sound designer Odin Benitez traveled to Mammoth Mountain , California , to record them at a frozen lake . However , the foley work for the film was recorded on the foley stage on the Warner Bros. lot by a Warner Bros. crew . The foley artists received daily deliveries of 50 pounds ( 22.6 kg ) of snow ice while working , to help them record all the necessary snow and ice sounds for the film . Because the film 's visuals were finalized so late , five separate versions of nearly every footstep on snow were recorded ( corresponding to five different types of snow ) , then one was later selected during mixing to match the snow as rendered in the final version of each scene . One issue that the production team was `` particular '' about was the sound of Elsa 's footsteps in the ice palace , which required eight attempts , including wine glasses on ice and metal knives on ice ; they ended up using a mix of three sounds . Although the vocals , music , sound effects , and almost all the dialogue were all recorded elsewhere , the final re-recording mix to Dolby Atmos format was performed at the Disney lot by Casey E. Fluhr of Disney Digital Studio Services . Localization ( edit ) Like other Disney media products which are often localized through Disney Character Voices International , Frozen was translated and dubbed into 41 languages ( compared with only 15 for The Lion King ) . A major challenge was to find sopranos capable of matching Menzel 's warm vocal tone and three - octave vocal range in their native languages . Rick Dempsey , the unit 's senior executive , regarded the process of translating the film as `` exceptionally challenging '' ; he explained , `` It 's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music . And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync ! ( It ) ... requires a lot of patience and precision . '' Lopez explained that they were told by Disney to remove complex wordplay and puns from their songs , to ensure the film was easily translatable and had globally appealing lyrics . For the casting of dubbed versions , Disney required native speakers in order to `` ensure that the film feels ' local ' . '' They used Bell and Menzel 's voices as their `` blueprint '' in casting , and tried to match the voices `` as much as possible , '' meaning that they auditioned approximately 200 singers to fill the 41 slots for Elsa alone . For nearly 15 dubbed versions , they cast Elsa 's singing and speaking parts separately , since not all vocalists could act the part they were singing . After casting all the other roles for all 41 languages , the international cast ended up including more than 900 people , who voiced their roles through approximately 1,300 recording sessions . ( show ) `` Frozen '' worldwide Language Title Translation Arabic ملكة الثلج ( Malikat Alththalj ) The Snow Queen Brazilian Portuguese Frozen -- Uma Aventura Congelante Frozen -- A Freezing Adventure Bulgarian Замръзналото кралство ( Zamr'aznaloto kralstvo ) Frozen kingdom Canadian French La Reine des neiges The Snow Queen Cantonese Chinese 魔 雪 奇 緣 ( Mo syut kei yun ) Enchanted snow tales Castilian Spanish Frozen : El reino del hielo Frozen : The kingdom of ice Catalan Frozen : El regne del gel Frozen : The kingdom of ice Croatian Snježno kraljevstvo Snow kingdom Czech Ledové království Ice kingdom Danish Frost Frost Dutch Frozen / English Frozen / Estonian Lumekuninganna ja igavene talv The Snow Queen and the eternal winter European French La Reine des neiges The Snow Queen European Portuguese Frozen -- O Reino do Gelo Frozen -- The kingdom of ice Finnish Frozen -- huurteinen seikkailu Frozen -- frosty adventure Flemish Frozen / German Die Eiskönigin -- Völlig unverfroren The Ice Queen -- Totally brazen Greek Ψυχρά κι Ανάποδα ( Psychrá ki Anápoda ) Cold and Upside Hebrew לשבור את הקרח ( Lishbor et ha'Kerakh ) Break the Ice Hindi फ्रोज़न ( Phrozan ) Frozen Hungarian Jégvarázs Ice magic Icelandic Frosinn Frozen Indonesian Frozen -- Anna dan Ratu Salju Frozen -- Anna and the Snow Queen Italian Frozen -- Il regno di ghiaccio Frozen -- The ice kingdom Japanese アナ と 雪 の 女王 ( Ana to Yuki no Joō ) Anna and the Snow Queen Kazakh Мұзды өлке ( Мuzdy olke ) Frozen kingdom Korean 겨울 왕국 ( Gyeoul Wangguk ) The kingdom of winter Latin American Spanish Frozen : Una aventura congelada Frozen : A frozen adventure Latvian Ledus sirds Ice heart Lithuanian Ledo šalis Ice country Malay Anna dan Permaisuri Salji Anna and the Snow Queen Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 冰雪 奇 缘 ( Bīng xuě qí yuán ) Magical tales of ice and snow Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 冰雪 奇 緣 ( Bīng xuě qí yuán ) Magical tales of ice and snow Norwegian Frost Frost Polish Kraina lodu Land of ice Romanian Regatul de gheață Kingdom of ice Russian Холодное сердце ( Kholodnoe syertse ) Cold heart Serbian Залеђено краљевство ( Zaleđeno kraljevstvo ) Frozen kingdom Slovak Ľadové kráľovstvo Ice kingdom Slovene Ledeno Kraljestvo Icy kingdom Swedish Frost Frost Thai ผจญ ภัย แดน คํา สาป ราชินี หิมะ ( Phajon phaiden khamsa prachini hima ) Adventure of Cursed of Snow Queen Turkish Karlar Ülkesi Snow country Ukrainian Крижане серце ( Krizhanye sertse ) Icy heart Vietnamese Nữ hoàng băng giá Ice queen Since 2013 , some local TV stations and independent studios have been dubbing the movie in their local languages , creating some unofficial dubs . Namely : Albanian , Arabic ( TV dub ) , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog . Release ( edit ) Peter Del Vecho , producer ; Jennifer Lee , writer and director ; and Chris Buck , director , at the film 's premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood . An advertisement for the film on a Boeing 737 - 8CT at John F. Kennedy International Airport . Frozen was released theatrically in the United States on November 27 , 2013 , and it was accompanied by the new Mickey Mouse animated short film , Get a Horse ! The film 's premiere was at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on November 19 , 2013 , and had a five - day limited release there , starting from November 22 , before going into wide release . Prior to the film 's release , Lopez and Anderson - Lopez 's `` Let It Go '' and `` In Summer '' were previewed at the 2013 D23 Expo ; Idina Menzel performed the former live on stage . A teaser trailer was released on June 18 , 2013 , followed by the release of the official trailer on September 26 , 2013 . Frozen was also promoted heavily at several Disney theme parks including Disneyland 's Fantasyland , Disney California Adventure 's World of Color , Epcot 's Norway pavilion , and Disneyland Paris ' Disney Dreams ! show ; Disneyland and Epcot both offered meet - and - greet sessions involving the film 's two main characters , Anna and Elsa . On November 6 , 2013 , Disney Consumer Products began releasing a line of toys and other merchandise relating to the film in Disney Store and other retailers . On January 31 , 2014 , a sing - along version of Frozen was released in 2,057 theaters in the United States . It featured on - screen lyrics , and viewers were invited to follow the bouncing snowflake and sing along with the songs from the film . After its wide release in Japan on March 14 , 2014 , a similar sing - along version of Frozen was released in the country in select theaters on April 26 . In Japanese - dubbed versions , Japanese lyrics of the songs appeared on screen for audiences to sing along with the characters . A sing - along version of the film was released in United Kingdom on November 28 , 2014 . Home Media ( edit ) Frozen was released for digital download on February 25 , 2014 , on Google Play , the iTunes Store , and Amazon Video . It was subsequently released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc and DVD on March 18 , 2014 . Bonus features for the Blu - ray release include `` The Making of Frozen '' , a three - minute musical production about how the film was made , `` D'frosted '' , an inside look at how Disney tried to adapt the original fairy tale into an animated feature , four deleted scenes with introduction by the directors , the original theatrical short Get a Horse ! , the film 's teaser trailer , and `` Let It Go '' ( End Credit Version ) music videos by Demi Lovato , Martina Stoessel , and Marsha Milan Londoh ; while the DVD release includes the Get a Horse ! theatrical short , `` Let It Go '' musical videos and the film 's teaser trailer . On its first day of release on Blu - ray and DVD , Frozen sold 3.2 million units , becoming one of the biggest home video sellers in the last decade , as well as Amazon 's best - selling children 's disc of all time . The digital download release of the film also set a record as the fastest - selling digital release of all time . Frozen finished its first week at No. 1 in unit sales in the United States , selling more than three times as many units as other 19 titles in the charts combined , according to the Nielsen 's sales chart . The film sold 3,969,270 Blu - ray units ( the equivalent of $79,266,322 ) during its first week , which accounted for 50 percent of its opening home media sales . It topped the U.S. home video sales charts for six non-consecutive weeks out of seven weeks of release , as of May 4 , 2014 . In the United Kingdom , Frozen debuted at No. 1 in Blu - ray and DVD sales on the Official Video Chart . According to Official Charts Company , more than 500,000 copies of the film were sold in its two - day opening ( March 31 -- April 1 , 2014 ) . During its three first weeks of release in the United Kingdom , Frozen sold more than 1.45 million units , becoming the biggest - selling video title of 2014 so far in the country . Frozen has sold 2,025,000 Blu - ray Disc / DVD combo sets in Japan in 4 weeks , becoming the fastest - selling home video to sell 2 million copies , beating the previous record of 11 weeks by Spirited Away . Frozen also holds the records for highest number of home video units sold on the first official day of sales and in the first official week of sales in Japan . As of the end of 2014 , the film earned $308,026,545 in total US home media sales . It is one of the best - selling home media releases , having moved over 18 million units as of March 2015 . Following an announcement on August 12 , 2014 , a sing - along reissue of Frozen was released via DVD and digital download on November 18 , 2014 . Lawsuit against Phase 4 films ( edit ) Main article : Phase 4 Films § Trademark infringement lawsuit In late December 2013 , The Walt Disney Company filed a trademark infringement lawsuit in California federal court against Phase 4 Films , seeking an injunction against the continued distribution of the Canadian film The Legend of Sarila , which had been retitled Frozen Land in the United States back then and had a logo similar to the Disney film . By late January 2014 , the two companies had settled the case ; the settlement stated that the distribution and promotion of The Legend of Sarila and related merchandise must use its original title and Phase 4 must not use trademarks , logos or other designs confusingly similar to Disney 's animated release . Phase 4 was also required to pay Disney $100,000 before January 27 , 2014 , and make `` all practicable efforts '' to remove copies of Frozen Land from stores and online distributors before March 3 , 2014 . File sharing ( edit ) According to copyright infringement - tracking site Excipio , Frozen was the second-most - infringed film of 2014 ( behind The Wolf of Wall Street ) , with over 29.9 million illegal downloads via torrent sites . Television broadcast ( edit ) It was revealed in late - November 2016 by Radio Times that Frozen would broadcast on BBC One as a Freeview premiere on December 25 , 2016 . It would be `` for the first time in forever '' that the film would have a UK TV debut . The film had its US broadcast debut on December 11 , 2016 , airing on the American Broadcasting Company under the Wonderful World of Disney anthology . The airing achieved over 6.6 million viewers , lifting ABC 's usual ratings on Sundays . It had its debut on Dutch TV on December 17 , 2016 on SBS 6 , with the original English version simulcast on sister channel SBS 9 . The Japanese broadcast debut aired on Fuji TV on March 4 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Frozen earned $400.7 million in North America , and an estimated $875.8 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $1.276 billion . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of over $400 million . It is the ninth - highest - grossing film ( and was the fifth - highest at its peak ) , the highest - grossing animated film , the highest - grossing 2013 film , the highest - grossing Walt Disney Pictures release , and the fourth - highest - grossing film distributed by Disney . The film earned $110.6 million worldwide in its opening weekend . On March 2 , 2014 , its 101st day of release , it surpassed the $1 billion mark , becoming the eighteenth film in cinematic history , the seventh Disney - distributed film , the fifth non-sequel film , the second Disney - distributed film in 2013 ( after Iron Man 3 ) , and the first animated film since Toy Story 3 to do so . Bloomberg Business reported in March 2014 that outside analysts had projected the film 's total cost at somewhere around $323 million to $350 million for production , marketing , and distribution , and had also projected that the film would generate $1.3 billion in revenue from box office ticket sales , digital downloads , discs , and television rights . North America ( edit ) Frozen became Fandango 's top advance ticket seller among original animated films , ahead of previous record - holder Brave , and became the top - selling animated film in the company 's history in late January 2014 . The sing - along version of the film later topped the best - selling list of the movie ticketing service again for three days . Frozen opened on Friday , November 22 , 2013 , exclusively at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood for a five - day limited release and earned $342,839 before its wide opening on Wednesday , November 27 , 2013 . During the three - day weekend it earned $243,390 , scoring the seventh - largest per - theater average . On the opening day of its wide release , the film earned $15.2 million , including $1.2 million from Tuesday late - night shows , and set a record for the highest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday opening , ahead of Tangled ( $11.9 million ) . It was also the second - largest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday among all films , behind Catching Fire ( $20.8 million ) . The film finished in second place over the traditional three - day weekend ( Friday - to - Sunday ) with $67.4 million , setting an opening weekend record among Walt Disney Animation Studios films . It also scored the second - largest opening weekend among films that did not debut at # 1 . Female audiences accounted for 57 % of Frozen 's total audiences on the first weekend , while family audiences held a proportion of 81 % . Among films that opened during Thanksgiving , it set new records ; three - day ( $67.4 million from Friday to Sunday ) and five - day ( $93.6 million from Wednesday to Sunday ) . It also achieved the second - largest three - day and five - day Thanksgiving gross among all films , behind Catching Fire . During its second weekend of wide release , Frozen declined 53 % to $31.6 million , but jumped to first place , setting a record for the largest post-Thanksgiving weekend , ahead of Toy Story 2 ( $27.8 million ) . Frozen became the first film since Avatar to reach first place in its sixth weekend of wide release . It remained in the top 10 at the box office for sixteen consecutive weekends ( the longest run by any film since 2002 ) and achieved large weekend grosses from its fifth to its twelfth weekend ( of wide release ) , compared to other films in their respective weekends . On April 25 , 2014 , Frozen became the nineteenth film to gross $400 million in North America and the fifteenth to do so without a major re-release . In North America , Frozen is the twenty - sixth - highest - grossing film , the third - highest - grossing 2013 film , the fifth - highest - grossing animated film , the highest - grossing 2013 animated film , the twelfth - highest - grossing 3 - D film , and the second - highest - grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film . Excluding re-releases , it has the highest - grossing initial run among non-sequel animated films ( a record previously held by Finding Nemo ) and among Walt Disney Animation Studios films ( a record previously held by The Lion King ) . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America . Outside North America ( edit ) Frozen is the ninth - highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing animated film , and the highest - grossing 2013 film . It is the highest - grossing animated film in South Korea , Denmark , and Venezuela . It is also the highest - grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film in more than 45 territories , including the Latin America region ( specifically in Mexico and Brazil ) , the UK , Ireland , and Malta , Russia and the CIS , Ukraine , Norway , Malaysia , Singapore , Australia and China . The film made its debut outside North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned $16.7 million from sixteen markets . It topped the box office outside North America for two weekends in 2014 ; January 10 -- 12 ( $27.8 million ) and February 7 -- 9 ( $24 million ) . Overall , its largest opening weekends occurred in China ( five - day opening of $14.3 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $11.9 million , including previews from previous weekend ) , where the film set an opening weekend record among Disney animated films ( ahead of Tangled ) , and Japan ( three - day opening of $9.73 million ) . It set an opening weekend record among animated films in Sweden . In total earnings , the film 's top market after North America is Japan ( $247.6 million ) , followed by South Korea ( $76.6 million ) and the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ( $65.7 million ) . In South Korea , Frozen is the second - largest foreign film both in terms of attendance and gross , the largest Disney release and the first animated film to earn more than ten million admissions . In Japan , it is the third - highest - grossing film of all time , the second - highest - grossing imported film ( behind Titanic ) and the highest - grossing Disney film . It topped the country 's box office for sixteen consecutive weekends until being surpassed by another Disney release , Maleficent . Commercial analysis ( edit ) Ray Subers , writing for Box Office Mojo , compared the film to Disney 's 2010 animated feature Tangled by saying that the film 's story was not as `` immediately interesting '' and that `` marketing has yet to sell this to boys the way Tangled did '' . Noting that the 2013 holiday season ( Thanksgiving and Christmas ) lacked compelling content for families , Subers predicted that the film would `` play well all the way through Christmas '' and end up grossing $185 million in North America ( similar to Wreck - It Ralph ) . Boxoffice noted the success of previous Disney 's animated films released during the holiday season ( Tangled and Wreck - It Ralph ) , but argued that the cast might not attract audiences due to the lack of major stars . They issued a $170,000,000 North America box office forecast for the film . Chris Agar from ScreenRant expressed a similar opinion ; he cited a string of recent box office successes of the studio , and thought that Frozen would fill a void of kid - friendly films in the marketplace , but did not expect it to surpass Catching Fire in terms of box office gross . Clayton Dillard of Slant Magazine commented that while the trailers made the film seem `` pallid , '' positive critical reviews could attract interest from both `` core demographics '' and adult audiences , and therefore he believed Frozen stood a good chance of surpassing Tangled 's Thanksgiving three - day opening record . Brad Brevet of Ropeofsilicon.com described the film 's marketing as a `` severely hit and miss '' campaign , which could affect its box office performance . After Frozen finished its first weekend with a record $93.6 million during Thanksgiving , most box - office watchers predicted that it would end up grossing between $250 and $300 million in North America . At the time , Box Office Mojo reissued a $250 million box office gross prediction for North America . Box Office Mojo noted that it would be `` the exclusive choice for family audiences '' and attributed its successful opening to strong word - of - mouth and the studio 's marketing , which highlighted the connection between Frozen and Disney 's previous successful releases like Tangled and Wreck - It Ralph , as well as the elements of humor . When Frozen became a box office success , Bilge Ebiri of Vulture analyzed the film 's elements and suggested eight factors that might have led to its success . He thought Frozen managed to capture the classic Disney spirit of the Disney Renaissance films and early classics such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Cinderella . He also wrote that the film has Olaf , a `` wisecracking , irreverent '' sidekick with mild humor which is `` a requirement of modern animated kids ' movies , '' and its `` witty , catchy '' songs were `` pretty good . '' Furthermore , Ebiri noted that Frozen was a `` revisionist '' film that did n't `` have a typical villain '' ; Elsa , the person who should be the villain did n't turn out to be a villain , but `` a girl who 's having trouble . '' She was the one who `` ( created ) most of the challenges ( for ) the film 's more typical heroes -- Princess Anna . '' The story of two sisters who were separated as they grew up held real - life overtones for many audience members who had siblings , and the struggle of Elsa to overcome the shame and fear of her powers was also relatable . Finally , he identified several factors which he believed attracted female audiences : two strong female characters ; a twist on the usual romantic subplot , when the traditional `` Prince Charming '' -- Hans -- turned out to be a gold - digging villain ; and the `` act of true love '' which saved Anna was her own sacrifice in saving Elsa . Scott Davis of Forbes credited the film 's commercial success to its marketing aimed at both sexes , and to the success of its soundtrack . The commercial success of Frozen in Japan was considered to be a `` phenomenon '' which received widespread media coverage . Released in that market as Anna and the Snow Queen , the film increased its gross each week in its three first weeks of release , and only started to drop in the fourth ; while other films usually peak in the opening week and decline in the latter ones . Frozen has received over 7 million admissions in Japan as of April 16 , and nearly 18.7 million admissions as of June 23 . Many cinemagoers were reported to have watched both the original and the Japanese - dubbed version . Japan Today also reported that the local dubbed version was `` particularly popular '' in the country . Gavin J. Blair of The Hollywood Reporter commented on the film 's earnings in Japan : `` Even after its $9.6 million ( ¥ 986.4 million ) three - day opening , a record bow for a Disney animation in Japan , few would have predicted the kind of numbers Frozen has now racked up . '' Disney 's head of distribution Dave Hollis said in an interview that `` It 's become very clear that the themes and emotions of Frozen transcend geography , but what 's going on in Japan is extraordinary . '' `` Frozen 's success does n't benefit from a general appetite for American films in Japan '' ( as reported by the International Business Times ) , but according to Akira Lippit of the USC School of Cinematic Arts , there were several factors that constituted this phenomenon : besides the fact that animated films `` are held in great regard in Japan , and the Disney brand name with all of its heritage is extremely valuable '' , `` the biggest reason is the primary audience ... 13 - to 17 - year - old teenage girls . '' He further explained that audiences of this age range have a vital role in shaping Japanese pop culture and `` Frozen has so many elements that appeal to them , with its story of a young girl with power and mystique , who finds her own sort of good in herself . '' He compared the film 's current situation with a similar phenomenon which occurred with Titanic in 1997 , `` when millions of Japanese teen girls turned out to watch Leonard ( o ) DiCaprio go under -- several times , '' and thought the same would happen with Frozen . Another reason that contributed to the film 's success in the market was that Disney took great care in choosing `` high quality '' voice actors for the Japanese - dubbed version , since Japan 's pop music scene had an important role particularly with teenage audiences . Orika Hiromura , Disney Japan 's marketing project leader for Frozen , said in an interview with The Wall Street Journal : `` We really put effort into finding actors who could not only play the role but also belt out the tunes as well . We found the perfect match in Takako Matsu and Sayaka Kanda , and they really added a whole new dimension to the storytelling . '' When asked about the success of Frozen , director Chris Buck stated : `` We never expected anything like this . We just hoped to make a movie that did as well as Tangled ! I hoped the audience would embrace it and respond to it , but there 's no way we could have predicted this . '' He cited a number of reasons for the film 's popularity : `` There are characters that people relate to ; the songs are so strong and memorable . We also have some flawed characters , which is what Jen ( nifer Lee ) and I like to do -- we essentially create two imperfect princesses . '' As Frozen approached the first anniversary of its release , Menzel mentioned the film 's continuing popularity in an October 2014 interview : `` It 's just a remarkable thing . Usually you do a project and it has its moment . This just feels like it keeps going . '' Critical response ( edit ) Frozen opened to highly positive reviews , with several critics comparing it favorably to the films of the Disney Renaissance , particularly The Little Mermaid , Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King . Some journalists felt that the film 's success marked a second Disney Renaissance . The film was praised for its visuals , themes , musical numbers , screenplay , and voice acting , especially that of Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , and Josh Gad . The `` Let It Go '' musical sequence was also particularly praised by critics . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 228 reviews , with the site 's consensus being : `` Beautifully animated , smartly written , and stocked with singalong songs , Frozen adds another worthy entry to the Disney canon . '' Metacritic , which determines a normalized rating out of 100 from the reviews of mainstream critics , calculated a score of 74 based on 43 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' CinemaScore gave Frozen an `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , based on polls conducted during the opening weekend . Surveys conducted by Fandango among 1,000 ticket buyers revealed that 75 % of purchasers had seen the film at least once , and 52 % had seen it twice . It was also pointed out that 55 % of audiences identified `` Let It Go '' as their favorite song , while `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' and `` For the First Time in Forever '' held proportions of 21 % and 9 % , respectively . Frozen was named the seventh - best film of 2013 by Richard Corliss of Time and Kyle Smith of the New York Post . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote that the film is `` the best animated musical to come out of Disney since the tragic death of lyricist Howard Ashman , whose work on The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast helped build the studio 's modern animated division into what it is today . '' He also said that `` while it lags the tiniest bit on its way to the conclusion , the script ... really delivers ; it offers characters to care about , along with some nifty twists and surprises along the way . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter observed Frozen as a true musical and wrote , `` You can practically see the Broadway musical Frozen is destined to become while watching Disney 's 3D animated princess tale . '' McCarthy described the film as `` energetic , humorous and not too cloying , as well as the first Hollywood film in many years to warn of global cooling rather than warming , this tuneful toon upgrades what has been a lackluster year for big studio animated fare and , beginning with its Thanksgiving opening , should live up to box office expectations as one of the studio 's hoped - for holiday - spanning blockbusters . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and praised the film as `` a great big snowy pleasure with an emotionally gripping core , brilliant Broadway - style songs and a crafty plot . Its first and third acts are better than the jokey middle , but this is the rare example of a Walt Disney Animation Studios effort that reaches as deep as a Pixar film . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Frozen is both a declaration of Disney 's renewed cultural relevance and a reaffirmation of Disney coming to terms with its own legacy and its own identity . It 's also a just plain terrific bit of family entertainment . '' The Los Angeles Times extolled the film 's ensemble voice talent and elaborate musical sequences , and declared Frozen was `` a welcome return to greatness for Walt Disney Animation Studios . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman gave the film a `` B + '' grade and labeled it as a `` squarely enchanting fairy tale that shows you how the definition of what 's fresh in animation can shift . '' Richard Corliss of Time stated that : `` It 's great to see Disney returning to its roots and blooming anew : creating superior musical entertainment that draws on the Walt ( Disney ) tradition of animation splendor and the verve of Broadway present . '' Richard Roeper wrote that the film was an `` absolute delight from start to finish . '' Both Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune and Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised the film 's characters and musical sequences , which also drew comparisons to the theatrics found in Wicked . Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy awarded the film five out of five stars and called the film `` a new Disney classic '' and `` an exhilarating , joyous , human story that 's as frequently laugh - out - loud funny as it is startling and daring and poignant . Hot on the heels of the 90th anniversary , it 's impossible to imagine a more perfect celebration of everything Disney is at its best . '' Frozen was also praised in Norwegian Sámi media as showcasing Sámi culture to a broad audience in a good way . Composer Frode Fjellheim was lauded by Norwegian Sámi President Aili Keskitalo for his contributions to the film , during the President 's 2014 New Year 's speech . Scott Foundas of Variety was less impressed with the film , describing it as `` formulaic '' , though he praised its voice acting and technical artistry : `` The tactile , snow - capped Arendelle landscape , including Elsa 's ice - castle retreat is Frozen 's other true marvel , enhanced by 3D and the decision to shoot in widescreen -- a nod to the CinemaScope richness of Sleeping Beauty and Lady and the Tramp ... That 's almost but not quite enough to make up for the somewhat slack plotting and the generic nature of the main characters . Neither princess here is a patch on Tangled 's babe - in - the - woods Rapunzel , while both Hans and Kristoff are cut from pretty standard - issue hero cloth until a reasonably surprising third - act twist somewhat ups the ante . Only Olaf is unimpeachable : Get this snowman a spinoff feature to call his own . '' The Seattle Times gave the film two out of four stars , stating that `` While it is an often gorgeous film with computer - generated fjords and ice sculptures and castle interiors , the important thing that glues all this stuff together -- story -- is sadly lacking . '' Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch also criticized the story as the film 's weakest point . Writing on Roger Ebert 's website , Christy Lemire gave a mixed review in which she awarded two - and - a-half stars out of four . Lemire praised the visuals and the performance of `` Let It Go , '' as well as the positive messages Frozen sends . However , she referred to the film as `` cynical '' and criticized it as an `` attempt to shake things up without shaking them up too much . '' She also noted the similarity between Elsa and another well - known fictional female who unleashes paranormal powers when agitated , Carrie White . Controversies ( edit ) Portrayal of emotions ( edit ) Allegations of sexism occurred following a statement by Lino DiSalvo , the film 's head of animation , who said to Fan Voice 's Jenna Busch : `` Historically speaking , animating female characters are really , really difficult , because they have to go through these range of emotions , but you have to keep them pretty . '' However , a Disney spokesperson later told Time that DiSalvo 's quote was widely misinterpreted , stating that he was `` describing some technical aspects of CG animation and not making a general comment on animating females versus males or other characters . '' Director Lee also said that DiSalvo 's words were recklessly taken out of context , and that he was talking in very technical terms about CG animation . `` It is hard no matter what the gender is . I felt horrible for him , '' she said . In an August 2014 interview , DiSalvo re-emphasized what he had been trying to explain all along when his statements were taken out of context -- the difficulty with turning any kind of animated character from a series of sketches on a 2D emotion model sheet into a properly rigged 3D character model : `` Translating that emotional range onto a CG character is one of the most difficult parts of the process . Male . Female . Snowman . Animal . '' He added , `` The really sad thing is people took that ... catchy headline and they just repopulated it everywhere . People did n't get back to me for comments and the sad thing is that 's the way the internet works . They do n't want the truth . '' Perceived LGBT parallels ( edit ) Several viewers outside the film industry , such as evangelical pastors and commentators , argued that Frozen promotes normalization of homosexuality , while others believed that the main character , Elsa , represents a positive image of LGBT youth , viewing the film and the song `` Let It Go '' as a metaphor for coming out . These claims were met with mixed reactions from both audiences and the LGBT community . Writing for Film International , Robert Geal has argued that while the film offers a superficially progressive vision of homosexuality , it perpetuates conservative notions about sexuality and gender ; whereas Elsa 's female homosexuality is rendered visually pleasurable to a male gaze , male transgressions of heterosexuality are coded in various negative ways . When asked about perceptions of a homosexual undertone in the film , Lee said , `` We know what we made . But at the same time I feel like once we hand the film over , it belongs to the world , so I do n't like to say anything , and let the fans talk . I think it 's up to them . '' She also mentioned that Disney films were made in different eras and were all celebrated for different reasons , but a 2013 film would have a `` 2013 point of view '' . `` Let it Go '' Lawsuit ( edit ) Demi Lovato , Idina Menzel , Walt Disney Animation Studios and others involved with the song `` Let it Go '' are currently being sued by musical artist Jaime Ciero over whether or not the song is a rip - off of his 2008 single `` Volar . '' Accolades ( edit ) Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee and Peter Del Vecho at the 41st Annie Awards ceremony Main article : List of accolades received by Frozen ( 2013 film ) Frozen was nominated for various awards and won a number of them , including several for Best Animated Feature . The song `` Let It Go '' was particularly praised . The film was nominated for two Golden Globes at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and won for Best Animated Feature , becoming the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film to win in this category . It also won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ( `` Let It Go '' ) , the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) , five Annie Awards ( including Best Animated Feature ) , and two Critics ' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ( `` Let It Go '' ) . It received other similar nominations at the Satellite Awards , and various critics ' groups and circles . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the Frozen soundtrack won the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media and was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media ( with credits going to Christophe Beck as composer ) ; the song `` Let It Go '' won the award for Best Song Written For Visual Media , with credits going to Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez as songwriters and Idina Menzel as performer . Legacy ( edit ) Cultural impact ( edit ) Elsa and Anna doing a Meet and Greet at Disneyland in 2013 During the spring and summer of 2014 , several journalists observed that Frozen was unusually catchy in comparison to the vast majority of films , in that many children in both the U.S. and the UK were watching Frozen so many times that they now knew all the songs by heart and kept singing them again and again at every opportunity , to the distress of their hapless parents , teachers , and classmates . Among the celebrities who disclosed they were the parent of a Frozen - obsessed child are former UK prime minister David Cameron , as well as actors Amy Adams , Ben Affleck , Kevin Costner and Vince Vaughn . When Terry Gross brought up this phenomenon with songwriters Lopez and Anderson - Lopez in an April 2014 interview on NPR , they explained there was simply no way they could have known how popular their work on Frozen would become . They were `` just trying to tell a story that resonated '' and `` that did n't suck . '' In May , columnist Joel Stein of Time magazine wrote about his young son Laszlo 's frustration with the inescapable `` cultural assault '' of Frozen at preschool and all social and extracurricular activities , and how he had arranged for a Skype call with lead actress Bell after Laszlo began asking why the film was made . When Laszlo asked whether Bell knew when she made Frozen that it would take over kids ' lives , she replied : `` I did not know that people would not let it go . No pun intended . '' In a December 2014 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Lee acknowledged that she had transitioned from thanking people when they expressed their appreciation for Frozen to having to apologize when they said `` we 're still listening to those songs '' ( with their children ) . Lee also said that she used the film and its strong female characters to inspire her own daughter , who had experienced bullying at school , and admitted that she herself as a child was bullied as well ; thus , they had managed to be true to themselves like Anna and Elsa . In a 2014 mid-year report of the 100 most - used baby names conducted by BabyCenter , Elsa was ranked 88 ; it was the first time the name had appeared on the site 's chart . Sarah Barrett , managing director of the site , explained that while the film 's popular heroine is called Anna , `` Elsa offers a more unique name and is also a strong female role model . '' Many parents revealed that their choices of name were `` heavily influenced '' by the siblings . Vice president of Disney UK Anna Hill later commented that `` We 're delighted that Elsa is a popular name for babies and it 's lovely to hear that for many families , it is actually their siblings who have chosen it , '' and that `` Elsa 's fight to overcome her fears and the powerful strength of the family bond '' were relatable to many families . On 2014 year - end lists issued by Google , Frozen was the most searched movie of 2014 . On the Google Play Store , Frozen and its soundtrack album were also named Movie of the Year and Album of the Year respectively , i.e. the best - selling title in their respective areas . Frozen was also the second-most illegally downloaded film title of 2014 via BitTorrent file sharing protocol , with around 30 million downloads . After Disney announced in March 2015 that a feature - length sequel was in development , Agence France - Presse and the Toronto Star both published stories gently mocking the horror of parents everywhere at the news that another Frozen `` sensory and financial assault '' was in the pipeline . Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( franchise ) The directors , composers , producers , and several of the film 's stars at the `` Frozen FANdemonium : A Musical Celebration '' presentation at the 2015 D23 Expo to celebrate the film 's songs In January 2014 , Iger announced that Frozen would be adapted into a Broadway stage musical . In the space of a single business quarter , Iger went from speaking of Frozen 's `` franchise potential '' ( in February 2014 ) to saying that it was `` probably '' one of Disney 's `` top five franchises '' ( in May 2014 ) . The film 's massive popularity resulted in an unusually severe merchandise shortage in the United States and several other industrialized countries in April 2014 , which caused resale prices for higher - quality limited - edition Frozen dolls and costumes to skyrocket past $1,000 on eBay . By the time the merchandise shortage was finally resolved in early November 2014 ( nearly a year after the film 's release ) , Disney had sold over three million Frozen costumes in North America alone . Wait times for the meet - and - greets at Disney Parks soon regularly exceeded four hours and forced management in February 2014 to indefinitely extend what was originally intended as a temporary film promotion . Disney Parks later put on a temporary event ( Frozen Summer Fun ) at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , then announced on September 12 , 2014 , that the Maelstrom ride at Epcot 's Norway pavilion would be closed and replaced with a Frozen - based attraction , which opened in early 2016 . On May 27 , 2016 , a live Frozen musical stage show officially opened at the Hyperion Theater in Disney California Adventure , replacing the venue 's previous show , Aladdin . By August 2014 , the publisher Random House had sold over 8 million Frozen - related books . Tour operators , including Adventures by Disney , added more Norway tours in response to rising demand during 2014 . Meanwhile , the producers of Once Upon a Time ( made by Disney - owned ABC Studios ) independently conceived of and obtained authorization from both ABC and Disney for a Frozen - inspired crossover story arc in the show 's fourth season , which was first revealed at the end of the show 's third season in May 2014 , which was broadcast in fall 2014 . On September 2 , 2014 , ABC broadcast The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic , a one - hour `` making of '' television special . At the end of the special , Lasseter announced that the production team would be reuniting to make Frozen Fever , a short film which debuted in theaters with Disney 's Cinderella on March 13 , 2015 . On September 4 , 2014 , Feld Entertainment 's Disney on Ice presented the world premiere of a touring ice skating show based on the film at Amway Center in Orlando , Florida . During the airing of The Making of Frozen : Return to Arendelle on ABC , it was announced that a holiday special titled Olaf 's Frozen Adventure was in - production , slated for release in winter 2017 . It was later revealed by John Lasseter in June 2017 that the 21 - minute special would instead receive a limited time theatrical release . It premiered in theaters with Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 , and made its television debut on ABC on December 14 , 2017 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Frozen 2 On March 12 , 2015 , Disney officially announced that a feature - length sequel to Frozen was in development with Buck and Lee returning as directors , and Del Vecho returning as producer . In a May 2015 interview , Buck said , `` We have lots of things to figure out but at least we know where we are going . '' In March 2016 , Bell stated that voice recording for the film was due to start later in the month , but in September of that same year , she retracted her earlier comments as mistaken and explained that she had been working instead on other Frozen projects such as the upcoming holiday special . In April 2017 , Disney announced that the sequel would be released on November 27 , 2019 . See also ( edit ) List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales List of Disney theatrical animated features Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 2010s portal Film portal Film in the United States portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's Frozen to Open Five Days Early at the El Capitan Theatre '' . Coming Soon . October 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen '' . Ontario Film Review Board . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Radio Times staff ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Cool news Disney fans ! Frozen 's on BBC1 this Christmas Day '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ABC blog ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Frozen is Coming To ABC Sunday , December 11 ! '' . unknown . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Simpsons , ' ' Son of Zorn , ' ' Last Man on Earth ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TVBytheNumbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie staff ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` アナ と 雪 の 女王 が 地上 波 初 放送 、 '' レリゴー `` 歌唱 動画 も 募集 '' . natalie.mu . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 7 ' Monsters University ' Vs. # 10 ' Thor : The Dark World ' ; # 2 ' Frozen ' Vs. # 15 ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline.com . 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Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' hits $1 billion mark at worldwide box office `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Records '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : Neeson Beats Jesus , `` Frozen '' Hits $1 Billion `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Milestone : `` Frozen '' Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Sakoui , Anousha ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' Passing $1 Billion Cements Rebound '' . Bloomberg Business . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Catching Fire '' and `` Frozen '' Heat Up Fandango 's Fanticipation with Brisk Advance Ticket Sales for Thanksgiving Weekend `` . Boxoffice.com . November 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : `` Catching Fire '' Burns Bright , Sets November Record `` . Box Office Mojo . November 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Interstellar , ' ' Big Hero 6 ' Blast Off to Big Thursday Night Numbers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` '' Catching Fire `` , `` Frozen '' Chase Thanksgiving Box Office Records `` . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen '' Smashes Disney Animation Opening Weekend Records `` . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : `` Catching Fire '' , `` Frozen '' Set Thanksgiving Records `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Andrew ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thanksgiving Box Office : `` Catching Fire , '' `` Frozen '' Serve Up Holiday Records `` . Variety . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Biggest 3 - day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office Archived November 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Biggest 5 - day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office Archived November 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Biggest 3 - day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office Archived December 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Biggest 5 - day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office Archived December 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NORTH AMERICA : Studio Weekend Estimates : `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' Sets New Five - Day Thanksgiving Weekend Record With $110.2 M ; `` Frozen '' Ices Expectations With $93.0 M Five - Day Start `` . Boxoffice.com . December 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( December 8 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : `` Frozen '' Beats `` Fire , '' `` Furnace '' Melts `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : `` Frozen '' Chills `` Paranormal '' Spin - Off This Weekend `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tipton , Janelle ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' and Marvel 's ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Heat Up Box Offices Around the World '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : `` Hobbit , '' `` Frozen '' Top `` Wolf , '' `` Mitty '' on Final Weekend of 2013 `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Top Grossing Movies in their 5th to 12th Weekends at the Box Office : `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 5th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 6th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 7th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 8th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 9th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 10th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 11th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 12th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Other Woman ' On Pace for $25 Million Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb. April 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Domestic Grosses , 2013 Yearly Box Office Results -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Animation Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : `` Ride Along '' Runs Over `` I , Frankenstein '' `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kay , Jeremy ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen leads int'l BO on $24 m '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` A Charmed Life for Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . This past weekend , as the movie 's domestic total hit $317.7 million , `` Frozen '' surpassed `` The Lion King '' to become the highest - grossing Disney - produced animated film of all time , not accounting for inflation or re-releases . Jump up ^ `` Frozen ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Results ( Sorted by overseas grosses ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Captain ' Three - peats , ' Heaven ' Rises Over Easter Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' Crosses $75 Million in South Korea , Breaks Local Records `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : `` Ride Along '' Avoids `` Awkward Moment , '' Three - peats Over Super Bowl Weekend `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Venezuela Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit 2 soars past $500 m int'l '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED GLOBAL : `` Frozen '' Breaks `` Hobbit '' Streak , Crosses $700 M ; Big China Debut For `` Despicable Me 2 '' ; `` 12 Years A Slave '' # 1 In The UK `` . Boxoffice.com . January 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL : `` Frozen '' Breaks $800 M ; `` I , Frankenstein '' Opens Strong In Russia `` . Boxoffice.com . January 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : Everything Is Awesome For `` The LEGO Movie '' `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : Audiences Flock to `` Lone Survivor , '' Avoid `` Hercules , '' `` Her '' `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : Everything Is Awesome For `` The LEGO Movie '' `` . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly box office '' . EntGroup . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA : `` Frozen '' Off To A Hot Start `` . Boxoffice.com . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin J. ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Sets Disney Opening Weekend Record in Japan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL : `` Frozen '' Continues To Dominate , Passes $500 M Overseas `` . Boxoffice.com . February 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Japanese Box Office Reports : `` GLOBAL : ' The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' Swings to $369 M After North American Debut ; ' Rio 2 ' Closes in on $400 M ; ' Divergent ' Reaches $250 M Mark '' . Boxoffice.com . May 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office : ' Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' Snares $54 M In 1st China Week ; ' Neighbors ' Parties With $33.7 M Open ; ' Rio 2 ' Flies Past $300 M ; Auds Faithful To ' The Other Woman ' ; ' Spanish Affairs ' Sets New Record ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . `` ' Frozen ' Tops Japanese Box Office for 10th Consecutive Weekend '' . Boxoffice.com . May 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . `` GLOBAL : ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' Breaks ' Avatar ' Record as Fox International 's Biggest Overseas Debut of All Time '' . Boxoffice.com . May 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . `` GLOBAL : ' Maleficent ' Edges Out X-Men for Box Office Crown with $100.6 M Day - and - Date Debut Overseas '' . Boxoffice.com . June 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . `` GLOBAL : ' Edge of Tomorrow ' Leads the Overseas Box Office , Reaches $140.1 M Global Cume Following North American Release '' . Boxoffice.com . June 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . `` GLOBAL : ' Godzilla ' Takes Over China , Crosses $400 M Worldwide '' . Boxoffice.com . June 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . `` GLOBAL : Strong Brazil Bow Sends ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend ; ' Maleficent ' Takes $20.3 Million in China '' . Boxoffice.com . June 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . `` ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' Crushes the Competition with $301.3 M Global Bow '' . Boxoffice.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : `` Frozen '' Becomes Second Most Watched Foreign Film `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' Crosses $75 Million in South Korea , Breaks Local Records `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL : Strong Brazil Bow Sends ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend ; ' Maleficent ' Takes $20.3 Million in China '' . Boxoffice . June 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Gives Up Top Spot in Japan to ' Maleficent ' After 16 Consecutive Frames '' . Boxoffice.com . BoxOffice ® Media , LLC . July 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Holiday 2013 Forecast '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BoxOffice Staff ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : ' Black Nativity ' , ' Frozen ' , ' Homefront ' , & ' Oldboy ' '' . Boxoffice.com . BoxOffice ® Media , LLC . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Prediction : ' Frozen ' vs. ' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ' '' . ScreenRant . Screen Rant , LLC . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dillard , Clayton ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Rap : Frozen and the Frost - y Showdown '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Predictions : ' Hunger Games : Catching Fire ' to Top ' Frozen ' for Second Weekend Win '' . Rope of Silicon . RopeofSilicon.com LLC . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ebiri , Bilge ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Eight Reasons Frozen Is Unstoppable '' . Vulture . New York Media , LLC . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Scott ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` What Marketers Should Learn From Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Frozen ' tops box office in Japan for 5th consecutive week '' . Japan Today . GPlusMedia Co. , Ltd. April 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Gavin J. ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Frozen ' Edges Toward $200 Million , Enters All - Time Top 5 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike P. ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Remains Top Of Japanese Box Office '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Gavin J. ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Frozen ' Tops For 15th Week , ' 300 ' Bows in 5th '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Todd ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Riding ' Perfect Storm ' to $200 Million at Japan Box Office '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Riding ' Perfect Storm ' to $200 Million at Japan Box Office '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Eric ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' On Track To Become Japan 's Second Biggest Movie Ever Next Week '' . International Business Times . IBT Media Inc . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Idina Menzel Does n't Understand Why Her Christmas Album Is Out in October '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sharkey , Betsy ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Review : `` Frozen '' an icy blast of fun from the first snowflake `` . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Frozen ( 2013 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen '' is the Best Disney Film Since `` The Lion King '' `` . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Jeff ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' makes history two times over on Oscar weekend '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` A Charmed Life for Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Splendid Sights , Musical Might Melt `` Frozen '' `` . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen '' mixes music and animation to create a soaring holiday delight `` . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Matthew ; Rosen , Christopher ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` 17 Best Movie Moments Of 2013 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Movie Moments of 2013 Included Scenes from Iron Man 3 , Gravity , Fast & Furious 6 , and More '' . Collider . November 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office : `` Frozen '' Opens to Stellar $15.2 Million Wednesday ; `` Catching Fire '' Still No. 1 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Top 10 Best Movies '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Kyle Smith and Lou Lumenick 's Top 10 lists '' . AwardsDaily.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle . `` Disney 's `` Frozen '' will melt your heart `` . New York Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen '' Is Disney 's Triumphant Reaffirmation Of Its Cultural Legacy `` . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen : This Disney Princess Movie Is Thaw - some '' . TIME . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Richard Roeper & the Movies : `` Frozen '' Review `` . The Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Frozen ' : Defying meteorology '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` From the Heat of Royal Passion , Poof ! It 's Permafrost '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma . `` '' Frozen '' review : Heartfelt fairytale musical is a new Disney classic `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sámi thing : President 's New Year speech '' ( in Norwegian ) . Sametinget . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Frode pushed down Beyoncé '' ( in Norwegian ) . Sametinget . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : `` Frozen '' `` . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keogh , Tom ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen `` : Visuals are solid , but narrative is on thin ice '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joe ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen '' is pretty but pointless `` . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christy Lemire ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen '' Archived March 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stampler , Laura ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Do Animated Female Characters Need to Be ' Pretty ' ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Head of Animation Says Animating Women is ' Really , Really Difficult ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . `` Historically speaking , animating female characters are really , really difficult , because they have to go through these range of emotions , but you have to keep them pretty and they 're very sensitive to -- you can get them off a model very quickly . So , having a film with two hero female characters was really tough , and having them both in the scene and look very different if they 're echoing the same expression ; that Elsa looking angry looks different from Anna being angry . '' -- Lino DiSalvo ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Todd ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' Animator Draws Heat for Female Character Comments '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` With Frozen , Director Jennifer Lee Breaks the Ice for Women Directors '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . `` It is hard no matter what the gender is . I felt horrible for him . He was so proud what achieved in the movie . We never had such sophisticated rigs ( the skeletal structure of the figures used to model characters on a computer ) to show awkwardness and grief on a face . I 'm so proud of them . '' -- Jennifer Lee ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Ian ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Q&A : For this animator , working on Frozen created a tricky career legacy '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen lambasted as pro-gay propaganda by Christian pastor '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Pastor Claims Frozen Will Turn Your Children Gay '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Frozen is ' very evil ' gay propaganda , says Christian pastor '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Wong , Curtis ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' Slammed By Mormon Grandmother For ' Gay Agenda To Normalize Homosexuality ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , Kierran ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Frozen and the ' gay agenda ' '' . BBC News . Washington DC Bureau . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Conservative radio hosts : ' Frozen ' promotes gay agenda , bestiality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Geal , Robert ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Frozen , Homosexuality and Masochism '' . Film International . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen creator responds to ' gay agenda ' claims '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Steven ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen : Disney 's icebreaker '' . The Big Issue . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , Ross ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Idina Menzel and Disney sued by singer who claims Frozen hit Let It Go is a rip - off of his song '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' wins Annie Award for best animated film , several others `` . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ International Press Academy ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards TM '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees '' . The Grammy . The Recording Academy . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Christopher ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominations : Sam Smith , Beyonce Lead The Pack '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2015 Grammy nomination list '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , Inc . December 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notte , Jason ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why ' Let It Go ' From Disney 's ' Frozen ' Needs an Oscar '' . The Street . The Street , Inc . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Healy , Vikki Ortiz ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` What to do about ' Frozen ' fatigue '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silva , Estey ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' fatigue : Coping with kids songs on repeat '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Joanna ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Kids Are Icebound by ' Frozen ' Fervor : Disney 's Animated Film ' Frozen ' Has Some Children Obsessed '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kay , Karen ( May 3 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen : How Disney 's animated fairytale is conquering the world '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen - mania : how Elsa , Anna and Olaf conquered the world '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Candy , Lorraine ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Disney film that 's stolen my children 's brains '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mainwaring , Rachel ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Will you Let It Go ! My kids singing Frozen song gives me chills '' . WalesOnline . Media Wales Ltd . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chorley , Matt ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Cameron reveals how he and SamCam had to take their son to A&E after he stood on a wasps ' nest -- and how even the Prime Minister does not have the power to turn off Frozen 's ' Let It Go ' '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Pip ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Amy Adams only interested in ' strong female roles ' '' . Daily Life . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Affleck : ' My 2 older daughters could give a s -- t about Batman ' '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P. Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nahas , Aili ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Costner : My Home Is ' Frozen Obsessed ' '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Lily ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Vince Vaughn Jokes That Frozen Is Probably Damaging His Daughter Lochlyn -- Watch ! '' . E ! Online . E ! Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Terry ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Transcript : Songwriters Behind ' Frozen ' Let Go Of The Princess Mythology '' . Fresh Air . NPR . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Joel ( May 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ice , Ice , Laszlo : How my son -- traumatized by the Frozen soundtrack -- learned to let it go '' . Time . p. 62 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Stacey ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Apologizes to Parents for `` Let It Go '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Director Now Apologizes to Parents for ' Let It Go ' '' . Time . December 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Domanico , Anthony ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' director Jennifer Lee is really sorry for ' Let It Go ' '' . CNET . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` People Are Naming Their Babies After Frozen Characters Now '' . E ! Online . E ! Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mid Year Results : BabyCentre Top 20 Boys ' and Girls ' Names of 2014 ; Emily and Oliver top the chart '' . Babycentre.co.uk . BabyCenter , L.L.C. June 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Google 's Year In Hollywood Search : ' Frozen , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' JLaw , Robin Williams '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movies Google Year in Search 2014 '' . Google . Google Inc . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . For a full list of trends , see Google Year in Search 2014 Archived December 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Google Play 's 2014 Stars : ' Frozen , ' ' Frozen ' Again , # TFIOS And ' The Walking Dead ' '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 28 , 2014 ) . `` Top 20 Most Pirated Movies of 2014 Led by ' Wolf of Wall Street , ' ' Frozen , ' ' Gravity ' '' . Variety . Variety Media LLC . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Steve ( December 28 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen and The Wolf of Wall Street top the pirate movie charts '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Eric ; Ritchie , Alice ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Parents brace for another dose of Frozen fever '' . Yahoo News . Yahoo ! Inc . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Menon , Vinay ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Frozen fever reaches pandemic level : Menon '' . Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reingold , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney CEO Iger : Frozen has restored our mojo '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Considering `` Frozen '' for Broadway , Obviously `` . Variety . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Ice , Ice , Baby : Frozen inspires a totally chilled - out cult following '' . Time . 183 ( 7 ) : 48 -- 59 . Disney has already announced plans to bring a musical version to Broadway , and theme - park incarnations have been hinted at . Jump up ^ The Walt Disney Company ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Transcript of the Walt Disney Company Q1 FY14 Earnings Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Film Business Gets Big Boost From ' Frozen ' : Operating Income at Film Unit More Than Quadruples ; Musical in the Works '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Patrick M. ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Disney plans to milk ' Frozen ' success '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . ' This is definitely up there in terms of our top , probably , five franchises , ' said Disney CEO Bob Iger in a conference call last week after Disney reported a 27 % surge in profits . ' So you can expect us to take full advantage of that over the next at least five years . ' ^ Jump up to : Berr , Jonathan ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Want to buy `` Frozen '' merchandise ? Be prepared to wait or pay up `` . CBS MoneyWatch . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liddane , Lisa ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Most - wanted dress in the U.S. : ' Frozen 's ' Elsa frock '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kavilanz , Parija ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Elsa dress selling for $1,000 on eBay '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Palmeri , Christopher ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Elsa 's Frozen Dress : The Hottest Gown in Town '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Dana ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' merch is making parents do crazy things '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen merchandise shortage spells trouble for parents '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wood , Zoe ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen : parental panic as unexpected Disney hit leads to merchandise sellout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ March , Catherine Dawson ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen - out in the toy aisle : Why merch for Disney 's hit film is in short supply '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mayoh , Lisa ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` Australian supplies of Frozen dolls have dried up '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Esther ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` S'no joke for parents as stocks of Frozen movie merchandise sell out '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Katie ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Do you want to buy a snowman ? '' . Stuff.co.nz . Fairfax New Zealand Limited . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quennesson , Perrine ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` La Reine des Neiges : un succès qui rend fou '' . Premiere ( in French ) . Lagardère Group . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ang , Benson ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' dress sold out in Singapore '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Andrew ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` Chillax parents , the great ' Frozen ' toy shortage has thawed '' . Today.com . NBCUniversal Media , LLC . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Byron , Ellen ; Paul Ziobro ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Elsa Dominates Anna in ' Frozen ' Merchandise Sales '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( July 5 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Summer Fun event debuts at Walt Disney World as Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf appear in delightful new shows '' . Inside the Magic . Distant Creations Group , LLC . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bilbao , Richard ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Disney replacing Epcot 's Maelstrom with Frozen ride '' . Orlando Business Journal . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot , `` Frozen '' Christmas also revealed `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , David . `` ' Frozen ' show at California Adventure sets its opening date : May 27 '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( August 9 , 2014 ) . `` Anna And Elsa Of ' Frozen ' Are Coming To A Bookstore Near You '' . MTV News . Viacom International Inc . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baran , Michelle ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' is sending tourists packing for Norway '' . Travel Weekly . Northstar Travel Media , LLC . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Jessica ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' fires up Norway 's tourism '' . CNBC.com . CNBC LLC . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses on ' Frozen ' Reveal : We Want to Do It Justice ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Was That Elsa from Frozen on Once Upon a Time ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How the Producers of Once Upon a Time Kept That Frozen Shocker a Secret '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Learn the Story of Frozen and Find Out What 's Next for Anna and Elsa '' . Disney Insider . August 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to show how Disney made ' Frozen ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to Air ' The Story of Frozen ' Behind - the - Scenes Special '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' short will play before ' Cinderella ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Characters to Return in ' Frozen Fever ' Animated Short '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's New ' Frozen ' Short Film Will Premiere in Spring 2015 '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen Fever ' : Disney to bring back Elsa and Anna for animated short '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly and Time Inc . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Palm , Matthew ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Disney on Ice presents Frozen ' has world premiere in Orlando '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Publishing Company . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Palm , Matthew ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Disney on Ice presents Frozen ' from Feld Entertainment '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Publishing Company . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yoshinaga , Peta ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Creator of Frozen , animation director Chris Buck , admits working on sequel to the blockbuster is daunting '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Frozen 2 ' : Kristen Bell Says She 's About to Head Back into the Recording Studio '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Kristen Bell Shares Updates on ' Frozen 2 ' and the Olaf Christmas Special '' . Collider.com . Complex Media . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Solomon , Charles ( December 3 , 2013 ) . The Art of Frozen . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 9781452117164 . OCLC 843955758 . Lee , Jennifer ( 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFrozenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Frozen on IMDb Frozen at the TCM Movie Database Frozen at The Big Cartoon DataBase Frozen at AllMovie Frozen at Box Office Mojo Frozen at Metacritic Frozen at Rotten Tomatoes Frozen at Walt Disney Animation Studios Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Snow Queen '' ( 1845 ) Films The Snow Queen ( 1957 ) The Snow Queen ( 1986 ) The Snow Queen ( 1995 ) The Snow Queen 's Revenge ( 1996 ) Snow Queen ( 2002 ) The Snow Queen ( 2005 ) The Snow Queen ( 2005 anime ) The Snow Queen ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Snow Queen 2 : The Snow King ( 2015 ) The Snow Queen 3 : Fire and Ice ( 2016 ) Literature The Snow Queen ( 1980 ) The Wizard of London ( 2005 ) The Snow Queen ( 2008 ) Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy ( 2014 ) Other The Snow Queen ( opera ) The Snow Queen ( video game ) The Snow Queen ( TV series ) Once Upon a Time ( Season 4 There 's No Place Like Home ) The Fairytaler ( The Snow Queen Parts 1 and 2 ) Films directed by Chris Buck Features Tarzan ( 1999 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Shorts Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Films by Jennifer Lee Screenplay and directed Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Screenplay and story only Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Awards for Frozen Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film Cars -- John Lasseter ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin -- Steven Spielberg ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 -- Dean DeBlois ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Animated Film Watership Down ( 1978 ) The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frozen_(2013_film)&oldid=818794338 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 3D films 2013 computer - animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical comedy films Frozen ( franchise ) American 3D films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American musical films Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature BAFTA winners Best Animated Feature Broadcast Film Critics Association Award winners Best Animated Feature Film Golden Globe winners Children 's fantasy films Directorial debut films Feminist films Films about curses Films about royalty Films about sisters Films directed by Chris Buck Films directed by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Films produced by Peter Del Vecho Films scored by Christophe Beck Films set in a fictional Northern European country Films set in Scandinavia Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Screenplays by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - 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when was frozen film produced in which year
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"Frozen is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures.[5] It is the 53rd Disney animated feature film. Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale \"The Snow Queen\",[6] the film tells the story of a fearless princess who sets off on a journey alongside a rugged iceman, his loyal reindeer, and a naïve snowman to find her estranged sister, whose icy powers have inadvertently trapped the kingdom in eternal winter."
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Avignon Papacy
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Avignon papacy - wikipedia Avignon papacy Jump to : navigation , search Map of the city of Rome , showing an allegorical figure of Rome as a widow in black mourning the Avignon Papacy The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon ( then in the Kingdom of Arles , part of the Holy Roman Empire , now in France ) rather than in Rome . The situation arose from the conflict between the papacy and the French crown . Following the strife between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII and the death of his successor Benedict XI after eight months in office , a deadlocked conclave elected Clement V , a Frenchman , as Pope in 1305 . Clement declined to move to Rome , remaining in France , and in 1309 , he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon , where it remained for the next 67 years . The absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' . A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon ; all were French , and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown . On September 13 , 1376 , Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome ( arriving on January 17 , 1377 ) , ending the Avignon Papacy . Despite this return , following Gregory 's death on March 27 , 1378 , the breakdown in relations between the cardinals and Gregory 's successor , Urban VI , gave rise to the Western Schism . This started a second line of Avignon popes , regarded as illegitimate and known as antipopes . The second and final Avignon antipope , Benedict XIII , lost most of his support in 1398 , including that of France ; following five years of siege by the French , he fled to Perpignan on March 11 , 1403 . The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance , after two popes had reigned in opposition to the papacy in Rome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Avignon popes 2 Background 2.1 Temporal role of the Roman Church 2.2 Centralization of Church administration 2.3 A political Church 3 Papacy in the 14th century 3.1 Curia 3.2 Cooperation 3.3 Submission 3.4 Schism 4 History 5 Effects on the papacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Avignon popes ( edit ) The Papal palace in Avignon , France Among the popes who resided in Avignon , subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these : Pope Clement V : 1305 -- 1314 ( curia moved to Avignon March 9 , 1309 ) Pope John XXII : 1316 -- 1334 Pope Benedict XII : 1334 -- 1342 Pope Clement VI : 1342 -- 1352 Pope Innocent VI : 1352 -- 1362 Pope Urban V : 1362 -- 1370 ( in Rome 1367 - 1370 ; returned to Avignon 1370 ) Pope Gregory XI : 1370 -- 1378 ( left Avignon to return to Rome on September 13 , 1376 ) The two Avignon - based antipopes were : Clement VII : 1378 -- 1394 Benedict XIII : 1394 -- 1423 ( expelled from Avignon in 1403 ) Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes , who had little or no public following , and were not resident at Avignon : Clement VIII : 1423 -- 1429 ( recognized in the Crown of Aragon ; abdicated ) Benedict XIV ( Bernard Garnier ) : 1424 -- 1429 or 1430 Benedict XIV ( Jean Carrier ) : 1430 ? -- 1437 The period from 1378 to 1417 , when there were rival claimants to the title of pope , is referred to as the `` Western Schism '' or `` the great controversy of the antipopes '' by some Roman Catholic scholars and `` the second great schism '' by many secular and Protestant historians . Parties within the Roman Church were divided in their allegiance among the various claimants to the office of pope . The Council of Constance finally resolved the controversy in 1417 when the election of Pope Martin V was accepted by all . Avignon and the small enclave to the east ( Comtat Venaissin ) remained part of the Papal States until the French Revolution , at which time they became part of the Kingdom of France . Background ( edit ) Temporal role of the Roman Church ( edit ) The papacy in the Late Middle Ages played a major temporal role in addition to its spiritual role . The conflict between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor was fundamentally a dispute over which of them was the leader of Christendom in secular matters . In the early 14th century , the papacy was well past the prime of its secular rule -- its importance had peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries . The success of the early Crusades added greatly to the prestige of the Popes as secular leaders of Christendom , with monarchs like those of England , France , and even the Holy Roman Emperor merely acting as marshals for the popes and leading `` their '' armies . One exception was Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor , who was twice excommunicated by the Pope during a Crusade . Frederick II ignored this and was moderately successful in the Holy Land . This state of affairs culminated in the unbridled declaration of papal supremacy , Unam sanctam , in November 1302 . In that papal bull , Pope Boniface VIII decreed that `` it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff . '' This was directed primarily to King Phillip IV of France who responded by saying , `` Your venerable conceitedness may know that we are nobody 's vassal in temporal matters . '' In 1303 AD , Pope Boniface VIII followed up with a bull that would excommunicate the king of France and put the interdict over France , and depose the entire clergy of France . Before this was finalized , Italian allies of the King of France broke into the papal residence and beat Pope Boniface VIII . He died shortly thereafter . Nicholas Boccasini was elected as his successor and took the name Pope Benedict XI . He absolved King Phillip IV and his subjects of their actions against Pope Boniface VIII ; though the culprits who assaulted Boniface were excommunicated and ordered to appear before a pontifical tribunal . However , Benedict XI died within eight months of being elected to the papacy . After eleven months , Bertrand de Got , a French man and a personal friend of King Phillip IV , was elected as pope and took the name Pope Clement V . Beginning with Clement V , elected 1305 , all popes during the Avignon papacy were French . However , this makes French influence seem greater than it was . Southern France at that time had a culture quite independent from Northern France , where most of the advisers to the King of France were based . The Kingdom of Arles was still independent at that time , formally a part of the Holy Roman Empire . The literature produced by the troubadours in the Languedoc is unique and strongly distinct from that of Royal circles in the north . Even in terms of religion , the South produced its own variety of Christianity , Catharism , which was ultimately declared heretical . The movement was fueled in no small part by the strong sense of independence in the South even though the region had been severely weakened during the Albigensian Crusade a hundred years before . By the time of the Avignon Papacy , the power of the French King in this region was uncontested , although still not legally binding . A stronger impact was made by the move of the Roman Curia from Rome to Poitiers in France in 1305 , and then to Avignon in 1309 . Following the impasse during the previous conclave , and to escape from the infighting of the powerful Roman families that had produced earlier Popes , such as the Colonna and Orsini families , the Roman Church looked for a safer place and found it in Avignon , which was surrounded by the lands of the papal fief of Comtat Venaissin . Formally it was part of Arles , but in reality it was under the influence of the French king . During its time in Avignon , the papacy adopted many features of the Royal court : the life - style of its cardinals was more reminiscent of princes than clerics ; more and more French cardinals , often relatives of the ruling pope , took key positions ; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay , with the memory of Pope Boniface VIII still fresh . Centralization of Church administration ( edit ) The coat of arms of Benedict XIII displayed the papal tiara and cross . During this period , papal heraldry varied greatly and the crossed keys had not yet fully developed as a symbol of the papacy . The temporal role of the Catholic Church increased the pressure upon the papal court to emulate the governmental practices and procedures of secular courts . The Catholic Church successfully reorganised and centralized its administration under Clement V and John XXII . The papacy now directly controlled the appointments of benefices , abandoning the customary election process that traditionally allotted this considerable income . Many other forms of payment brought riches to the Holy See and its cardinals : tithes , a ten - percent tax on church property ; annates , the income of the first year after filling a position such as a bishopric ; special taxes for crusades that never took place ; and many forms of dispensation , from the entering of benefices without basic qualifications like literacy for newly appointed priests to the request of a converted Jew to visit his unconverted parents . Popes such as John XXII , Benedict XII , and Clement VI reportedly spent fortunes on expensive wardrobes , and silver and gold plates were used at banquets . Overall the public life of leading church members began to resemble the lives of princes rather than members of the clergy . This splendor and corruption at the head of the Church found its way to the lower ranks : when a bishop had to pay up to a year 's income for gaining a benefice , he sought ways of raising this money from his new office . This was taken to extremes by the pardoners who sold absolutions for all kinds of sins to the poor . While pardoners were hated but needed to redeem one 's soul , the friars who failed to follow the Church 's moral commandments by failing their vows of chastity and poverty were despised . This sentiment strengthened movements calling for a return to absolute poverty , relinquishment of all personal and ecclesiastical belongings , and preaching as the Lord and his disciples had . A political Church ( edit ) For the Catholic Church , an institution embedded in the secular structure and its focus on property , this was a dangerous development , and beginning in the early 14th century most of these movements were declared heretical . These included the Fraticelli and Waldensian movements in Italy and the Hussites in Bohemia ( inspired by John Wycliffe in England ) . Furthermore , the display of wealth by the upper ranks of the church , which contrasted with the common expectation of poverty and strict adherence to principles , was used by enemies of the papacy to raise charges against the popes ; King Philippe of France employed this strategy , as did Louis IV , Holy Roman Emperor . In his conflict with the latter , Pope John XXII excommunicated two leading philosophers , Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham , who were outspoken critics of the papacy , and who had found refuge with Louis IV in Munich . In response , William charged the pope with seventy errors and seven heresies . The proceedings against the Knights Templar in the Council of Vienne are representative of this time , reflecting the various powers and their relationships . In 1314 the collegium at Vienne convened to make a ruling concerning the Templars . The council , overall unconvinced about the guilt of the order as a whole , was unlikely to condemn the entire order based on the scarce evidence brought forward . Exerting massive pressure in order to gain part of the substantial funds of the Order , the King managed to get the ruling he wanted , and Pope Clement V ordered by decree the suppression of the order . In the cathedral of Saint Maurice in Vienne , the King of France and his son , the King of Navarre , were sitting next to him when he issued the decree . Under pain of excommunication , no one was allowed to speak at that occasion except when asked by the Pope . The Templars who appeared in Vienne to defend their order were not allowed to present their case -- the cardinals of the collegium originally ruled that they should be allowed to raise a defense , but the arrival of the King of France in Vienne put pressure on the collegium , and that decision was revoked . Papacy in the 14th century ( edit ) Curia ( edit ) After the arrest of the Bishop of Pamiers by Philip IV of France in 1301 , Pope Boniface VIII issued the bull Salvator Mundi , retracting all privileges granted to the French king by previous popes , and a few weeks later Ausculta fili with charges against the king , summoning him before a council to Rome . In a bold assertion of papal sovereignty , Boniface declared that `` God has placed us over the Kings and Kingdoms . '' In response , Philippe wrote `` Your venerable conceitedness may know , that we are nobody 's vassal in temporal matters , '' and called for a meeting of the Estates General , a council of the lords of France , who had supported his position . The King of France issued charges of sodomy , simony , sorcery , and heresy against the pope and summoned him before the council . The pope 's response was the strongest affirmation to date of papal sovereignty . In Unam Sanctam ( November 18 , 1302 ) , he decreed that `` it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff . '' He was preparing a bull that would excommunicate the King of France and put the interdict over France , and to depose the entire clergy of France , when in September 1303 , William Nogaret , the strongest critic of the papacy in the French inner circle , led a delegation to Rome , with intentionally loose orders by the king to bring the pope , if necessary by force , before a council to rule on the charges brought against him . Nogaret coordinated with the cardinals of the Colonna family , long - standing rivals against whom the pope had even preached a crusade earlier in his papacy . In 1303 French and Italian troops attacked the pope in Anagni , his home town , and arrested him . He was freed three days later by the population of Anagni . However , Boniface VIII , then 68 years of age , was deeply shattered by this attack on his own person and died a few weeks later . Cooperation ( edit ) Clement V in a later engraving The death of Pope Boniface VIII deprived the papacy of its most able politician who could stand against the secular power of the king of France . After the conciliatory papacy of Benedict XI ( 1303 -- 04 ) , Pope Clement V ( 1305 -- 1314 ) became the next pontiff . He was born in Gascony , in southern France , but was not directly connected to the French court . He owed his election to the French clerics . He decided against moving to Rome and established his court in Avignon . In this situation of dependency on powerful neighbors in France , three principles characterized the politics of Clement V : the suppression of heretic movements ( such as the Cathars in southern France ) ; the reorganization of the internal administration of the church ; and the preservation of an untainted image of the church as the sole instrument of God 's will on earth . The latter was directly challenged by Philippe IV when he demanded a posthumous trial of his former adversary , the late Boniface VIII , for alleged heresy . Phillipe exerted strong influence on the cardinals of the collegium , and compliance with his demand could mean a severe blow to the church 's authority . Much of Clement 's politics was designed to avoid such a blow , which he finally did ( persuading Phillipe to leave the trial to the Council of Vienne , where it lapsed ) . However , the price was concessions on various fronts ; despite strong personal doubts , Clement supported Phillipe 's proceedings against the Templars , and he personally ruled to suppress the order . John XXII One important issue during the papacy of Pope John XXII ( born Jacques Duèze in Cahors , and previously Archbishop in Avignon ) was his conflict with Louis IV , Holy Roman Emperor , who denied the sole authority of the Pope to crown the Emperor . Louis followed the example of Philippe IV , and summoned the nobles of Germany to back his position . Marsilius of Padua justified secular supremacy in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire . This conflict with the Emperor , often fought out in expensive wars , drove the papacy even more into the arms of the French king . Benedict XII Pope Benedict XII ( 1334 -- 1342 ) , born Jaques Fournier in Pamiers , was previously active in the inquisition against the Cathar movement . In contrast to the rather bloody picture of the Inquisition in general , he was reported to be very careful about the souls of the examined , taking a lot of time in the proceedings . His interest in pacifying southern France was also motivation for mediating between the King of France and the King of England , before the outbreak of the Hundred Years ' War . Submission ( edit ) Under Pope Clement VI ( 1342 -- 1352 ) the French interests started dominating the papacy . Clement VI had been Archbishop of Rouen and adviser to Philippe IV before , so his links to the French court were much stronger than those of his predecessors . At some point he even financed French war efforts out of his own pockets . He reportedly loved luxurious wardrobe and under his rule the extravagant life style in Avignon reached new heights . Clement VI was also pope during the Black Death , the epidemic that swept through Europe between 1347 -- 1350 and is believed to have killed about one - third of Europe 's population . Also during his reign , in 1348 , the Avignon papacy bought the city of Avignon from the Angevins . Clement VI Pope Innocent VI ( 1352 -- 1362 ) , born Etienne Aubert , was less partisan than Clement VI . He was keen on establishing peace between France and England , having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348 . His gaunt appearance and austere manners commanded higher respect in the eyes of nobles at both sides of the conflict . However , he was also indecisive and impressionable , already an old man when being elected Pope . In this situation , the King of France managed to influence the papacy , although papal legates played key roles in various attempts to stop the conflict . Most notably in 1353 the Bishop of Porto , Guy de Boulogne , tried to set up a conference . After initial successful talks the effort failed , largely due to the mistrust from English side over Guy 's strong ties with the French court . In a letter Innocent VI himself wrote to the Duke of Lancaster : `` Although we were born in France and although for that and other reasons we hold the realm of France in special affection , yet in working for peace we have put aside our private prejudices and tried to serve the interests of everyone '' . With Pope Urban V ( 1362 -- 1370 ) , the control by Charles V of France of the papacy became more direct . Urban V himself is described as the most austere of the Avignon popes after Benedict XII and probably the most spiritual of all . However , he was not a strategist and made substantial concessions to the French crown especially in finances , a crucial issue during the war with England . In 1369 Pope Urban V supported the marriage of Philip the Bold of the Duchy of Burgundy and Margaret III , Countess of Flanders , rather than giving dispensation to one of Edward III of England 's sons to marry Margaret . This clearly showed the partisanship of the papacy ; correspondingly , the respect for the church dropped . Schism ( edit ) Main article : War of the Eight Saints Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the Avignon Papacy . The most influential decision in the reign of Pope Gregory XI ( 1370 -- 1378 ) was the return to Rome , beginning on 13 September 1376 and ending with his arrival on 17 January 1377 . Although the Pope was French born and still under strong influence by the French King , the increasing conflict between factions friendly and hostile to the Pope posed a threat to the papal lands and to the allegiance of Rome itself . When the papacy established an embargo against grain exports during a food scarcity 1374 and 1375 , Florence organized several cities into a league against the papacy : Milan , Bologna , Perugia , Pisa , Lucca and Genoa . The papal legate , Robert of Geneva , a relative of the House of Savoy , pursued a particularly ruthless policy against the league to re-establish control over these cities . He convinced Pope Gregory to hire Breton mercenaries . To quell an uprising of the inhabitants of Cesena he hired John Hawkwood and had the majority of the people massacred ( between 2,500 and 3,500 people were reported dead ) . Following such events opposition against the papacy strengthened . Florence came in open conflict with the Pope , a conflict called `` the war of the eight saints '' in reference to the eight Florentine councilors who were chosen to orchestrate the conflict . The entire city of Florence was excommunicated and as reply the export of clerical taxes was stopped . The trade was seriously hampered and both sides had to find a solution . In his decision about returning to Rome , the Pope was also under the influence of Catherine of Siena , later canonized , who preached for a return to Rome . This resolution was short - lived , however , when , having returned the papal court to Rome , Pope Gregory XI died . A conclave met and elected an Italian pope , Urban VI . Pope Urban alienated the French cardinals , who held a second conclave electing one of their own , Robert of Geneva , who took the name Clement VII , to succeed Gregory XI , thus founding a second line of Avignon popes . Clement VII , along with his successors are not regarded as legitimate , and are referred to as antipopes by the Catholic Church . This situation , known as the Western Schism , persisted from 1378 until the ecumenical Council of Constance ( 1414 -- 1418 ) resolved the question of papal succession and declared the French conclave of 1378 to be invalid . A new Pope , Pope Martin V , was elected in 1417 ; other claimants to succeed to the line of the Avignon Popes ( though not resident at Avignon ) continued until c. 1437 . History ( edit ) The period has been called the `` Babylonian captivity '' of the popes . When and where this term originated is uncertain although it may have sprung from Petrarch , who in a letter to a friend ( 1340 -- 1353 ) written during his stay at Avignon , described Avignon of that time as the `` Babylon of the west , '' referring to the worldly practices of the church hierarchy . The nickname is polemical , in referring to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at that time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the papacy 's spiritual integrity , especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the French kings . As noted , the `` captivity '' of the popes at Avignon lasted about the same amount of time as the exile of the Jews in Babylon , making the analogy convenient and rhetorically potent . The Avignon papacy has been and is often today depicted as being totally dependent on the French kings , and sometimes as even being treacherous to its spiritual role and its heritage in Rome . Almost a century and a half later , Protestant reformer Martin Luther wrote his treatise On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ( 1520 ) , but he claimed it had nothing to do with the Western Schism or papacy in Avignon . Effects on the papacy ( edit ) The relationship between the papacy and France changed drastically over the course of the 14th century . Starting with open conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France , it turned to cooperation from 1305 to 1342 , and finally to a papacy under strong influence by the French throne up to 1378 . Such partisanship of the papacy was one of the reasons for the dropping esteem for the institution , which in turn was one of the reasons for the schism from 1378 -- 1417 . In the period of the Schism , the power struggle in the papacy became a battlefield of the major powers , with France supporting the Pope in Avignon and England supporting the Pope in Rome . At the end of the century , still in the state of schism , the papacy had lost most of its direct political power , and the nation states of France and England were established as two of the main powers in Europe . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism Châteauneuf - du - Pape Gallicanism Lollardy Medieval Restorationism References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ The Avignon Papacy , P.N.R. Zutshi , The New Cambridge Medieval History : c. 1300 - c. 1415 , Vol . VI , Ed . Michael Jones , ( Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) , 653 . Jump up ^ Adrian Hastings , Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper , The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought , ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) , 227 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopaedia entry para 7 Jump up ^ Joseph F. Kelly , The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church : A History , ( Liturgical Press , 2009 ) , 104 . Jump up ^ Eamon Duffy , Saints & Sinners : A History of the Popes , ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) , 165 . Jump up ^ The History of the Council of Constance , page 403 , Stephen Whatley , Jacques Lenfant , published by A. Bettesworth , 1730 . Jump up ^ P.M. Jones , Reform and Revolution in France : The Politics of Transition , 1774 - 1791 , ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Avignon Papacy , Thomas M. Izbicki , Medieval France : An Encyclopedia , ed . William Kibler , ( Routledge , 1995 ) , 89 . Jump up ^ Joëlle Rollo - Koster , Raiding Saint Peter : Empty Sees , Violence , and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism ( 1378 ) , ( Brill , 2008 ) , 182 . Jump up ^ Margaret Harvey , The English in Rome , 1362 -- 1420 : Portrait of an Expatriate Community , ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) , 3 . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Sourcebook : Petrarch : Letter Criticizing the Avignon Papacy '' . Fordham.edu . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 10 . Further reading ( edit ) Ladurie , E. le Roi . `` Montaillou , Catholics and Cathars in a French Village , 1294 -- 1324 '' , trans . B. Bray , 1978 . Also published as `` Montaillou : The Promised Land of Error '' . Read , P.P. , `` The Templars '' , Phoenix Press . Chapter 17 , `` The Temple Destroyed '' Renouard , Yves . `` Avignon Papacy '' Rollo - Koster , Joelle. 2015 . Avignon and its papacy , 1309 - 1417 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . Sumption , J. , `` Trial by Fire '' , Faber and Faber , 1999 . Tuchman , B. , `` A Distant Mirror '' , Papermac , 1978 . Chapter 16 `` The Papal Schism '' Vale , M. , `` The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In : Holmes , G. ( ed . ) `` The Oxford History of Medieval Europe '' , Oxford University Press , 1988 . Voltaire , F-M , `` Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations et sur les principaux faits de l'histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII . '' ( English : Essay on the manners and spirit of nations and on the principal facts of history from Charlemagne to Louis XIII ) Vol I , T XI , Chap LXV ; edited by René Pomeau ( 1990 ) in 2 Volumes ( Garnier frères , Paris ) OCLC 70306666 Zutschi , P.N.R. , The Avignon Papacy . In : Jones , M. ( ed . ) , The New Cambridge Medieval History . Volume VI c. 1300 - c. 1415 , pp. 653 -- 673 , 2000 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Popes and Anti-Popes of the Western Schism = Avignon = Rome = Pisa ↓ Gregory XI moves back to Rome ↱ Clement VII 's election begins the Western Schism ↓ Council of Pisa ↓ Council of Constance Clement VII Benedict XIII Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Alexander V → John XXIII │ 1376 │ 1386 │ 1396 │ 1406 │ 1416 Book Category Pope portal Catholicism portal List of Popes List of popes graphical canonised Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope - elect 1st -- 4th centuries During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) including under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I 5th -- 8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III 9th -- 12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III 13th -- 16th centuries Viterbo ( 1257 -- 1281 ) Orvieto ( 1262 -- 1297 ) Perugia ( 1228 -- 1304 ) Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII 17th -- 20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II 21st century Benedict XVI Francis History of the papacy Antiquity and Early Middle Ages During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) Under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) High and Late Middle Ages Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Wandering Papacy Viterbo , 1257 -- 1281 Orvieto , 1262 -- 1297 Perugia , 1228 -- 1304 Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Early Modern and Modern Era Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) WWII ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Book Category Pope portal Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avignon_Papacy&oldid=809829699 '' Categories : Avignon Papacy 1305 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1378 disestablishments in Europe 14th century in France 14th - century Roman Catholicism Avignon History of Catholicism in France Papal States Western Schism Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did france manage to get away from the church's hold over it
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"Following the strife between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII and the death of his successor Benedict XI after eight months in office, a deadlocked conclave elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305. Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309, he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. The absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\".[2][3] A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon; all were French,[4][5] and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown. On September 13, 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377), ending the Avignon Papacy."
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"September 13, 1376"
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First white child
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First white child - wikipedia First white child The birth of the first white child is a widely used concept to mark the establishment of a European colony in the New World , especially in the historiography of the United States . In Texas , the birth of the first white child is recorded in local histories on the county level . Contents 1 Americas 1.1 Continental United States 1.2 British , Dutch and Swedish colonies 1.3 Canada 2 Oceania 2.1 Australia 2.2 New Zealand 2.3 Fiji 3 Africa 3.1 Rhodesia 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Americas ( edit ) A 1937 United States stamp honoring Virginia Dare Snorri Thorfinnsson ( probably born between 1005 and 1013 ) was the son of Thorfinnur Karlsefni and Gudrídur Þorbjarnardottir . Generally known to his contemporaries as Snorri Gudrídsson , as his mother outlived his father , was born in Vinland , making him the first European documented to be born in North America . Continental United States ( edit ) Martín de Argüelles , Jr. , born in the Spanish colony of St. Augustine , Florida , was the first white child known to be born in what is now the continental United States . Born in 1566 , his father was a hidalgo and one of the expeditioners who went to New Spain with Captain General Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565 . St. Augustine , Florida , is also the oldest continuously occupied European - founded city anywhere in the United States excluding Puerto Rico . British , Dutch and swedish colonies ( edit ) Virginia Dare , born in 1587 at the Roanoke Colony , was the first child born in North America to English parents , and her memory was celebrated in the British colonies . Peregrine White , born aboard the Mayflower at Provincetown Harbor in 1620 , was the first Pilgrim birth . Sarah Rapelje , born on June 6 , 1625 , was the first white child born in New Netherland in what is now New York state . Born in 1659 , Kristian Gaapstörm was the first white child born in New Sweden . Canada ( edit ) Hélène Desportes is often cited as the first white child born in New France , in what would later be Canada . She was born probably 1620 , to Pierre Desportes and Françoise Langlois , although there is some disagreement about whether she was born in Quebec or before her family arrived on the continent in 1614 . Hélène 's maternal aunt was the mother of Eustache Martin , born in October 1621 in Quebec to Abraham Martin and Marguerite Langlois . Jonathan Guy , the son of Newfoundland settler Nicholas Guy , was the first child born to Anglophone parents in Canada , and one of the first born in any part of North America within a permanent settlement . He was born on 27 March 1613 in Cuper 's Cove , a settlement that has been continuously occupied since 1610 and where his family remained long after his birth At Port Royal , Acadia in 1636 , Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau , who had arrived on the passenger ship Saint Jehan along with 78 other migrants , were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia . The first - born child was Mathieu Martin . In part because of this distinction , Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneur of Cobequid ( 1699 ) . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Seebaer van Nieuwelant ( born 27 July 1623 ) , son of Willemtgen and Willem Janszoon , was born south of Dirk Hartog Island , in present - day Western Australia . His father , not to be confused with the earlier Dutch explorer of the same name , was a midshipman from Amsterdam . He and his wife were aboard the Leijden , commanded by Claes Hermanszoon , which was charting the coast at the time . Their son 's name in Dutch meant `` sea - born ( or sea - birth ) of new land '' . New Zealand ( edit ) The first European birth in New Zealand was Thomas Holloway King at the Rangihoua Bay settlement on February 21 , 1815 . Fiji ( edit ) Novelist Joan Lindsay states that her mother - in - law , Janey Lindsay , was the first white child to be born in Fiji . She was born Jane Elizabeth Williams to the missionary Thomas Williams , and became the matriarch of an artistic family , including Daryl Lindsay ( born 1889 ) . Africa ( edit ) Rhodesia ( edit ) Nada Burnham ( May 1894 -- May 19 , 1896 ) , daughter of the celebrated American scout Frederick Russell Burnham , was the first white child born in Bulawayo and died of fever and starvation during the Siege of Bulawayo in the Second Matabele War . She was buried in the Pioneer Cemetery , plot # 144 , in Bulawayo , Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) . Nada is the Zulu word for lily and she was named after the heroine in Sir H. Rider Haggard 's Zulu tale , Nada the Lily ( 1892 ) . Three of Haggard 's books are posthumously dedicated to her : The Wizard ( 1896 ) , Elissa : The Doom of Zimbabwe ( 1899 ) , and Black Heart and White Heart : A Zulu Idyll ( 1900 ) . Haggard 's dedication reads : To the Memory of the Child : Nada Burnham , who `` bound all to her '' and , while her father cut his way through the hordes of the Ingobo Regiment , perished of the hardships of war at Buluwayo on 19 May 1896 , I dedicate these tales -- and more particularly the last , that of a Faith which triumphed over savagery and death . The first white baby born in Rhodesia was named Unwin Moffat . He was the son of the missionary John Smith Moffat & his wife Emily , nee Unwin . The child was born on the 18th of December 1858 . The Moffats had eleven children between 1858 and 1871 . One of their sons , Howard Unwin Moffat , became premier of S. Rhodesia in 1927 . See also ( edit ) Emilio Palma , first human to be born on the continent of Antarctica . King 's Daughters Órfãs do Rei Casquette girl References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cox , Mike . July 2003 . `` First Whites '' . Accessed August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Time . `` First Native White '' . Accessed August 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Word , Ron . July 30 , 2007 . `` St. Augustine celebrates 442nd birthday '' . Accessed August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Colonial Ancestors . `` This Day in Colonial Times -- June '' . Accessed August 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Decoursey , William . `` Bill Decoursey 's notes on old Dutch families '' . Accessed August 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ethel M.G. ( 1979 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Desportes , Hélène ( Hébert ; Morin ) '' . In Brown , George Williams . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . I ( 1000 -- 1700 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Cell , Gillian T. ( 1979 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Guy , Nicholas '' . In Brown , George Williams . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . I ( 1000 -- 1700 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Griffiths , N. 1600 - 1650 . `` Fish , Fur and Folk '' , in Buckner , P. and Reid J. ( eds ) , The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History , Toronto University Press . 1994 . p. 193 Jump up ^ From the journal of the Leijden ( or Leyden ) : `` On the 27th do . WILLEMTGEN JANSZ. , wedded wife Of WILLEM JANSZ. of Amsterdam , midshipman , was delivered of a son , who got the name of SEEBAER VAN NIEUWELANT . '' J.E. Heeres ( 1899 ) . The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606 - 1765 , p. 49 . Accessed via Project Gutenberg , 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ 1814 Hansen family tree Accessed November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ancestry.com record for Thomas King Accessed November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 1962 ) . Time Without Clocks . F.W. Cheshire Pty Ltd. p. 82 Jump up ^ West , James E. ; Peter O. Lamb ( 1932 ) . He - who - sees - in - the - dark ; the boys ' story of Frederick Burnham , the American scout . illustrated by Robert Baden - Powell . Brewer , Warren and Putnam . Jump up ^ Burnham , Frederick Russell ( 1926 ) . Scouting on Two Continents . Doubleday , Page & company . OCLC 407686 . Jump up ^ Lott , J. `` Jack '' P. ( March 1977 ) . `` Major F.R. Burnham , D.S.O. '' . Rhodesiana Magazine . 36 . ISSN 0556 - 9605 . ^ Jump up to : Haggard , H. Rider ( 1926 ) . The Days of My Life Volume II . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rider Haggard 's Tribute '' . Atlanta Constitution . November 21 , 1896 . ISSN 0093 - 1179 . Further reading ( edit ) Mollie , Gillen. 1989 . A Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet . ISBN 0 - 908120 - 69 - 9 White people Caucasian race European peoples West Asian peoples Central Asian peoples North African peoples Bold refers to countries , regions and territories in which Caucasian / European people are the ethnic majority group Worldwide diaspora Africa Algeria Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Kenya Morocco Namibia Saint Helena South Africa Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Pakistan North America Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago United States South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia New Caledonia New Zealand Historical concepts Apartheid Aryan First white child Honorary whites Play the white man Racial whitening Branqueamento / Blanqueamiento White Australia policy The White Man 's Burden White gods Sociological phenomena and theories Acting white ( Passing as white ) Angry white male Missing white woman syndrome Skin whitening White flight South African farm attacks White fragility White guilt White privilege Whiteness studies Whitewashed film roles White savior White American caricatures and stereotypes Poor Whites Redlegs Rednecks Mountain whites Identity politics in the United States US definitions of whiteness One - drop rule Alt - right Christian Identity Non-Hispanic whites White Anglo - Saxon Protestant Old Stock Americans White ethnic White Hispanic White nationalism White pride White separatism White supremacy Scientific racism Human skin color Color terminology for race Alpine Armenoid Dinaric East Baltic Irano - Afghan Mediterranean Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_white_child&oldid=861590807 '' Categories : Colonization of the Americas History of immigration to Australia Racism White Americans Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who was the first white person born in america
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"Martín de Argüelles, Jr., born in the Spanish colony of St. Augustine, Florida, was the first white child known to be born in what is now the continental United States.[2] Born in 1566, his father was a hidalgo and one of the expeditioners who went to New Spain with Captain General Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565. St. Augustine, Florida, is also the oldest continuously occupied European-founded city anywhere in the United States excluding Puerto Rico.[3]\n"
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"Martín de Argüelles, Jr."
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Koenigsegg Regera
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Koenigsegg Regera - wikipedia Koenigsegg Regera Jump to : navigation , search Koenigsegg Regera Overview Manufacturer Koenigsegg Production 2016 -- present Assembly Ängelholm , Sweden Designer Christian von Koenigsegg Body and chassis Class Sports car ( S ) Body style 2 - door targa top Layout Rear mid-engine , rear - wheel - drive Powertrain Engine 5 L twin - turbo V8 Electric motor 3 electric motors Transmission 1 - speed fixed gear ( 2.73 : 1 ratio ) Battery 4.5 kW h liquid - cooled lithium - ion battery Wheelbase 2,662 mm ( 104.8 in ) Length 4,560 mm ( 179.5 in ) Width 2,050 mm ( 80.7 in ) Height 1,100 mm ( 43.3 in ) Kerb weight 1,590 kg ( 3,510 lb ) The Koenigsegg Regera is a limited production , plug - in hybrid sports car manufactured by Swedish high - performance sports carmaker Koenigsegg . It was unveiled at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show . The name Regera is a Swedish verb , meaning `` to reign '' or `` to rule . '' Only 80 units will be built , all of which have already been sold , each costing approximately US $1.9 million . The Regera was created and designed to be a more practical , luxurious , hypercar alternative to the rest of Koenigsegg 's lightweight hypercar lineup , including the Agera RS and the One : 1 . Koenigsegg states that the Regera will be the most powerful and fastest accelerating production car ever . The production of the Regera will result in Koenigsegg , for the first time ever , simultaneously having two models in production . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifications 1.1 Transmission 1.2 Interior features 1.3 Exterior features 2 Performance 2.1 Comparison with other Koenigsegg models 3 References 4 External links Specifications ( edit ) The Regera produces a reported total of 1,822 PS ( 1,340 kW ; 1,797 hp ) through a hybrid powertrain . As in general , the Regera 's internal combustion engine ( ICE ) produces its greatest power only at high RPMs ; however , due to the fixed gear , this corresponds to very high speeds . Power at low speeds is filled in by the electric motors , giving a maximum combined mechanical output of 1,500 PS ( 1,100 kW ; 1,500 hp ) and 2,000 N m ( 1,475 lb ft ) of torque . The ICE is a mid-rear mounted , in - house developed , twin - turbocharged V8 engine with a 5.0 - litre capacity . It produces 820 kW ( 1,115 PS ; 1,100 hp ) at 7,800 rpm and 1,280 N m ( 944 lb ft ) at 4,100 rpm . It works in conjunction with three YASA electric motors with a total capacity of 520 kW ( 707 PS ; 697 hp ) and 900 N m ( 664 lb ft ) of torque . One 215 hp ( 160 kW ; 218 PS ) electric motor - generator on the crankshaft acts as starter and generator and supplies torque fill ; and two 241 hp ( 180 kW ) wheel - shaft mounted electric motors drive each rear wheel and provide torque vectoring . The electric motors are powered by a 4.5 - kWh , 800 - volt , 75 - kg liquid cooled battery pack developed by Rimac Automobili , making it the first 800 - volt production car . Koenigsegg claims that the battery pack is the most power - dense battery pack ever created for a production car . Transmission ( edit ) Christian von Koenigsegg invented the Koenigsegg Direct Drive System ( KDD ) and it was developed for the Regera by the Koenigsegg Advanced Engineering Team . The KDD system effectively eliminates the need for a transmission and allows for pure EV ( electric vehicle ) mode . The Regera does n't have a traditional multi-gear transmission but instead features a single - speed fixed - gear transmission , often called a direct drive , with a 2.73 : 1 reduction ratio , meaning the crankshaft mounted on the ICE will rotate 2.73 times for every 1 time that the output shaft of the direct drive mechanism will rotate . At speeds below 30 mph , mostly the wheel shaft electric motors propel the car through the use of a hydraulic coupling that lets the ICE and the crankshaft mounted electric motor slip . In reverse , only the wheel shaft electric motors propel the car . Above 30 mph , the RPM of the crankshaft mounted electric motor and internal combustion engine are proportional to wheel speed through locking of the hydraulic coupling . However , in the first driving footage from the Regera through Koenigseggs official YouTube channel , Christian von Koenigsegg described and demonstrated how the Regera features a steering wheel mounted paddle that simulates a traditional downshift by initiating slip of the hydraulic coupling connecting the crankshaft to the output shaft . This results in higher RPM of the ICE and the cranskshaft mounted electric motor and therefore higher power at lower speeds than what would have been possible if the coupling would have been locked at all times . Koenigsegg reported that the omission of a gearbox and addition of electric motors and battery only added 88 kg ( 194 lb ) compared to what the Regera would have weighed with the same combustion engine but a 7 - speed dual - clutch transmission ( DCT ) and no electric motors or batteries . Interior features ( edit ) The Regera will include added insulation to help add to the luxury by reducing cabin noise caused by wind and powertrain noises . Also included as an added luxury item over previous models will be 8 - way electrically adjustable memory foam seats . The Regera will also include many new technical features such as a Koenigsegg 9 - inch information and entertainment system , a complete camera system with recording capabilities ( front , inner , and rear ) , Apple CarPlay , a new sound system , ambient lighting , and 3G and Wi - Fi connectivity . It will also feature front and rear parking sensors . The Regera will feature active engine mounts for the ICE and transmission to rest on . The engine mounts are designed to stay soft at lower speeds , significantly reducing vibrations and engine noise , adding to the luxury effect of the vehicle . While driving more aggressively or at higher speeds , the engine mounts will firm up , giving greater lateral response to the vehicle . Exterior features ( edit ) Christian von Koenigsegg believes that a good design of the day - time running lights ( DRL ) on a vehicle gives it character , and developed a DRL system that is supposed to resemble a constellation with the carbon - fiber background resembling the night sky . Koenigsegg claims that the Regera is the first `` fully - robotized '' car . The vehicle features hydraulic pumps and accumulators to control the active front and rear wings , as well as active chassis control and lifting . Hydraulic lifters were added to the already existing pumps and accumulators to allow for all body panels on the vehicle to be remotely operated . Performance ( edit ) The car has a claimed , electronically limited top speed of 410 km / h ( 255 mph ) , is capable of reaching 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) in 2.7 seconds , 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) in 10.9 seconds , and a speed of 400 km / h ( 249 mph ) in 20 seconds . Koenigsegg also claims that the acceleration from 150 to 250 km / h ( from 93 to 155 mph ) requires 3.9 seconds . Koenigsegg Regera has a power to weight ratio of 0.69 kW ( 0.93 hp ) per kilogram . Comparison with other Koenigsegg models ( edit ) World records set on September 2 , 2011 with an Agera R . Record Time ( seconds ) Agera R One : 1 Regera 0 -- 100 km / h 2.8 2.8 2.7 0 -- 200 km / h 7.68 6.6 6.6 0 -- 300 km / h 14.53 11.92 10.9 0 -- 400 km / h 20 > 20 300 -- 0 km / h 6.66 6.03 200 -- 0 mph 7.28 6.38 0 -- 300 -- 0 km / h 21.19 17.95 0 -- 200 -- 0 mph 24.96 20.07 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Koenigsegg Regera Now Sold Out '' . Koenigsegg. 2017 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Koenigsegg Regera : 1500 Horsepower , Single - Speed Gearbox - Official Photos and Info '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regera - Koenigsegg '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` First Look At Koenigsegg Regera : 1,500 HP From Direct Drive System '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Okulski , Travis . `` How The 1,500 HP Koenigsegg Regera Hits 248 MPH Without A Gearbox '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Koenigsegg Presents Production Spec Regera , ' Agera Final ' and Agera RS at Geneva 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Koenigsegg. 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Koenigsegg unveils 1100kW Regera '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMmdl77VOxg Jump up ^ `` 2016 Koenigsegg Regera : 1500 Horsepower , Single - Speed Gearbox - Official Photos and Info '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEd20OZ0RA ^ Jump up to : `` Regera - Koenigsegg '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Petrány , Máté . `` Koenigsegg Will Sell You A Car Without A Transmission For $1.9 Million '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , Stephen . `` Koenigsegg 's Regera goes green with a 1,500 - HP plug - in hybrid powertrain '' . Digital Trends . Jump up ^ Potter , Brian ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` Koenigsegg Agera R sets Guiness ( sic ) world record for 0 - 300 - 0 km / h '' . worldcarfans . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02K1CaUpAJA External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Koenigsegg Regera . Official website ( hide ) Koenigsegg People Christian von Koenigsegg Current models Cars Koenigsegg Agera Koenigsegg Agera R Koenigsegg Agera RS Koenigsegg Agera S Koenigsegg One : 1 Koenigsegg Regera Historic models Koenigsegg CC8S Koenigsegg CCR Koenigsegg CCX Koenigsegg CCXR Concept cars Koenigsegg CC Koenigsegg Quant Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koenigsegg_Regera&oldid=804994041 '' Categories : 2010s automobiles Koenigsegg vehicles Plug - in hybrid vehicles Rear mid-engine , rear - wheel - drive vehicles Sports cars Cars introduced in 2016 Grand tourers Flagship vehicles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 11 : 38 . About Wikipedia
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what is the top speed of the koenigsegg regera
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"The Regera produces a reported total of 1,822 PS (1,340 kW; 1,797 hp) through a hybrid powertrain. As in general, the Regera's internal combustion engine (ICE) produces its greatest power only at high RPMs; however, due to the fixed gear, this corresponds to very high speeds. Power at low speeds is filled in by the electric motors, giving a maximum combined mechanical output of 1,500 PS (1,100 kW; 1,500 hp) and 2,000 N·m (1,475 lb·ft) of torque.[3][4][5] The ICE is a mid-rear mounted, in-house developed, twin-turbocharged V8 engine with a 5.0-litre capacity. It produces 820 kW (1,115 PS; 1,100 hp) at 7,800 rpm and 1,280 N·m (944 lb·ft) at 4,100 rpm. It works in conjunction with three YASA electric motors with a total capacity of 520 kW (707 PS; 697 hp) and 900 N·m (664 lb·ft) of torque. One 215 hp (160 kW; 218 PS) electric motor-generator on the crankshaft acts as starter and generator and supplies torque fill; and two 241 hp (180 kW) wheel-shaft mounted electric motors drive each rear wheel and provide torque vectoring. The electric motors are powered by a 4.5-kWh, 800-volt, 75-kg liquid cooled battery pack developed by Rimac Automobili, making it the first 800-volt production car.[6] Koenigsegg claims that the battery pack is the most power-dense battery pack ever created for a production car.[2][3][5][7]"
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[
"1,500 PS (1,100 kW; 1,500 hp) and 2,000 N·m (1,475 lb·ft) of torque"
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-2321028626565294136
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iPod Touch (6th generation)
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IPod touch ( 6th generation ) - Wikipedia IPod touch ( 6th generation ) Jump to : navigation , search IPod Touch iPod touch ( 6th Generation ) in Pink Developer Apple , Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn Product family iPod Release date July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) Operating system Original : iOS 8.4 Current : iOS 11.0. 2 , released October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) System - on - chip used Apple A8 Apple M8 motion coprocessor CPU 1.4 GHz 64 - bit dual - core ARMv8 - A `` Typhoon '' ( Underclocked to 1.1 GHz ) Memory 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , 64 , or 128 GB flash memory ( 128 GB models are only available through apple.com and Apple Stores ) Display 4 in ( 100 mm ) diagonal widescreen display with Multi-Touch IPS technology 1136 - by - 640 - pixel resolution at 326 ppi 800 : 1 contrast ratio ( typical ) 500 cd / m2 max brightness ( typical ) Fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating Graphics PowerVR Series 6XT GX6450 ( quad - core ) Input Multi-touch touchscreen Volume buttons Microphone Built - in speaker Voice control 3 - axis gyroscope 3 - axis accelerometer M8 motion coprocessor Camera Rear : 8 MP back - side illuminated sensor iSight camera Autofocus Aperture ƒ / 2.4 Five - element lens Hybrid IR filter Backside illumination Improved face detection HD video recording With Cinematic Image Stabilization 1080p ( 30fps ) 720p Slow - motion recording ( 120fps ) Panorama Front : FaceTime HD camera with 1.2 MP Aperture ƒ / 2.2 720p HD video recording ( 30fps ) Connectivity Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) ( 802.11 n : 2.4 and 5 GHz ) Bluetooth 4.1 123.4 mm ( 4.86 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) D Weight 88 g ( 3.1 oz ) Predecessor iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) Related articles iPhone 5S iPhone SE Website www.apple.com/ipod-touch/ The sixth - generation iPod Touch ( stylized and marketed as the iPod touch , and colloquially known as the iPod touch 6G , iPod touch 6 , or iPod touch ( 2015 ) ) is a multipurpose pocket computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen - based user interface . It is the successor to the iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , becoming the first major update to the iPod lineup in more than two and a half years . It was released on the online Apple Store on July 15 , 2015 , along with a new iPod Nano and iPod Shuffle , which received minor upgrades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Software 1.2 Hardware 1.3 Design 1.4 Accessories 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Features ( edit ) Software ( edit ) Main articles : iOS 8 , iOS 9 , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 Further information : iOS version history The sixth - generation iPod touch features iOS , Apple 's mobile operating system . The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its Multi-Touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it vertically ( one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode ) . The sixth - generation iPod Touch ships with iOS 8.4 , which was released on June 30 , 2015 along with Apple Music , it can play music , movies , television shows , audiobooks , and podcasts and can sort its media library by songs , artists , albums , videos , playlists , genres , composers , podcasts , audiobooks , and compilations . Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen . Alternatively , headset controls can be used to pause , play , skip , and repeat tracks . However , the EarPods that come with the sixth - generation iPod touch do not include a remote or microphone . The Voice Control feature can also be used to identify a track , play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist , or create a Genius playlist . The sixth - generation iPod touch supports iOS 9 that was released in September 2015 , iOS 10 that was released in September 2016 and iOS 11 that was released in September 2017 . The latest version of iOS that the sixth - generation iPod touch supports is iOS 11.0 , released on September 19 , 2017 . Hardware ( edit ) The sixth - generation iPod touch features the Apple A8 and Apple M8 motion co-processor chipset with 64 - bit architecture which is the same chip on iPad Mini 4 , Apple TV 4th Gen , iPhone 6 and the upcoming HomePod but it is slightly underclocked at 1.1 GHz ( the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus are clocked at 1.4 GHz ) . It has 1GB of LPDDR3 RAM , twice the amount as the previous generation iPod touch . Apple 's Metal graphics technology is also compatible with the iPod touch 6th generation . The iPod touch features an 8MP rear iSight camera with video which can record in 1080p at 30fps , or 120fps in slow - motion mode that records at 720p . The camera also supports a burst mode and has an LED flash . Unlike the 5th - generation version , the rear camera on the 6th - generation iPod touch lacks a sapphire crystal lens . The front camera is unchanged from the previous generation , a 1.2 MP sensor and can record video up to 720p . It is the first iPod touch that is available with 128 GB of storage , partially filling the void left behind by the iPod Classic which offered 160 GB of storage at the time it was discontinued . Design ( edit ) The sixth - generation iPod touch maintains an identical exterior design to the previous generation iPod touch , with the exception of the iPod touch Loop button . It is available in silver , gold , space gray , pink , blue , and a Product Red version which is only available at Apple Stores and the Apple Online Store , although each color 's shade is slightly different from the previous generation . Accessories ( edit ) The sixth - generation iPod touch comes with a Lightning Charging cable . This model also comes with the EarPods without Remote and Mic . This iPod touch is compatible with Apple 's $159 wireless AirPods which were released in late December 2016 . The AirPods were introduced on September 7 at the Apple Special Event ( September 7 , 2016 ) . See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iPod models List of iOS devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Apple Refreshes The iPod touch With A8 SoC And New Cameras '' . Anandtech.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc . `` Apple - iPod touch - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New iPod touch Wins Critical Acclaim iParts4U Blog '' . www.iparts-4u.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Apple refreshes iPod lineup with new colors and major upgrades to iPod touch . The Verge Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gurman , Marc ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Apple to release new iPod touch today : gold option , 8MP camera , 64 - bit , 128GB + new Nano / Shuffle colors '' . 9to5mac.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barret , Brian ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stop Everything : You Might Actually Want a New iPod touch '' . Wired.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kee , Edwin ( 2012 - 12 - 26 ) . `` iPod touch ( 2012 ) enters the fifth generation '' . Ubergizmo . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPod touch 6 generation disassembly '' . iFixit . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . External links ( edit ) iPod touch -- official site iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV Apple Watch Series 2 Series 3 iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photo Booth Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC iPod Models Classic Photo iPod + HP Mini Shuffle Nano Touch Accessories Earbuds iPod Hi - Fi Nike + iPod Software Comparison of iPod managers iOS Store iPod game iTunes Store version history Other Advertising Click wheel Dock Connector Italics indicate discontinued products . Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks PowerBook G3 G4 MacBook Pro Consumer electronics Apple TV Apple Watch 1st 2nd 3rd Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio iPad 1st 3rd 4th 5th iPad Air 1st iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Accessories AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule iPod Click Wheel iPod Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Trackpad Magic Magic 2 Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Pencil AirPods Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive USB Modem Xserve RAID AirPower Apple hardware before 1998 Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. Anderson Gil Amelio Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Angela Ahrendts Phil Schiller Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Dan Riccio Johny Srouji Bruce Sewell Lisa Jackson Former Steve Jobs Fred D. Anderson John Browett Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Nancy R. Heinen Ron Johnson Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Bertrand Serlet Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Gil Amelio Ellen Hancock David Nagel Guerrino De Luca Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores Apple Store App Store iBookstore iTunes Store Mac App Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Products Hardware Macintosh Intel transition iPod Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Apple TV Apple Watch Apple SIM Apple Mobile Processors Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Siri Spotsetter Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Book Portal Preceded by iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) 6th generation Succeeded by None ; latest model Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPod_Touch_(6th_generation)&oldid=803630510 '' Categories : IPod IOS ( Apple ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the 6th generation ipod come out
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"The sixth-generation iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as the iPod touch, and colloquially known as the iPod touch 6G, iPod touch 6, or iPod touch (2015) [3]) is a multipurpose pocket computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface. It is the successor to the iPod Touch (5th generation), becoming the first major update to the iPod lineup in more than two and a half years. It was released on the online Apple Store on July 15, 2015, along with a new iPod Nano and iPod Shuffle, which received minor upgrades.[4][5]"
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"July 15, 2015"
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Roman numerals
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Roman numerals - wikipedia Roman numerals Jump to : navigation , search `` Latin numerals '' redirects here . For counting in Latin , see Latin § Numbers . Roman numerals on stern of a British clipper ship showing draft in feet . The numbers range from 13 to 22 , from bottom to top . Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet . Roman numerals , as used today , are based on seven symbols : Symbol V X Value 5 10 50 100 500 1,000 The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on , Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Hindu - Arabic numerals ; however , this process was gradual , and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman numeric system 1.1 Basic decimal pattern 1.2 Alternative forms 2 History 2.1 Pre-Roman times and ancient Rome 2.1. 1 Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals 2.1. 1.1 Tally marks 2.1. 1.2 Hand signals 2.1. 1.3 Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols 2.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 2.3 Modern use 2.3. 1 Specific disciplines 2.3. 2 Modern use in continental Europe 3 Special values 3.1 Zero 3.2 Fractions 3.3 Large numbers 3.3. 1 Apostrophus 3.3. 2 Vinculum 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Roman numeric system Basic decimal pattern The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I , V. and X ( 1 , 5 , and 10 ) as simple tally marks . Each marker for 1 ( I ) added a unit value up to 5 ( V ) , and was then added to ( V ) to make the numbers from 6 to 9 : I , II , III , IIII , V , VI , VII , VIII , VIIII , X . The numerals for 4 ( IIII ) and 9 ( VIIII ) proved problematic ( among other things , they are easily confused with III and VIII ) , and are generally replaced with IV ( one less than 5 ) and IX ( one less than 10 ) . This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation . The numbers from 1 to 10 ( including subtractive notation for 4 and 9 ) are expressed in Roman numerals as follows : I , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , X . The system being basically decimal , tens and hundreds follow the same pattern : Thus 10 to 100 ( counting in tens , with X taking the place of I , L taking the place of V and C taking the place of X ) : X , XX , XXX , XL , L , LX , LXX , LXXX , XC , C . Note that 40 ( XL ) and 90 ( XC ) follow the same subtractive pattern as 4 and 9 . Similarly , 100 to 1000 ( counting in hundreds ) : C , CC , CCC , CD , D , DC , DCC , DCCC , CM , M . Many numbers include hundreds , units and tens . The Roman numeral system being basically decimal , each `` place '' is added separately , in descending sequence from left to right , as with `` arabic '' numbers . For example , the number 39 is XXXIX , ( three tens and a ten less one ) , 246 is CCXLVI ( two hundreds , a fifty less ten , a five and a one . As each place has its own notation there is no need for place keeping zeros , so `` missing places '' can be simply omitted : thus 207 , for instance , is written CCVII ( two hundreds , a five and two ones ) and 1066 becomes MLXVI ( a thousand , a fifty and a ten , a five and a one ) Roman numerals for large numbers are nowadays seen mainly in the form of year numbers ( other uses are detailed later in this article ) , as in these examples : 1776 as MDCCLXXVI , the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty . 1954 as MCMLIV , as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris 1990 as MCMXC , used as the title of musical project Enigma 's debut album MCMXC a.D. , named after the year of its release . 2014 as MMXIV , the year of the games of the XXII ( 22nd ) Olympic Winter Games ( in Sochi ) Alternative forms A typical clock face with Roman numerals in Bad Salzdetfurth , Germany The `` standard '' forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention . Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times . Inscriptions dating from the Roman period not infrequently use `` additive '' forms such as IIII and VIIII for `` 4 '' and `` 9 '' instead of IV and IX . There are even instances of both forms appearing within the same document . While in standard usage subtractive notation is limited to use of `` adjacent '' numerals , so that 99 ( for example ) is written XCIX , forms such as IC are not unknown . XIIX or IIXX are sometimes used for `` 18 '' instead of XVIII . The Latin word for `` eighteen '' is often rendered as the equivalent of `` twenty less two '' , which may be the source of this usage . Sometimes V and L are not used , with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX . An inscription on Admiralty Arch , London . The number is 1910 , for which MCMX would be more usual . Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock , a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century . However , this is far from universal : for example , the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London ( aka `` Big Ben '' ) uses a `` normal '' IV . At the beginning of the 20th century , different representations of 900 ( conventionally CM ) appeared in several inscribed dates . For instance , 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch , London , as MDCCCCX rather than MCMX , while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum , 1903 is inscribed as MDCDIII rather than MCMIII . History Pre-roman times and ancient Rome Although Roman numerals came to be written with letters of the Roman alphabet , they were originally independent symbols . The Etruscans , for example , used 𐌠 , 𐌡 , 𐌢 , ⋔ , 𐌚 , and ⊕ for I , V , X , L , C , and M , of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet . Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals Tally marks One hypothesis is that the Etrusco - Roman numerals actually derive from notches on tally sticks , which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century . Thus , ⟨ I ⟩ descends not from the letter ⟨ I ⟩ but from a notch scored across the stick . Every fifth notch was double cut i.e. ⋀ , ⋁ , ⋋ , ⋌ , etc . ) , and every tenth was cross cut ( X ) , IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII ... ) , much like European tally marks today . This produced a positional system : Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies , IIIIΛIII , or the eighth of a longer series of tallies ; either way , it could be abbreviated ΛIII ( or VIII ) , as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches . By extension , eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten , which could be abbreviated X , and so was XΛIII . Likewise , number four on the stick was the I - notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ ( V ) , so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ ( IV ) . Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception , but ordinal . When the tallies were transferred to writing , the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I , V and X . The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke . Thus 50 was written variously as N , И , K , Ψ , ⋔ , etc. , but perhaps most often as a chicken - track shape like a superimposed V and I : ↆ . This had flattened to ⊥ ( an inverted T ) by the time of Augustus , and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Likewise , 100 was variously Ж , ⋉ , ⋈ , H , or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke . The form Ж ( that is , a superimposed X and I like : 𐊌 ) came to predominate . It was written variously as > I < or ƆIC , was then abbreviated to Ɔ or C , with C variant finally winning out because , as a letter , it stood for centum , Latin for `` hundred '' . The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle . Thus 500 was like a Ɔ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ , becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus , under the graphic influence of the letter ⟨ D ⟩ . It was later identified as the letter D ; an alternative symbol for `` thousand '' was ( I ) ( or CIƆ or CꟾƆ ) , and half of a thousand or `` five hundred '' is the right half of the symbol , I ) ( or IƆ or ꟾƆ ) , and this may have been converted into ⟨ D ⟩ . This at least was the etymology given to it later on . Meanwhile , 1000 was a circled or boxed X : X , ⊗ , ⊕ , and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi . Over time , the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ . The latter symbol further evolved into ∞ , then ⋈ , and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille `` thousand '' . Hand signals Alfred Hooper has an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the Roman numeral system , for small numbers . Hooper contends that the digits are related to hand gestures for counting . For example , the numbers I , II , III , IIII correspond to the number of fingers held up for another to see . V , then represents that hand upright with fingers together and thumb apart . Numbers 6 -- 10 , are represented with two hands as follows ( left hand , right hand ) 6 = ( V , I ) , 7 = ( V , II ) , 8 = ( V , III ) , 9 = ( V , IIII ) , 10 = ( V , V ) and X results from either crossing of the thumbs , or holding both hands up in a cross . Another possibility is that each I represents a finger and V represents the thumb of one hand . This way the numbers between 1 -- 10 can be counted on one hand using the order : I = P , II = PR , III = PRM , IV = IT , V = T , VI = TP , VII = TPR , VIII = TPRM , IX = IN , X = N ( P = Pinky , R = Ring , M = Middle , I = Index , T = Thumb N = No Fingers / Other Hand ) . This pattern can also be continued using the other hand with the fingers representing X and the thumb L . Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols A third hypothesis about the origins states that the basic ciphers were I , X , C and Φ ( or ⊕ ) and that the intermediary ones were derived from taking half of those ( half an X is V , half a C is L and half a Φ / ⊕ is D ) . The Φ was later replaced with M , the initial of Mille ( the Latin word for `` thousand '' ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance Minuscule ( lower - case ) letters were developed in the Middle Ages , well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire , and since that time lower - case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used : i , ii , iii , iv , and so on . Since the Middle Ages , a `` j '' has sometimes been substituted for the final `` i '' of a `` lower - case '' Roman numeral , such as `` iij '' for 3 or `` vij '' for 7 . This `` j '' can be considered a swash variant of `` i '' ( see example ( 1 ) ) . The use of a final `` j '' is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written . Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols , which today are called `` medieval Roman numerals '' . Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one ( such as `` A '' for `` V '' , or `` Q '' for `` D '' ) , while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ( `` O '' for `` XI '' , or `` F '' for `` XL '' ) . Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries , they are long out of use . Number Medieval abbreviation Notes and etymology 5 Resembles an upside - down V. Also said to equal 500 . 6 Ϛ Either from a ligature of VI , or the Greek numeral 6 : stigma ( Ϛ ) . 7 S , Z Presumed abbreviation of septem , Latin for 7 . 11 O Presumed abbreviation of onze , French for 11 . 40 Presumed abbreviation of English forty . 70 Also could stand for 7 , with the same derivation . 80 90 Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta , Latin for 90 . ( N.B. N is also used for `` nothing '' ( nullus ) ) . 150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y 's shape . 151 Unusual , origin unknown ; also said to stand for 250 . 160 Possibly derived from Greek tetra , as 4 × 40 = 160 . 200 Could also stand for 2 ( see also 𐆙 , the symbol for the dupondius ) . From a barring of two I 's . 250 300 400 P , G 500 Q Redundant with D ; abbreviates quingenti , Latin for 500 . 2000 Z Chronograms , messages with dates encoded into them , were popular during the Renaissance era . The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I , V , X , L , C , D , and M. By putting these letters together , the reader would obtain a number , usually indicating a particular year . Modern use By the 11th century , Hindu -- Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al - Andalus , by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises . Roman numerals , however , proved very persistent , remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries , even in accounting and other business records ( where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus ) . Replacement by their more convenient `` Arabic '' equivalents was quite gradual , and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts . A few examples of their current use are : Spanish Real using `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' as regnal number of Charles IV of Spain Names of monarchs and popes , e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , Pope Benedict XVI . These are referred to as regnal numbers ; e.g. II is pronounced `` the second '' . This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages , gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII . Previously , the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor . Some monarchs ( e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France ) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage ( see illustration ) . Generational suffixes , particularly in the US , for people sharing the same name across generations , for example William Howard Taft IV . In the French Republican Calendar , initiated during the French Revolution , years were numbered by Roman numerals -- from the year I ( 1792 ) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV ( 1805 ) when it was abandoned . The year of production of films , television shows and other works of art within the work itself . It has been suggested -- by BBC News , perhaps facetiously -- that this was originally done `` in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes . '' Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu -- Arabic numerals . Hour marks on timepieces . In this context , 4 is usually written IIII . The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones . Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books , and sometimes of annexes , too . Book volume and chapter numbers , as well as the several acts within a play ( e.g. Act iii , Scene 2 ) . Sequels of some movies , video games , and other works ( as in Rocky II ) . Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships . Occurrences of a recurring grand event , for instance : The Summer and Winter Olympic Games ( e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games ; the Games of the XXX Olympiad ) The Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League ( e.g. Super Bowl XXXVII ; Super Bowl 50 is a one - time exception ) WrestleMania , the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE ( e.g. WrestleMania XXX ) . This usage has also been inconsistent . Specific disciplines Entrance to section LII ( 52 ) of the Colosseum , with numerals still visible In astronomy , the natural satellites or `` moons '' of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet 's name . For example , Titan 's designation is Saturn VI . In chemistry , Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table . They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry , for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges . They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals , such as ice . In computing , Roman numerals may be used in identifiers which are limited to alphabetic characters by syntactic constraints of the programming language . In LaTeX , for instance , \ labelitemiii refers to the label of an item in the third level iii of a nested list environment . In military unit designation , Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels . This reduces possible confusion , especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps . In particular , army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals ( for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2 - era German III Panzerkorps ) with Hindu - Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies . In music , Roman numerals are used in several contexts : Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals . In music theory , the diatonic functions are identified using Roman numerals . ( See : Roman numeral analysis ) Individual strings of stringed instruments , such as the violin , are often denoted by Roman numerals , with higher numbers denoting lower strings . In pharmacy , Roman numerals are used in some contexts , including S to denote `` one half '' and N to mean `` nothing '' . ( See the sections below on `` zero '' and `` fractions '' . ) In photography , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System . In seismology , Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes . In tarot , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana . In theology and biblical scholarship , the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX , as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators ( septuaginta being Latin for `` seventy '' ) . In entomology , the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals . In advanced mathematics ( including trigonometry , statistics , and calculus ) , when a graph includes negative numbers , its quadrants are named using I , II , III , and IV . These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes , negative numbers on the X axis , negative numbers on both axes , and negative numbers on the Y axis , respectively . The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion , since Hindu - Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph . Modern use in continental Europe Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries are relatively common in continental Europe . For instance : Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries , e.g. the French xviii siècle and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean `` 18th century '' . Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favour Roman numerals ( XVIII век ) . On the other hand , in Slavic languages in Central Europe , like most Germanic languages , one writes `` 18 . '' ( with a period ) before the local word for `` century '' . Boris Yeltsin 's signature , dated 10 November 1988 . The month is specified by `` XI '' rather than `` 11 '' . Mixed Roman and Hindu - Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates ( especially in formal letters and official documents , but also on tombstones ) . The month is written in Roman numerals , while the day is in Hindu - Arabic numerals : `` 14. VI. 1789 '' and `` VI. 14.1789 '' both refer unambiguously to 14 June 1789 . Timetable on a shop window in Vilnius Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours - of - operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses , and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables . Monday , taken as the first day of the week , is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII . The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time . In the example case ( left ) , the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays , 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays . Note that the listing uses 24 - hour time . Sign at 17.9 km on route SS4 Salaria , north of Rome Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering . For instance , apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138 - III , with both a Hindu - Arabic numeral ( number of the block or house ) and a Roman numeral ( floor number ) . The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as ' 138 - huis ' . In Italy , where roads outside built - up areas have kilometre signs , major roads and motorways also mark 100 - metre subdivisionals , using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals . The sign `` IX 17 '' thus marks kilometre 17.9 . A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece , where Greek numerals ( based on the Greek alphabet ) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere . Special values Zero The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral , but the word nulla ( the Latin word meaning `` none '' ) was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0 . Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525 . About 725 , Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N , the initial of nulla or of nihil ( the Latin word for `` nothing '' ) , in a table of epacts , all written in Roman numerals . Fractions A triens coin ( 1 / 3 or 4 / 12 of an as ) . Note the four dots indicating its value . A semis coin ( 1 / 2 or 6 / 12 of an as ) . Note the S indicating its value . Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers , reflecting how they counted in Latin , they used a duodecimal system for fractions , because the divisibility of twelve ( 12 = 2 × 3 ) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 / 3 and 1 / 4 than does a system based on ten ( 10 = 2 × 5 ) . On coins , many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as , they used a tally - like notational system based on twelfths and halves . A dot ( ) indicated an uncia `` twelfth '' , the source of the English words inch and ounce ; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths . Six twelfths ( one half ) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis `` half '' . Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths , just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine . Each fraction from 1 / 12 to 12 / 12 had a name in Roman times ; these corresponded to the names of the related coins : Fraction Roman numeral Name ( nominative and genitive ) Meaning 1 / 12 Uncia , unciae `` Ounce '' 2 / 12 = 1 / 6 or : Sextans , sextantis `` Sixth '' 3 / 12 = 1 / 4 or ∴ Quadrans , quadrantis `` Quarter '' 4 / 12 = 1 / 3 or : : Triens , trientis `` Third '' 5 / 12 or : : Quincunx , quincuncis `` Five - ounce '' ( quinque unciae → quincunx ) 6 / 12 = 1 / 2 Semis , semissis `` Half '' 7 / 12 S Septunx , septuncis `` Seven - ounce '' ( septem unciae → septunx ) 8 / 12 = 2 / 3 S or S : Bes , bessis `` Twice '' ( as in `` twice a third '' ) 9 / 12 = 3 / 4 S or S : Dodrans , dodrantis or nonuncium , nonuncii `` Less a quarter '' ( de-quadrans → dodrans ) or `` ninth ounce '' ( nona uncia → nonuncium ) 10 / 12 = 5 / 6 S or S : : Dextans , dextantis or decunx , decuncis `` Less a sixth '' ( de-sextans → dextans ) or `` ten ounces '' ( decem unciae → decunx ) 11 / 12 S or S : : Deunx , deuncis `` Less an ounce '' ( de-uncia → deunx ) 12 / 12 = 1 As , assis `` Unit '' The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear . Five dots arranged like ( ⁙ ) ( as on the face of a die ) are known as a quincunx , from the name of the Roman fraction / coin . The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant . Other Roman fractional notations included the following : 1 / 8 sescuncia , sescunciae ( from sesqui - + uncia , i.e. 11⁄2 uncias ) , represented by a sequence of the symbols for the semuncia and the uncia . 1 / 24 semuncia , semunciae ( from semi - + uncia , i.e. 1⁄2 uncia ) , represented by several variant glyphs deriving from the shape of the Greek letter sigma ( Σ ) , one variant resembling the pound sign ( £ ) without the horizontal line ( s ) and another resembling the Cyrillic letter Є . 1 / 36 binae sextulae , binarum sextularum ( `` two sextulas '' ) or duella , duellae , represented by a sequence of two reversed Ss ( ƧƧ ) . 1 / 48 sicilicus , sicilici , represented by a reversed C ( Ɔ ) . 1 / 72 sextula , sextulae ( 1 / 6 of an uncia ) , represented by a reversed S ( Ƨ ) . 1 / 144 = 12 dimidia sextula , dimidiae sextulae ( `` half a sextula '' ) , represented by a reversed S crossed by a horizontal line ( 𐆔 ) . 1 / 288 scripulum , scripuli ( a scruple ) , represented by the symbol ℈ . 1 / 1728 = 12 siliqua , siliquae , represented by a symbol resembling closing guillemets ( 𐆕 ) . Large numbers A number of systems were developed for the expression of larger numbers that can not be conveniently expressed using the normal seven letter symbols of conventional Roman numerals . `` 1630 '' on the Westerkerk in Amsterdam , with the date expressed in `` apostrophus '' notation . Apostrophus One of these was the apostrophus , in which 500 ( usually written as `` D '' ) was written as Ɔ , while 1,000 was written as C Ɔ instead of `` M '' . This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands ( the Cs and Ɔs functioned in this case as the Roman equivalent of parentheses ) , and has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage . Each extra set of C combined with Ɔ , raises C Ɔ by a factor of ten , for example , CC ƆƆ is 10,000 and CCC ƆƆƆ is 100,000 . Whereas the Ɔ ( representing 500 ) is raised by a factor of ten by combining it with a Ɔ , for example , ƆƆ is 5,000 , and ƆƆƆ is 5,000 . The D and M used to represent 500 and 1,000 in conventional Roman numerals were probably derived from Ɔ and C Ɔ , respectively . For example : Base number C Ɔ = 1,000 CC ƆƆ = 10,000 CCC ƆƆƆ = 100,000 with Ɔ Ɔ = 500 C Ɔ Ɔ = 1,500 ( broken down as C Ɔ plus Ɔ ) CC ƆƆ Ɔ = 10,500 ( broken down as CC ƆƆ plus Ɔ ) CCC ƆƆƆ Ɔ = 100,500 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus Ɔ ) with ƆƆ ƆƆ = 5,000 CC ƆƆ ƆƆ = 15,000 ( broken down as CC ƆƆ plus ƆƆ ) CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆ = 105,000 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus ƆƆ ) with ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 50,000 CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 150,000 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus ƆƆƆ ) Sometimes C Ɔ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000 . John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ( modern ∞ ) , and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage , since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers . Similarly , ƆƆ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ ; CC ƆƆ for 10,000 to ↂ ; ƆƆƆ for 50,000 to ↇ ; and CCC ƆƆƆ for 100,000 to ↈ . Page from a 16th - century manual , showing a mixture of apostrophus and vinculum numbers ( see in particular the ways of writing 10,000 ) . Vinculum Another system is the vinculum , where a conventional Roman numeral is multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline . Although mathematical historian David Eugene Smith disputes that this was part of ancient Roman usage , the notation was certainly in use in the Middle Ages , and is at least a convenient and `` conventional '' way to express numbers greater than 3,999 in Roman numerals . For instance : IV for 4,000 XXV for 25,000 Adding vertical lines ( or brackets ) before and after the numeral seems to have been used ( at least by late medieval times ) to multiply a Roman numeral by 10 : thus M for 10,000 rather than X ( perhaps under the influence of Arabic / Hindu numerals , which were by this time coming into use ) . In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to ( say ) ten ( or one hundred ) thousand , thus : VIII for 80,000 ( or 800,000 ) XX for 200,000 ( or 2,000,000 ) This needs to be distinguished from the custom of adding both underline and overline to a Roman numeral , simply to make it clear that it is a number , e.g. MCMLXVII . See also Egyptian numerals Etruscan numerals Kharosthi numerals Roman abacus Proto - writing Roman numerals in Unicode Pentimal system References Jump up ^ Gordon , Arthur E. ( 1982 ) . Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0520050797 . Alphabetic symbols for larger numbers , such as Q for 500,000 , have also been used to various degrees of standardization . Jump up ^ Reddy , Indra K. ; Khan , Mansoor A. ( 2003 ) . Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians . CRC Press . ISBN 9780203495346 . Jump up ^ Dela Cruz , M.L.P. ; Torres , H.D. ( 2009 ) . Number Smart Quest for Mastery : Teacher 's Edition . Rex Bookstore , Inc . ISBN 9789712352164 . Jump up ^ Martelli , Alex ; Ascher , David ( 2002 ) . Python Cookbook . O'Reilly Media Inc . ISBN 9780596001674 . Jump up ^ `` What book is the Statue of Liberty holding ? What is its significance ? '' . Quora . Jump up ^ Hayes , David P. `` Guide to Roman Numerals '' . Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( February 23 , 1990 ) . `` What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s ? '' . The Straight Dope . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Joyce Maire ; Spawforth , Anthony J.S. ( 1996 ) . `` numbers , Roman '' . In Hornblower , Simon ; Spawforth , Anthony . Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866172 - X . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Benjamin Hall ( 1923 ) . The Revised Latin Primer . London : Longmans , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Milham , W.I. ( 1947 ) . Time & Timekeepers . New York : Macmillan . p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Pickover , Clifford A. ( 2003 ) , Wonders of Numbers : Adventures in Mathematics , Mind , and Meaning , Oxford University Press , p. 282 , ISBN 9780195348002 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ; Zotti , Ed ( 1988 ) . More of the straight dope . Ballantine Books . p. 154 . ISBN 9780345351456 ... Jump up ^ `` Gallery : Museum 's North Entrance ( 1910 ) '' . Saint Louis Art Museum . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads : `` Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII '' . These Roman numerals translate to 1903 , indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World 's Fair . ^ Jump up to : Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) . The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer . Translated by David Bellos , E.F. Harding , Sophie Wood , Ian Monk . John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Asimov , Isaac ( 1977 ) ( 1966 ) . Asimov On Numbers . Pocket Books , a division of Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 9 . Jump up ^ Alfred Hooper . The River Mathematics ( New York , H. Holt , 1945 ) . Jump up ^ Keyser , Paul ( 1988 ) . `` The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000 '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 92 : 529 -- 546 . JSTOR 505248 . Jump up ^ Sturmer , Julius W. Course in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Arithmetic , 3rd ed . ( LaFayette , IN : Burt - Terry - Wilson , 1906 ) . p25 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bastedo , Walter A. Materia Medica : Pharmacology , Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners , 2nd ed . ( Philadelphia , PA : W.B. Saunders , 1919 ) p582 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Capelli , A. Dictionary of Latin Abbreviations. 1912 . Jump up ^ Perry , David J. Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS . Jump up ^ Bang , Jørgen . Fremmedordbog , Berlingske Ordbøger , 1962 ( Danish ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) . `` TV Q&A : ABC News , ' Storage Wars ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NFL wo n't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 , nfl.com , Retrieved November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bachenheimer , Bonnie S. ( 2010 ) . Manual for Pharmacy Technicians . ISBN 158528307X . Jump up ^ Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'imprimerie nationale ( in French ) ( 6th ed . ) . Paris : Imprimerie nationale . March 2011 . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0482 - 9 . On composera en chiffres romains petites capitales les nombres concernant : ↲ 1 . Les siècles . Jump up ^ Beginners latin , Nationalarchives.gov.uk , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Arithmetic , Southwestern Adventist University , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Numerals History , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Faith Wallis , trans . Bede : The Reckoning of Time ( 725 ) , Liverpool : Liverpool Univ . Pr. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . Jump up ^ Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ( 1016 ) . Edited by Peter S. Baker and Michael Lapidge . Early English Text Society 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 722416 - 8 . Jump up ^ C.W. Jones , ed. , Opera Didascalica , vol . 123C in Corpus Christianorum , Series Latina . Jump up ^ Maher , David W. ; Makowski , John F. , `` Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions '' , Classical Philology 96 ( 2011 ) : 376 -- 399 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Unabridged Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1958 ) ( 1925 ) , History of Mathematics , II , p. 60 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 20430 - 8 Sources Menninger , Karl ( 1992 ) . Number Words and Number Symbols : A Cultural History of Numbers . Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 27096 - 8 . Library resources about Roman numerals Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Aczel , Amir D. 2015 . Finding Zero : A Mathematician 's Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers . 1st edition . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Goines , David Lance . A Constructed Roman Alphabet : A Geometric Analysis of the Greek and Roman Capitals and of the Arabic Numerals . Boston : D.R. Godine , 1982 . Houston , Stephen D. 2012 . The Shape of Script : How and Why Writing Systems Change . Santa Fe , NM : School for Advanced Research Press . Taisbak , Christian M. 1965 . `` Roman numerals and the abacus . '' Classica et medievalia 26 : 147 -- 60 . External links Look up Appendix : Roman numerals or roman numeral in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman numerals . FAQ : Why do clocks with Roman numerals use `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' ? 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what is the number zero in roman numerals
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"The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral, but the word nulla (the Latin word meaning \"none\") was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0. Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525.[30][31] About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for \"nothing\"), in a table of epacts, all written in Roman numerals.[32]"
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"does not have its own Roman numeral"
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Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835 . Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution and mechanized factories , powered by a central water wheel or steam engine , were the new workplace . The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840 . This transition included going from hand production methods to machines , new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes , the increasing use of steam power , the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system . Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment , value of output and capital invested . The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods . The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain , and many of the technological innovations were British . By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa , and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent , through the activities of the East India Company . The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution . The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history ; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way . In particular , average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth . Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history , although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries . GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per - capita economic growth in capitalist economies . Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants . The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians , as is the pace of economic and social changes . Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 . Rapid industrialization first began in Britain , starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s , with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800 . Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century , with important centres of textiles , iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France . An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized spinning and weaving , slowed and their markets matured . Innovations developed late in the period , such as the increasing adoption of locomotives , steamboats and steamships , hot blast iron smelting and new technologies , such as the electrical telegraph , widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s , were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth . Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870 , springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution . These new innovations included new steel making processes , the large - scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam - powered factories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Important technological developments 2.1 Textile manufacture 2.1. 1 British textile industry statistics 2.1. 2 Cotton 2.1. 3 Trade and textiles 2.1. 4 Pre-mechanized European textile production 2.1. 5 Invention of textile machinery 2.1. 6 Wool 2.1. 7 Silk 2.2 Iron industry 2.2. 1 UK iron production statistics 2.2. 2 Iron process innovations 2.3 Steam power 2.4 Machine tools 2.5 Chemicals 2.6 Cement 2.7 Gas lighting 2.8 Glass making 2.9 Paper machine 2.10 Agriculture 2.11 Mining 2.12 Transportation 2.12. 1 Canals and improved waterways 2.12. 2 Roads 2.12. 3 Railways 2.13 Other developments 3 Social effects 3.1 Factory system 3.2 Standards of living 3.2. 1 Food and nutrition 3.2. 2 Housing 3.2. 3 Sanitation 3.2. 4 Water supply 3.2. 5 Increase in literacy 3.3 Clothing and consumer goods 3.4 Population increase 3.5 Urbanization 3.6 Impact on women and family life 3.7 Labour conditions 3.7. 1 Social structure and working conditions 3.7. 2 Factories and urbanisation 3.7. 3 Child labour 3.7. 4 Organisation of labour 3.7. 5 Luddites 3.7. 6 Destruction of hand textile production in India , China , etc . 3.7. 7 Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery 3.8 Impact on environment 4 Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom 4.1 Continental Europe 4.1. 1 Belgium 4.1. 1.1 Demographic effects 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Germany 4.1. 4 Sweden 4.2 Japan 4.3 United States 5 Second Industrial Revolution 6 Causes 6.1 Causes in Europe 6.2 Causes in Britain 6.3 Transfer of knowledge 6.3. 1 Protestant work ethic 7 Opposition from Romanticism 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 External links Etymology The earliest recorded use of the term `` Industrial Revolution '' seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis - Guillaume Otto , announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise . In his 1976 book Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society , Raymond Williams states in the entry for `` Industry '' : `` The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen , between 1811 and 1818 , and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the ( 19th ) century . '' The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s , as in Jérôme - Adolphe Blanqui 's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle . Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of `` an industrial revolution , a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society '' . However , although Engels wrote in the 1840s , his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s , and his expression did not enter everyday language until then . Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee , whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term . Some historians , such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts , have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer . This is still a subject of debate among some historians . Important technological developments The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations , beginning in the second half of the 18th century . By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies : Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen , but they were not as great as in cotton . Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio , making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 . Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces , resulting in economies of scale . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting , which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades . Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe , cylinder boring machine and the milling machine . Textile manufacture Main article : Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution British textile industry Statistics In 1750 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton , most of which was spun and woven by cottage industry in Lancashire . The work was done by hand in workers homes or occasionally in shops of master weavers . In 1787 raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds , most of which was cleaned , carded and spun on machines . The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6 % in 1760 , 17 % in 1801 and 22.4 % in 1831 . Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1 % in 1801 . Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797 . In 1760 approximately one - third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported , rising to two - thirds by 1800 . In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds , which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800 . In 1800 less than 0.1 % of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain . In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain , rising to 7 million over the next 30 years . Wages in Lancashire , a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving , were about six times those in India in 1770 , when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India . Cotton Parts of India , China , Central America , South America and the Middle - East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles , which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD . In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown , most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households , largely for domestic consumption . In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth . By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing . Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange . In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets , often produced by professional weavers . Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops . India produced a variety of cotton cloth , some of exceptionally fine quality . The early Spanish explorers found Native Americans growing a previously unknown species of good quality cotton : Gossypium hirsutum . Cotton plantations were eventually established in the West Indies and the Americas which provided Britain with a source of this difficult to obtain raw material . A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez , Mississippi , USA in 1806 would become the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production today ; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick . Trade and textiles The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century . Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese , the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( abbr . VOC ) or Dutch East India Company and the British founded the East India Company , along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe . One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles , which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia , including the Indonesian archipelago , where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe . By the mid-1760s cloth was over three - quarters of the East India Company 's exports . Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available ; however , the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century . European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution . Pre-mechanized European textile production By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established ; however , they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat . Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th century Italy and 15th century southern Germany , but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off . The Moors in Spain grew , spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century . British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India 's labor cost was approximately one - fifth to one - sixth that of Britain 's . In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India . The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian , a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft . Flax was used for the warp because wheel - spun cotton did not have sufficient strength , but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100 % cotton and was more difficult to sew . On the eve of the Industrial Revolution , spinning and weaving were done in households , for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting - out system . Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver . Under the putting - out system , home - based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers , who often supplied the raw materials . In the off season the women , typically farmers ' wives , did the spinning and the men did the weaving . Using the spinning wheel , it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver . Invention of textile machinery The flying shuttle patented in 1733 by John Kay , with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747 , doubled the output of a weaver , worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving . It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John 's son , Robert , invented the drop box , which facilitated changing thread colors . Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer - and - bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness . The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham . Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey . In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt 's machines . This operated until about 1764 . A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster , but this burnt down . Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748 . Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds , it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill . Lewis 's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule . Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal . Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 , the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution . In 1764 in the village of Stanhill , Lancashire , James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny , which he patented in 1770 . It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles . The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel , by first clamping down on the fibres , then by drawing them out , followed by twisting . It was a simple , wooden framed machine that only cost about £ 6 for a 40 - spindle model in 1792 , and was used mainly by home spinners . The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft , not warp . The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who , along with two partners , patented it in 1769 . The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay , who was hired by Arkwright . For each spindle , the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers , each operating at a successively higher rotating speed , to draw out the fibre , which was then twisted by the spindle . The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length . Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread . The top rollers were leather - covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight . The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers . The bottom rollers were wood and metal , with fluting along the length . The water frame was able to produce a hard , medium count thread suitable for warp , finally allowing 100 % cotton cloth to be made in Britain . A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame . Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford , Derbyshire in 1771 , giving the invention its name . The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton . The mule produced high - quality thread with minimal labour . Samuel Crompton 's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779 . Mule implies `` hybrid '' because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame , in which the spindles were placed on a carriage , which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating . Crompton 's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost . Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp , and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities . Interior of Marshall 's Temple Works Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers , Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785 . In 1776 he patented a two - man operated loom which was more conventional . Cartwright built two factories ; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers . Cartwright 's loom design had several flaws , the most serious being thread breakage . Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813 . Horock 's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts , Hill & Co . The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States , who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed . Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin . With a cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would have previously taken a woman working two months to process at one pound per day . These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs , of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright . He is credited with a list of inventions , but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay ; Arkwright nurtured the inventors , patented the ideas , financed the initiatives , and protected the machines . He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory , and he developed the use of power -- first horse power and then water power -- which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry . Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning ( carding , twisting and spinning , and rolling ) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly . Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery . Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories . Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth , by the mid-19th century machine - woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand - woven Indian cloth , in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India , which allowed high tread counts . However , the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand spun and woven fabric in low - wage India , eventually destroying the industry . Wool The earliest European attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool ; however , wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton . Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant , but was far less that that of cotton . Silk Lombe 's Mill site today , rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe 's water - powered silk mill at Derby , operational by 1721 . Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy ; however , since the silk industry there was a closely guarded secret , the state of the industry there is unknown . Although Lombe 's factory was technically successful , the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition . In order to promote manufacturing the Crown paid for models of Lombe 's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London . Iron industry The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal . The burning coal remained separate from the iron and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulphur and silica . This opened the way to increased iron production . The Iron Bridge , Shropshire , England , the world 's first bridge constructed of iron . Horizontal ( lower ) and vertical ( upper ) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace . A. Fireplace grate ; B. Firebricks ; C. Cross binders ; D. Fireplace ; E. Work door ; F. Hearth ; G. Cast iron retaining plates ; H. Bridge wall UK iron production Statistics In the UK in 1720 there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke . In 1750 charcoal iron production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons . In 1788 the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons . In 1806 charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons . Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron , with substantial losses . Bar iron was also made by the bloomery process . In 1750 the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke . In 1796 the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal ; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were 24,600 tons . In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons . Iron process innovations A major change in the iron industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal . For a given amount of heat , coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal , and coal was much more abundant than wood , supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century . By 1750 coke had generally replaced charcoal in smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in making glass . In the smelting and refining of iron , coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal 's sulfur content . Low sulfur coals were known , but they still contained harmful amounts . Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content . A minority of coals are coking . Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows . This was solved by the steam engine . Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution , based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678 , using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas . These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture , reducing the oxide to metal . This has the advantage that impurities ( such as sulphur ash ) in the coal do not migrate into the metal . This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687 . It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s , but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace . ( The foundry cupola is a different , and later , innovation . ) By 1709 Abraham Darby made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale . However , the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods , such as pots and kettles . He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots , cast by his patented process , were thinner and cheaper than theirs . Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755 - 56 , when Darby 's son Abraham Darby II built furnaces at Horsehay and Ketley where low sulfur coal was available ( and not far from Coalbrookdale ) . These new furnaces were equipped with water - powered bellows , the water being pumped by Newcomen steam engines . The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines would not produce a steady air blast . Abraham Darby III installed similar steam - pumped , water - powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768 . The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country . Steam engines made the use higher - pressure and volume blast practical ; however , the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace . In 1757 iron master John Wilkinson patented a hydraulic powered blowing engine for blast furnaces . The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by John Smeaton . Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture ; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping . James Watt had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine . In 1774 John Wilkinson , who built a cast iron blowing cylinder for his iron works , invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders . After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a Boulton and Watt steam engine in 1776 , he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders . After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782 , they were widely applied to blowing , hammering , rolling and slitting . The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the slag and the use of low sulfur coal . Use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free - flowing slag . The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height . In addition to lower cost and greater availability , coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials ( iron ore , fuel , slag ) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century . As cast iron was became cheaper and widely available , it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings . A famous early example was the Iron Bridge built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III . However , most cast iron was converted to wrought iron , which was turned into hardware items such as nails , wire , chains , agricultural implements , tools and wagon tires . Europe relied on the bloomery for most of its wrought iron until the large scale production of cast iron . Conversion of cast iron was done in a finery forge , as it long had been . An improved refining process known as potting and stamping was developed , but this was superseded by Henry Cort 's puddling process . Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes : rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784 . Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost . Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod . The decarburized iron , having a higher melting point than cast iron , was raked into globs by the puddler . When the glob a large enough the puddler would remove it . Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work . Few puddlers lived to be 40 . Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace , coal or coke to be used as fuel . The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel . Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs , it was never successfully mechanised . Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron . Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a trip hammer . A different use of rolling , which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag , was in the production of iron sheets , and later structural shapes such as beams , angles and rails . The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers , who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with iron oxide . In 1838 John Hall patented the use of roasted tap cinder ( iron silicate ) for the furnace bottom , greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom . The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorous , but this was not understood at the time . Hall 's process also used iron scale or rust , which reacted with carbon in the molten iron . Hall 's process , called wet puddling , reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50 % to around 8 % . Puddling became widely used after 1800 . Up to that time , British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies . Because of the increased British production , imports began to decline in 1785 and by the 1790s Britain eliminated imports and became a net exporter of bar iron . Hot blast , patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 , was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron . By using waste exhaust heat to preheat combustion air , the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one - third using coal or two - thirds using coke ; however , the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved . Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces , increasing their capacity . Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron . This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive ; however , by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably . Shortly before the Industrial Revolution an improvement was made in the production of steel , which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do , such as for cutting edge tools and for springs . Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s . The raw material for this was blister steel , made by the cementation process . The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries , such as those making nails , hinges , wire and other hardware items . The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron , causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries . Steam power Main article : Steam power during the Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine . James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications . Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine . The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution ; however , during the early period of the Industrial Revolution , most industrial power was supplied by water and wind . In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam . By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp . The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London a low - lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump , that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines ( hence its `` brand name '' , The Miner 's Friend ) . Savery 's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges , but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes . Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century . The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712 . A number of Newcomen engines were installed in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a significant amount of capital to build , and produced upwards of 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) . They were also used to power municipal water supply pumps . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread ( first ) to Hungary in 1722 , Germany , Austria , and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . Newcomen 's steam - powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine . Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution . A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt . With financial support from his business partner Englishman Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine , which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder , thereby making the low - pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere , use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber . The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder , which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam . Likewise , the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder , also improving efficiency . These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton & Watts engines used only 20 -- 25 % as much coal per horsepower - hour as Newcomen 's . Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in 1795 . By 1783 the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type , which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful , and by 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp ( 3.7 to 7.5 kW ) . Until about 1800 the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained rotative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Around the start of the 19th century , at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired , the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick and the American Oliver Evans began to construct higher - pressure non-condensing steam engines , exhausting against the atmosphere . High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . The development of machine tools , such as the engine lathe , planing , milling and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century . These included crank - powered , treadle - powered and horse - powered workshop and light industrial machinery . Machine tools Main article : Machine tool See also : Interchangeable parts Maudslay 's famous early screw - cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800 The Middletown milling machine of circa 1818 , associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen -- millwrights built water and windmills , carpenters made wooden framing , and smiths and turners made metal parts . Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity , and the various joints tended to rack ( work loose ) over time . As the Industrial Revolution progressed , machines with metal parts and frames became more common . Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners , such as machine screws , bolts and nuts . There was also the need for precision in making parts . Precision would allow better working machinery , interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners . The demand for metal parts led to the development of several machine tools . They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch - produce small mechanisms . Before the advent of machine tools , metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers , files , scrapers , saws and chisels . Consequently , the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum . Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve . The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder boring machine invented by John Wilkinson in 1774 . It used for boring the large - diameter cylinders on early steam engines . Wilkinson 's boring machine differed from earlier cantilevered machines used for boring cannon in that the cutting tool was mounted on a beam that ran through the cylinder being bored and was supported outside on both ends . The planing machine , the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century . Although the milling machine was invented at this time , it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century . Henry Maudslay , who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century , was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . He worked as an apprentice in the Royal Gun Foundry of Jan Verbruggen . In 1774 Jan Verbruggen had installed a horizontal boring machine in Woolwich which was the first industrial size Lathe in the UK . Maudslay was hired away by Joseph Bramah for the production of high - security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship . Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe . Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe , which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the spindle and the lead screw . Before its invention screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs , some of which copied from a template . The slide rest lathe was called one of history 's most important inventions . Although it was not entirely Maudslay 's idea , he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw , slide rest and change gears . Maudslay left Bramah 's employment and set up his own shop . He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships ' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills . These machines were all - metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability . The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools , and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work , such as Richard Roberts , Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth . James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century , as did Matthew Murray of Leeds . Roberts was a maker of high - quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement . The impact of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not that great because other than firearms , threaded fasteners and a few other industries there were few mass - produced metal parts . The techniques to make mass - produced metal parts made with sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the U.S. Department of War which perfected interchangeable parts for firearms in the early 19th century . In the half century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy , by value added . Chemicals The large - scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution . The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck ( James Watt 's first partner ) in 1746 . He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger , less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead . Instead of making a small amount each time , he was able to make around 100 pounds ( 50 kg ) in each of the chambers , at least a tenfold increase . The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well , and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate . The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid . The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide . Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide . The process produced a large amount of pollution ( the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air , and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product ) . Nonetheless , this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants ( barilla ) or from kelp , which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash , and also to potash ( potassium carbonate ) produced from hardwood ashes . These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions , replacing many small - scale operations with more cost - effective and controllable processes . Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass , textile , soap , and paper industries . Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling ( removing rust ) iron and steel , and for bleaching cloth . The development of bleaching powder ( calcium hypochlorite ) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800 , based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet , revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required ( from months to days ) for the traditional process then in use , which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk . Tennant 's factory at St Rollox , North Glasgow , became the largest chemical plant in the world . After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs , and Germany took world leadership , building a strong chemical industry . Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860 -- 1914 era to learn the latest techniques . British scientists by contrast , lacked research universities and did not train advanced students ; instead , the practice was to hire German - trained chemists . Cement The Thames Tunnel ( opened 1843 ) . Cement was used in the world 's first underwater tunnel . In 1824 Joseph Aspdin , a British bricklayer turned builder , patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades . This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 ° C ( 2,552 ° F ) , then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water , sand and gravel to produce concrete . Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel . Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later . Gas lighting Main article : Gas lighting Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting . Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere , the large - scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch , an employee of Boulton & Watt , the Birmingham steam engine pioneers . The process consisted of the large - scale gasification of coal in furnaces , the purification of the gas ( removal of sulphur , ammonia , and heavy hydrocarbons ) , and its storage and distribution . The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820 . They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK . Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil . Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before . Glass making Main article : Glass production The Crystal Palace held the Great Exhibition of 1851 A new method of producing glass , known as the cylinder process , was developed in Europe during the early 19th century . In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass . They became the leading producers of window and plate glass . This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption , thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings . The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure . Paper machine Main article : Paper machine A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint - Léger Didot family in France . The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers , brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier , who were stationers in London . Although greatly improved and with many variations , the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today . The method of continuous production demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes . Agriculture Main article : British Agricultural Revolution The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy . However , per - capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century . Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill , the Dutch plough , which contained iron parts , and the threshing machine . Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701 . It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth . This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five . Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact . Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century . Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough . The threshing machine , invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 , displaced hand threshing with a flail , a laborious job that took about one - quarter of agricultural labour . It took several decades to diffuse and was the final straw for many farm labourers , who faced near starvation , leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots . Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass - producing agricultural equipment , such as reapers , binders and combine harvesters . Mining Coal mining in Britain , particularly in South Wales , started early . Before the steam engine , pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface , which were abandoned as the coal was extracted . In other cases , if the geology was favourable , the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill . Shaft mining was done in some areas , but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water . It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough ( a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine ) . In either case , the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity . The introduction of the steam pump by Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper , enabling more coal to be extracted . These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution , but the adoption of John Smeaton 's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt 's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines , making mines more profitable . The Cornish engine , developed in the 1810s , was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine . Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams . Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson . However , the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light . Firedamp explosions continued , often setting off coal dust explosions , so casualties grew during the entire 19th century . Conditions of work were very poor , with a high casualty rate from rock falls . Transportation Main article : Transport during the British Industrial Revolution See also : Productivity improving technologies ( economic history ) § Infrastructures At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads , with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea . Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment , but canals had not yet been widely constructed . Animals supplied all of the motive power on land , with sails providing the motive power on the sea . The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century , with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century . Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed 50 % between 1750 and 1830 . The Industrial Revolution improved Britain 's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network , a canal and waterway network , and a railway network . Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before . Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly . Canals and improved waterways Main article : History of the British canal system The Bridgewater Canal , famous because of its commercial success , crossing the Manchester Ship Canal , one of the last canals to be built . Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions , straightening curves , widening and deepening and building navigation locks . Britain had over 1000 miles of navigable rivers and streams by 1750 . Canals and waterways allowed bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland . This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart . Building of canals dates to ancient times . The Grand Canal in China , `` the world 's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence , '' parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC , is 1,121 miles ( 1,804 km ) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing . In the UK , canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country . Known for its huge commercial success , the Bridgewater Canal in North West England , which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater . From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £ 168,000 ( £ 22,589,130 as of 2013 ) , but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761 , the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half . This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building , known as Canal Mania . New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal , the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively . By the 1820s a national network was in existence . Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways . They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on . The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal , which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world , and opened Manchester as a port . However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways , which were quicker and often cheaper . Britain 's canal network , together with its surviving mill buildings , is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain . Roads Construction of the first macadam road in the United States ( 1823 ) . In the foreground , workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two - inch ring '' . France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution . Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes , but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads . Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust . New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf , Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam , with the first ' macadamised ' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate , Bristol in 1816 . The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country . Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow , broad wheeled , carts hauled by teams of horses . Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse . Stagecoaches carried the rich , and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts . Railways Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830 , the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success . Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons . This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon , England . `` A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds , or one ton . A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment , that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration . Twelve wagons were loaded with stones , till each wagon weighed three tons , and the wagons were fastened together . A horse was then attached , which drew the wagons with ease , six miles in two hours , having stopped four times , in order to show he had the power of starting , as well as drawing his great load . '' Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800 , the rolling mill for making rails , and the development of the high - pressure steam engine also around 1800 . Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal . These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity , with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline . The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways ( as they were then often called from the cast - iron plates used ) . Horse - drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs . See : Metallurgy Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high - pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800 . High - pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere , doing away with the condenser and cooling water . They were also much lighter weight and smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines . A few of these early locomotives were used in mines . Steam - hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials , which demonstrated Robert Stephenson 's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of Hot blast , which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity the blast furnace . On 15 September 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened , the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington . The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson , linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool . The opening was marred by problems , due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed , however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful , transporting passengers and freight . The success of the inter-city railway , particularly in the transport of freight and commodities , led to Railway Mania . Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution . After many of the workers had completed the railways , they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities , providing additional workers for the factories . Other developments Other developments included more efficient water wheels , based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton the beginnings of a machine industry and the rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by John Smeaton , which had been lost for 1300 years . Social effects Main article : Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Factory system Main article : Factory system Prior to the Industrial Revolution , most of the workforce was employed in agriculture , either as self - employed farmers as landowners or tenants , or as landless agricultural labourers . It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn , weave cloth and make their own clothing . Households also spun and wove for market production . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India , China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world 's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods . In Britain by the 16th century the putting - out system , by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes , often described as cottage industry , was being practiced . Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving . Merchant capitalist typically provided the raw materials , paid workers by the piece , and were responsible for the sale of the goods . Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems . The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system . Some early spinning and weaving machinery , such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792 , was affordable for cottagers . Later machinery such as spinning frames , spinning mules and power looms were expensive ( especially if water powered ) , giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories . The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children , including many orphans . They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off . It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work . Lack of adequate transportation , long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers . Many workers , such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers , who had nothing but their labour to sell , became factory workers out of necessity . ( See : British Agricultural Revolution , Threshing machine ) The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx , however , he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology . Standards of living Some economists , such as Robert E. Lucas , Jr. , say that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that `` for the first time in history , the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists , even as a theoretical possibility . '' Others , however , argue that while growth of the economy 's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution , living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries , and that in many ways workers ' living standards declined under early capitalism : for instance , studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15 % between the 1780s and 1850s , and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s . During the Industrial Revolution , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . The effects on living conditions the industrial revolution have been very controversial , and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s . A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population , that was at the bottom of the social ladder , suffered severe reductions in their living standards . During 1813 -- 1913 , there was a significant increase in worker wages . Food and nutrition Main article : British Agricultural Revolution Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France , until the late 19th century . Until about 1750 , in large part due to malnutrition , life expectancy in France was about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain . The United States population of the time was adequately fed , much taller on average and had life expectancy of 45 -- 50 years although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century . Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the Corn Laws ( 1815 - 1846 ) . The Corn Laws , which imposed tariffs on imported grain , were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers . The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the Great Irish Famine . The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized textiles , iron and coal , did little , if anything , to lower food prices . In Britain and the Netherlands , food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices ; however , population grew too , as noted by Thomas Malthus . This condition is called the Malthusian trap , and it finally started to overcome by transportation improvements , such as canals , improved roads and steamships . Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution . Housing The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities , as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London . The critical factor was financing , which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms . Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure . P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants . People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone , so low - income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums . Clean water , sanitation , and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high , especially infant mortality , and tuberculosis among young adults . Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic . Unlike rural areas , there were no famines such as devastated Ireland in the 1840s . A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions . By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the Socialist movement , The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns , where people lived in crude shanties and shacks , some not completely enclosed , some with dirt floors . These shanty towns had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings . There were no sanitary facilities . Population density was extremely high . Not everyone lived in such poor conditions . The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen , clerks , foremen and engineers who lived in much better conditions . Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts regulating things such as sewage , hygiene and home construction . In the introduction of his 1892 edition , Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved . For example , the Public Health Act 1875 led to the more sanitary byelaw terraced house . Sanitation In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described how untreated sewage created awful odors and turned the rivers green in industrial cities . In 1854 John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in Soho to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home cesspit. Snow 's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted , but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems . Water supply Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems and pumping of water was done by water wheels . Pipes were typically made of wood . Steam powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households . Increase in literacy The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing , which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation . Clothing and consumer goods Wedgwood tea and coffee service Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils , and in the following decades , stoves for cooking and space heating . Coffee , tea , sugar , tobacco and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe . Watches and household clocks became popular consumer items . Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in wealth of the middle classes in Britain , potter and entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood , founder of Wedgwood fine china and porcelain , created goods such as tableware , which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables . Population increase The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income . According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales , which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740 , rose dramatically after 1740 . The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and , by 1901 , had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million . Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s . Europe 's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900 . Urbanization The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities , first in Europe and then in other regions , as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas . In 1800 , only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities , compared to nearly 50 % today ( the beginning of the 21st century ) . Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717 , but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million . Impact on women and family life Women 's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women . Taking a pessimistic side , Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England , it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance . Clark argues that in 16th - century England , women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture . The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms , and in some trades and landed estates . Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands . However , Clark argues , as capitalism expanded in the 17th century , there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home , and the wife reduced to unpaid household work . Middle - and upper - class women were confined to an idle domestic existence , supervising servants ; lower - class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs . Capitalism , therefore , had a negative effect on powerful women . In a more positive interpretation , Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women 's emancipation . Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women , finding three stages in English history . In the pre-industrial era , production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households . The second stage was the `` family wage economy '' of early industrialisation ; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members , including husband , wife and older children . The third or modern stage is the `` family consumer economy , '' in which the family is the site of consumption , and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption . Labour conditions Social structure and working conditions In terms of social structure , the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry . Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories , but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines . As late as the year 1900 , most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10 - hour day ( 12 hours in the steel industry ) , yet earned from 20 % to 40 % less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life ; however , most workers in textiles , which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment , were women and children . Also , harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place . Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel -- child labour , dirty living conditions , and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution . Factories and urbanisation Main article : Factory system Manchester , England ( `` Cottonopolis '' ) , pictured in 1840 , showing the mass of factory chimneys Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory . The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas , as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories . Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester , nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '' , and the world 's first industrial city . Manchester experienced a six - times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831 . Bradford grew by 50 % every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50 % of the population of Bradford was actually born there . For much of the 19th century , production was done in small mills , which were typically water - powered and built to serve local needs . Later , each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler . In other industries , the transition to factory production was not so divisive . Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers . One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen , known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills , and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement . By 1746 an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol . Raw material went in at one end , was smelted into brass and was turned into pans , pins , wire , and other goods . Housing was provided for workers on site . Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton ( whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766 ) were other prominent early industrialists , who employed the factory system . Child labour See also : Child labour § The Industrial Revolution A young `` drawer '' pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery . In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions . The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution , although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly . There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work . Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable ; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine , and since the industrial system was completely new , there were no experienced adult labourers . This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible . Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders , 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage . Children as young as four were employed . Beatings and long hours were common , with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm . Conditions were dangerous , with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts , while others died from gas explosions . Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25 . Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as `` pauper apprentices '' , working without wages for board and lodging . Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters , with some masters shackling them to prevent escape . Children employed as mule scavengers by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton , working 14 hours a day , six days a week . Some lost hands or limbs , others were crushed under the machines , and some were decapitated . Young girls worked at match factories , where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw . Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded , and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust . Reports were written detailing some of the abuses , particularly in the coal mines and textile factories , and these helped to popularise the children 's plight . The public outcry , especially among the upper and middle classes , helped stir change in the young workers ' welfare . Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted ; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation , and others simply welcomed the cheap labour . In 1833 and 1844 , the first general laws against child labour , the Factory Acts , were passed in Britain : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , children were not permitted to work at night , and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours . Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law , however , their scarcity made enforcement difficult . About ten years later , the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden . Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers , child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century . Organisation of labour See also : Trade union § History The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills , factories and mines , thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people . The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production . Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production . Skilled workers were hard to replace , and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining . The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action . Many strikes were painful events for both sides , the unions and the management . In Britain , the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824 . Even after this , unions were still severely restricted . In 1832 , the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage . That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s . They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week , although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six . In 1834 James Frampton , a local landowner , wrote to the Prime Minister , Lord Melbourne , to complain about the union , invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other , which the members of the Friendly Society had done . James Brine , James Hammett , George Loveless , George 's brother James Loveless , George 's brother in - law Thomas Standfield , and Thomas 's son John Standfield were arrested , found guilty , and transported to Australia . They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs . In the 1830s and 1840s , the Chartist movement was the first large - scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice . Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration . Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship . Enlightened industrialists , such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class . Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike . In 1842 , a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain . Eventually , effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who , after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885 , began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party . Luddites Main article : Luddite Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812 The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs . The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation . Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited ( and unskilled ) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver . Many such unemployed workers , weavers , and others , turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery . These attackers became known as Luddites , supposedly followers of Ned Ludd , a folklore figure . The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811 . The Luddites rapidly gained popularity , and the British government took drastic measures , using the militia or army to protect industry . Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged , or transported for life . Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised , such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances . Threshing machines were a particular target , and hayrick burning was a popular activity . However , the riots led to the first formation of trade unions , and further pressure for reform . Destruction of hand textile production in India , China , etc . The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India , parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine - made textiles , which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work , many of whom starved . Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton ; previously , it had primarily been consumed in regions where it was grown , with little raw cotton available for export . Consequently , prices of raw cotton rose . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , cotton was grown in small plots in the Old World -- the uncrowned Americas were far better able to recruit available land with the potential for new cotton production . Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies , particularly in Hispaniola , but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791 . The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable , leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil . The Americas , particularly the U.S. , had labor shortages and high priced labor , which made slavery attractive . America 's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable , and able to keep up with demand . The U.S. Civil war created a `` cotton famine '' that lead to increased production in other areas of the world , including new colonies in Africa . Impact on environment Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution , sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century . The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution . The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers ; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste . The first large - scale , modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain 's Alkali Acts , passed in 1863 , to regulate the deleterious air pollution ( gaseous hydrochloric acid ) given off by the Leblanc process , used to produce soda ash . An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution . The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded , culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke , grit , dust and fumes under supervision . The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812 -- 1820 . The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers . The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits . They usually lost and modified the worst practices . The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish . Finally , Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity . The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits . In industrial cities local experts and reformers , especially after 1890 , took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution , and initiating grass - roots movements to demand and achieve reforms . Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution . The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs . It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond , frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke . Although there were earlier pieces of legislation , the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke . It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke . The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions , such as soot , ash , and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations . Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom Continental Europe The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain . In many industries , this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places . Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities . By 1809 , part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England . The German , Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries . In some cases ( such as iron ) , the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted . Belgium Belgium was the second country , after Britain , in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe : Wallonia ( French speaking southern Belgium ) was the first region to follow the British model successfully . Starting in the middle of the 1820s , and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830 , numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi . The leader was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill . His factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production , from engineering to the supply of raw materials , as early as 1825 . Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion . Thanks to coal ( the French word `` houille '' was coined in Wallonia ) , the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain . But it is also pointed out by many researchers , with its Sillon industriel , ' Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , ( ... ) there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making ... ' . Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830 : `` It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain . '' `` The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent . '' Michel De Coster , Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also : `` The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world , in proportion to its population and its territory ( ... ) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal - mines , the blast furnaces , the iron and zinc factories , the wool industry , the glass industry , the weapons industry ... were concentrated . '' Demographic effects Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade - unions in a particular sociological landscape . At the left , the Sillon industriel , which runs from Mons in the west , to Verviers in the east ( except part of North Flanders , in another period of the industrial revolution , after 1920 ) . Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain , the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different . In ' Breaking stereotypes ' , Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say : The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one , but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium . During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period , Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres ( ... ) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region ( Flanders ) , with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent , remained one of the most urbanised in the world . By comparison , this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia , barely 10 per cent in most West European countries , 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain . Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure , except in Ghent ( ... ) Also , in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process , even though the proportion of city - dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910 . Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , where there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making , urbanisation was fast . During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred , concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region . Nevertheless , industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres , but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal - mine or a factory . Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than , for instance , the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows . France Main article : Economic history of France The industrial revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries . Notably , most French historians argue France did not go through a clear take - off . Instead , France 's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries . However , some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy - Leboyer : French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ) , industrialisation , along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ) , economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ) , renewal of the growth after 1905 . Germany Main article : Economic history of Germany Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories , Germany , which was unified in 1871 , became dominant in the world 's chemical industry in the late 19th century . At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical . Germany 's political disunity -- with three dozen states -- and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s . However , by the 1840s , trunk lines linked the major cities ; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders . Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . Observers found that even as late as 1890 , their engineering was inferior to Britain 's . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and pulled ahead of France Sweden This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Economic history of Sweden During the period 1790 -- 1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements : an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates , new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming , and a protoindustrialisation , with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter . This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s . During 1815 -- 1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries . This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen , textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland . Several important institutional changes took place in this period , such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 ( as first country in the world ) , the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846 , and a stock company law in 1848 . During 1850 -- 1890 , Sweden experienced a veritable explosion in export , dominated by crops , wood and steel . Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873 . During 1890 -- 1930 , Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution . New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market : mechanical engineering , power utilities , papermaking and textile . Japan Main articles : Meiji Restoration and Economic history of Japan The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West . The government built railroads , improved roads , and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development . It inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people , sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe , and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science , mathematics , technology , and foreign languages in Japan ( Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan ) . In 1871 , a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways . The result was a deliberate state - led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up . The Bank of Japan , founded in 1882 , used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories . Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west . Modern industry first appeared in textiles , including cotton and especially silk , which was based in home workshops in rural areas . United States Main articles : American system of manufacturing , Interchangeable parts , Economic history of the United States , Technological and industrial history of the United States , and Industrial Revolution in the United States See also : History of Lowell , Massachusetts Slater 's Mill in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise , the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period . Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts , the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US . The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world 's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century . Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used control mechanisms and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until flour was discharged into a wagon . This is considered to be the first modern materials handling system an important advance in the progress toward mass production . The United States originally used horse - powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling , but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s . As a result , industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States , which has fast - moving rivers . The newer water - powered production lines proved more economical than horse - drawn production . In the late 19th century steam - powered manufacturing overtook water - powered manufacturing , allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest . Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787 , the first cotton mill in America , the largest cotton mill of its era , and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future . This mill was designed to use horse power , but the operators quickly learned that the horse - drawn platform was economically unstable , and had economic losses for years . Despite the losses , the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation , both in turning a large amount of cotton , but also developing the water - powered milling structure used in Slater 's Mill . In 1793 , Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) founded the Slater Mill at Pawtucket , Rhode Island . He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in Derbyshire , England , and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789 , hoping to make money with his knowledge . After founding Slater 's Mill , he went on to own 13 textile mills . Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge , Massachusetts in 1809 , the third woollen mill established in the US ( The first was in Hartford , Connecticut , and the second at Watertown , Massachusetts . ) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of `` America 's Hardest - Working River ' , the Blackstone . The Blackstone River and its tributaries , which cover more than 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Worcester , Massachusetts to Providence , Rhode Island , was the birthplace of America 's Industrial Revolution . At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley , including Slater 's mill , and with it the earliest beginnings of America 's Industrial and Technological Development . Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell from Newburyport , Massachusetts memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810 . Realising that the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America , on his return to the United States , he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company . Lowell and his partners built America 's second cotton - to - cloth textile mill at Waltham , Massachusetts , second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory . After his death in 1817 , his associates built America 's first planned factory town , which they named after him . This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering , one of the first uses of it in the United States . Lowell , Massachusetts , using 5.6 miles ( 9.0 km ) of canals and 10,000 horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River , is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution . The short - lived utopia - like Waltham - Lowell system was formed , as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain . However , by 1850 , especially following the Irish Potato Famine , the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour . A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal . Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms . The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory . Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position , jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy . The milling machine , a fundamental machine tool , is believed to have been invented by Eli Whitney , who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program . Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe , invented by Thomas Blanchard . The Blanchard lathe , or pattern tracing lathe , was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks . The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing . Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanized the shoe industry . and the watch industry . The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham , Massachusetts , at the Waltham Watch Company , with the development of machine tools , gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches . Second Industrial Revolution Main article : Second Industrial Revolution Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz , Germany , 1868 Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass - production , which are said to characterise a `` Second Industrial Revolution '' , beginning around 1850 , although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s , when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities . However , it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality . Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century . This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals , mainly the chemical industries , petroleum ( refining and distribution ) , and , in the 20th century , the automotive industry , and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany . The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation . A new revolution began with electricity and electrification in the electrical industries . The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal - deprived northern Italy , beginning in the 1890s . By the 1890s , industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests , as companies like U.S. Steel , General Electric , Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world 's stock markets . Causes Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution . The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate , with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century . The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour - intensive , forcing the farmers who could no longer be self - sufficient in agriculture into cottage industry , for example weaving , and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories . The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade , creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors , as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century . A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth , thereby encouraging economic development . Until the 1980s , it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine . However , recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional , supply - oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution . Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages , much earlier than most estimates . He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that `` the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock '' . He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time - keeping , as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later , more physical , manifestations such as the steam engine . The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution , particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain . In other nations , such as France , markets were split up by local regions , which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them . Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England , they survived in Russia till 1753 , 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain . Governments ' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system ( the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 ) is considered an influential factor . The effects of patents , both good and ill , on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine , the key enabling technology . In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines , thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development . However , monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance , or even overbalance , the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors . Watt 's monopoly prevented other inventors , such as Richard Trevithick , William Murdoch , or Jonathan Hornblower , whom Boulton and Watt sued , from introducing improved steam engines , thereby retarding the spread of steam power . Causes in Europe Main article : Great Divergence Interior of the London Coal Exchange , c. 1808 . European 17th century colonial expansion , international trade , and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment , one which supported and enabled 18th century industrial growth . One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century , particularly China , India , and the Middle East , or at other times like in Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages . Numerous factors have been suggested , including education , technological changes ( see Scientific Revolution in Europe ) , `` modern '' government , `` modern '' work attitudes , ecology , and culture . China was the world 's most technological advanced country for many centuries ; however , China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the Age of Exploration , by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners . China was also a totalitarian society . Modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity ( and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars ) whereas China , by comparison , had only 450 dollars . India was essentially feudal , politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe . Historians such as David Landes and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred . The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo - Christianity and Greek thought . Conversely , Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius , Mencius , Han Feizi ( Legalism ) , Lao Tzu ( Taoism ) , and Buddha ( Buddhism ) , resulting in very different worldviews . Other factors include the considerable distance of China 's coal deposits , though large , from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea . Regarding India , the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said : `` The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain . '' In contrast to China , India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire , with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas , Sikhs , Bengal Subah , and Kingdom of Mysore . In addition , the economy was highly dependent on two sectors -- agriculture of subsistence and cotton , and there appears to have been little technical innovation . It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over . Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that political fragmentation ( the presence of a large number of European states ) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive , as entrepreneurs , innovators , ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities . This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced , large unitary empires such as China and India . China had both a printing press and movable type , and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700 , yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe , not China or India . In Europe , political fragmentation was coupled with an `` integrated market for ideas '' where Europe 's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin , had a shared intellectual basis in Europe 's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters . Causes in Britain As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies . Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution . Key factors fostering this environment were : ( 1 ) The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland ; ( 2 ) no trade barriers between England and Scotland ; ( 3 ) the rule of law ( enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts ) ; ( 4 ) a straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint - stock companies ( corporations ) ; ( 5 ) absence of tolls , which had largely disappeared from Britain by the 15th century , but were an extreme burden on goods elsewhere in the world , and ( 6 ) a free market ( capitalism ) . `` An unprecedented explosion of new ideas , and new technological inventions , transformed our use of energy , creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country . Roads , railways and canals were built . Great cities appeared . Scores of factories and mills sprang up . Our landscape would never be the same again . It was a revolution that transformed not only the country , but the world itself . '' -- British historian Jeremy Black on the BBC 's Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here . Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and having the highest quality coal in Europe . There were two main values that really drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain . These values were self - interest and an entrepreneurial spirit . Because of these interests , many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a consumer revolution . These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole . Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions . The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries . Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment . However , it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5 % of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution . Even though slavery accounted for so little , Caribbean - based demand accounted for 12 % of Britain 's industrial output . William Bell Scott Iron and Coal , 1855 -- 60 Instead , the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies , particularly China and Russia . Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse , and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size ( European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy ) . Britain 's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods . The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas , reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe . This was further aided by Britain 's geographical position -- an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe . William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe , 1716 , Sir James Thornhill . Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where , unlike Britain , absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution . Below William is the French king Louis XIV . Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed . It had a dense population for its small geographical size . Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available . There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England , the English Midlands , South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands . Local supplies of coal , iron , lead , copper , tin , limestone and water power , resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry . Also , the damp , mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton , providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry . The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 following the Glorious Revolution , and British society 's greater receptiveness to change ( compared with other European countries ) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution . Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement , and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism . ( This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc 's The Servile State . ) The French philosopher Voltaire wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society , Letters on the English ( 1733 ) , noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country 's less religiously tolerant European neighbours . `` Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London , a place more venerable than many courts of justice , where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind . There the Jew , the Mahometan ( Muslim ) , and the Christian transact together , as though they all professed the same religion , and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts . There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist , and the Churchman depends on the Quaker 's word . If one religion only were allowed in England , the Government would very possibly become arbitrary ; if there were but two , the people would cut one another 's throats ; but as there are such a multitude , they all live happy and in peace . '' Britain 's population grew 280 % 1550 -- 1820 , while the rest of Western Europe grew 50 -- 80 % . Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750 -- 1800 . By 1800 , only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain . This was only possible because coal , coke , imported cotton , brick and slate had replaced wood , charcoal , flax , peat and thatch . The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not . Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse 's work was mechanised . A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres ( 1.21 to 2.02 ha ) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy . In 1700 , 5 / 6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain , while the Netherlands had none ; so despite having Europe 's best transport , most urbanised , well paid , literate people and lowest taxes , it failed to industrialise . In the 18th century , it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank . Without coal , Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s . Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages , cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur . These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development , and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies . Transfer of knowledge A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( ca . 1766 ) . Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means . Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached . A common method was for someone to make a study tour , gathering information where he could . During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before , all European countries and America engaged in study - touring ; some nations , like Sweden and France , even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy . In other countries , notably Britain and America , this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods . Study tours were common then , as now , as was the keeping of travel diaries . Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods . Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies , like the Lunar Society of Birmingham , in which members met to discuss ' natural philosophy ' ( i.e. science ) and often its application to manufacturing . The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809 , and it has been said of them , `` They were , if you like , the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions , the Industrial Revolution '' . Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions . For example , the London - based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions , as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions . There were publications describing technology . Encyclopaedias such as Harris 's Lexicon Technicum ( 1704 ) and Abraham Rees 's Cyclopaedia ( 1802 -- 1819 ) contain much of value . Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution , very well illustrated by fine engravings . Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot 's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates . Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century , and many regularly included notice of the latest patents . Foreign periodicals , such as the Annales des Mines , published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours . Protestant work ethic Main article : Protestant work ethic Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress , technology and hard work . The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic ( see Max Weber ) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects , such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War . Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law , which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England , contributed to the capacity for , and interest in , private financial investment in industrial ventures . Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices , as well as education at England 's only two universities at the time ( although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland 's four universities ) . When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act , they thereupon became active in banking , manufacturing and education . The Unitarians , in particular , were very involved in education , by running Dissenting Academies , where , in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow , much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences -- areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies . Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important , along with the nature of the national economies involved . While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government , they were considered fellow Protestants , to a limited extent , by many in the middle class , such as traditional financiers or other businessmen . Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital , the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century . Opposition from Romanticism Main article : Romanticism During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed , associated with the Romantic movement . Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization , urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes . Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley . The movement stressed the importance of `` nature '' in art and language , in contrast to `` monstrous '' machines and factories ; the `` Dark satanic mills '' of Blake 's poem `` And did those feet in ancient time '' . Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two - edged . French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry . See also General Automation Capitalism in the nineteenth century Capitalist mode of production Carboniferous period Coal Deindustrialization Digital Revolution Division of labour Dual revolution Economic history of the United Kingdom Hydraulics Human timeline Industrial Age Industrial society Information revolution Laissez - faire Law of the handicap of a head start -- Dialectics of progress Machine Age Steam The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Other Chinese industrialization Petroleum Revolution Science and invention in Birmingham References ^ Jump up to : David S. Landes ( 1969 ) . 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Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Human Population : Urbanization '' . Population Reference Bureau . Archived 26 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Human Population : Population Growth : Question and Answer '' . Population Reference Bureau . Archived 8 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Manchester ( England , United Kingdom ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Eleanor Amico , ed . Reader 's guide to women 's studies ( 1998 ) pp 102 -- 4 , 306 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Janet Thomas , `` Women and capitalism : oppression or emancipation ? A review article . '' Comparative studies in society and history 30 # 3 ( 1988 ) : 534 -- 49 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Alice Clark , Working life of women in the seventeenth century ( 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Ivy Pinchbeck , Women Workers in the Industrial Revolution ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Louise Tilly and Joan Wallach Scott , Women , work , and family ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ `` United States History -- The Struggles of Labor '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Jump up ^ R.M. Hartwell , The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth , Methuen and Co. , 1971 , pp. 339 -- 41 ISBN 0 - 416 - 19500 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Manchester -- the first industrial city '' . Entry on Sciencemuseum website . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Life in Industrial Towns '' . Jump up ^ Dunn , James ( 1905 ) . From Coal Mine Upwards : or Seventy Years of an Eventful Life . ISBN 1 - 4344 - 6870 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bar , Michael ; Leukhina , Oksana ( 2007 ) . `` Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution : A Macroeconomic Investigation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . The decrease ( in mortality ) beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality . Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5 -- 10 , 10 -- 15 , and 15 -- 25 began in the mid-19th century , while that for the age group 0 -- 5 began three decades later . Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period , the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased . Thus the population grew , but the average Briton was about as old in 1850 as in 1750 ( see figures 5 & 6 , p. 28 ) . Population size statistics from mortality.org put the mean age at about 26 . Jump up ^ `` Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills '' . Douglas A. Galbi . Centre for History and Economics , King 's College , Cambridge CB2 1ST . Jump up ^ The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth - Century England , Laura Del Col , West Virginia University . ^ Jump up to : Venning , Annabel ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Britain 's child slaves : They started at 4am , lived off acorns and had nails put through their ears for shoddy work . Yet , says a new book , their misery helped forge Britain '' . dailymail.co.uk . London . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony Gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission '' . 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth - Century England '' . 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Photographs of Lewis Hine : Documentation of Child Labor '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ `` General Strike 1842 '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . From chartists.net . Retrieved 13 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House . ISBN 978 - 0375 - 71396 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fleming , James R. ; Bethany R. Knorr . `` History of the Clean Air Act '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 14 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Leslie Tomory , `` The Environmental History of the Early British Gas Industry , 1812 -- 1830 . '' Environmental history 17 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 29 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Joel A. Tarr , `` Toxic Legacy : The Environmental Impact of the Manufactured Gas Industry in the United States . '' Technology and culture 55 # 1 ( 2014 ) : 107 -- 47 . online Jump up ^ Harold L. Platt , Shock cities : the environmental transformation and reform of Manchester and Chicago ( 2005 ) excerpt . Jump up ^ Brian William Clapp , An environmental history of Britain since the industrial revolution ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Chris Evans , Göran Rydén , The Industrial Revolution in Iron ; The impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth - Century Europe Published by Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , Farnham2005 , pp. 37 -- 38 ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3390 - X . Jump up ^ a word from Walloon origin Jump up ^ Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos , ' Breaking stereotypes ' , in M. Neven and I. Devos ( editors ) , ' Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography ' , in Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine , XXXI , 2001 , 3 -- 4 , pp. 347 -- 59 FLWI.ugent.be Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Philippe Raxhon , Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge ( 1794 -- 1914 ) , in B. Demoulin and JL Kupper ( editors ) , Histoire de la Wallonie , Privat , Toulouse , 2004 , pp. 233 -- 76 , p. 246 ISBN 2 - 7089 - 4779 - 6 Jump up ^ `` European Route of Industrial Heritage '' . En.erih.net . Archived from the original on 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Michel De Coster , Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques , L'Harmattan , Paris , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 296 - 03394 - 8 , pp. 122 -- 23 Jump up ^ Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos , Breaking stereotypes , art . cit. , pp. 315 -- 16 Jump up ^ Jean Marczewski , `` Y a-t - il eu un `` take - off '' en France ? '' , 1961 , dans les Cahiers de l'ISEA Jump up ^ Haber 1958 Jump up ^ Allan Mitchell , Great Train Race : Railways and the Franco - German Rivalry , 1815 -- 1914 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` History '' . Bank of Japan . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ G.C. Allen , Short Economic History of Modern Japan ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 469 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chandler Jr. , Alfred D. ( 1993 ) . The Visible Hand : The Management Revolution in American Business . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674940529 . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Bagnall , William R . The Textile Industries of the United States : Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton , Woolen , Silk , and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Period . Vol . I . The Riverside Press , 1893 . Jump up ^ `` Made In Beverly -- A History of Beverly Industry '' , by Daniel J. Hoisington . A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission . 1989 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1998 ) : Samuel Slater Jump up ^ Thomson , Ross ( 1989 ) . The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States . Chapel Hill and London : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807818671 . Jump up ^ Morison , Elting E. ( 1966 ) . Men , Machines and Modern Times . Cambridga , Ma and London , UK : The M.I.T Press . Jump up ^ Steven Kreis ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England '' . Historyguide.org . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Revolution '' . Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009 . Archived 28 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . pp. 13 -- 16 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Pat . The Industrial Revolution , Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6531 - 6 Jump up ^ Fullerton , Ronald A. ( January 1988 ) . `` How Modern Is Modern Marketing ? Marketing 's Evolution and the Myth of the `` Production Era '' `` . The Journal of Marketing . New York City , NY : American Marketing Association . 52 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 1251689 . JSTOR 1251689 . Jump up ^ `` Technics & Civilization '' . Lewis Mumford . Retrieved 8 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Deane , Phyllis . The First Industrial Revolution , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29609 - 9 Read it Jump up ^ Eric Schiff , Industrialisation without national patents : the Netherlands , 1869 -- 1912 ; Switzerland , 1850 -- 1907 , Princeton University Press , 1971 . Jump up ^ Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine , Against Intellectual Monopoly , `` Chapter 1 , final online version January 2 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . ( 55 KB ) , p. 15 . Cambridge University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87928 - 6 Jump up ^ Mott - Smith , Morton ( 1964 ) ( Unabridged and revised version of the book first published by D. Appleton - Century Company in 1934 under the former title : The Story of Energy ) . The Concept of Energy Simply Explained . New York : Dover Publications , Inc . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 21071 - 5 . Jump up ^ Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece ? J. Bradford DeLong , Professor of Economics , University of California at Berkeley , 20 September 2002 . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England The History Guide , Steven Kreis , 11 October 2006 -- Accessed January 2007 Jump up ^ Jackson J. Spielvogel ( 2009 ) . `` Western Civilization : Since 1500 '' . p. 607 . Jump up ^ Eric Bond ; Sheena Gingerich ; Oliver Archer - Antonsen ; Liam Purcell ; Elizabeth Macklem ( 17 February 2003 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution -- Causes '' . Industrialrevolution.sea.ca . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Temple , Robert ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . New York : Simon and Schuster < Based on the works of Joseph Needham > Jump up ^ Merson , John ( 1990 ) . The Genius That Was China : East and West in the Making of the Modern World . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 397 - 7 < A companion to the PBS Series `` The Genius That Was China '' > Jump up ^ `` Cobb - Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 -- Simulating early modern growth '' ( PDF ) . ( 254 KB ) Jan Luiten van Zanden , International Institute of Social History / University of Utrecht . May 2005 . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ Landes , David ( 1999 ) . The Wealth and Poverty of Nations . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393318883 . Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus . Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 20 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Merson 1990 , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ How Earth Made Us : Fire by Professor Iain Stewart Jump up ^ South Asian History Archived 27 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . -- Pages from the history of the Indian subcontinent : British rule and the legacy of colonisation . Rajni - Palme Dutt India Today ( Indian Edition published 1947 ) . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mokyr , J. : A Culture of Growth : The Origins of the Modern Economy . ( eBook and Hardcover ) '' . press.princeton.edu . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian Hoppit , `` The Nation , the State , and the First Industrial Revolution , '' Journal of British Studies ( April 2011 ) 50 # 2 pp. 307 -- 31 Jump up ^ Kiely , Ray ( November 2011 ) . `` Industrialization and Development : A Comparative Analysis '' . UGL Press Limited : 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Digital History ; Steven Mintz . `` Was slavery the engine of economic growth ? Digital History '' . Digitalhistory.uh.edu . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson , pg. 198 . Books.google.com. 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7131 - 6531 - 9 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain 's industrial growth . Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships . For instance , the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings . With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy , and with these fittings needing to be replaced every 4 to 5 years , this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion . The industrial manufacture of rope can also be seen as a similar factor . Jump up ^ Old Naval College Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barrington Moore , Jr. , Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World , pp. 29 -- 30 , Boston , Beacon Press , 1966 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , François Marie Arouet de . ( 1909 -- 14 ) ( 1734 ) . `` Letter VI -- On the Presbyterians . Letters on the English '' . www.bartleby.com . The Harvard Classics . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ EA Wrigley , Continuity chance and change . ^ Jump up to : Crafts , Nicholas ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Explaining the first Industrial Revolution : two views '' . European Review of Economic History . 15 ( 1 ) : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.1017 / S1361491610000201 . ISSN 1361 - 4916 . Jump up ^ `` The Lunar Society '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) at Moreabout , the website of the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter guide , Bob Miles . Jump up ^ Foster , Charles ( 2004 ) . Capital and Innovation : How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation . Northwich : Arley Hall Press . ISBN 0 - 9518382 - 4 - 5 . Argues that capital accumulation and wealth concentration in an entrepreneurial culture following the commercial revolution made the industrial revolution possible , for example . Jump up ^ Michael Löwy and Robert Sayre , eds. , Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ AJ George , The development of French romanticism : the impact of the industrial revolution on literature ( 1955 ) Sources Ashton , Thomas S. ( 1948 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution ( 1760 -- 1830 ) '' . Oxford University Press . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Berlanstein , Lenard R. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth - century Europe . London and New York : Routledge . Clapham , J.H. ( 1926 ) . `` An Economic History of Modern Britain : The Early Railway Age , 1820 -- 1850 '' . Cambridge University Press . Clapham , J.H. The Economic Development of France and Germany : 1815 - 1914 ( 1921 ) online , a famous classic , filled with details . Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12135 - 4 . Daunton , M.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Progress and Poverty : An Economic and Social History of Britain , 1700 -- 1850 '' . Oxford University Press . Dunham , Arthur Louis ( 1955 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in France , 1815 -- 1848 '' . New York : Exposition Press . Gatrell , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Farm to factory : a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution '' . The Economic History Review . 57 ( 4 ) : 794 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2004. 00295_21. x . Griffin , Emma ( 2010 ) . Short History of the British Industrial Revolution . Palgrave . Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1958 ) . The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century : A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America . Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1971 ) . The Chemical Industry : 1900 -- 1930 : International Growth and Technological Change . Jacob , Margaret C. ( 1997 ) . `` Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West '' . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Kindleberger , Charles Poor ( 1993 ) . A Financial History of Western Europe . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507738 - 5 . Kisch , Herbert ( 1989 ) . `` From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts '' . Oxford University Press . Kornblith , Gary . The Industrial Revolution in America ( 1997 ) Landes , David S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . McNeil , Ian , ed. ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14792 - 1 . Maddison , Angus ( 2003 ) . `` The World Economy : Historical Statistics '' . Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Mantoux , Paul ( 1961 ) ( 1928 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century '' ( First English translation 1928 ed . ) . McLaughlin Green , Constance ( 1939 ) . `` Holyoke , Massachusetts : A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 1973 ) Mokyr , Joel ( 1999 ) . `` The British Industrial Revolution : An Economic Perspective '' . More , Charles ( 2000 ) . `` Understanding the Industrial Revolution '' . London : Routledge . Olson , James S. Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America ( 2001 ) Pollard , Sidney ( 1981 ) . `` Peaceful Conquest : The Industrialization of Europe , 1760 -- 1970 '' . Oxford University Press . Rider , Christine , ed . Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution , 1700 -- 1920 ( 2 vol. 2007 ) Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . Smelser , Neil J. ( 1959 ) . `` Social Change in the Industrial Revolution : An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry '' . University of Chicago Press . Staley , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology ( 3 vol 2011 ) , 2000pp Stearns , Peter N. ( 1998 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in World History '' . Westview Press . Smil , Vaclav ( 1994 ) . `` Energy in World History '' . Westview Press . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Snooks , G.D. ( 2000 ) . `` Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary ? '' . London : Routledge . Szostak , Rick ( 1991 ) . `` The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution : A Comparison of England and France '' . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . Timbs , John ( 1860 ) . Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts : A Book for Old and Young . Harper & Brothers . Toynbee , Arnold ( 1884 ) . Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 2952 - X . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Uglow , Jenny ( 2002 ) . `` The Lunar Men : The Friends who made the Future 1730 -- 1810 '' . London : Faber and Faber . Usher , Abbott Payson ( 1920 ) . `` An Introduction to the Industrial History of England '' . University of Michigan Press . Chambliss , William J. ( editor ) , Problems of Industrial Society , Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley Publishing Co , December 1973 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 00958 - 3 Hawke , Gary . `` Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution '' in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault , eds . The Industrial Revolution and British Society ( 1993 ) pp 54 -- 78 McCloskey , Deirdre ( 2004 ) . `` Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain ( edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson ) '' . Times Higher Education Supplement. 15 ( January ) . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Industrial revolution . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Industrial Revolution Wikiversity quiz on this Industrial Revolution article Industrial Revolution at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Internet Modern History Sourcebook : Industrial Revolution BBC History Home Page : Industrial Revolution National Museum of Science and Industry website : machines and personalities Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution -- Articles , Video , Pictures , and Facts `` The Day the World Took Off '' Six - part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question `` Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did . '' The Industrial Revolution Themes Coal Coal mining Coke Cotton Industry Invention Iron Machinery , Manufacturing Metallurgy Sociology Steam power Steel Technology Textiles , Water power Workforce People / groups Richard Arkwright Thomas Boulsover Matthew Boulton James Brindley Isambard Kingdom Brunel Edmund Cartwright Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege Samuel Crompton Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater William Fairbairn James Hargreaves Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman Joseph Marie Jacquard , John Kay ( flying shuttle ) John Kay ( spinning frame ) Francis Cabot Lowell Lunar Society Thomas Newcomen Robert Owen Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts Thomas Savery Samuel Slater John Smeaton George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Thomas Telford Richard Trevithick James Watt John Wilkinson John Wyatt Places Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Bridgewater Canal Broseley Coalbrookdale Cromford Derwent Valley Mills Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway Invention / technology Blast furnace Canal Cotton mill Crucible steel Factory Flying shuttle Newcomen steam engine Power loom Railway Reverberatory furnace Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny Steam engine Stephenson 's Rocket Water frame Watt steam engine Social impact Bourgeoisie Child labour History of the Co-operative Movement Cottage industry Factory Acts Industrial unrest Luddite Proletariat Rochdale Pioneers Urbanization Industrial warfare Reference History of technology History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom - related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Timeline of invention Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power Commons History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Indian Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Great Divergence Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Aspects of capitalism ( academic views ) General Business cycle Competition Economic bubble Economic development Entrepreneurship Ecoprenuership Externalities Financial Revolution Globalization History of capitalist theory Industrial Revolution Innovation Invention Market failure Merit Multinational corporation Oligopoly Privatization Profit Property rights Regulation Wage labour Wealth Ideology American Dream Bipartisanship Democracy Free market Individualism Laissez - faire Libertarianism Neoliberalism Cultural aspects Culture of capitalism Advertising Consumerism Decentralization Economic mobility Liberty Mainstream Philanthropy Private foundation Rule of law Social alienation Spontaneous order Social aspects Economic inequality Employment Freedom of association Labour market flexibility Labour supply Productivity Prosperity Social venture capital Unemployment Criticism Criticism Anti-capitalism Market fundamentalism Marxism Wage slavery Antithesis Anarchism Anarcho - syndicalism Communism Eco-socialism Libertarian socialism Mercantilism Post-scarcity economy Sharing economy Social anarchism Socialism Syndicalism GND : 4072790 - 7 HDS : 13825 NDL : 00570120 Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Revolution&oldid=824335153 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution Industrial history History of technology 18th century in technology 19th century in technology Early Modern Britain Modern Europe Modern history of the United Kingdom Revolutions by type Theories of history Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - 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where did western europe's industrial revolution began
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"During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy.[149] The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period.[150][151]"
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"late 18th an early 19th centuries"
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Ionosphere
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Ionosphere - wikipedia Ionosphere Jump to : navigation , search The ionosphere ( / aɪ ˈɒnəˌsfɪər / ) is a region of Earth 's upper atmosphere , from about 60 km ( 37 mi ) to 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) altitude , that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere . It is ionized by solar radiation , plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because , among other functions , it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth . Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geophysics 3 The ionospheric layers 3.1 D layer 3.2 E layer 3.3 E 3.4 F layer 4 Ionospheric model 5 Persistent anomalies to the idealized model 5.1 Winter anomaly 5.2 Equatorial anomaly 5.3 Equatorial electrojet 6 Ephemeral ionospheric perturbations 6.1 X-rays : sudden ionospheric disturbances ( SID ) 6.2 Protons : polar cap absorption ( PCA ) 6.3 Geomagnetic storms 6.4 Lightning 7 Applications 7.1 Radio communication 7.1. 1 Mechanism of refraction 7.2 Other applications 8 Measurements 8.1 Overview 8.2 Ionograms 8.3 Incoherent scatter radars 8.4 GNSS radio occultation 9 Indices of the ionosphere 9.1 Solar intensity 9.2 Geomagnetic disturbances 10 GPS / GNSS ionospheric correction 11 Ionospheres of other planets and natural satellites 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) As early as 1839 , the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss postulated that an electrically conducting region of the atmosphere could account for observed variations of Earth 's magnetic field . Sixty years later , Guglielmo Marconi received the first trans - Atlantic radio signal on December 12 , 1901 , in St. John 's , Newfoundland ( now in Canada ) using a 152.4 m ( 500 ft ) kite - supported antenna for reception . The transmitting station in Poldhu , Cornwall , used a spark - gap transmitter to produce a signal with a frequency of approximately 500 kHz and a power of 100 times more than any radio signal previously produced . The message received was three dits , the Morse code for the letter S. To reach Newfoundland the signal would have to bounce off the ionosphere twice . Dr. Jack Belrose has contested this , however , based on theoretical and experimental work . However , Marconi did achieve transatlantic wireless communications in Glace Bay , Nova Scotia , one year later . In 1902 , Oliver Heaviside proposed the existence of the Kennelly -- Heaviside layer of the ionosphere which bears his name . Heaviside 's proposal included means by which radio signals are transmitted around the Earth 's curvature . Heaviside 's proposal , coupled with Planck 's law of black body radiation , may have hampered the growth of radio astronomy for the detection of electromagnetic waves from celestial bodies until 1932 ( and the development of high - frequency radio transceivers ) . Also in 1902 , Arthur Edwin Kennelly discovered some of the ionosphere 's radio - electrical properties . In 1912 , the U.S. Congress imposed the Radio Act of 1912 on amateur radio operators , limiting their operations to frequencies above 1.5 MHz ( wavelength 200 meters or smaller ) . The government thought those frequencies were useless . This led to the discovery of HF radio propagation via the ionosphere in 1923 . In 1926 , Scottish physicist Robert Watson - Watt introduced the term ionosphere in a letter published only in 1969 in Nature : We have in quite recent years seen the universal adoption of the term ' stratosphere ' ... and ... the companion term ' troposphere ' ... The term ' ionosphere ' , for the region in which the main characteristic is large scale ionisation with considerable mean free paths , appears appropriate as an addition to this series . In the early 1930s , test transmissions of Radio Luxembourg inadvertently provided evidence of the first radio modification of the ionosphere ; HAARP ran a series experiments in 2017 using the eponymous Luxembourg Effect . Edward V. Appleton was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1947 for his confirmation in 1927 of the existence of the ionosphere . Lloyd Berkner first measured the height and density of the ionosphere . This permitted the first complete theory of short - wave radio propagation . Maurice V. Wilkes and J.A. Ratcliffe researched the topic of radio propagation of very long radio waves in the ionosphere . Vitaly Ginzburg has developed a theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas such as the ionosphere . In 1962 , the Canadian satellite Alouette 1 was launched to study the ionosphere . Following its success were Alouette 2 in 1965 and the two ISIS satellites in 1969 and 1971 , further AEROS - A and - B in 1972 and 1975 , all for measuring the ionosphere . On July 26 , 1963 the first operational geosynchronous satellite Syncom 2 was launched . The board radio beacons on this satellite ( and its successors ) enabled -- for the first time -- the measurement of total electron content ( TEC ) variation along a radio beam from geostationary orbit to an earth receiver . ( The rotation of the plane of polarization directly measures TEC along the path . ) Australian geophysicist Elizabeth Essex - Cohen from 1969 onwards was using this technique to monitor the atmosphere above Australia and Antarctica . Geophysics ( edit ) The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth , stretching from a height of about 50 km ( 31 mi ) to more than 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) . It exists primarily due to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun . The lowest part of the Earth 's atmosphere , the troposphere extends from the surface to about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) . Above that is the stratosphere , followed by the mesosphere . In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer . At heights of above 80 km ( 50 mi ) , in the thermosphere , the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion . The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation . This portion of the atmosphere is partially ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere . In a plasma , the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force , but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule . Ultraviolet ( UV ) , X-ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation are ionizing , since photons at these frequencies contain sufficient energy to dislodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule upon absorption . In this process the light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher ( of the order of thousand K ) than the one of ions and neutrals . The reverse process to ionization is recombination , in which a free electron is `` captured '' by a positive ion . Recombination occurs spontaneously , and causes the emission of a photon carrying away the energy produced upon recombination . As gas density increases at lower altitudes , the recombination process prevails , since the gas molecules and ions are closer together . The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present . Ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity . The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun . Thus there is a diurnal ( time of day ) effect and a seasonal effect . The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun , thus there is less received solar radiation . The activity of the Sun is associated with the sunspot cycle , with more radiation occurring with more sunspots . Radiation received also varies with geographical location ( polar , auroral zones , mid-latitudes , and equatorial regions ) . There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization . There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field . The ionospheric layers ( edit ) Ionospheric layers . At night the F layer is the only layer of significant ionization present , while the ionization in the E and D layers is extremely low . During the day , the D and E layers become much more heavily ionized , as does the F layer , which develops an additional , weaker region of ionisation known as the F layer . The F layer persists by day and night and is the main region responsible for the refraction and reflection of radio waves . D layer ( edit ) The D layer is the innermost layer , 60 km ( 37 mi ) to 90 km ( 56 mi ) above the surface of the Earth . Ionization here is due to Lyman series - alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometre ( nm ) ionizing nitric oxide ( NO ) . In addition , high solar activity can generate hard X-rays ( wavelength < 1 nm ) that ionize N and O. Recombination rates are high in the D layer , so there are many more neutral air molecules than ions . Medium frequency ( MF ) and lower high frequency ( HF ) radio waves are significantly attenuated within the D layer , as the passing radio waves cause electrons to move , which then collide with the neutral molecules , giving up their energy . Lower frequencies experience greater absorption because they move the electrons farther , leading to greater chance of collisions . This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves , particularly at 10 MHz and below , with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies . This effect peaks around noon and is reduced at night due to a decrease in the D layer 's thickness ; only a small part remains due to cosmic rays . A common example of the D layer in action is the disappearance of distant AM broadcast band stations in the daytime . During solar proton events , ionization can reach unusually high levels in the D - region over high and polar latitudes . Such very rare events are known as Polar Cap Absorption ( or PCA ) events , because the increased ionization significantly enhances the absorption of radio signals passing through the region . In fact , absorption levels can increase by many tens of dB during intense events , which is enough to absorb most ( if not all ) transpolar HF radio signal transmissions . Such events typically last less than 24 to 48 hours . E layer ( edit ) The E layer is the middle layer , 90 km ( 56 mi ) to 150 km ( 93 mi ) above the surface of the Earth . Ionization is due to soft X-ray ( 1 -- 10 nm ) and far ultraviolet ( UV ) solar radiation ionization of molecular oxygen ( O ) . Normally , at oblique incidence , this layer can only reflect radio waves having frequencies lower than about 10 MHz and may contribute a bit to absorption on frequencies above . However , during intense sporadic E events , the E layer can reflect frequencies up to 50 MHz and higher . The vertical structure of the E layer is primarily determined by the competing effects of ionization and recombination . At night the E layer weakens because the primary source of ionization is no longer present . After sunset an increase in the height of the E layer maximum increases the range to which radio waves can travel by reflection from the layer . This region is also known as the Kennelly -- Heaviside layer or simply the Heaviside layer . Its existence was predicted in 1902 independently and almost simultaneously by the American electrical engineer Arthur Edwin Kennelly ( 1861 -- 1939 ) and the British physicist Oliver Heaviside ( 1850 -- 1925 ) . However , it was not until 1924 that its existence was detected by Edward V. Appleton and Miles Barnett . The E layer ( sporadic E-layer ) is characterized by small , thin clouds of intense ionization , which can support reflection of radio waves , rarely up to 225 MHz . Sporadic - E events may last for just a few minutes to several hours . Sporadic E propagation makes VHF - operating radio amateurs very excited , as propagation paths that are generally unreachable can open up . There are multiple causes of sporadic - E that are still being pursued by researchers . This propagation occurs most frequently during the summer months when high signal levels may be reached . The skip distances are generally around 1,640 km ( 1,020 mi ) . Distances for one hop propagation can be anywhere from 900 km ( 560 mi ) to 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) . Double - hop reception over 3,500 km ( 2,200 mi ) is possible . F layer ( edit ) The F layer or region , also known as the Appleton -- Barnett layer , extends from about 150 km ( 93 mi ) to more than 500 km ( 310 mi ) above the surface of Earth . It is the layer with the densest electron density , which implies signals penetrating this layer will escape into space . Here , electron production is dominated by extreme ultraviolet ( UV , 10 -- 100 nm ) radiation ionizing atomic oxygen . The F layer consists of one layer ( F ) at night , but during the day , a secondary peak ( labelled F ) often forms in the electron density profile . Because the F layer remains by day and night , it is responsible for most skywave propagation of radio waves and long distances high frequency ( HF , or shortwave ) radio communications . Above the F layer , the number of oxygen ions decreases and lighter ions such as hydrogen and helium become dominant . This region above the F layer peak and below the plasmasphere is called the topside ionosphere . From 1972 to 1975 NASA launched the AEROS and AEROS B satellites to study the F region . Ionospheric model ( edit ) An ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location , altitude , day of year , phase of the sunspot cycle and geomagnetic activity . Geophysically , the state of the ionospheric plasma may be described by four parameters : electron density , electron and ion temperature and , since several species of ions are present , ionic composition . Radio propagation depends uniquely on electron density . Models are usually expressed as computer programs . The model may be based on basic physics of the interactions of the ions and electrons with the neutral atmosphere and sunlight , or it may be a statistical description based on a large number of observations or a combination of physics and observations . One of the most widely used models is the International Reference Ionosphere ( IRI ) , which is based on data and specifies the four parameters just mentioned . The IRI is an international project sponsored by the Committee on Space Research ( COSPAR ) and the International Union of Radio Science ( URSI ) . The major data sources are the worldwide network of ionosondes , the powerful incoherent scatter radars ( Jicamarca , Arecibo , Millstone Hill , Malvern , St Santin ) , the ISIS and Alouette topside sounders , and in situ instruments on several satellites and rockets . IRI is updated yearly . IRI is more accurate in describing the variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content ( TEC ) . Since 1999 this model is `` International Standard '' for the terrestrial ionosphere ( standard TS16457 ) . Persistent anomalies to the idealized model ( edit ) Ionograms allow deducing , via computation , the true shape of the different layers . Nonhomogeneous structure of the electron / ion - plasma produces rough echo traces , seen predominantly at night and at higher latitudes , and during disturbed conditions . Winter anomaly ( edit ) At mid-latitudes , the F layer daytime ion production is higher in the summer , as expected , since the Sun shines more directly on the Earth . However , there are seasonal changes in the molecular - to - atomic ratio of the neutral atmosphere that cause the summer ion loss rate to be even higher . The result is that the increase in the summertime loss overwhelms the increase in summertime production , and total F ionization is actually lower in the local summer months . This effect is known as the winter anomaly . The anomaly is always present in the northern hemisphere , but is usually absent in the southern hemisphere during periods of low solar activity . Equatorial anomaly ( edit ) Electric currents created in sunward ionosphere . Within approximately ± 20 degrees of the magnetic equator , is the equatorial anomaly . It is the occurrence of a trough in the ionization in the F layer at the equator and crests at about 17 degrees in magnetic latitude . The Earth 's magnetic field lines are horizontal at the magnetic equator . Solar heating and tidal oscillations in the lower ionosphere move plasma up and across the magnetic field lines . This sets up a sheet of electric current in the E region which , with the horizontal magnetic field , forces ionization up into the F layer , concentrating at ± 20 degrees from the magnetic equator . This phenomenon is known as the equatorial fountain . Equatorial electrojet ( edit ) The worldwide solar - driven wind results in the so - called Sq ( solar quiet ) current system in the E region of the Earth 's ionosphere ( ionospheric dynamo region ) ( 100 -- 130 km ( 62 -- 81 mi ) altitude ) . Resulting from this current is an electrostatic field directed west -- east ( dawn -- dusk ) in the equatorial day side of the ionosphere . At the magnetic dip equator , where the geomagnetic field is horizontal , this electric field results in an enhanced eastward current flow within ± 3 degrees of the magnetic equator , known as the equatorial electrojet . Ephemeral ionospheric perturbations ( edit ) X-rays : sudden ionospheric disturbances ( SID ) ( edit ) When the Sun is active , strong solar flares can occur that will hit the sunlit side of Earth with hard X-rays . The X-rays will penetrate to the D - region , releasing electrons that will rapidly increase absorption , causing a high frequency ( 3 -- 30 MHz ) radio blackout . During this time very low frequency ( 3 -- 30 kHz ) signals will be reflected by the D layer instead of the E layer , where the increased atmospheric density will usually increase the absorption of the wave and thus dampen it . As soon as the X-rays end , the sudden ionospheric disturbance ( SID ) or radio black - out ends as the electrons in the D - region recombine rapidly and signal strengths return to normal . Protons : polar Cap absorption ( PCA ) ( edit ) Associated with solar flares is a release of high - energy protons . These particles can hit the Earth within 15 minutes to 2 hours of the solar flare . The protons spiral around and down the magnetic field lines of the Earth and penetrate into the atmosphere near the magnetic poles increasing the ionization of the D and E layers . PCA 's typically last anywhere from about an hour to several days , with an average of around 24 to 36 hours . Coronal mass ejections can also release energetic protons that enhance D - region absorption in the polar regions . Geomagnetic storms ( edit ) A geomagnetic storm is a temporary intense disturbance of the Earth 's magnetosphere . During a geomagnetic storm the F2 layer will become unstable , fragment , and may even disappear completely . In the Northern and Southern pole regions of the Earth aurorae will be observable in the sky . Lightning ( edit ) Lightning can cause ionospheric perturbations in the D - region in one of two ways . The first is through VLF ( very low frequency ) radio waves launched into the magnetosphere . These so - called `` whistler '' mode waves can interact with radiation belt particles and cause them to precipitate onto the ionosphere , adding ionization to the D - region . These disturbances are called `` lightning - induced electron precipitation '' ( LEP ) events . Additional ionization can also occur from direct heating / ionization as a result of huge motions of charge in lightning strikes . These events are called early / fast . In 1925 , C.T.R. Wilson proposed a mechanism by which electrical discharge from lightning storms could propagate upwards from clouds to the ionosphere . Around the same time , Robert Watson - Watt , working at the Radio Research Station in Slough , UK , suggested that the ionospheric sporadic E layer ( E ) appeared to be enhanced as a result of lightning but that more work was needed . In 2005 , C. Davis and C. Johnson , working at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire , UK , demonstrated that the E layer was indeed enhanced as a result of lightning activity . Their subsequent research has focused on the mechanism by which this process can occur . Applications ( edit ) Radio communication ( edit ) DX communication , popular among amateur radio enthusiasts , is a term given to communication over great distances . Thanks to the property of ionized atmospheric gases to refract high frequency ( HF , or shortwave ) radio waves , the ionosphere can be utilized to `` bounce '' a transmitted signal down to ground . Transcontinental HF - connections rely on up to 5 bounces , or hops . Such communications played an important role during World War II . Karl Rawer 's most sophisticated prediction method took account of several ( zig - zag ) paths , attenuation in the D - region and predicted the 11 - year solar cycle by a method due to Wolfgang Gleißberg . Mechanism of refraction ( edit ) When a radio wave reaches the ionosphere , the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere into oscillation at the same frequency as the radio wave . Some of the radio - frequency energy is given up to this resonant oscillation . The oscillating electrons will then either be lost to recombination or will re-radiate the original wave energy . Total refraction can occur when the collision frequency of the ionosphere is less than the radio frequency , and if the electron density in the ionosphere is great enough . A qualitative understanding of how an electromagnetic wave propagates through the ionosphere can be obtained by recalling geometric optics . Since the ionosphere is a plasma , it can be shown that the refractive index is less than unity . Hence , the electromagnetic `` ray '' is bent away from the normal rather than toward the normal as would be indicated when the refractive index is greater than unity . It can also be shown that the refractive index of a plasma , and hence the ionosphere , is frequency - dependent , see Dispersion ( optics ) . The critical frequency is the limiting frequency at or below which a radio wave is reflected by an ionospheric layer at vertical incidence . If the transmitted frequency is higher than the plasma frequency of the ionosphere , then the electrons can not respond fast enough , and they are not able to re-radiate the signal . It is calculated as shown below : f critical = 9 × N ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ text ( critical ) ) = 9 \ times ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) where N = electron density per m and f is in Hz . The Maximum Usable Frequency ( MUF ) is defined as the upper frequency limit that can be used for transmission between two points at a specified time . f muf = f critical sin α ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ text ( muf ) ) = ( \ frac ( f_ ( \ text ( critical ) ) ) ( \ sin \ alpha ) ) ) where α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) = angle of attack , the angle of the wave relative to the horizon , and sin is the sine function . The cutoff frequency is the frequency below which a radio wave fails to penetrate a layer of the ionosphere at the incidence angle required for transmission between two specified points by refraction from the layer . Other applications ( edit ) The open system electrodynamic tether , which uses the ionosphere , is being researched . The space tether uses plasma contactors and the ionosphere as parts of a circuit to extract energy from the Earth 's magnetic field by electromagnetic induction . Measurements ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Scientists explore the structure of the ionosphere by a wide variety of methods . They include : passive observations of optical and radio emissions generated in the ionosphere bouncing radio waves of different frequencies from it incoherent scatter radars such as the EISCAT , Sondre Stromfjord , Millstone Hill , Arecibo , and Jicamarca radars coherent scatter radars such as the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network ( SuperDARN ) radars , special receivers to detect how the reflected waves have changed from the transmitted waves . A variety of experiments , such as HAARP ( High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program ) , involve high power radio transmitters to modify the properties of the ionosphere . These investigations focus on studying the properties and behavior of ionospheric plasma , with particular emphasis on being able to understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civilian and military purposes . HAARP was started in 1993 as a proposed twenty - year experiment , and is currently active near Gakona , Alaska . The SuperDARN radar project researches the high - and mid-latitudes using coherent backscatter of radio waves in the 8 to 20 MHz range . Coherent backscatter is similar to Bragg scattering in crystals and involves the constructive interference of scattering from ionospheric density irregularities . The project involves more than 11 different countries and multiple radars in both hemispheres . Scientists are also examining the ionosphere by the changes to radio waves , from satellites and stars , passing through it . The Arecibo radio telescope located in Puerto Rico , was originally intended to study Earth 's ionosphere . Ionograms ( edit ) Main article : Ionogram Ionograms show the virtual heights and critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers and which are measured by an ionosonde . An ionosonde sweeps a range of frequencies , usually from 0.1 to 30 MHz , transmitting at vertical incidence to the ionosphere . As the frequency increases , each wave is refracted less by the ionization in the layer , and so each penetrates further before it is reflected . Eventually , a frequency is reached that enables the wave to penetrate the layer without being reflected . For ordinary mode waves , this occurs when the transmitted frequency just exceeds the peak plasma , or critical , frequency of the layer . Tracings of the reflected high frequency radio pulses are known as ionograms . Reduction rules are given in : `` URSI Handbook of Ionogram Interpretation and Reduction '' , edited by William Roy Piggott and Karl Rawer , Elsevier Amsterdam , 1961 ( translations into Chinese , French , Japanese and Russian are available ) . Incoherent scatter radars ( edit ) Incoherent scatter radars operate above the critical frequencies . Therefore , the technique allows to probe the ionosphere , unlike ionosondes , also above the electron density peaks . The thermal fluctuations of the electron density scattering the transmitted signals lack coherence , which gave the technique its name . Their power spectrum contains information not only on the density , but also on the ion and electron temperatures , ion masses and drift velocities . GNSS radio occultation ( edit ) Radio occultation is a remote sensing technique where a GNSS signal tangentially scrapes the Earth , passing through the atmosphere , and is received by a Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) satellite . As the signal passes through the atmosphere , it is refracted , curved and delayed . An LEO satellite samples the total electron content and bending angle of many such signal paths as it watches the GNSS satellite rise or set behind the Earth . Using an Inverse Abel 's transform , a radial profile of refractivity at that tangent point on earth can be reconstructed . Major GNSS radio occultation missions include the GRACE , CHAMP , and COSMIC . Indices of the ionosphere ( edit ) In empirical models of the ionosphere such as Nequick , the following indices are used as indirect indicators of the state of the ionosphere . Solar intensity ( edit ) F10. 7 and R12 are two indices commonly used in ionospheric modelling . Both are valuable for their long historical records covering multiple solar cycles . F10. 7 is a measurement of the intensity of solar radio emissions at a frequency of 2800 MHz made using a ground radio telescope . R12 is a 12 months average of daily sunspot numbers . Both indices have been shown to be proportional to each other . However , both indices are only indirect indicators of solar ultraviolet and X-ray emissions , which are primarily responsible for causing ionization in the Earth 's upper atmosphere . We now have data from the GOES spacecraft that measures the background X-ray flux from the Sun , a parameter more closely related to the ionization levels in the ionosphere . Geomagnetic disturbances ( edit ) The A - and K - indices are a measurement of the behavior of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field . The K - index uses a scale from 0 to 9 to measure the change in the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field . A new K - index is determined at the Boulder Geomagnetic Observatory . The geomagnetic activity levels of the Earth are measured by the fluctuation of the Earth 's magnetic field in SI units called teslas ( or in non-SI gauss , especially in older literature ) . The Earth 's magnetic field is measured around the planet by many observatories . The data retrieved is processed and turned into measurement indices . Daily measurements for the entire planet are made available through an estimate of the A-index , called the planetary A-index ( PAI ) . GPS / GNSS ionospheric correction ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) See also : Total electron content The Klobuchar model is currently used to compensate for ionospheric effects in GPS . This model was developed at the US Air Force Geophysical Research Laboratory circa 1974 by John ( Jack ) Klobuchar . Ionospheres of other planets and natural satellites ( edit ) Objects in the Solar System that have appreciable atmospheres ( i.e. , all of the major planets and many of the larger natural satellites ) generally produce ionospheres . Planets known to have ionospheres include Venus , Uranus , Mars and Jupiter . The atmosphere of Titan includes an ionosphere that ranges from about 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) to 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) in altitude and contains carbon compounds . See also ( edit ) Atmospheric sciences portal Geophysics International Reference Ionosphere Ionospheric dynamo region Magnetospheric electric convection field Schumann resonances Van Allen radiation belt Radio Earth -- ionosphere waveguide Fading Ionospheric absorption Ionospheric scintillation Line - of - sight propagation Sferics Related Canadian Geospace Monitoring High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program International Geophysical Year Ionospheric heater New Horizons Nozomi Pioneer Venus project Soft gamma repeater Upper - atmospheric lightning Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility Tether propulsion TIMED ( Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics ) Lists List of astronomical topics List of electronics topics List of plasma ( physics ) articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ionosphere '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Ionosphere '' . ^ Jump up to : K. Rawer . Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere . Kluwer Acad. Publ. , Dordrecht 1993 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0775 - 5 Jump up ^ John S. Belrose , `` Fessenden and Marconi : Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century '' . International Conference on 100 Years of Radio , 5 -- 7 September 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Gakona HAARPoon 2017 '' . 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://harveycohen.net/crcss/history.html Jump up ^ http://harveycohen.net/essex Jump up ^ Yenne , Bill ( 1985 ) . The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft . Exeter Books ( A Bison Book ) , New York . ISBN 0 - 671 - 07580 - 2 . p. 12 AEROS Jump up ^ Bilitza , 2001 Jump up ^ `` International Reference Ionosphere '' . Ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lied , Finn ( 1967 ) . High Frequency Radio Communications with Emphasis on Polar Problems . Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development . pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ https://www.ion.org/awards/2003-ionfellow-Klobuchar.cfm Jump up ^ http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Mars_Express_First_global_map_of_martian_ionosphere Jump up ^ NASA / JPL : Titan 's upper atmosphere Accessed 2010 - 08 - 25 References ( edit ) Davies , Kenneth ( 1990 ) . Ionospheric Radio . IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series # 31 . London , UK : Peter Peregrinus Ltd / The Institution of Electrical Engineers . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 186 - X . Hargreaves , J.K. ( 1992 ) . The Upper Atmosphere and Solar - Terrestrial Relations . Cambridge University Press . Kelley , M.C. ( 2009 ) . The Earth 's Ionosphere : Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics ( 2nd ed . ) . Academic Press . ISBN 9780120884254 . McNamara , Leo F. ( 1994 ) . Radio Amateurs Guide to the Ionosphere . ISBN 0 - 89464 - 804 - 7 . Rawer , K. ( 1993 ) . Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publ . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0775 - 5 . Bilitza , Dieter ( 2001 ) . `` International Reference Ionosphere 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Radio Science . 36 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 275 . Bibcode : 2001RaSc ... 36 ... 261B . doi : 10.1029 / 2000RS002432 . J. Lilensten , P. - L. Blelly : Du Soleil à la Terre , Aéronomie et météorologie de l'espace , Collection Grenoble Sciences , Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 86883 - 467 - 6 . P. - L. Blelly , D. Alcaydé : Ionosphere , in : Y . Kamide , A. Chian , Handbook of the Solar - Terrestrial Environment , Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg , pp. 189 -- 220 , 2007 . doi : 10.1007 / 11367758_8 Volland , H. ( 1984 ) . Atmospheric Electrodynamics . Berlin : Springer Verlag . Schunk , R.W. ; Nagy , A.F. ( 2009 ) . Ionospheres : Physics , Plasma Physics , and Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521877060 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ionosphere . Look up ionosphere in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Gehred , Paul , and Norm Cohen , SWPC 's Radio User 's Page . Amsat - Italia project on Ionospheric propagation ( ESA SWENET website ) NZ4O Solar Space Weather & Geomagnetic Data Archive NZ4O 160 Meter ( Medium Frequency ) Radio Propagation Theory Notes Layman Level Explanations Of `` Seemingly '' Mysterious 160 Meter ( MF / HF ) Propagation Occurrences USGS Geomagnetism Program Encyclopædia Britannica , Ionosphere and magnetosphere Current Space Weather Conditions Current Solar X-Ray Flux Super Dual Auroral Radar Network European Incoherent Scatter radar system Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere GND : 4130409 - 3 NDL : 00561406 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionosphere&oldid=800113570 '' Categories : Ionosphere Radio frequency propagation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Wolof 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 52 . 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where is the ionosphere located in the atmosphere
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"The ionosphere (/aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər/[1][2]) is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km (37 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude,[3] that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is ionized by solar radiation, plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.[4]"
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"upper atmosphere, from about 60 km (37 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude"
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Meteor Garden (2018 TV series)
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Meteor Garden ( 2018 TV series ) - wikipedia Meteor Garden ( 2018 TV series ) Meteor Garden Promotional poster Genre Romantic comedy Based on Meteor Garden , Boys Over Flowers ( 花 より 男子 , Hana Yori Dango ) ) Written by Sharon Mao Directed by Lin Helong Starring Shen Yue Dylan Wang Darren Chen Connor Leong Caesar Wu Opening theme For You by Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) Ending theme Love Exists ( 爱 , 存在 ) by Wei Qiqi ( 魏奇奇 ) Country of origin China Original language ( s ) Mandarin No. of seasons No. of episodes 49 ( Netflix / DVD Version ) 50 ( TV Version ) Production Producer ( s ) Angie Chai Production location ( s ) Shanghai , China London , United Kingdom Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Star Ritz Mango Entertainment Edko Films Budget $33 million Release Original network Hunan Television , Netflix First shown in China Original release July 9 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) -- August 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) Chronology Related shows Meteor Garden ( 2001 , Taiwan ) Meteor Garden II ( 2002 , Taiwan ) Hana Yori Dango ( TV series ) ( 2005 , Japan ) Hana Yori Dango Returns ( 2007 , Japan ) Hana Yori Dango Final ( 2008 , Japan ) Boys Over Flowers ( TV series ) ( 2009 , South Korea ) Boys Over Flowers Season 2 ( TV series ) ( 2018 , Japan ) Meteor Garden ( Chinese : 流星 花园 ; pinyin : Liúxīng Huāyuán ) is a 2018 Chinese television series starring Shen Yue , Dylan Wang , Darren Chen , Connor Leong , and Caesar Wu . It is based on the first Meteor Garden series and the Japanese shōjo manga series Boys Over Flowers ( 花 より 男子 , Hana Yori Dango ) written by Yoko Kamio . The series is produced by the maker of the original Taiwanese series Angie Chai and directed by Lin Helong . It is set in Shanghai and London . The series reboot was first broadcast in China on Hunan Television , then made available after its airing to VIP users of its streaming counterpart , Mango TV . The stream was then made available to everyone the day after . Two episodes were released per day on a Monday to Wednesday basis . The series is a remake of the 2001 Taiwanese series Meteor Garden , and the 6th television adaptation of the Japanese manga Boys Over Flowers ( 花 より 男子 Hana Yori Dango ) . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.3 Cameo 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Episodes 7 Trivias 8 International broadcast 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The story centers around an ordinary girl , Dong Shan Cai ( Shen Yue ) who is accepted to the most prestigious university in the country . She encounters F4 , an exclusive group composed of the four popular boys in the institution - Dao Ming Si ( Dylan Wang ) , Hua Ze Lei ( Darren Chen ) , Yan Ximen ( Caesar Wu ) , and Feng Meizuo ( Connor Leong ) . Shan Cai is a girl from a family that is barely able to make ends meet . Due to the nature of her personality , she immediately clashes with F4 , especially Dao Ming Si who is spoiled , arrogant , and a bully . She remains defiant even after becoming a target of Dao Ming Si and just when she 's about to give up , Hua Ze Lei always seems to show up to comfort her . Eventually , the four boys begin to acknowledge Shan Cai 's unyielding personality that is like her namesake , which is that of a weed that can never be brought down . She also begins to see the good in the boys , which paves the way for friendship and an eventual romance . However , the joyful scenario of love and friendship stops as numerous issues and circumstances from families and incidents come in the way . Cast ( edit ) The Chinese names of the characters are transcribed using official Pinyin transcription . Chinese surnames are Dong , Daoming , Huaze , Feng , Yan , etc . First names often consist of 1 or 2 characters . Examples are Shancai , Si , Lei , Meizuo , Ximen . There are about 20 Chinese compound surnames and this does not include Daoming . So the name of male lead is written as Dao Mingsi ( 道明寺 ) , where Ming ( 明 ) is the generational name in the first name . This is the first of the two characters in the first names among all members which are cycled through the generations in this Dao family . See also : Chinese surname and Chinese given name Main ( edit ) Actor Character Names Characteristics Shen Yue Dong Shancai ( 董 杉菜 ) The protagonist of the story . Dong Shancai is a strong - willed , stubborn , and kind girl who does n't allow herself or others be bullied . After angering Dao Ming Si , she receives a sacred ' Joker ' card given by the F4 , who challenged her to a match of Contract bridge . Initially , she likes Hua Ze Lei who comes to her rescue during her worst moments ; however , after a series of events , she starts developing feelings for Dao Ming Si . Due to her headstrong nature , she soon earns the respect of the F4 boys and becomes good friends with them . Dylan Wang / Wang Hedi Dao Ming Si ( 道明寺 ) The stubborn , hot - headed , and arrogant leader of F4 . Dao Ming Si ( short name : Ah - si ) comes from a wealthy , domineering family that believes money can buy everything . He never fully matured because his parents were not present for much of his life ( his father died when he was in high school , and his mother was often busy leading her company overseas ) . Dao Ming Si gets easily angry when something does n't go his way . He slowly falls in love with Dong Shancai due to her defiant stance to his bullying ways . Although he may get irrationally angry due to jealousy , his feelings for Dong Shancai run deep . He strives to protect Dong Shancai at all costs and is willing to go to extreme ends to keep her safe . Darren Chen / Guan Hong Hua Ze Lei ( 花 泽 类 ) A member of F4 . On the exterior , Hua Ze Lei ( short name : Lei ) appears cold , quiet , and indifferent to those outside his circle of friends . In reality , he is protective of Dong Shancai and is grateful for her being there for him during his worst times . Also from a wealthy family , Huaze Lei has been friends with Dao Ming Si since they were kids . He is in love with his childhood friend Teng Tangjing , who befriended him despite his quiet demeanor due to his mild autism , when he was very young . He later on develops feelings for Shancai . Connor Leong / Liang Jingkang Feng Mei Zuo ( 冯 美作 ) A member of F4 . Meizuo enjoys making jokes and has an incredible memory . He is a flirtatious casanova . He expresses interest in Dong Shancai 's impressive competitor in the Chinese Cuisine competition , Zhou Caina who he dated for a while before letting her go to her true love . Caesar Wu / Wu Xize Ximen Yan ( 西门 彦 ) A member of F4 . Ximen is a playboy , although he expresses interest in Shancai 's best friend , Xiaoyou . He is an expert in tea culture . Supporting ( edit ) Li Jiaqi as Jiang Xiaoyou 蒋 小 优 Liu Yinhao as Chen Qinghe 陈 青 和 Sun Qian as He Yuanzi / Xiao Zi Dee Hsu as Daoming Zhuang An Ziyi as Li Xinhui Dong Xin as Li Zhen 李 真 Wang Lin / Lilian Wang as Daoming Feng Sun Yihan as Teng Tangjing 腾 唐 静 Wang Runze as Tian Ye Blake Abbie as Thomas Wang Zi Zhen as Jiang Baihe Liu Ye as Zhou Caina Zhao Hua Ran as Yan Shunping Cameo ( edit ) Wang Yue as Yue Ji Amber Kuo as Guo Kaijie Jin Hao Chen as Yan Zhibu Harlem Yu Tang Jingmei Production ( edit ) In April 2017 , Angie Chai announced the remake of Meteor Garden , which she produced in 2001 . Prior to the announcement , Barbie Hsu hinted at the news on her Weibo account . Chai plans on making the remake a `` fuller -- and flashier -- adaptation of the books '' . The drama is budgeted at 720 million New Taiwan dollars ( about US $24 million ) with 15 million per episode , which is thirty times higher than the original . A casting call was announced on social media on June 21 , 2017 with a video and the topic , `` # FindingF4 # '' . On November 7 , 2017 , the actors playing the F4 were revealed , namely Dylan Wang ( Daoming Si ) , Darren Chen ( Huaze Lei ) , Connor Leong ( Meizuo ) , and Caesar Wu ( Ximen ) . Shen Yue 's role as Dong Shancai was unveiled at a press conference in Shanghai on November 9 . On February 2018 , it was announced that the director has been changed from Xu Fuxiang to Lin Helong . Original soundtrack ( edit ) No . Title Singer Length 1 . `` The Love You Want ( Night Version ) ( 你 要 的 爱 ( 深夜 版 ) ) '' Penny Tai ( 戴佩妮 ) 04 : 21 2 . `` For You '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 03 : 32 3 . `` Waiting For Someone ( 等 一个 人 ) '' Shennio Lin ( 林芯仪 ) 04 : 21 4 . `` Meteor Shower ( 流星雨 ) '' Jerry Yan ( 言 承 旭 ) , Vic Chou ( 周渝民 ) , Ken Chu ( 朱孝天 ) , Vanness Wu ( 吴建豪 ) 04 : 34 5 . `` Create Memories ( 创造 回忆 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 05 : 17 6 . `` Never Thought Of ( 从来 没 想到 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 03 : 41 7 . `` I Do n't Even Think About It ( 想 都 不用 想 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) 04 : 03 8 . `` Extremely Important ( 非同小可 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) 02 : 51 9 . `` The Tenderness Behind The Flower ( 花 背后 的 温柔 ) '' Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) 03 : 53 10 . `` Star Counting Shooting Stars ( 星星 数 流星 ) '' Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) 03 : 28 11 . `` I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy ( 想 你 想到 快 疯 了 ) '' Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 05 : 06 12 . `` Emotional ( 情 非得 已 ) '' Harlem Yu ( 庾澄庆 ) 04 : 33 13 . `` I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy ( 想 你 想到 快 疯 了 ) '' Clover Kao ( 高 隽 雅 ) 04 : 14 14 . `` Love , Existence ( 爱 , 存在 ) '' Qiqi Wei ( 魏奇奇 ) 04 : 46 15 . `` The Love You Want ( 你 要 的 爱 ) '' Fu Yan ( 芙 筱 ) 04 : 03 16 . `` River '' Bishop Briggs 03 : 34 17 . `` Say Something '' A Great Big World 03 : 52 18 . `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' Gareth Gates 03 : 48 Reception ( edit ) The series received mostly positive reviews from critics and netizens , praising the newbie actors and the combined interpretations from the other versions , as well as the manga it was based on . Dylan Wang was praised for his portrayal of the male lead Dao Ming Si despite being a ' first timer ' in the acting industry , saying he interpreted the character the best along with Jun Matsumoto of the Japanese version . The series was also praised for its ' more realistic ' and less - violence ' but still dramatic ' storyline compared to the previous versions . Although the series became a critical failure in China , it was well received by many fans in other Asian countries such as the Philippines , Indonesia , and Vietnam , and the main cast also gained extreme popularity among new and old Meteor Garden fans . The soundtracks of the series were also well - received by many viewers and fans of the series , most especially the new F4 's For You , which is also popular to non-fans and has multiple parodies and covers done . Ratings ( edit ) In this table , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share ( CSM52 ) Average audience share ( National Average ) Ratings Audience share Ranking Ratings Audience share Ranking 1 - 2 July 9 , 2018 1.126 % 8.04 % 1.11 % 9.68 % 3 - 4 July 10 , 2018 1.032 % 7.023 % 1.11 % 9.03 % 5 - 6 July 11 , 2018 0.991 % 6.731 % 5 1.12 % 8.85 % 7 - 8 July 16 , 2018 0.931 % 7.045 % 6 1.1 % 9.77 % 9 - 10 July 17 , 2018 0.919 % 6.803 % 8 1.12 % 9.57 % 11 - 12 July 18 , 2018 0.983 % 7.254 % 8 0.97 % 8.71 % 13 - 14 July 19 , 2018 0.922 % 6.42 % 9 1.12 % 9.24 % 15 - 16 July 23 , 2018 0.861 % 6.726 % 9 0.97 % 9.07 % 5 17 - 18 July 24 , 2018 0.893 % 6.571 % 8 1.09 % 9.76 % 19 - 20 July 25 , 2018 0.969 % 7.042 % 8 0.99 % 8.6 % 21 - 22 July 30 , 2018 0.916 % 6.876 % 6 1 % 8.92 % 23 - 24 July 31 , 2018 0.914 % 6.792 % 5 1.09 % 9.31 % 25 - 26 August 1 , 2018 0.872 % 6.584 % 6 0.81 % 7.21 % 5 27 - 28 August 6 , 2018 0.824 % 6.46 % 7 0.89 % 8.07 % 29 - 30 August 7 , 2018 0.781 % 6.058 % 7 0.92 % 7.92 % 31 - 32 August 8 , 2018 0.792 % 6.027 % 6 0.97 % 8.61 % 33 - 34 August 13 , 2018 0.756 % 5.808 % 7 0.84 % 7.59 % 5 35 - 36 August 14 , 2018 0.749 % 5.771 % 5 0.78 % 7.22 % 37 - 38 August 15 , 2018 0.669 % 5.325 % 6 0.72 % 6.66 % 39 - 40 August 20 , 2018 0.751 % 5.879 % 0.77 % 7.31 % 41 - 42 August 21 , 2018 0.709 % 5.595 % 0.69 % 6.33 % 43 - 44 August 22 , 2018 0.592 % 4.336 % 7 0.57 % 5.1 % 5 45 - 46 August 27 , 2018 0.713 % 5.694 % 7 0.61 % 6.09 % 47 - 48 August 28 , 2018 0.586 % 4.658 % 0.6 % 5.95 % 49 - 50 August 29 , 2018 0.707 % 5.554 % 8 0.6 % 5.7 % Average 0.841 % 6.32 % -- 0.9 % 8 % -- In China , ratings of at least 1.0 % is considered high because of its big population . Episodes ( edit ) No . Overall No. in Season Original Airdate Summary July 9 , 2018 Eighteen - year - old Shancai kicks off her first year at Mingde University with misadventures , drawing the ire of popular school heartthrob Daoming Si . She hopes to study nutrition to help her mother 's business . Mingde University is dominated by a group of 4 popular boys , known as F4 . As students rush to take pictures of F4 , Daoming Si unknowingly steps and cracks the screen of Shancai 's phone . A junior describes the talents of F4 and also the fear they instill in their peers , but Shancai still goes to confront Daoming Si , the one who stepped on her phone . Instead , she accidentally pushes Mr. Bobbitt , a visitor to the university and is sent home . Later , Daoming Si orders 20 boxes of takeout from Shancai 's mother 's business . After she arrives , they bicker , and it culminates with him smashing one of the boxes on her neck . Once she leaves , she is assaulted by 2 men and is saved by Huaze Lei , another member of F4 . The next day , she returns to kick Daoming Si right in the face , knocking him out . Daoming Si 's friends in F4 carry him away and leave him tied up in toilet paper . After knocking out Daoming Si with one kick she becomes famous throughout the entire school . Shancai is puzzled when two men in suits extend her an invitation to Daoming Si 's mansion . She wonders if it 's a trick since the men claim that Daoming Si is ready to apologize , but she gets in the car anyway . Upon her arrival , an army of stylists flock to her and after much poking and scrubbing against her will , Shancai emerges all made up in a cute outfit . 43 43 August 22 , 2018 Ah - Si was rushed to a hospital operating room in Shanghai after being stabbed . The ICPO informed Daoming Si 's friends and Shancai that the suspects were two previous Daoming hotel employees seeking revenge for losing their job after poor management forced the hotel to shut down . The ICPO also informed them that Xiaozi confessed that the kidnapping was part of a prank of hers . Ximen admitted that they were invited by Xiaozi to her island for a party and only later found out that it was a prank . Xiaozi arrived at the hospital after her police interrogation and apologized to Shancai . Mrs. Daoming Feng ( mother ) arrived a while later with Mrs. Yu . After seeing Si safely , she scheduled a ride for the next flight back to London and left Mrs. Yu to care for Si . As Daoming Si 's mother was leaving the hospital , she warned Shancai to stop seeing him and told Xiaozi to stop befriending Shancai . Shancai retorted that she will stay with him until he personally tells her that he does not want her . Daoming Si 's surgery was a success , but a skull injury caused a blood vessel clot . When he woke from his coma , he remembers everyone except Shancai . At Meizuo 's suggestion , Shancai starts recalling their memories together and begs him to remember her . After she declares her love and vows that she will never leave him , he reveals the joke , surprising everyone but Lei who suspected it . Seeing that Daoming Si was back to normal , Lei asks Mrs. Yu to go home and rest , requesting that she does not inform Daoming Si 's mother yet about him regaining consciousness . Mrs. Yu assures him that she will only inform Zhuang , Ah - si 's sister , about his condition . Shancai returns to school and gained sudden popularity due to her media coverage during the attack on Si . After Si got discharged from the hospital , he decides to stay in Lei 's house to avoid his mother 's attention . He tells Lei about his plan to marry Shancai and hints on a secret plan for a new concept for the Dao Ming group hotels . Meanwhile , Xiaoyou joins the Way of Tea club where she forms an immediate bond with a short - haired lady called Yifen . Trivias ( edit ) Although the series is a remake of the 2001 Taiwanese Meteor Garden , it shares more similarities with the Japanese and Korean versions . Unlike in the original 2001 series , Ximen ( Caesar Wu ) adapted the tea culture characteristic of its Hana Yori Dango counterpart . Dao Ming Si 's sister Zhuang is portrayed by Dee Hsu , the younger sister of Barbie Hsu who played Shan Cai in the original series . Dylan Wang , who portrays Dao Ming Si , played the similar character as a challenge in one episode of the Chinese survival program Super Idol ( he is the final winner of the show ) . The 2001 and 2018 Meteor Garden 's producer Angie Chai was a guest in that episode . Connor Leong ( plays Mei Zuo ) was also challenged to play as Hua Ze Lei in the same episode . Its ending scene is similar to the 2001 Taiwanese series , where Harlem Yu was singing in the street while Dao Ming Si and Shan Cai were on a date . However , in the 2018 version , the other F4 members and producer Angie Chai joined the couple and the singer in singing . The owner of the Chinese restaurant Dao Ming Si and Shan Cai ate hotpot on in London played as the mother of Shan Cai in the original series . The deserted island episode is inspired from Hana Yori Dango Final , the third , last and movie installment of the show 's Japanese version . There are over 30 kissing scenes in the series ( including kisses on the cheeks and forehead ) . The previous F4s ' Red Card was changed to a Joker Card , and violence was toned down due to China 's TV censorships . The Japanese version 's Teen of Japan story arc was changed to the Chinese Cuisine Culinary Competition , where Tsukushi and Shan Cai won the special prize . Hua Ze Lei had more significance in Shan Cai 's life than the previous versions . He is more expressive regarding his feelings for Shan Cai , and is seen as a romantic interest rather than a close friend of the two leads throughout the series . F4 are popular for their Bridge skills and international awards , while the previous F4s were popular for their families ' positions in the university . The university is called Ming De , unlike in the original Meteor Garden where it was called Ying De . Shancai and her bestfriend Xiaoyou worked in a Milktea shop , while their counterparts from the 2001 Meteor Garden worked in a pastry shop . Shancai 's Japanese and Korean counterparts , Tsukushi and Jan Di , had a younger brother who played a small part in the story . Meteor Garden was set in a university while the Japanese and Korean versions occurred in an high school ( escalator school ) . Dao Ming Si 's amnesia story arc , unlike in the Taiwanese , Japanese and Korean versions , was removed . International broadcast ( edit ) Philippines : ABS - CBN . It premiered on August 20 , 2018 . Indonesia : SCTV have the rights to air the program . It premiered on September 3 , 2018 . However , Viu has the streaming rights to the program and air first on July 16 . Vietnam : Coming Soon Besides Indonesia , Thailand , and the Philippines , the show aired as a Netflix Exclusive under the Netflix Originals category and started streaming on July 13 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trailblazing idol drama Meteor Garden getting S $33 - million reboot '' . The Straits Times . April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 《 流星 花园 》 导演 换 人 ! 疑 因 热恋 陈意涵 耽误 拍摄 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new F4 and Shancai in the 2018 Meteor Garden TV reboot '' . The Straits Times . November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 新版 《 流星 花园 》 热 拍 刘尹昊 演 杉菜 男 闺蜜 青 和 '' . Tencent ( in Chinese ) . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 孙 千 '' 流星 花园 `` 饰 小 姿 `` 快 把 我 哥 带 走 '' 破 次元 壁 `` . Netease ( in Chinese ) . February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 新版 《 流星 花园 》 热 拍 刘尹昊 演 杉菜 男 闺蜜 青 和 '' . Tencent ( in Chinese ) . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Meteor Garden ' reboot will be flashier , show creator says '' . ABS CBN. April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 流星 花园 》 招募 宣传 片 曝光 寻找 F4 全球 计划 启动 ! '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 新版 《 流星 花园 》 要 翻拍 了 ! 四 位 主演 已 公开 '' . Netease ( in Chinese ) . November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 新 《 流星 花园 》 F4 亮相 沈 月 得 知 将 演 杉菜 兴奋 跑 圈 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Meteor Garden ' remake starring new F4 to air on ABS - CBN '' . ABS - CBN News . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meteor Garden Full Trailer : This August 20 on ABS - CBN ! . YouTube . ABS - CBN Entertainment . August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meteor Garden 2018 Akan Tayang di TV Indonesia , Ini Trailer dan Daftar Pemainnya '' . Tribun Jateng ( in Indonesian ) . 2018 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Viu Indonesia on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Meteor Garden on IMDb Meteor Garden on Baidu Boys Over Flowers by Yoko Kamio Manga Chapters Boys Over Flowers Season 2 Television series Taiwan Meteor Garden ( 2001 ) Meteor Rain ( 2001 ) Meteor Garden II ( 2002 ) Japan Hana Yori Dango ( 2005 ) Hana Yori Dango Returns ( 2007 ) Hana Nochi Hare ( 2018 ) South Korea Boys Over Flowers ( 2009 ) China Meteor Garden ( 2018 ) Unlicensed Meteor Shower ( 2009 ) ( China ) Boys Before Friends ( 2013 ) ( United States ) Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan ( 2014 ) ( India ) Siapa Takut Jatuh Cinta ( 2017 ) ( Indonesia ) Films Hana Yori Dango ( 1995 ) Hana Yori Dango Final ( 2008 ) Hunan Television Youth On March 2015 Singles Villa Love Weaves Through a Millennium Love You , Countless Ties OB - GYNS 2 The Whirlwind Girl Moon River The Only Way is Sanlitun Mission Impossible Love 2016 The Adventure for Love Promise of Migratory Birds Magical Space - time Yes ! Mr. Fashion The Whirlwind Girl 2 Shuttle Love Millennium 2017 Pretty Li Hui Zhen The Starry Night , The Starry Sea A Different Kind of Pretty Man 2 Fighter of the Destiny Princess Agents My Mr. Mermaid Lightning The Starry Night , The Starry Sea 2 The Endless Love Love of Aurora 2018 To Love To Heal Excellent Investor Meet in Youth , Love in Foods Meteor Garden Battle Through the Heavens The King of Blaze Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor_Garden_(2018_TV_series)&oldid=865890316 '' Categories : Hunan Television dramas 2018 Chinese television series debuts Boys Over Flowers Chinese romantic comedy television series Chinese high school television series 2018 Chinese television series endings Television shows set in London Television series reboots Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 21 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what language do they speak in meteor garden 2018
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[
"Meteor Garden\nPromotional posterGenre\nRomantic comedyBased on\nMeteor Garden, Boys Over Flowers (花より男子, Hana Yori Dango)]Written by\nSharon Mao[1]Directed by\nLin Helong[2]Starring\nShen YueDylan WangDarren ChenConnor LeongCaesar WuOpening theme\nFor You by Dylan Wang (王鹤棣), Darren Chen (官鸿), Connor Leong (梁靖康), Caesar Wu (吴希泽)Ending theme\nLove Exists (爱，存在) by Wei Qiqi (魏奇奇)Country of origin\nChinaOriginal language(s)\n MandarinNo. of seasons\n1No. of episodes\n49 (Netflix / DVD Version)50 (TV Version)ProductionProducer(s)\nAngie Chai[1]Production location(s)\nShanghai, ChinaLondon, United KingdomRunning time\n45 minutesProduction company(s)\nStar RitzMango Entertainment[1]Edko FilmsBudget\n$33 million[1]ReleaseOriginal network\nHunan Television, NetflixFirst shown in\nChinaOriginal release\nJuly 9 (2018-07-09) – August 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)ChronologyRelated shows\nMeteor Garden (2001, Taiwan) \nMeteor Garden II (2002, Taiwan) \nHana Yori Dango (TV series) (2005, Japan) \nHana Yori Dango Returns (2007, Japan) \nHana Yori Dango Final (2008, Japan) \nBoys Over Flowers (TV series) (2009, South Korea) \n\nBoys Over Flowers Season 2 (TV series) (2018, Japan)"
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"Mandarin"
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Locus of control
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Locus of control - wikipedia Locus of control This article is about Locus of control . For other uses , see Locus . In personality psychology , locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives , as opposed to external forces beyond their control . Understanding of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954 , and has since become an aspect of personality studies . A person 's `` loci '' ( plural of `` locus '' , Latin for `` place '' or `` location '' ) are conceptualized as internal ( a belief that one 's life can be controlled ) or external ( a belief that life is controlled by outside factors which they can not influence , or that chance or fate controls their lives ) . Individuals with a strong internal locus of control believe events in their life derive primarily from their own actions : for example , when receiving exam results , people with an internal locus of control tend to praise or blame themselves and their abilities . People with a strong external locus of control tend to praise or blame external factors such as the teacher or the exam . Locus of control generated much research in a variety of areas in psychology . The construct is applicable to such fields as educational psychology , health psychology and clinical psychology . Debate continues whether specific or more global measures of locus of control will prove to be more useful in practical application . Careful distinctions should also be made between locus of control ( a concept linked with expectancies about the future ) and attributional style ( a concept linked with explanations for past outcomes ) , or between locus of control and concepts such as self - efficacy . Locus of control is one of the four dimensions of core self - evaluations -- one 's fundamental appraisal of oneself -- along with neuroticism , self - efficacy , and self - esteem . The concept of core self - evaluations was first examined by Judge , Locke , and Durham ( 1997 ) , and since has proven to have the ability to predict several work outcomes , specifically , job satisfaction and job performance . In a follow - up study , Judge et al. ( 2002 ) argued that locus of control , neuroticism , self - efficacy and self - esteem factors may have a common core . Contents 1 History 2 Personality orientation 3 Measuring scales 4 Attributional style 5 Applications 5.1 Organizational psychology and religion 5.2 Consumer research 5.3 Political ideology 6 Familial origins 7 Age 8 Gender - based differences 9 Cross-cultural and regional issues 10 Self - efficacy 11 Stress 12 See also 13 References 14 Additional sources 15 Bibliography 16 External links History ( edit ) Locus of control is the framework of Rotter 's ( 1954 ) social - learning theory of personality . In 1966 he published an article in Psychological Monographs which summarized over a decade of research ( by Rotter and his students ) , much of it previously unpublished . In 1976 , Herbert M. Lefcourt defined the perceived locus of control : `` ... a generalised expectancy for internal as opposed to external control of reinforcements '' . Attempts have been made to trace the genesis of the concept to the work of Alfred Adler , but its immediate background lies in the work of Rotter and his students . Early work on the topic of expectations about control of reinforcement had been performed in the 1950s by James and Phares ( prepared for unpublished doctoral dissertations supervised by Rotter at The Ohio State University ) . Another Rotter student , William H. James studied two types of `` expectancy shifts '' : Typical expectancy shifts , believing that success ( or failure ) would be followed by a similar outcome Atypical expectancy shifts , believing that success ( or failure ) would be followed by a dissimilar outcome Weiner 's attribution theory as applied to student motivation Perceived locus of control Internal External Attributions of no control Ability Chance / luck Attributions of control Effort Task difficulty Additional research led to the hypothesis that typical expectancy shifts were displayed more often by those who attributed their outcomes to ability , whereas those who displayed atypical expectancy were more likely to attribute their outcomes to chance . This was interpreted that people could be divided into those who attribute to ability ( an internal cause ) versus those who attribute to luck ( an external cause ) . Bernard Weiner argued that rather than ability - versus - luck , locus may relate to whether attributions are made to stable or unstable causes . Rotter ( 1975 , 1989 ) has discussed problems and misconceptions in others ' use of the internal - versus - external construct . Personality orientation ( edit ) Rotter ( 1975 ) cautioned that internality and externality represent two ends of a continuum , not an either / or typology . Internals tend to attribute outcomes of events to their own control . People who have internal locus of control believe that the outcomes of their actions are results of their own abilities . Internals believe that their hard work would lead them to obtain positive outcomes . They also believe that every action has its consequence , which makes them accept the fact that things happen and it depends on them if they want to have control over it or not . Externals attribute outcomes of events to external circumstances . People with an external locus of control tend to believe that the things which happen in their lives are out of their control , and even that their own actions are a result of external factors , such as fate , luck , the influence of powerful others ( such as doctors , the police , or government officials ) and / or a belief that the world is too complex for one to predict or successfully control its outcomes . Such people tend to blame others rather than themselves for their lives ' outcomes . It should not be thought , however , that internality is linked exclusively with attribution to effort and externality with attribution to luck ( as Weiner 's work -- see below -- makes clear ) . This has obvious implications for differences between internals and externals in terms of their achievement motivation , suggesting that internal locus is linked with higher levels of need for achievement . Due to their locating control outside themselves , externals tend to feel they have less control over their fate . People with an external locus of control tend to be more stressed and prone to clinical depression . Internals were believed by Rotter ( 1966 ) to exhibit two essential characteristics : high achievement motivation and low outer - directedness . This was the basis of the locus - of - control scale proposed by Rotter in 1966 , although it was based on Rotter 's belief that locus of control is a single construct . Since 1970 , Rotter 's assumption of uni-dimensionality has been challenged , with Levenson ( for example ) arguing that different dimensions of locus of control ( such as beliefs that events in one 's life are self - determined , or organized by powerful others and are chance - based ) must be separated . Weiner 's early work in the 1970s suggested that orthogonal to the internality - externality dimension , differences should be considered between those who attribute to stable and those who attribute to unstable causes . This new , dimensional theory meant that one could now attribute outcomes to ability ( an internal stable cause ) , effort ( an internal unstable cause ) , task difficulty ( an external stable cause ) or luck ( an external , unstable cause ) . Although this was how Weiner originally saw these four causes , he has been challenged as to whether people see luck ( for example ) as an external cause , whether ability is always perceived as stable , and whether effort is always seen as changing . Indeed , in more recent publications ( e.g. Weiner , 1980 ) he uses different terms for these four causes ( such as `` objective task characteristics '' instead of `` task difficulty '' and `` chance '' instead of `` luck '' ) . Psychologists since Weiner have distinguished between stable and unstable effort , knowing that in some circumstances effort could be seen as a stable cause ( especially given the presence of words such as `` industrious '' in English ) . Regarding locus of control , there is another type of control that entails a mix among the internal and external types . People that have the combination of the two types of locus of control are often referred to as Bi-locals . People that have Bi-local characteristics are known to handle stress and cope with their diseases more efficiently by having the mixture of internal and external locus of control . People that have this mix of loci of control can take personal responsibility for their actions and the consequences thereof while remaining capable of relying upon and having faith in outside resources ; these characteristics correspond to the internal and external loci of control , respectively . An example of this mixed system would be an alcoholic who will accept the fact that he brought the disease upon himself while remaining open to treatment and / or acknowledging that there are people , mainly doctors and therapists , that are trying to cure his / her addiction , and on whom he should rely . Measuring scales ( edit ) The most widely used questionnaire to measure locus of control is the 23 - item ( plus six filler items ) , forced - choice scale of Rotter ( 1966 ) . However , this is not the only questionnaire ; Bialer 's ( 1961 ) 23 - item scale for children predates Rotter 's work . Also relevant to the locus - of - control scale are the Crandall Intellectual Ascription of Responsibility Scale ( Crandall , 1965 ) and the Nowicki - Strickland Scale . One of the earliest psychometric scales to assess locus of control ( using a Likert - type scale , in contrast to the forced - choice alternative measure in Rotter 's scale ) was that devised by W.H. James for his unpublished doctoral dissertation , supervised by Rotter at Ohio State University ; however , this remains unpublished . Many measures of locus of control have appeared since Rotter 's scale . These were reviewed by Furnham and Steele ( 1993 ) and include those related to health psychology , industrial and organizational psychology and those specifically for children ( such as the Stanford Preschool Internal - External Control Index for three - to six - year - olds ) . Furnham and Steele ( 1993 ) cite data suggesting that the most reliable , valid questionnaire for adults is the Duttweiler scale . For a review of the health questionnaires cited by these authors , see `` Applications '' below . The Duttweiler ( 1984 ) Internal Control Index ( ICI ) addresses perceived problems with the Rotter scales , including their forced - choice format , susceptibility to social desirability and heterogeneity ( as indicated by factor analysis ) . She also notes that , while other scales existed in 1984 to measure locus of control , `` they appear to be subject to many of the same problems '' . Unlike the forced - choice format used on Rotter 's scale , Duttweiler 's 28 - item ICI uses a Likert - type scale in which people must state whether they would rarely , occasionally , sometimes , frequently or usually behave as specified in each of 28 statements . The ICI assess variables pertinent to internal locus : cognitive processing , autonomy , resistance to social influence , self - confidence and delay of gratification . A small ( 133 student - subject ) validation study indicated that the scale had good internal reliability ( a Cronbach 's alpha of 0.85 ) . Attributional style ( edit ) Main article : Explanatory style Attributional style ( or explanatory style ) is a concept introduced by Lyn Yvonne Abramson , Martin Seligman and John D. Teasdale . This concept advances a stage further than Weiner , stating that in addition to the concepts of internality - externality and stability a dimension of globality - specificity is also needed . Abramson et al. believed that how people explained successes and failures in their lives related to whether they attributed these to internal or external factors , short - term or long - term factors , and factors that affected all situations . The topic of attribution theory ( introduced to psychology by Fritz Heider ) has had an influence on locus of control theory , but there are important historical differences between the two models . Attribution theorists have been predominantly social psychologists , concerned with the general processes characterizing how and why people make the attributions they do , whereas locus of control theorists have been concerned with individual differences . Significant to the history of both approaches are the contributions made by Bernard Weiner in the 1970s . Before this time , attribution theorists and locus of control theorists had been largely concerned with divisions into external and internal loci of causality . Weiner added the dimension of stability - instability ( and later controllability ) , indicating how a cause could be perceived as having been internal to a person yet still beyond the person 's control . The stability dimension added to the understanding of why people succeed or fail after such outcomes . Although not part of Weiner 's model , a further dimension of attribution , that of globality - specificity , was added by Abramson , Seligman and Teasdale . Applications ( edit ) Locus of control 's best known application may have been in the area of health psychology , largely due to the work of Kenneth Wallston . Scales to measure locus of control in the health domain were reviewed by Furnham and Steele in 1993 . The best - known are the Health Locus of Control Scale and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale , or MHLC . The latter scale is based on the idea ( echoing Levenson 's earlier work ) that health may be attributed to three sources : internal factors ( such as self - determination of a healthy lifestyle ) , powerful others ( such as one 's doctor ) or luck ( which is very dangerous as lifestyle advice will be ignored -- these people are very difficult to help ) . Some of the scales reviewed by Furnham and Steele ( 1993 ) relate to health in more specific domains , such as obesity ( for example , Saltzer 's ( 1982 ) Weight Locus of Control Scale or Stotland and Zuroff 's ( 1990 ) Dieting Beliefs Scale ) , mental health ( such as Wood and Letak 's ( 1982 ) Mental Health Locus of Control Scale or the Depression Locus of Control Scale of Whiteman , Desmond and Price , 1987 ) and cancer ( the Cancer Locus of Control Scale of Pruyn et al. , 1988 ) . In discussing applications of the concept to health psychology Furnham and Steele refer to Claire Bradley 's work , linking locus of control to the management of diabetes mellitus . Empirical data on health locus of control in a number of fields was reviewed by Norman and Bennett in 1995 ; they note that data on whether certain health - related behaviors are related to internal health locus of control have been ambiguous . They note that some studies found that internal health locus of control is linked with increased exercise , but cite other studies which found a weak ( or no ) relationship between exercise behaviors ( such as jogging ) and internal health locus of control . A similar ambiguity is noted for data on the relationship between internal health locus of control and other health - related behaviors ( such as breast self - examination , weight control and preventative - health behavior ) . Of particular interest are the data cited on the relationship between internal health locus of control and alcohol consumption . Norman and Bennett note that some studies that compared alcoholics with non-alcoholics suggest alcoholism is linked to increased externality for health locus of control ; however , other studies have linked alcoholism with increased internality . Similar ambiguity has been found in studies of alcohol consumption in the general , non-alcoholic population . They are more optimistic in reviewing the literature on the relationship between internal health locus of control and smoking cessation , although they also point out that there are grounds for supposing that powerful - others and internal - health loci of control may be linked with this behavior . It is thought that , rather than being caused by one or the other , that alcoholism is directly related to the strength of the locus , regardless of type , internal or external . They argue that a stronger relationship is found when health locus of control is assessed for specific domains than when general measures are taken . Overall , studies using behavior - specific health locus scales have tended to produce more positive results . These scales have been found to be more predictive of general behavior than more general scales , such as the MHLC scale . Norman and Bennett cite several studies that used health - related locus - of - control scales in specific domains ( including smoking cessation ) , diabetes , tablet - treated diabetes , hypertension , arthritis , cancer , and heart and lung disease . They also argue that health locus of control is better at predicting health - related behavior if studied in conjunction with health value ( the value people attach to their health ) , suggesting that health value is an important moderator variable in the health locus of control relationship . For example , Weiss and Larsen ( 1990 ) found an increased relationship between internal health locus of control and health when health value was assessed . Despite the importance Norman and Bennett attach to specific measures of locus of control , there are general textbooks on personality which cite studies linking internal locus of control with improved physical health , mental health and quality of life in people with diverse conditions : HIV , migraines , diabetes , kidney disease and epilepsy . During the 1970s and 1980s , Whyte correlated locus of control with the academic success of students enrolled in higher - education courses . Students who were more internally controlled believed that hard work and focus would result in successful academic progress , and they performed better academically . Those students who were identified as more externally controlled ( believing that their future depended upon luck or fate ) tended to have lower academic - performance levels . Cassandra B. Whyte researched how control tendency influenced behavioral outcomes in the academic realm by examining the effects of various modes of counseling on grade improvements and the locus of control of high - risk college students . Rotter also looked at studies regarding the correlation between gambling and either an internal or external locus of control . For internals , gambling is more reserved . When betting , they primarily focus on safe and moderate wagers . Externals , however , take more chances and , for example , bet more on a card or number that has not appeared for a certain period , under the notion that this card or number has a higher chance of occurring . Organizational Psychology and religion ( edit ) Other fields to which the concept has been applied include industrial and organizational psychology , sports psychology , educational psychology and the psychology of religion . Richard Kahoe has published work in the latter field , suggesting that intrinsic religious orientation correlates positively ( and extrinsic religious orientation correlates negatively ) with internal locus . Of relevance to both health psychology and the psychology of religion is the work of Holt , Clark , Kreuter and Rubio ( 2003 ) on a questionnaire to assess spiritual - health locus of control . The authors distinguished between an active spiritual - health locus of control ( in which `` God empowers the individual to take healthy actions '' ) and a more passive spiritual - health locus of control ( where health is left up to God ) . In industrial and organizational psychology , it has been found that internals are more likely to take positive action to change their jobs ( rather than merely talk about occupational change ) than externals . Consumer research ( edit ) Locus of control has also been applied to the field of consumer research . For example , Martin , Veer and Pervan ( 2007 ) examined how the weight locus of control of women ( i.e. , beliefs about the control of body weight ) influence how they react to female models in advertising of different body shapes . They found that women who believe they can control their weight ( `` internals '' ) , respond most favorably to slim models in advertising , and this favorable response is mediated by self - referencing . In contrast , women who feel powerless about their weight ( `` externals '' ) , self - reference larger - sized models , but only prefer larger - sized models when the advertisement is for a non-fattening product . For fattening products , they exhibit a similar preference for larger - sized models and slim models . The weight locus of control measure was also found to be correlated with measures for weight control beliefs and willpower . Political ideology ( edit ) Locus of control has been linked to political ideology . In the 1972 U.S. Presidential election , research of college students found that those with an internal locus of control were substantially more likely to register as a Republican , while those with an external locus of control were substantially more likely to register as a Democrat . A 2011 study surveying students at Cameron University in Oklahoma found similar results , although these studies were limited in scope . Those with an internal locus of control are more likely to be of higher socioeconomic status , and are more likely to be politically involved ( e.g. , following political news , joining a political organization ) Those with an internal locus of control are also more likely to vote . Familial origins ( edit ) The development of locus of control is associated with family style and resources , cultural stability and experiences with effort leading to reward . Many internals have grown up with families modeling typical internal beliefs ; these families emphasized effort , education , responsibility and thinking , and parents typically gave their children rewards they had promised them . In contrast , externals are typically associated with lower socioeconomic status . Societies experiencing social unrest increase the expectancy of being out - of - control ; therefore , people in such societies become more external . The 1995 research of Schneewind suggests that `` children in large single parent families headed by women are more likely to develop an external locus of control '' . Schultz and Schultz also claim that children in families where parents have been supportive and consistent in discipline develop internal locus of control . At least one study has found that children whose parents had an external locus of control are more likely to attribute their successes and failures to external causes . Findings from early studies on the familial origins of locus of control were summarized by Lefcourt : `` Warmth , supportiveness and parental encouragement seem to be essential for development of an internal locus '' . However , causal evidence regarding how parental locus of control influences offspring locus of control ( whether genetic , or environmentally mediated ) is lacking . Locus of control becomes more internal with age . As children grow older , they gain skills which give them more control over their environment . However , whether this or biological development is responsible for changes in locus is unclear . Age ( edit ) It is sometimes assumed that as people age they will become less internal and more external , but data here have been ambiguous . Longitudinal data collected by Gatz and Karel imply that internality may increase until middle age , decreasing thereafter . Noting the ambiguity of data in this area , Aldwin and Gilmer ( 2004 ) cite Lachman 's claim that locus of control is ambiguous . Indeed , there is evidence here that changes in locus of control in later life relate more visibly to increased externality ( rather than reduced internality ) if the two concepts are taken to be orthogonal . Evidence cited by Schultz and Schultz ( 2005 ) suggests that locus of control increases in internality until middle age . The authors also note that attempts to control the environment become more pronounced between ages eight and fourteen . Health locus of control is how people measure and understand how people relate their health to their behavior , health status and how long it may take to recover from a disease . Locus of control can influence how people think and react towards their health and health decisions . Each day we are exposed to potential diseases that may affect our health . The way we approach that reality has a lot to do with our locus of control . Sometimes it is expected to see older adults experience progressive declines in their health , for this reason it is believed that their health locus of control will be affected . However , this does not necessarily mean that their locus of control will be affected negatively but older adults may experience decline in their health and this can show lower levels of internal locus of control . Age plays an important role in one 's internal and external locus of control . When comparing a young child and an older adult with their levels of locus of control in regards to health , the older person will have more control over their attitude and approach to the situation . As people age they become aware of the fact that events outside of their own control happen and that other individuals can have control of their health outcomes . A study published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine examined the health effect of childhood locus of control . 7,500 British adults ( followed from birth ) , who had shown an internal locus of control at age 10 , were less likely to be overweight at age 30 . The children who had an internal locus of control also appeared to have higher levels of self - esteem . Gender - based differences ( edit ) As Schultz and Schultz ( 2005 ) point out , significant gender differences in locus of control have not been found for adults in the U.S. population . However , these authors also note that there may be specific sex - based differences for specific categories of items to assess locus of control ; for example , they cite evidence that men may have a greater internal locus for questions related to academic achievement . A study made by Takaki and colleagues ( 2006 ) , focused on the gender differences with relationship to internal locus of control and self - efficacy in hemodialysis patients and their compliance . This study showed that females that had high internal locus of control were less compliant in regards to their health and medical advice compared to the men that participated in this study . Compliance is known to be the degree in which a person 's behavior , in this case the patient , has a relationship with the medical advice . For example , a person that is compliant will correctly follow his / her doctor 's advice . Cross-cultural and regional issues ( edit ) The question of whether people from different cultures vary in locus of control has long been of interest to social psychologists . Japanese people tend to be more external in locus - of - control orientation than people in the U.S. ; however , differences in locus of control between different countries within Europe ( and between the U.S. and Europe ) tend to be small . As Berry et al. pointed out in 1992 , ethnic groups within the United States have been compared on locus of control ; African Americans in the U.S. are more external than whites when socioeconomic status is controlled . Berry et al. also pointed out in 1992 how research on other ethnic minorities in the U.S. ( such as Hispanics ) has been ambiguous . More on cross-cultural variations in locus of control can be found in Shiraev and Levy ( 2004 ) . Research in this area indicates that locus of control has been a useful concept for researchers in cross-cultural psychology . On a less broad scale , Sims and Baumann explained how regions in the United States cope with natural disasters differently . The example they used was tornados . They `` applied Rotter 's theory to explain why more people have died in tornado ( e ) s in Alabama than in Illinois '' . They explain that after giving surveys to residents of four counties in both Alabama and Illinois , Alabama residents were shown to be more external in their way of thinking about events that occur in their lives . Illinois residents , however , were more internal . Because Alabama residents had a more external way of processing information , they took fewer precautions prior to the appearance of a tornado . Those in Illinois , however , were more prepared , thus leading to fewer casualties . Self - efficacy ( edit ) Further information : Self - efficacy Self - efficacy is a person 's belief that he or she can accomplish a particular activity . It is a related concept introduced by Albert Bandura , and has been measured by means of a psychometric scale . It differs from locus of control by relating to competence in circumscribed situations and activities ( rather than more general cross-situational beliefs about control ) . Bandura has also emphasised differences between self - efficacy and self - esteem , using examples where low self - efficacy ( for instance , in ballroom dancing ) are unlikely to result in low self - esteem because competence in that domain is not very important to an individual . Although individuals may have a high internal health locus of control and feel in control of their own health , they may not feel efficacious in performing a specific treatment regimen that is essential to maintaining their own health . Self - efficacy plays an important role in one 's health because when people feel that they have self - efficacy over their health conditions , the effects of their health becomes less of a stressor . Smith ( 1989 ) has argued that locus of control only weakly measures self - efficacy ; `` only a subset of items refer directly to the subject 's capabilities '' . Smith noted that training in coping skills led to increases in self - efficacy , but did not affect locus of control as measured by Rotter 's 1966 scale . Stress ( edit ) The previous section showed how self - efficacy can be related to a person 's locus of control , and stress also has a relationship in these areas . Self - efficacy can be something that people use to deal with the stress that they are faced with in their everyday lives . Some findings suggest that higher levels of external locus of control combined with lower levels self - efficacy are related to higher illness - related psychological distress . In the previous section , the different types of locus of control , internal and external , were mentioned . Based on the definition of people who have an external locus of control , we can see that this can be associated with higher levels of stress . A study conducted by Bollini and others reveals that individuals who have a high external locus of control tend to have higher levels of psychological and physical problems . These people are also more vulnerable to external influences and as a result they become more responsive to stress . Veterans of the military forces who have spinal cord injuries and post-traumatic stress are a good group to look at in regards to locus of control and stress . Aging shows to be a very important factor that can be related to the severity of the symptoms of PTSD experienced by patients following the trauma of war . Research suggests that patients who suffered a spinal cord injury benefit from knowing that they have control over their health problems and their disability , which reflects the characteristics of having internal locus of control . A study by Chung et al. ( 2006 ) focused on how the responses of spinal cord injury post-traumatic stress varied depending on age . The researchers tested different age groups including young adults , middle - aged , and elderly ; the average age was 25 , 48 and 65 for each group respectively . After the study , they concluded that age does not make a difference on how spinal cord injury patients respond to the traumatic events that happened . However , they did mention that age did play a role in the extent to which the external locus of control was used , and concluded that the young adult group demonstrated more external locus of control characteristics than the other age groups to which they were being compared . See also ( edit ) Aging Attribution Determinism Existentialism § Angst and dread Explanatory style Free will Fundamental attribution error Illusion of control Law of attraction ( New Thought ) Learned helplessness Optimism Personal boundaries Pessimism Sense of agency -- an awareness of making and executing plans References ( edit ) This article includes inline citations , but they are not properly formatted . Please improve this article by correcting them . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Rotter , Julian B ( 1966 ) . `` Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement '' . Psychological Monographs : General and Applied . 80 : 1 -- 28 . doi : 10.1037 / h0092976 . Jump up ^ Carlson , N.R. , et al. ( 2007 ) . Psychology : The Science of Behaviour - 4th Canadian ed ... Toronto , ON : Pearson Education Canada . Jump up ^ Judge , T.A. ; Locke , E.A. ; Durham , C.C. 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Archived from the original on October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherer , Madux et al. , 1982 ^ Jump up to : Roddenberry , Angela ; Renk , Kimberly ( 2010 ) . `` Locus of Control and Self - Efficacy : Potential Mediators of Stress , Illness , and Utilization of Health Services in College Students '' . Child Psychiatry & Human Development . 41 ( 4 ) : 353 -- 370 . doi : 10.1007 / s10578 - 010 - 0173 - 6 . PMID 20204497 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Chung , Man Cheung ; Preveza , Eleni ; Papandreou , Konstantinos ; Prevezas , Nikolaos ( 2006 ) . `` Spinal Cord Injury , Posttraumatic Stress , and Locus of Control Among the Elderly : A Comparison with Young and Middle -- Aged Patients '' . Psychiatry : Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 69 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1521 / psyc. 2006.69. 1.69 . PMID 16704333 . Additional sources ( edit ) Abramson , Lyn Y ; Seligman , Martin E ; Teasdale , John D ( 1978 ) . `` Learned helplessness in humans : Critique and reformulation '' . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . 87 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 74 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 843X. 87.1. 49 . PMID 649856 . Abramson , Lyn Y ; Metalsky , Gerald I ; Alloy , Lauren B ( 1989 ) . `` Hopelessness depression : A theory - based subtype of depression '' . Psychological Review . 96 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 372 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 96.2. 358 . Aldwin , C.M. ; Gilman , D.F. ( 2004 ) . Health , Illness and Optimal Ageing . London : Sage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2259 - 9 . Anderson , Craig A ; Jennings , Dennis L ; Arnoult , Lynn H ( 1988 ) . `` Validity and utility of the attributional style construct at a moderate level of specificity '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 55 ( 6 ) : 979 -- 990 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.55. 6.979 . Berry , J.W. ; Poortinga , Y.H. ; Segall , M.H. , Dasen , P.R. ( 1992 ) . Cross-cultural Psychology : Research and Applications . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37761 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Buchanan , G.M. ; Seligman , M.E.P. , eds. ( 1997 ) . Explanatory Style . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 0924 - 4 . Burns , Melanie O ; Seligman , Martin E ( 1989 ) . `` Explanatory style across the life span : Evidence for stability over 52 years '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 56 ( 3 ) : 471 -- 477 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.56. 3.471 . Cutrona , Carolyn E ; Russell , Dan ; Jones , R. Dallas ( 1984 ) . `` Cross-situational consistency in causal attributions : Does attributional style exist ? '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 47 ( 5 ) : 1043 -- 1058 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.47. 5.1043 . Duttweiler , Patricia C ( 2016 ) . `` The Internal Control Index : A Newly Developed Measure of Locus of Control '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 44 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 221 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164484442004 . Furnham , Adrian ; Steele , Howard ( 1993 ) . `` Measuring locus of control : A critique of general , children 's , health - and work - related locus of control questionnaires '' . British Journal of Psychology . 84 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 479 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1993. tb02495. x . Eisner , J.E. ( 1997 ) . `` The origins of explanatory style : Trust as a determinant of pessimism and optimism '' . In Buchanan , G.M. ; Seligman , M.E.P. Explanatory Style . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . pp. 49 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 0924 - 4 . Gong - Guy , Elizabeth ; Hammen , Constance ( 1980 ) . `` Causal perceptions of stressful events in depressed and nondepressed outpatients '' . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . 89 ( 5 ) : 662 -- 669 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 843X. 89.5. 662 . Holt , Cheryl L ; Clark , Eddie M ; Kreuter , Matthew W ; Rubio , Doris M ( 2003 ) . `` Spiritual health locus of control and breast cancer beliefs among urban African American women '' . Health Psychology . 22 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 299 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 6133.22. 3.294 . Kahoe , Richard D ( 1974 ) . `` Personality and achievement correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 29 ( 6 ) : 812 -- 818 . doi : 10.1037 / h0036222 . Lefcourt , Herbert M ( 1966 ) . `` Internal versus external control of reinforcement : A review '' . Psychological Bulletin . 65 ( 4 ) : 206 -- 220 . doi : 10.1037 / h0023116 . Lefcourt , H.M. ( 1976 ) . Locus of Control : Current Trends in Theory and Research . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15044 - 3 . Maltby , J. ; Day , L. ; Macaskill , A. ( 2007 ) . Personality , Individual Differences and Intelligence ( 1st ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 129760 - 9 . Meyerhoff , Michael K ( 2004 ) . 17453574 `` Locus of Control '' Check url = value ( help ) . Pediatrics for Parents . 21 ( 10 ) : 8 . Norman , Paul D ; Antaki , Charles ( 1988 ) . `` Real Events Attributional Style Questionnaire '' . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology . 7 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 97 -- 100 . doi : 10.1521 / jscp. 1988.7. 2 - 3.97 . Norman , P. ; Bennett , P. ( 1995 ) . `` Health Locus of Control '' . In Conner , M. ; Norman , P. Predicting Health Behaviour . Buckingham : Open University Press . pp. 62 -- 94 . Nowicki , Stephen ; Strickland , Bonnie R ( 1973 ) . `` A locus of control scale for children '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 40 : 148 -- 154 . doi : 10.1037 / h0033978 . Peterson , Christopher ; Semmel , Amy ; von Baeyer , Carl ; Abramson , Lyn Y ; Metalsky , Gerald I ; Seligman , Martin E. P ( 1982 ) . `` The attributional Style Questionnaire '' . Cognitive Therapy and Research . 6 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 299 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01173577 . Robbins ; Hayes ( 1997 ) . `` The role of causal attributions in the prediction of depression '' . In Buchanan , G.M. ; Seligman , M.E.P. Explanatory Style . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . pp. 71 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 0924 - 4 . Rotter , J.B. ( 1954 ) . Social learning and clinical psychology . NY : Prentice - Hall . Rotter , Julian B ( 1966 ) . `` Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement '' . Psychological Monographs : General and Applied . 80 : 1 -- 28 . doi : 10.1037 / h0092976 . Rotter , Julian B ( 1975 ) . `` Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 43 : 56 -- 67 . doi : 10.1037 / h0076301 . Rotter , Julian B ( 1990 ) . `` Internal versus external control of reinforcement : A case history of a variable '' . American Psychologist. 45 ( 4 ) : 489 -- 493 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 45.4. 489 . Schultz , D.P. ; Schultz , S.E. ( 2005 ) . Theories of Personality ( 8th ed . ) . Wadsworth : Thomson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 62402 - 6 . Sherer , Mark ; Maddux , James E ; Mercandante , Blaise ; Prentice - Dunn , Steven ; Jacobs , Beth ; Rogers , Ronald W ( 2016 ) . `` The Self - Efficacy Scale : Construction and Validation '' . Psychological Reports . 51 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 671 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1982.51. 2.663 . Shiraev , E. ; Levy , D. ( 2004 ) . Cross-cultural Psychology : Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 38612 - 3 . Smith , Ronald E ( 1989 ) . `` Effects of coping skills training on generalized self - efficacy and locus of control '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 56 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 233 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.56. 2.228 . Wallston , Kenneth A ; Strudler Wallston , Barbara ; Devellis , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control ( MHLC ) Scales '' . Health Education Monographs. 6 : 160 -- 170 . doi : 10.1177 / 109019817800600107 . Weiner , B. , ed. ( 1974 ) . Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory . NY : General Learning Press . Weiner , B. ( 1980 ) . Human Motivation . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . Whyte , C. , `` An Integrated Counseling and Learning Assistance Center '' ( 1980 ) . New Directions Sourcebook - Learning Assistance Centers . Jossey - Bass , Inc . Whyte , C. ( January 1978 ) . `` Effective Counseling Methods for High - Risk College Freshmen '' . Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance. 6 ( 4 ) : 198 -- 200 . ERIC : EJ177217 Xenikou , Athena ; Furnham , Adrian ; McCarrey , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` Attributional style for negative events : A proposition for a more reliable and valid measure of attributional style '' . British Journal of Psychology . 88 : 53 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1997. tb02620. x . Bibliography ( edit ) R. Gross , P. Humphreys - Psychology : The Science of Mind and Behaviour Psychology Press , 1994 ISBN 9780340587362 External links ( edit ) Locus of control : A class tutorial Spheres of Control Scale Attributional Style & Controllability Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Locus_of_control&oldid=857598301 '' Categories : Control ( social and political ) Cognitive biases Personal life Motivation Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2018 Articles with incomplete citations from August 2018 All articles with incomplete citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2016 Articles needing footnote reformatting All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with URL errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2018 , at 19 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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who tends to see their fate as out of their control
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"Rotter (1975) cautioned that internality and externality represent two ends of a continuum, not an either/or typology. Internals tend to attribute outcomes of events to their own control. People who have internal locus of control believe that the outcomes of their actions are results of their own abilities. Internals believe that their hard work would lead them to obtain positive outcomes.[8] They also believe that every action has its consequence, which makes them accept the fact that things happen and it depends on them if they want to have control over it or not. Externals attribute outcomes of events to external circumstances. People with an external locus of control tend to believe that the things which happen in their lives are out of their control,[9] and even that their own actions are a result of external factors, such as fate, luck, the influence of powerful others (such as doctors, the police, or government officials) and/or a belief that the world is too complex for one to predict or successfully control its outcomes. Such people tend to blame others rather than themselves for their lives' outcomes. It should not be thought, however, that internality is linked exclusively with attribution to effort and externality with attribution to luck (as Weiner's work – see below – makes clear). This has obvious implications for differences between internals and externals in terms of their achievement motivation, suggesting that internal locus is linked with higher levels of need for achievement. Due to their locating control outside themselves, externals tend to feel they have less control over their fate. People with an external locus of control tend to be more stressed and prone to clinical depression.[10]\n"
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"People with an external locus of control"
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Bed size
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Bed size - wikipedia Bed size Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Single size bed Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes , which vary from country to country . Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame . Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world , with most countries having their own standards and terminology . In addition , two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions , due to manufacturing tolerances , amount of padding , and support type . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of common sizes 2 Canada and United States 2.1 Standard sizes 2.2 Other sizes 3 Europe 3.1 UK and Ireland 3.2 France 3.3 Italy 3.4 Northern Europe 3.5 Portugal 3.6 Spain 3.7 Switzerland 4 Australia 5 New Zealand 6 South Africa 7 Singapore and Malaysia 8 China 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Table of common sizes ( edit ) See also : Bedding § Bedding sizes Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes . Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below . These dimensions are for the mattress -- actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress . Mattress thickness varies considerably . Mattress size ( width × length ) US & Canada Australia Ireland & UK New Zealand Continental Europe Japan Taiwan Thailand Singapore Small single or Cot 30 in × 75 in 76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm 24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm 31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm 33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in Single , Twin , or Bunk 38 in × 75 in 97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm 35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm 35 in × 79 in 97 cm × 195 cm 38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm 42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm 42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm 36 in × 75 in Twin extra long 38 in × 80 in 97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm 36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm 35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm 38 in × 81 in King single or Super single 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm 47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm 43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm 42 in × 75 in Small double or Three - quarter 48 in × 75 in 122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm 47 in × 75 in 122 cm × 195 cm 48 in × 77 in Double or Full 54 in × 75 in 137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm 53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm 55 in × 79 in 140 cm × 195 cm 55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm 60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm 48 in × 78 in Double extra long 54 in × 80 in 137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm 55 in × 81 in Queen 60 in × 80 in 152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm 61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm 72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm 60 in × 75 in Expanded , Super , or Olympic queen 66 in × 80 in 168 cm × 203 cm King 76 in × 80 in 193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in 198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm 66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm 63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm 67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm 72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm 72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm 72 in × 75 in California king or King long 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in 203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm 67 in × 81 in Grand king , Super king , Athletic King or Texas king 80 in × 98 in 203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm 80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 194 cm × 205 cm 76 in × 81 in Canada and united states ( edit ) Standard North American sizes A pillowtop queen - size mattress . Standard sizes ( edit ) Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are : Twin or single 38 in × 75 in ( 97 cm × 191 cm ) It is an untrue rumor that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin . Full or double 54 in × 75 in ( 137 cm × 191 cm ) Queen 60 in × 80 in ( 152 cm × 203 cm ) King 76 in × 80 in ( 193 cm × 203 cm ) Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL . California king 72 in × 84 in ( 183 cm × 213 cm ) : A good choice for adjustable beds ( 1 ) Other sizes ( edit ) Single L or twin XL 39 in × 80 in ( 99 cm × 203 cm ) Three - quarters 48 in × 75 in ( 122 cm × 191 cm ) Full XL 54 in × 80 in ( 137 cm × 203 cm ) Texas ( or athletic ) king 80 in × 98 in ( 203 cm × 249 cm ) California queen waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size . 58 in × 82 in ( 147 cm × 208 cm ) California king waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size . 70 in × 82 in ( 178 cm × 208 cm ) Europe ( edit ) UK and Ireland ( edit ) Most modern beds / mattresses sold in the UK and Ireland are constructed using metric dimensions . Size Notes Small - single 75 cm × 190 cm ( 30 in × 75 in ) Common UK size for hospitality ( zip & link ) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a king bed . European single 75 cm × 190 cm ( 30 in × 75 in ) Standard single 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) Ireland standard hospitality sized single , two mattresses can be zip linked to make a Super king bed . Small - double ( Three Quarter ) / Queen 120 cm × 190 cm ( 47 in × 75 in ) Standard Double 135 cm × 190 cm ( 53 in × 75 in ) King 152 cm × 198 cm ( 60 in × 78 in ) Extra-king 180 cm × 190 cm ( 71 in × 75 in ) Hospitality size formed by zip & linking two standard single beds together . Superking 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) Also known as `` European King '' . Eastern King 200 cm × 210 cm ( 79 in × 83 in ) Emperor 215 cm × 215 cm ( 85 in × 85 in ) Caesar 245 cm × 220 cm ( 96 in × 87 in ) It is worth noting that `` bed size '' in the UK generally refers to mattress size . This is because mattresses have a standard size grading , whereas bed frames do not . While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services , most mass - produced bed linens , bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above . It should be noted that a Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world . However , at 120cm in width , it is smaller than a UK double . Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress . France ( edit ) Single size beds are usually 90 cm wide by 190 cm long . Most common sizes for double beds are : 140 cm wide by 190 cm long 160 cm wide by 200 cm long 180 cm wide by 200 cm long ( less common , but increasing popularity ) . Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 cm length is becoming more common . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in `` one place '' Standard sizes are : Una piazza or singolo ( `` single '' ) 80 cm ( 31.5 inches ) wide by 190 cm long Una piazza e mezza ( 11⁄2 ) 120 cm ( 47.2 inches ) wide by 190 cm long Due piazze or letto matrimoniale 160 cm ( 62.99 inches ) wide by 190 cm long Less common : Piazza francese or `` Piazza e Mezza francese '' 140 cm x 190 cm Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 cm length is becoming more common . Northern europe ( edit ) These sizes are for Germany , Poland , Netherlands , Belgium , Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Iceland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania . There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations , but these are the most common sizes : Single : 80 cm × 190 cm ( 31 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard in Germany 75 cm × 200 cm ( 30 in × 79 in ) , standard in Norway 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , standard single bed in Sweden and Germany . 90 cm × 210 cm ( 35 in × 83 in ) , common variant in Finland 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common variant in The Netherlands 90 cm × 220 cm ( 35 in × 87 in ) , Xlarge variant in The Netherlands 100 cm × 200 cm ( 39 in × 79 in ) , now very common in Germany 105 cm × 200 cm ( 41 in × 79 in ) 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) Double : 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , referred to as a `` doubter '' in the Netherlands , somewhat common for younger people 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) , common 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , very common 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , very common double bed in current Swedish and Norwegian standards 180 cm × 210 cm ( 71 in × 83 in ) , common variant in Finland 200 cm × 200 cm ( 79 in × 79 in ) ( very wide ) Most beds are 200 cm ( 79 in ) cm long . Extra long beds are usually 220 cm ( 87 in ) , but they are rare . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are : Solteiro ( single ) 80 cm ( 31.5 inches ) wide by 190 cm long ( can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long ) Casal ( double ) 140 cm ( 55 in ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long Queen Size 160 cm ( 63 inches ) or 180 cm ( 71 inches ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long King Size 180 cm ( 71 inches ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long Super King Size 200 cm ( 78.74 inches ) wide by 200 cm long Spain ( edit ) In Spain the most common sizes are : 180 / 190 / 200 cm long 80 / 90 / 105 / 120 / 135 / 150 cm wide , the most common : `` Individual '' ( single ) = 90 cm wide `` Matrimonio '' ( marital ) = 135 / 150 cm wide Switzerland ( edit ) Single : 70 cm × 200 cm ( 28 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common single bed 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , uncommon , mainly available as European - style futon beds that are sold with mattress , slats and frame Double : 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) , common 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , common 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , common Australia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Australia Single 92cm x 188cm ( 36in x 74in ) Long Single 92cm x 204cm ( 36in x 80in ) Three - quarter ( obsolete , but still present ) 120 cm × 188 cm ( 47in x 74in ) King Single 107cm x 203cm ( 42in x 80in ) Double 138cm x 188cm ( 54in x 74in ) Queen 153cm x 203cm ( 60in x 80in - Same as American Queen ) King 183cm x 203cm ( 72in x 80in ) California King 183cm x 213cm ( 72in x 82in ) Super King 204 cm x 204cm ( 80in x 80in ) New Zealand ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand Single 91cm x 188cm Single XL 91cm x 203cm Three - quarter ( uncommon ) 120 cm × 188 cm King Single 107cm x 203cm Double 137cm x 188cm Queen 153cm x 203cm King 167cm x 203cm Super King 183cm x 203cm Californian King 203cm x 203cm Water Bed King 213cm x 203cm South Africa ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in South Africa : Single 92 cm × 188 cm Three - quarter 107 cm × 188 cm Double 137 cm × 188 cm Queen 152 cm × 188 cm King 183 cm × 188 cm ( equals two single mattresses ) Beds are also available in extra length , which is 200 cm . Singapore and Malaysia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Singapore and Malaysia : Single 36 in × 75 in ( 91 cm x 191 cm ) Super single 42 in × 75 in ( 107 cm × 191 cm ) Queen ( double ) 60 in × 75 in ( 152 cm × 191 cm ) King ( double ) 72 in × 75 in ( 183 cm × 191 cm ) China ( edit ) In China , the regulation standard has following sizes available : Length : 1900 mm , 1950 mm , 2000 mm , 2100 mm ; Width : Single : 800 mm , 900 mm , 1000 mm , 1100 mm , 1200 mm ; Width : Double : 1350 mm , 1400 mm , 1500 mm , 1800 mm . In practice , bed sizes are usually categorized by the width . The length is typically two meters , but may vary . The most common sizes are : 1.2 m 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) 1.5 m 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) 1.8 m 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) There are also extra size beds available , but they are less common . See also ( edit ) Design portal Infant bed Bed sheet References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes Jump up ^ Apodaca , Frank ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Single vs Twin Bed Size '' . The Sleep Judge . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Auer , Joe ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` Mattress Sizes And Dimensions - A Comprehensive Overview '' . Mattress Clarity . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What size is a three - quarter bed ? '' . Reference . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 中华 人民 共和国 轻工业 标准 QB / T1952. 2 -- 99 -- 弹 簧 软 床 垫 '' . 国家 轻工业 局. 1999 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Bedding Bed types ( Bed sizes ) Banig Bassinet Box - bed Bunk bed Cage bed Camp bed Canopy bed Couch bed Cradle ( bed ) Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Hospital bed Infant bed Kang bed - stove Lit a la turque Loft bed Charpai Murphy bed Petate Platform bed Sleigh bed Sofa bed Toddler bed Trundle bed Bed components Bed frame Bed sheet Bed skirt Cot side Footboard Headboard Mattresses Air mattress Featherbed Mattress pad Mattress protector Memory foam Orthopedic mattress Waterbed Bed bases Box - spring Bunkie board Blankets Afghan Comforter Duvet Electric blanket Hudson 's Bay point blanket Patchwork quilt Photo blanket Quilt Razai Security blanket Silk comforter Sleeping bag Pillows Acupressure pillow Bamboo wife Bolster Contour leg pillow Cushion Dakimakura Eye pillow Orthopedic pillow Phonetic pillow Sex pillow Speaker pillow Throw pillow Related items Bed warmer Couch Nightstand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bed_size&oldid=802111394 '' Categories : Beds Mattresses Mechanical standards Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2017 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 02 : 13 . About Wikipedia
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what size is a double bed in england
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[
"\n\nSize\nDimensions\nNotes\n\n\nSmall-single\n75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\nCommon UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a king bed.[citation needed]\n\n\nEuropean single\n75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nStandard single\n90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\nIreland standard hospitality sized single, two mattresses can be zip linked to make a Super king bed.\n\n\nSmall-double (Three Quarter)/Queen\n120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nStandard Double\n135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nKing\n152 cm × 198 cm (60 in × 78 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nExtra-king\n180 cm × 190 cm (71 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\nHospitality size formed by zip & linking two standard single beds together.[citation needed]\n\n\nSuperking\n180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[citation needed]\nAlso known as \"European King\".\n\n\nEastern King\n200 cm × 210 cm (79 in × 83 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nEmperor\n215 cm × 215 cm (85 in × 85 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nCaesar\n245 cm × 220 cm (96 in × 87 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n",
"\n\nSize\nDimensions\nNotes\n\n\nSmall-single\n75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\nCommon UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a king bed.[citation needed]\n\n\nEuropean single\n75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nStandard single\n90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\nIreland standard hospitality sized single, two mattresses can be zip linked to make a Super king bed.\n\n\nSmall-double (Three Quarter)/Queen\n120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nStandard Double\n135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nKing\n152 cm × 198 cm (60 in × 78 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nExtra-king\n180 cm × 190 cm (71 in × 75 in)[citation needed]\nHospitality size formed by zip & linking two standard single beds together.[citation needed]\n\n\nSuperking\n180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[citation needed]\nAlso known as \"European King\".\n\n\nEastern King\n200 cm × 210 cm (79 in × 83 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nEmperor\n215 cm × 215 cm (85 in × 85 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n\nCaesar\n245 cm × 220 cm (96 in × 87 in)[citation needed]\n\n\n"
] |
[
"120 cm × 190 cm",
"135 cm × 190 cm"
] |
-8298003531813032222
|
All About That Bass
|
All About That Bass - wikipedia All About That Bass `` All About That Bass '' Single by Meghan Trainor from the album Title ( EP ) and Title B - side `` Title '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Close Your Eyes '' Released June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) Format CD digital download Recorded September 2013 ; The Carriage House ( Nolensville , Tennessee ) Genre Bubblegum pop doo - wop R&B Length 3 : 08 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Meghan Trainor Kevin Kadish Producer ( s ) Kevin Kadish Meghan Trainor singles chronology `` All About That Bass '' ( 2014 ) `` Lips Are Movin '' ( 2014 ) `` All About That Bass '' ( 2014 ) `` Lips Are Movin '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` All About That Bass '' on YouTube `` All About That Bass '' is the debut single by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor . Released by Epic Records on June 30 , 2014 , it was recorded for her 2014 debut EP and her 2015 studio album , both named Title . Trainor co-wrote `` All About That Bass '' with its producer Kevin Kadish ; it is a bubblegum pop / doo - wop and retro - R&B song that draws influences from various musical genres including hip hop , country , soul and rock and roll . Lyrically , it discusses positive body image . Several publications included it among the best songs of 2014 , and it received Grammy Award nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . It spent eight weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in 20 other countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The song sold 11 million units worldwide , becoming the third best - selling song of 2014 and one of the best - selling singles of all time . Fatima Robinson directed the song 's accompanying music video , a viral online success that was noted for its visuals and lighthearted nature . The song inspired a variety of viral videos and tributes , while Vogue recognized it as part of `` the era of the big booty . '' Trainor has performed it on television and at various concerts , and notable artists have recorded cover versions . Trainor regularly performed the song during her 2015 concert tours , the That Bass Tour and the MTrain Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and development 2 Recording 3 Composition 4 Release 5 Critical reception 5.1 Recognition and accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 Chart performance 6.1 North America 6.2 Oceania and Europe 7 Music video 7.1 Background and concept 7.2 Synopsis 7.3 Reception 8 Live performances 9 Cultural impact 9.1 Parodies 9.2 Cover versions 10 Formats and track listings 11 Credits and personnel 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 12.3 All - time charts 13 Certifications 14 Radio and release history 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Writing and development ( edit ) Developed in September 2013 by Trainor and American songwriter and producer Kevin Kadish , `` All About That Bass '' was written in 40 minutes . At the time the song was written , Trainor lacked a recording contract but was writing tracks for other artists . Kadish recalled the session as `` a blind date '' and felt they had a strong chemistry . The pair wrote the song with the intention of handing it to another recording artist . Kadish then proposed the song title `` All Bass , No Treble '' to Trainor who , at the time , was in a phase of saying `` I 'm all about that Mexican food . '' She then responded to Kadish with the track 's hook , `` I 'm all about that bass , no treble '' . Suggesting the topics `` booty '' and thickness for the song , Trainor got inspiration from the size difference between the bottom and top sections of a double bass . Trainor and Kadish discussed their love for 1950s music , and decided to incorporate the style into the song along with doo - wop because Trainor felt that the genre was very catchy . Kadish then developed a modern beat for the song and Trainor began freestyling the first verse . She felt encouraged by the result and pictured the song to contain a theme of girl power . Trainor intended for the song 's lyrics to be about self - acceptance of body type , a theme inspired by her own struggles in self - image as a teenager . Kadish related to Trainor 's lyric ideas due to his own experiences with weight insecurities during adolescence . Trainor wanted the track to criticize the use of photoshopped images after she saw a feature on The Ellen DeGeneres Show of a model whose photographs were graphically edited . She obtained additional inspiration for the song from American singer Bruno Mars ' `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) and The Chordettes ' `` Lollipop '' ( 1958 ) . Recording ( edit ) L.A. Reid tagged `` All About That Bass '' as Trainor 's debut single and decided that her demo should remain as the track 's final version with additional mastering . While Trainor and Kadish were happy with the song after it was finished , they doubted its commercial prospects . They pitched the song to a variety of recording labels , but all of them were critical that the track did not have more mainstream appeal and the production team did not make use of a synthesizer or Auto - Tune . The song was further criticized for not having a `` big chorus '' , a suggestion that Trainor and Kadish balked at . With no one else interested in recording it , Trainor agreed to use the song as her own at Kadish 's suggestion . Trainor recorded a demo of the song and later met Paul Pontius -- the A&R for Epic Records chairman L.A. Reid -- and sang the track for him . Even though admittedly nervous , she next sang it for Reid while accompanying herself on the ukulele . After signing Trainor to Epic , Reid made a decision the final cut would be the same version as the demo but with additional mastering . `` All About That Bass '' was recorded at The Carriage House in Nolensville , Tennessee . Trainor 's vocals were recorded by Kadish , who was also responsible for the track 's mixing , programming , sound design , and engineering . The song 's instrumentation includes electric guitar , bass , and drums by Kadish ; and piano , baritone , saxophone , and Hammond organ by David Baron . Trainor provided the track 's clapping and additional percussion . The song was mastered by David Kutch at The Mastering Palace , New York City , New York . Composition ( edit ) `` All About That Bass '' ( 2014 ) An 18 - second sample of `` All About That Bass '' , featuring Trainor singing the track 's pre-chorus , which is complemented by a scatting tempo , shimmying melody and early 1960s soul - pop groove . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` All About That Bass '' is a bubblegum pop / doo - wop and retro - R&B song . Using the 4 / 4 time signature with a tempo of 134 beats per minute , the song 's key signature is in A major ; Trainor 's vocals span the tonal nodes of E to C ♯ . The song follows a basic chord progression of A -- Bm -- E -- A invoking a throwback musical style of the 1950s and 1960s , Critics recognize elements from a variety of genres : hip hop , country and rock and roll . An earworm hook , early 1960s soul - pop groove , scatting tempo and shimmying melody are also present . Trainor delivers a hint of Caribbean reggae in addition to a variety of background vocal and rapping techniques . Wordless vocal ad - libs in the song 's outro feature Trainor pitching down an echoing `` bass , bass , bass '' at the end of the chorus mark . The chorus consists of Trainor repeating `` I 'm all about that bass , ' bout that bass , no treble '' . The vocals of `` All About That Bass '' have been compared to the harmonies of 1960s girl groups and vintage 1950s singers Betty Everett , Doris Day , Eydie Gormé and Rosemary Clooney . `` All About That Bass '' has also been described as melodically similar to the 2006 song `` Happy Mode '' by South Korean group Koyote . For some , including the singer , the lyrics of `` All About That Bass '' provide a callout to embrace inner beauty , and to promote a positive body image and self - acceptance . The words `` treble '' and `` bass '' in the song act as metaphors for the weight of women and serve as a joke about thick and thin . The line `` I 'm bringing booty back '' references Justin Timberlake 's `` SexyBack '' ( 2006 ) . In the song , Trainor criticizes the fashion industry for creating unreachable standards of beauty . Its lyrical message has been compared to Kesha 's `` We R Who We R '' ( 2010 ) , Pink 's `` Fuckin ' Perfect '' ( 2010 ) , Sara Bareilles ' `` Brave '' ( 2013 ) , and Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' ( 2013 ) , among others . The song was compared to Sir Mix - A-Lot 's `` Baby Got Back '' ( 1992 ) , and other 2014 songs `` Anaconda '' by Nicki Minaj and `` Booty '' by Jennifer Lopez for its references to the female derriere . The song has also been described as a modern version of American singer Christina Aguilera 's `` Beautiful '' ( 2002 ) . Release ( edit ) `` All About That Bass '' served as Trainor 's debut single , and was released as the lead single from her 2014 debut extended play ( EP ) Title as well as her 2015 debut major - label studio album by the same name . The single was first digitally released worldwide on June 30 , 2014 . Epic solicited the song to contemporary hit radio and urban contemporary radio in the United States on July 1 , 2014 . Streaming and digital release dates were held back on different dates for the song to increase download sales in United Kingdom ( UK ) . The song was made available to stream on Spotify in the UK on August 14 , 2014 , and made available to download on September 28 , 2014 . An `` All About That Bass '' EP was released in Austria , Germany , and Switzerland on October 3 , 2014 . The EP featured the tracks `` Title '' , `` Dear Future Husband '' , and `` Close Your Eyes '' as its b - sides . On the same day , a CD single for the song was released in Germany , with `` Title '' as its b - side . An alternate version of `` All About That Bass '' was re-recorded by Trainor , with more family - friendly lyrics of her choice , for its impact date on Radio Disney in the United States . Trainor and Kadish agreed to the alternate version of `` All About That Bass '' on the condition that it be relegated to Radio Disney and not be made available for purchase . Radio Disney vice-president of programming , Phil Guerini , felt the alternate version ensured support from their targeted kids and family audience . The re-recording was later used on Adult Contemporary radio in the United States . Assistant program and music director of radio station WHUD , Tom Furci , stated he and program director Steve Petrone were reluctant to add the song on their radio playlist . However , Furci said they realized they could not refuse to play a national success . Critical reception ( edit ) A variety of critics tipped it as 2014 's strong candidate for `` Song of the Summer '' . It was later awarded the title in a poll held by NBC 's Today in September 2014 . Yahoo ! writer Paul Grein deemed it `` one of the biggest and best ' message ' songs of recent times '' . The Guardian journalist Caroline Sullivan stated that the song was significant on combating `` the media - propagated notion '' that only small buttocks are sexy and said the track had the `` aura of a hard - won victory against self doubt '' . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters commended the track 's lyrics for showcasing Trainor 's personality and wrote that it was `` one of the funnest songs '' of 2014 . Erik Ernst of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel called it `` universally catchy '' and `` shamelessly dance - ready '' . Gary Trust of Billboard felt that the song sounded completely different from every other pop song on radio at the time . Forbes journalist Hugh McIntyre described it as `` insanely catchy , '' `` easy - to - love '' and `` heartwarming , '' adding that it would be an interesting song for young children listen to , while praising Trainor 's lyrics choice . Beejoli Shah of The Guardian stated the song has `` instantly - memorable '' lyrics and `` addictive '' bass line , but opined that `` All About That Bass '' was a novelty song . Jon Carmanica of The New York Times echoed Shah 's view and called `` All About That Bass '' a `` cheeky novelty hit , '' and quipped , `` ' I 'm bringing booty back , ' she sings , though there 's probably already a line forming to assure her it never went anywhere '' . In a mixed review , Slate journalist Chris Molanphy commended the tempo and melody used in the lyric , `` Every inch of you is perfect / From the bottom to the top , '' which he felt was `` effortlessly memorable '' . He went on to compliment Kadish 's production on the song and felt that he created a `` wispy tune in vintage white - girl , Italo - Latin soul , expertly aping the sound of peak Rosemary Clooney and Eydie Gormé '' . However , Molanphy was critical of the track 's use of the word `` treble '' as a metaphor and quipped , `` Let 's just hope Trainor 's gross misuse of ' treble ' as a metaphor does n't wreck the word 's definition for a generation '' . In a negative review , Time named `` All About That Bass '' as the fifth worst song of 2014 . Recognition and accolades ( edit ) `` All About That Bass '' garnered praise from a variety of Trainor 's contemporaries , including Beyoncé , Becky G , Colbie Caillat , Maejor Ali , Miranda Lambert , and T - Pain . The Associated Press ranked the track fourth in their top songs of 2014 list , while Cosmopolitan listed the track at # 17 on their `` Best Songs of 2014 '' publication . In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best songs in 2014 , `` All About That Bass '' was ranked at number 23 . The song was nominated in the category , Best Song with a Social Message , at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards , but lost to Beyoncé 's `` Pretty Hurts '' . It was nominated in the category for Favorite Song at the 41st People 's Choice Awards . For the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the song was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . Controversy ( edit ) The song 's lyrics became a subject of controversy among music critics who felt that the song did not promote a positive body image as Trainor intended . Trainor was accused of anti-feminism and shaming thin women in the song . Kris Ex of Complex said that the track `` jacked both the stereotyped body priorities of black beauty and the codes of black slang '' . Naomi Schaefer Riley of the New York Post dubbed the song as `` faux empowerment '' and wrote , `` feminists want her to know she 's not going to get away with it . '' Kelsey McKinney of Vox felt that some verses in `` All About That Bass '' uplifted ideas of body positivity and self - worth while destroying those ideals in others by putting down other women . The Independent writer Yomi Adegoke said that the song 's replacement of one ideal with another was a poor representation of body positivity , and felt that its enforcement that `` real men love curves '' was insulting . Trainor , who did not identify as a feminist at the time , responded , `` I did n't work this hard to hate on skinny people , I wrote the song to help my body confidence -- and to help others . '' PopMatters writer Evan Sawdey defended the song , writing , `` This song is so positive , so energetic , and so universal -- it 's something people of all shapes and sizes can get behind '' . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian wrote that the fact critics took offense to the song 's lyrical content , manifested the delicacy of the issue of body image . In an interview in 2016 , Trainor claimed she is a feminist : `` I 'd been told : ' Do n't say you 're something if you do n't know what it is . ' So I was like : ' Well , I 'm not a feminist , ' because I did n't really understand it and then I was like ' Oh shit , obviously I am a feminist . My songs are women 's anthems across the board . ' '' . Chart performance ( edit ) North America ( edit ) `` All About That Bass '' topped the national charts of 19 countries internationally and had sold over 11 million . `` All About That Bass '' was a sleeper hit . In the United States , `` All About That Bass '' debuted at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 issued for July 26 , 2014 . It climbed to number one on September 10 , 2014 , replacing Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' at the top of the chart . The peak position made Trainor the 21st female artist in Billboard history to top the chart with their debut hit . Additionally , `` All About That Bass '' spent 25 consecutive weeks in the Billboard Hot 100 's top 10 , becoming the tenth song to achieve this milestone . On September 20 , 2014 , it became the fourth song in Billboard history to simultaneously attain top gainer awards on Digital Songs , Radio Songs and Streaming Songs . It was the Hot 100 's top airplay gainer for five consecutive weeks , becoming the first debut Hot 100 entry by a woman to do so since Ashanti 's `` Foolish '' ( 2002 ) . `` All About That Bass '' became the longest - running Billboard Hot 100 number one by an Epic Records artist after it spent eight consecutive weeks atop the chart . After its eighth week atop the chart , it was finally succeeded by Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' , which had spent eight weeks at number two . As `` All About That Bass '' and `` Shake It Off '' occupied the top two of the Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks , it marks the longest span for the top two positions being held by songs by female artists consecutively since Alicia Keys ' `` Fallin ' and Jennifer Lopez 's `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' locked the top two for ten weeks in 2001 . `` All About That Bass '' marked the longest - running Billboard Hot 100 number one by a female artist in 2014 , and the longest since Lorde 's `` Royals '' ( 2013 ) . `` All About That Bass '' led an all - female top five on the Hot 100 for six consecutive weeks . It is one of six singles , and the sole debut single to spend 15 weeks in the top two in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 . `` All About That Bass '' , together with Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' and `` Blank Space '' , occupied the Hot 100 's top two for 14 consecutive weeks , marking the longest top two reign by any two acts in the chart 's history . `` All About That Bass '' ranked at number eight on Billboard 's Hot 100 year - end chart for 2014 , and was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 23 , 2018 . The song sold 1.8 million copies during its reign at number one , and it became the fourth best - selling song of 2014 in the United States with 4.38 million copies sold for the year . As of February 2015 , the song has accumulated a total of 4.6 million units sold in the United States . As of July 7 , 2016 , the single has sold 5.55 million copies in United States . In Canada , `` All About That Bass '' debuted at number 82 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the issue dated July 26 , 2014 . The song peaked at number one on the issue dated September 20 , 2014 , before being replaced by Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' the following week . However , the track replaced `` Shake It Off '' the week after and went on to spend a total of eight non-consecutive weeks at number one . It was certified quadruple platinum by Music Canada for sales of 320,000 copies , was the seventh most successful single on the Canadian Hot 100 for 2014 , and has sold 408,000 copies as of January 2015 . In Mexico , the song peaked at number one for three consecutive weeks . Oceania and Europe ( edit ) `` All About That Bass '' debuted at number 36 on the Australian Singles Chart on August 3 , 2014 . The song reached a peak of number one on August 17 , 2014 , spent a total of four non-consecutive weeks atop the chart . It was certified septuple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , indicating sales of 490,000 copies . The song was the second best - selling single of 2014 in Australia . `` All About That Bass '' entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 14 on August 4 , 2014 . It climbed to number one two weeks later and went on to accumulate six non-consecutive weeks at the chart 's summit . The single received a triple platinum certification from Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) , denoting sales of 45,000 units . It became the second best - selling single of 2014 in New Zealand . `` All About That Bass '' debuted at number 75 on the UK Singles Chart . Its sales of 4,349 units that week were drawn solely from streaming . Spotify substantially contributed to the song 's success in the country . During its first six weeks of availability on streaming services in the United Kingdom , `` All About That Bass '' generated 1.18 million streams . 90 % of these streams were through Spotify , which sent the song to number 33 on the UK Singles Chart . It made British chart history by becoming the first single to enter the chart 's top 40 based on streaming alone . Following the digital release of `` All About That Bass '' the week after , it climbed to number one on the UK Singles Chart , with sales in excess of 144,000 units . It became the second - fastest selling single of the year in the country . `` All About That Bass '' returned six - figure sales in the UK for three consecutive weeks . The song was the longest - running number one of 2014 in the United Kingdom , alongside `` Happy '' and `` Rather Be '' . On November 14 , 2014 , the song was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . As of December 31 , 2014 , `` All About That Bass '' had sold a total of 651,000 units in the United Kingdom , and ended the year as the ninth best - selling in the country for 2014 . In Ireland , `` All About That Bass '' debuted at number 76 on the Irish Singles Chart issued for August 14 , 2014 . On October 2 , 2014 , the song climbed to the top of the chart , and went on to spend a total of four consecutive weeks at number one . Elsewhere in Europe , `` All About That Bass '' remained number one in Austria and Germany for six weeks , Denmark and Switzerland for five , Scotland for four , Spain for three , Poland for two , and Hungary , Slovakia and Luxembourg for one . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) `` All About That Bass '' was accompanied by a music video directed by Fatima Robinson and choreographed by Charm La'Donna . The clip was shot over a two - day period which began on May 8 , 2014 . It was premiered online by music website Idolator on June 10 , 2014 . Robinson conceptualized the clip 's look `` with pastel colors '' , trying to show Trainor as `` a little innocent - looking girl doing , like , booty - bumping dance moves '' , to which Trainor agreed . Robinson and Trainor wanted to make the visual as fun as possible to co-relate with the song 's lyrical themes . When Trainor first received the video , she cried , and said , `` I do n't want to do this anymore '' . As a result , Trainor was involved in performing several edits to the clip because she disapproved on some of its shots and felt her face looked `` weird '' in some segments . She later approved of the video 's final edit and felt that it depicted her as a `` pop star '' . Trainor said she envisioned it as `` a ( n ) ( adorable ) cartoon '' she would play , but then the video became `` bigger than anyone expected , it 's like , crap , I have to kind of look like that now . '' Social media played a key role in how the video was made and marketed . Robinson discovered one of the video 's dancers , Sione Maraschino , online through the now - defunct social media service Vine , where Maraschino rose to popularity . Maraschino later shared the `` All About That Bass '' music video with his following on Twitter and YouTube which became a contributing factor to the clip going viral . Trainor stated she could not dance and that Robinson `` made ( her ) a rock star in two days '' . She added , `` Charm made up most of those dance moves , and taught me how to perform and ' make sure you smile ! ' '' Synopsis ( edit ) Trainor and her accompanying dancers performing intricate choreography in front of a pink pastel - colored backdrop in the music video for `` All About That Bass '' . Predominantly , the music video comprises candy colors and choreography , and a pastel 1950s - theme . It features Trainor in an uncharacteristic wardrobe of sweaters and white knee socks . It opens with Trainor dancing in front of a pink pastel backdrop . She sports a light blue collared sweater beneath a sundress of the same color , and a material bow headpiece . The clip then switches to a scene with Trainor wearing a headpiece made of roses and a light pink collared - sweater beneath a sundress of the same color . The video returns to the original scene where Trainor engages in a dance scene with four other female dancers who sport similar outfits to her . The scene later sees the five girls dancing while sitting on chairs . The routine is intercepted with Maraschino donning a white collared shirt and light blue shorts performing a dance sequence on his own , which includes him doing split acrobatics . Three women , wearing platinum blonde wigs that cover their forehead and eyes , are also pictured in their own dance routine . In another scene , Trainor , with her hair now loose , sports a yellow sweater and sings in front of a variety of colorful balloons and on top of a wide range of colored material . The singer is also pictured at a dining table topped with candy , offering an unhappy young man a cupcake and forcing him to smile with her hands . Two children , in a separate scene , are shown playing with dolls in a dollhouse , dancing in a bedroom and riding bicycles . Trainor is later seen posing next to the dollhouse , and while singing , `` I wo n't be no stick - figure , silicone Barbie doll , '' tosses the doll across the room . In another segment , other girls are pictured smiling while holding magazines with their faces on the front covers . Reception ( edit ) The music video resulted in `` All About That Bass '' rising to prominence as a viral hit . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News observed `` the ' debate ' over ( Trainor 's ) size -- is she too big ? Too small ? -- has taken on a life of its own '' on the commentaries section of the video on YouTube . It was YouTube 's most - streamed music video for most of September and October 2014 , and was the ninth most - viewed music video on the website for 2014 . It was Vevo 's second most streamed music video of the year , behind Iggy Azalea 's `` Fancy '' . On August 24 , 2015 , the video reached 1 billion views on Vevo and is the eighteenth most viewed YouTube video of all time with over 2.2 billion views . The music video garnered generally favorable reviews from music critics . Yahoo ! writer Paul Grein opined that the clip was the leading candidate to win Best Song with a Social Message at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards . Cosmopolitan editor Joanna Coles stated that her readers and staff saw Trainor as an ambassador for embracing creativity and individuality . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters deemed the video `` fun and buoyant '' . Jon Carmanic of The New York Times opined that the video `` bolstered '' the song and called it `` vivid '' . Idolator 's Robbie Daw praised the clip 's `` memorable '' dance routine and vintage aesthetic . Out journalist Stacy Lambe described it as `` a retro pop world that makes you want to dance in your seat '' . According to Erin Kean from Salon , the clip offered a hard sell for the song . Lauren Valenti of Marie Claire felt that the video put an end to the unattainable standards of the beauty industry . The Daily Beast 's Marlow Stern called the visual `` zesty , '' while USA Today writer Brian Mansfield described the clip as `` ' Baby Got Back ' - meets - ' Beauty School Dropout ' '' . Stereogum 's Chris DeVille commented , `` the video , for all its foibles , is both cute and effective '' . Billboard writer Andrew Hampp described the clip as `` slyly satirical '' . Julie Zeilinger of the same publisher gave the clip a negative review , and wrote that Trainor was `` mimicking music videos by the ' silicone Barbie dolls ' her song references '' . Zeilinger opined that the clip 's body imagery should have imparted a different message and stated that Trainor `` points out the focus on women 's appearance ... by focusing on women 's appearance '' . Emma Garland of Vice opined that it was fun , safe and easily palatable . However , she felt that the clip did not require much thought and dismissed its choreography as the kind `` year 2 schoolgirls would invent . '' Diana Cook of Cracked considered the video for the song an example of skinny - bashing and noted a double standard : `` imagine if Taylor Swift started singing about how boys prefer her awesome pert ass , while dancing around a chubby chick ... the Internet would explode . '' The Fader placed the music video third in their list , `` Music 's 8 Most Cringe - Worthy Acts Of Cultural Appropriation In 2014 '' . Live performances ( edit ) Trainor performing `` All About That Bass '' during the Jingle Ball Tour on December 10 , 2014 . Trainor first performed `` All About That Bass '' live in Nashville at an Emily West concert on July 16 , 2014 , and made her live television debut on Live ! with Kelly and Michael where she performed the song on August 7 . On September 2 , Trainor performed an acoustic version of `` All About That Bass '' for Entertainment Tonight . On September 4 , Trainor performed `` All About That Bass '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . The rendition featured Jimmy Fallon and The Roots , who made use of a variety classroom instruments for the performance . Rolling Stone writer Ryan Reed commented , `` Their unlikely interpretation was just as good as the original , with their sparse percussion and intimate doo - wop harmonies anchoring Trainor 's passionate lines '' . On September 11 , Trainor performed `` All About That Bass '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . She made her Australian television debut on September 15 , performing the song on The X Factor Australia . On September 18 , Billboard published a mash - up of `` All About That Bass '' and Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' which Trainor performed for Australian radio station 2Day FM that week . A journalist from the magazine , Erin Strecker , wrote , `` The results are n't a huge surprise -- mash up two super-catchy tracks and the result is , well , a catchy track '' . Trainor performed the track in a duet with Miranda Lambert at the Country Music Association Awards on November 5 . Lambert previously covered the song live in concert . Following the performance at the ceremony , American singer Brad Paisley stepped into the audience and told Trainor that he felt she belonged in country music . On November 26 , Trainor performed a medley of `` All About That Bass '' and `` Lips Are Movin '' on the finale of the nineteenth season of American series Dancing with the Stars . She also performed the track regularly as part of her set for the Jingle Ball Tour 2014 . On December 13 , Trainor performed the song live on the finale of the eleventh series of The X Factor UK , with finalists Andrea Faustini , Fleur East and Ben Haenow . The song was featured on the video game Just Dance 2016 . Cultural impact ( edit ) Josh Duboff of Vanity Fair wrote that the song had achieved `` pop - cultural touchstone - status '' , while The New York Times 's Joe Coscarelli called the track `` a cultural phenomenon '' . Yahoo ! published that the song was the eighth most - searched topic on their website for 2014 . According to Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian the song resulted in Trainor being viewed as `` the poster girl for the larger woman '' and `` pop 's emblem of self - acceptance '' . Billboard wrote that the success of `` All About That Bass '' made Trainor a `` breakthrough star virtually overnight '' and one of the `` biggest breakout stars '' of 2014 . In a different publication , the magazine wrote that the track became `` a water cooler topic among young girls and parents '' . In a press release , Trainor highlighted : `` Some girls are like , ' I 've hated myself . I hated life . I did n't want to go to school . I get bullied . And then I heard your song and I cried ' '' . Following the song 's rise to prominence , its co-writer and producer , Kevin Kadish , was signed to Sony / ATV Music Publishing in October 2014 . Sony / ATV CEO , Martin Bandier , stated , `` ' All About That Bass ' is clearly one of the biggest songs of the year and we know there is a lot more to come from him '' . According to Billboard the song 's success `` also brought acclaim '' to Trainor 's label , Epic , by becoming the label 's first number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 since Sean Kingston 's `` Beautiful Girls '' ( 2007 ) . `` All About That Bass '' along with `` Anaconda '' by Nicki Minaj ( left ) and `` Booty '' by Jennifer Lopez ( right ) were recognized by a variety of publications for playing into pop culture 's `` Era of the Big Booty '' . The success of `` All About That Bass '' played into Vogue stating , `` We 're Officially in the Era of the Big Booty '' . On September 23 , 2014 , Steven J. Horowitz of Billboard wrote that `` booty records '' had `` made a mainstream comeback thanks to records like Jennifer Lopez 's ' Booty ' and Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' '' . Erika Ramirez of the same publication placed `` All About That Bass '' fifth in her list , Top 10 Moments of the Year in Ass , and deemed it 2014 's `` most catchy self - love song '' . The coinciding release of `` All About That Bass '' and Nicki Minaj 's `` Anaconda '' in the United Kingdom resulted in a chart battle dubbed by British publications as `` the battle of the booty songs '' . Rolling Stone journalist Steve Knopper wrote , `` If we assume the latest sing - about - your - butt trend in pop music has finally reached its , uh , conclusion , the unquestionable winner is Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' '' . Sullivan opined that the three songs signaled a shift in mindset in pop history , where female artists frequently endured `` scrutiny '' from society for their weight . Yomi Adegoke of The Independent wrote that the tracks helped `` curves '' reach the forefront of pop culture . On November 11 , 2014 , it was reported that American company Booty Pop experienced a 47 % increase in demand as a result . A New York doctor , Matthew Schulman , told Billboard that Brazilian butt lift plastic surgery had risen by 25 % at his practice in 2014 . Boston entrepreneur and gym instructor , Kelly Brabants stated in an interview with the magazine that she experienced a waiting list for her Booty by Brabants class . Brabants went on to opine , `` It 's not about being stick - thin anymore , every girl now wants a booty '' . Parodies ( edit ) The song 's `` smash hit status '' , according to Jason Lipshutz of Billboard , made it a popular focus of `` viral videos and musical tributes '' . On November 18 , 2014 , a parody music video of the song , `` All About Those Plums , '' was released on YouTube by local poet Michael Rosen . On December 1 , in an episode of Canadian comedy series This Hour Has 22 Minutes , the cast made a parody music video of the song , releasing it as a Conservative political ad smearing the Federal Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau , with the video titled `` Just a Pretty Face . '' On December 7 , Nerdist Industries released a parody song `` All About That Base : No Rebels '' , performed by Team Unicorn . Their video comprised a Star Wars theme and its premise sees men , depicted as stormtroopers , engaging in choreography alongside cheerleaders dressed in attire inspired by the fictional character Darth Vader . Mitchell Peters of Billboard opined that the parody was `` catchy '' and `` hilarious '' . On December 12 , a parody music video by NASA entitled `` All About That Space '' went viral . The video featured NASA interns performing choreography and shots of the Johnston Space Center in Houston . The parody also comprised altered lyrics written by Sarah Schlieder . NASA 's parody video attained over one million views in four days . Lee Moran of the New York Daily News called the rendition `` wonderfully a-dork - able '' . The parodies later led to Time publishing an article titled `` No More ' All About That Bass ' Parodies , Please '' on December 15 . Cover versions ( edit ) On August 4 , 2014 , American boy band Emblem3 performed an acoustic cover of `` All About That Bass '' . The Roots covered the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on August , 20 . Their rendition was deemed `` angelic '' by Chris Payne of Billboard . Canadian singer Justin Bieber posted a cover version of `` All About That Bass '' on his SoundCloud on October 15 . In early September 2014 , Kate Davis performed the song and played double bass under the leadership of pianist Scott Bradlee ; in three months their 1940s jazz - style version , called `` All About that ( Upright ) Bass '' , had received 8 million views on Bradlee 's Postmodern Jukebox YouTube channel . On October 24 , American group Pentatonix 's Avi Kaplan released his cover version of the song online . Kaplan 's rendition was positively reviewed by James Grebey of Spin who wrote , `` Trainor 's tune sounds very different a few octaves lower , '' and added , `` We think it might just be an improvement '' . `` All About That Bass '' was also covered by Jamaican - American singer Anita Antoinette during the seventh season of the American series The Voice , receiving praise by the show 's judges Pharrell Williams and Adam Levine . Ashley Lee of Billboard wrote that Antoinette provided the song with `` a reggae twist '' . In the beginning of 2016 Trainor and James Corden performed a parody of the song on failed New Year 's resolutions about losing weight on The Late Late Show with James Corden . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` All About That Bass '' 3 : 11 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` All About That Bass '' 3 : 11 2 . `` Title '' 2 : 54 Digital EP No . Title Length 1 . `` All About That Bass '' 3 : 11 2 . `` Title '' 2 : 54 3 . `` Dear Future Husband '' 3 : 04 4 . `` Close Your Eyes '' 3 : 40 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Title . Recording Recorded and engineered at The Carriage House , Nolensville , Tennessee Mastered at The Mastering Palace , New York City , New York Published by Year Of The Dog Music ( ASCAP ) , a division of Big Yellow Dog , LLC / Over-Thought Under - Appreciated Songs ( ASCAP ) Personnel Meghan Trainor -- songwriter , vocals , clapping , percussion Kevin Kadish -- songwriter , producer , drum programming , electric guitar , bass , sound design , mixing , recording , engineering David Baron -- piano , baritone saxophone , hammond organ Dave Kutch -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 41 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Denmark Airplay ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 13 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 10 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 10 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 29 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 8 Venezuela ( Record Report ) 81 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 62 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 72 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 32 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 30 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 34 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 40 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 94 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 28 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 41 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 69 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 8 × Platinum 560,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 640,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum + Gold 90,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 South Africa ( RISA ) Gold 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 919,643 United States ( RIAA ) Diamond 10,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 2,600,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 10,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Radio and release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Austria June 30 , 2014 Digital download Epic Germany Switzerland United States Digital download streaming July 1 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio and urban contemporary radio United Kingdom August 14 , 2014 Streaming September 28 , 2014 Digital download Austria October 3 , 2014 Digital extended play ( EP ) Germany Switzerland Germany CD single See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2014 List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Scotland ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Spain ) List of number - one songs of 2014 ( Mexico ) List of top 10 singles in 2014 ( France ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor ' All About That Bass ' single review : ' Playfully catchy ' '' . 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Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` End of Year Chart 2014 - Top Selling Singles '' . NZ Top 40 . December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Nico & Vinz hold No. 1 single spot with Am I Wrong selling 62,750 '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kreisler , Lauren ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` All About That Bass becomes first song to chart on streams alone '' . Official Charts Company . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' Hits No. 1 in U.K. '' Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hill , Nick ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Lands U.K. No. 1 With ' All About That Bass ' '' . Contactmusic.com . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson Opens at the Top in U.K. with ' Chapter One ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ West , Michael ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` All About That Bass : Meghan Trainor Has Longest Running No. 1 of 2014 '' . Contactmusic.com . Contactmusic.com Ltd . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter All About That Bass in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . GFK Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . GFK Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . GFK Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danishcharts.com -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201450 into search . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- November 8 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Duberman , Amanda ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' Will Get Body Positivity Stuck in Your Head '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dohetry , Sean ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor is ' All About That Bass ' '' . Cape Cod Times . Local Media Group . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , James ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` All About Nantucket 's Meghan Trainor '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners , LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Jacob ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Be Yourself , Music Videos Tell the Young '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` YouTube Names Its Most Viewed Music Videos of 2014 '' . Exclaim ! . Ian Danzig . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Andrew ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` # Trending in 2014 : Yahoo , Vevo , Rhapsody , Spotify and Bing Share the Year 's Biggest Names '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` She 's all about them views ! Congrats on 1B @ Meghan_Trainor '' . Vevo Twitter . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kean , Erin ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé gets snubbed : This morning 's bizarre Grammys announcements '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Valenti , Lauren ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor 's ' All About Bass ' Is the Body Acceptance Anthem We 've Been Waiting For '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hampp , Andrew ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Behind Hewlett - Packard 's $20 Million Ad Spend Behind Meghan Trainor , Beginning with Her New Music Video '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Zeilinger , Julie ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Are ' Body Positive ' Music Videos All That Positive ? ( Opinion ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cook , Diana ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` 4 Opinions So Popular You Do n't Realize They 're Stereotypes '' . Cracked.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Music 's 8 Most Cringe - Worthy Acts Of Cultural Appropriation In 2014 '' . The Fader . Andy Cohn . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Dave ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' All About That Bass ' makes Nashvillian a pop star '' . The Tennessean . Gannett Company . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Bares All : Her Unexpected Big Break , Being Bullied and Embracing Her Body '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Television Distribution . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Performs `` All About That Bass '' On ' The Ellen Show ' : Watch `` . Idolator . SpinMedia . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor and Nathaniel : Top 8 Live Decider - Special Guests '' . Yahoo !. September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to Meghan Trainor Mash Up ' All About That Bass ' & ' Shake It Off ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elletson , Grace ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` High visibility : Meghan Trainor to sing at County Music awards '' . Cape Cod Times . Local Media Group . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Miranda Lambert and Meghan Trainor Team Up for Fierce Performance of All About That Bass at 2014 CMA Awards : Watch ! '' . E !. NBCUniversal Cable . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' season 19 crowns a winner '' . CBS News . CBS Broadcasting Inc . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jingle Ball 2014 Highlights : Taylor Swift , Iggy Azalea , Ariana Grande & More '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor performs All About That Bass on X Factor Final '' . STV . STV Group plc . December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duboff , Josh ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé Passed on Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zeckman , Ashley ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Yahoo Shares Its Top Searches for 2014 '' . Search Engine Watch . Incisive Media . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Marc ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Kadish , ' All About That Bass ' Songwriter , Inks Deal With Sony / ATV '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christman , Ed ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Publishing Briefs : Imagem Music Signs Admin Deal With PRMD Publishing ( Exclusive ) , Warner Chappell Music Teams With Mike Dean '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Nicki Minaj , Beyonce , Jennifer Lopez : Top 10 Moments of the Year in Ass '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` UK top 40 : Meghan Trainor keeps Nicki Minaj off the top spot in the singles chart with ' All About That Bass ' '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor 's hit keeps Nicki Minaj and BBC 's God Only Knows off top spot '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knopper , Steve ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : The Booty Results Are In ! '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , Nicki Minaj & More Give Booty Business a Bump '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Minutes ' Meghan Trainor Parody Dubs Trudeau ' Just A Pretty Face ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . December 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' Gets ' Star Wars ' Parody Treatment '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moran , Lee ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` See It : NASA interns perform ' All About That Space ' '' . New York Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` No More ' All About That Bass ' Parodies , Please '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Emblem3 Cover Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' : Watch Their Surprisingly Cute Interpretation '' . Idolator . SpinMedia . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Black Simon & Garfunkel ( The Roots ) Perform Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' on ' Fallon ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber Took Meghan Trainor 's ' All About That Bass ' To Another Level : Listen '' . MTV News . Viacom International . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Min , Ariel ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` YouTube crooner all about that upright bass and then some '' . Art Beat : PBS NewsHour . NewsHour Productions . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barness , Sarah ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' All About That ( Upright ) Bass ' Gives A Jazzy Twist To A Great Message '' . Entertainment : The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Bradlee & Postmodern Jukebox Premiere New Orleans - Style Sam Smith Cover : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grebey , James ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Bass Singer Makes an Honest Song Out of ' All About That Bass ' '' . Spin . SpinMedia . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Recap : Pharrell Shows Off Inventive Song Choices in His First Playoffs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meghan Trainor : All About That Change , YouTube , The Late Late Show with James Corden , January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes ( U.K. ) - Music - Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass - Single '' . iTunes ( U.K. ) . September 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Title ( Media notes ) . Meghan Trainor . Epic Records . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Brasil Top 100 '' . Billboard Brasil . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers '' . Bulgarian Association of Music Producers . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201448 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201440 into search . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass Hitlisten.nu '' ( in Danish ) . Tracklisten . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Meghan Trainor . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor : All About That Bass '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Meghan Trainor '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . VG - lista . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- November 8 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201440 into search . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending September 30 , 2014 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Latin Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report > Top 100 '' . Record Report . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2014 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2014 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Archived January 9 , 2015 , at WebCite Archived from the original Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2014 ( in Dutch ) . top40.nl . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Singles 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Utwory , których słuchaliśmy w radiu -- Airplay 2014 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2014 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Of All Time - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Enter Meghan Trainor in the field Interpret . Enter All About That Bass in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Meghan Trainor ; ' All About That Bass ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 '' . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Facebook . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt - All About That Bass '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass - RISA Gold Certification '' . Sony Music Africa ( Recording Industry of South Africa ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor -- All About That Bass '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Meghan Trainor ; ' All About That Bass ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass '' . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 49 : del 1.12. 2014 - 7.12. 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . RIAA . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All About That Bass : Meghan Trainor '' . Amazon.de ( in German ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All About That Bass '' . 7digital ( CH ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Meghan Trainor Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Extended plays Title Singles `` All About That Bass '' `` Lips Are Movin '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` No '' `` Me Too '' `` Better '' `` I 'm a Lady '' `` No Excuses '' `` Let You Be Right '' Featured singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Hands '' Promotional singles `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' `` Watch Me Do '' Other songs `` Title '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_About_That_Bass&oldid=849977620 '' Categories : 2014 singles Meghan Trainor songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Body image in popular culture Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Epic Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Mexican Airplay Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Hungary Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Switzerland Songs about sexuality Songs written by Kevin Kadish Songs written by Meghan Trainor UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Music videos directed by Fatima Robinson Debut singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Denmark Airplay Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 18 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did all about that bass come out
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"\"All About That Bass\" is the debut single by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 30, 2014, it was recorded for her 2014 debut EP and her 2015 studio album, both named Title. Trainor co-wrote \"All About That Bass\" with its producer Kevin Kadish; it is a bubblegum pop/doo-wop and retro-R&B song that draws influences from various musical genres including hip hop, country, soul and rock and roll. Lyrically, it discusses positive body image.\n"
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"June 30, 2014"
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Kakatiya dynasty
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Kakatiya dynasty - wikipedia Kakatiya dynasty Kakatiya dynasty 1163 -- 1323 Status Empire ( Subordinate to Western Chalukyas until 1163 ) Capital Orugallu ( Warangal ) Common languages Telugu Religion Hinduism Government Monarchy King History Earliest rulers c. 900 Established 1163 Disestablished 1323 Preceded by Succeeded by Western Chalukya Empire Eastern Chalukyas Bahmani Sultanate Musunuri Nayaks Reddy dynasty Vijayanagara Empire Today part of India Part of a series on Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Chronology of the Telugu people , Andhra Pradesh , and Telangana history Geography Political history History and Kingdoms Dynasties ( show ) Assaka Satavahanas Andhra Ikshvaku Ananda Gotrika Shalankayanas Vishnukundinas Pallava dynasty Eastern Chalukyas Kota Vamsa Chagi Velanati Chodas Kakatiya dynasty Musunuri Nayaks Recherla Nayaks Pemmasani Nayaks Vijayanagara Empire Reddy dynasty Bahmani Sultanate Qutb Shahi dynasty Hyderabad State British Raj The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty whose capital was Orugallu , now known as Warangal . It was eventually conquered by the Delhi Sultanate . The demise of Kakatiya dynasty resulted in confusion and anarchy under alien rulers for sometime , before the Musunuri Nayaks brought stability to the region . Contents 1 Etymology and names 2 Sources 3 Origin 4 Early feudatory chiefs 4.1 Relationship to the Rashtrakutas 5 As sovereigns 5.1 Prataparudra I 5.2 Ganapati 5.3 Rudrama Devi 5.4 Prataparudra II 6 Decline 7 Characterization 7.1 Geography 7.2 Architecture 7.3 Society 8 Religion 9 Genealogy 9.1 Feudatory chiefs 9.2 Sovereign rulers 10 Legacy 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Etymology and names Studies of the inscriptions and coinage by the historian Dineshchandra Sircar reveal that there was no contemporary standard spelling of the family name . Variants include Kakatiya , Kakatiyya , Kakita , Kakati and Kakatya . The family name was often prefixed to the name of the monarch , giving constructs such as Kakatiya - Prataparudra . Some of the monarchs also had alternate names ; for example , Venkata and Venkataraya may have been alternate names of Prataparuda I , with the former appearing on a coin in the form Venkata - Kakatiya . The dynasty 's name derives from the word `` Kakati '' , which is variously thought to be the name of a goddess or a place . It is possible that Kakati was the name of a deity worshipped by the early Kakatiya chiefs , and also the name of the place where they resided . Kumarasvami Somapithin , a 15th - century writer who wrote a commentary on Vidyanatha 's Prataparudriya , states that the dynasty was named after Kakati , a form of goddess Durga . Although the Hindu mythological texts do not mention any such form of Durga , the worship of a goddess named Kakati is attested by several other sources . For example , Vallabharaya 's Krida - bhiramamu mentions an image of Kakatamma ( Mother Kakati ) in the Kakatiya capital Orugallu . the 16th century Shitap Khan inscription mentions the reinstallation of the image of goddess Jaganmatrika ( mother of the universe ) and the lotus seat of the Kakatirajya , which had been destroyed by the Turushkas ( Turkic people ) . According to one theory , Kakati was originally a Jain goddess ( possibly Padmavati ) , and later came to be regarded as a form of Durga . The Bayyaram tank inscription from the reign of Ganapati - deva names the family 's founder as Venna , and states that he resided at Kakati , because of which his descendants came to be known as Kakatishas . Ganapati - deva 's Garavapadu charter names the family 's founder as Durjaya , and states that his descendant Karikala Chola arrived at a town called Kakati during a hunting expedition , and set up his camp there . The modern identity of Kakati is uncertain : different historians have variously attempted to identify it with modern Kakati village in Karnataka and Kanker in Chhattisgarh . Siddeshvara Charitra , a later literary work , states that the ancestors of the Kakatiya family lived at Kandarapura ( identified with modern Kandhar in Maharashtra ) . However , no other evidence supports this tradition . Sources Much of the information about the Kakatiya period comes from inscriptions , including around 1,000 stone inscriptions , and 12 copper - plate inscriptions . Most of these inscriptions document matters relating to religion , such as donations to Hindu temples . They are particularly abundant for the period 1175 -- 1324 CE , which is the period when the dynasty most flourished and are a reflection of that . The probability is that many inscriptions have been lost due to buildings falling into disuse and also the ravages of subsequent rulers , most notably the Muslim Mughal Empire in the Telangana region . Inscriptions are still being discovered today but governmental agencies tend to concentrate on recording those that are already known rather than searching for new examples . According to a 1978 book , written bby P.V.P. Sastry 's 1978 book on the history of the Kakatiyas , published by the Government of Andhra Pradesh Information about the Kakatiya period also comes from Sanskrit and Telugu literary works written during Kakatiya and post-Kakatiya period . The most notable among these works include Prataparudriyam , Krida - bhiramamu , Panditaradhya - charitamu , Sivayogasaramu , Nitisara , Niti - shastra - muktavali , Nritta - ratnavali , Pratapa - charita , Siddheshvara - charitra , Somadeva - rajiyamu , Palnativira - charitra , Velugotivari - vamsavali , and Velugotivari - vamsacharitra . Chronicles by Muslim authors such as Isami and Firishta describe Prataparudra 's defeats against the Muslim armies . The Kannada text Kumara - Ramana - charita also provides information about Prataparudra 's relations with the Kampili kingdom . Besides epigraphs and literature , the forts , temples and tanks constructed during the Kakatiya period are an important source of information about the contemporary society , art and architecture . Origin The Kakatiya rulers traced their ancestry to a legendary chief or ruler named Durjaya . Many other ruling dynasties of Andhra also claimed descent from Durjaya . Nothing further is known about this chief . Most of the Kakatiya records do not mention the varna ( social class ) of the family , but the majority of the ones that do , proudly describe them as Shudra . Examples include the Bothpur and Vaddamanu inscriptions of Ganapati 's general Malyala Gunda senani . The Kakatiyas also maintained marital relations with other Shudra families , such as the Kotas and the Natavadi chiefs . All these evidences indicate that the Kakatiyas were of Shudra origin . A few copper - plate inscriptions of the Kakatiya family describe them as belonging to the Kshatriya ( warrior ) varna . These inscriptions primarily document grants to brahmans , and appear to be inspired by the genealogies of the imperial Cholas . For example , the Motupalli inscription of Ganapati counts legendary solar dynasty kings such as Rama among the ancestors of Durjaya , the progenitor of the Kakatiya family . The Malkapuram inscription of Vishveshvara Shivacharya , the preceptor of Kakatiya rulers Ganapati - deva and Rudrama - devi , also connects the Kakatiyas to the solar dynasty ( Sūryavaṃsa ) . The term `` Kshatriya '' in these panegyric records appears to signify the family 's warrior - like qualities rather than their actual varna . Early feudatory chiefs The regnal years of the early members of the Kakatiya family are not certain . Venna , said to have been born in the family of Durjaya , is the earliest known Kakatiya chief . The Bayyaram tank inscription names his successors as Gunda I , Gunda II , and Gunda III , comparing them to the three Ramas ( Parashurama , Dasharatha-Rama , and Balarama ) . Gunda III was succeeded by Erra , who ruled Kurravadi and other regions . The inscription states that Erra 's successor Gunda IV alias Pindi - Gunda ( c. 955 - 995 ) beheaded all his enemies . Gunda IV is also mentioned in the Mangallu grant of the Eastern Chalukya ruler Dānārnava in 956 CE . Gunda IV was succeeded by Beta I ( c. 996 - 1051 ) , who was succeeded by Prola I ( c. 1052 - 1076 ) , called ari - gaja - kesari ( `` lion to the elephant - like enemies '' ) in the Bayyaram inscription . The succeeding chiefs included Beta II ( c. 1076 -- 1108 ) , Tribhuvanamalla Durgaraja ( c. 1108 -- 1116 ) and then Prola II ( c. 1116 -- 1157 ) . The early Kakatiya rulers used the title `` Reddi '' ( derived from `` Redu , '' meaning king in Telugu ) . However , after they became sovereigns they were addressed as `` deva '' ( Lord or deity ) and `` devi '' ( Lady or deity ) . There appears to be a significant element of `` sanskritisation '' in this transition . Relationship to the Rashtrakutas Early members of Kakatiya family appear to have served as military generals of the Rashtrakutas , as indicated by a 956 inscription of the Vengi Chalukya prince Dānārnava . The inscription suggests that an attack by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III forced the Vengi Chalukya king Amma II to flee his kingdom , after which Dānārnava ( titled Vijayaditya ) ruled the kingdom as a Rashtrakuta vassal . It records Dānārnava 's grant of Mangallu village to a brahmana named Dommana , at the request of Kakatiya Gundyana . Dommana had performed a religious ceremony called Karpati - vrata for Gundyana , for which he received the village as an agrahara . The inscription names Gundyana 's ancestors as Gundiya - Rashtrakuta and Eriya - Rashtrakuta . This suggests that Gundyana was a Rashtrakuta general , and not a Vengi Chalukya subordinate , as assumed by some earlier historians . The Bayyaram tank inscription , which records the construction of Dharma - kirti - samudra tank by Ganapati 's sister Mailama ( or Mailamba ) , provides another genealogical list . The similarities of names mentioned in the Mangallu and Bayyaram inscriptions lists suggest that both of these refer to the same family : Genealogical list of early Kakatiyas Mangallu grant inscription Bayyaram tank inscription Kakatiya family Durjaya family Venna - nripa Gundiya Rashtrakuta Gunda I Gunda II Gunda III Eriya Rashtrakuta Erra Betiya ( married Vandyanamba ) Kakartya Gundyana Pindi - Gunda ( Gunda IV ) Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorizes that Betiya was the son of Eriya ( alias Erra ) and father of Gundyana ( alias Pindi - Gunda ) , but may have become too insignificant to be mentioned by his descendants , because of a premature death or another reason . The significance of the suffix `` Rashtrakuta '' in the names of the early Kakatiya chiefs is debated . According to one theory , the suffix implies that these chiefs were Rashtrakuta subordinates . This theory is based on the fact that the phrase Rashtrakuta - kutumbinah appears in several Rashtrakuta - era copper - plate inscriptions , and refers to the officers and subjects of the Rashtrakuta kingdom . According to another theory , the suffix implies that the Kakatiyas were a branch of the Rashtrakuta family , because the term Rashtrakuta - kutumbinah was used for officers employed by the Rashtrakuta administration , not feudatory chiefs : the early records of the Kakatiya chiefs describe them as samantas ( feudatory chiefs ) . The Kazipet Darga inscription of Tribhuvanamalla Durgaraja states that the Kakatiya chief Beta was born in the family of Samanta Viṣṭi . Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorises that `` Viṣṭi '' is a corruption of Vrishni , the name of a clan from which some Rashtrakutas claimed descent . He notes that some chiefs of Rashtrakuta origin adopted the title `` Viṭṭi - narayana '' , which means `` as great as Narayana ( Krishna ) of the Vitti ( Vrishni ) family . Sastry further proposes that the term `` Voddi '' , which appears in the phrase Voddi - kula ( `` Voddi family '' ) in the Mangallu inscription may be same as `` Viṣṭi '' . Sastry also believes that the early Kakatiya chiefs followed Jainism , which was also patronized by the Rashtrakutas , thus strengthening the view that the two dynasties were connected ( see Religion section below ) . The Kakatiyas seemed to have adopted the mythical bird Garuda as their royal insignia , as attested by the Ekamranatha temple inscription of Ganapati - deva , the Palampet inscription of the Kakatiya general Recharla Rudra , and Vidyanatha 's Prataparudriya . The Bayyaram tank inscription calls the Kakatiya chief Beta I ( son of Gunda IV ) Garudamka - Beta , and `` Garuda '' here appears to refer to the family 's emblem . In Hindu mythology , Garuda is the vahana of god Vishnu . The Rashtrakutas and some other dynsaties of Deccan claimed descent from the Vrishni clan ( associated with Vishnu 's avatar Krishna ) , and had adopted Garuda as their royal insignia . According to Sastry , this corroborates the theory that the Kakatiyas were associated with the Rashtrakuta family . Sastry further speculates that the Kakatiyas may have adopted the Garuda symbol because of Jain influence : the yaksha of the Jain tirthankara Shantinatha is represented by the Garuda symbol . Based on Ganapati - deva 's Garavapadu inscription , which names Karikala Chola among the family 's ancestors , epigraphist C.R.K. Charlu theorised that the Kakatiyas were a branch of the Telugu Cholas . However , no other Kakatiya record mentions Karikala , and unlike the Telugu Cholas , the Kakatiyas did not claim to belong to the Kashyapa - gotra . Therefore , Sastry dismisses Charlu 's theory as untenable . After the decline of the Rashtrakuta power , the Kakatiyas served as vassals of the Kalyani Chalukyas . After the decline of the Chalukya power in the 12th century , they assumed sovereignty by suppressing other Chalukya subordinates in the Telangana region . As sovereigns Prataparudra I The 1149 Sanigaram inscription of Prola II is the last known record of the Kakatiyas as vassals . The 1163 Anumakonda inscription of Prataparudra I is the earliest known record that describes the Kakatiyas as a sovereign power . According to Sastry , Prataparudra I reigned between around 1158 -- 1195 , while Sircar gives the dates 1163 -- 1195 . He was also known as Rudra Deva , Kakatiya Rudradeva , Venkata , and Venkataraya He was the son of Prola II , who had made efforts to assert greater Kakatiya influence on territories in the western parts of the declining Western Chalukyan empire and who died in a battle fought against the Velanati Choda ruler Gonka II around 1157 / 1158 while doing so . It was during Prataparudra 's reign , in 1163 , that the Kakatiyas declared an end to their status as feudatory chiefs of the Chalukyas . It is notable that inscriptions were henceforth written using the Kakatiya chiefs ' vernacular Telugu rather than the Kannada language that had prevailed until that point . Mahadeva succeeded Prataparudra I as king , reigning probably from 1195 to 1199 . Ganapati Ramappa Temple . Just as the Seuna and Hoysala dynasties took control of linguistically related areas during the 13th century , so too did the Kakatiyas under the rule of Ganapati . He is also known as Ganapathi Deva and , according to Sastry , reigned between 1199 -- 1262 ; Sircar gives regnal dates of 1199 -- 1260 . He significantly expanded Kakatiya lands during the 1230s when he launched a series of attacks outside the dynasty 's traditional Telangana region and thus brought under Kakatiya control the Telugu - speaking lowland delta areas around the Godavari and Krishna rivers . The outcome in the case of all three dynasties , says historian Richard Eaton , was that they `` catalysed processes of supralocal identity formation and community building '' . The Kakatiya capital at Orugallu , established in 1195 , was not forgotten while Ganapati expanded his territory . He organised the building of a massive granite wall around the city , complete with ramps designed for ease of access to its ramparts from within . A moat and numerous bastions were also constructed . Ganapati was keen to bolster the dynasty 's economy . He encouraged merchants to trade abroad , abolishing all taxes except for a fixed duty and supporting those who risked their lives to travel afar . He created the man - made Pakhal Lake . Rudrama Devi Statue of Rudrama Devi . Rudrama Devi , also known as Rudramadevi , reigned around 1262 -- 1289 CE ( alternative dates : 1261 -- 1295 CE ) and is one of the few queens in Indian history . Sources disagree regarding whether she was the widow of Ganapati or his daughter . Marco Polo , who visited India probably some time around 1289 -- 1293 , made note of Rudrama Devi 's rule and nature in flattering terms . She continued the planned fortification of the capital , raising the height of Ganapati 's wall as well as adding a second earthen curtain wall 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) in diameter and with an additional 150 feet ( 46 m ) - wide moat . Rudrama was married to Virabhadra , an Eastern Chalukyan prince of Nidadavolu who had been selected for that purpose by her father . Having no son as an heir , Rudrama abdicated in favour of her grandson when it became apparent that the expansionist sultan Alauddin Khalji was encroaching on the Deccan and might in due course attack the Kakatiyas . Prataparudra II The earliest biography of Rudrama Devi 's successor , Prataparudra II , is the Prataparudra Caritramu , dating from the 16th century . His reign began in 1289 ( alternative date : 1295 ) and ended with the demise of the dynasty in 1323 . It is described by Eaton as the `` first chapter in a larger story '' that saw the style of polity in the Deccan change from being regional kingdoms to transregional sultanates that survived until the arrival of the British East India Company in the 18th century . Decline A replica of the Koh - i - Noor diamond . The diamond was originally owned by the Kakatiya dynasty . The Kakatiya kingdom attracted the attention of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji because of the possibility for plunder . The first foray into the Kakatiya kingdom was made in 1303 and was a disaster due to the resistance of the Kakatiya army in the battle at Upparapalli . In 1309 Alauddin sent his general , Malik Kafur , in an attempt to force Prataparudra into acceptance of a position subordinate to the sultanate at Delhi . Kafur organised a month - long siege of Orugallu that ended with success in February 1310 . Prataparudra was forced to make various symbolic acts of obeisance designed to demonstrate his new position as a subordinate but , as was Alauddin 's plan , he was not removed as ruler of the area but rather forced thereafter to pay annual tribute to Delhi . It was probably at this time that the Koh - i - Noor diamond passed from Kakatiya ownership to that of Alauddin , along with 20,000 horses and 100 elephants . In 1311 , Prataparudra formed a part of the sultanate forces that attacked the Pandyan empire in the south , and he took advantage of that situation to quell some of his vassals in Nellore who had seen his reduced status as an opportunity for independence . Later , though , in 1318 , he failed to provide the annual tribute to Delhi , claiming that the potential for being attacked on the journey made it impossible . Alauddin 's son Mubarak Shah responded by sending another of his generals , Khusrau Khan , to Orugallu with a force that bristled with technology previously unknown in the area , including trebuchet - like machines . Prataparudra had to submit once more , with his obeisance on this occasion being arranged by the sultanate to include a very public display whereby he bowed towards Delhi from the ramparts of Orugallu . The amount of his annual tribute was changed , becoming 100 elephants and 12,000 horses . The new arrangements did not last long . Taking advantage of a revolution in Delhi that saw the Khalji dynasty removed and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq installed as sultan , Prataparudra again asserted his independence in 1320 . Tughlaq sent his son , Ulugh Khan , to defeat the defiant Kakatiya king in 1321 . Khan 's army was riven with internal dissension due to its containing factions from the Khalji and Tughluq camps . This caused the siege on this occasion to last much longer -- six months , rather than the few weeks that had previously been the case . The attackers were initially repulsed and Khan 's forces retreated to regroup in Devagiri . Prataparudra celebrated the apparent victory by opening up his grain stores for public feasting . Khan returned in 1323 with his revitalised and reinforced army and , with few supplies left , Prataparudra was forced into submission after a five - month siege . The unprepared and battle - weary army of Orugallu was finally defeated , and Orugallu was renamed as Sultanpur . It seems probable , from combining various contemporary and near - contemporary accounts , that Prataparudra committed suicide near to the Narmada River while being taken as a prisoner to Delhi . Characterization Geography The Kakatiya base was the city of Orugallu in the dry uplands of northern Telangana on the Deccan Plateau . From there they expanded their influence into Coastal Andhra , the delta between the Godavari and Krishna rivers that feed into the Bay of Bengal . According to Rao and Shulman , the latter contained a high proportion of Brahmins while the former was the haunt of `` peasants , artisans and warriors '' . Under the Kakatiyas , cultural innovation often began in the uplands , was refined in the lowlands and then recycled back into the Deccan . This bi-directional flow of cultural influences brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language where nothing of that nature had previously existed . The unification of the distinct upland and lowland cultures was their most significant political achievement , achieved through a process of binding many locally powerful figures in allegiance to the empire . The area of land under Kakatiya control reached its zenith around the 13th century CE during the rule of Ganapati Deva . By this time , South India and the Deccan was essentially under the aegis of four Hindu monarchies , of which the Kakatiyas were one . The four dynasties were in a constant state of warfare with each other , with the Kakatiyas eventually exercising control from close to Anagondi in the west to Kalyani in the north - east , and down to Kanei and Ganjam district in southern Orissa . Architecture Main articles : Thousand Pillar Temple , Ramappa Temple , Warangal Fort , and Kota Gullu A notable trend during the dynastic period was the construction of reservoirs for irrigation in the uplands , around 5000 of which were built by warrior families subordinate to the Kakatiyas . The dramatically altered the possibilities for development in the sparsely populated dry areas . Many of these edifices , often called `` tanks '' , including the large examples at Pakala and Ramappa , are still used today . Another notable architectural feature of the dynasty relates to temples . Even before the arrival of the dynasty , there were large , well - established and well - endowed Hindu places of worship in the relatively populous delta areas ; however , the temples of the uplands , which were smaller and less cosmopolitan in origin and funding , did not exist until the Kakatiya period . In the lowlands , where Brahmins were numerous , the temples had long benefited from a desire to build social networks for the purposes of domestic and foreign trade , as well as for obtaining grazing rights in the face of competition ; in the uplands , the endowment of the buildings was often associated with the construction and continued maintenance of reservoirs and enabled a different type of networking based on political hierarchies . The strengthening of those hierarchies , which was achieved in part by donating land for the temples and then attending worship , was necessary as the inland agrarian society grew rapidly in number and location . Society There is a disparity between analysis of inscriptions , of which the work of Cynthia Talbot has been in the vanguard , and the traditional works of Vedic Hinduism that described pre-colonial India in terms of a reverent and static society that was subject to the strictures of the caste system . Colonial British administrators found much that appealed to them in the latter works but the Kakatiya inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh , which depict a far wider range of society and events , suggest that the reality was far more fluid and very different from the idealised image . Caste itself seems to have been of low importance as a social identifier . Even the Kakatiya kings , with one exception , considered themselves to be Shudras ( in the ritual varna system ) . They were egalitarian in nature and promoted their subordinate warrior - chiefs who were similarly egalitarian and spurned the Kshatriya rank . Anyone , regardless of birth , could acquire the nayaka title to denote warrior status , and this they did . There is also little evidence that Kakatiya society paid much regard to caste identities , in the sense of jāti . Although occupation does appear to have been an important designator of social position , the inscriptions suggest that people were not bound to an occupation by birth . The population became more settled in geographic terms . The growth of an agricultural peasant class subsumed many tribal people who previously had been nomadic . The nexus of politics and military was a significant feature of the era , and the Kakatiya recruitment of peasants into the military did much to create a new warrior class , to develop social mobility and to extend the influence of the dynasty into areas of its kingdom that previously would have been untouched . The Kakatiya kings , and in particular the last two , encouraged an egalitarian ethos . The entrenched landed nobility that had existed prior to the dynasty found its power to be on the wane ; the royal gifting of lands formerly in the possession of nobles to people of lesser status did much to effect this dilution . Religion Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorises that the early Kakatiya chiefs were followers of Jainism . A story in the Siddheshvara - charita states that Madhavavarman , an ancestor of the Kakatiyas , obtained military strength by the grace of goddess Padmakshi . The 1123 Govindapuram Jain inscription of Polavasa , another family of feudatory chiefs , contains a similar account of how their ancestor Madhavavarman obtained military strength by the grace of the Jain goddess Yaksheshvari . According to tradition , Prola II was initiated into Shaivism by the Kalamukha preceptor Rameshvara Pandita , and established Shaivism as his family 's religion . The Shaivism - affiliated personal names of the later Kakatiya kings ( such as Rudra , Mahadeva , Harihara , and Ganapati ) also indicate a shift towards Shaivism . This , according to Sastry , strengthens the theory that the early Kakatiya chiefs were Jains . Genealogy The following members of the Kakatiya family are known from epigraphic evidence . The rulers are children of their predecessors , unless otherwise specified . Feudatory chiefs Nripa Venna , born in the family of Durjaya ( r.c. 800 - 815 ) Gunda I ( r.c. 815 - ? ) Gunda II ( r.c. ? - 865 ) Gunda III ( died before 900 ) Nripati Erra Betiya Nripati Gunda IV alias Pindi - Gunda ( r.c. 955 - 995 ) Nripati Beta I alias Garuda Beta ( r.c. 996 - 1051 ) Prola I ( r.c. 1052 - 1076 ) Beta II alias Tribhuvanamalla ( r.c. 1076 - 1108 ) Tribhuvanamalla Durgaraja ( r.c. 1108 - 1116 ) , son of Beta II Prola II ( r.c. 1116 - 1157 ) , son of Beta II , married Muppama His children included Rudra , Mahadeva , Harihara , Ganapati and Repolla Durga Sovereign rulers Rudra ( r.c. 1158 - 1195 ) , son of Prolla II , became a sovereign 1163 Mahadeva ( r.c. 1196 - 1199 ) , son of Prolla II , married Bayyama Had three children , including Ganapati - deva , Mailamba , and Kundamba Ganapati - deva ( r.c. 1199 - 1262 ) , married Somala - devi Had two children , including Ganapamba ( married Kota Beta ) and Rudrama - devi Rudrama - devi ( r.c. 1262 - 1289 ) , married Chalukya Virabhadra Had three children , including Mummadamba ( married Kakati Mahadeva ) , Rudrama ( married Yadava prince Ellana - deva ) , and Ruyyama ( married Induluri Annaya - mantri ) Prataparudra - deva ( r.c. 1289 - 1323 ) , son of Mummadamba , tributary to the Delhi Sultanate at times Legacy Ruins of the Kakatiya Kala Thoranam ( Warangal Gate ) . Tughlaq control of the area lasted only for around a decade . The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty resulted in both political and cultural disarray because of both disparate resistance to the sultanate and dissension within it . The structure of the Kakatiya polity disintegrated and their lands soon fell under the control of numerous families from communities such as the Reddies and Velamas . As early as 1330 , Musunuri Nayaks who served as army chiefs for Kakatiya kingdom united the various Telugu clans and recovered Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate and ruled for half a century . Surrounded by more significant states , by the 15th century these new entities had ceded to the Bahamani Sultanate and the Sangama dynasty , the latter of which evolved to become the Vijayanagara empire . A brother of Prataparudra II , Annamaraja , has been associated with ruling what eventually became the princely state of Bastar during the British Raj period . This appears likely to be historical revisionism , dating from a genealogy published by the ruling family in 1703 , because it records only eight generations spanning almost four centuries of rule . Such revisionism and tenuous claims of connection to the Kakatiyas was not uncommon because it was perceived as legitimising the right to rule and a warrior status . Talbot notes that there is a record of a brother called Annamadeva and that : He is said to have left ( Orugallu ) for the northeast after anointing Prataparudra 's son as king . Thus , the founder of the family fortunes in Bastar may very well have been a Telugu warrior from Telangana who was familiar with the prevalent legends about the Kakatiyas . According to Talbot and Eaton , a revisionist interpretation of Prataparudra II himself appeared much sooner , within a few years of his death , and for broadly similar reasons . A stone inscription dated 1330 mentions a Prolaya Nayaka , who was said to have restored order , as in Prataparudra days . He presented himself as a legitimate successor to Prataparudra , by portraying both of them as righteous monarchs , meanwhile reconstructing Prataparudra 's life and career in a favorable way . By 1420 , Muslim rulers had become accommodated to the Deccan society , and strong dichotomies between Hindus and Muslims were no longer useful . Muslim rulers were no longer conceived as diametrically opposed to the figure of Prataparudra , but rather as rulers of equal status . This type of revisionism , which Talbot describes as `` social memories '' and which persist to the present day , reappeared in the 16th century with the Prataparudra Caritramu hagiography , which claimed him to be the founder of the padmanayaka class of Telugu warrior and provided the elite of the Vijayanagara empire with what Talbot has described as a `` charter of legitimacy '' . This work claimed , contrary to all reasonable evidence , that he did not die after being taken prisoner but instead met with the sultan , was recognised as being an avatar of Shiva , and allowed to return to Orugallu . Once back home , the Prataparudra Caritamu says , he released the padmanayakas from their allegiance to him and told them to become independent kings . The work also claims Vijayanagara to be an ally of Prataparudra , which is clearly anachronistic but served the purpose of elevating the role of the padmanayakas , whom it claimed to be ultimately subordinate to Vijayanagara during his time . See also Hanamakonda Ramappa Temple Kakatiya Kala Thoranam References Footnotes Jump up ^ Kakatiya coins bore the Nandinagari script. ( Prasad 1988 , p. 9 ) Jump up ^ Talbot ( 2001 , p. 128 ) : `` Soon after he came to power , Rudradeva had the Thousand Pillared temple built in Hanumakonda , then the Kakatiya capital . The Sanskrit inscription recording its foundation in 1163 contains an elaborate genealogy of Rudradeva 's ancestry ... Since it was the earliest of Rudradeva 's inscriptions to omit any mention of the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani , we can assume that the construction of the temple was meant to mark Rudradeva 's new status as an overlord in his own right . '' Jump up ^ Marco Polo referred to the kingdom as Mutfili , which was the name for the area around a major port of the dynasty , now known as Masulipatnam. ( Chakravarti 1991 ) Jump up ^ Sharma ( 1992 , p. 234 ) : `` Vennama , the son of Dāma , led his troops in a defeat of the Turks very probably during Ala - ud - din Khalji 's first invasion of Telangana in 1303 . This success against the Turkish arms took place in the battle of Upparapalli , where Potuganti Maili is said to have put the enemies to flight . '' Jump up ^ The term andhra bhasa , meaning language of Andhra , appeared as a synonym for the Telugu language at least as early as 1053 and suggests an emerging correlation of linguistics and geography . ( Eaton 2005 , p. 13 ) The linguistic mapping of regions of India continues to the present day and formed a part of the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 . Jump up ^ Aside from the Kakatiyas , the dominant Hindu monarchies in South India and the Deccan around the 13th century CE were the Seunas , the Hoysalas and the Pandyas . The Seunas , Hoysalas and Kakatiyas had carved up what had been the area controlled by the Western Chalukya Empire , while the Pandyas controlled lands formerly under the Chola Empire. ( Ventakaramanayya 1942 , p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Talbot ( 2001 , p. 51 ) : `` An inscription reads : ` The Kakatiya dynasty , praised by the entire world and belonging to the fourth varna , then came into existence . In it was born the king named Prola , who was renowned for being exceedingly judicious . ' ... ( In a handful of inscriptions ) , the Kakatiyas are linked with the solar dynasty of the ancient kshatriyas , stemming from Ikshvaku through Dasharatha and Rama ... The lack of consistency regarding the varna rank of the Kakatiya dynasty is noteworthy , as is the fact that their kshatriya claims were put forth primarily in documents associated with gifts to brahmans . '' Jump up ^ Chattopadhyaya ( 1998 , pp. 57 -- 58 ) quotes from the Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka : `` ( W ) hen Prataparudra of the Kakati family ruled , even such celebrated rulers of the past as Yayati , Nabhaga and Bhagiratha were completely forgotten . '' ... `` ( W ) hen the Sun , viz. , Prataparudra set , the world was enveloped in the Turuska darkness . The evil ( adharma ) , which he had up to that time kept under check , flourished under them , as the conditions were very favourable for its growth . '' Citations Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , p. 178 ; Eaton 2005 , pp. 26 -- 27 ; Chattopadhyaya 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Sircar 2008 , p. 241 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , pp. 22 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , pp. 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 3 - 6 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , pp. 11 , 17 , 19 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 8 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 27 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Sharma , R.S. ; Shrimali , K.M. ( 1992 ) , A Comprehensive history of India : A.D. 985 - 1206 , People 's Publishing House , pp. 196 , , 198 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7007 - 121 - 1 Quote : `` Eriya was succeeded not by his son Beta but by his grandson Gunda IV who , according to the Mangallu grant , in his early career had been deputed by Rashtrakuta Krishna III in 956 to help the Chalukya prince Danarnava in his attempts to oust his step - brother ... '' Jump up ^ Epigraphia Āndhrica , Government of Andhra Pradesh , 1969 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Diskalkar , D.B. ( 1993 ) , Sanskrit and Prakrit Poets Known from Inscriptions , Anandashram Samstha , p. 122 Quote : `` poet named Balasarasvati author of an inscription dated S. 1136 had lived at the court of Prola Reddi , ruler of the same Kakatiya dynasty . '' Jump up ^ Thirumali , Inukonda ( 2004 ) , South India : Regions , Cultures , and Sagas , Bibliomatrix , p. 6 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 901964 - 2 - 0 Quote : `` Displacement was rapid as the Reddis with their superior technology swiftly spread over the entire Telangana ... and were aided by a stronger political power of Kakatiya Reddi kingdom . '' Jump up ^ Kasipathi , Kapila ( 1970 ) , Tryst with destiny , K.V. Rao , p. 5 Quote : `` Redu is a king . Reddi is supposed to be another form of Redu. : Jump up ^ Rao , Velcheru Narayana ; Shulman , David ( 1 January 1994 ) , `` The Powers of Parody in Nayaka - Period Tanjavur '' , in Appadurai , Arjun ; Korom , Frank J. ; Mills , Margaret Ann , Gender , Genre , and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions , Motilal Banarsidass Publishe , pp. 428 -- 466 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1178 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 17 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 18 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 20 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 19 , 25 . ^ Jump up to : Sastry 1978 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Sircar 1979 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Prasad 1988 , pp. 119 , 124 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton 2005 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton 2005 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Desai 1962 . Jump up ^ Kalia 1994 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Sailendra ( 2013 ) . A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 38060 - 734 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Rubiés 2000 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Rubiés 2000 , pp. 50 , 73 . Jump up ^ Suryanarayana 1986 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 9 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Asher & Talbot 2006 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004 , p. 160 `` An earlier attack on Warangal in 1304 had been unsuccessful . '' . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 20 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot 2001 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Rao & Shulman 2012 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Rao & Shulman 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Ventakaramanayya 1942 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Subrahmanyam 1998 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , pp. 50 - 52 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sastry 1978 , pp. 30 - 36 . Jump up ^ Asher & Talbot 2006 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Rao & Shulman 2012 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , pp. 177 - 182 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 27 - 28 . Jump up ^ Talbot 2001 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Eaton 2005 , pp. 28 - 29 . Bibliography Asher , Catherine B. ; Talbot , Cynthia , eds. ( 2006 ) , `` The expansion of Turkic power , 1180 -- 1350 '' , India before Europe , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 52180 - 904 - 7 Chakravarti , Ranabir ( 1991 ) , `` Horse Trade and Piracy at Tana ( Thana , Maharashtra , India ) : Gleanings from Marco Polo '' , Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , 34 ( 3 ) : 159 -- 182 , doi : 10.2307 / 3632243 , JSTOR 3632243 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Chattopadhyaya , B.D. ( 1998 ) , Representing the Other ? Sanskrit Sources and the Muslims , New Delhi : Manohar , ISBN 8173042527 Desai , V.R.M. ( 1962 ) , `` Savings in Ancient Hindu Polity '' , The Indian Journal of Political Science , 23 ( 1 / 4 ) : 268 -- 276 , JSTOR 41853935 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Eaton , Richard M. ( 2005 ) , A Social History of the Deccan : 1300 -- 1761 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 52125 - 484 - 7 Jackson , Peter ( 2003 ) , The Delhi Sultanate : A Political and Military History ( Reprinted ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 52154 - 329 - 3 Kalia , Ravi ( 1994 ) , Bhubaneswar : From a Temple Town to a Capital City , Southern Illinois University Press -- via Questia , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar , eds. ( 2004 ) ( 1986 ) , A History of India ( 4th ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 41532 - 920 - 0 Prasad , G. Durga ( 1988 ) , History of the Andhras up to 1565 A.D. ( PDF ) , Guntur : P.G. Publishers Rao , P. ( 1994 ) , History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh , Sterling Rao , Velcheru Narayana ( 2003 ) , `` Court , Temple , and Public '' , in Pollock , Sheldon , Literary Cultures in History : Reconstructions from South Asia , University of California Press -- via Questia , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Rao , Velcheru Narayana ; Shulman , David , eds. ( 2002 ) , Classical Telugu Poetry : An Anthology , University of California Press -- via Questia , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Rao , Velcheru Narayana ; Shulman , David ( 2012 ) , Srinatha : The Poet Who Made Gods and Kings , Oxford University Press -- via Questia , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Rubiés , Joan - Pau ( 2000 ) , Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance : South India through European Eyes , 1250 -- 1625 , Cambridge University Press -- via Questia , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Sastry , P.V. Parabhrama ( 1978 ) . N. Ramesan , ed . The Kākatiyas of Warangal . Hyderabad : Government of Andhra Pradesh . OCLC 252341228 . Sharma , R.S. ( 1992 ) . A Comprehensive History of India . Orient Longmans . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7007 - 121 - 1 . Sircar , D.C. ( 1979 ) , Some Epigraphical Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India , Abhinav Publications , ISBN 978 - 8 - 17017 - 096 - 9 Sircar , D.C. ( 2008 ) ( 1968 ) , Studies in Indian Coins ( Reprinted ed . ) , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8 - 12082 - 973 - 2 Subrahmanyam , Sanjay ( 1998 ) , `` Hearing Voices : Vignettes of Early Modernity in South Asia , 1400 -- 1750 '' , Daedalus , 127 ( 3 ) : 75 -- 104 , JSTOR 20027508 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Suryanarayana , Kolluru ( 1986 ) , History of the Minor Chaḷukya Families in Medieval Andhradesa , B.R. Publishing , ISBN 978 - 8 - 17018 - 330 - 3 Talbot , Austin Cynthia ( 2001 ) , Pre-colonial India in Practice : Society , Region , and Identity in Medieval Andhra , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19803 - 123 - 9 Ventakaramanayya , N. ( 1942 ) , The Early Muslim Expansion in South India , University of Madras Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kakatiya dynasty . Talbot , Cynthia ( May 1991 ) . `` Temples , Donors , and Gifts : Patterns of Patronage in Thirteenth - Century South India '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 50 ( 2 ) : 308 -- 340 . doi : 10.2307 / 2057210 . JSTOR 2057210 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca . AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya_dynasty&oldid=864461012 '' Categories : Dynasties of India Telugu people History of Telangana Empires and kingdoms of India Kakatiya dynasty Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Former country articles categorised by government type Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Français हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 10 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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which queen of the kakatiya dynasty ruled over warangal part of modern andhra pradesh
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"Rudrama Devi, also known as Rudramadevi, reigned around 1262–1289 CE (alternative dates: 1261–1295 CE) and is one of the few queens in Indian history.[21][46][47] Sources disagree regarding whether she was the widow of Ganapati or his daughter.[48]\n"
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"Rudrama Devi, also known as Rudramadevi"
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Great white shark
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Great white shark - Wikipedia Great white shark For other uses of `` great white '' , see Great White ( disambiguation ) . `` White shark '' redirects here . For the novel , see White Shark ( novel ) . Great white shark Temporal range : 16 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Miocene to Recent Conservation status Vulnerable ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Chondrichthyes Order : Lamniformes Family : Lamnidae Genus : Carcharodon A. Smith , 1838 Species : C. carcharias Binomial name Carcharodon carcharias ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Global range as of 2010 highlighted in blue Synonyms Squalus carcharias Linnaeus , 1758 ( Carharodon carcharias Linnaeus , 1758 ) Squalus caninus Osbeck , 1765 Carcharias lamia Rafinesque , 1810 Carcharias verus Cloquet , 1817 Squalus vulgaris Richardson , 1836 ( Carcharias vulgaris Richardson , 1836 ) Carcharodon smithii Agassiz , 1838 Carcharodon smithi Bonaparte , 1838 Carcharodon rondeletii Müller & Henle , 1839 Carcharodon capensis Smith , 1839 Carcharias atwoodi Storer , 1848 Carcharias maso Morris , 1898 Carcharodon albimors Whitley , 1939 The great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) , commonly known as the great white or the white shark , is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans . The great white shark is notable for its size , with larger female individuals growing to 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) in length and 1,905 kg ( 4,200 lb ) in weight at maturity . However most are smaller , males measuring 3.4 to 4.0 m ( 11 to 13 ft ) and females 4.6 to 4.9 m ( 15 to 16 ft ) on average . According to a 2014 study the lifespan of great white sharks is estimated to be as long as 70 years or more , well above previous estimates , making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fish currently known . According to the same study , male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity , while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring . Great white sharks can swim at speeds of over 56 km / h ( 35 mph ) , and can swim to depths of 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) . The great white shark has no known natural predators other than , on very rare occasions , the killer whale . The great white shark is arguably the world 's largest known extant macropredatory fish , and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals . It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals , including fish and seabirds . It is the only known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon , and is ranked first in having the most recorded shark bite incidents on humans . The species faces numerous ecological challenges which has resulted in international protection . The IUCN lists the great white shark as a vulnerable species , and it is included in Appendix II of CITES . It is also protected by several national governments such as Australia ( as of 2018 ) . The novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a `` ferocious man eater '' . Humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark , but , nevertheless , the great white is responsible for the largest number of reported and identified fatal unprovoked shark attacks on humans . The great white shark has also been called the white pointer or white death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 1.1 Ancestry and fossil record 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Anatomy and appearance 3.1 Size 3.1. 1 Examples of large unconfirmed great whites 3.2 Adaptations 3.3 Bite force 4 Ecology and behavior 4.1 Diet 4.2 Reproduction 4.3 Breaching behavior 4.4 Natural threats 5 Conservation status 5.1 In Australia 5.2 In New Zealand 5.3 In North America 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Shark bite incidents 6.2 Attacks on boats 6.3 In captivity 6.4 Shark tourism 7 See also 7.1 Books 8 References 9 External links Taxonomy This article may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The great white shark was one of the many amphibia originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae , its first scientific name , Squalus carcharias . Later , Sir Andrew Smith gave it Carcharodon as its generic name in 1833 , and also in 1873 . The generic name was identified with Linnaeus ' specific name and the current scientific name , Carcharodon carcharias , was finalized . Carcharodon comes from the Ancient Greek words karcharos , which means sharp or jagged , and odous , which means tooth . A 4 - cm - tall fossil C. carcharias tooth from Miocene sediments in the Atacama Desert of Chile Ancestry and fossil record The earliest known fossils of the great white shark are about 16 million years old , during the mid-Miocene epoch . However , the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute . The original hypothesis for the great white 's origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark , such as the C. megalodon. C. megalodon had teeth that were superficially not too dissimilar with those of great white sharks , but its teeth were far larger . Although cartilaginous skeletons do not fossilize , C. megalodon is estimated to have been considerably larger than the great white shark , estimated at up to 17 m ( 56 ft ) and 59,413 kg ( 130,983 lb ) . Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size of both the great white and C. megalodon led many scientists to believe these sharks were closely related , and the name Carcharodon megalodon was applied to the latter . However , a new hypothesis proposes that the C. megalodon and the great white are distant relatives ( albeit sharing the family Lamnidae ) . The great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark , Isurus hastalis , than to the C. megalodon , a theory that seems to be supported with the discovery of a complete set of jaws with 222 teeth and 45 vertebrae of the extinct transitional species Carcharodon hubbelli in 1988 and published on 14 November 2012 . In addition , the new hypothesis assigns C. megalodon to the genus Carcharocles , which also comprises the other megatoothed sharks ; Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage . Distribution and habitat Great white shark off Guadalupe Island , Mexico Great white sharks live in almost all coastal and offshore waters which have water temperature between 12 and 24 ° C ( 54 and 75 ° F ) , with greater concentrations in the United States ( Northeast and California ) , South Africa , Japan , Oceania , Chile , and the Mediterranean including Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus . One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island , South Africa . The great white is an epipelagic fish , observed mostly in the presence of rich game , such as fur seals ( Arctocephalus ssp . ) , sea lions , cetaceans , other sharks , and large bony fish species . In the open ocean , it has been recorded at depths as great as 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) . These findings challenge the traditional notion that the great white is a coastal species . According to a recent study , California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California Peninsula and Hawaii known as the White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja . On the journey out , they swim slowly and dive down to around 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) . After they arrive , they change behavior and do short dives to about 300 m ( 980 ft ) for up to ten minutes . Another white shark that was tagged off of the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year . A similar study tracked a different great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia 's northwestern coast and back , a journey of 20,000 km ( 12,000 mi ; 11,000 nmi ) in under nine months . These observations argue against traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators , and open up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to have been discrete . The reasons for their migration and what they do at their destination is still unknown . Possibilities include seasonal feeding or mating . Anatomy and appearance Upper teeth Great white shark 's skeleton Lower teeth The great white shark has a robust , large , conical snout . The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size which is similar to some mackerel sharks . A great white displays countershading , by having a white underside and a grey dorsal area ( sometimes in a brown or blue shade ) that gives an overall mottled appearance . The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark 's outline when seen from the side . From above , the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight . Great white sharks , like many other sharks , have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones , ready to replace any that break off . When the shark bites , it shakes its head side - to - side , helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh . Size Specimen caught off Cuba in 1945 which was allegedly 6.4 m ( 21 ft ) long and weighed an estimated 3,175 kg ( 7,000 lb ) . Later studies proved this specimen to be of average maximum size , at around 4.9 m ( 16 ft ) in length . In great white sharks , sexual dimorphism is present , and females are generally larger than males . Male great whites on average measure 3.4 to 4.0 m ( 11 to 13 ft ) long , while females at 4.6 to 4.9 m ( 15 to 16 ft ) . Adults of this species weigh 522 -- 771 kg ( 1,151 -- 1,700 lb ) on average , however mature females can have an average mass of 680 -- 1,110 kg ( 1,500 -- 2,450 lb ) . The largest females have been verified up to 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) in length and an estimated 1,905 kg ( 4,200 lb ) in weight , perhaps up to 2,268 kg ( 5,000 lb ) . The maximum size is subject to debate because some reports are rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances . Among living cartilaginous fish , only the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus ) , the basking shark ( Cetorhinus maximus ) and the giant manta ray ( Manta birostris ) , in that order , average larger and heavier . These three species are generally quite docile in disposition and given to passively filter - feeding on very small organisms . This makes the great white shark the largest extant macropredatory fish . Great white sharks are at around 1.2 m ( 3.9 ft ) when born , and grow about 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) each year . According to J. E. Randall , the largest white shark reliably measured was a 6.0 m ( 19.7 ft ) individual reported from Ledge Point , Western Australia in 1987 . Another great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center : A female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton , Prince Edward Island , in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Prince Edward Island . This female great white was 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) long . However , there was a report considered reliable by some experts in the past , of a larger great white shark specimen from Cuba in 1945 . This specimen was 6.4 m ( 21 ft ) long and had a body mass estimated at 3,324 kg ( 7,328 lb ) . However , later studies also revealed that this particular specimen was actually around 4.9 m ( 16 ft ) in length , a specimen in the average maximum size range . The largest great white recognized by the International Game Fish Association ( IGFA ) is one caught by Alf Dean in the south Australian waters in 1959 , weighing 1,208 kg ( 2,663 lb ) . Several larger great whites caught by anglers have since been verified , but were later disallowed from formal recognition by IGFA monitors for rules violations . Examples of large unconfirmed great whites A number of very large unconfirmed great white shark specimens have been recorded . For decades , many ichthyological works , as well as the Guinness Book of World Records , listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals : In the 1870s , a 10.9 m ( 36 ft ) great white captured in southern Australian waters , near Port Fairy , and an 11.3 m ( 37 ft ) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick , Canada , in the 1930s . However these measurements are not scientific and researchers have questioned the reliability of these measurements for a long time , noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting . Later studies proved these theories correct . This New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark , as the two have similar body shapes . The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s when J. E. Randall examined the shark 's jaws and `` found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5.0 m ( 16.4 ft ) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record , in 1870 , of the shark 's length '' . These wrong measurements would make the alleged shark more than five times heavier than it really was . Great white shark caught off Hualien County , Taiwan , on 14 May 1997 : It was reportedly ( unconfirmed ) almost 7 m ( 23 ft ) in length with a mass of 2,500 kg ( 5,500 lb ) . Several unconfirmed reports of great white sharks caught in modern times with have been estimated to be more than 7 m ( 23 ft ) long , but these claims have received some criticism . However , J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may have exceeded 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) in length . A great white shark was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia on 1 April 1987 . This shark was estimated to be more than 6.9 m ( 23 ft ) long by Peter Resiley , and has been designated as KANGA . Another great white shark was caught in Malta by Alfredo Cutajar on 16 April 1987 . This shark was also estimated to be around 7.13 m ( 23.4 ft ) long by John Abela and has been designated as MALTA . However , Cappo drew criticism because he used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the KANGA specimen was 5.8 -- 6.4 m ( 19 -- 21 ft ) long . In a similar fashion , I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the MALTA specimen was 5.3 -- 5.7 m ( 17 -- 19 ft ) long . However , photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size estimations yielded through Randall 's methods . Thus , a team of scientists -- H. F. Mollet , G. M. Cailliet , A. P. Klimley , D. A. Ebert , A. D. Testi , and L. J. V. Compagno -- reviewed the cases of the KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them . The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out . A particularly large female great white nicknamed `` Deep Blue '' , estimated measuring at 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) was filmed off Guadalupe during shooting for the 2014 episode of Shark Week `` Jaws Strikes Back '' . Deep Blue would also later gain significant attention when she was filmed interacting with researcher Mauricio Hoyas Pallida in a viral video that Mauricio posted on Facebook on 11 June 2015 . A particularly infamous great white shark , supposedly of record proportions , once patrolled the area that comprises False Bay , South Africa , was said to be well over 7 m ( 23 ft ) during the early 1980s . This shark , known locally as the `` Submarine '' , had a legendary reputation that was supposedly well founded . Though rumors have stated this shark was exaggerated in size or non-existent altogether , witness accounts by the then young Craig Anthony Ferreira , a notable shark expert in South Africa , and his father indicate an unusually large animal of considerable size and power ( though it remains uncertain just how massive the shark was as it escaped capture each time it was hooked ) . Ferreira describes the four encounters with the giant shark he participated in with great detail in his book `` Great White Sharks On Their Best Behavior '' . One contender in maximum size among the predatory sharks is the tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) . While tiger sharks which are typically both a few feet smaller and have a leaner , less heavy body structure than white sharks , have been confirmed to reach at least 5.5 m ( 18 ft ) in the length , an unverified specimen was reported to have measured 7.4 m ( 24 ft ) in length and weighed 3,110 kg ( 6,860 lb ) , more than two times heavier than the largest confirmed specimen at 1,524 kg ( 3,360 lb ) . Some other macropredatory sharks such as the Greenland shark ( Somniosus microcephalus ) and the Pacific sleeper shark ( S. pacificus ) are also reported to rival these sharks in length ( but probably weigh a bit less since they are more slender in build than a great white ) in exceptional cases . The question of maximum weight is complicated by the unresolved question of whether or not to include the shark 's stomach contents when weighing the shark . With a single bite a great white can take in up to 14 kg ( 31 lb ) of flesh , and can also consume several hundred kilograms of food . Adaptations A great white shark swimming Great white sharks , like all other sharks , have an extra sense given by the ampullae of Lorenzini which enables them to detect the electromagnetic field emitted by the movement of living animals . Great whites are so sensitive they can detect variations of half a billionth of a volt . At close range , this allows the shark to locate even immobile animals by detecting their heartbeat . Most fish have a less - developed but similar sense using their body 's lateral line . Great white shark biting into the fish head teaser bait next to a cage in False Bay , South Africa To more successfully hunt fast and agile prey such as sea lions , the great white has adapted to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water . One of these adaptations is a `` rete mirabile '' ( Latin for `` wonderful net '' ) . This close web - like structure of veins and arteries , located along each lateral side of the shark , conserves heat by warming the cooler arterial blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles . This keeps certain parts of the body ( particularly the stomach ) at temperatures up to 14 ° C ( 25 ° F ) above that of the surrounding water , while the heart and gills remain at sea temperature . When conserving energy the core body temperature can drop to match the surroundings . A great white shark 's success in raising its core temperature is an example of gigantothermy . Therefore , the great white shark can be considered an endothermic poikilotherm or mesotherm because its body temperature is not constant but is internally regulated . Great whites also rely on the fat and oils stored within their livers for long - distance migrations across nutrient - poor areas of the oceans . Studies by Stanford University and the Monterey Bay Aquarium published on 17 July 2013 revealed that in addition to controlling the sharks ' buoyancy , the liver of great whites is essential in migration patterns . Sharks that sink faster during drift dives were revealed to use up their internal stores of energy quicker than those which sink in a dive at more leisurely rates . Bite force A 2007 study from the University of New South Wales in Sydney , Australia , used CT scans of a shark 's skull and computer models to measure the shark 's maximum bite force . The study reveals the forces and behaviors its skull is adapted to handle and resolves competing theories about its feeding behavior . In 2008 , a team of scientists led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine the great white shark 's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen massing 3,324 kg ( 7,328 lb ) could exert a bite force of 18,216 newtons ( 4,095 lbf ) . Ecology and behavior A great white shark turns onto its back while hunting tuna bait This shark 's behavior and social structure is not well understood . In South Africa , white sharks have a dominance hierarchy depending on the size , sex and squatter 's rights : Females dominate males , larger sharks dominate smaller sharks , and residents dominate newcomers . When hunting , great whites tend to separate and resolve conflicts with rituals and displays . White sharks rarely resort to combat although some individuals have been found with bite marks that match those of other white sharks . This suggests that when a great white approaches too closely to another , they react with a warning bite . Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show their dominance . The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey . This is known as spy - hopping . This behavior has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef sharks , but this might be learned from interaction with humans ( it is theorized that the shark may also be able to smell better this way because smell travels through air faster than through water ) . White sharks are generally very curious animals , display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if the situation demands it . At Seal Island , white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable `` clans '' of two to six individuals on a yearly basis . Whether clan members are related is unknown but they get along peacefully enough . In fact , the social structure of a clan is probably most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack ; in that each member has a clearly established rank and each clan has an alpha leader . When members of different clans meet , they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a variety of interactions . Diet A beachcomber looking at bite marks from a great white shark on a beached whale carcass Great white sharks are carnivorous and prey upon fish ( e.g. tuna , rays , other sharks ) , cetaceans ( i.e. , dolphins , porpoises , whales ) , pinnipeds ( e.g. seals , fur seals , and sea lions ) , sea turtles , sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) and seabirds . Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest . Juvenile white sharks predominantly prey on fish including other elasmobranchs , as their jaws are not strong enough to withstand the forces required to attack larger prey such as pinnipeds and cetaceans until they reach a length of 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) or more , at which point their jaw cartilage mineralizes enough to withstand the impact of biting into larger prey species . Upon approaching a length of nearly 4 m ( 13 ft ) , great white sharks begin to target predominately marine mammals for food , though individual sharks seem to specialize in different types of prey depending on their preferences . They seem to be highly opportunistic . These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy - rich fat . Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod - and - reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal , a pig , and a sheep from his boat in the South Farallons . The sharks attacked all three baits but rejected the sheep carcass . Off California , sharks immobilize northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) with a large bite to the hindquarters ( which is the main source of the seal 's mobility ) and wait for the seal to bleed to death . This technique is especially used on adult male elephant seals , which are typically larger than the shark , ranging between 1,500 and 2,000 kg ( 3,300 and 4,400 lb ) , and are potentially dangerous adversaries . Most commonly though , juvenile elephant seals are the most frequently eaten at elephant seal colonies . Prey is normally attacked sub-surface . Harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ) are taken from the surface and dragged down until they stop struggling . They are then eaten near the bottom . California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) are ambushed from below and struck mid-body before being dragged and eaten . White sharks also attack dolphins and porpoises from above , behind or below to avoid being detected by their echolocation . Targeted species include dusky dolphins ( Lagenorhynchus obscurus ) , Risso 's dolphins ( Grampus griseus ) , bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops ssp . ) , Humpback dolphins ( Sousa ssp . ) , harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) , and Dall 's porpoises ( Phocoenoides dalli ) . Groups of dolphins have occasionally been observed defending themselves from sharks with mobbing behaviour . White shark predation on other species of small cetacean has also been observed . In August 1989 , a 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) juvenile male pygmy sperm whale ( Kogia breviceps ) was found stranded in central California with a bite mark on its caudal peduncle from a great white shark . In addition , white sharks attack and prey upon beaked whales . Cases where an adult Stejneger 's beaked whale ( Mesoplodon stejnegeri ) , with a mean mass of around 1,100 kg ( 2,400 lb ) , and a juvenile Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ) , an individual estimated at 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) , were hunted and killed by great white sharks have also been observed . When hunting sea turtles , they appear to simply bite through the carapace around a flipper , immobilizing the turtle . The heaviest species of bony fish , the oceanic sunfish ( Mola mola ) , has been found in great white shark stomachs . Off Seal Island , False Bay in South Africa , the sharks ambush brown fur seals ( Arctocephalus pusillus ) from below at high speeds , hitting the seal mid-body . They can go so fast that they completely leave the water . The peak burst speed is estimated to be above 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) . They have also been observed chasing prey after a missed attack . Prey is usually attacked at the surface . Shark attacks most often occur in the morning , within 2 hours of sunrise , when visibility is poor . Their success rate is 55 % in the first 2 hours , falling to 40 % in late morning after which hunting stops . A great white shark scavenging on a whale carcass in False Bay , South Africa Whale carcasses comprise an important part of the diet of white sharks . However , this has rarely been observed due to whales dying in remote areas . It has been estimated that 30 kg ( 66 lb ) of whale blubber could feed a 4.5 m ( 15 ft ) white shark for 1.5 months . Detailed observations were made of four whale carcasses in False Bay between 2000 and 2010 . Sharks were drawn to the carcass by chemical and odour detection , spread by strong winds . After initially feeding on the whale caudal peduncle and fluke , the sharks would investigate the carcass by slowly swimming around it and mouthing several parts before selecting a blubber - rich area . During feeding bouts of 15 -- 20 seconds the sharks removed flesh with lateral headshakes , without the protective ocular rotation they employ when attacking live prey . The sharks were frequently observed regurgitating chunks of blubber and immediately returning to feed , possibly in order to replace low energy yield pieces with high energy yield pieces , using their teeth as mechanoreceptors to distinguish them . After feeding for several hours , the sharks appeared to become lethargic , no longer swimming to the surface ; they were observed mouthing the carcass but apparently unable to bite hard enough to remove flesh , they would instead bounce off and slowly sink . Up to eight sharks were observed feeding simultaneously , bumping into each other without showing any signs of aggression ; on one occasion a shark accidentally bit the head of a neighbouring shark , leaving two teeth embedded , but both continued to feed unperturbed . Smaller individuals hovered around the carcass eating chunks that drifted away . Unusually for the area , large numbers of sharks over five metres long were observed , suggesting that the largest sharks change their behaviour to search for whales as they lose the maneuverability required to hunt seals . The investigating team concluded that the importance of whale carcasses , particularly for the largest white sharks , has been underestimated . In another documented incident , white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks . Stomach contents of great whites also indicates that whale sharks both juvenile and adult may also be included on the animal 's menu , though whether this is active hunting or scavenging is not known at present . Reproduction Great white sharks were previously thought to reach sexual maturity at around 15 years of age , but are now believed to take far longer ; male great white sharks reach sexual maturity at age 26 , while females take 33 years to reach sexual maturity . Maximum life span was originally believed to be more than 30 years , but a study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution placed it at upwards of 70 years . Examinations of vertebral growth ring count gave a maximum male age of 73 years and a maximum female age of 40 years for the specimens studied . The shark 's late sexual maturity , low reproductive rate and slow growth make it vulnerable to pressures such as overfishing and environmental change . Little is known about the great white shark 's mating habits . It is possible that whale carcasses are an important location for sexually mature sharks to meet for mating . Birth has never been observed , but pregnant females have been examined . Great white sharks are ovoviviparous , which means eggs develop and hatch in the uterus and continue to develop until birth . The great white has an 11 - month gestation period . The shark pup 's powerful jaws begin to develop in the first month . The unborn sharks participate in oophagy , in which they feed on ova produced by the mother . Delivery is in spring and summer . The Northern Pacific population of great whites is suspected to breed off of the Sea of Cortez , as evidenced by local fisherman who have said to have caught them and evidenced by teeth found at dump sites for discarded parts from their catches . Breaching behavior Great white shark breaching near Gansbaai in South Africa A breach is the result of a high speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water . This is a hunting technique employed by great white sharks whilst hunting seals . This technique is often used on cape fur seals at Seal Island in False Bay , South Africa . Because the behavior is unpredictable , it is very hard to document . It was first photographed by Chris Fallows and Rob Lawrence who developed the technique of towing a slow - moving seal decoy to trick the sharks to breach . Between April and September , scientists may observe around 600 breaches . The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper water below . They can reach speeds of up to 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) and can at times launch themselves more than 3.0 m ( 10 ft ) into the air . Just under half of observed breach attacks are successful . In 2011 , a 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) long shark jumped onto a seven - person research vessel off Seal Island in Mossel Bay . The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait , and the incident was judged not to be an attack on the boat but an accident . Natural threats Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap . An incident was documented on 4 October 1997 , in the Farallon Islands off California in the United States . An estimated 4.7 -- 5.3 m ( 15 -- 17 ft ) female orca immobilized an estimated 3 -- 4 m ( 9.8 -- 13.1 ft ) great white shark . The orca held the shark upside down to induce tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes , causing it to suffocate . The orca then proceeded to eat the dead shark 's liver . It is believed that the scent of the slain shark 's carcass caused all the great whites in the region to flee , forfeiting an opportunity for a great seasonal feed . Another similar attack apparently occurred there in 2000 , but its outcome is not clear . After both attacks , the local population of about 100 great whites vanished . Following the 2000 incident , a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to a depth of 500 m ( 1,600 ft ) and swum to Hawaii . In 2015 , a pod of orcas was recorded to have killed a great white shark off South Australia . In 2017 , along the South African coast , four great whites were found washed ashore with their livers removed with what was described as ' surgical precision ' . Local scientists claim that pods of orcas in the area were to blame for the attacks . Conservation status It is unclear how much of a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present . No accurate global population numbers are available , but the great white shark is now considered vulnerable . Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce , making population recovery and growth difficult . The IUCN notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark , but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species , it is considered vulnerable . It is included in Appendix II of CITES , meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit . As of March 2010 , it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU , which strives for increased international understanding and coordination for the protection of certain migratory sharks . A February 2010 study by Barbara Block of Stanford University estimated the world population of great white sharks to be lower than 3,500 individuals , making the species more vulnerable to extinction than the tiger , whose population is in the same range . According to another study from 2014 by George H. Burgess , Florida Museum of Natural History , University of Florida , there are about 2,000 great white sharks near the California coast , which is 10 times higher than the previous estimate of 219 by Barbara Block . Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws , teeth , and fins , and as game fish in general . The great white shark , however , is rarely an object of commercial fishing , although its flesh is considered valuable . If casually captured ( it happens for example in some tonnare in the Mediterranean ) , it is misleadingly sold as smooth - hound shark . In Australia The great white shark was declared Vulnerable by the Australian Government in 1999 because of significant population decline and is currently protected under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation ( EPBC ) Act . The causes of decline prior to protection included mortality from sport fishing harvests as well as being caught in beach protection netting . The national conservation status of the great white shark is reflected by all Australian states under their respective laws , granting the species full protection throughout Australia regardless of jurisdiction . Many states had prohibited the killing or possession of great white sharks prior to national legislation coming into effect . The great white shark is further listed as Threatened in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act , and as rare or likely to become extinct under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Act in Western Australia . In 2002 , the Australian government created the White Shark Recovery Plan , implementing government - mandated conservation research and monitoring for conservation in addition to federal protection and stronger regulation of shark - related trade and tourism activities . An updated recovery plan was published in 2013 to review progress , research findings , and to implement further conservation actions . A study in 2012 revealed that Australia 's White Shark population was separated by Bass Strait into genetically distinct eastern and western populations , indicating a need for the development of regional conservation strategies . Presently , human - caused shark mortality is continuing , primarily from accidental and illegal catching in commercial and recreational fishing as well as from being caught in beach protection netting , and the populations of great white shark in Australia are yet to recover . The Australasian population of great white sharks is believed to be in excess of 8,000 - 10,000 individuals according to genetic research studies done by CSIRO , with an adult population estimated to be around 2,210 individuals in both Eastern and Western Australia . The annual survival rate for juveniles in these two separate populations was estimated in the same study to be close to 73 percent , while adult sharks had a 93 percent annual survival rate . Whether or not mortality rates in great white sharks have declined , or the population has increased as a result of the protection of this species in Australian waters is as yet unknown due to the slow growth rates of this species . In New Zealand As of April 2007 , great white sharks were fully protected within 370 km ( 230 mi ) of New Zealand and additionally from fishing by New Zealand - flagged boats outside this range . The maximum penalty is a $250,000 fine and up to six months in prison . In North America In 2013 , great white sharks were added to California 's Endangered Species Act . From data collected , the population of great whites in the North Pacific was estimated to be fewer than 340 individuals . Research also reveals these sharks are genetically distinct from other members of their species elsewhere in Africa , Australia , and the east coast of North America , having been isolated from other populations . A 2014 study estimated the population of great white sharks along the California coastline to be approximately 2,400 . In 2015 Massachusetts banned catching , cage diving , feeding , towing decoys , or baiting and chumming for its significant and highly predictable migratory great white population without an appropriate research permit . The goal of these restrictions is to both protect the sharks and public health . Relationship with humans Shark bite incidents Main article : Shark attack While the term `` shark attack '' is in common use for instances of humans being wounded by sharks , it has been suggested that this is based largely on the misconception that white sharks and other large predatory sharks ( such as bull and tiger sharks ) seek out humans as prey . A recent review recommends that only in the very rare instances where a shark clearly predated on a human should the bite incident be termed an `` attack , '' which implies predation , and that otherwise it is more accurate to class bite incidents as `` sighting '' , `` encounter '' , `` bite incident '' , or `` fatal bite incident '' . Sightings do not include physical interaction , encounters include physical interaction without harm , shark bites include minor and major shark bite incidents , including those that do and do not require medical attention , and fatal shark bite incidents are those that result in death . The study suggests that only in a case where an expert validates the predatory intent of a shark would it be appropriate to term a bite incident an attack . Of all shark species , the great white shark is responsible for by far the largest number of recorded shark bite incidents on humans , with 272 documented unprovoked bite incidents on humans as of 2012 . More than any documented bite incident , Peter Benchley 's best - selling novel Jaws and the subsequent 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg provided the great white shark with the image of being a `` man eater '' in the public mind . While great white sharks have killed humans in at least 74 documented unprovoked bite incidents , they typically do not target them : for example , in the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed bite incidents against humans in the last two centuries , most of which were non-fatal . Many of the incidents seemed to be `` test - bites '' . Great white sharks also test - bite buoys , flotsam , and other unfamiliar objects , and they might grab a human or a surfboard to identify what it is . The great white shark is one of only four kinds of sharks that have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans . Contrary to popular belief , great white sharks do not mistake humans for seals . Many bite incidents occur in waters with low visibility or other situations which impair the shark 's senses . The species appears to not like the taste of humans , or at least finds the taste unfamiliar . Further research shows that they can tell in one bite whether or not the object is worth predating upon . Humans , for the most part , are too bony for their liking . They much prefer a fat , protein - rich seal . Humans are not appropriate prey because the shark 's digestion is too slow to cope with a human 's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat . Accordingly , in most recorded shark bite incidents , great whites broke off contact after the first bite . Fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial bite rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption . From 1990 to 2011 there have been a total of 139 unprovoked great white shark bite incidents , 29 fatal . However , some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not because sharks do not like human flesh , but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite . In the 1980s , John McCosker , Chair of Aquatic Biology at the California Academy of Sciences , noted that divers who dove solo and were bitten by great whites were generally at least partially consumed , while divers who followed the buddy system were generally rescued by their companion . McCosker and Timothy C. Tricas , an author and professor at the University of Hawaii , suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal . Humans ' ability to move out of reach with the help of others , thus foiling the attack , is unusual for a great white 's prey . In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks . The policy , colloquially referred to as the Western Australian shark cull , was intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark bite incidents , following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010 -- 2013 . Baited drum lines were deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch great white sharks , as well as bull and tiger sharks . Large sharks found hooked but still alive were shot and their bodies discarded at sea . The government claimed they were not culling the sharks , but were using a `` targeted , localised , hazard mitigation strategy '' . Barnett described opposition as `` ludicrous '' and `` extreme '' , and said that nothing could change his mind . This policy was met with widespread condemnation from the scientific community , which showed that species responsible for bite incidents were notoriously hard to identify , that the drum lines failed to capture white sharks , as intended , and that the government also failed to show any correlation between their drum line policy and a decrease in shark bite incidents in the region . Attacks on boats Great white sharks infrequently bite and sometimes even sink boats . Only five of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark bite incidents reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers . In a few cases they have bitten boats up to 10 m ( 33 ft ) in length . They have bumped or knocked people overboard , usually biting the boat from the stern . In one case in 1936 , a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat Lucky Jim , knocking a crewman into the sea . Tricas and McCosker 's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats by the electrical fields they generate , which are picked up by the ampullae of Lorenzini and confuse the shark about whether or not wounded prey might be near - by . In captivity See also : Monterey Bay Aquarium § Great white sharks Great white shark in the Monterey Bay Aquarium in September 2006 Prior to August 1981 , no great white shark in captivity lived longer than 11 days . In August 1981 , a great white survived for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released . The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film Jaws 3 - D . Monterey Bay Aquarium first attempted to display a great white in 1984 , but the shark died after 11 days because it did not eat . In July 2003 , Monterey researchers captured a small female and kept it in a large netted pen near Malibu for five days . They had the rare success of getting the shark to feed in captivity before its release . Not until September 2004 was the aquarium able to place a great white on long - term exhibit . A young female , which was caught off the coast of Ventura , was kept in the aquarium 's 3,800,000 l ( 1,000,000 US gal ) Outer Bay exhibit for 198 days before she was released in March 2005 . She was tracked for 30 days after release . On the evening of 31 August 2006 , the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay . His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on 8 September 2006 , and as of that date , he was estimated to be 1.72 m ( 68 in ) in length and to weigh approximately 47 kg ( 104 lb ) . He was released on 16 January 2007 , after 137 days in captivity . Monterey Bay Aquarium housed a third great white , a juvenile male , for 162 days between 27 August 2007 , and 5 February 2008 . On arrival , he was 1.4 m ( 4.6 ft ) long and weighed 30.6 kg ( 67 lb ) . He grew to 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) and 64 kg ( 141 lb ) before release . A juvenile female came to the Outer Bay Exhibit on 27 August 2008 . While she did swim well , the shark fed only one time during her stay and was tagged and released on 7 September 2008 . Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on 12 August 2009 , introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on 26 August 2009 , and was successfully released into the wild on 4 November 2009 . The Monterey Bay Aquarium added a 1.4 m ( 4.6 ft ) long male into their redesigned `` Open Sea '' exhibit on 31 August 2011 . The animal was captured in the waters off of Malibu . One of the largest adult great whites ever exhibited was at Japan 's Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in 2016 , where a 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) male was exhibited for three days before dying . Probably the most famous captive was a 2.4 m ( 7.9 ft ) female named Sandy , which in August 1980 became the only great white to be housed at the California Academy of Sciences ' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco , California . She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls . Shark tourism Cage diving is most common at sites where great whites are frequent including the coast of South Africa , the Neptune Islands in South Australia , and Guadalupe Island in Baja California . The popularity of cage diving and swimming with sharks is at the focus of a booming tourist industry . A common practice is to chum the water with pieces of fish to attract the sharks . These practices may make sharks more accustomed to people in their environment and to associate human activity with food ; a potentially dangerous situation . By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage , tour operators lure the shark to the cage , possibly striking it , exacerbating this problem . Other operators draw the bait away from the cage , causing the shark to swim past the divers . At present , hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them . Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys . In South Australia , playing rock music recordings underwater , including the AC / DC album Back in Black has also been used experimentally to attract sharks . Companies object to being blamed for shark bite incidents , pointing out that lightning tends to strike humans more often than sharks bite humans . Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming , which may alter natural behavior . One compromise is to only use chum in areas where whites actively patrol anyway , well away from human leisure areas . Also , responsible dive operators do not feed sharks . Only sharks that are willing to scavenge follow the chum trail and if they find no food at the end then the shark soon swims off and does not associate chum with a meal . It has been suggested that government licensing strategies may help enforce these responsible tourism . The shark tourist industry has some financial leverage in conserving this animal . A single set of great white jaws can fetch up to £ 20,000 . That is a fraction of the tourism value of a live shark ; tourism is a more sustainable economic activity than shark fishing . For example , the dive industry in Gansbaai , South Africa consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 people each day . With fees between £ 50 and £ 150 per person , a single live shark that visits each boat can create anywhere between £ 9,000 and £ 27,000 of revenue daily . Putting chum in the water A great white shark approaches divers in a cage off Dyer Island , Western Cape , South Africa . Play media A great white shark approaches a cage See also Sharks portal List of sharks Outline of sharks Threatened sharks Western Australian shark cull Books The Devil 's Teeth by Susan Casey . Close to Shore by Michael Capuzzo about the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 . Twelve Days of Terror by Richard Fernicola about the same events . References ^ Jump up to : Gottfried , M.D. ; Fordyce , R.E. ( 2001 ) . `` An associated specimen of Carcharodon angustidens ( Chondrichthyes , Lamnidae ) from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand , with comments on Carcharodon interrelationships '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 ( 4 ) : 730 -- 739 . doi : 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 ( 2001 ) 021 ( 0730 : AASOCA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . JSTOR 20062013 . ^ Jump up to : Fergusson , I. , Compagno , L.J.V. & Marks , M. ( 2009 ) . Carcharodon carcharias . 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( 2008 ) White Shark Summary Carcharodon carcharias ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) . Home Page of Henry F. Mollet , Research Affiliate , Moss Landing Marine Laboratories . ^ Jump up to : Klimley , Peter ; Ainley , David ( 1996 ) . Great White Sharks : The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias . Academic Press . pp. 91 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 415031 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jury , Ken ( 1987 ) . `` Huge ' White Pointer ' Encounter '' . SAFISH. 2 ( 3 ) : 12 -- 13 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Learn More About Deep Blue , One of the Biggest Great White Sharks Ever Filmed '' . Discovery . Jump up ^ Ferreira , Craig ( 2011 ) . Great White Sharks On Their Best Behavior . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2011 ) . `` Galeocerdo cuvier '' in FishBase . July 2011 version . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Large Tiger Sharks Galeocerdo cuvier ( Peron & LeSueur , 1822 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . 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Science Daily ( 2 December 2010 ) Jump up ^ White shark diets show surprising variability , vary with age and among individuals . Science Daily ( 29 September 2012 ) Jump up ^ Estrada , J.A. ; Rice , Aaron N. ; Natanson , Lisa J. ; Skomal , Gregory B. ( 2006 ) . `` Use of isotopic analysis of vertebrae in reconstructing ontogenetic feeding ecology in white sharks '' . Ecology . US . 87 ( 4 ) : 829 -- 834 . doi : 10.1890 / 0012 - 9658 ( 2006 ) 87 ( 829 : UOIAOV ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 16676526 . ^ Jump up to : Fergusson , I.K. ; Compagno , L.J. ; Marks , M.A. ( 2000 ) . `` Predation by white sharks Carcharodon carcharias ( Chondrichthyes : Lamnidae ) upon chelonians , with new records from the Mediterranean Sea and a first record of the ocean sunfish Mola mola ( Osteichthyes : Molidae ) as stomach contents '' . Environmental Biology of Fishes. 58 ( 4 ) : 447 -- 453 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1007639324360 . 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Jump up ^ Kays , R.W. , & Wilson , D.E. ( 2009 ) . Mammals of North America . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Baird , R.W. ; Webster , D.L. ; Schorr , G.S. ; McSweeney , D.J. ; Barlow , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Diet variation in beaked whale diving behavior '' ( PDF ) . Marine Mammal Science . 24 ( 3 ) : 630 -- 642 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 7692.2008. 00211. x . Jump up ^ `` How Fast Can a Shark Swim ? '' . ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research . Jump up ^ `` White Shark Predatory Behavior at Seal Island '' . ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research . ^ Jump up to : Krkosek , Martin ; Fallows , Chris ; Gallagher , Austin J. ; Hammerschlag , Neil ( 2013 ) . `` White Sharks ( Carcharodon carcharias ) Scavenging on Whales and Its Potential Role in Further Shaping the Ecology of an Apex Predator '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 4 ) : e60797 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0060797 . PMC 3621969 . PMID 23585850 . Jump up ^ Dudley , Sheldon F.J. ; Anderson - Reade , Michael D. ; Thompson , Greg S. ; McMullen , Paul B. ( 2000 ) . `` Concurrent scavenging off a whale carcass by great white sharks , Carcharodon carcharias , and tiger sharks , Galeocerdo cuvier '' ( PDF ) . Marine Biology . Fishery Bulletin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Owens , Brian ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` White shark 's diet may include biggest fish of all : whale shark '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Moore , G.I. ; Newbrey , M.G. ( 2015 ) . `` Whale shark on a white shark 's menu '' . Marine Biodiversity. 46 ( 4 ) : 745 . doi : 10.1007 / s12526 - 015 - 0430 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Natural History of the White Shark '' . PRBO Conservation Science . 2 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Great White Shark Was Just A Teenager When Killed , New Research Reveals '' . The Inquisitr News . Jump up ^ `` Carcharodon carcharias , Great White Sharks '' . marinebio.org . Jump up ^ `` Brief Overview of the Great White Shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) '' . Elasmo Research . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , R. Aidan . `` White Shark Breaching '' . ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , R.A. ; Hammerschlag , N. ; Collier , R.S. ; Fallows , C. ( 2005 ) . `` Predatory behaviour of white sharks ( Carcharodon carcharias ) at Seal Island , South Africa '' . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK . 85 ( 5 ) : 1121 . doi : 10.1017 / S002531540501218X . Jump up ^ Rice , Xan ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Great white shark jumps from sea into research boat '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Marine researchers in South Africa had a narrow escape after a 3 metres ( 10 ft ) long great white shark breached the surface of the sea and leapt into their boat , becoming trapped on deck for more than an hour . ( ... ) Enrico Gennari , an expert on great white sharks , ( ... ) said it was almost certainly an accident rather than an attack on the boat . ^ Jump up to : Pyle , Peter ; Schramm , Mary Jane ; Keiper , Carol ; Anderson , Scot D. ( 26 August 2006 ) . `` Predation on a white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) by a killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) and a possible case of competitive displacement '' ( PDF ) . Marine Mammal Science . US : Society of marine mammalogy. 15 ( 2 ) : 563 -- 568 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 7692.1999. tb00822. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nature Shock Series Premiere : The Whale That Ate the Great White '' . Tvthrong.co.uk. 4 October 1997 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Whale Documentary Part 4 '' . youtube.com . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Pamela S. ( Oct -- Nov 2004 ) . `` Showdown at Sea : What happens when great white sharks go fin - to - fin with killer whales ? '' . National Wildlife . National Wildlife Federation . 42 ( 6 ) . Archived from the original on 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Great white shark ' slammed ' and killed by a pod of killer whales in South Australia '' . Australian Broadcast Company . 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Haden , Alexis ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Killer whales have been killing great white sharks in Cape waters '' . The South African . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II '' . CITES ( 1973 ) . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks '' ( PDF ) . Convention on Migratory Species . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` Great white shark is more endangered than tiger , claims scientist '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , P. Nash ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Beachgoers Beware : The Great White Shark Population Is Growing Again '' . Time . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Megan . `` Great White Sharks Are Making a Comeback off US Coasts '' . livescience.com . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ De Maddalena , Alessandro ; Heim , Walter ( 2012 ) . Mediterranean Great White Sharks : A Comprehensive Study Including All Recorded Sightings . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786458899 . ^ Jump up to : Government of Australia . `` Species Profile and Threats Database -- Carcharodon carcharias -- Great White Shark '' . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Environment Australia ( 2002 ) . White Shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) Recovery Plan ( Report ) . Jump up ^ Blower , Dean C. ; Pandolfi , John M. ; Bruce , Barry D. ; Gomez - Cabrera , Maria del C. ; Ovenden , Jennifer R. ( 2012 ) . `` Population genetics of Australian white sharks reveals fine - scale spatial structure , transoceanic dispersal events and low effective population sizes '' . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 455 : 229 -- 244 . doi : 10.3354 / meps09659 . Jump up ^ https://theconversation.com/world-first-genetic-analysis-reveals-aussie-white-shark-numbers-91479 Jump up ^ `` Great white sharks to be protected '' . The New Zealand Herald . 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Quan , Kristene ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Great White Sharks Are Now Protected under California Law '' . Time . Jump up ^ Williams , Lauren ( 3 July 2014 ) . `` Shark numbers not tanking '' . Huntington Beach Wave . The Orange County Register . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Burgess , George H. ; Bruce , Barry D. ; Cailliet , Gregor M. ; Goldman , Kenneth J. ; Grubbs , R. Dean ; Lowe , Christopher J. ; MacNeil , M. Aaron ; Mollet , Henry F. ; Weng , Kevin C. ; O'Sullivan , John B. ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` A Re-Evaluation of the Size of the White Shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) Population off California , USA '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 6 ) : e98078 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0098078 . Jump up ^ New Regulations Affecting Activity around White Sharks . Commonwealth of Massachusetts , Division of Marine Fisheries ( 4 June 2015 ) Jump up ^ Neff , Christopher ; Hueter , Robert ( 23 January 2013 ) . `` Science , policy , and the public discourse of shark `` attack '' : a proposal for reclassifying human -- shark interactions `` . Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 73 . doi : 10.1007 / s13412 - 013 - 0107 - 2 . Jump up ^ Benchley , Peter ( April 2000 ) . `` Great white sharks '' . National Geographic : 12 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . considering the knowledge accumulated about sharks in the last 25 years , I could n't possibly write Jaws today ... not in good conscience anyway ... back then , it was OK to demonize an animal . Jump up ^ `` Great White Shark Attacks : Defanging the Myths '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ Martin , R. Aidan ( 2003 ) . `` White Shark Attacks : Mistaken Identity '' . Biology of Sharks and Rays . ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ISAF Statistics for Worldwide Unprovoked White Shark Attacks Since 1990 '' . 10 February 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Tricas , T.C. ; McCosker , John ( 1984 ) . `` Predatory behavior of the white shark , Carcharodon carcharias , and notes on its biology '' . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . Series 4 . 43 ( 14 ) : 221 -- 238 . Jump up ^ `` New measures to combat WA shark risks '' . Department of Fisheries , Western Australia . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Arup , Tom ( 21 January 2014 ) , `` Greg Hunt grants WA exemption for shark cull plan '' , The Sydney Morning Herald , Fairfax Media , archived from the original on 22 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Can governments protect people from killer sharks ? '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia shark policy to stay , despite threats TVNZ , 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More than 100 shark scientists , including me , oppose the cull in Western Australia '' . 23 December 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unprovoked White Shark Attacks on Kayakers '' . Shark Research Committee . Retrieved 14 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Tricas , Timothy C. ; McCosker , John E. ( 1984 ) . `` Predatory Behaviour of the White Shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) , with Notes on its Biology '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . 43 ( 14 ) : 221 -- 238 . 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Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hongo , Jun . `` Great White Shark Dies at Aquarium in Japan '' . WSJ Blogs -- Japan Real Time . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great white shark dies after three days in Japanese aquarium '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electroreception '' . Elasmo - research . Retrieved 27 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Shark cage diving '' . Department of Environment , Water and Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Squires , Nick ( 18 January 1999 ) . `` Swimming With Sharks '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon , Bob ( 11 December 2005 ) . `` Swimming With Sharks '' . 60 Minutes . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Water Hunting Successfully '' . Blue Water Hunter . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Great white shark 's favorite tune ? ' Back in Black ' '' Surfersvillage Global Surf News ( 3 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Shark Attacks Compared to Lightning '' . Florida Museum of Natural History . 18 July 2003 . Retrieved 7 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Richard ( 15 April 2004 ) . `` SA shark attacks blamed on tourism '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` White Shark Manifesto - kelp Forests '' . World News Network . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carcharodon carcharias . Wikispecies has information related to Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark : Fact File from National Geographic Photo Gallery : Great White Sharks from National Geographic ARKive -- Images and movies of the great white shark , Carcharodon carcharias Great white shark from BBC Nature Great white shark from the World Wildlife Fund In - depth article : `` Shark 's Super Senses '' from the PBS Ocean Adventures site Are great whites descended from mega-sharks ? from LiveScience `` Great White Sharks -- The Truth '' by documentary maker Carly Maple -- Australian focus White Shark Biological Profile from the Florida Museum of Natural History Leviathans may battle in remote depths from the Los Angeles Times hide Sharks Topics Outline of sharks Shark anatomy Shark teeth Egg case ( Chondrichthyes ) Threat display Threatened sharks Taxonomy Carcharhiniformes ( Ground sharks ) Heterodontiformes ( Bullhead sharks ) Hexanchiformes Lamniformes ( Mackerel sharks ) Orectolobiformes ( Carpet sharks ) Pristiophoriformes ( Sawsharks ) Squaliformes Squatiniformes ( Angel sharks ) † Cladoselachiformes † Hybodontiformes † Symmoriida † Xenacanthida ( Xenacantiformes ) List of sharks Human interaction Shark attack Shark attack prevention Shark net Shark proof cage Shark tourism Drum lines Portal WikiProject Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q129026 ADW : Carcharodon_carcharias ARKive : carcharodon - carcharias BioLib : 138646 EoL : 213726 EPPO : KCHRCA FishBase : 751 Fossilworks : 83174 GBIF : 2420694 iNaturalist : 50873 IRMNG : 10151761 ITIS : 159903 IUCN : 3855 NBN : NHMSYS0001745235 NCBI : 13397 NZOR : 244f7afa - 54f2 - 456c - a968 - 232316b7b208 Species+ : 11210 SPRAT : 64470 WoRMS : 105838 BNF : cb122746225 ( data ) GND : 4269798 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_white_shark&oldid=845951463 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Carcharodon Ovoviviparous fish Scavengers Cosmopolitan fish Extant Miocene first appearances Fish described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Монгол Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 07 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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what animal species is a great white shark
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"The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), commonly known as the great white or the white shark, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. The great white shark is notable for its size, with larger female individuals growing to 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,905 kg (4,200 lb) in weight at maturity.[3][4][5] However most are smaller, males measuring 3.4 to 4.0 m (11 to 13 ft) and females 4.6 to 4.9 m (15 to 16 ft) on average.[5][6] According to a 2014 study the lifespan of great white sharks is estimated to be as long as 70 years or more, well above previous estimates,[7] making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fish currently known.[8] According to the same study, male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring.[9] Great white sharks can swim at speeds of over 56 km/h (35 mph),[10] and can swim to depths of 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[11]"
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Unemployment benefits
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Unemployment benefits - wikipedia Unemployment benefits Jump to : navigation , search Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Glossary Glossary of economics Business and economics portal Unemployment benefits ( depending on the jurisdiction also called unemployment insurance or unemployment compensation ) are payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people . In the United States , benefits are funded by a compulsory governmental insurance system , not taxes on individual citizens . Depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person , those sums may be small , covering only basic needs , or may compensate the lost time proportionally to the previous earned salary . Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as unemployed , and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not currently have a job , and are validated as being laid off and not fired for cause in most states . In some countries , a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are distributed by trade / labour unions , an arrangement known as the Ghent system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Expansion and spread 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Canada 5 China 6 European Union 7 Finland 8 France 9 Germany 9.1 Unemployment benefit I 9.2 Unemployment benefit II 10 Greece 11 Ireland 12 Israel 13 Italy 14 Japan 15 Mexico 16 Netherlands 17 New Zealand 18 Spain 19 Sweden 20 Saudi Arabia 21 United Kingdom 21.1 Jobseeker 's Allowance rates 22 United States 22.1 Federal - state joint programs 22.2 Macroeconomic function 22.3 Eligibility and amount 22.4 Application process 22.5 Disqualification / Appeals 22.6 Measurement 22.6. 1 Current data 22.6. 2 Unemployment insurance outlook 22.7 Economic rationale and issues 22.7. 1 Adverse selection 22.7. 2 Moral hazard 22.7. 3 Unemployment insurance effect on unemployment 22.7. 4 Unemployment insurance effect on employment 22.7. 5 Alternative policy 22.7. 6 Effect on state budgets 22.7. 7 Insurance funds 22.7. 8 Taxing or exempting benefits 22.8 Job sharing / short - time working 22.9 Payment through prepaid debit cards 23 International Labour Convention 24 See also 25 References 26 External links History ( edit ) Leaflet promoting the National Insurance Act 1911 . The first unemployment benefit scheme was introduced in the United Kingdom with the National Insurance Act 1911 under the Liberal Party government of H.H. Asquith . The popular measures were to combat the increasing influence of the Labour Party among the country 's working - class population . The Act gave the British working classes a contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment . It only applied to wage earners , however , and their families and the unwaged had to rely on other sources of support , if any . Key figures in the implementation of the Act included Robert Laurie Morant , and William Braithwaite . By the time of its implementation , the benefit was criticized by communists , who thought such insurance would prevent workers from starting a revolution , while employers and tories saw it as a `` necessary evil '' . The scheme was based on actuarial principles and it was funded by a fixed amount each from workers , employers , and taxpayers . It was restricted to particular industries , particularly more volatile ones like shipbuilding , and did not make provision for any dependants . After one week of unemployment , the worker was eligible for receiving 7 shillings / week for up to 15 weeks in a year . By 1913 , 2.3 million were insured under the scheme for unemployment benefit . Expansion and spread ( edit ) The Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 created the dole system of payments for unemployed workers . The dole system provided 39 weeks of unemployment benefits to over 11 million workers -- practically the entire civilian working population except domestic service , farm workers , railroad men , and civil servants . Unemployment benefits were introduced in Germany in 1927 , and in most European countries in the period after the Second World War with the expansion of the welfare state . Unemployment insurance in the United States originated in Wisconsin in 1932 . Through the Social Security Act of 1935 , the federal government of the United States effectively encouraged the individual states to adopt unemployment insurance plans . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , successive administrations have used a variety of passive and active labour market interventions to protect workers against the consequences of economic shocks . The government 's key institutional response to combat the increase in poverty and unemployment created by the crisis was the launch of an active unemployment assistance programme called Plan Jefas y Jefes de Hogar Desocupados ( Program for Unemployed Heads of Households ) . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Social Security ( Australia ) In Australia , social security benefits , including unemployment benefits , are funded through the taxation system . There is no compulsory national unemployment insurance fund . Rather , benefits are funded in the annual Federal Budget by the National Treasury and are administrated and distributed throughout the nation by the government agency , Centrelink . Benefit rates are indexed to the Consumer Price Index and are adjusted twice a year according to inflation or deflation . There are two types of payment available to those experiencing unemployment . The first , called Youth Allowance , is paid to young people aged 16 -- 20 ( or 15 , if deemed to meet the criteria for being considered ' independent ' by Centrelink ) . Youth Allowance is also paid to full - time students aged 16 -- 24 , and to full - time Australian Apprenticeship workers aged 16 -- 24 . People aged below 18 who have not completed their High School education , are usually required to be in full - time education , undertaking an apprenticeship or doing training to be eligible for Youth Allowance . For single people under 18 years of age living with a parent or parents the basic rate is A $ 91.60 per week . For over-18 - to 20 - year - olds living at home this increases to A $110.15 per week . For those aged 18 -- 20 not living at home the rate is A $167.35 per week . There are special rates for those with partners and / or children . The second kind of payment is called Newstart Allowance and is paid to unemployed people over the age of 21 and under the pension eligibility age . To receive a Newstart payment , recipients must be unemployed , be prepared to enter into an Employment Pathway Plan ( previously called an Activity Agreement ) by which they agree to undertake certain activities to increase their opportunities for employment , be Australian Residents and satisfy the income test ( which limits weekly income to A $32 per week before benefits begin to reduce , until one 's income reaches A $397.42 per week at which point no unemployment benefits are paid ) and the assets test ( an eligible recipient can have assets of up to A $161,500 if he or she owns a home before the allowance begins to reduce and $278,500 if he or she does do not own a home ) . The rate of Newstart allowance as at the 12th January 2010 for single people without children is A $228 per week , paid fortnightly . ( This does not include supplemental payments such as Rent Assistance . ) Different rates apply to people with partners and / or children . The system in Australia is designed to support recipients no matter how long they have been unemployed . In recent years the former Coalition government under John Howard has increased the requirements of the Activity Agreement , providing for controversial schemes such as Work for the Dole , which requires that people on benefits for 6 months or longer work voluntarily for a community organisation regardless of whether such work increases their skills or job prospects . Since the Labor government under Kevin Rudd was elected in 2008 , the length of unemployment before one is required to fulfill the requirements of the Activity Agreement ( which has been renamed the Employment Pathway Plan ) has increased from six to twelve months . There are other options available as alternatives to the Work for the Dole scheme , such as undertaking part - time work or study and training , the basic premise of the Employment Pathway Plan being to keep the welfare recipient active and involved in seeking full - time work . For people renting their accommodation , unemployment benefits are supplemented by Rent Assistance , which , for single people as at 29 June 2012 , begins to be paid when weekly rent is more than A $53.40 . Rent Assistance is paid as a proportion of total rent paid ( 75 cents per dollar paid over $53.40 up to the maximum ) . The maximum amount of rent assistance payable is A $60.10 per week , and is paid when the total weekly rent exceeds A $133.54 per week . Different rates apply to people with partners and / or children , or who are sharing accommodation . External links Centrelink web - site Department of Human Services web - site Canada ( edit ) In Canada , the system now known as Employment Insurance was formerly called Unemployment Insurance . The name was changed in 1996 , in order to alleviate perceived negative connotations . In 2015 , Canadian workers pay premiums of 1.88 % of insured earnings in return for benefits if they lose their jobs . The Employment and Social Insurance Act was passed in 1935 during the Great Depression by the government of R.B. Bennett as an attempted Canadian unemployment insurance programme . It was , however , ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada as unemployment was judged to be an insurance matter falling under provincial responsibility . After a constitutional amendment was agreed to by all of the provinces , a reference to `` Unemployment Insurance '' was added to the matters falling under federal authority under the Constitution Act , 1867 , and the first Canadian system was adopted in 1940 . Because of these problems Canada was the last major Western country to bring in an employment insurance system . It was extended dramatically by Pierre Trudeau in 1971 making it much easier to get . The system was sometimes called the 10 / 42 , because one had to work for 10 weeks to get benefits for the other 42 weeks of the year . It was also in 1971 that the UI program was first opened up to maternity and sickness benefits , for 15 weeks in each case . The generosity of the Canadian UI programme was progressively reduced after the adoption of the 1971 UI Act . At the same time , the federal government gradually reduced its financial contribution , eliminating it entirely by 1990 . The EI system was again cut by the Progressive Conservatives in 1990 and 1993 , then by the Liberals in 1994 and 1996 . Amendments made it harder to qualify by increasing the time needed to be worked , although seasonal claimants ( who work long hours over short periods ) turned out to gain from the replacement , in 1996 , of weeks by hours to qualify . The ratio of beneficiaries to unemployed , after having stood at around 40 percent for many years , rose somewhat during the 2009 recession but then fell back again to the low 40s . Some unemployed persons are not covered for benefits ( e.g. self - employed workers ) , while others may have exhausted their benefits , did not work long enough to qualify , or quit or were dismissed from their job . The length of time one could take EI has also been cut repeatedly . The 1994 and 1996 changes contributed to a sharp fall in Liberal support in the Atlantic provinces in the 1997 election . In 2001 , the federal government increased parental leave from 10 to 35 weeks , which was added to preexisting maternity benefits of 15 weeks . In 2004 , it allowed workers to take EI for compassionate care leave while caring for a dying relative , although the strict conditions imposed make this a little used benefit . In 2006 , the Province of Quebec opted out of the federal EI scheme in respect of maternity , parental and adoption benefits , in order to provide more generous benefits for all workers in that province , including self - employed workers . Total EI spending was $19.677 billion for 2011 - 2012 ( figures in Canadian dollars ) . Employers contribute 1.4 times the amount of employee premiums . Since 1990 , there is no government contribution to this fund . The amount a person receives and how long they can stay on EI varies with their previous salary , how long they were working , and the unemployment rate in their area . The EI system is managed by Service Canada , a service delivery network reporting to the Minister of Employment and Social Development Canada . A bit over half of EI benefits are paid in Ontario and the Western provinces but EI is especially important in the Atlantic provinces , which have higher rates of unemployment . Many Atlantic workers are also employed in seasonal work such as fishing , forestry or tourism and go on EI over the winter when there is no work . There are special rules for fishermen making it easier for them to collect EI . EI also pays for maternity and parental leave , compassionate care leave , and illness coverage . The programme also pays for retraining programmes ( EI Part II ) through labour market agreements with the Canadian provinces . A significant part of the federal fiscal surplus of the Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin years came from the EI system . Premiums were reduced much less than falling expenditures - producing , from 1994 onwards , EI surpluses of several billion dollars per year , which were added to general government revenue . The cumulative EI surplus stood at $57 billion at March 31 , 2008 , nearly four times the amount needed to cover the extra costs paid during a recession . This drew criticism from Opposition parties and from business and labour groups , and has remained a recurring issue of the public debate . The Conservative Party , chose not to recognize those EI surpluses after being elected in 2006 . Instead , the Conservative government cancelled the EI surpluses entirely in 2010 , and required EI contributors to make up the 2009 , 2010 and 2011 annual deficits by increasing EI premiums . On December 11 , 2008 , the Supreme Court of Canada rejected a court challenge launched against the federal government by two Quebec unions , who argued that EI funds had been misappropriated by the government . External links ( 2 ) History of UI in Canada , since the 1930s ( 3 ) Canadian Government Site for EI ( 4 ) Canadian Government Site for Maternity and Parental Benefits ( 5 ) Library of Parliament publication on EI premiums CBC Digital Archives - On The Dole : Employment Insurance in Canada China ( edit ) The level of benefit is set between the minimum wage and the minimum living allowance by individual provinces , autonomous regions and municipalities . European union ( edit ) Each Member State of the European Union has its own system and in general a worker should claim unemployment benefits in the country where they last worked . For a person working in a country other than their country of residency ( a cross-border worker ) , they will have to claim benefits in their country of residence . More specific rules and information is available on the Your Europe portal . Finland ( edit ) Two systems run in parallel , combining a Ghent system and a minimum level of support provided by Kela , an agency of the national government . Unionization rates are high ( 70 % ) , and union membership comes with membership in an unemployment fund . Additionally , there are non-union unemployment funds . Usually benefits require 26 weeks of 18 hours per week on average , and the unemployment benefit is 60 % of the salary and lasts for 500 days . When this is not available , Kela can pay either regular unemployment benefit or labor market subsidy benefits . The former requires a degree and two years of full - time work . The latter requires participation in training , education , or other employment support , which may be mandated on pain of losing the benefit , but may be paid after the regular benefits have been either maxed out or not available . Although the unemployment funds handle the payments , most of the funding is from taxes and compulsory tax - like unemployment insurance charges . Regardless of whether benefits are paid by Kela or from an unemployment fund , the unemployed person receives assistance from the Työ - ja elinkeinokeskus ( TE - keskus , or the `` Work and Livelihood Centre '' ) , a government agency which helps people to find jobs and employers to find workers . In order to be considered unemployed , the seeker must register at the TE - keskus as unemployed . If the jobseeker does not have degree , the agency can require the jobseeker to apply to a school . If the individual does not qualify for any unemployment benefit he may still be eligible for the housing benefit ( asumistuki ) from Kela and municipal social welfare provisions ( toimeentulotuki ) . They are not unemployment benefits and depend on household income , but they have in practice become the basic income of many long - term unemployed . France ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment benefits in France France uses a quasi Ghent system , under which unemployment benefits are distributed by an independent agency ( UNEDIC ) in which unions and Employer organisations are equally represented . UNEDIC is responsible for 3 benefits : ARE , ACA and ASR The main ARE scheme requires a minimum of 122 days membership in the preceding 24 months and certain other requirements before any claims can be made . Employers pay a contribution on top of the pre-tax income of their employees , which together with the employee contribution , fund the scheme . The maximum unemployment benefit is ( as of March 2009 ) 57.4 % of EUR 162 per day ( Social security contributions ceiling in 2011 ) , or 6900 euros per month . Claimants receive 57 , 4 % of their average daily salary of the last 12 months preceding unemployment with the average amount being 1,111 euros per month . In France tax and other payroll taxes are paid on unemployment benefits . In 2011 claimants received the allowance for an average 291 days . Germany ( edit ) Germany has two different types of unemployment benefits . Unemployment benefit I ( edit ) The unemployment benefit I in Germany is also known as the unemployment insurance . The insurance is administered by the federal employment agency and funded by employee and employer contributions . This in stark contrast to FUTA in the US and other systems ; where only employers make contributions . Participation ( and thus contributions ) are generally mandatory for both employee and employer . All workers with a regular employment contract ( abhängig Beschäftigte ) , except freelancers and certain civil servants ( Beamte ) , contribute to the system . Since 2006 , certain previously excluded workers have been able to opt into the system on a voluntary basis . The system is financed by contributions from employees and employers . Employees pay 1.5 % of their gross salary below the social security threshold and employers pay 1.5 % contribution on top of the salary paid to the employee . The contribution level was reduced from 3.25 % for employees and employers as part of labour market reforms known as Hartz . Contributions are paid only on earnings up to the social security ceiling ( 2012 : 5,600 EUR ) . The system is largely self - financed but also receives a subsidy from the state to run the Jobcenters . Unemployed workers are entitled to : Living allowance known as unemployment benefit Help in finding work Training Unemployed benefit is paid to workers who have contributed at least during 12 months preceding their loss of a job . The allowance is paid for half of the period that the worker has contributed . Claimants get 60 % of their previous net salary ( capped at the social security ceiling ) , or 67 % for claimants with children . The maximum benefit is therefore 2964 Euros ( in 2012 ) . In 2011 the federal Work Agency had revenues and expenses of 37.5 bn EUR After a change in German law effective since 2008 , provided their job history qualifies them , benefit recipients aged 50 to 54 now receive an unemployment benefit for 15 months , those 55 to 57 for 18 months and those 58 or older receive benefits for 24 months . For those under the age of 50 who have not been employed for more than 30 months in a job which paid into the social security scheme , full unemployment benefit can be received for a maximum period of 12 months . Note how the duration of eligibility is variegated in Germany to account for the difficulty older people have re-entering the job market . Unemployment benefit II ( edit ) Main article : Hartz concept If a worker is not eligible for the full unemployment benefits or after receiving the full unemployment benefit for the maximum of 12 months , he is able to apply for benefits from the so - called Arbeitslosengeld II ( Hartz IV ) programme , an open - ended welfare programme which ensures people do not fall into penury . A person receiving Hartz IV benefits is paid 404 EUR ( 2016 ) a month for living expenses plus the cost of adequate housing ( including heating ) and health care . Couples can receive benefits for each partner including their children . Additionally , children can get `` benefits for education and participation '' . Germany does not have an EBT ( electronic benefits transfer ) card system in place and , instead , disburses welfare in cash or via direct deposit onto the recipient 's bank account . People who receive Hartz 4 are obligated to seek for jobs and can be forced to take part in social programs or Mini jobs in order to receive this Hartz 4 money . Most of these programs and Mini jobs oblige the employee to work the same hours as a normal full time job each day , 5 days a week . Greece ( edit ) Unemployment benefits in Greece are administered through ΟΑΕΔ ( Greek : Οργανισμός Απασχόλησης Εργατικού Δυναμικού , Manpower Employment Organization ) and are available only to laid - off salaried workers with full employment and social security payments during the previous two years . The self - employed do not qualify , and neither do those with other sources of income . The monthly benefit is fixed at the `` 55 % of 25 minimum daily wages '' , and is currently 360 euros per month , with a 10 % increase for each under - age child . Recipients are eligible for at most twelve months ; the exact duration depends on the collected number of ensema ένσημα , that is social security payment coupons - stamps collected ( i.e. days of work ) during the 14 months before being laid off ; the minimum number of such coupons , under which there is no eligibility , is 125 , collected in the first 12 of the 14 aforementioned months . Eligibility since January 1 , 2013 , has been further constrained in that one applying for unemployment benefits for a second or more time , must not have received more than the equivalent of 450 days of such benefits during the last four years since the last time one had started receiving such benefits ; if one has received unemployment benefits in this period for more than 450 days then there is no eligibility while if one has received less , then one is only eligible for at most the remaining days up until the maximum of 450 days is reached . Ireland ( edit ) People aged 18 and over and who are unemployed in Ireland can apply for either the Jobseeker 's Allowance ( Liúntas do Lucht Cuardaigh Fostaíochta ) or the Jobseeker 's Benefit ( Sochar do Lucht Cuardaigh Fostaíochta ) . Both are paid by the Department of Social Protection and are nicknamed `` the dole '' . Unemployment benefit in Ireland can be claimed indefinitely for as long as the individual remains unemployed . The standard payment is € 188 per week for those aged 26 and over . For those aged 18 to 24 the rate is € 100 per week . For those aged 25 the weekly rate is € 144 . Payments can be increased if the unemployed has dependents . For each adult dependent , another € 124.80 is added , € 100 if the recipient ( as opposed to the dependent ) is aged 18 to 24 , and for each child dependent € 29.80 is added . There are more benefits available to unemployed people , usually on a special or specific basis . Benefits include the Rent Supplement , the Mortgage Interest Supplement and the Fuel Allowance , among others . People on a low income ( which includes those on JA / JB ) are entitled to a Medical Card ( although this must be applied for separately from the Health Service Executive ) which provides free health care , optical care , limited dental care , aural care and subsidised prescription drugs carrying a € 2.50 per item charge to a maximum monthly contribution of € 25 per household ( as opposed to subsidised services like non medical - card holders ) . To qualify for Jobseekers Allowance , claimants must satisfy the `` Habitual Residence Condition '' : they must have been legally in the state ( or the Common Travel Area ) for two years or have another good reason ( such as lived abroad and are returning to Ireland after become unemployed or deported ) . This condition does not apply to Jobseekers Benefit ( which is based on Social Insurance payments ) . More information on each benefit can be found here : Jobseeker 's Allowance Jobseeker 's Benefit Israel ( edit ) In Israel , unemployment benefits are paid by Bituah Leumi ( the National Insurance Institute ) , to which workers must pay contributions . Eligible workers must immediately register with the Employment Service Bureau upon losing their jobs or jeopordize their eligibility , and the unemployment period is considered to start upon registration with the Employment Service Bureau . To be eligible for unemployment benefits , an employee must have completed a `` qualifying period '' of work for which unemployment insurance contributions were paid , which varies between 300 and 360 days . Employees who were involuntarily terminated from their jobs or who terminated their own employment and can provide evidence of having done so for a justified reason are eligible for immediately receiving unemployment benefits , while those who are deemed to have terminated their employment of their own volition with no justified reason will only begin receiving unemployment benefits 90 days from the start of their unemployment period . Unemployment benefits are paid daily , with the amount calculated based on the employee 's previous income over the past six months , but not exceeding the daily average wage for the first 125 days of payment and two - thirds of the daily average wage from the 126th day onwards . During the unemployment period , the Employment Service Bureau assists in helping locate suitable work and job training , and regularly reporting to the Employment Service Bureau is a condition for continuing to receive unemployment benefits . A person who was offered suitable work or training by the Employment Service Bureau but refused will only receive unemployment benefits 90 days after the date of the refusal , and 30 days ' worth of unemployment benefits will be deducted for each subsequent refusal . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment benefits in Italy Unemployment benefits in Italy consists mainly in cash transfers based on contributions ( Assicurazione Sociale per l'Impiego , ASPI ) , up to the 75 percent of the previous wages for up to sixteen months . Other measures are : Redundancy Fund ( Cassa integrazione guadagni , or CIG ) : cash benefits provided as shock absorbers to those workers who are suspended or who work only for reduced time due to temporary difficulties of their factories , aiming to help the factories in financial difficulties , by relieving them from the costs of unused workforce Solidarity Contracts ( Contratti di solidarietà ) : in the same cases granting CIG benefits , companies can sign contracts with reduced work time , to avoid dismissing redundancy workers . The state will grant to those workers the 60 percent of the lost part of the wage . Mobility allowances ( Indennità di mobilità ) , : if the Redundancy Fund does not allow the company to re-establish a good financial situation , the workers can be entitled to mobility allowances . Other companies are provided incentives for employing them . This measure has been abolished in 2012 and will stop working in 2017 . In the Italian unemployment insurance system all the measures are income - related , and they have an average decommodification level . The basis for entitlement is always employment , with more specific conditions for each case , and the provider is quite always the state . An interesting feature worthy to be discussed is that the Italian system takes in consideration also the economic situation of the employers , and aims as well at relieving them from the costs of crisis . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment insurance ( Japan ) Unemployment benefits in Japan are called `` unemployment insurance '' and are closer to the US or Canadian `` user pays '' system than the taxpayer funded systems in place in countries such as Britain , New Zealand , or Australia . It is paid for by contributions by both the employer and employee . On leaving a job , employees are supposed to be given a `` Rishoku - hyo '' document showing their ID number ( the same number is supposed to be used by later employers ) , employment periods , and pay ( which contributions are linked to ) . The reason for leaving is also documented separately . These items affect eligibility , timing , and amount of benefits . The length of time that unemployed workers can receive benefits depends on the age of the employee , and how long they have been employed and paying in . It is supposed to be compulsory for most full - time employees . If they have been enrolled for at least 6 months and are fired or made redundant , leave the company at the end of their contract , or their contract is non-renewed , the now - unemployed worker will receive unemployment insurance . If a worker quit of their own accord they may have to wait between 1 and 3 months before receiving any payment . Mexico ( edit ) Mexico lacks a national unemployment insurance system , but it does have five programs to assist the unemployed : Mexico City Unemployment Benefit Scheme - The only unemployment insurance system based on worker contributions exists in Mexico City . Unemployed residents of Mexico City who are at least 18 years of age , have worked for at least six months , have no income , and are actively seeking work are eligible for unemployment benefits for up to six months , which are composed of payments of 30 days ' worth of minimum wage per month . Mexican Social Security Institute ( IMSS ) - This institution insures workers in the formal sector , providing pensions and health insurance . Workers insured by the IMSS who are unemployed may withdraw a maximum of 30 days ' worth of pension savings every five years . However , this does not cover the majority of workers , as 58 % of the labor force is in the informal sector . National Employment Service - This agency , which has 165 offices nationwide , offers financial support in learning new skills to those aged 16 and above who are unemployed or underemployed , and assistance in finding new jobs in the form of information on vacancies and job fairs . Temporary Employment Program - This scheme is designed to aid unemployed people who live in rural areas with high unemployment rates , any area undergoing a financial crisis , or an area that has been hit by a natural disaster or some other kind of emergency . The program funds projects to boost employment by hiring local workers aged 16 and above in jobs such as building infrastructure and promoting development , and conserving the environment and cultural heritage sites . They are paid a salary at 99 % of the local minimum wage for a maximum of 132 days a year . Income Generating Options Program - People living in poverty in an area of up to a maximum of 15,000 inhabitants are eligible for funding for projects to generate income for themselves . Netherlands ( edit ) Unemployment benefits in the Netherlands were introduced in 1949 . Separate schemes exist for mainland Netherlands and for the Caribbean Netherlands . The scheme in mainland Netherlands entails that , according to the Werkloosheidswet ( Unemployment Law , WW ) , employers are responsible for paying the contributions to the scheme , which are deducted from the salary received by the employees . In 2012 the contribution was 4.55 % of gross salary up to a ceiling of 4,172 euros per month . The first 1,435.75 euros of an employees gross salaries are not subject to the 4.55 % contribution . Benefits are paid for a maximum period of 38 months and claimants get 75 % of last salary for 2 months and 70 % thereafter with a maximum benefit of 3128 euros , depending on how long the claimant has been employed previously . Workers older than 50 years who are unemployed for over 2 months are entitled to a special benefit called the IOAW , if they do not receive the regular unemployment benefit ( WW ) . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Social welfare in New Zealand In New Zealand , Jobseeker Support , previously known as the Unemployment Benefit and also known as `` the dole '' provides income support for people who are looking for work or training for work . It is one of a number of benefits administered by Work and Income , a service of the Ministry of Social Development . To get this benefit , a person must meet the conditions and obligations specified in section 88A to 123D Social Security Act 1964 . These conditions and obligations cover things such as age , residency status , and availability to work . The amount that is paid depends on things such as the person 's age , income , marital status and whether they have children . It is adjusted annually on 1 April and in response to changes in legislature . Some examples of the maximum after tax weekly rate at 1 April 2011 are : $175.10 for a single person aged 20 -- 24 years without children $210.13 for a single person 25 years or over $325.98 for a sole parent $350.20 for a married , de facto or civil union couple with or without children ( $167.83 each ) . More information about this benefit and the amounts paid are on the Work and Income website . External links Work and Income web - site Social Security Act 1964 Spain ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment benefits in Spain The Spanish unemployment benefits system is part of the Social security system of Spain . Benefits are managed by the State Public Employment Agency ( SEPE ). The basis for entitlement is having contributed for a minimum period during the time preceding unemployment , with further conditions that may be applicable . The system comprises contributory benefits and non-contributory benefits . Contributory benefits are payable to those unemployed persons with a minimum of 12 months contributions over a period of 6 years preceding unemployment . The benefit is payable for 1 / 3 of the contribution period . The benefit amount is 70 % of the legal reference salary plus additional amounts for persons with dependants . The benefit reduces to 60 % of the reference salary after 6 months . The minimum benefit is 497 euros per month and the maximum is 1087 , 20 euros per month for a single person . The non-contributory allowance is available to those persons who are no longer entitled to the contributory pension and who do not have income above 75 % of the national minimum wage . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment benefits in Sweden Sweden uses the Ghent system , under which a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are distributed by union unemployment funds . Unemployment benefits are divided into a voluntary scheme with income related compensation up to a certain level and a comprehensive scheme that provides a lower level of basic support . The voluntary scheme requires a minimum of 12 months membership and 6 months employment during that time before any claims can be made . Employers pay a fee on top of the pre-tax income of their employees , which together with membership fees , fund the scheme ( see Unemployment funds in Sweden ) . The maximum unemployment benefit is ( as of July 2016 ) SEK 980 per day . During the first 200 days the unemployed will receive 80 percent of his or her normal income during the last 12 months . From day 201 - 300 this goes down to 70 percent and from day 301 - 450 the insurance covers 65 percent of the normal income ( only available for parents to children under the age of 18 ) . In Sweden tax is paid on unemployment benefits , so the unemployed will get a maximum of about SEK 10,000 per month during the first 100 days ( depending on the municipality tax rate ) . In other currencies , as of June 2017 , this means a maximum of approximately £ 900 , $1,150 , or € 1,000 , each month after tax . Private insurance is also available , mainly through professional organisations , to provide income related compensation that otherwise exceeds the ceiling of the scheme . The comprehensive scheme is funded by tax . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Saudi Arabia is an economic welfare state with free medical care and unemployment benefits . However , the country relies not on taxation but mainly oil revenues to maintain the social and economic services to its populace . Payment : 2000 SAR ( USD $534 ) for only 12 months for unemployed person from ages 18 -- 35 External links Social Services of Saudi Arabia United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Jobseeker 's Allowance Jobseeker 's Allowance rates ( edit ) JSA for a single person is changed annually , and at August 3 , 2012 the maximum payable was £ 71.00 per week for a person aged over 25 and £ 56.25 per week for a person aged 18 -- 24 . The rules for couples where both are unemployed are more complex , but a maximum of £ 112.55 per week is payable , dependent on age and other factors . Income - based JSA is reduced for people with savings of over £ 6,000 , by a reduction of £ 1 per week per £ 250 of savings , up to £ 16,000 . People with savings of over £ 16,000 are not able to get IB - JSA at all . The British system provides rent payments as part of a separate scheme called Housing Benefit . Unemployment benefit is commonly referred to as `` the dole '' ; to receive the benefit is to be `` on the dole '' . `` Dole '' here is an archaic expression meaning `` one 's allotted portion '' , from the synonymous Old English word dāl . United states ( edit ) Unemployment rate by county from January 1990 - March 2017 In the United States , there are 50 state unemployment insurance programs plus one each in the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands . Though policies vary by state , unemployment benefits generally pay eligible workers up to $450 per week maximum . Benefits are generally paid by state governments , funded in large part by state and federal payroll taxes levied against employers , to workers who have become unemployed through no fault of their own . Eligibility requirements for unemployment insurance vary by state , but generally speaking , employees not fired for misconduct ( `` terminated for cause '' ) are eligible for unemployment benefits , while those fired for misconduct ( this sometimes can include misconduct committed outside the workplace , such as a problematic social media post or committing a crime ) are not . In every state , employees who quit their job without `` good cause '' are not eligible for unemployment benefits , but the definition of good cause varies by state . In some states , being fired for misconduct permanently bars the employee from receiving unemployment benefits , while in others it only disqualifies the employee for a short period . This compensation is classified as a type of social welfare benefit . According to the Internal Revenue Code , these types of benefits are to be included in a taxpayer 's gross income . The standard time - length of unemployment compensation is six months , although extensions are possible during economic downturns . During the Great Recession , unemployment benefits were extended to 73 weeks . The Supreme Court held that federal unemployment law is constitutional and does not violate the Tenth Amendment in Steward Machine Company v. Davis , 301 U.S. 548 ( 1937 ) . Federal - state joint programs ( edit ) Unemployment insurance is a federal - state program financed through federal and state payroll taxes ( federal and state UI taxes ) . In most states employers pay state and federal unemployment taxes if : ( 1 ) they pay wages to employees totaling $1,500 or more in any quarter of a calendar year ; or , ( 2 ) they had at least one employee during any day of a week during 20 weeks in a calendar year , regardless of whether the weeks were consecutive . Some state laws differ from the federal law . To facilitate this program , the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Unemployment Tax Act ( FUTA ) , which authorizes the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) to collect an annual federal employer tax used to fund state workforce agencies . FUTA covers the costs of administering the Unemployment Insurance and Job Service programs in all states . In addition , FUTA pays one - half of the cost of extended unemployment benefits which are triggered in periods of high state unemployment . FUTA also provides a fund from which states UI funds may borrow to pay benefits . As originally established , the states paid the federal government . The FUTA tax rate was originally three percent of taxable wages collected from employers who employed at least four employees , and employers could deduct up to 90 percent of the amount due if they paid taxes to a state to support a system of unemployment insurance which met Federal standards , but the rules have recently changed . The FUTA tax rate is now , as of June 30 , 2011 , 6.0 percent of taxable wages of employees who meet both the above and following criteria , and the taxable wage base is the first $7,000 paid in wages to each employee during a calendar year . Employers who pay the state unemployment tax on time receive an offset credit of up to 5.4 percent regardless of the rate of tax they pay their state . Therefore , the net FUTA tax rate is generally 0.6 percent ( 6.0 percent - 5.4 percent ) , for a maximum FUTA tax of $42.00 per employee , per year (. 006 X $7,000 = $42.00 ) . State law determines individual state unemployment insurance tax rates . In the United States , unemployment insurance tax rates use experience rating . Although the taxable wage base for each state / territory is at least $7,000 as mandated by FUTA , only four states or territories still remain at this minimum . These states / territories include Arizona , California , Florida , and Puerto Rico . Florida and Puerto Rico maintain tax rates similar to those of other states , but Arizona and California both have a higher maximum tax rate . Florida 's minimum tax rate is 0.1 % and the state maximum is 5.4 % and in Puerto Rico , employers are taxed between 2.4 % and 5.4 % depending on their experience rating . As of 2015 , Arizona 's minimum was 0.03 % , but its maximum was 7.79 % . California 's tax rate on the taxable wage base is currently higher than the federal minimum of 6.0 % . Employers are currently on a tax schedule that requires them to pay a minimum of 1.5 % and a maximum 6.2 % of the taxable wage base . Even with the federal tax credit of 5.4 % , Arizona employers could end up paying $175 per employee ( (. 0779 -. 054 ) x $7,000 ) and California employers could pay $56 per employee ( (. 062 -. 054 ) x $7,000 ) versus the FUTA maximum of $42 . Within the above constraints , the individual states and territories raise their own contributions and run their own programs . The federal government sets broad guidelines for coverage and eligibility , but states vary in how they determine benefits and eligibility . Federal rules are drawn by the United States Department of Labor , Employment and Training Administration . For most states , the maximum period for receiving benefits is 26 weeks . There is an extended benefit program ( authorized through the Social Security Acts ) that may be triggered by the state unemployment rate . Congress has often passed temporary programs to extend benefits during recessions . This was done with the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation ( TEUC ) program in 2002 - 2003 , which has since expired , and remained in force through June 2 , 2010 , with the Extended Unemployment Compensation 2008 legislation . In July 2010 , legislation that provides an extension of federal extended unemployment benefits through November 2010 was signed by the president . The legislation extended benefits for 2.3 million unemployed workers who had exhausted their unemployment benefits . The federal government lends money to the states for unemployment insurance when states run short of funds which happens when the state 's UI fund can not cover the cost of current benefits . A high unemployment rate shrinks UI tax revenues and increases expenditures on benefits . State UI finances and the need for loans are exacerbated when a state cuts taxes and increases benefits . FUTA loans to state funds are repaid with interest . Congressional actions to increase penalties for states incurring large debts for unemployment benefits led to state fiscal crises in the 1980s . Macroeconomic function ( edit ) To Keynesians , unemployment insurance acts as an automatic stabilizer . Benefits automatically increase when unemployment is high and fall when unemployment is low , smoothing the business cycle ; however , others claim that the taxation necessary to support this system serves to decrease employment . Eligibility and amount ( edit ) In order to receive benefits , a person must have worked for at least one quarter in the previous year and have been laid - off by an employer . Workers who were temporary or were paid under the table are not eligible for unemployment insurance . If a worker quits without good cause or is fired for misconduct , then they are normally not eligible for UI benefits . There are five common reasons a claim for unemployment benefits are denied : the worker is unavailable for work , the worker quit his or her job without good cause , the worker was fired for misconduct , refusing suitable work , and unemployment resulting from a labor dispute . In practice , it is only practical to verify whether the worker quit or was fired . If the worker 's claim is denied , then they have the right to appeal . If the worker was fired for misconduct , then the employer has the burden to prove substantially that the termination of employment is a misconduct defined by individual states laws . However , if the employee quit their job , then they must prove that their voluntary separation must be good cause . Generally , the worker must be unemployed through no fault of his / her own although workers often file for benefits they are not entitled to ; when the employer demonstrates that the unemployed person quit or was fired for cause the worker is required to pay back the benefits they received . The unemployed person must also meet state requirements for wages earned or time worked during an established period of time ( referred to as a `` base period '' ) to be eligible for benefits . In most states , the base period is usually the first four out of the last five completed calendar quarters prior to the time that the claim is filed . Unemployment benefits are based on reported covered quarterly earnings . The amount of earnings and the number of quarters worked are used to determine the length and value of the unemployment benefit . The average weekly in 2010 payment was $293 . As a result of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act passed in February 2009 , many unemployed people receive up to 99 weeks of unemployment benefits ; this may depend on State legislation . Before the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act , the maximum number of weeks allowed was 26 . Application process ( edit ) It generally takes two weeks for benefit payments to begin , the first being a `` waiting week '' , which is not reimbursed , and the second being the time lag between eligibility for the program and the first benefit actually being paid . To begin a claim , the unemployed worker must apply for benefits through a state unemployment agency . In certain instances , the employer initiates the process . Generally , the certification includes the affected person affirming that they are `` able and available for work '' , the amount of any part - time earnings they may have had , and whether they are actively seeking work . These certifications are usually accomplished either over the Internet or via an interactive voice response telephone call , but in a few states may be by mail . After receiving an application , the state will notify the individual if they qualify and the rate they will receive every week . The state will also review the reason for separation from employment . Many states require the individual to periodically certify that the conditions of the benefits are still met . Disqualification / appeals ( edit ) If a worker 's reason for separation from their last job is due to some reason other than a `` lack of work , '' a determination will be made about whether they are eligible for benefits . Generally , all determinations of eligibility for benefits are made by the appropriate State under its law or applicable federal laws . If a worker is disqualified or denied benefits , they have the right to file an appeal within an established time - frame . The State will advise a worker of his or her appeal rights . An employer may also appeal a determination if they do not agree with the State 's determination regarding the employee 's eligibility . If the worker 's claim is denied , then they have the right to appeal . If the worker was fired for misconduct , then the employer has the burden to prove substantially that the termination of employment is a misconduct defined by individual states laws . However , if the employee quit their job , then they must prove that their voluntary separation must be good cause . Success rate of unemployment appeals is two - thirds , or 67 % of the time for the most claimants . Measurement ( edit ) Current data ( edit ) Each Thursday , the Department of Labor issues the Unemployment Insurance Weekly Claims Report . Its headline number is the seasonally adjusted estimate for the initial claims for unemployment for the previous week in the United States . This statistic , because it is published weekly , is depended on as a current indicator of the labor market and the economy generally . In 2016 , the number of people on unemployment benefits fell to around 1.74 the lowest in the last 4 decades . Unemployment insurance outlook ( edit ) Twice a year , the Office of Management and Budget delivers an economic assessment of the unemployment insurance program as it relates to budgetary issues . As it relates to the FY 2012 budget , the OMB reports that the insured unemployment rate ( IUR ) is projected to average 3.6 % in both FY 2011 and in FY 2012 . State unemployment regular benefit outlays are estimated at $61 billion in FY 2011 and $64.3 billion in FY 2012 , down somewhat from Midsession estimates . Outlays from state trust fund accounts are projected to exceed revenues and interest income by $16.0 billion in FY 2011 and $15.1 billion in FY 2012 . State trust fund account balances , net of loans , are projected to continue to fall , from - $27.4 billion at the end of FY 2010 to - $62.7 billion at the end of FY 2013 , before starting to grow again . Net balances are not projected to become positive again until well beyond FY 2016 . Up to 40 states are projected to continue borrowing heavily from the Federal Unemployment Account ( FUA ) over the next few years . The aggregate loan balance is projected to increase from $40.2 billion at the end of FY 2010 to a peak end - of - year balance of $68.3 billion in FY 2013 . Due to the high volume of state loans and increased EB payments , FUA and EUCA are projected to borrow $26.7 billion from the general fund in FY 2011 and an additional $19.4 billion in FY 2012 , with neither account projected to return to a net positive balance before 2016 . The general fund advances must be repaid with interest . Economic rationale and issues ( edit ) The economic argument for unemployment insurance comes from the principle of adverse selection . One common criticism of unemployment insurance is that it induces moral hazard , the fact that unemployment insurance lowers on - the - job effort and reduces job - search effort . Adverse selection ( edit ) Adverse selection refers to the fact that `` workers who have the highest probability of becoming unemployed have the highest demand for unemployment insurance . '' Adverse selection causes profit maximizing private insurance agencies to set high premiums for the insurance because there is a high likelihood they will have to make payments to the policyholder . High premiums work to exclude many individuals who otherwise might purchase the insurance . `` A compulsory government program avoids the adverse selection problem . Hence , government provision of UI has the potential to increase efficiency . However , government provision does not eliminate moral hazard . '' Moral hazard ( edit ) `` At the same time , those workers who managed to obtain insurance might experience more unemployment otherwise would have been the case . '' The private insurance company would have to determine whether the employee is unemployed through no fault of their own , which is difficult to determine . Incorrect determinations could result in the payout of significant amounts for fraudulent claims or alternately failure to pay legitimate claims . This leads to the rationale that if government could solve either problem that government intervention would increase efficiency . Unemployment insurance effect on unemployment ( edit ) In the Great Recession , the `` moral hazard '' issue of whether unemployment insurance -- and specifically extending benefits past the maximum 99 weeks -- significantly encourages unemployment by discouraging workers from finding and taking jobs was expressed by Republican legislators . Conservative economist Robert Barro found that benefits raised the unemployment rate 2 % . Disagreeing with Barro 's study were Berkeley economist Jesse Rothstein , who found the `` vast majority '' of unemployment was due to `` demand shocks '' not `` ( unemployment insurance ) - induced supply reductions . '' A study by Rothstein of extensions of unemployment insurance to 99 weeks during the Great Recession to test the hypothesis that unemployment insurance discourages people from seeking jobs found the overall effect of UI on unemployment was to raise it by no more than one - tenth of one percent . A November 2011 report by the Congressional Budget Office found that even if unemployment benefits convince some unemployed to ignore job openings , these openings were quickly filled by new entrants into the labor market . A survey of studies on unemployment insurance 's effect on employment by the Political Economy Research Institute found that unemployed who collected benefits did not find themselves out of work longer than those who did n't have unemployment benefits ; and that unemployed workers did not search for work more or reduce their wage expectations once their benefits ran out . One concern over unemployment insurance increasing unemployment is based on experience rating benefit uses which can sometimes be imperfect . That is , the cost to the employer in increased taxes is less than the benefits that would be paid to the employee upon layoff . The firm in this instance believes that it is more cost effective to lay off the employee , causing more unemployment than under perfect experience rating . Unemployment insurance effect on Employment ( edit ) An alternative rationale for unemployment insurance is that it may allow for improving the quality of matches between workers and firms . Marimon and Zilibotti argued that although a more generous unemployment benefit system may indeed increase the unemployment rate , it may also help improve the average match quality . A similar point is made by Mazur who analyzed the welfare and inequality effects of a policy reform giving entitlement for unemployment insurance to quitters . Arash Nekoei and Andrea Weber present empirical evidence from Austria that extending unemployment benefit duration raises wages by improving reemployment firm quality . Similarly , Tatsiramos studied data from European countries and found that although unemployment insurance does increase unemployment duration , the duration of subsequent employment tends to be longer ( suggesting better match quality ) . Alternative policy ( edit ) An alternative to unemployment insurance intended to reduce the moral hazard costs would introduce mandated individual saving accounts for workers to draw on after being laid off . The plan , by Martin Feldstein would pay any positive account balance at retirement to the employee . Effect on state budgets ( edit ) Another issue with unemployment insurance relates to its effects on state budgets . During recessionary time periods , the number of unemployed rises and they begin to draw benefits from the program . The longer the recession lasts , depending on the state 's starting UI program balance , the quicker the state begins to run out of funds . The recession that began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009 has significantly impacted state budgets . According to The Council of State Governments , by March 18 , 2011 , 32 states plus the Virgin Islands had borrowed nearly $45.7 billion . The Labor Department estimates by the fourth quarter of 2013 , as many as 40 states may need to borrow more than $90 billion to fund their unemployment programs and it will take a decade or more to pay off the debt . Insurance funds ( edit ) Possible policy options for states to shore up the unemployment insurance funds include lowering benefits for recipients and / or raising taxes on businesses . Kentucky took the approach of raising taxes and lowering benefits to attempt to balance its unemployment insurance program . Starting in 2010 , a claimant 's weekly benefits will decrease from 68 % to 62 % and the taxable wage base will increase from $8,000 to $12,000 , over a ten - year period . These moves are estimated to save the state over $450 million . Taxing or exempting benefits ( edit ) The argument for taxation of social welfare benefits is that they result in a realized gain for a taxpayer . The argument against taxation is that the benefits are generally less than the federal poverty level . Unemployment compensation has been taxable by the federal government since 1987 . Code Section 85 deemed unemployment compensation included in gross income . Federal taxes are not withheld from unemployment compensation at the time of payment unless requested by the recipient using Form W - 4V . In 2003 , Rep. Philip English introduced legislation to repeal the taxation of unemployment compensation , but the legislation did not advance past committee . Most states with income tax consider unemployment compensation to be taxable . Prior to 1987 , unemployment compensation amounts were excluded from federal gross income . For the US Federal tax year of 2009 , as a result of the signing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 signed by Barack Obama on February 17 , 2009 the first $2,400 worth of unemployment income received during the ' tax year ' of 2009 will be exempted from being considered as taxable income on the Federal level , when American taxpayers file their 2009 IRS tax return paperwork in early 2010 . Job sharing / short - time working ( edit ) Job sharing or work sharing and short time or short - time working refer to situations or systems in which employees agree to or are forced to accept a reduction in working time and pay . These can be based on individual agreements or on government programs in many countries that try to prevent unemployment . In these , employers have the option of reducing work hours to part - time for many employees instead of laying off some of them and retaining only full - time workers . For example , employees in 18 states of the United States can then receive unemployment payments for the hours they are no longer working . Payment through prepaid debit cards ( edit ) In 2013 , it was reported that most U.S. states deliver unemployment benefits to recipients who do not have a bank account through a prepaid debit card . The federal government uses the Direct Express Debit Mastercard prepaid debit card offered by Mastercard and Comerica Bank to give some federal assistance payments to people who do not have bank accounts . Many states have similar programs for unemployment payments and other assistance . International labour Convention ( edit ) International Labour Organization has adopted the Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention , 1988 for promotion of employment against unemployment and social security including unemployment benefit . See also ( edit ) Unemployment extension Social rights HIRE Act Reserve army of labour Involuntary unemployment Labour power Compensation of employees Lorenz curve Social insurance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Cabinet Papers 1915 - 1982 : National Health Insurance Act 1911 . The National Archives , 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bogardus , Emory S. ( 1950 ) . `` Group Disorganization '' . Sociology ( 3rd ed . ) . New York City : The Macmillan Company . p. 424 . Jump up ^ W.R. Garside ( 2002 ) . British Unemployment 1919 - 1939 : A Study in Public Policy . Cambridge U.P. p. 37 . ISBN 9780521892544 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmerman , Joseph F. ( 1970 ) . State and Local Government . New York , NY : Barnes & Noble . p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` EI premium rates and maximums '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 EI Monitoring and Assessment Report ( Human Resources and Skills Development Canada , March 2013 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Public Accounts of Canada for 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back and A Way Forward : Actuarial Views on the Future of the Employment Insurance System , page 14 ( Canadian Institute of Actuaries , Nov. 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Public Accounts of Canada , 2008 , page 4.16 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back and A Way Forward : Actuarial Views on the Future of the Employment Insurance System , page 8 ( Canadian Institute of Actuaries , Nov. 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . 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Directgov . Jump up ^ Source : Benefit & Tax Credit Rates 2006 -- © Citizens Advice Bureau ( United Kingdom ) and the Child Poverty Action Group Jump up ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dole Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` The Punishment Cure '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-wrongful-termination-2061658 Jump up ^ `` Tax Topics - Topic 418 Unemployment Compensation '' . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-how-long-unemployment-benefits-now-last-in-each-state-2014-1 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Labor : Employment & Training Administration : Unemployment Insurance Tax Topic Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Joseph F. ( 1970 ) . State and Local Government . New York , New York : Barnes & Noble . p. 182 . Jump up ^ https://ideas.repec.org/p/fth/lavape/9615.html Jump up ^ `` State Unemployment Wage Bases '' . www.americanpayroll.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` FL Dept Rev - Reemployment Tax '' . floridarevenue.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ [email protected] , Igor Mino , . `` Puerto Rico State Tax Information Payroll Taxes '' . www.payroll-taxes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Insurance Tax Rates '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Department of Economic Security . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Department , Employment Development . `` Rates and Withholding '' . www.edd.ca.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation '' . Employment & Training Administration . U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Unemployment Compensation 2008 ( EUC ) Program '' ( PDF ) . Employment & Training Administration . U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ Cohen , Darrel ; Follette , Glenn ( 1999 ) , The Automatic Fiscal Stabilizers : Quietly Doing Their Thing ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs , Federal Reserve Board Jump up ^ Lohr , Kathy ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Unemployed Without Benefits : A Couple 's Struggle '' . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ http://utahstaffingcompanies.com/helpful-tips-for-employers/unemployment-benefits-eligibility/ ^ Jump up to : https://www.ctdol.state.ct.us/progsupt/unemplt/new-faqui.htm ^ Jump up to : State Unemployment Benefits US Department of Labor Jump up ^ Fletcher , Michael A. ; Hedgpeth , Dana ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Are unemployment benefits no longer temporary ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.workforce.com/articles/penny-wise-pound-foolish-on-unemployment-challenges Jump up ^ http://www.accountingweb.com/aa/law-and-enforcement/to-contest-or-not-to-contest-unemployment-compensation-claims Jump up ^ http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/eta/ui/current.htm Jump up ^ Josh Boak ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` US applications for jobless aid fall to four - decade low '' . Denver Post . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : UI Outlook : Overview US Department of Labor ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Harvey S. ( 2008 ) . Public Finance . New York , New York : McGraw - Hill Education . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 351128 - 3 . Jump up ^ Robert Barro , `` The Folly of Subsidizing Unemployment '' , The Wall Street Journal , August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Would Extending Unemployment Benefits Increase Unemployment ? . Simon van Zuylen - Wood . November 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Unemployment Insurance and Job Search in the Great Recession . Jesse Rothstein September 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Blind Spot in Romney 's Economic Plan Jonathan Cohn tnr.com April 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Insurance and Job Search in the Great Recession '' Jesse Rothstein , NBER Working Paper No. 17534 , October 2011 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Policies for Increasing Economic Growth and Employment cbo.gov November 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.peri.umass.edu/236/hash/10dbb94dafa96d904bcaf546ee3b02a2/publication/456/ Unemployment Benefits and Work Incentives : The U.S. Labor Market in the Great Recession ( revised ) , Howell , David R. ; Azizoglu , Bert M. ; Political Economy Research Institute , 3 / 21 / 2011 Jump up ^ Marimon , Ramon ( 1999 ) . `` Unemployment vs. Mismatch of Talents : Reconsidering Unemployment Benefits '' . The Economic Journal . 109 ( 455 ) : 266 -- 291 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0297.00432 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mazur , Karol ( 2016 ) . `` Can welfare abuse be welfare improving ? '' . Journal of Public Economics . 141 : 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpubeco. 2016.07. 001 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Nekoei , Arash ( 2017 ) . `` Does Extending Unemployment Benefits Improve Job Quality ? '' . American Economic Review . 107 ( 2 ) : 527 -- 561 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20150528 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tatsiramos , Konstantinos ( 2009 ) . `` Unemployment Insurance in Europe : Unemployment Duration and Subsequent Employment Stability '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 7 ( 6 ) : 1225 -- 1260 . doi : 10.1162 / JEEA. 2009.7. 6.1225 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Feldstein , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Rethinking Social Insurance '' . NBER Working Papers 11250 . National Bureau of Economic Research , Inc . Feldstein finds that the costs , loans to individuals when funds are exhausted and the forgiveness of negative account balances at retirement , of this program to the government would be less than the current unemployment insurance program . The benefits of the program include providing the same level of protection to the unemployed while correcting some of the moral hazard problem Feldstein , Martin ; Altman , Daniel ( 1998 ) . `` Unemployment Insurance Savings Accounts '' . NBER Working Paper Series . National Bureau of Economic Research , Inc. 6860 . Jump up ^ Unemployment Insurance Trust Funds Update Council of State Governments Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Kentucky.gov ^ Jump up to : Scott , Christine ( January 14 , 2005 ) . `` Taxation of Unemployment Benefits : Report for Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Cornell University ILR School . Jump up ^ `` Section 85 '' . Internal Revenue Service . Cornell University Law School . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Withholding Request '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 798 ( 108th ) : Unemployment Tax Repeal Act of 2003 '' . United States Congress . govtrack.us . February 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Revenue Ruling 71 - 425 '' . Internal Revenue Service . Taxlinks.com . Jump up ^ Companies Implement Part - Time Layoffs by Curt Nickisch . Morning Edition , National Public Radio . 21 Aug 2008 . Jump up ^ 2013 Survey of Unemployment Compensation Prepaid Cards © National Consumer Law Center Bojas George J. , Labor Economics , Second edition , 2002 , McGraw - Hill . External links ( edit ) Francis , David R. ( 1992 ) . `` Unemployment Insurance '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 European Union web site : your rights in the European Union for transferring unemployment benefits ( Your Europe ) Government site : Latest month 's unemployment rate report Supplemental Unemployment Insurance - US unemployment insurance for 47 of 50 states Government site : One - Stop Career Centers - in each state Text of the California Unemployment Insurance Code Economic Policy Institute - To calculate the unemployment insurance benefits you might receive in the United States ( based on rates ) Office of the Public Guardian Unemployment Assistance and Transition to Employment in Argentina Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - job fit theory Person - environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work - at - home scheme Roles Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer Worker class Blue - collar Gold - collar Green - collar Grey - collar Pink - collar White - collar Career and training Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice - based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call , no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock Schedules Four - day week Eight - hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance - related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take - home vehicle Safety and health Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Karōshi Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers ' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equality Affirmative action Equal pay for women Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Infractions Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Boreout Civil conscription Conscription Dead - end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work -- life balance Downshifting ( lifestyle ) Slow living Termination At - will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover Unemployment Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession - proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment - to - population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor GND : 4137265 - 7 NDL : 00571292 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_benefits&oldid=825460183 '' Categories : Unemployment benefits Labour law Social programs Welfare economics Social security Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles with German - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 14 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the federal law providing benefits for the unemployed passed
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"The Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 created the dole system of payments for unemployed workers.[3] The dole system provided 39 weeks of unemployment benefits to over 11 million workers—practically the entire civilian working population except domestic service, farm workers, railroad men, and civil servants."
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New Girl
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New Girl - wikipedia New Girl Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see New Girl ( disambiguation ) . New Girl Title card used since season 5 . Genre Sitcom Created by Elizabeth Meriwether Starring Zooey Deschanel Jake Johnson Max Greenfield Damon Wayans Jr . Hannah Simone Lamorne Morris Theme music composer Michael Andrews Zooey Deschanel Elizabeth Meriwether Dave Finkel Brett Baer Opening theme `` Hey Girl '' by Zooey Deschanel ( season 1 -- 4 ) `` Hey Girl '' ( instrumental ) ( season 4 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Ludwig Göransson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 138 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Elizabeth Meriwether Jake Kasdan Peter Chernin Katherine Pope Dave Finkel Brett Baer Producer ( s ) Zooey Deschanel Erin O'Malley Pavun Shetty Luvh Rakhe Dana Fox David Iserson Ryan Koh Megan Mascena Gaspar Rachel Axler Alex Cuthbertson Matt Fusfeld Kim Rosenstock Bari Halle ( pilot only ) Josh Malmuth Camera setup Single - camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Elizabeth Meriwether Pictures American Nitwits Chernin Entertainment 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 1080i ( syndication ) Original release September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) -- present External links Website www.fox.com/new-girl/ New Girl is an American sitcom television series that premiered on Fox on September 20 , 2011 . Developed by Elizabeth Meriwether under the working title Chicks & Dicks , the series revolves around a kooky teacher , Jess ( Zooey Deschanel ) , after she moves into a Los Angeles loft with three men , Nick ( Jake Johnson ) , Schmidt ( Max Greenfield ) , and Winston ( Lamorne Morris ) ; Jess ' best friend Cece ( Hannah Simone ) and on - again - off - again loft mate Coach ( Damon Wayans Jr . ) also appear regularly . The show combines comedy and drama elements as the characters , who are in their early thirties , deal with maturing relationships and career choices . The sixth and most current season premiered on September 20 , 2016 . Produced in Los Angeles as a single - camera comedy , New Girl is an ensemble show aimed at a general audience . Most episodes are anchored around Jess , who according to series creator , Meriwether , would have played a side character on other shows . The show 's first marketing push was on Zooey Deschanel and the promotional tagline `` Simply Adorkable '' , a portmanteau of `` adorable '' and `` dork '' . The producers rejected early criticism of Jess ' girlishness , insisting that Jess was not meant to be emblematic of all women . Instead , they aim to portray realistic , emotionally driven characters , and to approach the show from that angle rather than simply firing off punchlines . New Girl has received favorable responses from critics and has been named one of the best new comedies of the 2011 fall season . The pilot episode drew 10.28 million U.S. viewers and a 4.8 adults 18 -- 49 demo rating , making it the highest - rated fall debut for a Fox scripted show since 2001 . Particular praise has been given to the performances of Deschanel , Greenfield , Johnson and Morris . Max Greenfield was considered the show 's breakout star in season 1 , before critics named Jake Johnson the breakout star of season 2 . The show has been nominated for several awards , including five Golden Globe Awards and five Primetime Emmy Awards . Originally set to be cancelled after its sixth season , on May 14 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a seventh and final season consisting of eight episodes . The renewal came after a last minute pitch on what the seventh season would look like and Fox revisiting the midseason schedule to find an eight - week space for the show to air . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Filming and editing 3.5 True American 3.6 Relationships 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast and ratings 4.2 Syndication 4.3 DVD releases 4.4 Tie - ins 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of New Girl episodes Jessica `` Jess '' Christopher Day ( Zooey Deschanel ) is a bubbly young woman who teaches at a Los Angeles middle school . Jess comes home to find her boyfriend , Spencer , with another woman and leaves him immediately , and looks for somewhere else to live . She answers an ad for a new roommate on Craigslist , and moves in with three young men : Nick , Schmidt , and Coach . After the pilot episode , Winston , who had previously lived in the apartment with Nick and Schmidt , replaces Coach . Cece , Jessica 's childhood best friend and a successful fashion model , also appears in various episodes in the storyline . Coach returns to the loft in season 3 after revealing that he had broken up with his girlfriend Malia , who he moved in with after the pilot episode . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of New Girl characters The principal cast of New Girl includes : Zooey Deschanel as Jessica `` Jess '' Christopher Day , a bubbly , offbeat teacher in her early thirties who is originally from Portland , Oregon . In the pilot episode , she moves into the guys ' apartment where Nick , Schmidt , and Coach help her move on from a painful break - up with her boyfriend , Spencer . Jake Johnson as Nicholas `` Nick '' Miller , a perennial slacker and grumpy young man who is originally from Chicago . He is introduced as a law school drop - out who supports himself by working as a bartender and still struggles from a break - up with his long - term girlfriend Caroline . Nick completes writing his first book in season six . Max Greenfield as Winston Saint - Marie Schmidt , an overly confident , Jewish ladies ' man who is originally from Long Island . Schmidt met Nick in college while attending Syracuse University , when he was an overweight virgin . Since then he has lost weight , worked hard to revamp his image , and turned into a womanizer . Schmidt is snobbish , uptight , a control freak and a germophobe . Career-wise he is a successful marketing associate in a female - dominated office . He eventually marries Jess ' friend Cece . Schmidt 's first name is a long - kept secret of the series , until the second - to - last episode of season six `` San Diego '' in which it is revealed to be Winston . Damon Wayans Jr. as Coach ( seasons 1 & 4 ; recurring season 3 ; special guest seasons 5 & 6 ) , a cocky and driven ( yet sometimes awkward ) former athlete who now works as a personal trainer . After a break - up with his girlfriend , Coach returns to the loft after two years away and reintegrates himself back into the lives of his former roommates . Wayans , Jr. once again departed the main cast this time at the end of season 4 but returns sporadically after that . Hannah Simone as Cecilia `` Cece '' Schmidt , née Parekh , a fashion model and Jess ' best friend since childhood . In spite of their differences , Cece is a very loyal and protective friend to Jess . Initially skeptical of Jess ' new roommates , Cece becomes interested in Schmidt and tries to keep her fling with him a secret . She eventually marries him in the final episode of season 5 , `` Landing Gear '' . With Schmidt 's help and encouragement , Cece returns to school and studies to become a tv journalist . Lamorne Morris as Winston L'Andre Bishop , a competitive and tenacious former basketball player from Chicago and Nick 's childhood friend . Losing his post as point guard for a team in the Latvian Basketball League , he returns to America and moves back into the guys ' apartment in the second episode . Terrible at many things , he often acts as the group 's scapegoat . He goes on to become a police officer after a brief time in sports radio , and becomes engaged to his partner Ali . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Executive producers Dave Finkel , Brett Baer , Elizabeth Meriwether and producer / actress Zooey Deschanel at Paley Fest 2012 . 20th Century Fox Television first approached playwright Elizabeth Meriwether in 2008 to develop a pilot that was eventually shelved . After Meriwether 's success with the 2011 romantic comedy film No Strings Attached , 20th Century Fox approached her once more , and she pitched an idea for a TV sitcom about an `` offbeat girl moving in with three single guys '' , inspired by her experience of `` bouncing from Craigslist sublet to Craigslist sublet , for four years in L.A. '' when she was in her twenties . This show was initially called Chicks and Dicks , and two of the characters were already similar to the final characters of Jess and Schmidt . The initial idea was a Will & Grace - style comedy inspired by Meriwether 's close friendship with a guy after their exes started dating each other . The FOX network liked the script and pursued Zooey Deschanel for the role of Jess , to whose story Meriwether felt most connected . As the script developed , the plot moved on from being about the sexual endeavors of the roommates and became more socially oriented , so the title was changed to New Girl . As Fox greenlit the show in 2011 and ordered an initial 13 episodes , Meriwether approached Jake Kasdan , whom she admired for his work on Freaks and Geeks blending comedy and emotion , to shoot the pilot and subsequent episodes . 30 Rock 's Brett Baer and Dave Finkel became co-showrunners , although Meriwether is still regarded as the voice behind New Girl . According to The New Republic , Kasdan `` helped develop the feel of the show , which is lit more darkly and cinematically than the average sitcom '' , and Meriwether found the show working best `` when you 're laughing , but you 're a little sad about it '' . The show attempts to combine `` comedy and drama as the five characters explore the difficulties of the decade between 30 and 40 , which is when many people take their biggest steps toward maturity '' in regards to relationships and careers , which , unlike Friends , is giving the show a `` built - in biological clock '' . Kasdan said that `` Their lives are moving forward , ( but ) they 're still trying to hang on to some kind of crazy youth '' although he does not `` want them ever to seem pathetic . '' Screenwriters Stephanie Counts and Shari Gold filed an 87 - page lawsuit in January 2014 , claiming that New Girl was based on their 2006 script for a proposed television series . There were a number of similarities , including the number of roommates , similar backgrounds , appearance , and ethnicity . Additionally , Jess 's long term partner in the New Girl pilot had the same name ( Spencer ) and they broke up for similar reasons ( partner 's infidelity ) . Fox and talent agency William Morris Endeavor Entertainment LLC responded in April 2014 that in their view , the two works were not substantially similar and that any other similarities stemmed from non-protectable ideas , or scenes a faire . Thus , they pleaded that the judge dismiss the case . The case was dismissed with leave to amend in 2014 . An amended complaint was filed in 2014 and decided by summary judgment against Counts and Gold on December 30 , 2015 . In March , Counts and Gold were ordered to pay approximately $800,000 in attorney 's fees . Casting ( edit ) Movie actress and singer - songwriter Zooey Deschanel was in the process of developing an HBO show when she read the New Girl pilot script and responded to the material . The character of Jess was not specifically written for Deschanel , but the producers found it a great match and did not need a lot of fine - tuning . With the support from Fox , Meriwether wanted to make Jess a unique , interesting and funny female character that would have been the side character on other shows . Deschanel became a producer on the show and helped build the character , requesting to not play the classic wife character who would be ignored by the guys she tries to keep out of trouble . Meriwether 's goal was to write about herself from an honest perspective , with Jess mirroring her at the start and later Deschanel until Jess turned into a `` hybrid of me and Zooey , the writers , and the editor '' . Deschanel described Jess as a part of her , especially in regards to `` the sort of enthusiasm and optimism '' of her youth . She does not shy away from playing embarrassing scenes or being unattractive , and Kasdan said that `` This show advocates for the attractive dork . '' Although Meriwether had always imagined the show as an ensemble show , Fox would later focus its first marketing push on Zooey Deschanel and gave the show the promotional tagline `` Simply Adorkable . '' The show 's main cast : Zooey Deschanel ( Jess ) , Jake Johnson ( Nick ) , Max Greenfield ( Schmidt ) , Lamorne Morris ( Winston ) , and Hannah Simone ( Cece ) at Paley Fest 2012 . With Kasdan 's advice to cast good actors and write for them instead of shoehorning them into the other roles , Meriwether was prepared to deviate from her pitched characters during casting . Basing Nick Miller on a friend also surnamed Miller , she originally imagined Nick as the smartest one of the group who does n't need to say that and thought of him as `` the everyman one , who 's stepping away and commenting on what all the crazy people are doing around him . '' She sent the New Girl pilot script to movie actor Jake Johnson , with whom she had enjoyed working on No Strings Attached . As he had never auditioned for a TV pilot , she guided him through the audition process . Casting was done mainly through chemistry tests , and Johnson auditioned with Max Greenfield , who impressed the producers in his first audition as Schmidt . The actors auditioning for Schmidt were more varied in appearance than those auditioning for Nick , and Johnson and Greenfield were initially worried that they looked too much alike . Johnson got the role of Nick after he agreed to lose 15 pounds at the network 's request ; Greenfield learned the same day that he was cast . Casting the role of the `` Coach '' character took longer . Meriwether originally envisioned Coach as `` a fat Jewish guy , like a manchild '' and later as `` this dumb jock ( with ) crazy rage problems '' . David Neher ( who would play Schmidt 's so - called `` fremesis , '' Benjamin , in two episodes ) was among the 400 actors auditioning for Coach before the producers settled on Damon Wayans Jr . Wayans was expecting his show , the ABC sitcom Happy Endings , to be canceled . When that show was renewed for a second season , Wayans ' spot was replaced with Lamorne Morris , who had also read for Coach but had been unavailable for filming the pilot . Meriwether estimated that about 80 percent of the pilot would have needed to be re-shot in order to remove Wayans from the episode , since he was in one of the leading roles of the show . As the producers also liked reflecting the frequent apartment changes in young people 's lives , Meriwether , 20th Century Fox and the studio decided to keep the characters and the plot of the pilot episode as they were . Morris joined the show in the second episode of the series when the producers had already broken seven episodes without knowing what the actor was going to be able to do . Wayans returned to New Girl in season 3 for a season - long arc after Happy Endings had been cancelled , and was officially added as a regular for season 4 . Writing ( edit ) The New Girl production offices are on the Fox lot in Los Angeles , next to those of Homeland . New Girl had 11 writers during its first season and 15 during the second season , half of them male . Stories are developed in a collaborative effort and are aimed at viewers of all genders . The first season had no planned story arcs , but focused on setting up the characters , while the second season was to show different sides of the characters . Overarching storylines usually culminate at a season 's end ; the actors are generally not told the ending . Meriwether said the writers did not `` have a lot of plans . I think we really just to try to go where the show wants to go . '' The writers challenge themselves to create new stories and to change the show 's dynamics to keep things fresh , while aiming to be `` as emotionally real as possible '' with `` Every story having to feel like it was grounded in some emotional arc as opposed to going from the joke into the story . '' As the show 's jokes rely on the actors ' performance instead of perfectly constructed punch lines , Meriwether looks for the actors ' strengths before writing . The A story generally revolves around Jess and has an emotional core . Still , Meriwether sees the show as an ensemble about friendship with `` everybody having their own stories and people being interested in all of the characters . '' Each New Girl episode starts out as a pitch page , goes through stages of an outline and a final draft before being filmed and edited , a process which may take weeks . Each stage is approved by Meriwether and her co-showrunners , by the production company Chernin , the Fox studio and the Fox network . One group of writers works on alternate punchlines ( `` alts '' ) , while another group rebreaks a draft until they find the funniest and most emotionally resonant version . All characters are tried to be tied into the story , and determining their motivation is the major goal so that people will laugh . Before taking the script to the table read with the whole cast on Tuesday , the main writers of an episode continue working on the draft over the weekend and the executive producers polish it . During the first season , Meriwether usually made a final pass at the draft alone because of her film and theater background . The actors ' performance influences new story ideas ; the actors may also hand in story ideas . Filming and editing ( edit ) The main set , which was built for the pilot and is to represent a factory - turned - loft in downtown L.A. , got reused once the show was given a full season . 837 Traction Avenue in Los Angeles stands in as the outside of the show 's apartment building . As a single - camera comedy , New Girl is neither performed in front of a studio audience nor has a laugh track . Some scenes are cross-covered ( i.e. are filmed with a shooting camera on each person at the same time ) , to allow for better improvisations . Handheld cameras are avoided for a more filmic look . The actors first receive the script in form of a table draft and film the episode the next Monday , by which time the story may have changed drastically . The script keeps evolving during shooting . The actors first perform scenes as written , then act out the alts or improvise , to later allow the producers and editors to choose the gags that ultimately work best . Morris estimated that 20 percent of each episode are improv . Episodes are generally shot over five days , which may increase to several weeks if weather conditions delay filming outdoor scenes . The scenes are put together in the editing room until they achieve the emotional and comedic tone the producers are looking for . The first cut of generally 27 minutes has to be cut down to the air version 's 21 minutes and 35 seconds , which may air as little as a few days later . Only upon completion do the producers know what version ends up in the episode . True American ( edit ) `` True American '' redirects here . For the historic building in New Jersey , see Golden Swan - True American . True American is a fictional , convoluted drinking game that the New Girl characters first played in the season 1 episode `` Normal '' . In September 2012 , Producer Brett Baer felt the concept of the game `` deserves its own episode at some point '' , but the writers were reluctant to repeat the established rules and rather wanted to make it fresh . A version for the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election was planned but never made . The game 's eventual second appearance in season 2 's `` Cooler '' was played with the strip - poker version `` Clinton Rules '' , but the exact rules remain unclear even to the actors . True American with updated rules and the resulting hangover were featured in season 3 's `` Mars Landing '' . The writers started to do new True American episodes once each year . After `` Normal '' aired , internet sources began to summarize the rules for True American , which the characters described as a mix of a drinking game and Candy Land where the floor is lava ; it also involves shouting the names of American presidents . The idea of True American came from a New Girl writer who played a similar game in college . As she could not remember the game 's exact rules , the writers focused on making the game as funny on the page as possible , but only established chanting `` JFK ! FDR ! '' and walking on chairs . As the cast did not understand the game during shooting , the writers created more rules on the spot , advised the actors to `` have fun , dig in , jump in '' and play it as if `` they 'd been playing this thing for years and years and years . '' The high - energy feel of the game and the amounts of coverage made filming True American more challenging for the actors than normal episodes . Producers Dave Finkel , Brett Baer , and writer Luvh Rakhe , came up with most of the obscure American history facts , but much was cut from the finished episode . Fox subsequently released a set of official rules for the game , which can be summarized `` There are no real rules '' . When the promotional New Girl True American Bus Tour went through 19 American cities in 2012 , the writers stated lack of time rather than not knowing the rules for not writing down the rules . Liz Meriwether said the game would not be easier to comprehend in later appearances , as the writers ' goal is to actually make it harder to understand . She agreed with The A.V. Club that `` It 's much funnier if the rules make no sense . '' As more people attempted playing the game in real life , Baer pointed out that most people were `` getting too drunk too fast '' and did not focus enough on strategy , so the writers were thinking of establishing more rules for guidance . Meriwether advised to `` just trust your hearts , get really wasted , and look inside yourselves . I think you 'll find the rules were there all along . '' Relationships ( edit ) Creator Elizabeth Meriwether sees Nick , Schmidt and Winston `` on the weirder side of things '' . The producers stated learning more about the characters by seeing the actors ' work and that `` We probably rely on them more than we should '' to define the characters . For example , the producers found more variety in Nick 's character in season 1 and enjoyed Johnson 's improvisations , so they relayed Coach 's attributed rage issues to Nick . Nick is a childhood friend of Winston , has been best friends with Schmidt since his college days and becomes close to Jess , so his character connects the most with the other loftmates and is often part of their stories . Jake Johnson ( Nick ) noted the contrast to the original plans for his character , as season 1 turned Nick into `` an idiot , he 's not keeping anyone together '' , and that he did not fully understand his character in season 1 , partly because the character might not have figured himself out at the age of 30 . Johnson felt that initially it seemed like Nick hated Schmidt for being a douchebag , but the show later teamed them up like The Odd Couple , showing their genuine friendship and simultaneous idiocy as they get into trouble . According to Johnson , he and Max Greenfield ( Schmidt ) `` could n't be more different ( as actors ) and it 's very much like Nick and Schmidt , but we both really get a kick out of the other guy '' on set . With Winston only being added late to the show , the writers developed the Nick -- Winston dynamic in season 1 and sought to figure out Winston 's relationship with the other loftmates in season 2 . The writers noticed late during the first season that Morris seemed better suited to play a smart character and act as the loft 's voice of reason , although Meriwether found that when Winston `` finally does blow up , he 's crazier than all of them '' and that he works better `` in these kind of crazy , comedic runners , small pieces of the episode '' that contrast the relationship dramas of the other main characters . The Winston -- Schmidt friendship was developed significantly in the second half of season 2 when the story focus moved to Nick and Jess . The Nick -- Jess relationship affects the three guys ' friendship as Nick starts being more considerate of Jess ' feelings regarding shenanigans . Damon Wayans Jr. was planned to reprise his role as Coach in at least four episodes in the third season , according to Meriwether `` at a time when the roommates are at odds with each other '' and `` The guys are all fighting for his friendship . '' The three guys will get intimidated by Coach 's return , as he has `` this alpha male aggression '' and is `` that macho , tough - talking guy that they all think is so cool '' . With Meriwether 's openness regarding straight and gay communities , New Girl also plays with the guys ' sexual orientation for humor . One of Winston 's recurring alternate persona is Nick 's gay lover `` Theodore K. Mullens '' , which started out as an improv of Lamorne Morris ( Winston ) . Johnson thought that Nick and Schmidt had `` a pretty funny bromance '' with `` their own little weird will - they - wo n't - they '' . Greenfield improvised kissing Nick a lot in season 1 until that the writers started putting Schmidt -- Nick kisses into the script , so that they shared more kisses than Nick and Jess did in the first two seasons . The season 2 episode `` Models '' came about when Meriwether thought the show `` needed a love story between Nick and Schmidt or something . We wanted to tell it like a classic rom - com story about Nick and Schmidt and their love of each other '' . Release ( edit ) Main article : List of New Girl episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) 25 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 23 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 22 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 5 22 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 6 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) Broadcast and Ratings ( edit ) The New Girl pilot was released via on - demand , iTunes , and TiVo on September 6 , 2011 before its September 20 premiere on Fox in the United States and on City in Canada . Other international broadcasters include Channel 4 and E4 in the United Kingdom , RTÉ2 in the Republic of Ireland , Network Ten and Eleven in Australia , and Four in New Zealand . The pilot episode drew 10.28 million U.S. viewers and a 4.8 adults 18 -- 49 demo rating , making it the highest - rated fall debut for a Fox scripted show since The Bernie Mac Show in 2001 . The second episode made New Girl the top - rated show on television in the marketing - important 18 -- 49 demographic , improved the rating of its lead - in hit series Glee and beat the long - running hit series NCIS and Dancing with the Stars . At this time , Fox ordered 11 additional episodes to the initial 13 - episode order , bringing the first season to 24 episodes . The ratings dropped considerably when the show took a break for baseball , plunging almost 20 percent to a 2.1 rating in the 18 -- 49 audience group . During the 2011 -- 12 television season , New Girl averaged 8.22 million viewers and a 4.2 adults 18 -- 49 demo rating . In 18 -- 49 demo , it ranked as the fifth highest rated show on Fox and 13th overall . On April 9 , 2012 , New Girl was officially renewed for a second season of 24 episodes ; Fox ordered one more episode during the second half of the season . On March 4 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 17 , 2013 . New Girl 's ratings were cited as an example for changed audience behavior : when including its Live + 7 ( days ) results instead of just Live + SD ( same day ) , the show 's viewership almost doubled in the week of October 13 -- 20 , 2013 by jumping 89 percent , that week 's the biggest percentage gain , to a 3.6 demo rating . The total audience of the episode `` Sister '' grew by 112 percent over thirty days on multi platforms , compared to the Live + SD rating of 3.4 . The post-Super Bowl episode `` Prince '' holds the show 's Live + SD viewership record of 26.30 million viewers . New Girl was renewed for a fourth season on March 7 , 2014 and renewed for a fifth season on March 31 , 2015 . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 24 September 20 , 2011 10.28 May 8 , 2012 5.61 2011 -- 12 61 8.22 4.2 / 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. ( premiere ) Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 25 September 25 , 2012 5.18 May 14 , 2013 4.06 2012 -- 13 77 5.85 3.2 / 9 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 23 September 17 , 2013 5.53 May 6 , 2014 2.39 2013 -- 14 103 4.61 3.2 22 September 16 , 2014 3.04 May 5 , 2015 2.22 2014 -- 15 138 3.42 1.8 5 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. ( 1 - 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 ) Tuesday 8 : 30 p.m. ( 16 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. ( 18 , 20 , 22 ) 22 January 5 , 2016 3.33 May 10 , 2016 2.17 2015 -- 16 125 3.69 1.8 6 Tuesday 8 : 30 p.m. ( 1 - 10 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. ( 11 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 2.31 April 4 , 2017 2.00 2016 -- 17 133 2.93 TBD Syndication ( edit ) The series was added to TBS 's line - up on August 17 , 2015 . Additionally , the sitcom was added to MTV in the fall of 2015 . DVD releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 24 October 2 , 2012 December 3 , 2012 November 2 , 2012 October 10 , 2012 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 25 October 1 , 2013 September 27 , 2013 December 13 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 23 September 2 , 2014 October 3 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 22 September 1 , 2015 November 16 , 2015 TBA May 4 , 2016 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 TBA TBA TBA Tie - ins ( edit ) The Douche Journals : The Definitive Account of One Man 's Genius , compiled of the many Schmidtisms from The Douchebag Jar , before Jess moved into the apartment . Released in 2012 . Season 6 episode 4 features a crossover with Brooklyn Nine - Nine , as Jess finds herself in a predicament while driving in New York City . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) In June 2011 , New Girl was one of eight honorees in the `` most exciting new series '' category at the 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards , voted by journalists who had seen the pilots . Robert Bianco of USA Today considered New Girl `` fall 's most promising new series '' and praised how Deschanel and Meriwether `` have shaped Jess into something we have n't quite seen before -- a woman who is sweet yet crass , innocent yet sexy , beautiful yet clumsy , and brash yet irresistibly adorable . '' However , he noted how `` Some people will be resistant to Deschanel 's doe - eyed charm ; others have a congenital need to insult anyone who most everyone else is praising , particularly if doing so gets them attention . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Tim Goodman saw the show as a `` mostly romantic comedy '' , and although Jess ' adorability `` might seem like a thin premise , ( ... ) Meriwether manages to make the situations funny and lets Deschanel channel her charm -- a winning combination . '' David Wiegand of San Francisco Chronicle would rather see the show tone down . He felt `` the show 's fundamental setup is n't all that inspired , but it could work with smarter writing and better direction , especially with regard to Deschanel '' , who , in his opinion , overplayed Jess ' weird habits `` to the point of overkill within the first 10 minutes of the show '' . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix considered New Girl `` the best new comedy of the fall season , and the only new show I genuinely enjoyed from start to finish '' because it was so well developed from the start . He praised Deschanel 's `` wonderful comic performance '' and said that while the supporting actors `` all bounce nicely off of Deschanel '' , the scenes without Deschanel around them fell flat for him . Writing for the Daily News , David Hinckley lauded how none of the characters `` settle in as the stereotypes they could easily become '' , and presumed that all of them would evolve and get smarter as the show progresses . Lori Rack of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the actors ' comedic timing and playing off each other . Despite the guys sounding `` like nightmares '' on paper , `` they have endearing , vulnerable cores that make them likable , and occasionally , lovable . ( ... ) New Girl did n't give me as many laugh - out - loud moments as some comedies '' , but instead made her `` feel warm and fuzzy '' . Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said the show 's pilot was `` more charming than hilarious '' and `` cuter than it is funny , but when it does conjure laughs , its style of humor is reminiscent of ABC 's Happy Endings '' . Critics questioned the portrayal of Jess ' girlishness early on . Phillip Maciak of Slant Magazine initially expected New Girl as one of 2011 's many new female - centric shows to `` be an exemplar of this new age of empowerment , but found instead that `` New Girl presents us with a narratively scattered , male fantasy of a show about a cooing woman - child in a polka - dot skirt who literally ca n't say the word ' penis ' without giggling . '' Meriwether stated it was not the show 's goal to create a symbol and , pointing to gender double - standards , rejected opinions that Jess was emblematic of all women . She `` was really just writing about myself , and so my main goal is just to give Zooey , really fun , interesting things to do every week , and then just be really honest with myself about the character and present an interesting , funny female character on television . '' Critics felt the first - season episode `` Jess & Julia '' was a meta reference to Jess ' girliness and the initial `` adorkable '' ad campaign for New Girl , but Meriwether stated the episode was more a response to a controversial New York magazine cover story about Deschanel 's personality and her views on women 's issues . Summarizing the first two seasons , Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said `` Jess fit into no known mode , sitcom or interpersonal . For much of the ( first ) season , she remained a cipher . Her interactions with the rest of the crew were unfailingly odd -- there was no common language , and that was the root of the show 's comedic alchemy , or lack thereof . By the end of that first season , Jess ' sharp angles had been sandpapered down a bit , but the show 's second season ( ... ) represented a change in approach that has rescued New Girl from its whimsy and turned it into one of the most reliable and reliably affecting sitcoms on television . At root , these changes sprang from the recognition that Ms. Deschanel 's charms lie not in her quirk but in her empathy and warmth . '' Variety 's Cynthia Littleton summarized that `` The show has drawn praise from critics for its deft mix of offbeat humor that captures the voice of contempo 20 - somethings and laugh - out - loud moments , aided by Deschanel 's flair for physical comedy . '' The Huffington Post 's Maureen Ryan said New Girl 's second season was `` doing an ace job of mixing sharp comedic moments and goofball weirdness with excellent character - building . '' Many critics considered Max Greenfield the show 's breakout star in season 1 ; The A.V. Club even named Greenfield 's Schmidt `` the year 's breakout TV character '' as a `` douchebag with a heart of gold '' . Salon described Schmidt as `` a sort of self - created alpha male and a collection of beta male qualities ( ... which ) are performed with such conviction they congeal into a sort of deranged machismo , one slathered in sandalwood - scented lotion . As part of this transition , Schmidt has gone from being a douchebag in the classic model -- a guy who , in the pilot , constantly wanted to show off his pecs and scam girls , and seemed capable of doing so -- to a douche of a more unique variety . '' The Huffington Post 's Maureen Ryan said how `` Schmidt could have easily been ' the dumb guy ' , or the show could have exploited his status as an eminently mockable douche . But thanks to Max Greenfield 's endearing depiction of the would - be ladykiller , there 's a lot more the writers have been able to do with the character . '' Caramanica lamented how Winston as the lone black character `` is still an outlier , though far less so than in the first season . He 's a sharp foil when other characters , especially Schmidt , get too racially comfortable . '' After the teasing of the Nick -- Jess relationship in the first season , critics named Jake Johnson the breakout star of season 2 as the characters ' romance unfolded . Saying that `` Not since Ross and Rachel 's tango on Friends has watching a comedy romance been so satisfying '' , The Hollywood Reporter said the producers `` did the impossible by engaging their leads in a love story , which only strengthened the artistry of the single - cam comedy '' . The New York Times said season 2 `` erupted in fantastic and bizarre fits and starts '' because of the characters ' unmatched personalities , and lauded the writers for not playing up the will - they - or - wo n't - they dynamic . By emphasing how the characters got together , the show `` made for hilarious setups ( that occasionally led ) to high - level Abbott and Costello slapstick . They have a modern love . ( ... ) Together , they are fully functional . They make each other human . '' The Huffington Post 's Maureen Ryan was unconcerned about getting Jess and Nick together , as because of immaturity `` they 're bound to keep on making a lot of amusing and painful mistakes , sometimes with each other . Those choices can be both hilarious and sad , and New Girl has gotten a lot of mileage out of both those areas . '' The continued Nick -- Jess relationship was criticized in season 3 for dropping the characters ' personalities , lack of tension , and for neglecting the show 's female friendship between Jess and Cece . TV Guide 's Natalie Abrams felt that during the first half of season 3 that `` bringing them together caused that ( former ) spark ( between them ) to diminish '' , while Hitfix 's Alan Sepinwall and The A.V. Club 's David Sims found that the show 's perceived decline in quality had less to do with the Nick -- Jess relationship but with the handling of Schmidt 's cheating arc and the re-introduction of Coach . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by New Girl The show has been nominated for several awards , including five Golden Globe Awards and five Primetime Emmy Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Girl , New ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Save the date ! New # NewGirl starting September 20 ! fox.tv/Fall2016 '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/tv/girl-renewed-final-season-7-165944833.html Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/new-girl-final-season-details-cancellation-avoided-fox-1202094465/ ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Dylan ( December 2011 ) . `` New Girl 's New Girl '' . wga.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Zooey Deschanel and Liz Meriwether NEW GIRL Interview '' . collider.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Malone , Noreen ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Not That Kind of Girl -- Liz Meriwether is the anti-Lena Dunham '' . newrepublic.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maerz , Melissa ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` New Girl Gets A New Attitude '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1199 ) . pp. 43 -- 46 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Comedy Showrunners Week : New Girl creator Elizabeth Meriwether laughs at her characters ' pain '' . avclub.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Holly ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` New Girl was originally Chicks and Dicks '' . 3NEWS . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , Michael J. ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Playboy. com 's Exclusive Interview with New Girl star : Jake Johnson '' . Playboy . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Egner , Jeremy ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Elizabeth Meriwether Answers Your ' New Girl ' Questions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Voss , Brandon ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Season 2 Scoop : What To Expect For Jess , Schmidt and the Gang '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The New Girl showrunners on wrangling season two 's first five episodes ( Part 1 of 5 ) '' . avclub.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Fox , WME , Peter Chernin Sued for Allegedly Stealing TV Pilot Script for ' New Girl ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Demands Judge Reject ' New Girl ' Theft Lawsuit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2671316-NewGirl-Ruling.html Jump up ^ https://www.law360.com/articles/769849/fox-william-morris-win-fees-after-beating-new-girl-ip-suit ^ Jump up to : `` Why New Girl Brought Zooey Deschanel to TV '' . IGN . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Girl : Zooey Deschanel 's Adorableness Re - Confirmed '' . IGN . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Rachel ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` New Girl Creator Liz Meriwether Talks Zooey Deschanel , Thanksgiving and Fighting for Kazoos '' . televisionwithoutpity.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Girl '' . The Writers ' Room . Season 1 . Episode 4 . August 19 , 2013 . Sundance Channel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` The New Girl showrunners on building the second season toward its ' big kiss ' -- and the aftermath '' . avclub.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Creator Liz Meriwether on Jess , Sexuality , Schmidt & More '' . thedailybeast.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : ' New Girl ' creator Liz Meriwether post-mortems season 1 '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The New Girl showrunners on some of season 2 's biggest challenges ( Part 2 of 5 ) '' . avclub.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jake ( 2013 ) . New Girl 's Jake Johnson Talks Chemistry on Set . soundcloud.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Meriwether , Brett Baer , Dave Finkel , Jake Kasdan , Katherine Pope ( 2013 ) . Audio Commentary for `` Pilot '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jake ( December 15 , 2012 ) . InsideTV Podcast : Jake Johnson promises ' a big Nick - Jess development ' on ' New Girl ' in 2013 . Entertainment Weekly . Event occurs at 5 : 48 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Johnson and Max Greenfield ( May 7 , 2013 ) . ' New Girl ' Stars Max Greenfield & Jake Johnson Interview On Air with Ryan Seacrest . YouTube . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Voss , Brandon ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Jake Johnson : New Girl 's New Guy '' . advocate.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Schneider ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` New Girl Finds Its New Man -- and Here 's How It Happened '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Damon Wayans Jr . Upped to Regular for ' New Girl 's ' Fourth Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paskin , Willa ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` New Girl '' creator Liz Meriwether : `` I do n't think the show is adorkable '' . Salon . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` New Girl Creator Liz Meriwether : Jess Goes `` Off the Grid '' in Season 2 `` . TV Guide . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` How a ' New Girl ' script gets made : From outline to final cut on ' TinFinity ' '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' New Girl ' : Hannah Simone on ' Bachelorette Party , ' Cece 's ' wild and crazy ' season finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Caryn ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` BWW Interviews : NEW GIRL Creator and Writer Liz Meriwether '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` The New Girl showrunners on solving a season - two puzzle -- then re-arranging the pieces '' . avclub.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 837 Traction Ave '' . Google Maps . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jenn ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` '' New Girl 's '' Jake Johnson is a big tease `` . Salon . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` The ' New Girl ' Panel Opens Up at PaleyFest '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stemer , Zak ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lamorne Morris : The ' new ' guy '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Press Tour 2012 : ' New Girl ' producers lay down True American rules ( sort of ) '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' New Girl ' : Brooklyn Decker Learns How to Play ' True American ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Creator Liz Meriwether Talks Prince , Super Bowl Pressure and Letting Zooey Sing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yapalater , Lauren ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' True American ' Is The Next Big Drinking Game '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' New Girl ' finally reveals True American drinking game rules ... sort of '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` The ' New Girl ' tour may be headed to your town '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Creator Liz Meriwether on Accidental Love Triangles , Reintroducing Damon Wayans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Connell , Michael ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Star Jake Johnson Hears the Pleas for More Nick and Jess '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patalano , Heidi ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Some ' New Girl ' news to tide you over '' . metro.us . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' New Girl ' cast members talk romance , bromance and ... Nick and Schmidt as detectives '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Marlow ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Jake Johnson on His SXSW Comedy ' Drinking Buddies , ' ' New Girl ' Success '' . thedailybeast.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' New Girl ' creator Liz Meriwether on Nick and Jess , Schmidt 's choice , and the fun of season 2 '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Girl Postmortem : Are Nick and Jess Ready to Date ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Damon Wayans Jr . Returning To ' New Girl ' For Season 3 '' . The Huffington Post . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Mega Buzz : Breaking Bad 's Cancer , a Scandal Breakup and the NCIS Goodbye '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Crupi , Anthony ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Wins Tuesday With Zooey Charm Offensive -- Deschanel comedy ' New Girl ' opens to big numbers '' . adweek.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of channels in category ' Citytv ' '' . Fall TV Preview . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Girl '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 : A TV odyssey '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEN 2012 Programming Launch '' . TV Tonight . August 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Girl -- Shows -- TV -- FOUR '' . MediaWorks TV . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : ' New Girl , ' ' Glee , ' ' NCIS , ' DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` TV Column : ' Glee ' and ' Dancing ' both see an audience dip '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Quickly Endorses `` New Girl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` FOX Gives ' New Girl ' a Full - Season Pickup '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' New Girl ' on Fox Is Latest Victim of a Disappearing TV Audience '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Renews ' Glee ' , ' New Girl ' And Raising Hope '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gachman , Dina ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` New Girl 's Liz Meriwether : Funny Women Are n't Feminist Symbols '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Early Renewals : ' The Following ' , ' New Girl ' , ' Raising Hope ' & ' Mindy Project ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Blacklist ' Sets DVR Record , Retains 100 % Of Premiere Demo Rating In Week 2 ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains With 89 % '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Ratings Analysis : ' Blacklist , ' ' New Girl ' get huge Live + 7 bumps '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` FOX 30 - Day Multi-Platform Stats : Triple Digit Growth for ' The Following ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up & Final Super Bowl Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' New Girl , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' Mindy Project , ' ' Following ' renewed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Finals : ' New Girl , ' ' Glee , ' ' NCIS , ' DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://tvaholics.blogspot.com/2012/09/ratings-broadcast-finals-for-september_6519.html Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Returns Down , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Rise + ' Grimm ' Dips ; TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Hit Lows + ' New Girl ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Rise '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2014/08/able-rights-to-new-girl-go-to-tbs-mtv-817995/ Jump up ^ `` ' New Girl ' Made a Schmidt Book Called ' The Douche Journals ' ( Exclusive Excerpt ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Girl recap : The 5 ' loft ' - iest moments from ' Homecoming ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Honors 8 New Shows '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' New Girl ' could soon be the most popular series on TV '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` New Girl : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' New Girl ' reviews '' . San Francisco Chronicle . 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Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Letting Go of Whimsy in Favor of Feeling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Creator Liz Meriwether in Overall Deal with 20th TV ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' New Girl ' : Nick And Jess Share A Big Moment '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paskin , Willa ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` '' New Girl 's '' new manhood `` . Salon . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` 15 TV Breakout Characters of 2012 -- 13 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Reporter Names the 50 Power Showrunners of 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to New Girl : Stop Trying to Make Nick and Jess Happen ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to New Girl : Stop Trying to Make Nick and Jess Happen ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Girl Scoop : Are Nick and Jess Headed for a Breakup ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' New Girl ' -- ' Prince ' : I love u but I do n't trust u anymore '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` New Girl is bouncing back , but Nick and Jess were never the problem '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . 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what college did nick and schmidt go to
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"Max Greenfield as Winston Saint-Marie Schmidt, an overly confident, Jewish ladies' man who is originally from Long Island. Schmidt met Nick in college while attending Syracuse University, when he was an overweight virgin. Since then he has lost weight, worked hard to revamp his image, and turned into a womanizer. Schmidt is snobbish, uptight, a control freak and a germophobe. Career-wise he is a successful marketing associate in a female-dominated office. He eventually marries Jess' friend Cece. Schmidt's first name is a long-kept secret of the series, until the second-to-last episode of season six \"San Diego\" in which it is revealed to be Winston."
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"Syracuse University"
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Unchained Melody
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Unchained Melody - wikipedia Unchained Melody Jump to : navigation , search 1955 sheet music release `` Unchained Melody '' is a 1955 song with music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret . North used the music as a theme for the little - known prison film Unchained ( 1955 ) , hence the song title . Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack . It has since become a standard and one of the most often recorded songs of the 20th century , most notably by the Righteous Brothers . According to the song 's publishing administrator , over 1,500 recordings of `` Unchained Melody '' have been made by more than 670 artists , in multiple languages . In 1955 , three versions of the song ( by Les Baxter , Al Hibbler , and Roy Hamilton ) charted in the Billboard Top 10 in the United States , and four versions ( by Al Hibbler , Les Baxter , Jimmy Young , and Liberace ) appeared in the Top 20 in the United Kingdom simultaneously , an unbeaten record for any song . The song and `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' are the only songs to reach number one in four different recordings in the UK . Of the hundreds of recordings made , it was the July 1965 version by the Righteous Brothers , performed as a solo by Bobby Hatfield , that became a jukebox standard for the late 20th century . This version achieved a second round of great popularity when it was featured in the film Ghost ( 1990 ) . In 2004 , it finished at number 27 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of song 2 Early versions 2.1 Charts 2.2 Les Baxter 2.3 Roy Hamilton 2.4 Jimmy Young 2.5 Al Hibbler 3 The Righteous Brothers versions 3.1 Recording 3.2 Re-recording and re-release 3.3 Reception 3.4 Charts 3.5 Certifications 4 Robson & Jerome version 4.1 Charts 4.2 Certifications 5 Gareth Gates version 5.1 Charts 5.2 Certifications 6 Other notable versions 6.1 Country charts 7 Impact 7.1 Popularity 7.2 Accolades 7.3 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Origin of song ( edit ) In 1954 , North was contracted to compose the score for the prison film Unchained ( released in 1955 ) . North composed and recorded the score , and then was asked to write a song based upon the movie 's theme . North asked Hy Zaret to write the lyrics , but Zaret initially declined , saying he was too busy painting his house . North was able to convince him to take the job , and together they wrote `` Unchained Melody . '' Zaret refused the producer 's request to include the word `` unchained '' in his lyrics . The song eventually became known as the `` Unchained Melody '' even though the song does not actually include the word `` unchained '' . Instead , Zaret chose to focus on someone who pines for a lover he has not seen in a `` long , lonely time '' . The film centered around a man who contemplates either escaping from prison to live life on the run or completing his sentence and returning to his wife and family . The song has an unusual harmonic device as the bridge ends on the tonic chord rather than the more usual dominant chord . With Todd Duncan singing the vocals , the song was nominated for an Oscar in 1955 , but the Best Song award went to the hit song `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' . William Stirrat falsely claimed over many years that he wrote the song . Early versions ( edit ) Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack . He performs an abbreviated version in the film , playing one of the prisoners . Lying on a bed , he sings it accompanied by another prisoner on guitar while others listen sadly . Bandleader Les Baxter released a version ( Capitol Records catalog number 3055 ) which reached number 1 on the US charts and number 10 in the UK . The words `` unchain me '' are sung repeatedly at the beginning and the lyrics are sung by a choir . Billboard ranked this version as the No. 5 song of 1955 . Al Hibbler followed close behind with a vocal version ( Decca Records catalog number 29441 ) , that reached number 3 on the Billboard charts and number 2 in the UK chart listings . He was quickly followed by Jimmy Young , whose version hit number 1 on the British charts . Jimmy Young also later re-recorded another version of his 1955 chart topper in early 1964 , which rose to number 43 in the UK . Two weeks after Young 's version entered the top 10 of the British charts in June 1955 , Liberace would score a number 20 hit ( Philips PB 430 ) . Roy Hamilton 's version ( Epic Records catalog number 9102 ) reached number 1 on the R&B Best Sellers list and number 6 on the pop chart . June Valli recorded the song on March 15 , 1955 , which was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 6078 , with the flip side `` Tomorrow '' , and took it to number 29 . Harry Belafonte sang it at the 1956 Academy Awards , where it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song of 1955 . Belafonte had also made a recording of the song for RCA Victor Records , which was released as catalog number 20 - 6784 in 1955 , with the flip side `` A-Roving '' . Perry Como recorded the song in 1955 , as did his RCA Victor labelmate top country crooner Eddy Arnold , and English jazz musician Cliff Townshend of The Squadronaires ( father of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend ) also released a popular version in 1956 , as did American rock n roll star Gene Vincent in the same year . In 1963 , an uptempo doo - wop version by Vito & the Salutations peaked at number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; this version was used in the soundtrack for Goodfellas in 1990 . While the sheet music business was losing its prominence to sound recordings , a sheet music release of the song peaked at number one on its tenth week on the Billboard Best Selling Sheet Music chart on the week ending June 18 , 1955 . It stayed at its peak position for nine weeks until it dropped to number four on its twentieth week on the week ending August 27 . Charts ( edit ) Les Baxter ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 United Kingdom ( Record Mirror ) 10 United States ( Billboard Hot 100 ) Roy Hamilton ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position United States ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 6 United States ( Billboard R&B Singles Chart ) Jimmy Young ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) United Kingdom ( Record Mirror ) Al Hibbler ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) United Kingdom ( Record Mirror ) United States ( Billboard Hot 100 ) United States ( Billboard R&B Singles Chart ) The Righteous Brothers versions ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' B - side label of the original U.S. vinyl release Single by The Righteous Brothers from the album Just Once in My Life A-side `` Hung on You '' Released July 17 , 1965 Format 7 '' Recorded March 2 , 1965 , Radio Recorders , Hollywood CA Genre Blue - eyed soul Length 3 : 36 Label Philles Songwriter ( s ) Music : Alex North Lyrics : Hy Zaret Producer ( s ) Bill Medley ( uncredited ) The Righteous Brothers singles chronology `` Just Once in My Life '' ( 1964 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 1965 ) `` Ebb Tide '' ( 1965 ) `` Just Once in My Life '' ( 1964 ) `` Hung On You / Unchained Melody '' ( 1965 ) `` Ebb Tide '' ( 1965 ) The best - known version of `` Unchained Melody '' was recorded by the duo The Righteous Brothers for Philles Records in 1965 . The lead vocal was performed solo by Bobby Hatfield , who later recorded other versions of the song credited solely to him . According to his singing partner Bill Medley , they had agreed to do one solo piece each per album . Both wanted to do `` Unchained Melody '' for their fourth album , but Hatfield won the coin toss . `` Unchained Melody '' was originally released as the ' B ' side of the single `` Hung On You '' as the follow - up single to `` Just Once in My Life '' . However , `` Hung On You '' failed to interest radio DJs who instead chose to play the ' B ' side `` Unchained Melody '' . According to Medley , producer Phil Spector , who would deliberately place a throwaway song that was n't meant to be played on the ' B ' side , was incensed that the DJs chose to play the ' B ' side and started calling radio stations to get them to stop playing `` Unchained Melody '' . However , he failed , and the song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 14 in the UK in 1965 . Recording ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' Bobby Hatfield changed the tune to the line `` I need your love '' for the climax of the song , a change found in many subsequent versions Problems playing this file ? See media help . There is some uncertainty over who produced the song as Spector took the credit as the producer on many tracks and ' B ' sides that were produced by Medley . However , Medley , who had produced the duo before they signed with Spector and Philles , consistently stated that he produced this recording . Spector was primarily interested in producing singles and `` Unchained Melody '' was originally intended to be an album cut . Medley said : `` Phil came to me and asked me to produce the Righteous Brothers albums because he would have taken too long and it would have cost too much money . '' By Medley 's account , Spector only claimed production credit after it supplanted `` Hung On You '' as the hit . Early copies of the single did not credit a producer for `` Unchained Melody '' and only credited Spector as producer of the original single `` Hung On You '' . Later pressings of the single credited Spector as the producer . Hatfield made a change to the song during the recording sessions . Hatfield initially recorded a couple of takes of the song as it was written , but returned later for another session , changing the melody for the `` I need your love '' line in the final verse , and sang it much higher instead . Hatfield then said he could do another take better , to which Medley replied : `` No , you ca n't . '' Medley played the Wurlitzer piano on the song and he noted that `` if I knew that it was gon na be a hit I certainly would have brought in a better piano player . '' Re-recording and re-release ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' reappeared on the Billboard charts in 1990 after The Righteous Brothers ' recording was used in the box office blockbuster film Ghost . Two versions charted in the US that year -- the original and a new recording . According to Medley , he was interested in having the original recording released due to the renewed interest in the song , but was told that there were licensing issues . Although Hatfield was no longer in the same condition vocally as when he first recorded the song , they decided to re-record the song for Curb Records . The re-recorded version was released as both a cassette single and a CD single . It received minimal airplay but recorded excellent sales , peaking at number 19 . The re-recorded version was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 10 , 1991 , and received a Grammy Award nomination . The 1965 original Righteous Brothers recording was reissued in 1990 by oldies - reissue label Verve Forecast under licensing from Polygram Records ( which had acquired the rights years earlier ) . The original version received a lot of airplay , and topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart for two weeks in 1990 . However , sales were minimal in the US since it was only available as a 45 RPM single and the song peaked at No. 13 based largely on airplay . For eight weeks , both versions were on the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously and the Righteous Brothers became the first act to have two versions of the same songs in the Top 20 at the same time . This re-released song reached number 1 in the UK where it stayed for four weeks , becoming the UK 's top selling single of 1990 . As of 2017 , it has sold 1.17 million copies . The 1990 reissue also reached number 1 in Australia , Austria , Ireland , the Netherlands , and New Zealand . Due to the success of their re-recording , The Righteous Brothers also re-recorded other songs and released them as part of a budget - priced CD compilation by Curb Records . For the original recordings , Polydor had licensed the CD rights to Rhino Records for a premium - priced 1989 compilation of Righteous Brothers hits from various labels ; later in 1990 , it issued its own regular - priced Righteous Brothers greatest hits CD that included the recording . Reception ( edit ) The Righteous Brothers ' cover of `` Unchained Melody '' is now widely considered the definitive version of the song . Hatfield 's vocal in particular is highly praised ; it has been described as `` powerful , full of romantic hunger , yet ethereal , '' and a `` vocal tour de force '' , although his re-recording was noted as `` fudging only a bit on the highest notes '' . The production of their original recording has been described as `` epic '' , and that with `` Hatfield 's emotion - packed tenor soaring to stratospheric heights , it 's a record designed to reduce anyone separated from the one they loved to a `` pile of mush '' . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Lever Hit Parades ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1990 -- 91 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Year - end charts Chart ( 1990 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 48 Chart ( 1991 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,167,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Robson & Jerome version ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' Single by Robson & Jerome from the album Robson & Jerome Released 8 May 1995 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded 1995 Length 3 : 17 Label BMG Records Songwriter ( s ) Alex North , Hy Zaret Producer ( s ) Mike Stock , Matt Aitken Robson & Jerome singles chronology `` Unchained Melody '' / `` White Cliffs of Dover '' ( 1995 ) `` I Believe '' / `` Up on the Roof '' ( 1995 ) `` Unchained Melody '' / `` White Cliffs of Dover '' ( 1995 ) `` I Believe '' / `` Up on the Roof '' ( 1995 ) The version by Robson & Jerome is notable as the best - selling single of 1995 in the UK . It also launched the singing career of Robson & Jerome , and became the biggest hit in the UK for Simon Cowell , marking his beginning as an important figure in the music industry . In November 1994 , in an episode of the UK television drama series Soldier Soldier , actors Robson Green and Jerome Flynn performed `` Unchained Melody '' as an impromptu duo The Unrighteous Brothers after the entertainment failed to appear for a friend 's wedding . Their performance triggered a strong response from the audience who attempted to find a recording of the song that was then unavailable . Simon Cowell was alerted to the interest shown by the public , and pursued the two reluctant actors for the next four months to record the song , to the extent that Robson Green threatened legal action to stop Cowell harassing them . The actors were eventually persuaded to sign a recording contract with Cowell and record a Righteous Brothers - type version of the song as a duo . The recording was produced by Mike Stock and Matt Aitken . It was later revealed by Stock that the vocals were `` assisted '' and with parts sung by other session singers . It was released as a double A-sided single with `` White Cliffs of Dover '' , a popular song during World War II , included in recognition of the 50th anniversary of VE day , the date of the single release . The video released for `` Unchained Melody '' also incorporated clips from the 1945 film Brief Encounter . Their recording immediately reached number 1 in the UK , selling 314,000 copies in its first week , at that time the fastest - selling debut single in UK chart history . It stayed at the top of the chart for seven weeks . It became the best selling single of 1995 , and one of the country 's all - time biggest - selling singles ( No. 9 in November 2012 ) , with 1.87 million copies sold . The self - titled album they released later in the year also became the best - selling album of 1995 , and although they decided to quit the following year , they would eventually sell 7 million copies of albums and 5 million copies of the 3 singles released . Simon Cowell , who before this was known largely as a creator of novelty records with television characters such as the puppets Zig and Zag and action characters Power Rangers , then came to the attention of the media for his ability to create hit records . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,872,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Gareth Gates version ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' Single by Gareth Gates from the album What My Heart Wants to Say Released March 18 , 2002 Format CD single Recorded A-side Studios , Stockholm , Sweden ( 2002 ) Genre Pop Length 3 : 54 Label BMG , S Records Songwriter ( s ) Alex North , Hy Zaret Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Gareth Gates singles chronology `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2002 ) `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' ( 2002 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2002 ) `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' ( 2002 ) Gareth Gates first performed `` Unchained Melody '' as a contestant in the first series of the UK singing competition television show Pop Idol , which included Simon Cowell as one of the judges . Gates reprised the song in the final as his personal choice , but the competition was won by Will Young . Gates was signed by Cowell , and as the runner - up , Gates released the song as his first single three weeks after the winner had released his single , the double A-sided `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' . Gates ' cover of `` Unchained Melody '' was released together with his versions of the same two songs as the winner 's single , and became one of the fastest - selling singles in the UK , selling around 328,000 copies in the first day of release . It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in its first week of release with sales of 850,000 copies , and stayed at the top of the chart for four weeks . It became the second best - selling song in the UK in 2002 , as well as that of the decade of 2000s , after the single by the winner Will Young . It has sold 1.35 million copies in the UK as of 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 / 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,348,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other notable versions ( edit ) In 1960 , Sam Cooke recorded a version of this song . Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1955 for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings ( 1954 - 56 ) issued by Mosaic Records ( catalog MD7 - 245 ) in 2009 . Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers of The Goons recorded a parody of the song , produced by George Martin , on June 29 , 1955 . It would have been the first single by the Goons , however , EMI refused to release it , fearing a lawsuit from its music publisher . It prompted Spike Milligan to move to Decca Records which released other works from the Goons . The Goons later released an album titled Unchained Melodies with Decca , but without the actual song . The single was later released in 1990 , and the song was then included in other album releases , such as a compilation album also titled unchained Melodies . In 1979 , George Benson recorded a version for the Warner Bros. Records album Livin ' Inside Your Love . The single peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) . In 1981 , a live version performed by the band Heart peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 . This version was later included on the 2006 compilation album Love Songs . In 1986 , Leo Sayer released a version of the song with a contemporary reworking of the `` wall of sound '' production technique that included an unusual electric guitar solo near the climax . The single charted in the UK at No. 54 . U2 covered the song as a B - side to their 1989 single , `` All I Want Is You '' , and included in their compilation album The Best of 1980 -- 1990 . They have performed the song live many times , including one captured on their 1993 concert film Zoo TV : Live from Sydney . Bono and The Edge also performed the song together with `` One '' for the charity 46664 Concert in tribute to Nelson Mandela held in Cape Town in 2003 . Cyndi Lauper was nominated for a 2005 Grammy award for `` Best Instrumental Composition Accompanying a Vocal '' for her interpretation of the song , which appears on her 2003 studio album At Last . In 2006 , singer Barry Manilow covered the song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Fifties and was released as a single . The song reached number 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart . Country Charts ( edit ) Different versions of the song have made the Hot Country Songs charts . Joe Stampley ( number 41 , 1975 ) Elvis Presley ( number 6 , 1978 ) On June 21 , 1977 , Elvis Presley performed the song at a show in Rapid City , South Dakota . The performance , described as `` the last great moment of his career '' , was recorded for his last television special two months before his death in August 1977 . A single , based on this recording , was released in March 1978 . It reached No. 6 in the country charts of both the US and Canada , and was certified Gold by Music Canada on July 10 , 1986 . Another live version recorded earlier in April 1977 in Ann Arbor , Michigan was included in his last album Moody Blue . Ronnie McDowell ( number 26 , 1991 ) LeAnn Rimes ( number 3 , 1997 ) LeAnn Rimes ' cover was originally released in November 1996 as a B - side track on a promotional single `` Put a Little Holiday in Your Heart '' that was only available at Target stores on the purchase of her first album Blue . It was also released as a single to radio and included in the compilation album Unchained Melody : The Early Years . The song reached No. 3 on both the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts in the US , and No. 3 in the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . It was ranked No. 64 on the 1997 Year End Country Songs chart in the US , and No. 49 in Canada 's Year End Country Tracks chart . Impact ( edit ) Popularity ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' was the only song to have reached No. 1 in the UK in four different recordings on the official chart until it was joined by the charity single `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' in its fourth re-recording in 2014 . It is the only song to have sold over a million by three separate acts in the UK -- Robson and Jerome ( 1.87 million ) , Gareth Gates ( 1.35 million ) , the Righteous Brothers ( 1.17 million ) . The song has been number 1 on lists of love songs featured on the United Kingdom 's Channel 4 and Five . The song has been covered by many artists ; according to the song 's publishing administrator , over 1,500 recordings of `` Unchained Melody '' have been made by more than 670 artists in multiple languages . Its popularity also meant that the song is one of the highest grossing songs for its copyright holders , estimated in 2012 to be the fifth biggest earners of royalties according to the BBC 's list of The Richest Songs in the World at £ 18 million . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated in 1955 for an Oscar for best original song from the film Unchained . The re-recorded version by The Righteous Brothers was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1991 in the best pop performance by a duo or group category , and their original version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2000 . In 1992 , the song was given an award by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) as the year 's most - performed song . ASCAP also announced it to be one of the 25 most - performed songs and musical works of the 20th century in 1999 , and the most - performed love song of the 1950s in 2003 . In 2001 , the song was ranked at No. 138 in the list of Songs of the Century released by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . In 2004 , Rolling Stone placed the Righteous Brothers version of the song at number 365 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . It was placed first in Magic 1278 's 500 greatest songs of all time . It was also listed in 2004 at No. 27 in the list of the 100 top movie songs of all time in American Film institute 's centenary AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of songs in American cinema . In 2007 , the Songwriters Hall of Fame honored `` Unchained Melody '' with a Towering Song award that is presented to creators of a song `` that has influenced the culture in a unique way over many years . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The use of the Righteous Brothers ' cover of `` Unchained Melody '' in the film Ghost resurrected the song 's popularity , and the scene where the song was played also became widely recreated or parodied in popular culture , in films such as The Naked Gun 21⁄2 : The Smell of Fear , and numerous television shows including Glee , Family Guy , Community , Saturday Night Live , Two and a Half Men , 30 Rock and Wallace and Gromit 's A Matter of Loaf and Death . The song was also used in the musical adaptation of the film Ghost the Musical . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robert Rodriguez , The 1950s ' Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Rock & Roll Rebels , Brassey 's , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Stephen ( November 6 , 2003 ) . `` Entertainment Brothers in good company with hits '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unchained Meldoy '' . Unchained Melody Publishing LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Philip Dodd , Paul Du Noyer ( 1999 ) . The encyclopedia of singles . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 7525 - 3337 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Simpson ( October 2 , 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Pop . Rough Guides . pp. 246 -- 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 229 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record Breakers and Trivia : Singles : Individual Hits : Number 1s '' . Every Hits . ^ Jump up to : Paul Sexton ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Band Aid 30 's ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ' Opens at No. 1 in U.K. With Huge Sales '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Hy Zaret '' . Argosy Music Corporation . Jump up ^ `` ' Unchained Melody ' Lyricist Dies at 99 All Things Considered '' . National Public Radio ( U.S. ) . July 3 , 2007 . The audio linked from that page includes snippets of various artists performing the song . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Martin ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Hy Zaret , 99 , Tin Pan Alley Lyricist , Is Dead '' . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Lyricist behind Unchained Melody dies `` , CBC Arts '' . CBC . July 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 9 , 2007 ) . `` He waxed lyrical over ' Unchained Melody ' '' . NY Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Zaret was songwriter '' . Long Beach Press Telegram. 3 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the song , MPL Communications '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2006 . Retrieved February 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 30 -- 1955 '' . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . 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Jump up ^ Sharp , Ken . `` Soul & Inspiration : A Conversation with Bill Medley of the Righteous Brothers ( page 2 ) '' . Rockcellar Magazine . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Ken . `` Soul & Inspiration : A Conversation with Bill Medley of the Righteous Brothers '' . Rockcellar Magazine . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82316 - 9 . Jump up ^ Unchained Melody ( cassette ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Media notes ) . Righteous Brothers . Curb Records . 1990 . 4JM - 76842 . The newly recorded version by the original Righteous Brothers Jump up ^ Unchained Melody ( CD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Media notes ) . Righteous Brothers . Curb Records . 1990 . D2 - 76844 . Contains Special New TIMELESS LOVE Extended Version Remix ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Righteous Brothers -- Unchained Melody '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Hatfield dies at 63 '' . Billboard . November 15 , 2003 . Jump up ^ McAleer , Dave ( 2001 ) . The Book of Hit Singles : The Top Twenty Charts from 1964 to the Present Day ( 2001 ed . ) . Music Player Network . p. 305 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 -- via Amazon . `` Unchained Melody '' positioned on number 15 on the October 1990 US chart . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Steve . `` ' Unchained Melody ' ( 1965 ) -- Righteous Brothers '' . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. 1 . London : The Scarecrow Press . p. 632 -- via Google Books . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Unchained Melody ( Media notes ) . The Righteous Brothers . 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Jump up ^ `` '' Unchained Melody '' Honored As 2007 Songwriters Hall Of Fame `` Towering Song '' `` . Songwriters hall of Fame . Jump up ^ John Bessman ( June 9 , 2007 ) . `` They Wrote The Song '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Megan Garber ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Unchained Melody ' Broke Free '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Cristina Everett ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the top parodies of Ghost 's pottery wheel scene '' . EW . Jump up ^ Andrew Gans and Adam Hetrick ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Unchained Melodies : National Tour of Ghost The Musical Kicks Off Sept. 14 '' . Playbill . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unchained Melody . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Publishing administrator for `` Unchained Melody '' Biography of Hy Zaret `` Cashbox charts 1955 Cash Box Top Singles of 1955 '' . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Music video on official Vevo channel on YouTube Robson & Jerome 's version Music video on official Vevo channel on YouTube Gareth Gates ' version Preceded by `` My Babe '' by Little Walter and His Jukes Billboard R&B Best Sellers in Stores number - one single ( Roy Hamilton version ) May 21 , 1955 -- June 4 , 1955 Succeeded by `` Ai n't That a Shame '' by Fats Domino Preceded by `` The Ballad of Davy Crockett '' by Bill Hayes , Fess Parker , and Ernie Ford Cash Box best selling record chart number 1 record ( Les Baxter & Orchestra / Al Hibbler / Roy Hamilton versions ) May 21 , 1955 ( seven weeks ) Succeeded by ( We 're Gonna ) Rock Around the Clock Preceded by `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' by Eddie Calvert UK number - one single ( Jimmy Young version ) 1955 Succeeded by `` Dreamboat '' by Alma Cogan Preceded by `` Oh Girl '' by Paul Young Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) October 13 -- 20 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Love Takes Time '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` A Little Time '' by The Beautiful South UK number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) October 28 , 1990 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ice Ice Baby '' by Vanilla Ice Preceded by `` Groove Is in the Heart '' by Deee - Lite Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) November 24 , 1990 -- January 12 , 1991 Preceded by `` Without You '' by Debbie Gibson Japanese Oricon International Singles Chart number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) November 5 , 1990 December 3 , 1990 -- December 17 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Last Christmas '' by Wham ! Preceded by `` Dreamer '' by Livin ' Joy UK number - one single ( Robson & Jerome version ) May 14 , 1995 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Boom Boom Boom '' by The Outhere Brothers Preceded by `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' by Will Young UK number - one single ( Gareth Gates version ) March 24 -- April 20 , 2002 Succeeded by `` The Hindu Times '' by Oasis Links to related articles Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield Bill Medley Singles `` Little Latin Lupe Lu '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1964 , 1969 , 1977 , 1988 ) `` Just Once in My Life '' ( 1965 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 1965 , 1990 ) `` Ebb Tide '' ( 1965 ) `` Georgia on My Mind '' ( 1966 ) `` ( You 're My ) Soul and Inspiration '' ( 1966 , 1992 ) `` He '' ( 1966 ) `` He Will Break Your Heart '' ( 1966 ) `` On this Side of Goodbye '' ( 1966 ) `` ( There 'll Be Bluebirds Over ) The White Cliffs of Dover '' ( 1966 ) `` Rock and Roll Heaven '' ( 1974 ) `` Dream On '' ( 1974 ) Portal : Biography Portal : Rock music Elvis Presley singles discography 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come from '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Category Leo Sayer Studio albums Silverbird Just a Boy Another Year Endless Flight Thunder in My Heart Leo Sayer Here Living in a Fantasy World Radio Have You Ever Been in Love Cool Touch Compilation albums The Very Best of Leo Sayer All the Best Soundtrack albums All This and World War II Lake Freeze -- The Raccoons Songtrack Singles `` The Show Must Go On '' `` One Man Band '' `` Moonlighting '' `` You Make Me Feel Like Dancing '' `` When I Need You '' `` How Much Love '' `` Thunder in My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You ( Though I Try ) '' `` Raining in My Heart '' `` More Than I Can Say '' `` Orchard Road '' `` Till You Come Back to Me '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related topics Le Chaînon manquant The Raccoons on Ice Book Air Supply Russell Hitchcock Graham Russell Frank Esler - Smith Rex Goh Studio albums Air Supply The Whole Thing 's Started Love & Other Bruises Life Support Lost in Love The One That You Love Now and Forever Air Supply Hearts in Motion The Christmas Album The Earth Is ... The Vanishing Race News from Nowhere The Book of Love Yours Truly Across the Concrete Sky Mumbo Jumbo Live & compilations Greatest Hits Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever Forever Love : 36 Greatest Hits Singles `` Lost in Love '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Every Woman in the World '' `` The One That You Love '' `` Here I Am ( Just When I Thought I Was Over You ) '' `` Even the Nights Are Better '' `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Without You '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related articles Discography Harry Maslin Book Commons category Gareth Gates Albums What My Heart Wants to Say Go Your Own Way Pictures of the Other Side Singles `` Unchained Melody '' `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` What My Heart Wants to Say '' `` Spirit in the Sky '' `` Sunshine '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Changes '' `` Angel on My Shoulder '' Related articles Discography Pop Idol ( series 1 ) Sony Records 19 Will Young The Kumars 5th Story Ronnie McDowell Notable singles `` Wandering Eyes '' `` Older Women '' `` Watchin ' Girls Go By '' `` I Just Cut Myself '' `` Step Back '' `` Personally '' `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' `` You Made a Wanted Man of Me '' `` I Dream of Women Like You '' `` I Got a Million of ' Em '' `` In a New York Minute '' `` Love Talks '' `` All Tied Up '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Suspicion '' `` Sea of Heartbreak '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Love Me Tender '' Related articles Discography LeAnn Rimes singles Discography Blue `` Blue '' `` One Way Ticket ( Because I Can ) '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Light in Your Eyes '' You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs `` How Do I Live '' `` You Light Up My Life '' `` On the Side of Angels '' Sittin ' on Top of the World `` Commitment '' `` Nothin ' New Under the Moon '' LeAnn Rimes `` Big Deal '' `` Crazy '' God Bless America `` God Bless America '' Twisted Angel `` Life Goes On '' `` Suddenly '' Greatest Hits `` This Love '' This Woman `` Nothin ' ' bout Love Makes Sense '' `` Probably Would n't Be This Way '' `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` Some People '' Whatever We Wanna `` And It Feels Like '' `` Everybody 's Someone '' ( with Brian McFadden ) Family `` Nothin ' Better to Do '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with Bon Jovi ) `` Good Friend and a Glass of Wine '' `` What I Cannot Change '' Lady & Gentlemen `` Swingin ' '' `` Crazy Women '' `` Give '' Remnants `` The Story '' `` Long Live Love '' `` Love Is Love Is Love '' Guest singles `` Written in the Stars '' ( with Elton John ) `` Cattle Call '' ( with Eddy Arnold ) `` Last Thing on My Mind '' ( with Ronan Keating ) `` Just Stand Up ! '' Soundtracks `` Looking Through Your Eyes '' `` I Need You '' `` Ca n't Fight the Moonlight '' `` But I Do Love You '' `` We Can '' George Benson Discography Studio albums The New Boss Guitar of George Benson It 's Uptown The George Benson Cookbook Giblet Gravy Shape of Things to Come Goodies Tell It Like It Is The Other Side of Abbey Road Beyond the Blue Horizon White Rabbit Body Talk Bad Benson Good King Bad Benson & Farrell Breezin ' In Flight Livin ' Inside Your Love Give Me the Night In Your Eyes Pacific Fire I Got a Woman and Some Blues 20 / 20 While the City Sleeps ... Collaboration Twice the Love Big Boss Band That 's Right Standing Together Absolute Benson Irreplaceable Givin ' It Up Songs and Stories Guitar Man Inspiration : A Tribute to Nat King Cole Live albums In Concert - Carnegie Hall Weekend in L.A. Compilations Space The George Benson Collection Main Singles `` This Masquerade '' ( 1976 ) `` Breezin ' '' ( 1976 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1977 ) `` On Broadway '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Ballad '' ( 1979 ) `` Give Me the Night '' ( 1980 ) `` Love X Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Never Give Up on a Good Thing '' ( 1981 ) `` Turn Your Love Around '' ( 1981 ) `` Inside Love ( So Personal ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Lady Love Me ( One More Time ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' ( 1983 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 1983 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Shiver '' ( 1986 ) `` Teaser '' ( 1986 ) `` Let 's Do It Again ( 1988 ) Book : George Benson Susan Boyle Discography Studio albums I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) The Gift ( 2010 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) Home For Christmas ( 2013 ) Hope ( 2014 ) A Wonderful World ( 2016 ) Singles `` Wild Horses '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Perfect Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` You 'll See '' Featured singles `` A Mother 's Prayer '' Other songs `` Who I Was Born to Be '' Television I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story ( 2009 ) Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar ( 2011 ) Theatre I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) Concert tours Susan Boyle in Concert ( 2013 -- 14 ) Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Barry Manilow singles 1970s `` Mandy '' ( 1974 ) `` Sandra '' ( 1974 ) `` It 's a Miracle '' ( 1975 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1975 ) `` I Write the Songs '' ( 1975 ) `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' ( 1976 ) `` This One 's for You '' ( 1976 ) `` Weekend in New England '' ( 1976 ) `` Looks Like We Made It '' ( 1977 ) `` Daybreak '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve '' ( 1977 ) `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' ( 1978 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Copacabana '' ( 1978 ) `` Ready to Take a Chance Again '' ( 1978 ) `` Somewhere in the Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Ships '' ( 1979 ) `` When I Wanted You '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` I Do n't Want to Walk Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` The Old Songs '' ( 1981 ) `` Somewhere Down the Road '' ( 1981 ) `` Let 's Hang On ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Oh Julie '' ( 1982 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( 1982 ) `` Read ' Em and Weep '' ( 1983 ) `` When October Goes '' ( 1984 ) `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Your Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Keep Each Other Warm '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` If I Can Dream '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1997 ) 2000s `` River '' ( 2003 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2006 ) `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 2012 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Roy Hamilton Singles `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Hurt '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` So Long '' `` Do n't Let Go '' `` Pledging My Love '' `` You Can Have Her '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unchained_Melody&oldid=827463809 '' Categories : 1955 singles 1965 singles 1990 singles 1995 singles 1996 singles 2002 singles Songs with music by Alex North Songs written by Hy Zaret Barry Manilow songs Cyndi Lauper songs Demis Roussos songs Dionne Warwick songs Elvis Presley songs Gareth Gates songs Harry Belafonte songs Heart ( band ) songs Joe Stampley songs LeAnn Rimes songs Leo Sayer songs Perry Como songs Ricky Nelson songs The Righteous Brothers songs Buzz Clifford songs Robson & Jerome songs Ronnie McDowell songs U2 songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Songs written for films Curb Records singles Philles Records singles Sony BMG singles 1955 songs Roy Hamilton songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2015 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sang the song unchained melody in the movie ghost
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"\"Unchained Melody\" reappeared on the Billboard charts in 1990 after The Righteous Brothers' recording was used in the box office blockbuster film Ghost. Two versions charted in the US that year – the original and a new recording. According to Medley, he was interested in having the original recording released due to the renewed interest in the song, but was told that there were licensing issues. Although Hatfield was no longer in the same condition vocally as when he first recorded the song, they decided to re-record the song for Curb Records.[44] The re-recorded version was released as both a cassette single[45] and a CD single.[46] It received minimal airplay but recorded excellent sales, peaking at number 19. The re-recorded version was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 10, 1991,[47] and received a Grammy Award nomination.[48]"
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"The Righteous Brothers"
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2018 NRL Grand Final
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2018 NRL grand final - Wikipedia 2018 NRL grand final 2018 ( 2018 ) NRL Grand Final ( ) 2018 NRL Grand Final logo Sydney Roosters Melbourne Storm 21 6 Total SYD 18 21 MEL 0 6 6 Date 30 September 2018 Stadium ANZ Stadium Location Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Clive Churchill Medal Luke Keary Australian National anthem Samantha Jade Referees Gerard Sutton Ashley Klein Brett Suttor ( Touch Judge ) Nick Beashel ( Touch Judge ) Attendance 82,688 Broadcast partners Broadcasters Nine Network ( Live ) Fox League ( Delayed ) Commentators Ray Warren Phil Gould Peter Sterling Andrew Johns Brad Fittler ( Sideline ) Darren Lockyer ( Sideline ) NRL Grand Final ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership - deciding game of the 2018 National Rugby League season and was played on Sunday September 30 at Sydney 's ANZ Stadium . The match was contested between minor premiers the Sydney Roosters and defending premiers the Melbourne Storm . In front of a crowd of 82,688 , Sydney won the match 21 -- 6 to claim their 14th premiership title and their first since 2013 . Roosters five - eighth Luke Keary was awarded the Clive Churchill Medal as the game 's official man of the match . The match was preceded by the inaugural NRL Women 's Premiership Grand Final and the 2018 NRL State Championship . Pre-match entertainment was headlined Sydney alternative rock band Gang of Youths . Australian singer Samantha Jade performed the Australian National anthem . The match was broadcast live throughout Australia by the Nine Network . Contents 1 Background 2 Teams 3 Match summary 4 Opening games 4.1 NRL Women 's Premiership Grand Final 4.2 NRL State Championship 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) See also : 2018 NRL Finals Series It was the first time the Melbourne Storm and the Sydney Roosters contested for an NRL premiership , with both teams having made the most grand final appearances since the beginning of the NRL era in 1998 . Only on five occasions since 1998 has there been a grand final that did not feature either club . Both sides have also claimed every minor premiership since 2013 , with the Roosters finishing first in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2018 , and the Storm doing the same in 2016 and 2017 . The Roosters qualified for their first grand final since they won the premiership in 2013 . The club had reached the preliminary finals in 2014 , 2015 , and 2017 , yet were denied a grand final berth on each occasion when they were defeated by the South Sydney Rabbitohs , Brisbane Broncos and North Queensland Cowboys , respectively . The Storm qualified for their third - straight grand final , replicating the milestone they achieved in 2006 , 2007 and 2008 . They are the first NRL side to make three consecutive grand finals on more than one occasion . It was Trent Robinson 's second grand final in his sixth year coaching the Roosters , while Craig Bellamy equalled Wayne Bennett in reaching eight grand finals as a first grade coach . The Roosters and Storm finished first and second on the premiership ladder respectively , making up a top four in which all teams ( together with the South Sydney Rabbitohs and Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks ) finished on 34 points . The sides faced each other only once during the regular season , with the Storm edging out a 9 -- 8 victory over the Roosters at Adelaide Oval courtesy of a Cameron Smith field goal . Having a double home game advantage , both teams defeated the third - placed Rabbitohs and fourth - placed Sharks to earn a week off from the semi finals and a place into the grand final . The Roosters , playing at Allianz Stadium , defeated the Sharks 21 -- 12 in the second qualifying final . In the preliminary final , they defeated the Rabbitohs 12 -- 4 in front of a record crowd of 44,380 in the last ever NRL game held at Allianz Stadium before its scheduled knock - down and rebuild . The Storm , playing at AAMI Park , narrowly defeated the Rabbitohs 29 -- 28 in the first qualifying final , before beating their 2016 grand final opponents the Sharks 22 -- 6 to join the Roosters in the premiership decider . Sydney and Melbourne last played each other in the finals in 2015 , where the fourth - placed Storm defeated the minor - premiership winning Roosters 20 -- 18 in the first week of the finals . Teams ( edit ) Sydney Roosters Position Melbourne Storm James Tedesco Fullback Billy Slater Daniel Tupou Wing Suliasi Vunivalu Latrell Mitchell Centre Will Chambers Joseph Manu Centre Curtis Scott Blake Ferguson Wing Josh Addo - Carr Luke Keary Five - eighth Cameron Munster Cooper Cronk Halfback Brodie Croft Jared Waerea - Hargreaves Prop Jesse Bromwich Jake Friend ( c ) Hooker Cameron Smith ( c ) Sio Siua Taukeiaho Prop Tim Glasby Boyd Cordner ( c ) 2nd Row Felise Kaufusi Mitchell Aubusson 2nd Row Joe Stimson Victor Radley Lock Dale Finucane Isaac Liu Interchange Kenny Bromwich Dylan Napa Interchange Christian Welch Zane Tetevano Interchange Brandon Smith Ryan Matterson Interchange Nelson Asofa - Solomona Trent Robinson Coach Craig Bellamy The grand final would be Billy Slater 's final game before his retirement after playing 319 first grade games in the NRL , becoming the 16th player to finish their career playing over 300 games at one club . Melbourne captain Cameron Smith surpassed Darren Lockyer in becoming the most capped finals player in the NRL , with 36 appearances . Brodie Croft , Joe Stimson , Christian Welch , and Brandon Smith were the only new additions to the Storm 's grand final winning squad from the previous year . Roosters halfback Cooper Cronk played in his eighth grand final , after playing all seven previous grand finals for the Storm ; he equalled Steve Menzies in becoming the fourth most - capped NRL player in history ; he also became the first player to win back - to - back premierships with different clubs since Johnny Mayes accomplished the feat in 1973 with Manly - Warringah then 1974 with Eastern Suburbs . Daniel Tupou , Jared Waerea - Hargreaves , Jake Friend , Boyd Cordner , and Mitchell Aubusson were the last remaining members from their 2013 premiership winning squad , while Frank - Paul Nu'uausala was n't selected to play . Luke Keary was the only other Roosters player to have experienced premiership success , having played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in their victorious 2014 Grand Final . Match summary ( edit ) Sunday , 30 September 7 : 35pm ( AEST ) Sydney Roosters 21 -- 6 Melbourne Storm Tries : Daniel Tupou ( 8 ' ) 1 Latrell Mitchell ( 15 ' ) 1 Joseph Manu ( 37 ' ) 1 Goals : Latrell Mitchell 4 / 6 ( 4 ' pen , 16 ' , 31 ' pen , 79 ' pen ) Field Goals : Luke Keary ( 69 ' ) 1 1st : 18 -- 0 2nd : 3 -- 6 Tries : 1 ( 63 ' ) Josh Addo - Carr Goals : 1 / 1 Cameron Smith ( 64 ' ) Sin Bin : ( 30 ' , 78 ' ) Cameron Munster ANZ Stadium , Sydney Attendance : 82,688 Referee : Gerard Sutton , Ashley Klein Clive Churchill Medal : Luke Keary Opening games ( edit ) NRL Women 's Premiership Grand Final ( edit ) See also : 2018 NRL Women 's Premiership Grand Final Sunday , 30 September 1 : 35pm ( AEST ) Brisbane Broncos Women 's 34 -- 12 Sydney Roosters Women 's Tries : Kimiora Nati ( 6 ' , 18 ' pen , 46 ' ) 3 Heather Ballinger ( 14 ' ) 1 Ngatokotoru Arakua ( 25 ' ) 1 Lavinia Gould ( 29 ' ) 1 Goals : Chelsea Baker 5 / 6 ( 7 ' , 16 ' , 19 ' , 26 ' , 48 ' ) 1st : 28 -- 6 2nd : 6 -- 6 Tries : 1 ( 11 ' ) Tazmin Grey 1 ( 44 ' ) Lavina O'Mealey Goals : 2 / 3 Zahara Temara ( 5 ' pen , 45 ' ) ANZ Stadium , Sydney Referee : Jon Stone , Kasey Badger Karyn Murphy Medal : Kimiora Nati Team lists : show FB Chelsea Baker WG Julia Robinson CE Meg Ward CE Amber Pilley WG 5 Amelia Kuk FE 6 Kimiora Nati HB 7 Ali Brigginshaw ( c ) PR 8 Heather Ballinger HK 9 Brittany Breayley PR 15 Chelsea Lenarduzzi SR 11 Teuila Fotu - Moala SR 12 Maitua Feterika LK 13 Rona Peters Substitutes : IC 10 Steph Hancock IC 14 Lavinia Gould IC 16 Mariah Storch IC 17 Ngatokotoru Arakua Coach : Paul Dyer FB Karina Brown WG Brydie Parker CE Shontelle Stowers CE Isabelle Kelly WG 5 Taleena Simon FE 6 Lavina O'Mealey HB 7 Zahara Temara PR 8 Ruan Sims ( c ) HK 9 Nita Maynard PR 10 Elianna Walton SR 11 Tazmin Grey SR 12 Vanessa Foliaki LK 13 Simaima Taufa ( c ) Substitutes : IC 14 Kylie Hilder IC 15 Sarah Togatuki IC 16 Victoria Latu IC 17 Kandy Kennedy Coach : Adam Hartigan NRL State Championship ( edit ) See also : 2018 NRL State Championship , 2018 Intrust Super Premiership NSW , and 2018 Queensland Cup Sunday , 30 September 3 : 40pm ( AEST ) Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs 42 -- 18 Redcliffe Dolphins Tries : Josh Cleeland ( 36 ' , 38 ' ) 2 Rhyse Martin ( 6 ' ) 1 Chris Smith ( 47 ' ) 1 Renouf To'omaga ( 52 ' ) 1 Jayden Okunbor ( 72 ' ) 1 Fa'amanu Brown ( 77 ' ) 1 Goals : Rhyse Martin 5 / 6 ( 8 ' , 37 ' , 48 ' , 54 ' , 58 ' pen ) Greg Eastwood 1 / 1 ( 74 ' ) Josh Cleeland 1 / 1 ( 78 ' ) 1st : 16 -- 6 2nd : 26 -- 12 Tries : 2 ( 30 ' , 60 ' ) Kotoni Staggs 1 ( 74 ' ) James Taylor Goals : 2 / 2 Bryce Donovan ( 61 ' , 75 ' ) 1 / 1 Kotoni Staggs ( 31 ' ) ANZ Stadium , Sydney Referee : Adam Cassidy , Liam Kennedy Team lists : show FB Mason Cerruto WG Josh Bergamin CE Morgan Harper CE John Olive WG 5 Jayden Okunbor FE 6 Josh Cleeland HB 7 Fa'amanu Brown PR 8 Renouf To'omaga HK 9 Zac Woolford PR 10 Francis Tualau SR 11 Ofahiki Ogden SR 12 Rhyse Martin ( c ) LK 13 Greg Eastwood Substitutes : IC 14 Bronson Garlick IC 14 Lachlan Burr IC 16 Jack Nelson IC 17 Chris Smith Coach : Steve Georgallis FB Trai Fuller WG Josh Beehag CE Kotoni Staggs CE Tom Opacic WG 5 Jeremy Hawkins FE 6 Bryce Donovan HB 7 Cameron Cullen ( c ) PR 16 Nathan Watts HK 9 Jake Turpin PR 10 Sam Anderson SR 14 Miles Taueli SR 11 Toby Rudolph LK 13 Jamil Hopoate Substitutes : IC 8 Nick Slyney IC 12 Aaron Whitchurch IC 15 James Taylor IC 17 Hugh Pratt Coach : Adam Mogg Aftermath ( edit ) See also : 2019 World Club Challenge See also ( edit ) NRL Premiership winners 2018 NRL Finals Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 Telstra Premiership draw launched '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gang of Youths to Play NRL Grand Final '' . NRL.com . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Sydney Roosters squad -- 2018 NRL Premiers ( 14th title ) 1 . James Tedesco 2 . Daniel Tupou 3 . Latrell Mitchell 4 . Joseph Manu 5 . Blake Ferguson 6 . Luke Keary 23 . Cooper Cronk 8 . Jared Waerea - Hargreaves 9 . Jake Friend ( c ) 10 . Sio Siua Taukeiaho 11 . Boyd Cordner ( c ) 7 . Mitchell Aubusson 13 . Victor Radley 12 . Isaac Liu 14 . Dylan Napa 15 . Zane Tetevano 17 . Ryan Matterson Coach : Trent Robinson 2018 in rugby league `` 2017 2019 '' International Rugby League Competitions World Club Series Pacific Tests Emerging Nations World Championship New Zealand in Great Britain Nines Commonwealth Championship European Championship European Championship B European Championship C Americas Rugby League Championship South Americas Cup Related articles International rugby league in 2018 RLIF Awards Rugby League World Golden Boot Award Rugby Football League Competitions Super League Results The Qualifiers Grand Final RFL Championship Results League 1 Results Challenge Cup Women 's Super League Women 's Challenge Cup Teams Castleford Tigers Catalans Dragons Huddersfield Giants Hull FC Hull KR Leeds Rhinos Salford Red Devils St Helens Wakefield Wildcats Warrington Wolves Widnes Vikings Wigan Warriors Other Bradford Bulls London Broncos Toronto Wolfpack Related articles Man of Steel Awards Woman of Steel Australian Rugby League Commission Competitions NRL season Results Finals Series Grand Final State of Origin Women 's State of Origin NRL Women 's Results Grand Final NRL Touch State Championship Queensland Cup Intrust Super Premiership NSW Finals Ron Massey Cup Jersey Flegg Cup Hastings Deering Colts By club Brisbane Broncos Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Canberra Raiders Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Gold Coast Titans Manly Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm Newcastle Knights New Zealand Warriors North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers South Sydney Rabbitohs Sydney Roosters St. George Illawarra Dragons Wests Tigers Related articles Townsville Blackhawks Dally M Awards Other Domestic competitions New Zealand France Papua New Guinea United States Spain NRL Grand Finals 1998 2017 2018 2019 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NRL_Grand_Final&oldid=862447982 '' Categories : 2018 NRL season Melbourne Storm matches Sydney Roosters matches NRL Grand Finals September 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2018 Use Australian English from October 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 12 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which team won the nrl grand final 2018
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"The 2018 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 2018 National Rugby League season and was played on Sunday September 30 at Sydney's ANZ Stadium.[1] The match was contested between minor premiers the Sydney Roosters and defending premiers the Melbourne Storm. In front of a crowd of 82,688, Sydney won the match 21–6 to claim their 14th premiership title and their first since 2013. Roosters five-eighth Luke Keary was awarded the Clive Churchill Medal as the game's official man of the match.\n"
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List of people executed in Virginia
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List of people executed in Virginia - wikipedia List of people executed in Virginia This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 90.22. 100.187 ( talk ) at 21 : 41 , 16 July 2017 ( full name of Teresa Lewis ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 21 : 41 , 16 July 2017 by 90.22. 100.187 ( talk ) ( full name of Teresa Lewis ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of individuals executed in Virginia since the reinstitution of the death penalty after Gregg v. Georgia . Since 1982 , a total of 113 individuals have been executed by the Commonwealth of Virginia ; all were convicted of capital murder . No . Name Date of Execution Method of Execution Victim ( s ) Governor 1 Frank Coppola August 10 , 1982 Electric chair Muriel Hatchell Chuck Robb 2 Linwood Earl Briley October 12 , 1984 John Gallaher 3 James Dyral Briley April 18 , 1985 Judy Barton and Harvey Barton 4 Morris Mason June 25 , 1985 Margaret Hand 5 Michael Marnell Smith July 31 , 1986 Audrey Jean Weiler Gerald Baliles 6 Richard Lee Whitley July 6 , 1987 Phoebe Parsons 7 Earl Clanton , Jr . April 14 , 1988 Wilhemina Smith 8 Alton Waye August 30 , 1989 Laverne Marshall 9 Richard T. Boggs July 19 , 1990 Treeby Shaw Douglas Wilder 10 Wilbert Lee Evans October 17 , 1990 sheriff deputy William Truesdale 11 Buddy Earl Justus December 13 , 1990 Ida Mae Moses 12 Albert Jay Clozza July 24 , 1991 Patricia Ann Bolton 13 Derick Lynn Peterson August 22 , 1991 Howard Kauffman 14 Roger Keith Coleman May 20 , 1992 Wanda Fay McCoy 15 Edward B. Fitzgerald , Sr . July 23 , 1992 Patricia Cubbage 16 Willie Leroy Jones September 11 , 1992 Graham and Myra Adkins 17 Timothy Dale Bunch December 10 , 1992 Su Cha Thomas 18 Charles Sylvester Stamper ( ( 1 ) ) January 19 , 1993 Franklin Cooley , Agnes Hicks , and Stephen Staples 19 Syvasky L. Poyner March 18 , 1993 Joyce Baldwin , Louise Paulett , Chestine Brooks , Vicki Ripple , and Carolyn Hedrick 20 Andrew J. Chabrol June 17 , 1993 Lisa Harrington 21 Joe Louis Wise , Sr . September 14 , 1993 William Ricketson 22 David Mark Pruett December 16 , 1993 Wilma Harvey and Debra McInnis 23 Johnny Watkins , Jr . March 3 , 1994 Betty Barker and Carl Buchanan George Allen 24 Timothy Wilson Spencer ( ( 2 ) ) April 27 , 1994 Susan Tucker , Debbie Davis , Susan Hellams , and Diane Cho 25 Dana Ray Edmonds January 24 , 1995 Lethal injection John Elliot 26 Willie Lloyd Turner May 26 , 1995 W. Jack Smith , Jr . 27 Dennis Wayne Stockton September 27 , 1995 Kenneth Arnder 28 Mickey Wayne Davidson October 19 , 1995 Doris Davidson , Mamie Clatterbuck , and Tammy Clatterbuck 29 Herman Charles Barnes November 13 , 1995 Clyde Jenkins and Mohammed Afifi 30 Walter Milton Correll , Jr . January 4 , 1996 Charles W. Bousman , Jr . 31 Richard Townes , Jr . January 23 , 1996 Virginia Goebel 32 Joseph John Savino III July 17 , 1996 Thomas McWaters 33 Ronald B. Bennett November 21 , 1996 Anne Keller Vaden 34 Gregory Warren Beaver December 4 , 1996 state trooper Leo Whitt 35 Larry Allen Stout December 10 , 1996 Jacqueline Kooshian 36 Lem Davis Tuggle , Jr . December 12 , 1996 Jessie Geneva Havens 37 Ronald Lee Hoke December 16 , 1996 Virginia Stell 38 Michael Carl George February 6 , 1997 Alexander Sztanko 39 Coleman Wayne Gray February 26 , 1997 Richard McClelland 40 Roy Bruce Smith July 17 , 1997 Manassas police officer John Conner 41 Joseph Roger O'Dell , III July 23 , 1997 Helen Schartner 42 Carlton Jerome Pope August 19 , 1997 Cynthia Gray 43 Mario Benjamin Murphy September 17 , 1997 James Radcliff 44 Dawud Majid Mu'Min November 13 , 1997 Gladys Nopwasky 45 Michael Charles Satcher December 9 , 1997 Ann Borghesani 46 Thomas H. Beavers , Jr . December 11 , 1997 Marguerite Lowery 47 Tony Albert Mackall February 10 , 1998 Mary Elizabeth Dahn Jim Gilmore 48 Douglas McArthur Buchanan , Jr . March 18 , 1998 Donald , J.J. and Geraldine Buchanan , and Douglas Buchanan , Sr . 49 Ronald L. Watkins March 25 , 1998 William McCauley 50 Angel Francisco Breard April 14 , 1998 Ruth Dickie 51 Dennis Wayne Eaton June 18 , 1998 Virginia state trooper Jerry Hines ; Walter Custer , Jr. , Ripley Marston , Sr. , and Judith MacDonald 52 Danny Lee King July 23 , 1998 Carolyn Horton Rogers 53 Lance Antonio Chandler , Jr . August 20 , 1998 Billy Dix 54 Johnile L. DuBois August 31 , 1998 Philip Council 55 Kenneth Manual Stewart , Jr . September 23 , 1998 Electric chair Cynthia and Jonathan Stewart 56 Dwayne Allen Wright October 14 , 1998 Lethal injection Saba Tekle 57 Ronald Lee Fitzgerald October 21 , 1998 Coy H. White and Hugh Morrison 58 Kenneth Wilson November 17 , 1998 Jacqueline Stephens 59 Kevin Wayne Cardwell December 3 , 1998 Anthony Brown 60 Mark Arlo Sheppard January 20 , 1999 Richard and Rebecca Rosenbluth 61 Tony Leslie Fry February 4 , 1999 Leland A. Jacobs 62 George Adrian Quesinberry , Jr . March 9 , 1999 Thomas L. Haynes 63 David Lee Fisher March 25 , 1999 David William Wilkey 64 Carl Hamilton Chichester April 13 , 1999 Timothy Rigney 65 Arthur Ray Jenkins , III April 20 , 1999 Floyd Jenkins and Lee H. Brinklow 66 Eric Christopher Payne April 28 , 1999 Ruth Parham and Sally Fazio 67 Ronald Dale Yeatts April 29 , 1999 Ruby Meeks Dodson 68 Tommy David Strickler July 21 , 1999 Leann Whitlock 69 Marlon DeWayne Williams August 17 , 1999 Helen Bedsole 70 Everett Lee Mueller September 16 , 1999 Charity Powers 71 Jason Matthew Joseph October 19 , 1999 Jeffrey Anderson 72 Thomas Lee Royal , Jr . November 9 , 1999 Hampton police officer Kenny Wallace 73 Andre L. Graham December 9 , 1999 Richard and Rebecca Rosenbluth , and Sheryl Stack 74 Douglas Christopher Thomas January 10 , 2000 James B. and Kathy J. Wiseman 75 Steve Edward Roach January 13 , 2000 Mary Ann Hughes 76 Lonnie Weeks , Jr . March 16 , 2000 Virginia state trooper Jose M. Cavazos 77 Michael David Clagett July 6 , 2000 Electric chair Lam Van Son , Wendell G. Parish , Jr. , Karen Sue Rounds , and Abdelaziz Gren 78 Russell William Burket August 30 , 2000 Lethal injection Katherine and Ashley Tafelski 79 Derek Rocco Barnabei September 14 , 2000 Sarah Wisnosky 80 Bobby Lee Ramdass October 10 , 2000 Mohammed Kayani 81 Christopher Cornelius Goins December 6 , 2000 Robert , Nicole , David , Daphne Jones ; and James Randolph 82 Thomas Wayne Akers March 1 , 2001 Wesley Brant Smith 83 Christopher James Beck October 18 , 2001 Florence Marie Marks , David Kaplan , and William Miller 84 James Earl Patterson March 13 , 2002 Joyce Snead Aldridge Mark Warner 85 Daniel Lee Zirkle April 2 , 2002 Christina Zirkle and Jessica Shiflett 86 Walter Mickens , Jr . June 12 , 2002 Timothy Jason Hall 87 Mir Aimal Kasi November 14 , 2002 Frank Darling and Lansing Bennett 88 Earl Conrad Bramblett April 9 , 2003 Electric chair Blaine , Teresa , Winter , and Anah Hodges 89 Bobby Wayne Swisher July 22 , 2003 Lethal injection Dawn McNees Snyder 90 Brian Lee Cherrix March 18 , 2004 Tessa Van Hart 91 Dennis Mitchell Orbe March 31 , 2004 Richard Burnett 92 Mark Wesley Bailey July 22 , 2004 Katherine and Nathan Bailey 93 James Bryant Hudson August 18 , 2004 Stanley , Walter , and Patsy Cole 94 James Edward Reid September 9 , 2004 Annie Mae Lester 95 Dexter Lee Vinson April 27 , 2006 Angela Felton Tim Kaine 96 Brandon Wayne Hedrick July 20 , 2006 Electric chair Lisa Yvonne Crider 97 Michael William Lenz July 27 , 2006 Lethal injection inmate Brent H. Parker 98 John Yancey Schmitt November 9 , 2006 Earl Shelton Dunning 99 Kevin Green May 27 , 2008 Patricia L. Vaughan 100 Robert Stacy Yarbrough June 25 , 2008 Cyril Hugh Hamby 101 Kent Jermaine Jackson July 10 , 2008 Beulah Mae Kaiser 102 Christopher Scott Emmett July 24 , 2008 John Fenton Langley 103 Edward Nathaniel Bell February 19 , 2009 Winchester police officer Ricky Timbrook 104 John Allen Muhammad November 10 , 2009 Dean Harold Meyers ( Beltway sniper attacks ) 105 Larry Bill Elliott November 17 , 2009 Electric chair Dana Thrall and Robert Finch 106 Paul Warner Powell March 18 , 2010 Stacie Reed Bob McDonnell 107 Darick Demorris Walker May 20 , 2010 Lethal injection Stanley Beale and Clarence Elwood Threat 108 Teresa Wilson Bean Lewis September 23 , 2010 Julian C. and Charles J. Lewis 109 Jerry Terrell Jackson August 18 , 2011 Ruth Phillips 110 Robert Charles Gleason , Jr . January 16 , 2013 Electric chair Harvey Gray Watson , Jr. , and Aaron Alexander Cooper 111 Alfredo Rolando Prieto October 1 , 2015 Lethal injection Rachael A. Raver and Warren H. Fulton III Terry McAuliffe 112 Ricky Jovan Gray January 18 , 2017 Stella Harvey , age 9 , and her 4 - year - old sister Ruby Harvey ( Richmond spree murders ) 113 William Charles Morva July 6 , 2017 Sheriff Deputy Derrick McFarland and hospital security guard Eric Sutphin See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in the United States Capital punishment in Virginia Martinsville Seven References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This was the last execution held at the Virginia State Penitentiary in Richmond , which closed the following day . Jump up ^ This was the first execution held at the Greensville Correctional Center in Jarratt . Jump up ^ Josh White and Maria Glod ( 2009 - 11 - 10 ) . `` D.C. sniper John Allen Muhammad is executed in Va . '' . The Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Executions in the United States , Death Penalty Information Center Innocence Case Drew Unprecedented International Support 112 people executed in Virginia since 1982 ( hide ) Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_executed_in_Virginia&oldid=790904143 '' Categories : People executed by Virginia Lists of people executed in the United States Virginia - related lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the last time virginia executed someone
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"\n113\nWilliam Charles Morva\nJuly 6, 2017\nSheriff Deputy Derrick McFarland and hospital security guard Eric Sutphin\n"
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Glacial striation
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Glacial striation - wikipedia Glacial striation Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with English - language countries and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Glacial striations at Mount Rainier National Park Glacial grooves stemming from the Wisconsin glaciation at Kelleys Island , Ohio Glacial striations are scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion . These scratches and gouges were first recognized as the result of a moving glacier in the late 18th century when Swiss alpinists first associated them with moving glaciers . They also noted that if they were visible today that the glaciers must also be receding . Glacial striations are usually multiple , straight , and parallel , representing the movement of the glacier using rock fragments and sand grains , embedded in the base of the glacier , as cutting tools . Large amounts of coarse gravel and boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough - like glacial grooves . Finer sediments also in the base of the moving glacier further scour and polish the bedrock surface , forming a glacial pavement . Ice itself is not a hard enough material to change the shape of rock but because the ice has rock embedded in the basal surface it can effectively abrade the bedrock . Most glacial striations were exposed by the retreat of glaciers since the Last Glacial Maximum or the more recent Little Ice Age . As well as indicating the direction of flow of the glacial ice , the depth and extent of weathering of the striations may be used to estimate the duration of post-glacier exposure of the rock . An outstanding example of glacial grooves can be found at the Glacial Grooves at Kelleys Island , Ohio ( a National Natural Landmark ) , the most impressive of which is 120 metres ( 400 ft ) long , 10 metres ( 35 ft ) wide , and up to 3 metres ( 10 ft ) deep . These grooves cut into the Columbus Limestone . Striations cover the sides and bottoms of the grooves . Other examples of glacial striations can be found in the former path of the Moiry Glacier , south of Grimentz , Anniviers , Valais , Switzerland , alongside the present path of the glacier , north - east of the 2016 location of the tongue of the glacier ( images ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Factors which affect the rate of glacial abrasion 2 Gallery 3 References 4 External links Factors which affect the rate of glacial abrasion ( edit ) The following affect the rate of abrasion : The amount of rock debris in the basal surface of the ice . If there is no rock in the basal surface of the ice there will be no abrasion , but if there is too much rock in the basal surface of the ice the motion of the glacier will be affected , thus affecting abrasion rates . As the bedrock is being worn away the abrading fragments within the glacier are also being worn . Similarly to sandpaper being worn away with use . A continued supply of abrading fragments is required to uphold a similar level of abrasion . The fragments must be harder than the bedrock . Quartz fragments will abrade shale but shale fragments will not abrade a quartz rich bedrock . A constant flow of melt water between the basal surface and the bedrock speeds abrasion . The meltwater constantly rinses away the rock flour allowing the coarser fragments to abrade bedrock . Speed of the glacier . The faster the glacier moves , the faster the bedrock will be eroded . Thickness of the ice . Thicker ice is heavier ice which causes more downward force and increased pressure between the abrading fragments and the bedrock . There is a limit to how much ice will enhance abrasion . If the friction force between fragments and bedrock is too great the ice will flow around the fragments . Basal meltwater under high pressure . If the meltwater is under sufficiently high pressure it will cause the ice to effectively buoy up and decrease the normal force of the ice on the bedrock . Another result of this is that the velocity of the glacier is increased . Shape of the fragments . Larger more angular fragments will scratch and scour more effectively than small and round fragments will . Gallery ( edit ) Overview of Selwyn Rock , South Australia - exhumed Permian glacial pavement Selwyn Rock - grooves and striations on exhumed glacial pavement Selwyn Rock - grooves and striations on exhumed glacial pavement Glacial striations on an eroded rock alongside the Moiry Glacier , Switzerland , visible in the lower right quarter of the image . Glacial striations on an eroded rock alongside the Moiry Glacier , Switzerland . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Easterbrook , Don ( 1999 ) . Surface Processes and Landforms . Upper Saddle River , New Jesey : Prentice Hall . pp. 315 -- 317 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 860958 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Glacial striation at Wikimedia Commons Ohio Historical Society ( hide ) Glaciers Types Aufeis Cirque Ice cap Ice field Ice sheet Ice shelf Ice stream Ledoyom Outlet glacier Piedmont glacier Rock glacier Valley glacier Anatomy Ablation zone Accumulation zone Bergschrund Blue ice Crevasse Dirt cone Firn Glacier cave Ice divide Ice tongue Icefall Lateral moraine Medial moraine Moraine Moulin Penitente Randkluft Sérac Terminus Processes Ablation Accumulation Basal sliding Calving Creep Motion Outburst flood Overdeepening Plucking Retreat Starvation Surge Measurements Ice core Mass balance Volcanic relations Jökulhlaup Subglacial eruption Subglacial volcano Tuya Landforms Erosional Arête Cirque Cirque stairway Crag and tail Finger lake Fjord Glacial horn Glacial lake Glacial striae Hanging valley Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Tarn Trough lake Trough valley Tunnel valley U-valley Valley step Zungenbecken Depositional Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Moraine - dammed lake Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Sevetti moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Alpentor Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Urstromtal Glaciology List Template : Periglacial environment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glacial_striation&oldid=827589224 '' Categories : Glacial erosion landforms Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2015 Pages in non-existent country centric categories Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Íslenska Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 16 : 28 . About Wikipedia
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scratches in rock produced by glacial abrasion are called
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"Glacial striations are scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. These scratches and gouges were first recognized as the result of a moving glacier in the late 18th century when Swiss alpinists first associated them with moving glaciers. They also noted that if they were visible today that the glaciers must also be receding.[1]"
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"Glacial striations"
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United Nations Security Council veto power
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United Nations Security Council veto power - Wikipedia United Nations Security Council veto power hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The factual accuracy of parts of this article ( those related to article ) may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2013 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Room of the United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council `` veto power '' refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council ( China , France , Russia , United Kingdom , and United States ) to veto any `` substantive '' resolution . A permanent member 's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted . This veto power does not apply to `` procedural '' votes , as determined by the permanent members themselves . A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General , although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors . The unconditional veto possessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN . Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity . However , the United States refused to join the United Nations in 1945 unless it was given a veto . The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness . Supporters of the veto power regard it as a promoter of international stability , a check against military interventions , and a critical safeguard against U.S. domination . Contents 1 Article 27 2 Origins of the veto provision 3 Use of the veto power 3.1 Selection of a Secretary - General 4 Most common users 5 Most recent veto per country 6 Analysis by country 6.1 China ( ROC / PRC ) 6.2 Soviet Union / Russia 6.3 France 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 7 Criticism 8 Veto power reform 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links 12 See also Article 27 ( edit ) Article 27 of the United Nations Charter states : Each member of the Security Council shall have a vote . Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members . Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members ; provided that , in decisions under Chapter VI , and under paragraph 3 of Article 52 , a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting . Although the `` power of veto '' is not explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter , the fact that `` substantive '' decisions by the UNSC require `` the concurring votes of the permanent members '' , means that any of those permanent members can prevent the adoption , by the Council , of any draft resolutions on `` substantive '' matters . For this reason , the `` power of veto '' is also referred to as the principle of `` great power unanimity '' and the veto itself is sometimes referred to as the `` great power veto '' . Origins of the veto provision ( edit ) The idea of states having a veto over the actions of international organisations was not new in 1945 . From the foundation of the League of Nations in 1920 , each member of the League Council , whether permanent or non-permanent , had a veto on any non-procedural issue . From 1920 there were 4 permanent and 4 non-permanent members , but by 1936 the number of non-permanent members had increased to 11 . Thus there were in effect 15 vetoes . This was one of several defects of the League that made action on many issues impossible . The UN Charter provides for unanimity among the Permanent Members of the Security Council ( the veto ) was the result of extensive discussion , including at Dumbarton Oaks ( August -- October 1944 ) and Yalta ( February 1945 ) . The evidence is that the UK , US , USSR , and France all favoured the principle of unanimity and that they were motivated in this not only by a belief in the desirability of the major powers acting together but also by a concern to protect their own sovereign rights and national interest . Truman , who became President of the US in April 1945 , went so far as to write in his memoirs : `` All our experts , civil and military , favored it , and without such a veto no arrangement would have passed the Senate . '' The veto was forced on all other governments by the ( soon to be ) five veto holders . In the negotiations building up to the creation of the UN , the veto power was resented by many small countries , and in fact was forced on them by the veto nations -- US , UK , China , France and the Soviet Union -- through a threat that without the veto there would be no UN . Francis O. Wilcox , an adviser to US delegation to the 1945 conference described it : `` At San Francisco , the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five : it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all . Senator Connally ( from the US delegation ) dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same if they opposed the unanimity principle . `` You may , if you wish , '' he said , `` go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto . But what will be your answer when you are asked : ' Where is the Charter ' ? '' The United Nations Security Council veto system was established in order to prohibit the UN from taking any future action directly against its principal founding members . One of the lessons of the League of Nations ( 1919 -- 46 ) had been that an international organisation can not work if all the major powers are not members . The expulsion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations in December 1939 , following its November 1939 attack on Finland soon after the outbreak of World War II , was just one of many events in the League 's long history of incomplete membership . It had already been decided at the UN 's founding conference in 1944 , that United Kingdom , China , the Soviet Union , the United States and , `` in due course '' France , should be the permanent members of any newly formed Council . France had been defeated and occupied by Germany ( 1940 -- 44 ) , but its role as a permanent member of the League of Nations , its status as a colonial power and the activities of the Free French forces on the allied side allowed it a place at the table with the other four . Use of the veto power ( edit ) The actual use of the veto , and the constant possibility of its use , have been central features of the functioning of the Security Council throughout the UN 's history . In the period from 1945 to the end of 2009 , 215 resolutions on substantive issues were vetoed , sometimes by more than one of the P5 . The average number of vetoes cast each year to 1989 was over five : since then the average annual number has been just above one . The figures reflect the fact that a Permanent Member of the Security Council can avoid casting a veto if the proposal in question does not in any event obtain the requisite majority . In the first two decades of the UN , the Western states were frequently able to defeat resolutions without actually using the veto ; and the Soviet Union was in this position in the 1970s and 1980s . Use of the veto has reflected a degree of diplomatic isolation of the vetoing state ( s ) on the particular issue . Because of the use or threat of the veto , the Security Council could at best have a limited role in certain wars and interventions in which its Permanent Members were involved -- for example in Algeria ( 1954 -- 62 ) ; Suez ( 1956 ) , Hungary ( 1956 ) , Vietnam ( 1946 -- 75 ) , the Sino - Vietnamese war ( 1979 ) , Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 88 ) , Panama ( 1989 ) , Iraq ( 2003 ) , and Georgia ( 2008 ) . Not all cases of UN inaction in crises have been due to the actual use of the veto . For example , re the Iran -- Iraq war of 1980 -- 88 there was no use of the veto , but the UN role was minimal except in its concluding phase . Likewise , the limited involvement of the UN in the crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan from 2003 onwards was not due to any actual use of the veto . Since 1990 the veto has been used sparingly . The period from 31 May 1990 to 11 May 1993 was the longest without the use of the veto in the history of the UN . Up until the end of 1989 , the number of resolutions passed by the Security Council had been 646 -- an average of about 15 per annum . The figures for the years since then show a peak of Security Council activism in 1993 , followed by a modest degree of retrenchment . In 1950 the Soviet Union missed one important opportunity to exercise its veto power . The Soviet government had adopted an `` empty chair '' policy at the Security Council from January 1950 , owing to its discontent over the UN 's refusal to recognise the People 's Republic of China 's representatives as the legitimate representatives of China , and with the hope of preventing any future decisions by the Council on substantive matters . Despite the wording of the Charter ( which makes no provisions for passing resolutions with the abstention or absence of a veto - bearing member ) , this was treated as a non-blocking abstention . This had in fact already become Council practice by that time , the Council has already adopted numerous draft resolutions despite the lack of an affirmative vote by each of its permanent members . The result of the Soviet Union 's absence from the Security Council was that it was not in a position to veto the UN Security Council resolutions 83 ( 27 June 1950 ) and 84 ( 7 July 1950 ) authorising the US - led military coalition in Korea that assisted South Korea in repelling the North Korean attack . Selection of a Secretary - General ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Secretary - General selection The veto power can also be used to block the selection of a Secretary - General . However , this is not counted as a veto of a Security Council Resolution , because the Security Council is only issuing a `` recommendation '' to the General Assembly . Since 1981 , no Secretary - General has been formally vetoed , because the Security Council does not vote until they have already agreed on a Secretary - General in a series of straw polls . A vote by a permanent member to `` discourage '' a candidate is considered equivalent to a veto , and the candidate will withdraw from the race without forcing a formal veto . The formal recommendation of a Secretary - General is approved unanimously by acclamation . Every permanent member has vetoed at least one candidate for Secretary - General . The United States circumvented the Soviet veto in 1950 by asking the General Assembly to vote on Trygve Lie 's reappointment without a recommendation from the Security Council . However , every Secretary - General since 1953 has been recommended by a unanimous vote of the permanent members of the Security Council . Vetoes have not been recorded publicly since 1981 , because the straw poll is taken by secret ballot . However , countries may announce their votes to encourage the rotating members to vote for another candidate . Most common users ( edit ) Number of resolutions vetoed by each of the five permanent members of the Security Council between 1946 and 2016 . In the history of the Security Council , almost half the vetoes were cast by the Soviet Union , with the vast majority of those being before 1965 . Since 1966 , out of the total 153 vetoes cast , 119 were issued by one of the council 's three NATO members : the US , the UK and France . From 1946 to 2016 , vetoes were issued on 258 occasions . For that period , usage breaks down as follows : Russia and the Soviet Union have used the veto on 122 occasions , more than any other of the five permanent members of the Security Council . The United States has used the veto on 79 occasions between 1946 and 2016 ; and since 1972 , it has used its veto power more than any other permanent member . Most recent veto per country ( edit ) See also : List of Vetoed United Nation Security Council Resolutions The following list describes the most recent veto from each of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . France and the United Kingdom have not vetoed any resolutions since 1989 . However , China , Russia , and the United States have all exercised their veto power in 2017 . 17 December 2017 : The United States vetoed a draft resolution calling on countries to avoid establishing embassies in Jerusalem . ( 14 - 1 - 0 ) 17 November 2017 : Russia vetoed a 30 - day renewal of a commission investigating chemical weapons attacks in Syria. ( 11 - 2 - 2 ) 28 February 2017 : China and Russia vetoed UN sanctions over chemical weapons in Syria. ( 9 - 3 - 3 ) 23 December 1989 : France , the United Kingdom ( and the United States ) vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama . ( 10 - 4 - 1 ) Analysis by country ( edit ) China ( ROC / prc ) ( edit ) See also : China and the United Nations Between 1946 and 1971 , the Chinese seat on the Security Council was the government of the Republic of China ( that retreated to Taiwan in 1949 ) during which time its representative used the veto only once , to block Mongolia 's application for membership in 1955 , because the ROC considered the country to be a part of China . This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961 , when the Soviet Union announced that unless Mongolia was admitted , it would block the admission of all of the newly independent African states . Faced with this pressure , the ROC relented under protest . After the Republic of China 's expulsion from the United Nations in 1971 , the first veto cast by the present occupant , the People 's Republic of China , was issued on 25 August 1972 over Bangladesh 's admission to the United Nations . As of February 2017 , the People 's Republic of China has used its veto eleven times . Observers have noted a preference for China to abstain rather than the veto on resolutions not directly related to Chinese interests . Soviet Union / Russia ( edit ) See also : the Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations In the early days of the United Nations , the Soviet Union commissar and later minister for foreign affairs , Vyacheslav Molotov , vetoed resolutions so many times that he was known as `` Mr. Veto '' . In fact , the Soviet Union was responsible for nearly half of all vetoes ever cast -- 79 vetoes were used in the first 10 years . Molotov regularly rejected bids for new membership because of the US 's refusal to admit all of the Soviet republics . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia used its veto power sparingly . However , its use of the veto increased in the late 2000s and 2010s , due to a number of resolutions on conflicts that it was involved militarily in , including Georgia , Syria and Ukraine . France ( edit ) See also : France and the United Nations France uses its veto power sparingly . The last time it unilaterally vetoed a draft was in 1976 to block a resolution on the question of the independence of the Comoros , which was done to keep the island of Mayotte as a French overseas community . It also vetoed , along with U.K , a resolution calling on the immediate cessation of military action by the Israeli army against Egypt in 1956 during the Suez Crisis . The last time France used its veto power was in December 1989 concerning the situation in Panama . In 2003 , the threat of a French veto of resolution on the impending invasion of Iraq caused friction between France and the United States . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : United Kingdom and the United Nations The United Kingdom has used its Security Council veto power on 32 occasions . The first occurrence was in October 1956 when the United Kingdom and France vetoed a letter from the USA to the President of the Security Council concerning Palestine . The most recent was in December 1989 when the United Kingdom , France and the United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama . The United Kingdom used its veto power , along with France , to veto a draft resolution aimed at resolving the Suez Canal crisis ( in which France and UK were militarily involved ) in 1956 . The UK and France eventually withdrew from Egypt after the U.S. instigated an ' emergency special session ' of the General Assembly , under the terms of the `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution , which led to the establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force I ( UNEF I ) , by the adoption of Assembly resolution 1001 . The UK also used its veto seven times in relation to Rhodesia from 1963 to 1973 , five of these occasions were unilateral ; the only occasions on which the UK has used its veto power unilaterally . United States ( edit ) See also : United States and the United Nations Ambassador Charles W. Yost cast the first U.S. veto in 1970 , regarding a crisis in Rhodesia , and the U.S. cast a lone veto in 1972 to block a resolution that condemned Israel for war against Syria and Lebanon . Since that time it has become the most frequent user of veto power , mainly on resolutions criticising and condemning Israel and almost always unilaterally for war and human rights violations ; since 2002 , the Negroponte doctrine has been applied for the use of a veto on resolutions relating to the ongoing Israel - Palestinian conflict . This has been a constant cause of friction between the General Assembly and the Security Council . On 18 February 2011 , the Obama administration vetoed resolutions condemning Israeli settlements . On 23 December 2016 , the Obama administration allowed a resolution calling for an end to Israeli settlements to pass . Criticism ( edit ) The veto power has brought criticism to the Security Council . As it stands , a veto from any of the permanent members can halt any possible action the Council may take . One country 's objection , rather than the opinions of a majority of countries , may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis . For instance , John J. Mearsheimer claimed that `` since 1982 , the US has vetoed 32 Security Council resolutions critical of Israel , more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other Security Council members . '' Since candidates for the Security Council are proposed by regional blocs , the Arab League and its allies are usually included but Israel , which joined the UN in 1949 , has never been elected to the Security Council . The Council has repeatedly condemned Israel . On the other hand , critics contend that , while Israel has the United States to rely on to veto any pertinent legislation against it , the Palestinians lack any such power . Apart from the US , several resolutions have been vetoed by Russia , notably attempts to impose sanctions on Syria during the Syrian Civil War and to condemn Russia 's own annexation of Crimea in 2014 . In the case of the latter , Russia 's lone veto over-ruled the thirteen other votes in favour of the condemnation . As part of the Soviet Union , Russia also vetoed a UN resolution condemning the USSR 's shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in 1983 . The veto has been singled out as a threat to human rights , with Amnesty International claiming that the five permanent members had used their veto to `` promote their political self interest or geopolitical interest above the interest of protecting civilians . '' As of 2015 , Amnesty International has suggested that a solution would involve the five permanent members surrendering their veto on issues of genocide . Some see the fact that veto power exclusive to the permanent five as being anachronistic , unjust , or counterproductive . Peter Nadin writes that `` The veto is an anachronism ... In the twenty - first century , the veto has come to be almost universally seen as a disproportionate power and an impediment to credible international action to crises . '' The `` enormous influence of the veto power '' has been cited as a cause of the UN 's ineffectiveness in preventing and responding to genocide , violence , and human rights violations . Various countries outside the P5 , such as the Non-Aligned Movement and African Union have proposed limitations on the veto power . Because of this situation , it has been denounced that the Security Council is only effective when it comes to safeguarding the interests of its permanent members , and is unable to act against them . Consequently , resolutions authorising intervention in the internal affairs of other countries have been few . The interests of the permanent members have come to rest on the concept of non-interference , at the expense of the `` keep the peace and security '' mandate with which the Security Council was created . Perhaps because , while the `` responsibility to protect '' is not binding , state sovereignty remains a priority and , as the specialist in international relations Philippe Moreau - Desfarges points out , `` even if the rights of their populations are violated , only the Security Council can decide whether peace is threatened and take measures to protect that peace '' . Thus , the Security Council has not taken forceful measures to punish governments considered as authoritarian , neglecting the `` responsibility to defend civilian populations '' , recognised by the UN General Assembly in 2005 . Veto power Reform ( edit ) See also : Reform of the United Nations Security Council Various discussions have taken place in recent years over the suitability of the Security Council veto power in today 's world . Key arguments include that the five permanent members no longer represent the most stable and responsible member states in the United Nations , and that their veto power slows down and even prevents important decisions being made on matters of international peace and security . Due to the global changes that have taken place politically and economically since the formation of the UN in 1945 , widespread debate has been apparent over whether the five permanent members of the UN Security Council remain the best member states to hold veto power . While some of the permanent members are still typically regarded as great powers , there is debate over their suitability to retain exclusive veto power . A second argument against retaining the UNSC veto power is that it is detrimental to balanced political decisions , as any draft text needs to be approved of by each permanent member before any draft resolution can possibly be adopted . Indeed , several proposed draft resolutions are never formally presented to the Council for a vote owing to the knowledge that a permanent member would vote against their adoption ( the so - called `` pocket veto '' ) . Debate also exists over the potential use of the veto power to provide `` diplomatic cover '' to a permanent member 's allies . The United States has used its veto power more than any other permanent member since 1972 , particularly on resolutions condemning the actions or policies of Israel . Advocates of the veto power believe that it is just as necessary in the current geo - political landscape , and that without the veto power , the Security Council would be open to making democratic `` majority rules '' decisions on matters that have implications at a global level -- decisions that may well go directly against the interests of a permanent member . Discussions on improving the UN 's effectiveness and responsiveness to international security threats often include reform of the UNSC veto . Proposals include : limiting the use of the veto to vital national security issues ; requiring agreement from multiple states before exercising the veto ; and abolishing the veto entirely . However , any reform of the veto will be very difficult , if not impossible . In fact , Articles 108 and 109 of the United Nations Charter grant the P5 veto over any amendments to the Charter , requiring them to approve of any modifications to the UNSC veto power that they themselves hold : it is highly unlikely that any of the P5 would accept a reform of the UN Charter that would be detrimental to their own national interests . Nonetheless , it has been argued that with the adoption of the `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution by the General Assembly , and given the interpretations of the Assembly 's powers that became customary international law as a result , that the Security Council `` power of veto '' problem could be surmounted . By adopting A / RES / 377 A , on 3 November 1950 , over two - thirds of UN Member states declared that , according to the UN Charter , the permanent members of the UNSC can not and should not prevent the UNGA from taking any and all action necessary to restore international peace and security , in cases where the UNSC has failed to exercise its `` primary responsibility '' for maintaining peace . Such an interpretation sees the UNGA as being awarded `` final responsibility '' -- rather than `` secondary responsibility '' -- for matters of international peace and security , by the UN Charter . Various official and semi-official UN reports make explicit reference to the Uniting for Peace resolution as providing a mechanism for the UNGA to overrule any UNSC vetoes ; thus rendering them little more than delays in UN action , should two - thirds of the Assembly subsequently agree that action is necessary . The threat of the use of the veto by the P5 has led the UN Security Council to adopt what some commentators have described as unlawful resolutions that violated the UN Charter . For example , UNSC resolution 1422 of 2002 , renewed once through resolution 1487 of 2003 , aimed at exempting peace - keepers and other military personnel conducting operations authorised by the Security Council from the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) for a period of 12 months . Resolution 1422 was adopted as a consequence to the US veto on 30 June 2002 to the renewal of the Peace - keeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina , a State Party to the Rome Statute of the ICC . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II . The Yalta Voting Formula , Author ( s ) : Francis O. Wilcox , Source : The American Political Science Review , Vol. 39 , No. 5 ( Oct. 1945 ) , pp. 943 -- 956 , Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950035 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 17 : 13 UTC Jump up ^ Oliphant , Roland ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` ' End Security Council veto ' to halt Syria violence , UN human rights chief says amid deadlock '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Putin , Vladimir V. ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` What Putin Has to Say to Americans About Syria '' . The New York Times . The United Nations ' founders understood that decisions affecting war and peace should happen only by consensus , and with America 's consent the veto by Security Council permanent members was enshrined in the United Nations Charter . The profound wisdom of this has underpinned the stability of international relations for decades . Jump up ^ `` Wang Yi : China Is Participant , Facilitator and Contributor of International Order '' . Consulate - General of the People 's Republic of China in Los Angeles . 27 June 2015 . China 's veto at the Security Council has always played an important role in checking the instinct of war and resisting power politics . Jump up ^ `` Veto right prevents UNSC from turning into ' rubber stamp ' for US & allies -- Churkin '' . RT International . 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Charter , Article 27 , as amended in 1965 . Before that date , Articles 27 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) had specified the affirmative votes of seven members . The change was part of the process whereby the size of the Council was increased from 11 to 15 members . Jump up ^ `` Membership of the Security Council '' . United Nations . 2 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ League of Nations Covenant , Article 5 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Luck , Edward C. ( 2008 ) . `` Creation of the Council '' . In Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 61 -- 85 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Winston S. Churchill , The Second World War , vol. 6 : Triumph and Tragedy , Cassell , London , 1954 , pp. 181 -- 2 and 308 - 13 ; Harry S. Truman , Year of Decisions : 1945 ( London , 1955 ) , pp. 194 -- 5 , 201 , and 206 - 7 ; Charles de Gaulle , War Memoirs : Salvation 1944 -- 1946 -- Documents , tr . Murchie and Erskine ( London , 1960 ) , pp. 94 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Truman , Year of Decisions : 1945 , p. 207 . See also US Department of State : `` The United States and the Founding of the United Nations '' . October 2005 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 78 -- 82 , 135 -- 7 , 155 -- 65 , 688 -- 705 . Jump up ^ Malanczuk , P. Akehurst 's Modern Introduction to International Law , Ed . 7 , page 375 , Routledge , 1997 Jump up ^ Stueck , Wiliam ( 2008 ) . `` The United Nations , the Security Council , and the Korean War '' . In Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 266 -- 7 , 277 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Chesterman , Simon ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Chesterman , Simon . Secretary or General ? The UN Secretary - General in World Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` An Historical Overview on the Selection of United Nations Secretaries - General '' ( PDF ) . UNA - USA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Global Policy Forum ( 2008 ) : `` Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in the Security Council '' . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Veto database and information at Global Policy Forum ^ Jump up to : Security Council -- Veto List at Global Policy Forum Jump up ^ ( 1 ) United Nations Documentation at The United Nations Jump up ^ Foroohar , Kambiz . `` Jerusalem Embassy Vote Draws First U.S. Veto at UN Under Trump '' . Jump up ^ Nichols , Michelle . `` Russia casts 10th U.N. veto on Syria action , blocking inquiry renewal '' . Jump up ^ `` Double Veto Prevents Security Council from Adopting Draft Resolution Intended to Impose Sanctions for Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ List of vetoes in the United Nations Security Council . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Security Council -- Veto List . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veto List '' . United Nations . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subjet of UN Security Council Vetoes '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in The Security Council '' ( PDF ) . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Security Council -- Veto List '' . UN Dag Hammarskjöld Library . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Special Sessions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli settlements : UN Security Council calls for an end '' . BBC News . 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt . `` The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy '' . KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series . Harvard University . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Section , United Nations News Service ( 15 March 2014 ) . `` UN News -- UN Security Council action on Crimea referendum blocked '' . UN News Service Section . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty calls on UN powers to lose veto on genocide votes -- BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Nadin , UN Security Council Reform ( Routledge , 2016 ) , pp. 133 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Sevak Joseph Manjikian , `` Genocide and the Failure to Respond '' in Civil Courage : A Response to Contemporary Conflict and Prejudice ( ed . Naomi Kramer : Peter Lang , 2007 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Edwin Egede & Peter Sutch , The Politics of International Law and International Justice ( Edinburgh University Press , 2013 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Máiquez , Miguel ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` El derecho de veto continúa atrancando las decisiones de la ONU 65 años después '' . 20 Minutos ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : 20 Minutos Editora . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Can the United Nations Reform '' Archived 6 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hunt , C. `` The ' veto ' charade '' , ZNet , 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Document 856 . A / 52 / 856 Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty . `` The Responsibility to Protect '' Archived 10 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , ICISS.ca , December 2001 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ A / 58 / 47 `` Report of the Open - ended Working Group on the Question of Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council '' , United Nations , 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Non-Aligned Movement . Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement '' Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations , 27 -- 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Writings of Flavia Lattanzi , Kai Ambos and Claus Kress , inter alia Further reading ( edit ) Bardo Fassbender , UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto : A Constitutional Perspective , Kluwer Law International , The Hague / London / Boston , 1998 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0592 - 1 . Bardo Fassbender , ' Pressure for Security Council Reform ' , in : David M. Malone ( ed . ) , The UN Security Council : From the Cold War to the 21st Century , Lynne Rienner Publishers , Boulder , Colorado , and London , 2004 , pp. 341 -- 355 . Bardo Fassbender , ' The Security Council : Progress is Possible but Unlikely ' , in : Antonio Cassese ( ed . ) , Realizing Utopia : The Future of International Law , Oxford University Press , 2012 , pp. 52 -- 60 . Vaughan Lowe ; Adam Roberts ; Jennifer Welsh ; Dominik Zaum ( eds . ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 , Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953343 - 5 ( hardback ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958330 - 0 ( paperback ) . US edition . On Google . David Malone ( ed ) , The UN Security Council : From the Cold War to the 21st Century , Lynne Rienner , Boulder , Colorado , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 240 - 5 ( paperback ) . External links ( edit ) `` Can You Bypass a U.N. Security Council Veto ? '' , Slate magazine `` Security Council veto power usage '' , Peace.ca `` Global Policy Forum '' , information on use of the veto power Malone , D & Mahbubani , K : `` The UN Security Council -- from the Cold War to the 21st Century '' , UN World Chronicle , 30 March 2004 . See also ( edit ) Vetocracy hide United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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what is the veto power of the united nations
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"The United Nations Security Council \"veto power\" refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors.\n"
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"the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution"
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3405446755142568628
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Angels in the Outfield (1951 film)
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Angels in the outfield ( 1951 film ) - wikipedia Angels in the outfield ( 1951 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Angels in the Outfield Theatrical release poster Directed by Clarence Brown Produced by Clarence Brown Screenplay by Dorothy Kingsley George Wells Story by Richard Conlin Starring Paul Douglas Janet Leigh Music by Daniele Amfitheatrof Cinematography Paul Vogel Edited by Robert J. Kern Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date October 19 , 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 19 ) ( USA ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1,081,000 Box office $1,666,000 Angels in the Outfield is a 1951 American comedy film produced and directed by Clarence Brown and starring Paul Douglas and Janet Leigh . Based on a story by Richard Conlin , the film is about a young woman reporter who blames the Pittsburgh Pirates ' losing streak on their abusive manager , who begins hearing the voice of an angel promising to help the team if he changes his ways . The film was released by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer on October 19 , 1951 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Cameo appearances 4 Locations 5 Production 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) With baseball 's Pittsburgh Pirates in last place , their combative , foul - mouthed manager Guffy McGovern has plenty to complain about . All this changes when , while wandering through Forbes Field in search of his good luck charm one night , Guffy is accosted by the voice of an angel ( voice of James Whitmore ) , who hints at having been a ballplayer during his earthly life . As the spokes - angel for the Heavenly Choir Nine , a celestial team of deceased ballplayers , he begins bestowing `` miracles '' upon the Pirates -- but only on the condition that McGovern put a moratorium on swearing and fighting . With the help of the invisible ghosts of past baseball greats , the Pirates make it into the pennant race . During a game , 8 - year - old orphan Bridget White insists that she can see the angels helping out the `` live '' ballplayers -- understandably so , since it was Bridget 's prayers to the Archangel Gabriel that prompted the angel to visit McGovern in the first place . Local newspaper reporter and former `` household hints '' writer Jennifer Paige inadvertently transforms Bridget 's angelic visions into a nationwide news story , causing McGovern no end of trouble . After Guffy is beaned during a game and himself confirms Bridget 's claims , he falls into the hands of vengeful sportscaster Fred Bayles , who has been scheming to have McGovern thrown out of baseball and persuades the Commissioner of Baseball to investigate McGovern 's fitness as a manager . Complication piles upon complication until the pennant - deciding game , wherein Guffy is forced to rely exclusively upon the talents of his ballplayers -- notably `` over the hill '' pitcher Saul Hellman ( who , the angel has told Guffy , will be `` signed up '' by the Heavenly Choir team shortly ) . Guffy also wins over Jennifer , and they plan to adopt young Bridget . The angels themselves are never actually seen by the viewing audience , just the effects of their presence -- a feather dropping , or someone being jostled from time to time . The angel who talks to Guffy never reveals who he was in life . It being a time when profanity was never used in films , the `` swearing '' uttered by Guffy is audio gibberish , scrambled recordings of his own voice . Cast ( edit ) Paul Douglas as Aloysius X . ' Guffy ' McGovern Janet Leigh as Jennifer Paige Keenan Wynn as Fred Bayles Donna Corcoran as Bridget White Lewis Stone as Commissioner of Baseball Arnold P. Hapgood Spring Byington as Sister Edwitha Bruce Bennett as Saul Hellman Marvin Kaplan as Timothy Durney Ellen Corby as Sister Veronica Jeff Richards as Dave Rothberg John Gallaudet as Reynolds King Donovan as McGee Don Haggerty as Rube Ronson Paul Salata as Tony Minelli Fred Graham as Chunk John McKee as Bill Baxter Patrick J. Molyneaux as Patrick J. Finley Corcoran and Salata are the last surviving cast members . Cameo appearances ( edit ) Bing Crosby has a short cameo in the film , playing golf , sinking a long putt . At that time , Crosby was a part owner ( approximately 15 % ) of the Pirates . Baseball greats Ty Cobb and Joe DiMaggio , along with Hollywood songwriter Harry Ruby , are `` interviewed '' regarding the angels . Barbara Billingsley has an uncredited role as a hat check girl at John 's Steakhouse . Locations ( edit ) The film contains extensive baseball action shots , most of which were filmed at Forbes Field , the former home of the Pittsburgh Pirates and Steelers , demolished in 1971 , the year after the Pirates and Steelers moved to Three Rivers Stadium . The opening credits acknowledge `` the kind cooperation of the Pittsburgh ' Pirates ' for the use of the team and its ballpark , '' while reminding the viewer that the story is fictional and `` could be any baseball team , in any league , in any town in America . '' Historians may note several distinguishing features of Forbes Field at the time . One is the `` Kiner 's Korner '' inner fence in left field , with the 365 - feet left field foul line marker observable on the outer wall , and the 335 - feet sign on the inner fence . The other distance markers ( 376 - 457 - 436 - 375 - 300 ) are visible in some scenes . Other objects on the field of play at Forbes are visible from time to time , including the flagpole and batting cage near the 457 foot marker in deep left center field , and the Barney Dreyfuss monument in straightaway center field . The University of Pittsburgh 's Cathedral of Learning is prominent in many shots filmed in Forbes Field . A few scenes were shot on location at Wrigley Field , conveniently sited in South Los Angeles . Well - used by film - makers of the era , the ballpark -- home to the minor league Angels from 1925 to 1957 -- was named for team owner William Wrigley , Jr. when the landmark Chicago stadium was still known as Cubs Park . While Wrigley 's ivy - covered outfield wall stands in nicely for that of Forbes Field , `` Kiner 's Korner '' is conspicuous in its absence , and visible distance markers ( 412 feet in centre field ; 345 feet in left ) are inconsistent with Forbes Field 's grander dimensions . Some stock footage alleged to be the Polo Grounds in New York City was actually Comiskey Park in Chicago , as evidenced by a quick glimpse of an auxiliary scoreboard reading `` Visitors '' and `` White Sox '' . Production ( edit ) Star Paul Douglas two years earlier had played a catcher in another baseball comedy film , It Happens Every Spring . Although he had no background in baseball , Bruce Bennett , who portrays a veteran Pittsburgh pitcher , in real life had played football in the 1926 Rose Bowl and won a silver medal in the shot put at the 1928 Summer Olympics . Rothberg , one of the Pirate players , is played by Jeff Richards , who had been a minor - league baseball player before becoming an actor . Fred Graham , who appears as `` Chunk , '' had been a semi-pro ballplayer , while another member of the cast , Paul Salata , who has the role of Tony Minelli , played professional football from 1949 - 53 . Reception ( edit ) According to MGM records the film made $1,466,000 in the US and Canada and $200,000 elsewhere . Once studio overhead was added , the film recorded a net loss of $171,000 . See also ( edit ) Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . Jump up ^ Leventhal , Josh ; Jessica MacMurray ( 2000 ) . Take Me Out to the Ballpark . New York , New York : Workman Publishing Company . p. 53 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 112 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Angels in the Outfield on IMDb Angels in the Outfield at the TCM Movie Database Angels in the Outfield at AllMovie Angels in the Outfield at the American Film Institute Catalog Films directed by Clarence Brown The Great Redeemer ( 1920 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 ) The Foolish Matrons ( 1921 ) The Light in the Dark ( 1922 ) Do n't Marry for Money ( 1923 ) The Acquittal ( 1923 ) The Signal Tower ( 1924 ) Butterfly ( 1924 ) The Eagle ( 1925 ) The Goose Woman ( 1925 ) Smouldering Fires ( 1925 ) Flesh and the Devil ( 1926 ) Kiki ( 1926 ) The Trail of ' 98 ( 1928 ) The Cossacks ( 1928 ) A Woman of Affairs ( 1928 ) Navy Blues ( 1929 ) Wonder of Women ( 1929 ) Anna Christie ( 1930 ) Romance ( 1930 ) Inspiration ( 1931 ) Possessed ( 1931 ) A Free Soul ( 1931 ) Emma ( 1932 ) Letty Lynton ( 1932 ) The Son - Daughter ( 1932 ) Looking Forward ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) Chained ( 1934 ) Ah , Wilderness ! ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) Wife vs. Secretary ( 1936 ) The Gorgeous Hussy ( 1936 ) Conquest ( 1937 ) Of Human Hearts ( 1938 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1939 ) The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Edison , the Man ( 1940 ) Come Live with Me ( 1941 ) They Met in Bombay ( 1941 ) The Human Comedy ( 1943 ) The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) National Velvet ( 1944 ) The Yearling ( 1946 ) Song of Love ( 1947 ) Intruder in the Dust ( 1949 ) To Please a Lady ( 1950 ) Angels in the Outfield ( 1951 ) When in Rome ( 1952 ) Plymouth Adventure ( 1952 ) Pittsburgh Pirates Formerly the Pittsburgh Alleghenys Founded in 1882 Based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks All articles Ballparks Exposition Park Recreation Park Exposition Park Forbes Field Three Rivers Stadium PNC Park Spring training Whittington Park Riverside Park Fogel Field Barrs Field Rickwood Field Whittington Park Perris Hill Park Tech Field Perris Hill Park McCulloch Park Perris Hill Park Flamingo Field Gilmore Field Gran Stadium Jaycee Park Terry Park Pirate City / LECOM Park Culture Pirate Parrot Great Pierogi Race Green Weenie `` Black and Yellow '' Zoltan Bob Prince Bob Gessner Vince Lascheid In the Name of the Law Angels in the Outfield The Odd Couple `` We Are Family '' The Natural The Winning Season Chasing 3000 Dude , Where 's My Car ? Million Dollar Arm No No : A Dockumentary Lore Pittsburgh Allegheny Pirates ' lore Wagner donates uniforms Lou Bierbauer Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Pittsburgh Stars Homer in the Gloamin ' 1960 Game 7 1985 drug trials Francisco Cabrera game National League Wild Card Games 2013 2014 2015 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Philadelphia Phillies Minors AAA Indianapolis Indians AA Altoona Curve A Adv . Bradenton Marauders West Virginia Power Short A West Virginia Black Bears Rookie Adv . Bristol Pirates Rookie GCL Pirates DSL Pirates All - time Minor league affiliate history World Series Championships ( 5 ) 1909 1925 1960 1971 1979 League pennants ( 9 ) American Association none National League 1901 1902 1903 1909 1925 1927 1960 1971 1979 Division titles ( 9 ) East 1970 1971 1972 1979 1990 1991 1992 Central none Wild Card berths ( 3 ) 2013 2014 2015 Media AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh KDKA - FM Pirates Radio Network Steve Blass Joe Block Greg Brown Bob Walk John Wehner Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1992 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angels_in_the_Outfield_(1951_film)&oldid=781932097 '' Categories : 1951 films English - language films 1950s comedy films 1950s fantasy films 1950s sports films American baseball films American fantasy - comedy films American films American sports comedy films American black - and - white films Films about angels Films directed by Clarence Brown Films set in Pittsburgh Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Pittsburgh Pirates Religion and sports Screenplays by George Wells Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 01 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played the angel in angels in the outfield
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"With baseball's Pittsburgh Pirates in last place, their combative, foul-mouthed manager Guffy McGovern has plenty to complain about. All this changes when, while wandering through Forbes Field in search of his good luck charm one night, Guffy is accosted by the voice of an angel (voice of James Whitmore), who hints at having been a ballplayer during his earthly life."
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"James Whitmore"
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1641307596984394579
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2015 French Open – Men's Singles
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2015 French Open -- men 's Singles - wikipedia 2015 French Open -- men 's Singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's Singles 2015 French Open Champion Stan Wawrinka Runner - up Novak Djokovic Final score 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends − 45 45 + women WC Singles men women WC Doubles men women ← 2014 French Open 2016 → Main article : 2015 French Open Rafael Nadal was the five - time defending champion , but Novak Djokovic defeated him in the quarterfinals . This was just Nadal 's second career defeat at the French Open and ended his record win streak of 39 matches . Nadal had won all six of his prior matches against Djokovic at the French Open , each during one of his record ten title runs . Also , Stan Wawrinka defeated 2009 champion Roger Federer in the quarterfinals , meaning that for the first time since 2004 , neither Nadal nor Federer would reach the final and win the title . Wawrinka defeated Djokovic in the final , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , to win his first French Open and second Grand Slam title . As he did when he won the 2014 Australian Open , Wawrinka defeated the world No. 1 and world No. 2 on his way to the title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 Nationalities in the field 5 References Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Novak Djokovic ( Final ) 02 . Roger Federer ( Quarterfinals ) 03 . Andy Murray ( Semifinals ) 04 . Tomáš Berdych ( Fourth round ) 05 . Kei Nishikori ( Quarterfinals ) 06 . Rafael Nadal ( Quarterfinals ) 07 . David Ferrer ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Stan Wawrinka ( Champion ) 09 . Marin Čilić ( Fourth round ) 10 . Grigor Dimitrov ( First round ) 11 . Feliciano López ( First round ) 12 . Gilles Simon ( Fourth round ) 13 . Gaël Monfils ( Fourth round ) 14 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Semifinals ) 15 . Kevin Anderson ( Third round ) 16 . John Isner ( Second round ) 17 . David Goffin ( Third round ) 18 . Tommy Robredo ( Second round ) 19 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( Second round ) 20 . Richard Gasquet ( Fourth round ) 21 . Pablo Cuevas ( Third round ) 22 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( Second round ) 23 . Leonardo Mayer ( Third round ) 24 . Ernests Gulbis ( Second round ) 25 . Ivo Karlović ( First round ) 26 . Guillermo García - López ( First round ) 27 . Bernard Tomic ( Second round ) 28 . Fabio Fognini ( Second round ) 29 . Nick Kyrgios ( Third round ) 30 . Adrian Mannarino ( First round ) 31 . Viktor Troicki ( Second round ) 32 . Fernando Verdasco ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2015 French Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Novak Djokovic 7 6 6 6 Rafael Nadal 5 Novak Djokovic 6 6 5 5 6 Andy Murray 7 7 Andy Murray 7 6 5 6 7 David Ferrer 6 7 Novak Djokovic 6 8 Stan Wawrinka 6 6 6 5 Kei Nishikori 6 6 14 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 6 6 6 14 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 7 6 8 Stan Wawrinka 6 6 7 6 8 Stan Wawrinka 6 6 7 Roger Federer 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round N Djokovic 6 7 6 J Nieminen 5 N Djokovic 6 6 6 G Müller 7 7 6 G Müller P Lorenzi 6 6 6 6 N Djokovic 6 6 6 Q N Basilashvili 6 6 WC T Kokkinakis WC T Kokkinakis 6 7 6 WC T Kokkinakis 6 6 8 Q L Vanni 6 27 B Tomic 6 6 6 27 B Tomic 6 6 6 N Djokovic 6 6 6 20 R Gasquet 6 6 6 20 R Gasquet Q G Gigounon 0 20 R Gasquet 6 6 6 Q I Marchenko 6 6 5 C Berlocq 6 6 C Berlocq 6 7 6 20 R Gasquet 7 7 6 B Kavčič 7 5 15 K Anderson 6 6 5 Y-h Lu 6 6 6 7 Y-h Lu 7 T Smyczek 15 K Anderson 5 6 6 6 15 K Anderson 6 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 10 G Dimitrov 6 J Sock 7 6 6 J Sock 6 7 6 7 P Carreño Busta 6 6 6 P Carreño Busta 7 6 6 V Estrella Burgos 0 J Sock 6 6 6 B Ćorić 7 6 0 6 B Ćorić S Querrey 6 6 B Ćorić 7 6 6 LL A Golubev 6 5 18 T Robredo 5 6 6 18 T Robredo 6 7 6 J Sock 7 30 A Mannarino 6 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 5 6 J Melzer 7 6 7 J Melzer 7 6 5 A Kuznetsov 6 6 6 A Kuznetsov 6 5 7 7 M Jaziri A Kuznetsov N Almagro 6 6 7 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 A Dolgopolov 6 6 N Almagro WC Q Halys 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Murray 6 6 6 LL F Argüello A Murray 6 6 6 V Pospisil 6 J Sousa 6 J Sousa 6 7 6 A Murray 6 6 6 Q K Edmund 6 6 5 6 29 N Kyrgios Q S Robert 6 7 Q K Edmund D Istomin 29 N Kyrgios w / o 29 N Kyrgios 6 6 6 A Murray 6 6 6 17 D Goffin 6 7 6 J Chardy 6 F Krajinović 6 6 17 D Goffin 6 7 6 S Giraldo 6 7 6 S Giraldo 6 5 D Young 5 17 D Goffin J Chardy 6 6 6 J Chardy 6 6 6 Q M Berrer 6 J Chardy 6 6 6 A Seppi 5 16 J Isner 6 16 J Isner 7 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 M Čilić 6 6 6 R Haase 9 M Čilić 7 6 6 J Duckworth 6 7 6 6 0 Q A Arnaboldi 6 Q A Arnaboldi 6 7 7 6 9 M Čilić 6 6 6 J Janowicz 6 6 6 6 23 L Mayer WC M Hamou 7 J Janowicz 7 J Veselý 6 6 7 23 L Mayer 6 6 6 6 23 L Mayer 7 6 5 6 9 M Čilić 31 V Troicki 6 6 6 6 7 D Ferrer 6 6 6 J-L Struff 7 31 V Troicki S Bolelli 6 6 6 S Bolelli 6 6 6 S Darcis S Bolelli 6 7 0 D Gimeno - Traver 7 6 6 7 D Ferrer 6 5 6 6 J Souza 6 D Gimeno - Traver L Lacko 7 D Ferrer 6 6 6 7 D Ferrer 6 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 K Nishikori 6 7 6 WC P-H Mathieu 5 5 K Nishikori 7 6 6 M Matosevic T Bellucci 5 T Bellucci 6 6 6 5 K Nishikori w / o R Bemelmans 7 6 6 B Becker B Becker 6 6 7 6 B Becker 6 0 7 10 Q T Daniel 32 F Verdasco 6 6 5 8 32 F Verdasco 6 6 6 5 K Nishikori 6 6 6 19 R Bautista Agut 6 6 6 T Gabashvili PR F Mayer 19 R Bautista Agut Q E Ymer 6 L Rosol 6 6 6 L Rosol 6 7 6 L Rosol J Mónaco 6 6 6 6 6 T Gabashvili 6 6 6 F Delbonis 7 7 J Mónaco T Gabashvili 6 7 6 T Gabashvili 6 6 6 11 F López 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 Q C Lindell 14 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 M Kukushkin 6 6 D Sela D Sela 7 6 7 14 J-W Tsonga 7 6 6 A Ramos - Viñolas 6 P Andújar 6 P Andújar 6 6 7 P Andújar 6 7 6 G Soeda 0 22 P Kohlschreiber 6 6 6 22 P Kohlschreiber 6 6 6 14 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 6 28 F Fognini 6 6 6 T Berdych 7 T Ito 28 F Fognini 5 Q G Elias 7 6 B Paire 6 6 7 B Paire 5 6 6 6 B Paire 7 I Dodig 7 T Berdych 6 6 6 6 PR R Štěpánek 5 6 6 6 PR R Štěpánek 7 Q Y Nishioka 0 5 T Berdych 6 6 6 6 T Berdych 6 7 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 M İlhan 8 S Wawrinka 6 6 5 6 D Lajović 6 6 6 D Lajović 7 M González 8 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 R Berankis 5 S Johnson S Stakhovsky 6 7 6 S Stakhovsky 6 6 6 S Johnson 6 6 6 6 S Johnson 6 7 7 26 G García - López 7 6 8 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 24 E Gulbis 6 6 7 12 G Simon Q I Sijsling 6 24 E Gulbis 6 5 WC N Mahut 6 6 7 WC N Mahut 6 7 6 Q K Coppejans 6 WC N Mahut 7 7 WC F Tiafoe 12 G Simon 6 6 6 6 6 M Kližan 6 6 6 M Kližan 5 WC L Pouille 6 12 G Simon 7 6 6 12 G Simon 6 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 G Monfils 6 6 6 7 WC É Roger - Vasselin 7 5 13 G Monfils 6 6 6 D Schwartzman 6 5 6 7 D Schwartzman 6 6 A Haider - Maurer 7 6 13 G Monfils 7 6 6 D Thiem 6 6 6 6 21 P Cuevas 6 6 6 A Bedene 7 D Thiem 6 5 7 5 S Groth 7 21 P Cuevas 7 7 6 7 21 P Cuevas 6 6 6 6 13 G Monfils 6 25 I Karlović 6 R Federer 6 6 6 M Baghdatis 7 6 6 M Baghdatis 6 D Džumhur 6 6 0 D Džumhur 6 6 6 M Youzhny 0 D Džumhur M Granollers 6 6 7 R Federer 6 6 6 Q M Bachinger 6 M Granollers 6 LL A Falla R Federer 6 7 6 R Federer 6 6 6 Flag Icon Key List of National Flags Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 9 ) South America ( 12 ) Europe ( 87 ) Oceania ( 6 ) Asia ( 12 ) Africa ( 2 ) Canada ( 1 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Austria ( 3 ) Australia ( 6 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) South Africa ( 1 ) Dominican Republic ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Israel ( 1 ) Tunisia ( 1 ) United States ( 7 ) Colombia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1 ) Japan ( 5 ) Uruguay ( 1 ) Bulgaria ( 1 ) Kazakhstan ( 2 ) Croatia ( 4 ) Chinese Taipei ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 4 ) Turkey ( 1 ) Finland ( 1 ) Uzbekistan ( 1 ) France ( 14 ) Georgia ( 1 ) Germany ( 6 ) Italy ( 6 ) Latvia ( 1 ) Lithuania ( 1 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Netherlands ( 2 ) Poland ( 1 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Russia ( 3 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Slovakia ( 2 ) Slovenia ( 1 ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 2 ) Switzerland ( 2 ) Ukraine ( 3 ) United Kingdom ( 3 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanislas Wawrinka beats Novak Djokovic in men 's French Open final -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 7 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Wawrinka stuns Novak Djokovic to win French Open '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Main Draw French Open Men 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2015 ATP World Tour `` 2014 2016 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Zagreb ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Casablanca ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Nice ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Valencia ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP World Tour Finals , London ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_French_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 800374029 '' Categories : 2015 French Open French Open by year -- Men 's Singles 2015 ATP World Tour Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 04 : 09 . About Wikipedia
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who won the french open 2015 men's single title
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[
"\n\nMen's Singles\n\n\n2015 French Open\n\n\nChampion\n Stan Wawrinka\n\n\nRunner-up\n Novak Djokovic\n\n\nFinal score\n4–6, 6–4, 6–3, 6–4\n\n\nEvents\n\n\n\n\n\nSingles\nmen\nwomen\n\nboys\ngirls\n\n\nDoubles\nmen\nwomen\nmixed\nboys\ngirls\n\n\nLegends\n−45\n45+\nwomen\n\n\nWC Singles\nmen\nwomen\n\n\nWC Doubles\nmen\nwomen\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2014 ·\nFrench Open\n· 2016 →\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Stan Wawrinka"
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-3868004840412751784
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Governor (India)
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Governor ( India ) - Wikipedia Governor ( India ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Governors of States Lieutenant Governors / Administrators of Union Territories State Emblem of India Flag of India Style His Excellency Honourable Residence Raj Bhavan Appointer President of India Term length Five Years Salary ₹ 350,000 ( US $5,100 ) ( per month ) India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The governors and lieutenant - governors / administrators of the states and union territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level . Governors exist in the states while lieutenant - governors exist in union territories and in the National Capital Territory of Delhi . The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief ministers of the states and his / her councils of ministers . In India , a lieutenant governor is in charge of a union territory . However , the rank is present only in the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Delhi and Puducherry ( the other territories have an administrator appointed , who is an IAS officer or retired judges of courts ) . However , the governor of Punjab acts as the administrator of Chandigarh . Although lieutenant - governors do not hold the same rank as a governor of a state in the list of precedence . The governors and lieutenant - governors are appointed by the president for a term of five years . Contents 1 Selection process 1.1 Qualifications 2 Powers and functions 2.1 Executive powers 2.2 Legislative powers 2.3 Financial powers 2.4 Discretionary powers 3 Contingency situation 4 Emoluments 5 Removal 6 Legal immunity 7 Analysis of role in Government 8 See also 9 References Selection process ( edit ) Qualifications ( edit ) Article 157 and Article 158 of the Constitution of India specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor . They are as follows : A governor must : be a citizen of India . be at least 35 years of age . not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature . not hold any office of profit . Powers and functions ( edit ) The primary function of the governor is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law as incorporated in his / her oath of office under Article 159 of the Indian constitution in the administration of the State affairs . All his / her actions , recommendations and supervisory powers ( Article 167c , Article 200 , Article 213 , Article 355 , etc . ) over the executive and legislative entities of a State shall be used to implement the provisions of the Constitution . In this respect , the governor has many different types of powers : Executive powers related to administration , appointments and removals , Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature , that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad , Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor Executive powers ( edit ) The Constitution vests in the governor all the executive powers of the state government . The governor appoints the chief minister , who enjoys the support of the majority in the Legislative Assembly . The governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the chief minister . The Council of Ministers remain in power during the ' pleasure ' of the governor , but in the real sense it means the pleasure of obtaining majority in the Legislative Assembly . As long as the majority in the Vidhan Sabha supports the government , the Council of Ministers can not be dismissed . The governor appoints the chief minister of a state . He or she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission . Apart from this , State Election Commissioner are also appointed by the Governor ( though removed by the President ) . The president consults the governor in the appointment of judges of the High Courts and the governor appoints the judges of the District Courts . All administrations are carried on his or her name , he or she also has the power to appoint staff for his tenure in class one and class four as per constitution of India . The Governor of the state by virtue of his office is also the Chancellor of most of the Universities in the State . The dignity and impartiality of the office of the Chancellor puts the Governor in a unique position with regard to protecting the autonomy of the Universities and saving them from undue political interference . The Governor as Chancellor of University also acts as President of the Senate . He has power to direct inspection of every component of the Universities and affiliated colleges , required due action on the result of inquiry . The Chancellor appoints search committee for appointments of Vice Chancellor . He accords consent of warrant of degrees and withdraw degree or distinctions both at the recommendations of the Senate . He approves or disapproves statutes passed by the Senate and appoints teachers of the University based on recommendation of the respective committees . Legislative powers ( edit ) The governor summons the sessions of both houses of the state legislature and prorogues them . The governor can even dissolve the Vidhan Sabha . These powers are formal and the governor while using these powers must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister . The governor inaugurates ( to dedicate ) the state legislature by addressing it after the assembly elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year . The governor 's address on these occasions generally outlines new policies of the state government . A bill that the state legislature has passed , can become a law only after the governor gives assent . The governor can return a bill to the state legislature , if it is not a money bill , for reconsideration . However , if the state legislature sends it back to the governor for the second time , the governor must assent to it . The governor has the power to reserve certain bills for the president . When the state legislature is not in session and the governor considers it necessary to have a law , then the governor can promulgate ordinances . These ordinances are submitted to the state legislature at its next session . They remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the state legislature is reconvened unless approved by it earlier . Governor is empowered under Article 192 to disqualify a member of a House of the State legislature when the election commission recommends that the legislator is no longer complying with provisions of Article 191 . Per Articles 165 and 177 , Governor can ask the Advocate General to attend the proceedings of both houses of the state legislature and report to him any unlawful functioning if any . Financial powers ( edit ) He causes to be laid before the State Legislature the annual financial statement which is the State Budget . Further no demand for grant shall be made except on his recommendation . He can also make advances out of the Contingency Fund of the State to meet any unforeseen expenditure . Moreover , he constitutes the State Finance Commission . Discretionary powers ( edit ) The governor can use these powers : When no party gets a clear majority , the governor can use his discretion in the selection of chief ministerial candidate to prove the majority as soon as possible . He submits reports on his own to the president or on the direction of the president regarding the affairs of the state . He can withhold his assent to a bill and send it to the president for his approval . During an emergency rule per Article 353 , governor can override the advice of the council of ministers if specifically permitted by the president only . Contingency situation ( edit ) The governor has no role or powers in a contingency situation such as president 's rule unless specifically permitted by the president under articles 160 , 356 and 357 . The Governor is not permitted to take any decision on his own without state cabinet advise when an elected government is in charge under the provisions of Part VI of the constitution . Governor 's rule is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir state . It is often used synonymous with president 's rule in other states . Emoluments ( edit ) Governor 's pay Date established Salary ( per month ) 1 February 2018 ₹ 350,000 ( US $5,100 ) Source : Various emoluments , allowances and privileges available to a governor are determined by the Governors ( Emoluments , Allowances and Privileges ) Act , 1982 . In addition to the monthly salary , the governor is entitled to rent free official residence , free household facilities and conveyance . The governor and his family are provided with free medical attendance , accommodation and treatment for life . Removal ( edit ) The term of governor 's office is normally 5 years but it can be terminated earlier by : Dismissal by the president ( usually on the advice of the prime minister of the country ) at whose pleasure the governor holds office . Dismissal of Governors without valid reason is not permitted . However , it is the duty of the President to dismiss a Governor whose acts are upheld by courts as unconstitutional and malafide Resignation by the governor There is no provision for impeachment , as it happens for the president . Legal immunity ( edit ) Under Article 361 of the constitution , governor can not be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds though the unconstitutional decisions taken by the governor would be declared invalid by the courts . The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the union government for the governor 's role . As clarified by the Supreme Court in the case ' Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs. Union of India & ANR 24 January 2006 ' , though governor can not be prosecuted and imprisoned during his tenure , he can be prosecuted after he / she steps down from the post for the guilty committed during his term of governorship as declared earlier by the courts . No governor has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his decisions as unconstitutional by the courts till now . No criminal case at least on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till now against former governors to punish them for their unconstitutional acts though many decisions taken during the term of governorship had been declared by Supreme Court as unconstitutional , mala fide , void , ultra vires , etc . Analysis of role in government ( edit ) While the President of India is `` elected '' , the governor is `` selected '' by the incumbent central government . That is why there have been many instances when governors appointed by a previous government are removed by an incoming government . The reasons are more political . The supreme court has ruled that governors should be given security of term but this is generally not adhered to . Political observers have described governorship as `` plush old age homes '' wherein the governor does not stay impartial and act against popular state leaders . In 1984 , Congressman Ram Lal dismissed the N.T. Rama Rao government and allowed Nadendla Bhaskar Rao as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh for 31 days . In January 2014 , the Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) approached the Union Law Ministry under the UPA Government to record statements of West Bengal Governor M.K. Narayanan and Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo . Their statements were considered vital as Narayanan was National Security Adviser and Wanchoo was Chief of Special Protection Group ( SPG ) at the time of signing of contract with AgustaWestland . Their views were also considered before Indian Government signed the contract with Agusta Westland . However , Union Law ministry stonewalled CBI probe by rejecting CBI 's request to examine them claiming they had ' immunity ' . UPA was defeated in the 2014 general election and with the incoming NDA Government 's permission , West Bengal Governor M.K. Narayanan became the first ever Governor to be questioned by police in a criminal case . The CBI questioned M.K. Narayanan as a `` witness '' in ₹ 3600 - crore 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal . The CBI said Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo would be questioned in the same case . Arunachal Pradesh governor who is also appointed by the ruling party at the centre , has been sacked by the president after the Supreme Court has quashed his unconstitutional acts . it is a good event in Indian polity by giving a strong message to the state governors that they should not come under the influence of the ruling party at the centre to commit unconstitutional acts . Lt Governor of Delhi , Najeeb Jung resigned taking moral responsibility for his unconstitutional role when Supreme Court observed that the elected local government is not an unconstitutional institution without any powers . See also ( edit ) List of current Indian governors List of current Indian lieutenant governors Federalism in India Administrators in British India Rajpramukh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/honorable-governors/role-of-governor.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Union Budget 2018 - 19 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 156 , The Constitution Of India '' . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The dismissal of Governors '' . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Origin and Scope of Doctrine of Pleasure in India '' . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults to National Honour ( Amendment ) Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changing UPA 's governors : Why Tharoor is only half - right '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why the post of governors should be abolished '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBI seeks Home , Law ministries ' advice to examine BV Wanchoo , MK Narayanan '' . Jump up ^ `` VVIP chopper deal : CBI seeks President 's permission to question Narayanan , Wanchoo '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Chopper Scam : CBI Questions WB Guv M.K. Narayanan '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VVIP chopper deal : Governors can be questioned while in office , says Attorney General '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arunachal Pradesh Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa Sacked '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Najeeb Jung operated as an assassin of democracy '' . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh B.D. Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Lalji Tandon Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Anandiben Patel Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Satyadev Narayan Arya Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Satya Pal Malik Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Anandiben Patel Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Tathagata Roy Mizoram Kummanam Rajasekharan Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha Ganeshi Lal Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Ganga Prasad Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Kaptan Singh Solanki Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Baby Rani Maurya West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_(India)&oldid=854751685 '' Categories : State governors of India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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difference between governor and chief minister in india
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"\n\nThe governors and lieutenant-governors/administrators of the states and union territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Governors exist in the states while lieutenant-governors exist in union territories and in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief ministers of the states and his/her councils of ministers.\n"
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"The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief ministers of the states"
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Extravehicular activity
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Extravehicular activity - wikipedia Extravehicular activity Jump to : navigation , search `` Spacewalk '' redirects here . For the Red Hat software , see Spacewalk ( software ) . Cosmonaut Sergey Volkov works outside the International Space Station on August 3 , 2011 . Stephen Robinson riding the robotic arm during STS - 114 , doing a first in - flight repair of the Space Shuttle . The landmass in the backdrop is the Bari region of Somalia . Extravehicular activity ( EVA ) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth 's appreciable atmosphere . The term most commonly applies to a spacewalk made outside a craft orbiting Earth ( such as the International Space Station ) , but also has applied to lunar surface exploration ( commonly known as moonwalks ) performed by six pairs of American astronauts in the Apollo program from 1969 to 1972 . On each of the last three of these missions , astronauts also performed deep - space EVAs on the return to Earth , to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft . Astronauts also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to Skylab , the United States ' first space station . A `` Stand - up '' EVA ( SEVA ) is when an astronaut does not fully leave a spacecraft , but is completely reliant on the spacesuit for environmental support . Its name derives from the astronaut `` standing up '' in the open hatch , usually to record or assist a spacewalking astronaut . EVAs may be either tethered ( the astronaut is connected to the spacecraft ; oxygen and electrical power can be supplied through an umbilical cable ; no propulsion is needed to return to the spacecraft ) , or untethered . Untethered spacewalks were only performed on three missions in 1984 using the Manned Maneuvering Unit ( MMU ) , and on a flight test in 1994 of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue ( SAFER ) , a safety device worn on tethered U.S. EVAs . The Soviet Union / Russia , the United States , and China have conducted EVAs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development history 1.1 First spacewalk 1.2 Project Gemini 1.3 First EVA crew transfer 1.4 Apollo lunar EVA 1.5 Post-Apollo EVAs 1.6 Chinese EVA 2 Milestones 2.1 Capability milestones 2.2 Personal cumulative duration records 2.3 National , ethnic and gender firsts 3 Commemoration 4 Designations 5 Camp - out procedure 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Development History ( edit ) NASA planners invented the term extravehicular activity ( abbreviated with the acronym EVA ) in the early 1960s for the Apollo program to land men on the Moon , because the astronauts would leave the spacecraft to collect lunar material samples and deploy scientific experiments . To support this , and other Apollo objectives , the Gemini program was spun off to develop the capability for astronauts to work outside a two - man Earth orbiting spacecraft . However , the Soviet Union was fiercely competitive in holding the early lead it had gained in manned spaceflight , so the Soviet Communist Party , led by Nikita Khrushchev , ordered the conversion of its single - pilot Vostok capsule into a two - or three - person craft named Voskhod , in order to compete with Gemini and Apollo . The Soviets were able to launch two Voskhod capsules before U.S. was able to launch its first manned Gemini . The Voskhod 's avionics required cooling by cabin air to prevent overheating , therefore an airlock was required for the spacewalking cosmonaut to exit and re-enter the cabin while it remained pressurized . By contrast , the Gemini avionics did not require air cooling , allowing the spacewalking astronaut to exit and re-enter the depressurized cabin through an open hatch . Because of this , the American and Soviet space programs developed different definitions for the duration of an EVA . The Soviet ( now Russian ) definition begins when the outer airlock hatch is open and the cosmonaut is in vacuum . An American EVA began when the astronaut had at least his head outside the spacecraft . The USA has changed its EVA definition since . First spacewalk ( edit ) Alexei Leonov performs the first spacewalk during Voskhod 2 ( March 1965 ) The first EVA was performed on March 18 , 1965 , by Soviet cosmonaut Alexey Leonov , who spent 12 minutes outside the Voskhod 2 spacecraft . Carrying a white metal backpack containing 45 minutes worth of breathing and pressurization oxygen , Leonov had no means to control his motion other than pulling on his 15.35 m ( 50.4 ft ) tether . After the flight , he claimed this was easy , but his space suit ballooned from its internal pressure against the vacuum of space , stiffening so much that he could not activate the shutter on his chest - mounted camera . At the end of his space walk , the suit stiffening caused a more serious problem : Leonov had to re-enter the capsule through the inflatable cloth airlock , 1.2 m ( 3 ft 11 in ) in diameter and 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) long . He improperly entered the airlock head - first and got stuck sideways . He could not get back in without reducing the pressure in his suit , risking `` the bends '' . This added another 12 minutes to his time in vacuum , and he was overheated by 1.8 ° C ( 3.2 ° F ) from the exertion . It would be almost four years before the Soviets tried another EVA . They misrepresented to the press how difficult Leonov found it to work in weightlessness and concealed the problems encountered until after the end of the Cold War . Project Gemini ( edit ) Ed White performs the first American spacewalk during Gemini IV ( June 1965 ) . The first American spacewalk was performed on June 3 , 1965 , by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight , Gemini 4 , for 21 minutes . White was tethered to the spacecraft , and his oxygen was supplied through a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) umbilical , which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation . He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand - Held Maneuvering Unit , which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds . White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around , contrary to Leonov 's claim . However , a defect in the capsule 's hatch latching mechanism caused difficulties opening and closing the hatch , which delayed the start of the EVA and put White and his crewmate at risk of not getting back to Earth alive . No EVAs were planned on the next three Gemini flights . The next EVA was planned to be made by David Scott on Gemini 8 , but that mission had to be aborted due to a critical spacecraft malfunction before the EVA could be conducted . Astronauts on the next three Gemini flights ( Eugene Cernan , Michael Collins , and Richard Gordon ) , performed several EVAs , but none was able to successfully work for long periods outside the spacecraft without tiring and overheating . Cernan attempted but failed to test an Air Force Astronaut Maneuvering Unit which included a self - contained oxygen system . On November 13 , 1966 , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin became the first to successfully work in space without tiring , on the Gemini 12 last flight . Aldrin worked outside the spacecraft for 2 hours and 6 minutes , in addition to two stand - up EVAs in the spacecraft hatch for an additional 3 hours and 24 minutes . Aldrin 's interest in scuba diving inspired the use of underwater EVA training to simulate weightlessness , which has been used ever since to allow astronauts to practice techniques of avoiding wasted muscle energy . First EVA crew transfer ( edit ) On January 16 , 1969 , Soviet cosmonauts Aleksei Yeliseyev and Yevgeny Khrunov transferred from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4 , which were docked together . This was the second Soviet EVA , and it would be almost another nine years before the Soviets performed their third . Apollo lunar EVA ( edit ) Buzz Aldrin walks on the Moon during the pioneering Apollo 11 mission in 1969 American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin performed the first EVA on the lunar surface on July 21 , 1969 ( UTC ) , after landing their Apollo 11 Lunar Module spacecraft . This first Moon walk , using self - contained Portable Life Support Systems , lasted 2 hours 36 minutes . A total of fifteen Moon walks were performed among six Apollo crews , including Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean , Alan Shepard , Edgar Mitchell , David Scott , James Irwin , John Young , Charles Duke , Eugene Cernan , and Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt . Cernan was the last Apollo astronaut to step off the surface of the Moon . Play media Charles Duke with a hammer on the lunar surface . Apollo 15 Command Module Pilot Al Worden made an EVA on August 5 , 1971 , on the return trip from the Moon , to retrieve a film and data recording canister from the Service Module . He was assisted by Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin standing up in the Command Module hatch . This procedure was repeated by Ken Mattingly and Charles Duke on Apollo 16 , and by Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Post-apollo EVAs ( edit ) The first EVA repairs of a spacecraft were made by Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Joseph Kerwin , and Paul J. Weitz on May 26 , June 7 , and June 19 , 1973 , on the Skylab 2 mission . They rescued the functionality of the launch - damaged Skylab space station by freeing a stuck solar panel , deploying a solar heating shield , and freeing a stuck circuit breaker relay . The Skylab 2 crew made three EVAs , and a total of ten EVAs were made by the three Skylab crews . They found that activities in weightlessness required about 21⁄2 times longer than on Earth because many astronauts suffered spacesickness early in their flights . After Skylab , no more EVAs were made by the United States until the advent of the Space Shuttle program in the early 1980s . In this period , the Soviets resumed EVAs , making four from the Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 space stations between December 20 , 1977 , and July 30 , 1982 . When the United States resumed EVAs on April 7 , 1983 , astronauts started using an Extravehicular Mobility Unit ( EMU ) for self - contained life support independent of the spacecraft . STS - 6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted . Also , for the first time , American astronauts used an airlock to enter and exit the spacecraft like the Soviets . Accordingly , the American definition of EVA start time was redefined to when the astronaut switches the EMU to battery power . Chinese EVA ( edit ) China became the third country to independently carry out an EVA on September 27 , 2008 during the Shenzhou 7 mission . Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang completed a spacewalk wearing the Chinese - developed Feitian space suit , with astronaut Liu Boming wearing the Russian - derived Orlan space suit to help him . Zhai completely exited the craft , while Liu stood by at the airlock , straddling the portal . Milestones ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Capability milestones ( edit ) The first untethered spacewalk was made by American Bruce McCandless II on February 7 , 1984 , during Challenger mission STS - 41 - B , using the Manned Maneuvering Unit . He was subsequently joined by Robert L. Stewart during the 5 hour 55 minute spacewalk . A self - contained spacewalk was first attempted by Eugene Cernan in 1966 on Gemini 9A , but Cernan could not reach the maneuvering unit without tiring . The first metalwork in open space , consisting of welding , brazing and metal spraying , was conducted by Soviet cosmonauts Svetlana Savitskaya and Vladimir Dzhanibekov on July 25 , 1984 . A specially designed multipurpose tool was used to perform these activities during a 3 - hour , 30 minute EVA outside the Salyut 7 space station . The first three - person EVA was performed on May 13 , 1992 , as the third EVA of STS - 49 , the maiden flight of Endeavour . Pierre Thuot , Richard Hieb , and Thomas Akers conducted the EVA to hand - capture and repair a non-functional Intelsat VI - F3 satellite . As of 2013 it was the only three - person EVA . The first EVA to perform an in - flight repair of the Space Shuttle was by American Steve Robinson on August 3 , 2005 , during `` Return to Flight '' mission STS - 114 . Robinson was sent to remove two protruding gap fillers from Discovery 's heat shield , after engineers determined there was a small chance they could affect the shuttle upon re-entry . Robinson successfully removed the loose material while Discovery was docked to the International Space Station . The longest EVA as of 2007 , was 8 hours and 56 minutes , performed by Susan Helms and James S. Voss on March 11 , 2001 . Untethered U.S. astronaut Bruce McCandless uses a manned maneuvering unit . Photo taken by Robert `` Hoot '' Gibson Capture of Intelsat VI in 1992 on STS - 49 . This hand - capture of a satellite is the only EVA to date to be performed by three astronauts . Personal cumulative duration records ( edit ) Russian Anatoly Solovyev holds both the record for most EVAs and for the greatest cumulative duration spent in EVA ( 16 EVAs ; 82 hr and 22 min ) . Michael Lopez - Alegria holds the American record ( 10 EVAs ; 67 hr and 40 min ) . Christer Fuglesang holds the European ( non-Russian ) record ( 5 EVAs ; 31 hr and 55 min ) . Peggy Whitson holds the record for most EVAs and most cumulative duration spent for a woman ( 10 EVAs , 60 hr and 21 min ) . National , ethnic and gender firsts ( edit ) The first woman to perform an EVA was Soviet Svetlana Savitskaya on July 25 , 1984 , while aboard the Salyut 7 space station . Her EVA lasted 3 hours and 35 minutes . The first American woman to perform an EVA was Kathryn D. Sullivan on October 11 , 1984 , during Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS - 41 - G . The first EVA by a non-Soviet , non-American was made on December 9 , 1988 , by Jean - Loup Chrétien of France during a three - week stay on the Mir space station . The first EVA by a black African - American was on February 9 , 1995 , by Bernard A. Harris Jr ... The first EVA by a Japanese astronaut was made on November 25 , 1997 , by Takao Doi during STS - 87 . The first EVA by an Australian - born person was on March 13 , 2001 , by Andy Thomas ( although he is a naturalized US citizen ) . The first EVA by a Scandinavian astronaut was made on December 12 , 2006 , by Christer Fuglesang . The first EVA by a Chinese astronaut was made on September 27 , 2008 , by Zhai Zhigang during Shenzhou 7 mission . The spacewalk , using a Feitian space suit , made China the third country to independently carry out an EVA . The first EVA by an Italian astronaut was made on July 9 , 2013 , by Luca Parmitano along with NASA Astronaut Chris Cassidy during Expedition 36 on the International Space Station . The first EVA by a British astronaut was on January 15 , 2016 , by Tim Peake . Although British - American Michael Foale carried out an EVA on February 9 , 1995 , he flew as an American astronaut in NASA 's program . International Space Station assembly EVA made during the STS - 116 mission . Robert Curbeam ( with red stripes ) together with Christer Fuglesang over Cook Strait , New Zealand . Anatoly Solovyev holds the world record for time spent during spacewalks : 82 + hours over 16 separate outings , seen here performing an EVA outside Mir Space Station in 1997 Commemoration ( edit ) The first spacewalk , made by Soviet cosmonaut Alexey Leonov , was commemorated in 1965 with several Eastern Bloc stamps ( see Alexey Leonov # Stamps ) . Since the Soviet Union did not publish details of the Voskhod spacecraft at the time , the spaceship depiction in the stamps was purely fictional . The U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp in 1967 commemorating Ed White 's first American spacewalk . The engraved image has an accurate depiction of the Gemini IV spacecraft and White 's space suit . Alexey Leonov , Voskhod 2 , First Spacewalk U.S.S.R. commemorative issue of 1965 Accomplishments in Space U.S. Commemorative Issue of 1967 Designations ( edit ) NASA `` spacewalkers '' during the space shuttle program were designated as EV - 1 , EV - 2 , EV - 3 and EV - 4 ( assigned to mission specialists for each mission , if applicable ) . Camp - out procedure ( edit ) For EVAs from the International Space Station , NASA now routinely employs a camp - out procedure to reduce the risk of decompression sickness . This was first tested by the Expedition 12 crew . During a camp out , astronauts sleep overnight in the airlock prior to an EVA , lowering the air pressure to 10.2 psi ( 70 kPa ) , compared to the normal station pressure of 14.7 psi ( 101 kPa ) . Spending a night at the lower air pressure helps flush nitrogen from the body , thereby preventing `` the bends '' . More recently astronauts have been using the In - Suit Light Exercise protocol rather than camp - out to prevent decompression sickness . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal List of cumulative spacewalk records List of International Space Station spacewalks List of Mir spacewalks List of spacewalkers List of spacewalks 2000 -- 2014 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965 -- 1999 Omega Speedmaster Suitport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NASA ( 2007 ) . `` Stand - Up EVA '' . NASA . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003a ) . Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2627 - X . Jump up ^ Walking to Olympus , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Portree , David S.F. ; Treviño , Robert C. ( October 1997 ) . `` Walking to Olympus : An EVA Chronology '' ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History Series # 7 . NASA History Office . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ; Lachmann , Michael ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` The First Spacewalk How the first human to take steps in outer space nearly did n't return to Earth '' . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Oral History Transcript / James A. McDivitt / Interviewed by Doug Ward / Elk Lake , Michigan -- June 29 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Skylab Reuse Study , p. 3 - 53 . Martin Marietta and Bendix for NASA , September 1978 . Jump up ^ Mark Wade . `` Encyclopedia Astronautica Salyut 7 EP - 4 '' . Astronautix.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A pictorial history of welding as seen through the pages of the Welding Journal '' . American Welding Society . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Space welding anniversary '' . RuSpace.com . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2001 ) . `` STS - 49 '' . NASA . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Facts about spacesuits and spacewalks ( NASA.gov ) Archived 2013 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : William Harwood ( 2007 ) . `` ISS EVA Statistics '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rincon , Paul ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Tim Peake on historic spacewalk '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ `` Extravehicular Activity Radiation Monitoring ( EVARM ) '' . NASA . 2001 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Extravehicular Activity Radiation Monitoring ( EVARM ) '' . Marshall Space Flight Center . 2001 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : NASA ( 2006 ) . `` Preflight Interview : Joe Tanner '' . NASA . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` International Space Station Status Report # 06 - 7 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` Pass the S'mores Please ! Station Crew ' Camps Out ' '' . NASA . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` EVA Physiology '' . NASA . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Brady , Timothy K. and Polk , James D. `` In - Suit Light Exercise ( ISLE ) Prebreathe Protocol Peer Review Assessment . Volume 1 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Extravehicular activity . NASA JSC Oral History Project Walking to Olympus : An EVA Chronology PDF document . Astronaut space walk picture NASDA Online Space Notes Apollo Extravehicular mobility unit . Volume 1 : System description -- 1971 ( PDF document ) Apollo Extravehicular mobility unit . Volume 2 : Operational procedures -- 1971 ( PDF document ) Skylab Extravehicular Activity Development Report -- 1974 ( PDF document ) Analysis of the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit -- 1986 ( PDF document ) NASA Space Shuttle EVA tools and equipment reference book -- 1993 ( PDF document ) Preparing for an American EVA on the ISS -- 2006 Space suits Models USSR / Russia SK - 1 Berkut Yastreb Krechet - 94 Strizh Sokol Orlan United States Navy Mark IV Gemini MOL A7L Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit LES ACES EMU China Shenzhou IVA Haiying Feitian Developmental Mark III I - Suit Space activity suit Constellation Space Suit Z series Components Hard Upper Torso ( HUT ) Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment ( LCVG ) Maximum Absorbency Garment ( MAG ) Primary Life Support System ( PLSS ) Snoopy cap Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment ( TMG / ITMG ) Related topics Extravehicular activity ( EVA ) Astronaut propulsion unit Environmental suit Pressure suit Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center Space agencies CoNAE ASA AEB CSA CNSA ESA CNES DLR ISRO LAPAN ISA ISA ASI JAXA NADA KARI SUPARCO Roscosmos SNSB SSAU UKSA NASA Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extravehicular_activity&oldid=841711752 '' Categories : Extravehicular activity Human spaceflight Russian inventions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is a mission performed outside the space station
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"Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere. The term most commonly applies to a spacewalk made outside a craft orbiting Earth (such as the International Space Station), but also has applied to lunar surface exploration (commonly known as moonwalks) performed by six pairs of American astronauts in the Apollo program from 1969 to 1972. On each of the last three of these missions, astronauts also performed deep-space EVAs on the return to Earth, to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft. Astronauts also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to Skylab, the United States' first space station."
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"Extravehicular activity (EVA)"
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Baby Blue (George Strait song)
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Baby blue ( George Strait song ) - Wikipedia Baby blue ( George Strait song ) `` Baby Blue '' Single by George Strait from the album If You Ai n't Lovin ' , You Ai n't Livin ' B - side `` Back to Bein ' Me '' Released April 25 , 1988 Format 7 '' single Recorded September 29 , 1987 Genre Country Length 3 : 32 Label MCA 53340 Songwriter ( s ) Aaron Barker Producer ( s ) Jimmy Bowen , George Strait George Strait singles chronology `` Famous Last Words of a Fool '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby Blue '' ( 1988 ) `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Famous Last Words of a Fool '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby Blue '' ( 1988 ) `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby Blue '' is a song written by Aaron Barker , and recorded by American country music artist George Strait . It was released in April 1988 as the second single from his album If You Ai n't Lovin ' , You Ai n't Livin ' . It was a number - one hit in the United States , while it peaked at number 3 in Canada . Contents 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Chart positions 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator talks about a girl with baby blue eyes who had a profound impact on his life . She was in his life for a short time , but he still thinks of her often , especially when he sees the skies that her eyes matched in color . Though it has never been confirmed , it has long been thought that Strait sang this song for his daughter , Jennifer , who died at 13 in an automobile accident in San Marcos , Texas . Critical reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade , calling it `` another one of Strait 's smoothest pop performances , with just enough country touches in the production to keep his traditionalist credentials intact . '' Coyne states that `` taken literally as a love gone wrong song , it 's a beautiful piece of work . '' Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak positions US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : CountryUniverse.net Song review Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Allmusic External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics George Strait 1980s singles Strait Country `` Unwound '' `` Down and Out '' `` If You 're Thinking You Want a Stranger ( There 's One Coming Home ) '' Strait from the Heart `` Fool Hearted Memory '' `` Marina del Rey '' `` Amarillo by Morning '' `` A Fire I Ca n't Put Out '' Right or Wrong `` You Look So Good in Love '' `` Right or Wrong '' `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind `` Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind '' `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' `` The Fireman '' Something Special `` The Chair '' `` You 're Something Special to Me '' # 7 `` Nobody in His Right Mind Would 've Left Her '' `` It Ai n't Cool to Be Crazy About You '' Ocean Front Property `` Ocean Front Property '' `` All My Ex 's Live in Texas '' `` Am I Blue '' If You Ai n't Lovin ' , You Ai n't Livin ' `` Famous Last Words of a Fool '' `` Baby Blue '' `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' Beyond the Blue Neon `` Baby 's Gotten Good at Goodbye '' `` What 's Going On in Your World '' `` Ace in the Hole '' `` Overnight Success '' This 1988 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Blue_(George_Strait_song)&oldid=847151240 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1987 songs Country ballads George Strait songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs in memory of deceased persons Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen MCA Records singles Songs written by Aaron Barker 1988 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 08 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who sang baby blue was the color of her eyes
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"\"Baby Blue\" is a song written by Aaron Barker, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in April 1988 as the second single from his album If You Ain't Lovin', You Ain't Livin'. It was a number-one hit in the United States,[1] while it peaked at number 3 in Canada.\n"
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Drug Enforcement Administration
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Drug enforcement Administration - Wikipedia Drug enforcement Administration Jump to : navigation , search `` DEA '' redirects here . For other uses , see DEA ( disambiguation ) . Drug Enforcement Administration Abbreviation DEA Seal of the Drug Enforcement Administration Badge of a DEA Agent Flag of the Drug Enforcement Administration Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1973 ; 44 years ago ( 1973 - 07 - 01 ) Preceding agencies Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement Employees 10,784 ( 2009 ) Annual budget US $2 billion ( FY 2014 ) Legal personality Governmental : Government agency Jurisdictional structure Federal agency United States General nature Federal law enforcement Civilian agency Operational structure Headquarters 600 - 700 Army - Navy Drive Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Special Agents 4,890 Agency executives Robert Patterson , Acting Administrator Rene Horvath , Chief of Operations Parent agency United States Department of Justice Website www.dea.gov The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice , tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States . The DEA is the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act , sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) , Homeland Security , and the U.S. Border Patrol . It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing US drug investigations both domestic and abroad . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and mandate 2 Organization 2.1 Structure 2.2 Special Agents 2.3 Aviation Division 2.4 Special Response Teams 2.5 Special Operations Division 2.6 Domestic Cannabis Eradication / Suppression Program 3 Budget 4 Firearms 5 Impact on the drug trade 5.1 Registration and licensing 5.2 Diversion control system 5.3 MDMA DEA scheduling overturn 6 Criticism 6.1 Costs 6.2 Civil liberties 6.3 Incarceration of Daniel Chong 6.4 Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program 6.5 International 6.6 Special Operations Division fabricated evidence trails 6.7 Cannabis rescheduling 6.8 Domestic anti-drug advocacy 7 Raids on medical marijuana dispensaries 8 DEA Museum 9 In popular culture 9.1 DEA agents in fiction 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links History and mandate ( edit ) Map of the 21 DEA domestic field divisions : 1 . Chicago , 2 . Detroit , 3. Atlanta , 4 . Dallas , 5 . Denver , 6 . Boston , 7 . El Paso , 8 . Houston , 9 . Los Angeles , 10 . Miami , 11 . Newark , 12 . New Orleans , 13 . New York , 14 . Philadelphia , 15 . Phoenix , 16 . San Diego , 17 . San Francisco , 18 . Seattle , 19 . St. Louis , 20 . Caribbean , 21 . Washington , D.C. The Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1 , 1973 , by Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973 , signed by President Richard Nixon on July 28 . It proposed the creation of a single federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the government 's drug control activities . Congress accepted the proposal , as they were concerned with the growing availability of drugs . As a result , the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs ( BNDD ) , the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement ( ODALE ) ; approximately 600 Special Agents of the Bureau of Customs , Customs Agency Service , and other federal offices merged to create the DEA . From the early 1970s , DEA headquarters was located at 1405 I ( `` Eye '' ) Street NW in downtown Washington , D.C. With the overall growth of the agency in the 1980s ( owing to the increased emphasis on federal drug law enforcement efforts ) and a concurrent growth in the headquarters staff , DEA began to search for a new headquarters location ; locations in Arkansas , Mississippi , and various abandoned military bases around the United States were considered . However , then -- Attorney General Edwin Meese determined that the headquarters had to be located in close proximity to the Attorney General 's office . Thus , in 1989 , the headquarters relocated to 600 -- 700 Army - Navy Drive in the Pentagon City area of Arlington , Virginia , near the Metro station with the same name . On April 19 , 1995 , Timothy McVeigh attacked the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City because it housed regional offices for the FBI , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) , and DEA , all of which had carried out raids that he viewed as unjustified intrusions on the rights of the people ; this attack caused the deaths of two DEA employees , one task force member , and two contractors in the Oklahoma City bombing . Subsequently , the DEA headquarters complex was classified as a Level IV installation under United States federal building security standards , meaning it was to be considered a high - risk law enforcement target for terrorists . Security measures include hydraulic steel roadplates to enforce standoff distance from the building , metal detectors , and guard stations . In February 2003 , the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences . Organization ( edit ) Two DEA agents in a shoot house exercise . The DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General . The Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator , the Chief of Operations , the Chief Inspector , and three Assistant Administrators ( for the Operations Support , Intelligence , and Human Resources Divisions ) . Other senior staff include the chief financial officer and the Chief Counsel . The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only presidentially - appointed personnel in the DEA ; all other DEA officials are career government employees . DEA 's headquarters is located in Arlington , Virginia across from the Pentagon . It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico , Virginia along with the FBI Academy . It maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 221 field offices and 92 foreign offices in 70 countries . With a budget exceeding $2 billion , DEA employs over 10,800 people , including over 4,600 Special Agents and 800 Intelligence Analysts . Becoming a Special Agent or Intelligence Analyst with the DEA is a competitive process . Structure ( edit ) Administrator Deputy Administrator Human Resource Division Career Board Board of Professional Conduct Office of Training Operations Division Aviation Division Office of Operations Management Special Operations Division Office of Diversion Control Office of Global Enforcement Office of Financial Operations Intelligence Division Office of National Security Intelligence Office of Strategic Intelligence Office of Special Intelligence El Paso Intelligence Center OCDETF Fusion Center Financial Management Division Office of Acquisition and Relocation Management Office of Finance Office of Resource Management Operational Support Division Office of Administration Office of Information System Office of Forensic Science Office of Investigative Technology Inspection Division Office of Inspections Office of Professional Responsibility Office of Security Programs Field Divisions and Offices Special agents ( edit ) DEA agents escort Colombian drug lord Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela after being extradited to the United States in 2005 As of 2017 there were 4,650 special agents employed by the Drug Enforcement Administration . DEA agents ' starting salary is $49,746 -- $55,483 . After four years working as an agent , the salary jumps to above $92,592 . After receiving a conditional offer of employment , recruits must then complete a 19 - week rigorous training which includes lessons in firearms proficiency ( including basic marksmanship ) , weapons safety , tactical shooting , and deadly - force decision training . In order to graduate , students must maintain an academic average of 80 percent on academic examinations , pass the firearms - qualification test , successfully demonstrate leadership and sound decision - making in practical scenarios , and pass rigorous physical - task tests . Upon graduation , recruits earn the title of DEA Special Agent . The DEA excludes from consideration job applicants who have a history of any use of narcotics or illicit drugs . Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special - agent , diversion - investigator , and intelligence research specialist positions . Applicants who are found , through investigation or personal admission , to have experimented with or used narcotics or dangerous drugs , except those medically prescribed , will not be considered for employment with the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . Exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of marijuana . Such applicants may be considered for employment if there is no evidence of regular , confirmed usage and the full - field background investigation and results of the other steps in the process are otherwise favorable . The DEA 's relatively firm stance on this issue contrasts with that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , which in 2005 considered relaxing its hiring policy relevant to individual drug - use history . DEA Aviation Division logo Aviation Division ( edit ) The DEA Aviation Division or Office of Aviation Operations ( OA ) ( formerly Aviation Section ) is an airborne division based in Fort Worth Alliance Airport , Texas . The current OA fleet consists of 106 aircraft and 124 DEA pilots . The DEA shares a communications system with the Department of Defense for communication with state and regional enforcement independent of the Department of Justice and police information systems and is coordinated by an information command center called the El Paso Intelligence Center ( EPIC ) near El Paso , Texas . Special Response Teams ( edit ) DEA agents burning hashish seized in Operation Albatross in Afghanistan , 2008 . Rapid Response Teams ( RRT ) ( Previously known as Foreign - Deployed Advisory and Support Teams ( FAST ) ) was decommissioned by DEA Acting Administrator Chuck Rosenburg on March 2017 via memorandum . DEA officially created and standardized its Special Response Team ( SRT ) program in 2016 to address higher risk tactical operations in the field . DEA mandates that each major domestic office maintains an operational Special Response Team . The SRT Certification Course ( SCC ) consists of 11 days of SRT Basic and 5 days of SRT Advanced at U.S. Army Base Ft . A.P. Hill in Virginia . The SCC cadre are former operators from the DEA RRTs best and most seasoned agents . The training responsibility for the SRT was transferred to the DEA Office of Training to a newly created training unit with former members of RRT . The SCC course trains SRT candidates in team movement , high - risk entry , tactical weapons proficiency , and principles of dynamic operations . Some of the SRT missions consist of high - risk arrests , vehicle assault , specialized surveillance , custody of high - profile individuals , dignitary and witness protection , tactical surveillance and interdiction , advanced breaching , tactical training to other police units , and urban and rural fugitive searches . In the past , DEA had other tactical teams like the Mobile Enforcement Teams ( MET ) , Regional Enforcement Teams ( RET ) , Highrisk Entry Apprehension Team ( HEAT ) and Operation Snowcap Teams ( Predecessor of FAST ) . Special operations Division ( edit ) The DEA Special Operations Division ( SOD ) is a division within the DEA , which forwards information from wiretaps , intercepts and databases from various sources to federal agents and local law enforcement officials . The SOD came under scrutiny following the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures . Domestic cannabis Eradication / suppression program ( edit ) The Domestic Cannabis Eradication / Suppression Program ( DCE / SP ) began funding eradication programs in Hawaii and California in 1979 . The program rapidly expanded to include programs in 25 states by 1982 . By 1985 , all 50 States were participating in the DCE / SP . In 2015 , the DCE / SP was responsible for the eradication of 3,932,201 cultivated outdoor cannabis plants and 325,019 indoor plants for a total of 4,257,220 marijuana plants . In addition , the DCE / SP accounted for 6,278 arrests and the seizure in excess of $29.7 million of cultivator assets . In 2014 , the DEA spent $73,000 to eradicate marijuana plants in Utah , though they did not find a single marijuana plant . Federal documents obtained by journalist Drew Atkins detail the DEA 's continuing efforts to spend upwards of $14 million per year to completely eradicate marijuana within the United States despite the government funding allocation reports showing that the Marijuana Eradication Program often leads to the discovery of no marijuana plants . This prompted twelve members of Congress to push for the elimination of the program and use the money instead to fund domestic - violence prevention and deficit - reduction programs . Budget ( edit ) The 1998 DEA budget was directed toward three of five major goals of U.S. drug eradication : Breaking foreign and domestic sources of supply ( $1.0149 billion ) via domestic cannabis eradication / suppression ; domestic enforcement ; research , engineering , and technical operations ; the Foreign Cooperative Investigations Program ; intelligence operations ( financial intelligence , operational intelligence , strategic intelligence , and the El Paso Intelligence Center ) ; and drug and chemical diversion control . Reduction of drug - related crime and violence ( $181.8 million ) funding state and local teams and mobile enforcement teams . Demand reduction ( $3.3 million ) via anti-legalization education , training for law enforcement personnel , youth programs , support for community - based coalitions , and sports drug awareness programs . Firearms ( edit ) DEA agents ' primary service weapons are the Glock 17 and Glock 19 , and Heckler & Koch MP5 w / incedinary rounds in 9mm caliber ammunition , and agents can also qualify to carry a firearm listed on an authorized carry list maintained and updated by the Firearms Unit , Quantico , VA . Special Agents may qualify with their own personally - owned handguns , rifle , and shotgun and certain handguns are allowed to be used with permission from the DEA Firearms office in Quantico , VA . Agents are required to attend tactical and firearms proficiency training quarterly , and to qualify with their handguns twice per year . The DEA has one of the most challenging and difficult handgun qualification courses in all of federal law enforcement . Failure to achieve a passing qualification score is the reason for most Academy dismissals . Basic Agent Trainees ( BATs ) who fail the initial pistol qualification course of fire are placed in a remedial program to receive additional training . In remedial training , BATs receive 5 extra two - hour range sessions , for a total of 10 more hours of live fire training on their issued sidearm for those BATs who are struggling with marksmanship , in order to further aid them in helping pass the pistol qual . After passing their pistol qualification , Basic Agent Trainees move on to receive formal training on the DEA 's standard - issue long guns and will continue to frequently shoot their agency - issued sidearm that they have already qualified on . In all , BATs receive a total of 32 firearms training sessions , when combining classroom instruction , gear issue , and pistol , rifle and shotgun live fire training at the DEA Academy . They will shoot the qualification courses for all 3 weapons systems during their initial training , but must pass their final qualification attempts only on their Glock pistols in order to become a Special Agent . Trained to use shoulder - fired weapons , the Rock River LAR - 15 , adopted in 2004 , and LWRC is the standard carbine of DEA . The Colt 9mm SMG was previously issued , but no longer in service . Agents are required to complete a two - day ( 16 - hour ) proficiency course in order to carry a shoulder weapon on enforcement operations . They may carry a Rock River LAR - 15 or LWRC M6A2 carbine as authorized , personally - owned weapons , provided they meet the same training and proficiency standards . Although less prevalent since adoption of the LAR - 15 , the Remington 870 shotgun is also in service with the DEA . Impact on the drug trade ( edit ) Main article : Illegal drug trade In 2005 , the DEA seized a reported $1.4 billion in drug trade related assets and $477 million worth of drugs . According to the White House 's Office of Drug Control Policy , the total value of all of the drugs sold in the U.S. is as much as $64 billion a year , giving the DEA an efficiency rate of less than 1 % at intercepting the flow of drugs into and within the U.S. Critics of the DEA ( including recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , Milton Friedman , prior to his death a member of Law Enforcement Against Prohibition ) point out that demand for illegal drugs is inelastic ; the people who are buying drugs will continue to buy them with little regard to price , often turning to crime to support expensive drug habits when the drug prices rise . One recent study by the DEA showed that the price of cocaine and methamphetamine is the highest it has ever been while the quality of both is at its lowest point ever . This is contrary to a collection of data done by the Office of National Drug Control Policy , which states that purity of street drugs has increased , while price has decreased . In contrast to the statistics presented by the DEA , the United States Department of Justice released data in 2003 showing that purity of methamphetamine was on the rise . Registration and licensing ( edit ) `` Operation Somalia Express '' was an 18 - month investigation which included the coordinated takedown of a 44 - member international narcotics - trafficking organization responsible for smuggling more than 25 tons of khat from the Horn of Africa to the United States . The DEA has a registration system in place which authorizes anyone to manufacture , import , export , and distribute by filing DEA form 225 along with medical professionals , researchers and manufacturers access to `` Schedule I '' drugs , as well as Schedules 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 . Authorized registrants apply for and , if granted , receive a `` DEA number '' . An entity that has been issued a DEA number is authorized to manufacture ( drug companies ) , distribute , research , prescribe ( doctors , pharmacists , nurse practitioners and physician assistants , etc . ) or dispense ( pharmacy ) a controlled substance . Diversion Control system ( edit ) Many problems associated with drug abuse are the result of legitimately - manufactured controlled substances being diverted from their lawful purpose into the illicit drug traffic . Many of the analgesics , depressants and stimulants manufactured for legitimate medical use can often carry potential for dependence or abuse . Therefore , those scheduled substances have been brought under legal control for prevention and population safety . The goal of controls is to ensure that these `` controlled substances '' are readily available for medical use , while preventing their distribution for illicit distribution and non-medical use . This can be a difficult task , sometimes providing difficulty for legitimate patients and healthcare providers while circumventing illegal trade and consumption of scheduled drugs . Under federal law , all businesses which manufacture or distribute controlled drugs , all health professionals entitled to dispense , administer or prescribe them , and all pharmacies entitled to fill prescriptions must register with the DEA . Registrants must comply with a series of regulatory requirements relating to drug security , records accountability , and adherence to standards . All of these investigations are conducted by Diversion Investigators ( DIs ) . DIs conduct investigations to uncover and investigate suspected sources of diversion and take appropriate civil and administrative actions . Prescription Database Management Programs ( PDMP ) aid and facilitate investigation and surveillance . MDMA DEA scheduling overturn ( edit ) In 1985 MDMA and its analogues were under review by the American government as a drug for potential of abuse . During this time , several public hearings on the new drug were held by the DEA . Based on all of the evidence and facts presented at the time , the DEA 's administrative law judge did not see MDMA and its analogues as being of large concern and recommended that they be placed in Schedule III . The DEA administrator , expressing concern for abuse potential , overruled the recommendation and ruled that MDMA be put in Schedule I , the Controlled Substances Act 's most restrictive category . Criticism ( edit ) Drug Enforcement Administration 25th Anniversary badge The DEA has been criticized for placing highly restrictive schedules on a few drugs which researchers in the fields of pharmacology and medicine regard as having medical uses . Critics assert that some such decisions are motivated primarily by political factors stemming from the U.S. government 's War on Drugs , and that many benefits of such substances remain unrecognized due to the difficulty of conducting scientific research . A counterpoint to that criticism is that under the Controlled Substances Act it is the Department of Health and Human Services ( through the Food and Drug Administration and the National Institute on Drug Abuse ) , not the DEA , which has the legal responsibility to make scientific and medical determinations with respect to drug scheduling ; no drug can be scheduled if the Secretary of Health and Human Services recommends against it on a scientific or medical basis , and no drug can be placed in the most restrictive schedule ( Schedule I ) if DHHS finds that the drug has an accepted medical use . Jon Gettman 's essay Science and the End of Marijuana Prohibition describes the DEA as `` a fall guy to deflect responsibility from the key decision - makers '' and opines , `` HHS calls the shots when it comes to marijuana prohibition , and the cops at DEA and the general over at ONDCP take the heat . '' The DEA is also criticized for focusing on the operations from which it can seize the most money , namely the organized cross-border trafficking of marijuana . Some individuals contemplating the nature of the DEA 's charter advise that , based on danger , the DEA should be most focused on cocaine . Others suggest that , based on opiate popularity , the DEA should focus much more on prescription opiates used recreationally , which critics contend comes first before users switch to heroin . Practitioners who legally prescribe medicine however must possess a valid DEA license . According to federal law the budget of the DEA Diversion Control Program is to be paid by these license fees . In 1984 a three - year license cost $25 . In 2009 the fee for a three - year license was $551 . Some have likened this approach to license fees unreasonable , `` like making pilot licenses support the entire Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) budget . '' Costs ( edit ) The total budget of the DEA from 1972 to 2014 , according to the agency website , was $50.6 billion . The agency had 11,055 employees in 2014 . For the year 2014 the average cost per arrest made was $97,325 . Civil Liberties ( edit ) Others , such as former Republican congressman Ron Paul , the Cato Institute , The Libertarian Party and the Drug Policy Alliance criticize the very existence of the DEA and the War on Drugs as both hostile , and contrary , to the concept of civil liberties by arguing that anybody should be free to put any substance they choose into their own bodies for any reason , particularly when legal drugs such as alcohol , tobacco and prescription drugs are also open to abuse , and that any harm caused by a drug user or addict to the general public is a case of conflicting civil rights . Recurrently , billions of dollars are spent yearly , focusing largely on criminal law and demand reduction campaigns , which has resulted in the imprisonments of thousands of U.S. citizens . Demand for recreational drugs is somewhat static as the market for most illegal drugs has been saturated , forcing the cartels to expand their market to Europe and other areas than the United States . United States federal law registers cannabis as a Schedule I drug , yet it is common for illicit drugs such as cannabis to be widely available in most urban , suburban , and even rural areas in the United States , which leads drug legalization proponents to claim that drug laws have little effect on those who choose not to obey them , and that the resources spent enforcing drug laws are wasted . As it relates to the DEA specifically , the vast majority of individual arrests stemming from illegal drug possession and distribution are narrow and more local in scope and are made by local law enforcement officers , while the DEA tends to focus on larger , interstate and international distribution networks and the higher - ranking members of such organizations in addition to operating in conjunction with other local , state , and federal law enforcement agencies along U.S. borders . Some groups advocate legalization of certain controlled substances under the premise that doing so may reduce the volume of illicit trafficking and associated crime as well as yield a valuable tax source , although some of the results of drug legalization have raised doubt about some of these beliefs . For example , marijuana is now available as a palliative agent , in Canada , with a medical prescription . Yet 86 % of Canadians with HIV / AIDS , eligible for a prescription , continue to obtain marijuana illegally ( AIDS Care . 2007 Apr ; 19 ( 4 ) : 500 - 6 . ) However , this could be due to the availability or quality of illegal cannabis compared to provisions by government sources . Bureaucratic impediments may also discourage patients from actually attempting to receive it from the government . Incarceration of Daniel Chong ( edit ) An April 2012 DEA raid on a California home led to the incarceration of Daniel Chong for several days under conditions of neglect . The 23 - year - old student attending the University of California , San Diego was taken into custody along with eight other people when the DEA executed a raid on a suspected MDMA distribution operation at a residence that he was visiting to celebrate the April 20 cannabis `` holiday '' known as `` 420 '' . According to Chong , the DEA agents questioned him and told him that he could go home , one even offering him a ride home , but instead he was transferred to a holding cell and confined for five days without any food or water , although Chong said he ingested a powdery substance that was left for him , which was later found to be methamphetamine . After five days and two failed suicide attempts , DEA agents found Chong . He was taken to the hospital , where he spent three days in intensive care , because his kidneys were close to failing . No criminal charges were filed against Chong . A DEA spokesperson stated that the extended detention was accidental and the acting special agent in charge of the San Diego DEA office issued an apology to Chong . Chong disputes the claim of accidental neglect , saying that DEA personnel ignored his calls for help . His attorney stated an intent to file a claim against the federal government and some members of California 's delegation to the Congress called for further investigation of the incident . Department of Justice Smart on crime program ( edit ) On 12 August 2013 , at the American Bar Association 's House of Delegates meeting , Attorney General Eric Holder announced the `` Smart on Crime '' program , which is `` a sweeping initiative by the Justice Department that in effect renounces several decades of tough - on - crime anti-drug legislation and policies . '' Holder said the program `` will encourage U.S. attorneys to charge defendants only with crimes `` for which the accompanying sentences are better suited to their individual conduct , rather than excessive prison terms more appropriate for violent criminals or drug kingpins ... '' Running through Holder 's statements , the increasing economic burden of over-incarceration was stressed . As of August 2013 , the Smart on Crime program is not a legislative initiative but an effort `` limited to the DOJ 's policy parameters . '' International ( edit ) David Coleman Headley ( born Daood Sayed Gilani ; 30 June 1960 ) who was working as an informant for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) simultaneously made periodic trips to Pakistan for LeT training and was one of main conspirator in 2008 Mumbai attacks On January 24 , 2013 , Headley , then 52 years old , was sentenced by U.S. District Judge Harry Leinenweber of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in Chicago to 35 years in prison for his part in the 2008 Mumbai attacks , in which at least 164 victims ( civilians and security personnel ) and nine attackers were killed . Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals from 10 countries . One attacker was captured . The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement . A number of those killed were notable figures in business , media , and security services . The DEA was accused in 2005 by the Venezuelan government of collaborating with drug traffickers , after which President Hugo Chávez decided to end any collaboration with the agency . In 2007 , after the U.S. State Department criticized Venezuela in its annual report on drug trafficking , the Venezuelan Minister of Justice reiterated the accusations : `` A large quantity of drug shipments left the country through that organization. We were in the presence of a new drug cartel . '' In his 1996 series of articles and subsequent 1999 book , both titled Dark Alliance , journalist Gary Webb asserts that the DEA helped harbor Nicaraguan drug traffickers . Notably , they allowed Oscar Danilo Blandón political asylum in the USA despite knowledge of his cocaine trafficking organization . The government of Bolivia has also taken similar steps to ban the DEA from operating in the country . In September 2008 , Bolivia drastically reduced diplomatic ties with the United States , withdrawing its ambassador from the US and expelling the US ambassador from Bolivia . This occurred soon after Bolivian president Evo Morales expelled all DEA agents from the country due to a revolt in the traditional coca - growing Chapare Province . The Bolivian government claimed that it could not protect the agents , and Morales further accused the agency of helping incite the violence , which claimed 30 lives . National agencies were to take over control of drug management . Three years later , Bolivia and the US began to restore full diplomatic ties . However , Morales maintained that the DEA would remain unwelcome in the country , characterising it as an affront to Bolivia 's `` dignity and sovereignty '' . In the Netherlands , both the Dutch government and the DEA have been criticized for violations of Dutch sovereignty in drug investigations . According to Peter R. de Vries , a Dutch journalist present at the 2005 trial of Henk Orlando Rommy , the DEA has admitted to activities on Dutch soil . Earlier , then Minister of Justice Piet Hein Donner , had denied to the Dutch parliament that he had given permission to the DEA for any such activities , which would have been a requirement by Dutch law in order to allow foreign agents to act within the territory . Special operations Division fabricated evidence trails ( edit ) In 2013 Reuters published a report about the DEA 's Special Operations Division ( SOD ) stating that it conceals where an investigative trail about a suspect truly originates from and creates a parallel set of evidence given to prosecutors , judges , and defense lawyers . This DEA program mainly affects common criminals such as drug dealers . The concealment of evidence means the defendant is unaware how his or her investigation began and will be unable to request a review possible sources of exculpatory evidence . Exculpatory evidence may include biased witnesses , mistakes , or entrapment . Nancy Gertner , a former federal judge who had served from 1994 to 2011 and a Harvard Law School professor , stated that `` It is one thing to create special rules for national security . Ordinary crime is entirely different . It sounds like they are phonying up investigations . '' Andrew O'Hehir of Salon wrote that `` It 's the first clear evidence that the `` special rules '' and disregard for constitutional law that have characterized the hunt for so - called terrorists have crept into the domestic criminal justice system on a significant scale . '' Cannabis rescheduling ( edit ) A 2014 report by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies and the Drug Policy Alliance accuses the DEA of unfairly blocking the removal of cannabis from Schedule I . The report alleges that the methods employed by the DEA to achieve this include : delaying rescheduling petitions for years , overruling DEA administrative law judges , and systematically impeding scientific research . The DEA continues to refuse the removal of cannabis from Schedule I despite wide - scale acceptance of the substance among the medical community , including 76 % of doctors , for the treatment of various disease . Domestic anti-drug advocacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The DEA , in addition to enforcement , also regularly engage in advocacy , specifically against rescheduling marijuana , by publishing policy - based papers on certain drugs . Some have criticized the DEA for using tax dollars in what they call an attempt to change public opinion , which they call an overreach from the scope of the agency 's job of enforcement , and that by releasing such non-peer - reviewed reports is a transparent attempt to justify its own activities . They have claimed that since the DEA is not , by law , an advocacy group , but a legal enforcement group , that those press releases are tantamount to what they consider domestic propaganda . Raids on medical marijuana dispensaries ( edit ) People protesting medical marijuana raids The DEA has taken a particularly strong stance on enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act on persons and organizations acting within state laws that allow medical cannabis cultivation and distribution . DEA agency executive , Chuck Rosenberg has made negative statements against patients who use medical marijuana . Chuck Rosenberg has mentioned that he considers medical marijuana to be a `` joke . '' As a reaction against the negative statements made by Chuck Rosenberg towards medical marijuana , an international online petition has been formed . More than 159,737 signatures have been gathered globally as a means to protest against DEA agency executive , Chuck Rosenberg . The online petition has been formed with the intention that Chuck Rosenberg will be fired or forced to resign as head of DEA . The petition is titled , `` Petition - Trump : Fire DEA Head Chuck Rosenberg for Calling Medical Marijuana a `` Joke '' . The petition to fire Chuck Rosenberg is posted on Change.org . `` The people of California and the County of Santa Cruz have overwhelmingly supported the provision of medical marijuana for people who have serious illnesses , '' county Supervisor Mardi Wormhoudt told the San Francisco Gate . `` These people ( blocking the road ) are people with AIDS and cancer and other grave illnesses . To attack these people , who work collectively and have never taken money for their work , is outrageous . '' As a result , the Wo / Men 's Alliance for Medical Marijuana , with the City and County of Santa Cruz , had sued the DEA , Attorney General Michael Mukasey , and the ONDCP . The most recent court decision rejected the government 's motion to dismiss , which allowed discovery to move forward . The American Civil Liberties Union hailed the decision as `` a first - of - its - kind ruling . '' More recently , the DEA has escalated its enforcement efforts on the recently proliferated Los Angeles area medical cannabis collectives . On July 25 , 2007 , the DEA raided the California Patients Group , Hollywood Compassionate Collective , and Natural Hybrid ( NHI Caregivers ) in Hollywood , California . Earlier that day , the operators of those collectives participated in a press conference with LA City Council members announcing the City 's intention to regulate the collectives and asking the DEA to halt raids on collectives while the City drafted regulations . The dispensary operator of Natural Hybrid ( NHI Caregivers ) was forced to close down the collective due to the tremendous loss caused by the DEA conducted joint task force raid against them . DEA museum ( edit ) Main article : Drug Enforcement Administration Museum and Visitors Center In 1999 , the DEA opened the Drug Enforcement Administration Museum in Arlington , Virginia . The original permanent exhibit -- Illegal Drugs in America : A Modern History -- remains the museum 's centerpiece . The exhibit features `` the more than 150 year history of drugs and drug abuse and the DEA , '' including a considerable collection of drug paraphernalia and an image of a smiling drug vendor under the heading `` Jimmy 's Joint . '' In popular culture ( edit ) DEA agents in fiction ( edit ) Agent Phil Broker ( Jason Statham ) in the film Homefront Agent Robert `` Bobby '' Trench ( Denzel Washington ) in the film 2 Guns Agent Sean Vetter ( Vin Diesel ) in the film A Man Apart Agent Dennis Cain ( John Travolta ) in the film Savages Agent Norman Stansfield ( Gary Oldman ) in the film Léon : The Professional Agent Ty Moncrief ( Gary Busey ) in the film Drop Zone Agent John `` Breacher '' Wharton ( Arnold Schwarzenegger ) in the film Sabotage Agents Hank Schrader ( Dean Norris ) and Steven Gomez ( Steven Michael Quezada ) in the television show Breaking Bad Agent Paige Arkin ( Serinda Swan ) in the television show Graceland Agent Peter Scottson ( Martin Donovan ) in the television show Weeds Agent Art Keller in author Don Winslow 's book The Power of the Dog Agents Steve Murphy and Javier Peña in Netflix series Narcos Agent John Hatcher ( Steven Seagal ) in Marked for Death Agent Talia Del Campo ( Mercedes Mason ) in NCIS : Los Angeles See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad ( former Colombian counterpart ) Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) , U.S. State Department Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Main Directorate for Drugs Control ( Russian counterpart ) Federal Drug Control Service ( Russian former counterpart ) Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) List of United States federal law enforcement agencies Operation Panama Express Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE SUMMARY OF BUDGET AUTHORITY BY APPROPRIATION Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-justice-dea/justice-department-names-new-acting-head-of-drug-enforcement-agency-idUSKCN1C82WO Jump up ^ `` Drug Enforcement Administration : Drug Abuse Prevention Service Award '' ( PDF ) . Learning for Life . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the DEA : 1970 -- 1975 '' . deamuseum.org DEA museum . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Timeline '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DEA History Book , 1985 -- 1990 '' . United States Department of Justice . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michel , Lou ; Herbeck , Dan . American Terrorist . Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph ( 2002 ) . `` Anti-Terrorism : Criteria , Tools & Technology '' ( PDF ) . Protective Glazing . Applied Research Associates , Inc . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The DEA museum Cannabis Culture Magazine '' . Cannabisculture.com . December 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2003 '' . DEA . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Title 28 , C.F.R. , Part 0.102 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Justice . p. 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DEA Office Locations '' . Drug Enforcement Administration . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Careers for Students of Criminology and Criminal Justice '' . Portland State University . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drug Questionnaire '' . U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FBI may relax hiring policy on drug use '' . MSNBC . October 9 , 2005 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the DEA > DEA Programs > Aviation '' . U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ John Shiffman ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How DEA program differs from recent NSA revelations '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DEA / Cannabis Eradication '' . www.dea.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` DEA / Cannabis Eradication '' . www.dea.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis The DEA spent $73,000 to eradicate marijuana plants in Utah . It did n't find any . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration - FY 2016 Performance Budget Congressional Submission '' ( PDF ) . www.justice.gov . Jump up ^ `` Congress Wants the DEA to Prove Marijuana Eradication Program Is Necessary '' . Congressman Ted Lieu. 2016 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` IV . Agency Budget Summaries : Drug Enforcement Administration '' . Office of National Drug Control Policy . Jump up ^ `` Drug Enforcement Administration Highlights Year 's Accomplishments '' . dea.gov . December 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` What America 's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs 1988 -- 1998 '' . Office of National Drug Control Policy . December 2000 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` News from DEA , News Releases , 12 / 11 / 08 '' . Usdoj.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Figure 4 Source : ONDCP. 1998 National Drug Control Strategy . Table 20 . Jump up ^ Figure 5 Source : ONDCP. 1998 National Drug Control Strategy . Table 20 . Jump up ^ ' ' Lies , Damn Lies and Drug War Statistics ' ' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 24 MDMA , Chorles S. Grob and Russell E Polond '' . Drugtext.org . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Video Documentary : `` Hooked -- Illegal Drugs and How They Got That Way : LSD , Ecstasy and Raves '' , The History Channel Jump up ^ `` Documents `` 404 '' . MAPS . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Policing for Profit : The Drug War 's Hidden Economic Agenda '' . Papers.ssrn.com . January 29 , 2007 . SSRN 959869 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` DEA Staffing & Budget '' . Justice.gov . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boaz , David ; Timothy Lynch ( August 12 , 2004 ) . `` The war on drugs '' ( PDF ) . Cato Handbook on Policy . Cato Institute . pp. 253 -- 260 . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Libertarian Party . `` LIBERTARIAN PARTY PLATFORM '' . Jump up ^ Drug Policy Alliance . `` Mission and Vision '' . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` News from DEA , News Releases , 02 / 10 / 99 '' . Usdoj.gov . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DEA , Drug Scheduling '' . Usdoj.gov . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Huus , ' Kari. `` Student 's ordeal : How was Daniel Chong lost in DEA detention ? '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grieco , Sarah . `` DEA Ignored all my Cries : Student '' . NBC San Diego . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Ian ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` California Man 's ' Drug Holiday ' Becomes Four - Day Nightmare in Holding Cell '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . , May 1 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Carter , Terry ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Sweeping reversal of the War on Drugs announced by Atty General Holder '' . ABA 's 560 - member policy making House of Delegates . American Bar Association . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smart on Crime : Reforming The Criminal Justice System '' ( PDF ) . Remarks to American Bar Association 's Annual Convention in San Francisco , CA . US Department of Justice . August 12 , 2013 . p. 7 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HM announces measures to enhance security '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau ( Government of India ) . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference CNN was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Indian forces storm Jewish centre '' . BBC News . 27 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` One Japanese killed , another wounded in Mumbai shootings '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ P.S. Suryanarayana ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` Caught in the crossfire , 9 foreign nationals killed '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Andrew ; Kapur , Mallika ; Shah Singh , Harmeet ; Ahmed , Saeed ; Sidner , Sara ; Vinci , Alessio ; Sayah , Reza ; Newton , Paula ( 29 November 2008 ) . `` Indian official : Terrorists wanted to kill 5,000 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar P ; Vicky Nanjappa ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Rediff : Doctors shocked at hostages 's torture '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` British yachting tycoon Andreas Liveras killed in Bombay terror attacks '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Three top cops die on duty '' . The Times of India . India . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indian victims include financier , journalist , actor 's sister , police '' . CNN . 30 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Christopher Toothaker . `` Venezuela rejects U.S. drug report , accuses DEA of collaborating with traffickers '' . New County Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Webb , Gary ( 1999 ) . Dark Alliance . Seven Stories Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 888363 - 93 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Morales : Government will take over for DEA in Bolivia '' . CNN . November 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia 's Morales insists no return for US drug agency '' . BBC . November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ de Vries , Peter R. ( October 2 , 2005 ) . `` Dossier : De zwarte Cobra '' . Programma ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shiffman , John ; Cooke , Kristina ( Aug 5 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : U.S. directs agents to cover up program used to investigate Americans '' . Reuters . Retrieved Jun 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` The NSA - DEA police state tango '' . Salon . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The DEA : Four Decades of Impeding And Rejecting Science '' . DPA , MAPS . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Grotenhermen , F ; Müller - Vahl , K ( Jul 2012 ) . `` The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids . '' . Deutsches Arzteblatt international . 109 ( 29 -- 30 ) : 495 -- 501 . PMC 3442177 . PMID 23008748 . doi : 10.3238 / arztebl. 2012.0495 . Jump up ^ Pamplona , FA ; Takahashi , RN ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Psychopharmacology of the endocannabinoids : far beyond anandamide . '' . Journal of psychopharmacology ( Oxford , England ) . 26 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 22 . PMID 21652605 . doi : 10.1177 / 0269881111405357 . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan N. ; Colbert , James A. ( 30 May 2013 ) . `` Medicinal Use of Marijuana -- Polling Results '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 368 ( 22 ) : e30 . PMID 23718175 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMclde1305159 . Jump up ^ `` Feds Raid 11 Medical Marijuana Clinics , DEA Does Not Recognize California Law legalizing medical use of pot '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rough , Lisa ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Petition to Fire DEA Chief Gains Traction '' . Leafly . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : Move to Block DEA Medical Marijuana Raids Heads for House Floor Vote Next Week '' . Stopthedrugwar.org . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Cruz officials fume over medical pot club bust / DEA arrests founders , confiscates plants '' . San Francisco Chronicle . September 6 , 2002 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Court Rules U.S. Government May Not Deliberately Subvert California 's Medical Marijuana Laws '' . American Civil Liberties Union . August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Martin ( 2012 ) . `` An Industry Emerges : The Rise of Medical Marijuana '' . Reality Sandwich . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Illegal Drugs in America , a Modern History '' . DEA Museum Website . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Harry J. Anslinger and Will Oursler ( 1961 ) , The Murderers : The Story of the Narcotic Gangs , New York : Farrar , Straus and Cudahy . Edward Jay Epstein ( 1977 ) , Agency of Fear : Opiates and Political Power in America , New York : Putnam . Wayne Smith ( 2012 ) , Waffle House Diaries , Chattanooga , TN : Bluehotel Press . `` 98 Percent of All Domestically Eradicated Marijuana Is ' Ditchweed , ' DEA Admits '' . NORML . September 7 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy Rufus King ( 1972 ) , The Drug Hang - Up : America 's Fifty Year Folly Results of America 's Drug War External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drug Enforcement Administration . Official website Drug Enforcement Administration in the Federal Register List of former DEA Administrators Office of Diversion Control A response to the DEA web site DEA Watch DrugEnforcementEdu.org Get Smart About Drugs -- A DEA Resource for Parents DEA Demand Reduction -- Street Smart Prevention DEA Museum Agencies under the United States Department of Justice Headquarters : Robert F. 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which agency has the responsibility of enforcing the controlled substances act of 1990
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"The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. The DEA is the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Homeland Security, and the U.S. Border Patrol. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing US drug investigations both domestic and abroad."
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"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)"
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2022 FIFA World Cup
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2022 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2022 FIFA World Cup This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search 2022 FIFA World Cup كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2022 Kaʾs al - ʿālam li - kurat al - qadam 2022 Qatar 2022 Bid logo Tournament details Host country Qatar Dates 21 November -- 18 December ( 28 days ) Teams 32 ( from 5 or 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 8 or 12 ( in 7 municipalities ) ( in 8 host cities ) ← 2018 2026 → The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international men 's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA . It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022 . This will be the first World Cup held in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan . This will also be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Middle East , and in an Arab and a Muslim - majority country . This tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams , with an increase to 48 teams scheduled from the 2026 tournament . This will also mark the first World Cup not to be held in May , June or July ; the tournament is instead scheduled for late November until mid-December . It is to be played in a reduced timeframe of around 28 days , with the final being held on 18 December 2022 , which is also Qatar National Day . Accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event . FIFA completed an internal investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing , but the chief investigator Michael J. Garcia has since described FIFA 's report on his inquiry as `` materially incomplete and erroneous '' . On 27 May 2015 , Swiss federal prosecutors opened an investigation into corruption and money laundering related to the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . On 7 June 2015 , it was announced that Qatar would possibly no longer be eligible to host the event , if evidence of bribery was proven . According to Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee : `` Should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Qatar has faced strong criticism due to the treatment of foreign workers involved in preparation for the World Cup , with Amnesty International referring to `` forced labour '' and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses , despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Possible expansion 3 Qualification 3.1 Qualified teams 4 Venues 5 Schedule 6 Controversies 6.1 Workers ' conditions 6.2 Move to November and December 6.3 Bidding corruption allegations 7 Broadcasting rights 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids and Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian government guarantee to support the bid . Indonesian officials had not ruled out a bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , until Qatar took the 2022 cup . During the bidding process , all non-UEFA nations gradually withdrew from the 2022 bids for the 2018 one , thus making the UEFA nations ineligible for the bid . In the end , there were five bids for the 2022 FIFA World Cup : Australia , Japan , Qatar , South Korea and the United States . The twenty - two member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Two FIFA executive committee members were suspended before the vote in relation to allegations of corruption regarding their votes . The decision to host the 2022 World Cup in Qatar , which was graded as having `` high operational risk '' , generated criticism from media commentators . It has been criticised as many to be part of the FIFA corruption scandals . The voting patterns were as follows : 2022 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Australia Eliminated There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving members of FIFA 's executive committee . These allegations are being investigated by FIFA . ( See § Bidding corruption allegations , below . ) Qatar is the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup -- the next smallest by area is Switzerland , host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup , which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32 . Possible expansion ( edit ) On 12 April 2018 , CONMEBOL requested FIFA to expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams , four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup initially . FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed an opening on this request . Qualification ( edit ) The qualification process for the 2022 World Cup has not yet been announced . All FIFA member associations , of which there are currently 211 , are eligible to enter qualification . Qatar , as hosts , qualified automatically for the tournament . However , the AFC allowed Qatar to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup . If they reach the final stage , their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval . If the hosts choose not to compete , the next - ranked team will advance instead . For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934 , the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played in the finals before . The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019 . Qualified teams ( edit ) Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Previous best performance Qatar Host nation 01 ! 2 December 2010 None ( debut ) -- Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . Venues ( edit ) The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010 . The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) , and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure . Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards . The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are environmentally friendly overcoming the challenging environmental nature of the country . The plan is to build Zero Waste stadiums using environmentally friendly materials , harmless equipment , and ecologically sustainable solutions through the implementation of renewable and low energy solutions . Qatar aspires to be compliant and certified by the Global Sustainability Assessment System ( GSAS ) for all the world cup stadiums . All of the five stadium projects launched have been designed by German architect Albert Speer & Partners . Leading football clubs in Europe wanted the World Cup to take place from 28 April to 29 May rather than the typical June and July staging , due to concerns about the heat . A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup . However , no specific countries were named in the report . Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA 's executive committee . Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament . According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch , the investment banking division of Bank of America , the organisers in Qatar have requested FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs . Bloomberg.com said that Qatar wishes to cut the number of venues to eight or nine from the 12 originally planned . Although as of April 2017 , FIFA had yet to finalise the number of stadiums Qatar must have ready in five years ' time , Qatar 's Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy said it expected there would be eight . Doha Khalifa International Stadium Qatar Foundation Stadium Ras Abu Aboud Stadium Al Thumama Stadium Capacity : 40,000 ( upgraded ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Capacity : 40,000 ( planned ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Al Khor Lusail Doha Al - Khor Al - Wakrah Al - Rayyan Al Wakrah Al - Bayt Stadium Al Wakrah Stadium Capacity : 60,000 ( under construction ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Al Rayyan Lusail Ahmed bin Ali Stadium Lusail Iconic Stadium Capacity : 21,282 ( being expanded to 40,000 ) Capacity : 86,250 ( under construction ) Schedule ( edit ) The final draw is scheduled to take place in April 2022 . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : List of 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies A number of groups and media outlets have expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event , with regard to interpretations of human rights , particularly worker conditions , the rights of fans in the LGBT community , climatic conditions and accusations of Qatar for supporting terrorism both diplomatically and financially . The selection of Qatar as the host country has been controversial ; FIFA officials were accused of corruption and allowing Qatar to `` buy '' the World Cup , the treatment of construction workers was called into question by human rights groups , and the high costs needed to make the plans a reality were criticised . The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible , with initial plans for air - conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to winter . Sepp Blatter , who was FIFA President when Qatar was selected , later remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a `` mistake '' because of the extreme heat . Workers ' conditions ( edit ) The issue of migrant workers ' rights has also attracted attention , with an investigation by The Guardian newspaper claiming that many workers are denied food and water , have their identity papers taken away from them , and that they are not paid on time or at all , making some of them in effect slaves . The Guardian has estimated that up to 4,000 workers may die due to lax safety and other causes by the time the competition is held . These claims are based upon the fact that 522 Nepalese workers and over 700 Indian workers have died since 2010 , when Qatar 's bid as World Cup 's host was won , about 250 Indian workers dying each year . Given that there are half a million Indian workers in Qatar , the Indian government says that is quite a normal number of deaths . In the United Kingdom , in any group of half a million 25 -- 30 - year - old men , an average of 300 die each year , a higher rate than among Indian workers in Qatar . In 2015 , a crew of four journalists from the BBC were arrested and held for two days after they attempted to report on the condition of workers in the country . The reporters had been invited to visit the country as guests of the Qatari government . The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2015 the International Trade Union Confederation 's claim that over 1,200 workers had died while working on infrastructure and real - estate projects related to the World Cup , and the Qatar government 's counter-claim that no - one had . The BBC later reported that this often - cited figure of 1,200 workers having died in World Cup construction in Qatar between 2011 and 2013 is not correct , and that the 1,200 number is instead representing deaths from all Indians and Nepalese working in Qatar , not just of those workers involved in the preparation for the World Cup , and not just of construction workers . Most Qatar nationals avoid doing manual work or low - skilled jobs ; additionally , they are given preference at the workplace . In October 2017 , The International Trade Union Confederation said that Qatar has signed an agreement to improve the situation of more than 2 million migrant workers in the country . According to the ITUC , the agreement provided for establishing substantial reforms in labour system , including ending Al - Kafala system . ITUC also said the agreement would positively affect the general situation of the worker , especially , who work in the projects of Qatar World Cup 2022 . The workers will no longer need their employer 's permission to leave the country or change their jobs . Move to November and December ( edit ) Sports Illustrated reported on 18 February 2015 that the event will be staged from mid-November to mid-December . Owing to the climate in Qatar , concerns have been expressed since the bid was made about holding the event during the traditional months for the World Cup finals of June and July . In October 2013 , a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . On 24 February 2015 , the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022 , to avoid the summer heat between May and September and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February and Ramadan in April . The notion of staging the tournament in November is controversial since it would interfere with the regular season schedules of domestic leagues around the world . Commentators have noted the clash with the Western Christmas season is likely to cause disruption , whilst there is concern about how short the tournament is intended to be . It would also force the postponement of the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations from January to June to prevent African players from having a quick turnaround . FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the 2022 World Cup to Qatar 's desert state was a `` blatant mistake '' . Frank Lowy , chairman of Football Federation Australia , said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League , they would seek compensation from FIFA . Richard Scudamore , chief executive of the Premier League , stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League 's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme . On 19 March 2015 , FIFA sources confirmed that the 2022 World Cup final would be played on 18 December . Bidding corruption allegations ( edit ) See also : Garcia Report Qatar has faced growing pressure over its hosting of the World Cup in relation to allegations over the role of former top football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid . A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She retracted her claims , but later said she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials . More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that disgraced former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid . Five of FIFA 's six primary sponsors , Sony , Adidas , Visa , Hyundai and Coca - Cola , have called upon FIFA to investigate the claims . The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents . FIFA vice-president Jim Boyce has gone on record stating he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven . FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing . Despite the claims , the Qataris insist that the corruption allegations are being driven by envy and mistrust while Sepp Blatter said it is fueled by racism in the British media . In the 2015 FIFA corruption case , Swiss officials , operating under information from the United States Department of Justice , arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zurich , Switzerland . They also seized physical and electronic records from FIFA 's main headquarters . The arrests continued in the United States where several FIFA officers were arrested and FIFA buildings raided . The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million ( USD ) corruption and bribery scandal . On 7 June 2015 , Phaedra Almajid , the former media officer for the Qatar bid team claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup . In an interview published on the same day , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Albania -- RTSH Armenia -- ARMTV Australia -- SBS Austria -- ORF Azerbaijan -- İTV Belarus -- BTRC Belgium -- VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina -- BHRT Brazil -- Rede Globo , SporTV Bulgaria -- BNT Canada -- CTV , TSN , RDS Caribbean -- International Media Content , SportsMax China -- CCTV Croatia -- HRT Cyprus -- CyBC Czech Republic -- ČT Estonia -- ERR Georgia -- GPB Hungary -- MTVA Iceland -- RÚV India -- Sony SIX Iran -- IRIB Europe -- European Broadcasting Union ( 37 countries ) Germany -- ARD , ZDF Ireland -- RTÉ Israel -- IPBC Latvia -- LTV Lithuania -- LRT Macedonia -- MRT Malta -- PBS Middle East -- beIN Sports Mexico -- Televisa , TV Azteca Moldova -- TRM Montenegro -- RTCG Netherlands -- NOS New Zealand -- Sky Sport Poland -- TVP Portugal -- RTP Romania -- TVR Serbia -- RTS Slovakia -- RTVS South Korea -- SBS , KBS , MBC Turkey TRT United Kingdom -- BBC , ITV United States -- Fox Sports , Telemundo Deportes See also ( edit ) 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fifa , Qatar 2022 : Mondiali dal 21 novembre al 18 dicembre '' ( Fifa , Qatar 2022 : World Cup from 21 November to 18 December ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee confirms November / December event period for Qatar 2022 '' . FIFA. 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa report ' erroneous ' , says lawyer who investigated corruption claims '' . BBC Sport. 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal investigation into 2018 and 2022 World Cup awards opened '' . ESPN FC . ESPN . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland seizes documents at FIFA '' . The Federal Council . The Swiss Government . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Russia & Qatar may lose World Cups ' -- Fifa official '' . BBC News . 7 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Owen ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Russia and Qatar may lose World Cups if evidence of bribery is found '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty says workers at Qatar World Cup stadium suffer abuse '' . 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Future World Cups '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids begin in January 2009 '' . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 '' . 5 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's bid to host the 2022 World Cup bid ends '' . BBC Sport. 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Combined bidding confirmed '' . FIFA. 20 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steve ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : meet Amos Adamu and Reynald Temarii , the Fifa pair suspended over corruption '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 : Blow to Qatar 's 2022 bid as FIFA brands it `` high risk '' `` . Bloomberg. 18 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : ' Political craziness ' favours Qatar 's winning bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar world cup part of FIFA corruption scandal '' . 7 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ; Busfield , Steve ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 and 2022 decision day -- live ! '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` FIFA President Gianni Infantino open to CONMEBOL 's request to expand Qatar World Cup '' . ESPN . 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Dan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Hosts Qatar to compete in qualifying for 2022 World Cup '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , David ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` World Cup failure puts Qatar back in spotlight '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERNATIONAL mATCH CALENDAR 2018 -- 2024 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bidding Nation Qatar 2022 -- Stadiums '' . Qatar2022bid.com . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Football and Sustainability in the Desert , Qatar 2022 Green World Cup 's Stadiums : Legal Perspective '' . European Journal of Social Sciences . p. 475 - 493 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report : Qatar '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : European clubs want spring finals in Qatar '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Qatar neighbors could host 2022 WC games '' . Fox Soccer / AP . 9 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA ' backs ' winter 2022 Qatar cup -- FOOTBALL '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Prince Ali calls for winter WCup in Qatar '' . Yahoo ! Sports / AP . 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : Nine stadiums instead of twelve ? -- '' . Stadiumdb.com. 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Qatar Is in Talks to Reduce World Cup Stadiums , BofA Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Qatar has cut its 2022 World Cup budget almost in half '' . Doha News . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadiums '' . Jump up ^ `` Khalifa International Stadium : Qatar 's most historic stadium & a crucial player for 2022 '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ras Abu Aboud Stadium : A legacy for the community '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Foundation Stadium : An amazing experience for fans & a bright future for football '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Thuymama Stadium : A tribute to our region '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Bayt Stadium : A uniquely Qatari stadium , to rival the best in the world '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Wakrah Stadium : An extraordinary stadium for an adventurous city '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Rayyan Stadium : The gateway to the desert opens its doors to the world '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Michelle . `` Tiny Qatar beats out America for World Cup -- Total Soccer Fútbol Total '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James , Stuart ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : ' Political craziness ' favours Qatar 's winning bid '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Geen , Jessica . `` Gay groups ' anger at ' homophobic ' World Cup hosts Russia and Qatar '' . Pink News . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 's World Cup wo n't be gay - friendly '' . news.com.au. 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Still Slaving Away . '' The Economist. 6 June 2015 : 38 -- 39 . Print . Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` New Qatar controversy as World Cup hosts are linked to terrorism '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Valcke denies 2022 ' bought ' claim '' . BBC News . 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Robert . `` Qatar World Cup construction ' will leave 4,000 migrant workers dead ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : awarding 2022 World Cup to Qatar was a mistake Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter admits summer World Cup in Qatar mistake -- CBC Sports -- Soccer '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2022 World Cup : Is Qatar doing enough to save migrant workers ' lives ? '' . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` More than 500 Indian workers have died in Qatar since 2012 , figures show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Wesley ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar ? '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Matthew . `` Fifa to investigate arrest of BBC news team in Qatar '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jones , Rory ; Parasie , Nicolas ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Blatter 's Resignation Raises Concerns About Qatar 's FIFA World Cup Prospects '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Rights , Migrant . `` Qatar : No country for migrant men '' . migrant-rights.org . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup workers ' rights to improve with end of kafala system , claims union '' . The Guardian . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wahl , Grant ( 18 February 2015 ) , `` Insider notes : Qatar set for winter World Cup , MLS CBA update , more '' , Planet Football , retrieved 19 February 2015 , Multiple sources say it 's a done deal that World Cup 2022 will take place in November and December of 2022 in Qatar . A FIFA task force will ... make that recommendation , and the FIFA Executive Committee is set to make the decision final ... next month . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 : Fifa task force to seek new dates for tournament '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Late - November / late - December proposed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup : Qatar event set for November and December '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whether in June or November , Qatar 's World Cup is about death and money '' . The Guardian . 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup decision ' a blatant mistake ' -- RTÉ Sport '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Tom ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : Australia wants Fifa compensation for failed bid '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Peck , Tom ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Premier League chief Richard Scudamore threatens to sue over November / December proposal '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final 2022 one week before Christmas '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh corruption claims over Qatar World Cup bid '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , `` Sorry Soccer '' , 23 May 2011 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ FIFA tight - lipped over whistleblower . Al Jazeera. 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qatar World Cup whistleblower retracts her claims of Fifa bribes . The Guardian . 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Watt , Holly ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 investigation : demands to strip Qatar of World Cup '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : Fifa sponsor demands ' appropriate investigation ' '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Blitz , Roger ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Big sponsors pile pressure on Fifa over Qatar World Cup '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plot to buy the World Cup '' . The Sunday Times . 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` BBC Sport -- World Cup 2022 : Qatari officials consider legal action '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup bribery accusations denied by Qatar organizers -- World -- CBC News '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Qatar 2022 : Sepp Blatter says corruption claims are racist '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen . `` Sepp Blatter launches broadside against the ' racist ' British media '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Officials Arrested Over Alleged ' Rampant , Systematic ' $150 M Bribery Scheme '' . ABC News . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ( 7 June 2014 ) . `` Fifa corruption whistleblower says Qatar will be stripped of 2022 World Cup '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : `` EBU in European media rights deal with FIFA for 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' ( Press release ) . European Broadcasting Union . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . TSN. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Myers , Sanjay ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SportsMax lands long - term FIFA package '' . Jamaica BServer . Archived from the original on 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA grants media rights in China PR to CCTV until 2022 '' . FIFA. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Barros , Carlos . `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' . RTP.pt . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . '' teraz.sk . Retrieved on 27 January 2018 . `` RTVS získala vysielacie práva na zápasy EURO 2020 a MS 2022 . '' Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 - 2022 '' . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2022 . FIFA.com 2022 website Qatar 2022 official website 2022 FIFA World Cup General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies 2015 FIFA corruption case Garcia Report 2022 FIFA World Cup stadiums Lusail Iconic Stadium ( Lusail ) Khalifa International Stadium ( Doha ) Al - Bayt Stadium ( Al Khor ) Al Wakrah Stadium ( Al Wakrah ) Ras Abu Aboud Stadium ( Doha ) Qatar Foundation Stadium ( Doha ) Ahmed bin Ali Stadium ( Al Rayyan ) Al Thumama Stadium ( Al Thumama ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2020s portal Middle East portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=843346037 '' Categories : 2022 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup tournaments 2022 in association football 2022 -- 23 in Qatari football International association football competitions hosted by Qatar Scheduled association football competitions November 2022 sports events December 2022 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing the year an event occurred from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 15 : 00 . 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where will 2022 fifa world cup be held
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"The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup held in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan. This will also be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Middle East, and in an Arab and a Muslim-majority country. This tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled from the 2026 tournament."
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Implantation (human embryo)
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Implantation ( human embryo ) - wikipedia Implantation ( human embryo ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2008 ) Fertilization in humans . The sperm and ovum unite through fertilization , creating a conceptus that ( over the course of 8 - 9 days ) will implant in the uterine wall , where it will reside over the course of 9 months . In humans , implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus . At this stage of prenatal development , the conceptus is called a blastocyst . It is by this adhesion that the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow . In humans , implantation of a fertilized ovum is most likely to occur around 9 days after ovulation , however this can range between 6 and 12 days . Contents 1 Implantation window 2 Adaptation of uterus 2.1 Predecidualization 2.2 Decidualization 2.2. 1 Trigger 2.2. 2 Parts of decidua 2.3 Decidua throughout pregnancy 2.4 Pinopodes 2.4. 1 Function in implantation 2.4. 2 Function during implantation 3 Adaptation of secretions 3.1 Nourishment 3.2 Growth and implantation 4 Mechanism 4.1 Zona hatching 4.1. 1 Factors 4.2 Apposition 4.2. 1 Location 4.2. 2 Molecular Mechanism 4.3 Adhesion 4.3. 1 Communication 4.3. 1.1 Proteoglycan Receptors 4.4 Invasion 4.4. 1 Syncytiotrophoblasts 4.4. 2 Secretions 4.4. 2.1 Autocrine 4.4. 2.2 Dislodging 4.4. 2.3 Immunosuppressive 4.4. 2.4 Decidualization 4.4. 2.5 Prevention of menstruation 4.4. 2.6 Other factors 5 Failure 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Implantation window ( edit ) The reception - ready phase of the endometrium of the uterus is usually termed the `` implantation window '' and lasts about 4 days . The implantation window occurs around 6 days after the peak in luteinizing hormone levels . With some disparity between sources , it has been stated to occur from 7 days after ovulation until 9 days after ovulation , or days 6 - 10 postovulation . On average , it occurs during the 20th to the 23rd day after the last menstrual period . The implantation window is characterized by changes to the endometrium cells , which aid in the absorption of the uterine fluid . These changes are collectively known as the plasma membrane transformation and bring the blastocyst nearer to the endometrium and immobilize it . During this stage the blastocyst can still be eliminated by being flushed out of the uterus . Scientists have hypothesized that the hormones cause a swelling that fills the flattened out uterine cavity just prior to this stage , which may also help press the blastocyst against the endometrium . The implantation window may also be initiated by other preparations in the endometrium of the uterus , both structurally and in the composition of its secretions . Adaptation of uterus ( edit ) To enable implantation , the uterus goes through changes in order to be able to receive the conceptus . Predecidualization ( edit ) The endometrium increases thickness , becomes vascularized and its glands grow to be tortuous and boosted in their secretions . These changes reach their maximum about 7 days after ovulation . Furthermore , the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells , which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity . This happens about 9 to 10 days after ovulation . These cells are called decidual cells , which emphasises that the whole layer of them is shed off in every menstruation if no pregnancy occurs , just as leaves of deciduous trees . The uterine glands , on the other hand , decrease in activity and degenerate around 8 to 9 days after ovulation in absence of pregnancy . The decidual cells originate from the stromal cells that are always present in the endometrium . However , the decidual cells make up a new layer , the decidua . The rest of the endometrium , in addition , expresses differences between the luminal and the basal sides . The luminal cells form the zona compacta of the endometrium , in contrast to the basalolateral zona spongiosa , which consists of the rather spongy stromal cells . Decidualization ( edit ) Decidualization succeeds predecidualization if pregnancy occurs . This is an expansion of it , further developing the uterine glands , the zona compacta and the epithelium of decidual cells lining it . The decidual cells become filled with lipids and glycogen and take the polyhedral shape characteristic for decidual cells . Trigger ( edit ) It is likely that the blastocyst itself makes the main contribution to this additional growing and sustaining of the decidua . An indication of this is that decidualization occurs at a higher degree in conception cycles than in nonconception cycles . Furthermore , similar changes are observed when giving stimuli mimicking the natural invasion of the embryo . Parts of decidua ( edit ) The decidua can be organized into separate sections , although they have the same composition . Decidua basalis - This is the part of the decidua which is located basalolateral to the embryo after implantation . Decidua capsularis - Decidua capsularis grows over the embryo on the luminal side , enclosing it into the endometrium . It surrounds the embryo together with decidua basalis . Decidua parietalis - All other decidua on the uterine surface belongs to decidua parietalis . Decidua throughout pregnancy ( edit ) After implantation the decidua remains , at least through the first trimester . However , its most prominent time is during the early stages of pregnancy , during implantation . Its function as a surrounding tissue is replaced by the definitive placenta . However , some elements of the decidualization remain throughout pregnancy . The compacta and spongiosa layers are still observable beneath the decidua in pregnancy . The glands of the spongiosa layer continue to secrete during the first trimester , when they degenerate . However , before that disappearance , some glands secrete unequally much . This phenomenon of hypersecretion is called the Arias - Stella phenomenon , after the pathologist Javier Arias - Stella . Pinopodes ( edit ) Main article : Pinopod Pinopodes are small , finger - like protrusions from the endometrium . They appear between day 19 and day 21 of gestational age . This corresponds to a fertilization age of approximately 5 to 7 days , which corresponds well with the time of implantation . They only persist for 2 to 3 days . The development of them is enhanced by progesterone but inhibited by estrogens . Function in implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes endocytose uterine fluid and macromolecules in it . By doing so , the volume of the uterus decreases , taking the walls closer to the embryoblast floating in it . Thus , the period of active pinocytes might also limit the implantation window . Function during implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes continue to absorb fluid , and removes most of it during the early stages of implantation . Adaptation of secretions ( edit ) proteins , glycoproteins and peptides secreted by the endometrial glands Matrix - associated : Fibronectin Laminin Entactin Type - IV collagen heparan sulfate Proteoglycan Integrins - Others : Mucins Prolactin IGFBP - 1 Placental protein 14 ( PP14 ) or glycodelin Pregnancy - associated endometrial alpha - 2 - globulin ( alpha - 2 - PEG ) endometrial protein 15 Albumin Beta - Lipoprotein Relaxin Fibroblast growth factor 1 Fibroblast growth factor 2 Pregnancy - associated plasma protein A ( PAPP - A ) Stress response protein 27 ( SRP - 27 ) CA - 125 Beta - endorphin Leu - enkephalin Di amine oxidase Tissue plasminogen activator Renin Progesterone - dependent carbonic anhydrase Lactoferrin Not only the lining of the uterus transforms , but in addition , the secretion from its epithelial glands changes . This change is induced by increased levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum . The target of the secretions is the embryoblast , and has several functions on it . Nourishment ( edit ) The embryoblast spends approximately 72 hours in the uterine cavity before implanting . In that time , it can not receive nourishment directly from the blood of the mother , and must rely on secreted nutrients into the uterine cavity , e.g. iron and fat - soluble vitamins . Growth and implantation ( edit ) In addition to nourishment , the endometrium secretes several steroid - dependent proteins , important for growth and implantation . Cholesterol and steroids are also secreted . Implantation is further facilitated by synthesis of matrix substances , adhesion molecules and surface receptors for the matrix substances . Mechanism ( edit ) Implantation is initiated when the blastocyst comes into contact with the uterine wall . Zona hatching ( edit ) Main article : Zona hatching To be able to perform implantation , the blastocyst first needs to get rid of its zona pellucida . This process can be called `` hatching '' . Factors ( edit ) Lytic factors in the uterine cavity , as well as factors from the blastocyst itself are essential for this process . Mechanisms in the latter are indicated by that the zona pellucida remains intact if an unfertilized egg is placed in the uterus under the same conditions . A substance probably involved is plasmin . Plasminogen , the plasmin precursor , is found in the uterine cavity , and blastocyst factors contribute to its conversion to active plasmin . This hypothesis is supported by lytic effects in vitro by plasmin . Furthermore , plasmin inhibitors also inhibit the entire zona hatching in rat experiments . Apposition ( edit ) The very first , albeit loose , connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium is called the apposition . Location ( edit ) On the endometrium , the apposition is usually made where there is a small crypt in it , perhaps because it increases the area of contact with the rather spherical blastocyst . On the blastocyst , on the other hand , it occurs at a location where there has been enough lysis of the zona pellucida to have created a rupture to enable direct contact between the underlying trophoblast and the decidua of the endometrium . However , ultimately , the inner cell mass , inside the trophoblast layer , is aligned closest to the decidua . Nevertheless , the apposition on the blastocyst is not dependent on if it is on the same side of the blastocyst as the inner cell mass . Rather , the inner cell mass rotates inside the trophoblast to align to the apposition . In short , the entire surface of the blastocyst has a potential to form the apposition to the decidua . Molecular mechanism ( edit ) The identity of the molecules on the trophoblast and the endometrial epithelia that mediate the initial interaction between the two remain unidentified . However , a number of research groups have proposed that MUC1 , a member of the Mucin family of glycosylated proteins , is involved . MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed at the apical surface of endometrial epithelial cells during the window of implantation in humans and has been shown to be differentially expressed between fertile and infertile subjects during this time . MUC1 displays carbohydrate moieties on its extracellular domain that are ligands of L - selectin , a protein expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells . An in vitro model of implantation developed by Genbacev et al. , gave evidence to support the hypothesis that L - selectin mediates apposition of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium by interacting with its ligands . Adhesion ( edit ) Adhesion is a much stronger attachment to the endometrium than the loose apposition . The trophoblasts adhere by penetrating the endometrium , with protrusions of trophoblast cells . Communication ( edit ) There is massive communication between the blastocyst and the endometrium at this stage . The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence , e.g. by changes in the cytoskeleton of decidual cells . This , in turn , dislodges the decidual cells from their connection to the underlying basal lamina , which enables the blastocyst to perform the succeeding invasion . This communication is conveyed by receptor - ligand - interactions , both integrin - matrix and proteoglycan ones . Proteoglycan receptors ( edit ) Another ligand - receptor system involved in adhesion is proteoglycan receptors , found on the surface of the decidua of the uterus . Their counterparts , the proteoglycans , are found around the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst . This ligand - receptor system also is present just at the implantation window . Invasion ( edit ) Invasion is an even further establishment of the blastocyst in the endometrium . Syncytiotrophoblasts ( edit ) The protrusions of trophoblast cells that adhere into the endometrium continue to proliferate and penetrate into the endometrium . As these trophoblast cells penetrate , they differentiate to become a new type of cells , syncytiotrophoblast . The prefix syn - refers to the transformation that occurs as the boundaries between these cells disappear to form a single mass of many cell nuclei ( a syncytium ) . The rest of the trophoblasts , surrounding the inner cell mass , are hereafter called cytotrophoblasts . Invasion continues with the syncytiotrophoblasts reaching the basal membrane beneath the decidual cells , penetrating it and further invading into the uterine stroma . Finally , the whole embryo is embedded in the endometrium . Eventually , the syncytiotrophoblasts come into contact with maternal blood and form chorionic villi . This is the initiation of forming the placenta . Secretions ( edit ) The blastocyst secretes factors for a multitude of purposes during invasion . It secretes several autocrine factors , targeting itself and stimulating it to further invade the endometrium . Furthermore , secretions loosen decidual cells from each other , prevent the embryo from being rejected by the mother , trigger the final decidualization and prevent menstruation . Autocrine ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin is an autocrine growth factor for the blastocyst . Insulin - like growth factor 2 , on the other hand , stimulates the invasiveness of it . Dislodging ( edit ) The syncytiotrophoblasts dislodges decidual cells in their way , both by degradation of cell adhesion molecules linking the decidual cells together as well as degradation of the extracellular matrix between them . Cell adhesion molecules are degraded by syncytiotrophoblast secretion of Tumor necrosis factor - alpha . This inhibits the expression of cadherins and beta - catenin . Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules , and beta - catenin helps to anchor them to the cell membrane . Inhibited expression of these molecules thus loosens the connection between decidual cells , permitting the syncytotrophoblasts and the whole embryo with them to invade into the endometrium . The extracellular matrix is degraded by serine endopeptidases and metalloproteinases . Examples of such metalloproteinases are collagenases , gelatinases and stromelysins . These collagenases digest Type - I collagen , Type - II collagen , Type - III collagen , Type - VII collagen and Type - X collagen . The gelatinases exist in two forms ; one digesting Type - IV collagen and one digesting gelatin . Immunosuppressive ( edit ) The embryo differs from the cells of the mother , and would be rejected as a parasite by the immune system of the mother if it did n't secrete immunosuppressive agents . Such agents are Platelet - activating factor , human chorionic gonadotropin , early pregnancy factor , immunosuppressive factor , Prostaglandin E 2 , Interleukin 1 - alpha , Interleukin 6 , interferon - alpha , leukemia inhibitory factor and Colony - Stimulating Factor . Decidualization ( edit ) Factors from the blastocyst also trigger the final formation of decidual cells into their proper form . In contrast , some decidual cells in the proximity of the blastocyst degenerate , providing nutrients for it . Prevention of menstruation ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) not only acts as an immunosuppressive , but also `` notifies '' the mother 's body that she is pregnant , preventing menstruation by sustaining the function of the corpus luteum . Other factors ( edit ) Other factors secreted by the blastocyst are ; Embryo - derived histamine - releasing factor Tissue plasminogen activator as well as its inhibitors Estradiol β1 - integrins Fibroblast growth factor CYTL1 Transforming growth factor alpha inhibin Failure ( edit ) Implantation failure is considered to be caused by inadequate uterine receptivity in two - thirds of cases , and by problems with the embryo itself in the other third . Inadequate uterine receptivity may be caused by abnormal cytokine and hormonal signaling as well as epigenetic alterations . Recurrent implantation failure is a cause of female infertility . Therefore , pregnancy rates can be improved by optimizing endometrial receptivity for implantation . Evaluation of implantation markers may help to predict pregnancy outcome and detect occult implantation deficiency . Luteal support is the administration of medication , generally progestins , for the purpose of increasing the success rate of implantation and early embryogenesis , thereby complementing the function of the corpus luteum . In women with more than 3 implantation failures in assisted reproduction , a review of several small randomized controlled studies estimated that the use of adjunct low molecular weight heparin ( LMWH ) improves live birth rate by approximately 80 % . See also ( edit ) Embryonic diapause Blastocyst References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ , Baird DD , Weinberg CR ( 1999 ) . `` Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 340 ( 23 ) : 1796 -- 1799 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199906103402304 . PMID 10362823 . Jump up ^ Xiao , Y. ; Sun , X. ; Yang , X. ; Zhang , J. ; Xue , Q. ; Cai , B. ; Zhou , Y. ( 2010 ) . `` Leukemia inhibitory factor is dysregulated in the endometrium and uterine flushing fluid of patients with adenomyosis during implantation window '' . Fertility and Sterility. 94 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2009.03. 012 . PMID 19361790 . Jump up ^ Aboubakr M. Elnashar , Gamal I. Aboul - Enein . Endometrial receptivity . Middle East Fertility Society Journal , Vol. 9 , No. 1 , 2004 , pp. 10 - 24 Jump up ^ 6.2 Implantation stages from embryology.ch at by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) . Retrieved May , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Implantation stages '' . Human Embryology . Online course in embryology for medicine students developed by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) with the support of the Swiss Virtual Campus . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boron , Walter ; Emile Boulpaep ( 2004 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Oxford : Elsevier . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . OCLC 61527528 . ^ Jump up to : Margarit , L. ; Taylor , A. ; Roberts , M.H. ; Hopkins , L. ; Davies , C. ; Brenton , A.G. ; Conlan , R.S. ; Bunkheila , A. ; Joels , L. ; White , J.O. ; Gonzalez , D. ( 2010 ) . `` MUC1 as a Discriminator between Endometrium from Fertile and Infertile Patients with PCOS and Endometriosis '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 95 ( 12 ) : 5320 -- 5329 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2010 - 0603 . ISSN 0021 - 972X . Jump up ^ Carson , D.D. ; et al. , ( 2006 ) . `` MUC1 is a scaffold for selectin ligands in the human uterus '' . Front . Biosci. 11 ( 1 ) : 2903 . doi : 10.2741 / 2018 . Jump up ^ Genbacev , O.D. ; et al. , ( 2003 ) . `` Trophoblast L - selectin - mediated adhesion at the maternal - fetal interface '' . Science . 299 ( 5605 ) : 405 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079546 . PMID 12532021 . Jump up ^ Ai Z. , Jing W. , Fang L. ( 2015 ) . `` Cytokine - Like Protein 1 ( Cytl1 ) A Potential Molecular Mediator in Embryo Implantation '' . PLOS One . 11 ( 1 ) : e0147424 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0147424 . PMC 4723121 . PMID 26800213 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Melford , S.E. ; Taylor , A.H. ; Konje , J.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Of mice and ( wo ) men : factors influencing successful implantation including endocannabinoids '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 428 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt060 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24306146 . ^ Jump up to : Cakmak , H. ; Taylor , H.S. ( 2010 ) . `` Implantation failure : Molecular mechanisms and clinical treatment '' . Human Reproduction Update. 17 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 253 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmq037 . PMC 3039220 . PMID 20729534 . Jump up ^ Potdar , N. ; Gelbaya , T.A. ; Konje , J.C. ; Nardo , L.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Adjunct low - molecular - weight heparin to improve live birth rate after recurrent implantation failure : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 674 -- 684 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt032 . PMID 23912476 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Implantation of the blastocyst ... '' Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Birth attendant Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Maternal Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes Roles Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny Infant Adaptation to extrauterine life Child care Congenital disorders Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual activity Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilization / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Development of the reproductive system Sexual differentiation Sexual dimorphism Feminization Virilization ) Puberty Gonadarche Tanner scale Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Menopause Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Development Lactation Breastfeeding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Implantation_(human_embryo)&oldid=852397913 '' Categories : Embryology Obstetrics Human reproduction Fertility Midwifery Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português کوردی Svenska Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 18 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which part of the uterus does implantation occur in
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"In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus. At this stage of prenatal development, the conceptus is called a blastocyst. It is by this adhesion that the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow.\n"
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"the wall of the uterus"
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Picnic at Hanging Rock (novel)
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Picnic at Hanging Rock ( novel ) - Wikipedia Picnic at Hanging Rock ( novel ) For the 1975 film adaptation of the novel , see Picnic at Hanging Rock ( film ) . For the 2018 TV adaptation of the novel , see Picnic at Hanging Rock ( TV series ) . Picnic at Hanging Rock First edition cover Author Joan Lindsay Country Australia Language English Genre Historical novel Publisher F.W. Cheshire Penguin ( paperback ) Publication date 1967 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) Pages 212 ( first printing ) Picnic at Hanging Rock is an Australian historical fiction novel by Joan Lindsay . Set in 1900 , it is about a group of female students at an Australian girls ' boarding school who vanish at Hanging Rock while on a Valentine 's Day picnic , and the effects the disappearances have on the school and local community . The novel was first published in 1967 in Australia by Cheshire Publishing and was reprinted by Penguin in 1975 . It is widely considered by critics to be one of the best Australian novels . Though the events depicted in the novel are entirely fictional , it is framed as though it is a true story , corroborated by ambiguous pseudohistorical references . Its irresolute conclusion has sparked significant public , critical , and scholarly analysis , and the narrative has become a part of Australia 's national folklore as a result . Lindsay claimed to have written the novel over two weeks at her home Mulberry Hill in Baxter , on Victoria 's Mornington Peninsula , after having successive dreams of the narrated events . An excised final chapter of the novel was published posthumously as a standalone book in 1987 , titled The Secret of Hanging Rock , and also included critical commentary and interpretive theories on the novel . Another book , titled The Murders at Hanging Rock , was published in 1980 , proposing varying interpretations . The novel has been adapted across numerous media , most famously in the 1975 critically acclaimed film of the same name by director Peter Weir . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Excised final chapter 2 Conception 3 Basis in reality 3.1 Impact on local tourism 4 Publication history 5 Critical analysis 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Theatre 6.3 Radio 6.4 Miniseries 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The novel begins with a brief foreword , which reads : Whether Picnic at Hanging Rock is fact or fiction , my readers must decide for themselves . As the fateful picnic took place in the year nineteen hundred , and all the characters who appear in this book are long since dead , it hardly seems important . At Appleyard College , an upper - class women 's private boarding school , a picnic is being planned for the students under the supervision of Mrs. Appleyard , the school 's headmistress . The picnic entails a day trip to Hanging Rock in the Mount Macedon area , Victoria , on St. Valentine 's Day in 1900 . One of the students , Sara , who is in trouble with Mrs. Appleyard , is not allowed to go . Sara 's close friend Miranda goes without her . When they arrive , the students lounge about and eat a lunch . Afterward , Miranda goes to climb the monolith with classmates Edith , Irma , and Marion . The girls ' mathematics teacher , Greta McCraw , follows behind them . As they ascend the rock , in a dreamlike episode , Miranda , Marion , and Irma vanish into the rock while Edith watches ; she returns to the picnic in hysterics , disoriented and with no memory of what occurred . Miss McCraw is also nowhere to be accounted for . The school scours the rock in search of the girls and their teacher , but they are not found . The disappearances provoke much local concern and international sensation with rape , abduction , and murder being assumed as probable explanations . Several organized searches of the picnic grounds and the area surrounding the rock itself turn up nothing . Meanwhile , the students , teachers and staff of the college , as well as members of the community , grapple with the riddle - like events . Mike Fitzhubert embarks on a private search of the rock and discovers Irma , unconscious and on the verge of death . When he fails to return from his search , he is found at the rock with Irma in an unexplained daze , by his friend and uncle 's coachman , Albert Crundall . Concerned parents begin withdrawing their daughters from the prestigious college , prompting various staff to leave ; the college 's handyman and maid quit their jobs , and the French instructor , Mlle . Dianne de Poitiers , announces that she will be getting married and leaving the college as well . A junior governess at the college , Dora Lumley , also leaves with her brother Reg , only for both to be killed in a hotel fire . Amidst the unrest both in and around the college , Sara vanishes , only to be found days later , having apparently committed suicide ( her body was found directly beneath the school 's tower , with her head `` crushed beyond recognition '' ) . Mrs. Appleyard , distraught over the events that have occurred , kills herself by jumping from a peak on Hanging Rock . In a pseudo-historical afterword purportedly extracted from a 1913 Melbourne newspaper article , it is written that both the college and the Woodend Police Station , where records of the investigation were kept , were destroyed by a bush fire in the summer of 1901 . In 1903 , rabbit hunters came across a lone piece of frilled calico at the rock , believed to have been part of the dress of the governess , Miss Greta McCraw , but neither she nor the girls were ever found . Excised final chapter ( edit ) According to her editor Sandra Forbes , Lindsay 's original draft of the novel included a final chapter in which the mystery was resolved . At her editor 's suggestion , Lindsay removed it prior to publication . Chapter Eighteen , as it is known , was published posthumously as a standalone book in 1987 as The Secret of Hanging Rock by Angus & Robertson Publishing . The chapter opens with Edith fleeing back to the picnic area while Miranda , Irma , and Marion push on . Each girl begins to experience dizziness and feel as if she is `` being pulled from the inside out . '' A woman suddenly appears climbing the rock in her underwear , shouting `` Through ! '' , and then faints . This woman is not referenced by name and is apparently a stranger to the girls , yet the narration suggests she is Miss McCraw . Miranda loosens the woman 's corset to help revive her . Afterwards , the girls remove their own corsets and throw them off the cliff . The recovered woman points out that the corsets appear to hover in mid-air as if stuck in time , and that they cast no shadows . She and the girls continue together . The girls then encounter what is described as `` a hole in space , '' by which they physically enter a crack in the rock following a lizard ; the unnamed woman transforms into a crab and disappears into the rock . Marion follows her , then Miranda , but when Irma 's turn comes , a balanced boulder ( the hanging rock ) slowly tilts and blocks the way . The chapter ends with Irma `` tearing and beating at the gritty face on the boulder with her bare hands . '' The missing material amounts to about 12 pages ; the remainder of the publication The Secret at Hanging Rock contains discussion by other authors , including John Taylor and Yvonne Rousseau . The suspension of the corsets and description of the hole in space suggest that the girls have encountered some sort of time warp , which is compatible with Lindsay 's fascination with and emphasis on clocks and time in the novel . The transformations into animals recalls traditional Indigenous Australian beliefs . Conception ( edit ) At the Hanging Rock by William Ford ( 1875 ) was the basis of the novel 's title ; in addition to her writing , Lindsay was also a professional painter and influenced by visual art . Lindsay claimed to have written the novel based on an idea she had in a dream . In a 2017 article in The Age , it was noted : `` The dream had centred on a summer picnic at a place called Hanging Rock , which Joan knew well from her childhood holidays . Joan told Rae ( her housekeeper ) that the dream had felt so real that when she awoke at 7.30 am , she could still feel the hot summer breeze blowing through the gum trees and she could still hear the peals of laughter and conversation of the people she 'd imagined , and their gaiety and lightness of spirit as they set out on their joyful picnic expedition . '' According to her housekeeper at the time , the events of the novel were dreamt by Lindsay successively . Several years after the publication of the novel , Lindsay would recount the experience of writing it as such : `` Picnic at Hanging Rock really was an experience to write , because I was just impossible when I was writing it . I just sort of thought about it all night and in the morning I would go straight up and sit on the floor , papers all around me , and just write like a demon ! '' The novel was written over a total of two weeks at Lindsay 's home in Mulberry Hill . In thinking of a title , Lindsay recalled the painting At the Hanging Rock by William Ford , which had hung in her husband Daryl 's office at the National Gallery of Victoria , and chose to incorporate it into the title as it was `` simple and pretty , and belied the horrors hidden within . '' In an interview after Lindsay 's death , academic Terrence O'Neill , who had befriended Lindsay , remarked the supernatural elements of the novel : `` It was clear that ( Joan ) was interested in Spiritualism , and longed for some spiritual dimension in her life , but she did n't feel safe bringing that side of her out in front of her husband . So I think she channelled it into her writing . I know she was very interested in Arthur Conan Doyle and his belief in and theories about Spiritualism , nature and the existence of spirits . '' The novel was imported for sale in the United States , and would receive its first publication there in 2014 by Penguin Random House . In the United Kingdom , the novel was printed in several editions by Vintage , in 1998 and 2013 . Basis in reality ( edit ) Did I think the story was true ? We did talk about this . But the truth for Joan was different to the rest of us . She was never straightforward about it . I think I decided in the end that it was a great work of the imagination . I see it as a book of place ; a painterly book that captures the atmosphere of the Australian bush . Sandra Forbes , editor , on the novel 's truth claim Picnic at Hanging Rock is written in the form of a true story , and even begins and ends with a pseudohistorical prologue and epilogue , reinforcing the mystery that has generated significant critical and public interest since its publication in 1967 . However , while the geological feature , Hanging Rock , and the several towns mentioned are actual places near Mount Macedon , the story itself is entirely fictitious . Lindsay had done little to dispel the myth that the story is based on truth , in many interviews either refusing to confirm it was entirely fiction , or hinting that parts of the book were fictitious and that others were not . The dates named in the novel do not correspond to actual dates in the 1900 calendar . For instance , Valentine 's Day , 14 February 1900 , occurred on a Wednesday , not a Saturday ; similarly , Easter Sunday fell on April 15 in 1900 , not on March 29 . Appleyard College was to some extent based on Clyde Girls ' Grammar School at East St Kilda , Melbourne , which Joan Lindsay attended as a day - girl while in her teens . Incidentally , in 1919 this school was transferred to the town of Woodend , Victoria , about 8 km southwest of Hanging Rock . When asked in a 1974 interview about whether or not the novel was based in truth , Lindsay responded : `` Well , it was written as a mystery and it remains a mystery . If you can draw your own conclusions , that 's fine , but I do n't think that it matters . I wrote that book as a sort of atmosphere of a place , and it was like dropping a stone into the water . I felt that story , if you call it a story -- that the thing that happened on St. Valentine 's Day went on spreading , out and out and out , in circles . '' The unresolved mystery of the disappearances in the novel aroused enough lasting public interest that in 1980 a book of hypothetical solutions ( by Yvonne Rousseau ) was published , called The Murders at Hanging Rock . Impact on local tourism ( edit ) Statue of fictional Miranda character at the Hanging Rock visitors ' centre . In 2017 , in conjunction with the 50th anniversary of the novel 's publication , an Australian doctoral student named Amy Spiers began the `` Miranda Must Go '' campaign , criticising the novel 's propagation of itself as a true story in relationship to local tourism at Hanging Rock . Spiers argued that the focus on the fictional narrative obscures its longer history and connection with the Aborigines : At Hanging Rock we 've become obsessed with the myth almost to the point where we sort of tell it as though it is a true story , but we completely ignore the true losses that have happened there . Most of the Aboriginal people living in that area died of smallpox or were murdered by colonists or removed to Coranderrk ( Aboriginal Reserve in Healesville ) in 1836 ... It 's just fascinating to me that we keep choosing to be haunted by a ( fictitious ) story rather than the real losses that have occurred in that place . Spiers cited the common practice among tourists to scream `` Miranda ! '' from atop the rock as an example of the site 's strong cultural associations with the novel and its film adaptation ; she also noted that the visitors ' centre caters significantly to the myth of the `` missing schoolgirls '' , with dioramas , videos , panels and soundtracks from both the novel and the film , while the real history of the monolith and its significance to the indigenous culture was less acknowledged . Supporters of the campaign held a protest there on St. Valentine 's Day 2017 and in August 2018 , Spiers ' argument received support from historian , Barry Kennerk whose Irish Times article once again highlighted the real ' troubling history associated with the rock '. . In response to the campaign , Luke Spielvogel , the president of Friends of Hanging Rock , noted that the novel and particularly , the character of Miranda , captured the `` ethereal , mysterious nature of the rock '' ; he also suggested the novel and character should remain part of the `` broader tapestry '' of the site : For 40,000 years Hanging Rock has brought people together , and Miranda and the film and the book are all part of that story . But a significant part of that story was to understand the Indigenous history and further investigate the Indigenous name ... We focus on one aspect of popular culture around Hanging Rock , and I think what Amy is trying to do is tell a broader story , and we certainly support that . Publication history ( edit ) The novel was first printed in Australia by F.W. Cheshire , released on 1 November 1967 . It was reprinted in paperback by Penguin Books ' Australian division in 1975 , printed in conjunction with the release of the film adaptation . A hardback illustrated edition was also printed in Australia in 1987 , also by Penguin . It would receive another reprinting by Penguin Books Australia in 2013 as part of the `` Penguin Australian Classics '' series . Critical analysis ( edit ) Picnic at Hanging Rock is considered by many critics to be one of the best Australian novels . Much of the critical and scholarly interest in the novel has centered on its mysterious conclusion , as well as its depiction of Australia 's natural environment in contrast with the Victorian population of the newly established British colony . In 1987 , literary scholar Donald Bartlett drew comparisons between Lindsay 's treatment of the rock with that of Malabar Hill in E.M. Forster 's A Passage to India , which has been interpreted as a metaphor for Pan , the Greek god of the wild : `` There is more , of course , to A Passage to India than Pan motifs , for example symbols such as the snake , the wasp and the undying worm , not to mention the vast panorama of India 's religions . But I believe it probable that Joan Lindsay consciously borrowed the elements ( from A Passage to India ) . '' Literary scholar Kathleen Steele argues in her essay `` Fear and Loathing in the Australian Bush : Gothic Landscapes in Bush Studies and Picnic at Hanging Rock '' that the novel 's treatment of landscape and its missing characters is reflective of Australia 's national history and the relationship between the rock and the Aboriginal population : `` The silence surrounding Aborigines , and the manner in which Europeans foregrounded `` geographical , historical and cultural difference and discontinuity , '' yet denied Aborigines either presence or history , created a gothic consciousness of `` something deeply unknowable and terrifying in the Australian landscape ... Lindsay provokes a reflection on the understanding of Australia as an un-peopled land where nothing of consequence occurred until the British gave it a history . '' Steele further notes that Lindsay 's `` gothic landscapes raise doubts that the majority ( of Australians ) ever subscribed '' to the notion that the country and its natural environment was unmarked by a history prior to the arrival of the British colony . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Picnic at Hanging Rock ( film ) The first film adaptation of the book was a short by Tony Ingram , a fourteen - year - old filmmaker , who got permission from Joan Lindsay to adapt her book as The Day of Saint Valentine . However , only about ten minutes of footage was filmed before the rights were optioned to Peter Weir for his more famous feature - length version , and the production was permanently shelved . The completed footage is included on some DVD releases of Weir 's film . The feature film version of Picnic at Hanging Rock premiered at the Hindley Cinema Complex in Adelaide on 8 August 1975 . It became an early film of the Australian New Wave and is arguably Australia 's first international hit film . Theatre ( edit ) Picnic at Hanging Rock was adapted by playwright Laura Annawyn Shamas in 1987 and published by Dramatic Publishing Company . Subsequently , it has had many productions in the US , Canada , and Australia . There have also been musical adaptations of the novel . A stage - musical adaptation , with book , music , and lyrics by Daniel Zaitchik , was scheduled to open in New York City in the fall of 2012 . The musical received a 2007 staged reading at New York 's Lincoln Center , and further workshop development at the 2009 O'Neill Theater Center National Music Theater Conference . The musical had its world premiere on 28 February 2014 at Weber State University in Ogden , Utah under the direction of Jim Christian . In 2016 , the Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne showed a stage adaptation dramatized by Tom Wright and directed by Matthew Lutton . The production was later staged at The Royal Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh , Scotland in January 2017 . The overseas production worked alongside the original Australian theatre makers Malthouse Theatre , Melbourne as well as Black Swan State Theatre Company . The Malthouse Theatre presented an encore season of Picnic at Hanging Rock in early 2018 . Radio ( edit ) In 2010 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation . The cast included Simon Burke , Penny Downie , Anna Skellern and Andi Snelling . Miniseries ( edit ) Main article : Picnic at Hanging Rock ( TV series ) On September 6 , 2016 , it was announced that Fremantle Media and pay - TV broadcaster Foxtel were producing a six - part miniseries , to be broadcast in 2017 . The miniseries became available on Amazon Prime streaming on May 25 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) Legend tripping Tasmanian Gothic Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lindsay spent the majority of her early life studying art , and was a graduate of the National Gallery of Victoria Art School . Donald Barrett further notes Lindsay 's role as a painter as a potential source of influence in her writing , specifically in Picnic at Hanging Rock . Jump up ^ Both Donald Bartlett and Kathleen Steele are significantly interested in the role of the Australian Bush as it is depicted in Picnic at Hanging Rock , specifically the interaction between the `` untamed '' natural environment and the newly - arrived Victorian colony . Steele specifically addresses the notion of Australia as a `` haunted site ... full of unseen presences . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Symon , Evan V. ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` 10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books '' . listverse.com . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 1987 ) . The Secret of Hanging Rock . Australia : Angus & Robertson . ISBN 0 - 207 - 15550 - X . Jump up ^ Benson 2005 , p. 888 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1987 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , Janelle ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` The extraordinary story behind Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . The Age . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hanging out for a mystery '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 21 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Phillip . `` The great Lindsay mystery '' . The Australian . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 2014 ) ( 1967 ) . Picnic at Hanging Rock . Penguin Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312678 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 1998 ) ( 1967 ) . Picnic at Hanging Rock . ISBN 0 - 09 - 975061 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 2013 ) ( 1967 ) . Picnic at Hanging Rock . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 957714 - 0 . Jump up ^ Skidmore & Clark 2014 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1987 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Edward , Louise ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` Picnic At Hanging Rock : A mystery still unsolved '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith . `` Picnic At Hanging Rock '' . The Dissolve . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hales , Lydia ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` On this day : Picnic at Hanging Rock airs in the US '' . Australian Geographic . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isabella Thomson '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( subject ) ; McKay , Ian ( director ) ; Taylor , John ( interviewer ) ( 1975 ) . Interview with Joan Lindsay . Refern , NSW : AAV Australia for the Australia Council . Archived from the original ( video recording ) on 1 January 1988 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . ( Excerpt available on DailyMotion ) Jump up ^ Rousseau , Yvonne ( 1980 ) . The Murders at Hanging Rock . Fitzroy , Australia : Scribe Publications . ISBN 0 - 908011 - 02 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Romensky , Larissa ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` No picnic at Hanging Rock : Campaign to recognise Aboriginal past rather than ' white myth ' '' . ABC . Victoria , Australia . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Carolyn ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Replace ' Miranda ' myth with Indigenous history at Hanging Rock , says activist '' . The Age . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/hanging-rock-real-life-mysteries-are-as-fascinating-as-novel-and-tv-1.3577022%7Caccessdate=16 August 2018 Jump up ^ `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . Penguin Australia . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 1975 ) ( 1967 ) . Picnic at Hanging Rock . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 003149 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 1987 ) ( 1967 ) . Picnic at Hanging Rock . Illustrated Edition . Penguin Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81828 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Joan ( 2013 ) ( 1967 ) . Picnic at Hanging Rock . Penguin Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 356973 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 must - read Australian novels '' . Mamamia. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` 10 Aussie books to read before you die '' . ABC . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steele 2010 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1987 , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Steele 2010 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Tony . `` The Day of Saint Valentine '' . Hanging Rock Recreation Reserve . Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Jane ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Backstage : Chatting with Brian MacDevitt , Tony - winning lighting designer '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Joe Calarco . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` Musicals Tales of the City and Picnic at Hanging Rock to Be Developed at O'Neill Theater Center '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` World Premiere of Daniel Zaitchik Musical Picnic at Hanging Rock Debuts in Utah Feb. 28 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gow , Keith ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Malthouse : Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . Aussie Theatre . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Picnic at Hanging Rock 2017 '' . Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://vimeo.com/254959058 Jump up ^ `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . BBC . 15 Minute Drama . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . Radio Listings. 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` Australian Classic ' Picnic at Hanging Rock ' to Be Remade as TV Series '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Works cited ( edit ) Barrett , Donald ( 1987 ) . `` Picnicking with E.M. Forster , Joan Lindsay et al . '' Linq . James Cook University . 5 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 86 . Benson , Eugene , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 27885 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Skidmore , Stephanie ; Clark , Ian D. ( 2014 ) . `` Hanging Rock Recreation Reserve '' . An Historical Geography of Tourism in Victoria , Australia : Case Studies . Walter de Gruyter & Co . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 037010 - 2 . Steele , Kathleen ( 2010 ) . `` Fear and Loathing in the Australian Bush : Gothic Landscapes in Bush Studies and Picnic at Hanging Rock '' ( PDF ) . Colloquy . Monash University . 20 . Further reading ( edit ) McCulloch , Janelle ( 2017 ) . Beyond the Rock . Bonnier Australia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 76040 - 562 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Picnic at Hanging Rock ( novel ) Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Research Picnic at Hanging Rock at the National Library of Australia Catalog record for Picnic at Hanging Rock at the United States Library of Congress Official website of Hanging Rock ( Mount Diogenes ) in Australia Theoretical analyses `` The great Lindsay mystery '' by Phillip Adams ( The Australian ) The Solution to Picnic at Hanging Rock ? by McKenzie Solutions Adaptations Official Site of the North American musical Joan Lindsay Novels Through Darkest Pondelayo ( 1936 ) Time Without Clocks ( 1962 ) Facts Soft and Hard ( 1964 ) Picnic at Hanging Rock ( 1967 ) Syd Sixpence ( 1982 ) Short stories Holiday ( 1923 ) Yellow Roses ( 1924 ) The Awakening ( 1924 ) Good with Cats ( 1980 ) Plays Wolf ! ( 1930 ) Spring Tangle ( ca . 1935 ) Cataract ( 1940 ) My Kingdom for a Chocolate Blancmange ! A tragedy in fifty thousand acts . With apologies to William Shakespeare , Thornton Wilder and some very fine artists ( 1948 ) Floreat Anglesea ( 1950 ) This Modern Art ( 1951 ) Novellas Love and Information ( 1982 ) Published artwork Gum Tree ( 1925 ) Evening , Howqua ( 1926 ) Landscape , Berwick ( 1926 ) Golden Seabirds ( 1970 ) Low Tide ( 1972 ) Seabirds ( 1981 ) Related articles Picnic at Hanging Rock Daryl Lindsay Hanging Rock , Victoria List of Australian novelists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(novel)&oldid=855327067 '' Categories : 1967 Australian novels Australian novels adapted into films Australian historical novels Australian mystery novels Historical mystery novels Novels about missing people Novels by Joan Lindsay Novels set in Victoria ( Australia ) Novels adapted into television programs Paranormal in fiction Suicide in fiction Valentine 's Day fiction Victorian era in popular culture Holiday - themed novels Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 14 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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where is the hanging rock in picnic at hanging rock
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"At Appleyard College, an upper-class women's private boarding school, a picnic is being planned for the students under the supervision of Mrs. Appleyard, the school's headmistress. The picnic entails a day trip to Hanging Rock in the Mount Macedon area, Victoria, on St. Valentine's Day in 1900. One of the students, Sara, who is in trouble with Mrs. Appleyard, is not allowed to go. Sara's close friend Miranda goes without her. When they arrive, the students lounge about and eat a lunch. Afterward, Miranda goes to climb the monolith with classmates Edith, Irma, and Marion. The girls' mathematics teacher, Greta McCraw, follows behind them. As they ascend the rock, in a dreamlike episode, Miranda, Marion, and Irma vanish into the rock while Edith watches; she returns to the picnic in hysterics, disoriented and with no memory of what occurred. Miss McCraw is also nowhere to be accounted for. The school scours the rock in search of the girls and their teacher, but they are not found.\n"
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Battle of Sullivan's Island
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Battle of Sullivan 's Island - wikipedia Battle of Sullivan 's Island Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Sullivan 's Island Part of the American Revolutionary War Sergeant William Jasper raising the flag over the fort Date June 28 , 1776 Location Sullivan 's Island , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 34 '' N 79 ° 51 ′ 28 '' W / 32.759373 ° N 79.857748 ° W / 32.759373 ; - 79.857748 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 34 '' N 79 ° 51 ′ 28 '' W / 32.759373 ° N 79.857748 ° W / 32.759373 ; - 79.857748 Result South Carolinian victory Belligerents South Carolina Great Britain Commanders and leaders Charles Lee William Moultrie Peter Parker ( WIA ) Henry Clinton Strength Fort Sullivan : 435 militia 31 artillery pieces Other defenses : 3 shore batteries over 6,000 regulars and militia 2,200 infantry 2 fourth - rates 6 frigates 1 bomb vessel Casualties and losses 12 killed 25 wounded 220 killed and wounded 2 fourth - rates severely damaged 2 frigates moderately damaged 1 frigate grounded , later scuttled ( hide ) Southern theater 1775 -- 1779 Gunpowder Incident Kemp 's Landing Snow Campaign Savage 's Old Fields Great Cane Brake Great Bridge Norfolk Moore 's Creek Bridge Rice Boats Sullivan 's Island Lindley 's Fort Thomas Creek Alligator Bridge 1st Savannah Beaufort Van Creek Kettle Creek Brier Creek Chesapeake raid Stono Ferry Charles Town 2nd Savannah The Battle of Sullivan 's Island or the Battle of Fort Sullivan was fought on June 28 , 1776 , during the American Revolutionary War . It took place near Charleston , South Carolina , during the first British attempt to capture the city from American rebels . It is also sometimes referred to as the First Siege of Charleston , owing to a more successful British siege in 1780 . The British organized an expedition in early 1776 for operations in the rebellious southern colonies of North America . Delayed by logistical concerns and bad weather , the expedition reached the coast of North Carolina in May 1776 . Finding conditions unsuitable for their operations , General Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir Peter Parker decided instead to act against Charleston . Arriving there in early June , troops were landed on Long Island ( now called Isle of Palms ) , near Sullivan 's Island where Colonel William Moultrie commanded a partially constructed fort , in preparation for a naval bombardment and land assault . General Charles Lee , commanding the southern Continental theater of the war , would provide supervision . The land assault was frustrated when the channel between the two islands was found to be too deep to wade , and the American defenses prevented an amphibious landing . The naval bombardment had little effect due to the sandy soil and the spongy nature of the fort 's palmetto log construction . Careful fire by the defenders wrought significant damage on the British fleet , which withdrew after an entire day 's bombardment . The British withdrew their expedition force to New York , and did not return to South Carolina until 1780 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British operations 1.2 American defenses 1.3 British arrival 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Notes 6 References Background ( edit ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775 , the city of Charleston in the colony of South Carolina was a center of commerce in southern North America . The city 's citizens joined other colonists in opposing the British parliament 's attempts to tax them , and militia recruitment increased when word arrived of the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . Throughout 1775 and into 1776 , militia recruits arrived in the city from the colony 's backcountry , the city 's manufacturers and tradesmen began producing war materiel , and defensive fortifications began to take shape around the city . British operations ( edit ) British army forces in North America were primarily tied up with the Siege of Boston in 1775 . Seeking bases of operations where they had more control , the British planned an expedition to the southern colonies . Major General Henry Clinton , then in Boston , was to travel to Cape Fear , North Carolina , where he would join with largely Scottish Loyalists raised in the North Carolina backcountry , and a force of 2,000 men from Ireland under the command of Major General Charles Cornwallis . The plan was beset by difficulties from the start . The Irish expedition , originally supposed to depart at the beginning of December 1775 , was delayed by logistical difficulties , and its 2,500 troops did not depart until February 13 , 1776 , escorted by 11 warships under the command of Admiral Sir Peter Parker . Clinton left Boston on January 20 with two companies of light infantry , and first stopped at New York City to confer with William Tryon , New York 's royal governor . Major General Charles Lee , sent by Major General George Washington to see to the defense of New York , coincidentally arrived there the same day as Clinton . New York was at that time extremely tense ; Patriot forces were beginning to disarm and evict Loyalists , and the British fleet anchored there was having difficulty acquiring provisions . Despite this , Clinton made no secret that his final target was in the south . Lee observed that this was `` certainly a droll way of proceeding ; to communicate his full plan to the enemy is too novel to be credited . '' This was not even the first notice of the expedition to the colonists ; a letter intercepted in December had already provided intelligence that the British were planning to go to the South . Clinton arrived at Cape Fear on March 12 , expecting to find the European convoy already there . He met with the royal governors of North and South Carolina , Josiah Martin and William Campbell , and learned that the recruited Scottish Loyalists had been defeated at Moore 's Creek Bridge two weeks earlier . Clinton also received pleas for assistance from the royal governor of Georgia , James Wright , who had been arrested , and then escaped to a navy ship . Parker 's fleet had an extremely difficult crossing . Battered by storms and high seas , the first ships of the fleet did not arrive at Cape Fear until April 18 , and Cornwallis did not arrive until May 3 . After several weeks there , in which the British troops raided Patriot properties , Clinton , Cornwallis and Parker concluded that Cape Fear was not a suitable base for further operations . Parker had sent out some ships on scouting expeditions up and down the coast , and reports on the partially finished condition of the Charleston defenses were sufficiently promising that the decision was made to go there . American defenses ( edit ) Colonel William Moultrie John Rutledge , recently elected president of the General Assembly that remained as the backbone of South Carolina 's revolutionary government , organized a defense force under the command of 46 - year - old Colonel William Moultrie , a former militiaman and Indian fighter . These forces comprised three infantry regiments , two rifle regiments , and a small artillery regiment ; they were augmented by three independent artillery companies , and the total force numbered about 2,000 . These forces were further augmented by the arrival of Continental regiments from North Carolina and Virginia ( 1,900 troops ) , as well as militia numbering 2,700 from Charleston and the surrounding backcountry . Moultrie saw Sullivan 's Island , a sandy spit of land at the entrance to Charleston Harbor extending north about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) long and a few hundred yards wide , as a place well suited to build a fort that could protect the entrance from intruding enemy warships . A large vessel sailing into Charleston first had to cross Charleston Bar , a series of submerged shoals lying about 8 miles ( 13 km ) southeast of the city , and then pass by the southern end of Sullivan 's Island as it entered the channel to the inner harbor . Later it would also have to pass the northern end of James Island , where Fort Johnson commanded the southeastern approach to the city . Moultrie and his 2nd South Carolina Regiment arrived on Sullivan 's Island in March 1776 , and began construction of a fortress built out of palmetto logs to defend the island and the channel into Charleston Harbor . The construction moved slowly ; Captain Peter Horry of the Patriot naval detachment described the site as `` an immense pen 500 feet long , and 16 feet wide , filled with sand to stop the shot '' . The gun platforms were made of planks two inches thick and fastened with wooden spikes . General Henry Clinton Congress had appointed General Lee to command the Continental Army troops in the southern colonies , and his movements by land shadowed those of Clinton 's fleet as it sailed south . Lee wrote from Wilmington on June 1 that the fleet had sailed , but that he did not know whether it was sailing for Virginia or South Carolina . He headed for Charleston , saying `` ( I ) confess I know not whether I shall go to or from the enemy . '' He arrived in Charleston shortly after the fleet anchored outside the harbor , and took command of the city 's defenses . He immediately ran into a problem : the South Carolina troops ( militia or the colonial regiments ) were not on the Continental line , and thus not formally under his authority . Some South Carolina troops resisted his instructions , and Rutledge had to intervene by proclaiming Lee in command of all South Carolina forces . Square - shaped Fort Sullivan consisted only of the completed seaward wall , with walls made from palmetto logs 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) high and 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide . The walls were filled with sand , and rose 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the wooden platforms on which the artillery were mounted . A hastily erected palisade of thick planks helped guard the powder magazine and unfinished northern walls . An assortment of 31 cannon , ranging from 9 - and 12 - pounders to a few British 18 - pounders and French 26 - pounders , dotted the front and rear walls . General Lee , when he had seen its unfinished state , had recommended abandoning the fort , calling it a `` slaughter pen '' . President Rutledge refused , and specifically ordered Colonel Moultrie to `` obey ( Lee ) in everything , except in leaving Fort Sullivan '' . Moultrie 's delaying tactics so angered Lee that he decided on June 27 that he would replace Moultrie ; the battle began the next day before he could do so . Lee did make plans for an orderly retreat to Haddrell 's Point . British arrival ( edit ) The British fleet weighed anchor at Cape Fear on May 31 , and arrived outside Charleston Harbor the next day . Moultrie noticed a British scout boat apparently looking for possible landing points on nearby Long Island ( now known as the Isle of Palms ) , just a few hundred yards from Sullivan 's Island ; troops were consequently sent to occupy the northern end of Sullivan 's . By June 8 , most of the British fleet had crossed the bar and anchored in Five Fathom Hole , an anchorage between the bar and the harbor entrance . With the fort on Sullivan 's Island only half complete , Admiral Parker expressed confidence that his warships would easily breach its walls . Optimistically believing he would not even need Clinton 's land forces , he wrote to Clinton that after the fort 's guns were knocked out , he would `` land seamen and marines ( which I have practiced for the purpose ) under the guns '' and that they could `` keep possession till you send as many troops as you think proper '' . Admiral Sir Peter Parker The British fleet was composed of nine man - of - war ships : the flagship 50 - gun Bristol , as well as the 50 - gun Experiment and frigates Actaeon , Active , Solebay , Siren , Sphinx , Friendship and the bomb vessel Thunder , in total mounting nearly 300 cannon . The army forces in the expedition consisted of the 15th , 28th , 33rd , 37th , 54th , and 57th Regiments of Foot , and part of the 46th . On June 7 , Clinton issued a proclamation calling on the rebel colonists to lay down their arms . However , the inexperienced defenders fired on the boat sent to deliver it ( which was flying a truce flag ) , and it was not delivered until the next day . That same day , Clinton began landing 2,200 troops on Long Island . The intent was that these troops would wade across the channel ( now known as Breach Inlet ) between Long and Sullivan 's , which the British believed to be sufficiently shallow to do so , while the fleet bombarded Fort Sullivan . General Lee responded to the British landing with several actions . He began reinforcing positions on the mainland in case the British were intending to launch an attack directly on Charleston . He also attempted to build a bridge of boats to provide an avenue of retreat for the fort 's garrison , but this failed because there were not enough boats to bridge the roughly one mile ( 1.6 km ) channel separating the island from Charleston ; the unwillingness of Moultrie and Rutledge to support the effort may also have played a role . The Americans also constructed an entrenchment at the northern end of Sullivan 's Island , which was manned by more than 750 men and three small cannons , and began to fortify a guard post at Haddrell 's Point on the mainland opposite Fort Sullivan . General Clinton encountered the first major problem of the attack plan on June 17 . An attempt to wade the channel between the two islands established that part of the channel was at least shoulder - deep , too deep for troops to cross even without the prospect of enemy opposition . He considered using boats to ferry the troops across , but the Americans , with timely advice from General Lee , adopted a strong defensive position that was virtually impossible to bombard from ships or the Long Island position . As a result , the British and American forces faced each other across the channel , engaging in occasional and largely inconsequential cannon fire at long range . Clinton reported that this meant that Admiral Parker would have `` the glory of being defeated alone . '' The attack was originally planned for June 24 , but bad weather and contrary wind conditions prompted Parker to call it off for several days . Battle ( edit ) On the morning of June 28 , Fort Sullivan was defended by Colonel Moultrie , commanding the 2nd South Carolina Regiment and a company of the 4th South Carolina Artillery , numbering 435 men . At around 9 : 00 am that morning , a British ship fired a signal gun indicating all was ready for the attack . Less than an hour later , nine warships had sailed into positions facing the fort . Thunder and Friendship anchored about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from the fort while Parker took Active , Bristol , Experiment and Solebay to a closer position about 400 yards ( 370 m ) from Sullivan 's Island , where they anchored facing broadside to the fort . Each of these ships began to fire upon the fort when it reached its position , and the defenders returned the fire . Although many of Thunder 's shots landed in or near the fort , they had little effect ; according to Moultrie , `` We had a morass in the middle , that swallowed them up instantly , and those that fell in the sand in and about the fort , were immediately buried '' . Thunder 's role in the action was also relatively short - lived ; she had anchored too far away from the fort , and the overloading of her mortars with extra powder to increase their range eventually led to them breaking out of their mounts . Owing to shortage of gunpowder , Moultrie 's men were deliberate in the pace of their gunfire , and only a few officers actually aimed the cannons . They also fired in small volleys , four cannon at a time . One British observer wrote , `` Their fire was surprisingly well served '' and it was `` slow , but decisive indeed ; they were very cool and took care not to fire except their guns were exceedingly well directed . '' A British engineer 's map made following the engagement . General Clinton began movements to cross over to the northern end of Sullivan 's Island . Assisted by two sloops of war , the flotilla of longboats carrying his troops came under fire from Colonel William Thomson 's defenses . Facing a withering barrage of grape shot and rifle fire , Clinton abandoned the attempt . Around noon the frigates Sphinx , Syren , and Actaeon were sent on a roundabout route , avoiding some shoals , to take a position from which they could enfilade the fort 's main firing platform and also cover one of the main escape routes from the fort . However , all three ships grounded on an uncharted sandbar , and the riggings of Actaeon and Sphinx became entangled in the process . The British managed to refloat Sphinx and Syren , but Acteon remained grounded , having moved too far onto the submerged sandbar . Consequently , none of these ships reached its intended position , a piece of good fortune not lost on Colonel Moultrie : `` Had these three ships effected their purpose , they would have enfiladed us in such a manner , as to have driven us from our guns . '' At the fort , Moultrie ordered his men to concentrate their fire on the two large man - of - war ships , Bristol and Experiment , which took hit after hit from the fort 's guns . Chain shot fired at Bristol eventually destroyed much of her rigging and severely damaged both the main - and mizzenmasts . One round hit her quarterdeck , slightly wounding Parker in the knee and thigh . The shot also tore off part of his britches , leaving his backside exposed . By mid-afternoon , the defenders were running out of gunpowder , and their fire was briefly suspended . However , Lee sent more ammunition and gunpowder over from the mainland , and the defenders resumed firing at the British ships ; Lee even briefly visited the fort late in the day , telling Colonel Moultrie , `` I see you are doing very well here , you have no occasion for me , I will go up to the town again . '' Admiral Parker eventually sought to destroy the fort 's walls with persistent broadside cannonades . This strategy failed due to the spongy nature of the palmetto wood used in its constructions ; the structure would quiver , and it absorbed the cannonballs rather than splintering . The exchange continued until around 9 : 00 pm , when darkness forced a cessation of hostilities , and the fleet finally withdrew out of range . Depiction of the battle by John Blake White , 1826 At one point during the battle , the flag Moultrie had designed and raised over the fort was shot down . Sergeant William Jasper reportedly ran to the battlement and raised the flag again , holding it up and rallying the troops until a flag stand could be provided . He was credited by Moultrie with reviving the troops ' spirits , and later given commendations for bravery . A painting of this event ( pictured above ) depicts Jasper 's actions . Counting casualties , Parker reported 40 sailors killed and 71 wounded aboard Bristol , which was hit more than 70 times with much damage to the hull , yards , and rigging . Experiment was also badly damaged with 23 sailors killed and 56 wounded . Active and Solebay reported 15 casualties each . The Americans reported their casualties at only 12 killed and 25 wounded . The following morning , the British , unable to drag the grounded Acteon off the sandbar , set fire to the ship to prevent her from falling into enemy hands . Patriots in small boats sailed out to the burning ship , fired some of its cannons at the British ships , took what stores and loot they could , and retreated shortly before the ship 's powder magazine exploded . Aftermath ( edit ) Fort Moultrie looking into Charleston Harbor during the American Civil War . The British did not attempt to take the fort again . Within days of the battle , Charlestonians learned of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia . The British troops were reembarked on their transports , and on July 21 the British fleet withdrew northward to help the main British army in its campaign against New York City . To add insult to injury , one of the British transports grounded off Long Island and was captured by Patriot forces . The British did not return to Charleston until 1780 , when General Clinton successfully besieged the city and captured an entire army . Until the South again became a focus of the war in late 1778 , its states provided military supplies to the northern war effort and produced trade goods that brought in valuable hard currency to fund the war effort . Admiral Parker and General Clinton engaged in a war of words after the battle , each seeking to cast the blame on the other for the expedition 's failures . Although Clinton was not blamed by the government , popular opinion held him responsible , and Parker was lauded for his personal bravery . Legacy ( edit ) Monument on Sullivans Island Fort Sullivan was renamed Fort Moultrie shortly after the battle to honor Colonel William Moultrie for his successful defense of the fort and the city of Charleston . Extensively modified in the years after the battle , it was supplanted by Fort Sumter as the principal defense of Charleston prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War . In 1876 , to celebrate the centennial , companies from Savannah , Augusta , Macon , Columbia , New York and Boston were invited to Charleston . The site was turned over to the National Park Service in 1960 , and is now part of Fort Sumter National Monument . A small monument to the Battle of Sullivan 's Island has been placed at the northeastern tip of the island , overlooking the inlet where General Clinton 's soldiers had hoped to cross . The monument includes historical markers describing the events surrounding the engagement . One iconic emblem of the battle was the flag designed by Colonel Moultrie . Commissioned by the colonial government , he designed a blue flag with a white crescent in the top left corner , which was flown at the fort during the battle . Despite being shot down during the siege , it was seen as a symbol of this successful defense ( and famously raised during victory ) . It came to be known as the Moultrie flag or Liberty Flag . When Charleston ( lost to the British in the 1780 siege ) was reclaimed by American forces at the end of the war , the flag was returned to the city by General Nathanael Greene . Beginning on the first anniversary of this victory in 1777 Charlestonians and South Carolinians celebrate `` Carolina Day '' annually to commemorate this first major victory of American Forces over the British . Each year local events include a parade in downtown Charleston and reenactments at Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 220 ^ Jump up to : Morrill , p. 25 Jump up ^ Stokely , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Stokely , pp. 9 -- 13 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2000 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 37 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2000 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , pp. 92 -- 98 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 96 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 36 Jump up ^ Montgomery , pp. 54 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : Ward , p. 670 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Russell ( 2000 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Ward , p. 672 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 87 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 43 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Stokely , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Ward , p. 673 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2000 ) , p. 88 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 48 Jump up ^ Fort Moultrie Centennial , Part 1 . Charleston , SC : Walter , Evans & Cogswell. 1876 . p. 10 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , pp. 162,167 Jump up ^ Stokely , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , pp. 123,179 -- 180 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 47 Jump up ^ Morrill , p. 19 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2000 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 45 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2000 ) , p. 92 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 212 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ Morrill , p. 22 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 46 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Ward , p. 674 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , pp. 212 -- 213 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 222 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 50 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 215 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 51 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 55 Jump up ^ Russell ( 2002 ) , p. 223 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 54 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 56 Jump up ^ Stokely , p. 7 Jump up ^ Stokely , pp. 18 -- 43 Jump up ^ Fort Moultrie Centennial , Part II . Charleston : Walker , Evans & Cogswell. 1876 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stokely , p. 72 Jump up ^ `` National Park Service : Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 10 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . References ( edit ) Montgomery , Horace ( ed ) ( 2010 ) ( 1958 ) . Georgians in Profile : Historical Essays in Honor of Ellis Merton Coulter . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3547 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Morrill , Dan ( 1993 ) . Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution . Baltimore , MD : Nautical & Aviation Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877853 - 21 - 0 . OCLC 231619453 . Russell , David Lee ( 2000 ) . The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0783 - 5 . OCLC 248087936 . Russell , David Lee ( 2002 ) . Victory on Sullivan 's Island : the British Cape Fear / Charles Town Expedition of 1776 . Haverford , PA : Infinity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7414 - 1243 - 0 . OCLC 54439188 . Papas , Phillip . Renegade Revolutionary : The Life of General Charles Lee ( New York University Press ; 2014 ) 402 pages ; Stokely , Jim ( 1985 ) . Fort Moultrie , Constant Defender . Washington , DC : National Park Service . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912627 - 27 - 4 . OCLC 13401937 . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . The War of the Revolution . New York : MacMillan . OCLC 214962727 . Wilson , David K ( 2005 ) . The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia , 1775 -- 1780 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 573 - 9 . OCLC 232001108 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island&oldid=812971518 '' Categories : Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Charleston County , South Carolina South Carolina in the American Revolution Conflicts in 1776 1776 in the United States 1776 in South Carolina Hidden categories : Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 23 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who rescued the flag at the battle of sullivan's island
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"One iconic emblem of the battle was the flag designed by Colonel Moultrie. Commissioned by the colonial government, he designed a blue flag with a white crescent in the top left corner, which was flown at the fort during the battle.[26] Despite being shot down during the siege, it was seen as a symbol of this successful defense (and famously raised during victory). It came to be known as the Moultrie flag or Liberty Flag. When Charleston (lost to the British in the 1780 siege) was reclaimed by American forces at the end of the war, the flag was returned to the city by General Nathanael Greene.[citation needed]"
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"General Nathanael Greene"
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Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)
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Brazil v Germany ( 2014 FIFA World Cup ) - wikipedia Brazil v Germany ( 2014 FIFA World Cup ) `` 7 - 1 '' redirects here . For the calendar dates , see January 7 and July 1 . Brazil v Germany Scene inside Estádio Mineirão , twenty minutes before the start of the match Event 2014 FIFA World Cup Semi-final Brazil Germany 7 Date 8 July 2014 Venue Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte , Brazil Man of the Match Toni Kroos ( Germany ) Referee Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) Attendance 58,141 Weather Clear night 22 ° C ( 71 ° F ) 51 % humidity The Brazil versus Germany ( German : Fußball - WM - Halbfinale Brasilien -- Deutschland 2014 ; Portuguese : Semifinal da Copa do Mundo de 2014 -- Brasil vs. Alemanha ) football match that took place on 8 July 2014 at the Estádio Mineirão in Belo Horizonte , Brazil , was the first of two semi-final matches of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Both Brazil and Germany reached the semi-finals with an undefeated record in the competition , with the Brazilians ' quarter - final with Colombia causing them to lose striker Neymar to injury , and defender and captain Thiago Silva to accumulation of yellow cards . Despite the absences , a close match was expected , given both teams were traditional FIFA World Cup forces , sharing eight tournaments won and having previously met in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final , where Brazil won 2 -- 0 and earned their fifth title . This match , however , ended in a shocking loss for Brazil ; Germany led 5 -- 0 at half time , with four goals scored within six minutes , and subsequently brought the score up to 7 -- 0 in the second half . Brazil scored a consolation goal in the last minute , ending the match 7 -- 1 . Germany 's Toni Kroos was selected as the man of the match . The game marked several tournament records . Germany 's win marked the largest margin of victory in a FIFA World Cup semi-final . The game saw Germany overtake Brazil as the highest scoring team in World Cup tournament history and become the first team to reach eight World Cup Finals . Miroslav Klose scored his 16th career World Cup goal and surpassed Brazil 's own Ronaldo as the tournament 's all - time record goalscorer . Brazil 's loss broke their 62 - match home unbeaten streak in competitive matches going back to Copa America 1975 ( over Peru 1 -- 3 ) , equalled their biggest ever margin of defeat in a match alongside a 6 -- 0 loss to Uruguay in 1920 , and broke the record for the most goals ever conceded by Brazil in an international match . Ultimately , the match was described as a national humiliation . The game has subsequently been dubbed the Mineirazo ( Mineiraço ( minejˈɾasu ) ) , evoking a previous `` spirit of national shame '' known as the Maracanazo ( Maracanaço ) in which Brazil unexpectedly lost the 1950 FIFA World Cup on home soil to Uruguay . Brazil subsequently lost the third place playoff to the Netherlands , and Germany went on to win the World Cup for the fourth time after defeating Argentina in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . Contents 1 Background 2 Match 2.1 First half 2.2 Second half 2.3 Details 2.4 Statistics 3 Records 4 Reactions 4.1 Professional 4.2 Society 4.3 Media 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Brazil failed their appeal to rescind captain Thiago Silva 's suspension for the match . Brazil was hosting the FIFA World Cup for the second time ( after 1950 ) , and had won the tournament on five previous occasions . Germany was a three - time winner but had not won the tournament in 24 years . Brazil was in the semi-finals for the first time since 2002 , from which they emerged victorious and subsequently won the tournament against Germany ; while Germany was in a record - breaking fourth consecutive semi-final . Both teams had entered the tournament among the favourites to win , with Germany ranked 2nd and Brazil ranked 3rd in the FIFA World Rankings . It was only the second official match between the two sides . Germany 's Manuel Neuer practicing prior to the particular match on 7 July 2014 . Brazil 's route to the semi-final included a group stage with Croatia , Mexico and Cameroon in Group A , from which they advanced with seven points before beating Chile in the Round of 16 in a penalty shoot - out , and Colombia in the quarter - finals . Germany had been drawn with Portugal , Ghana and the United States in Group G , and advanced with seven points before beating Algeria in the Round of 16 ( after extra time ) and France in the quarter - finals . The two teams had met in 21 previous matches , but their only previous encounter in the single - elimination round of the World Cup was the final of the 2002 FIFA World Cup that was a 2 - 0 victory for Brazil , which was Luiz Felipe Scolari 's first tenure as manager of Brazil while Miroslav Klose was in Germany 's starting lineup . Brazil defender and captain Thiago Silva was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards , despite an appeal against the suspension by the Brazilian Football Confederation . Forward Neymar was also unavailable for the match , having been sidelined for the rest of the tournament after suffering a fractured vertebra in the quarter - final match against Colombia . Dante and Bernard , making their first starts of the tournament , replaced Thiago Silva and Neymar respectively with Luiz Gustavo replacing Paulinho in defensive midfield . Germany were unchanged from their quarter - final . Goalkeeper Júlio César and stand - in captain David Luiz paid tribute to Neymar by holding his shirt during the national anthem ceremony . Even with the absences , analysts expected a close match , feeling the home crowd could provide an advantage . Match ( edit ) Both teams had reached the semi-finals undefeated in their previous matches of the tournament . The officiating was led by Mexican referee Marco Antonio Rodríguez , in what proved to be the final match of his career . First half ( edit ) Brazil 's captain David Luiz ( back centre ) led a defence that was incapable of stopping the Germans from scoring four goals in six minutes , starting with Miroslav Klose 's ( left ) strike in the 23rd minute . Both teams started with attacking play , with Brazilian Marcelo 's shot going wide in the third minute and German Sami Khedira 's shot in the seventh minute being inadvertently blocked by his teammate Toni Kroos . In the 11th minute , the Germans scored from their first corner of the game . Thomas Müller escaped his marker , David Luiz , in the penalty box , and Toni Kroos 's delivery found him wide open for a side - footed shot into the net . In the following minutes Brazil tried to respond but their attacks came to nothing , although Philipp Lahm needed to deliver a brilliant tackle to keep Marcelo from setting up a chance in the penalty box . Instead , in the 23rd minute , Germany scored again after Kroos and Müller combined to set up Miroslav Klose , who scored on the rebound after his initial shot was saved by goalkeeper Júlio César . It was Klose 's 16th goal at a World Cup , passing the Brazilian Ronaldo as the all - time World Cup top scorer . Klose 's goal initiated a flurry of German scoring as Brazil lost control of the game . In the 24th minute , Kroos scored with a left - footed strike from the edge of the area after Lahm 's cross was deflected . Then , in the 26th minute , just a few seconds after Brazil kicked off , Kroos caught Fernandinho in possession in his own half and played a one - two with Khedira before scoring again . Kroos ' goals came just 70 seconds apart . Khedira himself scored in the 29th minute after exchanging passes with Mesut Özil . All five of Germany 's first half goals came within the first half - hour , with four of them coming in one six - minute period . Brazil had no shots on target in the first half . Many Brazil supporters in the crowd were visibly in shock or reduced to tears . The resulting fights in the Mineirão stands forced the Military Police to send a special forces squad into the stadium . Second half ( edit ) Brazil 's forward Fred is challenged by Germany 's defender Jérôme Boateng . Fred was heavily criticized for his performance and was booed by Brazilian fans when he was substituted . Brazil 's substitution of Paulinho for Fernandinho and Ramires for Hulk resulted in an improvement in their play after the restart ; Germany goalkeeper Manuel Neuer saved shots in quick succession from Oscar , Paulinho and Fred . By the 60th minute , though , the Germans came close to scoring again , with Júlio César denying Müller twice . Another German goal indeed came in the 69th minute -- Lahm 's low cross found substitute André Schürrle , who side - footed the ball into the net from close range . 10 minutes later , Schürrle ran onto Müller 's cross from the left and hit a powerful shot over Júlio César at the near post . At this point with the score at 7 -- 0 , the remaining home fans gave the Germans a standing ovation , applauding both Schürrle 's goal and Germany 's overall performance . Close to the end , Özil received a through ball but just missed the chance to make it eight . Seconds later , Oscar received a long ball and scored in the 90th minute to make it 7 -- 1 . The final score matched Brazil 's worst ever loss ( 6 -- 0 to Uruguay in 1920 ) and ended a run of 62 competitive home matches unbeaten for Brazil . The Brazilian players left the pitch in tears to a chorus of boos . Toni Kroos was selected Man of the Match , with three shots , two goals , 93 % pass accuracy , one assist and two chances created . Brazilian striker Fred , who was replaced by Willian in the 70th minute , received a particularly hostile reaction from the home fans . According to Opta Sports , Fred failed to make a single tackle , cross , run or interception during the match , and actually spent the majority of his time in possession of the ball on the centre spot due to six restarts . Details ( edit ) 8 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Oscar 90 ' Report Müller 11 ' Klose 23 ' Kroos 24 ' , 26 ' Khedira 29 ' Schürrle 69 ' , 79 ' Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Attendance : 58,141 Referee : Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) Brazil Germany GK 12 Júlio César RB 23 Maicon CB David Luiz ( c ) CB 13 Dante 68 ' LB 6 Marcelo CM 5 Fernandinho 46 ' CM 17 Luiz Gustavo RW 7 Hulk 46 ' AM 11 Oscar LW 20 Bernard CF 9 Fred 70 ' Substitutes : GK Jefferson DF Dani Alves MF 8 Paulinho 46 ' DF 14 Maxwell DF 15 Henrique MF 16 Ramires 46 ' MF 18 Hernanes MF 19 Willian 70 ' FW 21 Jô GK 22 Victor Manager : Luiz Felipe Scolari GK Manuel Neuer RB 16 Philipp Lahm ( c ) CB 20 Jérôme Boateng CB 5 Mats Hummels 46 ' LB Benedikt Höwedes CM 6 Sami Khedira 76 ' CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger RW 13 Thomas Müller AM 18 Toni Kroos LW 8 Mesut Özil CF 11 Miroslav Klose 58 ' Substitutes : GK 12 Ron - Robert Zieler DF Kevin Großkreutz DF Matthias Ginter FW 9 André Schürrle 58 ' FW 10 Lukas Podolski MF 14 Julian Draxler 76 ' DF 15 Erik Durm DF 17 Per Mertesacker 46 ' MF 19 Mario Götze GK 22 Roman Weidenfeller MF 23 Christoph Kramer Manager : Joachim Löw Man of the Match : Toni Kroos ( Germany ) Assistant referees : Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Marcos Quintero ( Mexico ) Fourth official : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Fifth official : Mark Hurd ( United States ) Match rules : 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Twelve named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) German players celebrating Toni Kroos ' ( centre , obscured ) first goal of the game . Statistic Brazil Germany Goals scored 7 Total shots 18 14 Shots on target 8 10 Ball possession 52 % 48 % Corner kicks 7 5 Fouls committed 11 14 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Records ( edit ) The game 's result was the biggest winning margin in a World Cup semi-final or final . The outcome was also the worst loss by a host country in World Cup history , as the six - goal difference doubled the previous record margin . By the end of the game , a total of 167 goals had been scored at the 2014 World Cup , the 2nd-most at a single World Cup , after 1998 with 171 goals . With 18 total shots on target , the match had the joint-most shots on target of any match in 90 minutes at the 2014 World Cup . The match also had the fastest four goals scored in World Cup history , with Germany scoring in the span of six minutes ( from 23 ' to 29 ' ) ; in 1954 , Austria took seven minutes ( 25 ' to 32 ' ) and in 1982 , Hungary also took seven minutes ( 69 ' to 76 ' ) to score four goals . Germany equalled the record for most goals scored against the host nation of the World Cup , with Austria defeating Switzerland 7 -- 5 in the 1954 World Cup . Germany also overtook Brazil to become the all - time highest - scoring team in FIFA World Cup history , their total of 223 at full - time passing Brazil 's 221 . Before the match Brazil and Germany were even with seven World Cup finals each , the German victory made them the only squad to reach 8 finals . For Brazil , the result became one of their two worst losses , equalling a 6 -- 0 defeat to Uruguay in 1920 , and was their worst - ever defeat at home ; their previous worst defeat at home was a 5 -- 1 defeat by Argentina in Rio de Janeiro in 1939 . The loss broke Brazil 's 62 - match home unbeaten streak in competitive matches , dating back to their 1 -- 3 loss to Peru in the 1975 Copa América ; this match was also played at Estádio Mineirão in Belo Horizonte . The last time Brazil had lost a World Cup semi-final was in 1938 , in a dramatic game against Italy in Marseille , and had emerged victorious from this stage the previous six times they had reached it , since the loss in 1974 against Netherlands was not formally a semi-final . Brazil had never before conceded seven goals at home , although they once conceded eight goals in a 4 -- 8 friendly defeat to Yugoslavia on 3 June 1934 ; the last time they conceded at least five was in a 6 -- 5 win in the 1938 World Cup versus Poland ; at least four was in a 2 -- 4 defeat at the 1954 World Cup against Hungary . Brazil 's previous largest losing deficit at the World Cup prior to the match was three goals , which came in the 0 -- 3 defeat to France in the 1998 final . The game 's outcome also marked Brazil 's worst result against Germany , passing a 0 -- 2 defeat in a 1986 friendly . Germany celebrate after striker Miroslav Klose ( centre , number 11 ) scored a record 16th World Cup goal , putting his team 0 -- 2 up against Brazil . For Germany , the final result meant that , for the fourth straight time , they were positioned among the tournament 's top 3 teams ; moreover , the victory allowed the Germans to become the first side to reach eight World Cup finals . The match was a record 12th time a German team played in a semi-final . Germany became the first team to score 7 goals in a World Cup semi-final . The last time a team scored six goals was West Germany in 1954 versus Austria , same as in both semi-finals in 1930 . It was Germany 's highest half - time lead in a World Cup match , with their previous best being 4 -- 0 against Saudi Arabia in 2002 , the match finished 8 -- 0 which is Germany 's biggest World Cup victory . Only two teams have previously trailed by at least five goals at half - time : Zaire ( versus Yugoslavia in 1974 ) and Haiti ( versus Poland in 1974 ) . The seven goals scored by Germany reflected a better goal - scoring record in the World Cup Finals than that of 28 other nations in their respective history of the World Cup . Germany 's Miroslav Klose equalled the Brazilian Cafu as the player with most matches being on the winning side at the World Cup , with 16 victories . Klose played his 23rd World Cup match , equalling Paolo Maldini on 2nd place on most World Cup matches , with only Lothar Matthäus remaining with more ( 25 ) . Klose has played in more knockout games than Matthäus or Cafu -- 13 , and also became the only player to take part in four World Cup semi-finals ( Uwe Seeler previously played in three semi-finals ) . In the match , he broke the record for the most goals scored at the World Cup with 16 , overtaking Brazil 's Ronaldo 's total of 15 ; Ronaldo was in attendance at the match as a commentator . Thomas Müller 's goal was Germany 's 2,000 th in the history of their national team . Müller became the third player in history to score five or more goals in two different World Cups ( after Klose and the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas ) and the second player to score five or more goals in consecutive World Cups ( after Klose ) . Toni Kroos ' first - half double scored in 69 seconds was the fastest pair of goals scored in World Cup history by the same player . Reactions ( edit ) Professional ( edit ) Man of the Match Toni Kroos . Kroos scored two goals in 69 seconds , making it the fastest brace in the history of the FIFA World Cup . He would later express feeling sorry for the defeated adversary , who he considered `` not in their best performance '' . According to reports , after Germany had scored their seventh goal , Neymar , who was watching the match on television , switched off his set and went to play poker . Brazil manager Luiz Felipe Scolari said the result was the `` worst loss by a Brazilian national team ever '' and accepted all responsibility for the defeat . He called it `` the worst day of my life '' , and resigned after the tournament . Stand - in captain David Luiz and goalkeeper Júlio César both offered apologies to the people of Brazil . Fred , who was booed by Brazilian fans during the match , said it was the worst defeat in his and his teammates ' careers . He later announced his retirement from international football following the tournament . Recovering from his injury , Neymar expressed his support to his teammates and , despite the 7 -- 1 score , said he was proud to be a part of the team . During the match , the German team seemed to realise that what was unfolding was not a normal football event . In a post-match statement , Mats Hummels said that the German team had decided that they did not want to humiliate the Brazilians during the second half and after the match : We just made it clear that we had to stay focused and not try to humiliate them . We said we had to stay serious and concentrate at half - time . That 's something you do n't have to show on the pitch if you are playing . You have to show the opponent respect and it was very important that we did this and did n't try to show some magic or something like this . It was important we played our game for 90 minutes . Accordingly , the Germans cut theatrics from their goal celebrations ; arms were raised but there was no jumping or screaming after scoring . Coach Joachim Löw stated his team had `` a clear , persistent game - plan '' , and as they realised Brazil were `` cracking up '' , they took advantage as in contrast to the Brazilians ' nervousness the German players were `` extremely cool '' . Toni Kroos , who was chosen as Man of the Match , added that as the Germans felt that in `` no game of the Cup , ( the Brazilians ) played their best '' , the squad entered with the tactical knowledge on how to counter Brazil : `` we took all the balls , and scored the goals '' . Müller said he was `` shocked by just how open Brazil were '' as `` Gustavo , Luiz , Dante , Fernandinho and Marcelo were shambolic in their positioning '' , being confused and disorganized , noting that his German teammates benefited overwhelmingly as `` the spaces were bigger than against defence - minded teams '' . Löw also declared the team had `` no euphoria '' during or after the game , as they knew that the 7 -- 1 win meant nothing for the upcoming final , saying `` We did n't celebrate . We were happy , but we still have a job to do '' . Following the match , the German players and managers offered words of consolation to the Brazilians . Löw and players Per Mertesacker and Philipp Lahm even compared the pressure on the Brazilian team and resulting heartbreaking defeat with Germany 's own when they hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup and also lost in the semifinals . Lahm added in an interview after the tournament that he had felt `` very uneasy '' during the match and `` not at all euphoric '' since the Brazilian team had made mistakes that `` do n't usually happen at this level '' , and Mertesacker noted that despite featuring the Germans at the top of their game , `` even from the bench , ( the semifinal ) was crazy to watch '' . Kroos stated that , despite Brazil having good players , `` they could n't show their best performance '' due to all the outside pressure , and expressed faith in `` them returning with a good squad '' . Löw observed in the immediate aftermath of the match that the Brazilian people were applauding his team . Later the Brazilian newspaper O Globo expressed appreciation for the gestures of the German players , calling them `` world champions of sympathy '' . Brazilian footballing icon Pelé tweeted , `` I always said that football is a box of surprises . Nobody in this world expected this result , '' followed by , `` ( Brazil ) Will try to get the sixth title in Russia . Congratulations to Germany . '' Carlos Alberto Torres , the captain of Brazil 's winning team in 1970 , said that the country lost due to a `` feeling of ' we 've already won ' '' . He added that `` Germany played how I like to see and Scolari 's tactics for this match were suicidal '' . Argentina coach Alejandro Sabella struggled to explain Brazil 's loss , saying `` Football is illogical '' . In contrast , Argentinian icon Diego Maradona was seen singing a song mocking the Brazilian defeat . Society ( edit ) In Germany , the match 's coverage by ZDF set a record for the country 's most watched TV broadcast ever , with 32.57 million viewers ( 87.8 % of all viewers ) , beating the Germany -- Spain match at the 2010 World Cup . This record was beaten five days later with the final . In contrast , despite a weekly spike in audience , the broadcast by Brazilian Rede Globo saw the viewers total fall with each German goal . Brazil 's defeat was lamented by the nation 's President , Dilma Rousseff . The match was the most discussed sports game ever on Twitter with over 35.6 million tweets , surpassing Super Bowl XLVIII , with 24.9 million tweets during the game . At first incentive hashtags such as `` # PrayForBrazil '' were common , but once Germany built a 5 -- 0 lead Brazilian users instead lent their frustration into self - deprecatory humor , comparing Germany 's goals with the Volkswagen Gol car and stating the Brazilian team looked like `` 11 Freds '' . Other Twitter users compared Germany 's dominating performance to their military efforts during World War II and The Holocaust , for example , dubbing it the `` Goalocaust '' . Bung Moktar Radin , a member of parliament of Malaysia , came under heavy criticism from the Malaysian public and the German ambassador , Holger Michael , for posting such a comment . The President of Brazil , Dilma Rousseff , stated on Twitter following the match that `` like all Brazilians , I am deeply saddened by our loss '' . The Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs , Yigal Palmor , mentioned the match when countering Brazil 's claim that his country was using disproportionate force in the Gaza conflict , saying `` This is not football . In football , when a game ends in a draw , you think it is proportional , but when it finishes 7 -- 1 it 's disproportionate '' . Due to the pressure on the home nation Brazil to win the World Cup and the subsequent shock of the loss , the media and FIFA dubbed the game the Mineirazo ( Mineiraço in Brazil ) , meaning `` The Mineirão blow '' , evoking the Maracanazo ( Maracanaço ) in which Brazil were defeated on home soil by outsiders Uruguay in the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . The daughter of goalkeeper Moacir Barbosa , who was scapegoated for the 1950 defeat , said the loss was enough to redeem her father 's legacy , while Uruguayan striker Alcides Ghiggia , responsible for the Cup - winning goal of the Maracanazo , felt that though both games were traumatic they could not be compared as the 1950 match had more at stake . Following the match , German fans were escorted out of the stadium by police and police were put on alert for possible riots . Observers noted that while the German supporters had shown respect to the defeated hosts , Argentinian fans were celebrating Brazil 's elimination . There were reports of a mass robbery at a fan party in Rio de Janeiro and of fans setting fire to Brazilian flags in the streets of São Paulo even before the match was over . A number of buses were burned across São Paulo and an electronics store was looted . Media ( edit ) Estado de Minas , Belo Horizonte 's biggest broadsheet newspaper , had a blank front cover ( left ) featuring a sad supporter , a graphical representation of the goalscorers , and the headline : `` Do you even want to remember what happened ? Then turn the page . '' The back cover ( right ) had the headline `` The Biggest Shame of Brazilian Football '' . Brazilian newspapers greeted the result with headlines such as `` The Biggest Shame in History '' ( Lance ! ) , a `` Historical humiliation '' ( Folha de S. Paulo ) and `` Brazil is slain '' ( O Globo ) . German paper Bild heralded the `` 7 -- 1 Madness '' by the `` Lightning DFB team '' . The French L'Équipe simply said , `` Le Désastre '' ( The Disaster ) . Writing for Sky Sports , Matthew Stanger described the game as the `` ultimate embarrassment '' , while Miguel Delaney of ESPN referred to the match as the Mineirazo , echoing the term invented for the event by the South American Spanish language press . Barney Ronay in The Guardian described it as `` the most humiliating World Cup host nation defeat of all time '' , and Joe Callaghan of The Independent described it as `` the darkest night in Brazil 's footballing history '' . Wyre Davies , the BBC 's Rio de Janeiro correspondent , said of Brazilian 's reactions at the stadium and fan parks that the `` collective sense of shock , embarrassment and national humiliation across Brazil was impossible to ignore '' . Football journalist Tim Vickery postulated that the result might be the catalyst for overdue reform of Brazilian club football , which in his opinion had become complacent in comparison to other countries , resting on the laurels of the national team 's history of success . In his words , this was a chance to `` recapture parts of its historic identity and reframe them in a modern , global context '' . Reports had many comparisons with the Maracanazo that cost Brazil a title at home in 1950 , with the Brazilian media even considering that the 2014 defeat redeemed the 1950 squad . Analysts deconstructed all the tactical and technical deficiencies that led to the blowout result . Scolari still relied on the team that won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup despite many players going through dry spells , and most of them not having any World Cup experience . Brazil had not played particularly well during the group stage and first two knockout games , relying heavily upon Neymar in attack , and their flaws were exposed in the semi-finals where they faced a much tougher adversary in Germany . Neymar was such a focal point that the team barely trained any formations without him . In his absence , Scolari replaced Neymar with Bernard to maintain the attacking tradition of Brazilian football , instead of the `` ' logical call ' ( which ) was surely to bring in an extra midfielder '' against the Germans . The assistant coaches even supported bringing in the more defensive - minded Ramires and Willian . Thus , Fernandinho and Luiz Gustavo were overwhelmed by the Germany midfield trio of Toni Kroos , Sami Khedira and Bastian Schweinsteiger . The defense that had already been questioned in previous games collapsed as Dante was proven to be an inadequate replacement for the suspended Silva , while David Luiz made uncharacteristic errors during the semi-final . Other errors included setting up Marcelo to a more attacking play , while Gustavo was tasked with covering him , and the ineffective role of Fred who is often regarded as a tactical striker rather than goal - scoring striker . Aftermath ( edit ) As a result of being eliminated in the semi-finals , Brazil had to settle for the bronze medal match at the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in Brasília , and never got to play at their home stadium in Rio de Janeiro for that tournament despite being hosts . Brazil finished fourth after being defeated 0 -- 3 in the third place play - off by the Netherlands on 12 July . The defeat matched Brazil 's previous worst loss at the World Cup , 3 -- 0 to France in the 1998 Final , and meant that they conceded a total of 14 goals throughout the tournament , which was the most Brazil had conceded in a single tournament , the most ever conceded by a World Cup host , and the most conceded by any team since Belgium allowed 15 during the 1986 tournament . Germany went on to win the World Cup for the fourth time , the first as a unified nation , after defeating Argentina 1 -- 0 in the final match on 13 July at the Maracanã . Germany had the support of the Brazilian crowd despite having eliminated the home team , given Brazil has a long - standing football rivalry with neighbours Argentina . The two consecutive losses , Brazil 's first consecutive home defeats since 1940 , led to coach Luiz Felipe Scolari 's resignation on 15 July . Two weeks later , the Brazilian Football Confederation brought back Dunga as head coach of the Brazil national team . He had managed the team from 2006 until 2010 , being dismissed following a 2 -- 1 loss to the Netherlands in the 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter - finals . He was dismissed for a second time , however , following Brazil crashing out at the group stage of the Copa América Centenario in the United States two years later . In the meantime , the result `` 7 : 1 '' ( Portuguese : `` sete a um '' ) has become a metaphor for a devastating and crushing defeat in Brazilian use of language , while `` Goal for Germany '' ( Portuguese : `` gol da Alemanha '' ) is used as an exclamation after a mishap . In the Men 's Football Gold Medal match of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil defeated Germany in penalties , avenging their 7 - 1 loss in the World Cup and giving Brazil its first football Olympic gold medal . See also ( edit ) Association football portal Football in Germany portal Brazil portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup records Austria v Switzerland ( 1954 FIFA World Cup ) Uruguay v Brazil ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) 1958 FIFA World Cup Final 1920 South American Championship 2002 FIFA World Cup Final 2014 FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brazil played East Germany in 1974 , but FIFA -- in line with the political and legal process of German reunification -- considers the current Germany team to be identical with the former West Germany . Jump up ^ Germany chose an away kit similar to Rio de Janeiro - based team Clube de Regatas do Flamengo . The kit was released February 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tactical Line - up '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Official Website. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 7 July 2014 ) . `` Phil McNulty 's guide to the semi-finals '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Peter . `` A look at the FIFA World Cup favourites and roughies '' . The Roar . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 countries : Fifa world rankings '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.11v11.com/teams/germany/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Brazil/ Jump up ^ `` Germany -- Brazil : Head to head '' . FIFA . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil crowned world champions '' . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 30 June 2002 ) . `` Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Belam , Martin ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Calm down `` West Germany '' pedants - Germany HAS previously won the FIFA World Cup three times `` . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil appeal against Thiago Silva 's World Cup semi-final ban rejected '' . The Guardian . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil lodge appeal to have Thiago Silva 's yellow card overturned '' . The Guardian . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil forward out of 2014 Fifa World Cup with back injury '' . BBC . 5 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Charles ( 5 July 2014 ) . `` Neymar ruled out of World Cup : Striker to miss rest of tournament with broken vertebra as injury mars Colombia win '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil pay tribute to the injured Neymar by holding his shirt during the national anthem '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ley , John . `` Brazil v Germany : World Cup 2014 match preview '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonn , Kyle ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Mexican referee Marco `` Chiquimarco '' Rodriguez retires `` . NBC Sports . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` As it happened : Brazil 7 -- 1 Germany '' . RTE Sport. 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyers , Alan . `` Brazil vs Germany , World Cup 2014 : as it happened '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil 1 - 7 Germany '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliveira , Luiza ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Alemão leva soco ao comemorar gol no Mineirão e perde audição '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Cody ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina 's World Cup final loss to Germany gives Brazil something to cheer about '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil blown away by sharp Germany '' . ESPN . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil vs Germany match report World Cup 2014 : Utter humiliation for hosts as Thomas Muller and Toni Kroos help Germany hit seven past Selecao '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil - Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Numbers : How Germany systematically destroyed Brazil '' . FP Sports . Firstpost. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Fred booed as Brazil fans turn on Selecao '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Was Fred 's performance the worst display by a striker in World Cup history ? His heat map makes comical viewing '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` German Away Kit Inspired by Flamengo '' . Póg Mo Goal Magazine . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Matches Round '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup records tumble as Germany destroy Brazil 7 -- 1 '' . The Guardian . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Arrowsmith , Richard ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 's 7 -- 1 humiliation of World Cup hosts Brazil sees the record books rewritten '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Match Report Hungary - El Salvador '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Walters , John ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Germany Embarrasses Brazil in World Cup Semifinal '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Miroslav Klose sets scoring record as hosts are dumped out in semi-final '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Germany Defeats Brazil , 7 -- 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil lost a competitive match on home soil for the first time since 1975 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil boss Luiz Felipe Scolari on ' worst day ' '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheen , Tom ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Hosts join Haiti and Zaire as the only sides to be down by five at half - time '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mineirazo in numbers '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clinical Klose smashes World Cup records '' . SBS. 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose becomes all - time record scorer in World Cup finals '' . The Guardian . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andrade , Gustavo ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Kroos aponta Brasil aquém de seu futebol na Copa e diz sentir pena por goleada '' ( in Portuguese ) . Superesportes ( Diários Associados ) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar Konnte Beim Debakel Nicht Hinschauen Aid '' . MRP ( in German ) . 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil 's Luiz Felipe Scolari accepts blame after hammering by Germany '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil vs Germany World Cup 2014 : ' This was the worst defeat in Brazil 's history , ' admits Luiz Felipe Scolari '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Brazil boss Luiz Felipe Scolari on ' worst day ' '' . BBC . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil captain David Luiz apologises after loss '' . BBC . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz and Cesar say sorry after Brazil 's 7 -- 1 loss '' . Sky Sports . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred describes Brazil 's 7 - 1 World Cup 2014 defeat to Germany as ' a scar that will live with us forever ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred retires from international football '' . ESPN . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : '' J'aurais pu finir en chaise roulante `` ( Neymar : I could have ended up in a wheelchair ) '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Riva , Alberto ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` After 7 - 1 Destruction Of Brazil , Classy Germans Tweet Support For The Losers '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Uribarri , Jaime ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Germany made halftime pledge not to further humiliate Brazil in World Cup semifinal , says Mats Hummels '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Sam ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` ' We had a clear , persistent game - plan , ' says Germany coach Joachim Low after comprehensive victory '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil cracked up , says Germany 's Joachim Low '' . BBC . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany boss Joachim Low feels sympathy for Brazil after 7 -- 1 rout '' . Sky Sports . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Barbara ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Joachim Low 's heroes have inspired me to be a bit more German '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ de Escudeiro , Leonardo ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Seleção alemã deu exemplo de elegância com brasileiros '' ( in Portuguese ) . Trivela ( UOL ) . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , John ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Germany side that gave Brazil World Cup hiding a band of brothers claims Per Mertesacker '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Das 7 : 1 gegen Brasilien war `` beklemmend '' '' ( in German ) . Stern . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lepiani , Giancarlo ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Toni Kroos atropelou o Brasil . E depois disse sentir ' pena ' '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sami , Sillanpää ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Jalkapallo loi uuden Saksan '' ( Football created a new Germany ) . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Sanoma . p . A4 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany 7 -- 1 World Cup semi-final win over Brazil breaks Twitter record with 35.6 M tweets -- ESPN FC '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kallás , Fernando ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Carlos Alberto : `` La táctica de Scolari fue un suicidio '' ( Carlos Alberto `` Scolari 's tactics were suicidal '' ) `` . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Argentina boss Alejandro Sabella at a loss to explain Brazil 's World Cup humiliation by Germany '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona sings song mocking Brazil 's 7 - 1 loss to Germany in World Cup semifinals '' . Fox News . 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mantel , Uwe ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Deutschland jubelt sich zum Allzeit - Quotenrekord '' . DWDL . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vexame do Brasil na Copa do Mundo tem pior audiência na Globo '' ( in Portuguese ) . UOL. 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tomchak , Anne - Marie ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` # BBCtrending : Brazil 's World Cup thrashing breaks Twitter records '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pacelli , Shirley ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Sem perder o humor '' . Estado de Minas ( in Portuguese ) . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Twitter Sure Does Have a Lot of Nazi and Holocaust Jokes for the Germany - Brazil Game ! '' . New York . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian MP admires Germany win - and Hitler - in tweet '' . BBC News . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dilma lamenta derrota e diz que sente pelos jogadores e por brasileiros '' ( Dilma laments the defeat and says that she feels for the players and for the Brazilians ) . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israel calls Brazil a ' diplomatic dwarf ' -- and then brings up World Cup humiliation '' . Washington Post . 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trágico ' Mineirazo ' ; Alemania destroza a Brasil '' ( Tragical ' Mineirazo ' : Germany destroys Brazil ) . Excelsior ( in Spanish ) . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Mineirazo '' titulan los diarios brasileños tras derrota contra Alemania '' ( ' Mineirazo ' , say Brazilian newspaper after defeat to Germany ) ( in Spanish ) . RCN radio . Archived from the original on 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Del Maracanazo al Mineirazo '' ( From Maracanazo to Mineirazo ) . Página 12 ( in Spanish ) . AR . ^ Jump up to : Nolen , Stephanie ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil , losers on the field , now turn to the blame game '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' O Maracanazo é diferente porque foi uma final `` , afirma Ghiggia '' . Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Agência EFE. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ work ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` CBC News -- World Cup 2014 : Brazil fans stunned as Germany routs home team '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Espejel , Denisse ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Riots in Buenos Aires After Argentina 's World Cup Final Defeat '' . VICE News . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal : A Dark Day for Brazil '' . New York Times . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Buses set ablaze after Brazil 's World Cup loss '' . SBS. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Sympathy after thrashing dilutes aura of Brazil 's yellow and greens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capas do EM tem repercussão internacional '' . Estado de Minas ( in Portuguese ) . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How the world reacted to Brazil 's humiliation '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanger , Matthew ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` A World Cup night for Brazil that will never be forgotten '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Three points : Brazil left broken '' . ESPN . Retrieved 9 July 2014 ... The newly invented Spanish term was also immediately accepted by the Brazilian press in Portuguese , but with the Spanish , not its equivalent or native Portuguese spelling . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil World Cup humiliation by Germany should serve as a call to arms '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Joe ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Joachim Low 's golden generation into World Cup final and can finally shine '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Wyre ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Shock and humiliation in Brazil after German rout '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil must learn lessons from Germany humiliation '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Avelar , André ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Jogadores de 50 enfim são perdoados após Mineirazo '' ( in Portuguese ) . R7 ( Rede Record ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Itri , Bernardo ; Rizzo , Marcel ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` Felipão vai de pai do penta a gestor do fracasso '' . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ladyman , Ian ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil 's 7 - 1 defeat by Germany in the World Cup semi-final showed just how deep their flaws were ... they were always likely to be on the end of this kind of hiding '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Brazil 1 Germany 7 : The World Cup match that will echo down the years to the shame of host 's proud history '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Looking back at Germany v Brazil , World Cup semi-final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Raghav Chopra ( 9 Jul 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Five reasons why Brazil lost to Germany '' . CNN - News18 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Netherlands pile more misery on Brazil in third place play - off '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` BBC Sport - Brazil 0 - 3 Netherlands '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Trecker , Jamie ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` Netherlands add to Brazil 's misery , claim third place in World Cup '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 - 0 Argentina ( aet ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , James ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil falls short , but its World Cup provides unforgettable theater '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's 3 - 0 loss to Netherlands spells first consecutive home defeats since 1940 '' . Live Soccer TV . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz Felipe Scolari : Brazil coach resigns after 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peck , Brooks ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil brings back Dunga , might be pretending the 2014 World Cup never happened '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lusting , Nick ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Dunga sacked as Brazil head coach following Copa America exit '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ David Klaubert ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` Brasilien feiert 365 Tage ohne deutsches Tor '' ( Brazil celebrates 365 days without a German goal ) . faz.net ( in German ) . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2014 FIFA World Cup Match 61 , Brazil v Germany at Wikimedia Commons 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ( video game ) Adidas Brazuca ( ball ) Caxirola ( musical instrument ) Fuleco ( mascot ) One Love , One Rhythm ( album ) We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( song ) 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain Brazil national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1950 1958 1962 1970 1998 2002 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 1997 1999 2005 2009 2013 Copa América Finals 1995 1997 1999 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup Finals 2003 Superclásico de las Américas 2011 2012 2014 2017 Other matches Brazil 6 -- 5 ( a.e.t. ) Poland ( 1938 ) Brazil 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia ( 1938 ) Hungary 4 -- 2 Brazil ( 1954 ) Italy 3 -- 2 Brazil ( 1982 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 ( w.o. ) Chile ( 1989 ) Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany ( 2014 ) Germany national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1954 1966 1982 1986 2002 2014 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2017 UEFA European Championship Finals 1972 1976 1980 2008 Other matches Germany 8 -- 0 Denmark ( 1937 ) Italy 4 -- 3 West Germany ( 1970 ) Austria 3 -- 2 West Germany ( 1978 ) West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria ( 1982 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) England 0 -- 1 Germany ( 2000 ) Germany 1 -- 5 England ( 2001 ) Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany ( 2014 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil_v_Germany_(2014_FIFA_World_Cup)&oldid=854518606 '' Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup matches Brazil national football team matches Germany national football team matches Football in Belo Horizonte Germany at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Germany relations Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with login required references or sources Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2018 Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 23 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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who won the match between brazil and germany
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[
"Brazil v Germany\nScene inside Estádio Mineirão, twenty minutes before the start of the matchEvent\n2014 FIFA World CupSemi-final\n\n\nBrazil\nGermany\n\n\n\n\n1\n7\n\nDate\n8 July 2014Venue\nEstádio Mineirão, Belo Horizonte, BrazilMan of the Match\nToni Kroos (Germany)Referee\nMarco Rodríguez (Mexico)Attendance\n58,141Weather\nClear night22 °C (71 °F)51% humidity[1]"
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"Germany"
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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Stratified squamous epithelium - wikipedia Stratified squamous epithelium Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stratified squamous epithelium H&E stain of biopsy of normal esophagus showing the stratified squamous cell epithelium . Section of the human skin showing the stratified squamous epithelial surface , referred to as the epidermis . The layer of keratin here is named the stratum corneum . Identifiers Code р TH H2. 00.02. 0.02025 , H2. 00.02. 0.02030 FMA 45563 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous ( flattened ) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane . Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane ; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity . Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous , many cells within the layers may not be flattened ; this is due to the convention of naming epithelia according to the cell type at the surface . In the deeper layers , the cells may be columnar or cuboidal . There are no intercellular spaces . This type of epithelium is well suited to areas in the body subject to constant abrasion , as the thickest layers can be sequentially sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed . It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth , esophagus and vagina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Keratinization 1.1 Non-keratinized 1.2 Keratinized 2 Gallery 3 References Keratinization ( edit ) Non-keratinized ( edit ) Non-keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them from drying out . Examples of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include cornea ( see also corneal epithelium ) , lining mucosa of oral cavity , esophagus , anal canal , ectocervix , foreskin and the internal portion of the lips . Even non-keratinized surfaces , consisting as they do of keratinocytes , have a minor superficial keratinized layer of varying thickness , depending on the age of the epithelium and the damage it has experienced . Keratinized ( edit ) Keratinized surfaces are protected from abrasion by keratin and kept hydrated and protected from dehydration by glycolipids produced in the stratum granulosum . Examples of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include epidermis of the palm of the hand and sole of the foot , and the masticatory mucosa . Skin is also covered with stratified squamous epithelium . Gallery ( edit ) Epithelium Micrograph of normal stratified squamous epithelium ( right of image ) and the metaplasic epithelium of Barrett 's esophagus ( left of image ) . Alcian blue stain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard J. ; Derrickson , Bryan . Introduction to the Human Body . The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology ( 9th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0470 - 59892 - 4 . ( referring to stratified squamous epithelium ) Description : Two or more layers of cells ; cells in apical layer and several layers deep to it are squamous ; those in the deep layers vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar . Jump up ^ Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual with Cat Dissections 7th Edition . Pearson . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 88418 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Rebecca . `` Stratified Squamous Epithelium ( Keratinized ) '' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . ( hide ) Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratified_squamous_epithelium&oldid=805544118 '' Categories : Epithelium Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 02 : 12 . About Wikipedia
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where is stratified squamous epithelium located in the body
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"A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous, many cells within the layers may not be flattened; this is due to the convention of naming epithelia according to the cell type at the surface. In the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal.[1] There are no intercellular spaces. This type of epithelium is well suited to areas in the body subject to constant abrasion, as the thickest layers can be sequentially sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus and vagina.[2]"
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"the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus and vagina"
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-5718159264009065914
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High Commission of Canada in Barbados
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High Commission of Canada in Barbados - wikipedia High Commission of Canada in Barbados Jump to : navigation , search High Commission of Canada in Barbados Location Saint Michael , Barbados Address Bishop 's Court Hill High Commissioner Marie Legault Canadian High Commission ( in Bridgetown ) The High Commission of Canada in Barbados ( French : Haut - commissariat du Canada à la Barbade ) is Canada 's main diplomatic mission to Barbados . The exact location is Bishop 's Hill Court in Bridgetown , St. Michael . The auspices of the High Commission to Barbados also include issues involving the neighbouring Eastern Caribbean islands of Antigua and Barbuda , Dominica , Grenada , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , as well as three British overseas territories : Anguilla , the British Virgin Islands and Montserrat . It also includes consular and trade services for Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint - Martin and Sint Maarten . The High Commission provides business and consular services to residents and visitors to and from Canada . Additionally , the High Commissioner also serves as the honorary leader of the non-profit Canada Barbados Business Association ( CCBA ) organisation and a liaison for Canada to the Caribbean Development Bank ( CDB ) . The current resident High Commissioner from Canada stationed in Bridgetown is Marie Legault , who has a long career in international diplomacy . The office of the High Commissioner also works with the 3,000 - 4,000 registered Canadian permanent residents who reside in Barbados . Canadian High Commission , Port of Spain , Trinidad & Tobago Canadian immigration services were moved from Barbados to Trinidad in recent years for the purposes of cost savings . This means that all Caribbean people applying to immigrate to Canada from islands surrounding Barbados must apply through the office in Port of Spain , Trinidad . In 2011 the High Commission investigated relocating as it was believed it might have been built above a subterranean cave . Contents ( hide ) 1 Past High Commissioners 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Past High Commissioners ( edit ) Main article : List of Canadian diplomats James Russell McKinney ( 1966 / 11 / 30 -- 1969 / 07 / 19 ) Gerald Anthony Rau ( 1969 / 08 / 21 -- 1972 / 07 / 24 ) David Chalmer Reece ( 1972 / 08 / 28 -- 1973 / 09 / 27 ) Lawrence Austin Haynes Smith ( 1973 / 09 / 27 -- 1977 / 11 / 05 ) Trevor John Pinnacle ( 1977 / 11 / 05 -- 1979 / 01 / 18 ) Allan Barclay Roger ( 1979 / 01 / 18 -- 1983 / 08 / 28 ) Noble Edward Charles Power ( 1983 / 10 / 13 -- 1987 / 10 / 31 ) Arthur Robert Wright ( 1987 / 11 / 09 -- 1990 / 07 / 29 ) Janet P. Zukowsky ( 1990 / 10 / 08 -- 1994 / 00 / 00 ) Colleen Swords ( 1994 / 08 / 31 -- 1997 ? ) Duane Van Beselaere ( 1997 / 10 / 30 -- 2000 / 08 / 11 ) Sandelle D. Scrimshaw ( 2000 / 09 / 13 -- 2004 ? ) Michael C. Welsh ( 2004 / 08 / 09 -- 2007 ? ) David Marshall ( 2007 / 08 / 31 -- 2009 ? ) Ruth Archibald ( 2009 - 2012 ) Richard Hanley ( 2012 - 2016 ) Marie Legault ( current ) -- Notes Canadian diplomatic recognition of independent Barbados was given on 30 November 1966 . The High Commissioner to Trinidad and Tobago was concurrently accredited as High Commissioner to Barbados , though resident in Trinidad and Tobago . Smith Lawrence Austin Hayne - Mr. Smith became the first resident Canadian High Commissioner to Barbados , when a High Commission was established in Barbados on 27 September 1973 . Power Noble Edward Charles - Since 1983 , the High Commissioner to Barbados has also held the position of Commissioner to the British Virgin Islands . See also ( edit ) Canada -- Caribbean relations Barbados -- Canada relations The High Commission of Barbados in Ottawa The High Commission of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States in Ottawa ( OECS ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 4 July 2010 ) . `` Canada to boost help to region '' . Nation Newspaper . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Diplomatic Appointments June 18 , 2009 ( 1 : 45 p.m. EDT ) No. 166 Jump up ^ Geologist corrects error , May 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ McKinney Jump up ^ Rau Jump up ^ Reece Jump up ^ Smith Jump up ^ Pinnacle Jump up ^ Roger Jump up ^ Power Jump up ^ Wright Jump up ^ Zukowsky Jump up ^ Swords Jump up ^ Beselaere Jump up ^ Scrimshaw Jump up ^ Welch Jump up ^ Diplomatic Appointments August 31 , 2007 , No. 122 Jump up ^ Heads of Post - Bridgetown , Barbados External links ( edit ) Official website - of the Canadian High Commission in Barbados ( English ) Official website - of the Canadian High Commission in Barbados ( Français ) The Regional Security System ( RSS ) - website sponsored by the High Commission The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service in Barbados Canada 's DFAIT - on Canada - Barbados relations . The Canada Barbados Business Association ( CBBA ) - High Commissioner is Chairperson of organization . Diplomatic missions of Canada Americas Boston Bridgetown Chicago Los Angeles Mexico City New York Washington , D.C. Asia Abu Dhabi Kabul Hong Kong Kuala Lumpur Taipei Tokyo Europe Berlin Bucharest Budapest London Canada House Kiev Moscow Oslo Paris Warsaw Zagreb Oceania Canberra Other European Union Trade offices Houston Former Buffalo ( closed 2012 ) Washington , D.C. ( 1927 - 1988 ) Dublin ( residence , 1957 - 2008 ) London ( Macdonald House , 1961 - 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Commission_of_Canada_in_Barbados&oldid=811189687 '' Categories : Barbados -- Canada relations Diplomatic missions in Bridgetown Diplomatic missions of Canada High Commissioners of Canada to Barbados Lists of ambassadors of Canada Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Barbados articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the canadian high commissioner to barbados
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"\n\nHigh Commission of Canada in Barbados\n\n\nLocation\nSaint Michael, Barbados\n\n\nAddress\nBishop's Court Hill\n\n\nHigh Commissioner\nMarie Legault[1]\n\n"
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"Marie Legault"
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1337245947825406175
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History of mobile phones
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History of mobile phones - wikipedia History of mobile phones Jump to : navigation , search A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box , which stands empty . Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid 1980s that they became widely available . By 2011 , it was estimated in the United Kingdom that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices . The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network . While the transmission of speech by radio has a long history , the first models that were wireless , mobile , and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent . The first such devices were barely portable compared to today 's compact hand - held devices , and their use was clumsy . Along with the process of developing a more portable technology , and a better interconnections system , drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use , with smartphones becoming common globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband . Contents ( hide ) 1 Predecessors 2 Early services 2.1 MTS 2.2 IMTS 2.3 Radio Common Carrier 2.4 Other services 2.5 European mobile radio networks 3 The cellular concept 4 Emergence of automated services 5 Handheld mobile phone 6 The early generations 6.1 1G -- Analogue cellular 6.2 2G -- Digital cellular 6.3 3G -- Mobile broadband 7 4G -- Native IP networks 8 Satellite mobile 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Predecessors ( edit ) Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones , there were some precursors . In 1908 , a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone . They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped , but they do not seem to have proceeded with production . Beginning in 1918 , the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen . In 1924 , public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg . In 1925 , the company Zugtelephonie A.G. was founded to supply train telephony equipment and , in 1926 , telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first - class travelers . Karl Arnold drawing of public use of mobile telephones In 1907 , the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled `` Forecasts for 1907 '' in which he showed a man and a woman in London 's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment . Then , in 1926 , the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street , in the picture `` wireless telephony '' , published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus . The portrayal of a Utopia of mobile phone in literature dates back to the year 1931 . It is found in Erich Kästner 's children 's book The 35th of May , or Conrad 's Ride to the South Seas : `` A gentleman who rode along the sidewalk in front of them , suddenly stepped off the conveyor belt , pulled a phone from his coat pocket , spoke a number into it and shouted : `` Gertrude , listen , I 'll be an hour late for lunch because I want to go to the laboratory . Goodbye , sweetheart ! '' Then he put his pocket phone away again , stepped back on the conveyor belt , started reading a book ... '' -- Erich Kästner The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links . Hand - held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s . Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s . Early devices were bulky , consumed high power , and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations . Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications . In the United States , engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles , leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis , Missouri . Shortly after , AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service . A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas . The introduction of cellular technology , which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters , made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible . One of the earliest fictional descriptions of a mobile phone was the 1948 science fiction novel Space Cadet by Robert Heinlein . The protagonist , who has just traveled to Colorado from his home in Des Moines , receives a call from his father on a pocket telephone . Before going to space he decides to ship the telephone home `` since it was limited by its short range to the neighborhood of an earth - side ( i.e. terrestrial ) relay office . '' Ten years later , an essay by Arthur C. Clarke envisioned a `` personal transceiver , so small and compact that every man carries one . '' He wrote : `` the time will come when we will be able to call a person anywhere on Earth merely by dialing a number . '' Such a device would also , in Clarke 's vision , include means for global positioning so that `` no one need ever again be lost . '' Later , in Profiles of the Future , he predicted the advent of such a device taking place in the mid-1980s . U.S. TV series Get Smart ( 1965 - 1970 ) depicted spy gadgets with mobile telephones concealed in random objects , including shoes . In the USSR , Leonid Kupriyanovich , an engineer from Moscow , in 1957 - 1961 developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld mobile phones . The weight of one model , presented in 1961 , was only 70 g and could fit on a palm . However , in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile `` Altai '' phone was made . In 1965 , Bulgarian company `` Radioelektronika '' presented on the Inforga - 65 international exhibition in Moscow the mobile automatic phone combined with a base station . Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to 15 customers . The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early `` 0G '' services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service , to first - generation ( 1G ) analog cellular network , second - generation ( 2G ) digital cellular networks , third - generation ( 3G ) broadband data services to the state - of - the - art , fourth - generation ( 4G ) native - IP networks . Early services ( edit ) MTS ( edit ) In 1949 , AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service . From its start in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1946 , AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948 . Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week . Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen . The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 lb . Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology . Because only three radio channels were available , only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time . Mobile Telephone Service was expensive , costing 15 USD per month , plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call , equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD . In the UK , there was also a vehicle - based system called `` Post Office Radiophone Service , '' which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959 , and although it required callers to speak to an operator , it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain . The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972 . IMTS ( edit ) AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965 , giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service . IMTS used additional radio channels , allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area , introduced customer dialing , eliminating manual call setup by an operator , and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment . Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS , demand outstripped capacity . In agreement with state regulatory agencies , AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide . In New York City , for example , 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call . Radio common Carrier ( edit ) A mobile radio telephone Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T 's IMTS . RCC systems used paired UHF 454 / 459 MHz and VHF 152 / 158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS . RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete . Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities , but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern `` roaming '' because technical standards were not uniform . For example , the phone of an Omaha , Nebraska -- based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix , Arizona . Roaming was not encouraged , in part , because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs . Signaling formats were not standardized . For example , some systems used two - tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call . Other systems used DTMF . Some used Secode 2805 , which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone ( similar to IMTS signaling ) to alert mobiles of an offered call . Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half - duplex , push - to - talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand - helds or RCA 700 - series conventional two - way radios . Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads , and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone . A few users had full - duplex briefcase telephones ( radically advanced for their day ) At the end of RCC 's existence , industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming , and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats ( 600 / 1500 , 2805 , and Reach ) . Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers . Other services ( edit ) In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 km New York - Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving . The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites . In the UK , Channel Islands and elsewhere the `` Rabbit '' phone system was briefly used , being a hybrid of `` cell '' base stations and handsets . One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet ( closer with buildings ) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device . With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple 's new 4G `` smart watch '' so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell . European mobile radio networks ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Europe , several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed . In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled . Finland 's ARP , launched in 1971 , was also manual as was the Swedish MTD . All were replaced by the automatic NMT , ( Nordic Mobile Telephone ) system in the early 1980s . In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system . This system was available to the public for a subscription of £ 16 month . A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns . West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country 's first public commercial mobile phone network . In 1972 this was displaced by B - Netz which connected calls automatically . The cellular concept ( edit ) See also : Cellular network A multi-directional , cellular network antenna array ( `` cell tower '' ) In December 1947 , Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young , Bell Labs engineers , proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles . At this stage , the technology to implement these ideas did not exist , nor had the frequencies been allocated . Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel , Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan . It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now - familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse ( see picture at right ) Porter also invented the dial - then - send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time . In all these early examples , a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call , i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas . The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff , as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology , were described in the late 1960s , in papers by Frenkiel and Porter . In 1970 Amos E. Joel , Jr. , a Bell Labs engineer , invented a `` three - sided trunk circuit '' to aid in the `` call handoff '' process from one cell to another . His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept , but as switching systems became faster , such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system . A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973 , and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al . Emergence of automated services ( edit ) The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956 . Named MTA ( Mobiltelefonisystem A ) , it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial . The car phone could also be paged . Calls from the car were direct dial , whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car . It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator . Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget ( SRA ) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment . MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays , and weighed 40 kg . In 1962 , an upgraded version called Mobile System B ( MTB ) was introduced . This was a push - button telephone , and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability . In 1971 the MTD version was launched , opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success . The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed . In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR . The `` Altay '' national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT - 1327 standard . The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications ( VNIIS ) and the State Specialized Project Institute ( GSPI ) . In 1963 the service started in Moscow , and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR . Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia . In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster , Kansas , USA , the S&T Telephone Company , ( still in business today ) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility , offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas . This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard , and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines , trucks , and automobiles . For some as yet unknown reason , the system , after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period , was shut down . The management of the company was immediately changed , and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960 , not to be seen again . In 1966 , Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT - 0 , 5 combined with a base station RATZ - 10 ( RATC - 10 ) on Interorgtechnika - 66 international exhibition . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to six customers ( `` Radio '' magazine , 2 , 1967 ; `` Novosti dnya '' newsreel , 37 , 1966 ) . One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland , launched in 1971 . Posthumously , ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation ( 0G ) cellular network , being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks . Handheld mobile phone ( edit ) Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile phone prototype Prior to 1973 , mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles . Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone . On April 3 , 1973 , Martin Cooper , a Motorola researcher and executive , made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment , placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs , his rival . The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg ( 2.42 lb ) and measured 23 cm long , 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide . The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge . John F. Mitchell , Motorola 's chief of portable communication products and Cooper 's boss in 1973 , played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment . Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone . The early generations ( edit ) Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations . The `` generation '' terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched , but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems . 1G -- analogue cellular ( edit ) Main article : 1G First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT 's system first used in Tokyo in 1979 , later spreading to the whole of Japan , and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981 . The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) . It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983 , Israel in 1986 , and Australia in 1987 . AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology , but it had several serious issues by modern standards . It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner ; it was susceptible to cell phone `` cloning '' and it used a Frequency - division multiple access ( FDMA ) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support . On 6 March 1983 , the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech . It cost $100 m to develop , and took over a decade to reach the market . The phone had a talk time of just thirty - five minutes and took ten hours to charge . Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life , weight , and low talk time , and waiting lists were in the thousands . Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS ( D - AMPS ) in 1990 , and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008 . In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia . Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February . 2G -- digital cellular ( edit ) Main articles : 2G , 2.5 G , and 2.75 G Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters In the 1990s , the ' second generation ' mobile phone systems emerged . Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market : the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard . These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission , and also fast out - of - band phone - to - network signaling . The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones . In 1991 the first GSM network ( Radiolinja ) launched in Finland . In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America , though with some overlap . For example , the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe , so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems . In America the IS - 54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels . In 1993 , IBM Simon was introduced . This was possibly the world 's first smartphone . It was a mobile phone , pager , fax machine , and PDA all rolled into one . It included a calendar , address book , clock , calculator , notepad , email , and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard . The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with . It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped . It had applications , or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone . Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger `` brick '' phones toward tiny 100 -- 200 gram hand - held devices . This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy - efficient electronics , but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage . The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened , leading to increased battery life while on the move . Personal Handy - phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997 -- 2003 The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging . It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks . The first machine - generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person - to - person SMS sent in Finland . The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young , a trend which spread across all ages . 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones . In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone , launched by Finland 's Radiolinja ( now Elisa ) . Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000 , sponsored by advertising . Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca - Cola vending machine and car parking . Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway . The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart . The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999 . 3G -- mobile broadband ( edit ) Main article : 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives , it became clear that demand for data ( such as access to browse the internet ) was growing . Further , experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever - increasing demand for greater data speeds . The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job , so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G . The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission . In addition , the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology ( 2 Mbit / s maximum data rate indoors , 384 kbit / s outdoors , for example ) . Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies , and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality . The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV - DO , which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility : Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit / s to 3.1 Mbit / s Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot Introduction of QoS flags All these were put in place to allow for low latency , low bit rate communications such as VoIP . The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001 . NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001 , using the WCDMA technology . In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV - DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea , and Monet in the US . Monet has since gone bankrupt . By the end of 2002 , the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK ( now Softbank ) . European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three / Hutchison group , on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G , six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV - DO standard . During the development of 3G systems , 2.5 G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks . These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services . CDMA2000 - 1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit / s . Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system , but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short . The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry : for the first time , media streaming of radio ( and even television ) content to 3G handsets became possible , with companies such as RealNetworks and Disney among the early pioneers in this type of offering . In the mid-2000s ( decade ) , an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented , namely High - Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA ) . It is an enhanced 3G ( third generation ) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High - Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ) family , also coined 3.5 G , 3G+ or turbo 3G , which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity . Current HSDPA deployments support down - link speeds of 1.8 , 3.6 , 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit / s . By the end of 2007 , there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide , which reflected 9 % of the total worldwide subscriber base . About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV - DO standard . The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones . In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation . Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet , it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s ( decade ) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web . The first such devices , known as `` dongles '' , plugged directly into a computer through the USB port . Another new class of device appeared subsequently , the so - called `` compact wireless router '' such as the Novatel MiFi , which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi - Fi , rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug - in . Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow . Consequently , some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was n't needed . Instead , the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services . Such 3G - capable laptops became commonly known as `` netbooks '' . Other types of data - aware devices followed in the netbook 's footsteps . By the beginning of 2010 , E-readers , such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble , had already become available with embedded wireless Internet , and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year . 4G -- native IP networks ( edit ) Main article : 4G By 2009 , it had become clear that , at some point , 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth - intensive applications like streaming media . Consequently , the industry began looking to data - optimized 4th - generation technologies , with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies . The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard ( offered in the U.S. by Sprint ) and the LTE standard , first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera . One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching , instead employing an all - IP network . Thus , 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media , utilizing packet switching over Internet , LAN or WAN networks via VoIP . Satellite mobile ( edit ) Main article : Satellite phone As well as the now - common cellular phone , there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth - orbiting satellite . Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic . The Inmarsat system is the oldest , originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea , and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe . Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service . An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth . This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services . See also ( edit ) The Mobile Revolution Autopatch History of the prepaid mobile phone History of the telephone List of best - selling mobile phones Personal Communications Service PCS Pager Smartphone § History References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ( 18 Jun 2011 ) . `` Mobilecomputer calls overtake landline calls for first time '' . The Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed '' . San Francisco Call . 104 ( 37 ) . 1908 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 1900 '' . deutsches-telefon-museum.eu. 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk ( IZMF ) . izmf.de : `` The development of digital mobile communications in Germany '' , retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ Punch Jump up ^ simplicissimus.info : Bild `` Drahtlose Telephonie '' in Simplicissimus , 1926 ( Jg. 31 ) Heft 38 , S. 498. , ( PDF - file ) , retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ Arthur C. Clarke : Profiles of the Future ( 1962 , rev . eds. 1973 , 1983 , and 1999 , Millennium edition with a new preface ) Jump up ^ Рыбчинский , Юрий ( 1961 ) . РАДИОФОН . Орловская Правда ( in Russian ) ( 12 -- 1961 ) . М. : Орловская Правда . Jump up ^ Мартин Купер был не первым . Олег Измеров ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1957 and 10 , 1958 ; `` Technika - molodezhi '' magazine , 2 , 1959 ; `` Za rulem '' magazine , 12 , 1957 , `` Yuny technik '' magazine , 7 , 1957 , 2 , 1958 and 9 , 1996 ; `` Orlovskaya pravda '' newspaper , 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1965 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1946 : First Mobile Telephone Call '' . corp.att.com . AT&T Intellectual Property . 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon A. Gow , Richard K. Smith Mobile and wireless communications : an introduction , McGraw - Hill International , 2006 ISBN 0 - 335 - 21761 - 3 page 23 Jump up ^ http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=%22radio+common+carrier%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=caK2VL2xG5PVasaPgsgK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22radio%20common%20carrier%22&f=false The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America , 47 CFR1 22.2 , 10 - 1 - 92 Edition , retrieved 2015 Jan 14 Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_(telecommunications ) Jump up ^ Wirless World July 1971 Jump up ^ 1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ article by Tom Farley `` Cellular Telephone Basics '' . Privateline.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762 . Jump up ^ `` Switching Plan for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System '' : , Z . Fluhr and E. Nussbaum , IEEE Transactions on Communications volume 21 , # 11 p. 1281 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Hachenburg , V. ; Holm , B.D. ; Smith , J.I. ( 1977 ) . `` Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system '' . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology . 26 : 82 . doi : 10.1109 / T - VT. 1977.23660 . Jump up ^ Shi , Mingtao ( 2007 ) . Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China . Univerlagtuberlin . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7983 - 2057 - 4 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Facts about the Mobile . A Journey through Time . mobilen50ar.se Jump up ^ The first Russian mobile phone . Englishrussia.com ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shiels , Maggie ( 21 April 2003 ) . `` BBC interview with Martin Cooper '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Martin Cooper , et al. , `` Radio Telephone System '' , US Patent number 3,906,166 ; Filing date : 17 October 1973 ; Issue date : September 1975 ; Assignee Motorola Jump up ^ `` Martin Cooper - The Inventor of the Cell Phone '' . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ John F. Mitchell Biography . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Top Giants in Telephony . Historyofthecellphone.com ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Who invented the cell phone ? . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution , Oversaw Ill - fated Iridium Project '' . The Wall Street Journal , 20 -- 21 June 2009 , Jump up ^ `` John F. Mitchell , 1928 -- 2009 : Was president of Motorola from 1980 to ' 95 '' . Chicago Tribune . 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ AT&T article . Corp.att.com ( 1946 - 06 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Cell Phone a True ' Brick ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Kling , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Cell Phones. 27500 Drake Road , Farmington Hills MI 48331 : Lucent Books . pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cell Phone Generations 1G , 2G , 3G and now 4G -- Tech Forums '' . Forums.techeblog.com. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Before IPhone and Android Came Simon , the First Smartphone '' . Businessweek. 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 3G and Cellular radio Information . Privateline.com ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Thawatt ( 11 -- 15 March 2007 ) . `` IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference '' . IEEE : 3262 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 4244 - 0658 - 7 . doi : 10.1109 / WCNC. 2007.601 . contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 20 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonsalves , Antone ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones '' . Informationweek.com . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Media Week , 20 September 2005 , 12 : 00 am ( 20 September 2005 ) . `` Disney will offer mobile content -- Media news '' . Media Week . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fahd Ahmad Saeed . `` Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks '' . Purdue School of Engineering . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VoIP Support in Nokia Devices '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Agar , Jon ( 2004 ) . Constant Touch : a Global History of the Mobile Phone . Cambridge : Icon . ISBN 978 - 1840465419 . Farley , Tom ( 2007 ) . `` The Cell - Phone Revolution '' . American Heritage of Invention & Technology . New York : American Heritage . 22 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 19 . ISSN 8756 - 7296 . OCLC 108126426 . BL Shelfmark 0817.734000 . 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when was the first cell phone came out
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"Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.[20] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.[26][27] The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg (2.42 lb) and measured 23 cm long, 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.[28]"
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Wavelength
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Wavelength - wikipedia Wavelength Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Wavelength ( disambiguation ) . Wavelength of a sine wave , λ , can be measured between any two points with the same phase , such as between crests ( on top ) , or troughs ( on bottom ) , or corresponding zero crossings as shown . In physics , the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave -- the distance over which the wave 's shape repeats , and thus the inverse of the spatial frequency . It is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase , such as crests , troughs , or zero crossings and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves , as well as other spatial wave patterns . Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda ( λ ) . The concept can also be applied to periodic waves of non-sinusoidal shape . The term wavelength is also sometimes applied to modulated waves , and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids . Assuming a sinusoidal wave moving at a fixed wave speed , wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency of the wave : waves with higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths , and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths . Wavelength depends on the medium ( for example , vacuum , air , or water ) that a wave travels through . Examples of wave - like phenomena are sound waves , light , water waves and periodic electrical signals in a conductor . A sound wave is a variation in air pressure , while in light and other electromagnetic radiation the strength of the electric and the magnetic field vary . Water waves are variations in the height of a body of water . In a crystal lattice vibration , atomic positions vary . Wavelength is a measure of the distance between repetitions of a shape feature such as peaks , valleys , or zero - crossings , not a measure of how far any given particle moves . For example , in sinusoidal waves over deep water a particle near the water 's surface moves in a circle of the same diameter as the wave height , unrelated to wavelength . The range of wavelengths or frequencies for wave phenomena is called a spectrum . The name originated with the visible light spectrum but now can be applied to the entire electromagnetic spectrum as well as to a sound spectrum or vibration spectrum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sinusoidal waves 1.1 Standing waves 1.2 Mathematical representation 1.3 General media 1.3. 1 Nonuniform media 1.3. 2 Crystals 2 More general waveforms 2.1 Wave packets 3 Interference and diffraction 3.1 Double - slit interference 3.2 Single - slit diffraction 3.3 Diffraction - limited resolution 4 Subwavelength 5 Angular wavelength 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Sinusoidal waves ( edit ) In linear media , any wave pattern can be described in terms of the independent propagation of sinusoidal components . The wavelength λ of a sinusoidal waveform traveling at constant speed v is given by λ = v f , ( \ displaystyle \ lambda = ( \ frac ( v ) ( f ) ) \ , \ , , ) where v is called the phase speed ( magnitude of the phase velocity ) of the wave and f is the wave 's frequency . In a dispersive medium , the phase speed itself depends upon the frequency of the wave , making the relationship between wavelength and frequency nonlinear . In the case of electromagnetic radiation -- such as light -- in free space , the phase speed is the speed of light , about 3 × 10 m / s . Thus the wavelength of a 100 MHz electromagnetic ( radio ) wave is about : 3 × 10 m / s divided by 10 Hz = 3 metres . The wavelength of visible light ranges from deep red , roughly 700 nm , to violet , roughly 400 nm ( for other examples , see electromagnetic spectrum ) . For sound waves in air , the speed of sound is 343 m / s ( at room temperature and atmospheric pressure ) . The wavelengths of sound frequencies audible to the human ear ( 20 Hz -- 20 kHz ) are thus between approximately 17 m and 17 mm , respectively . Note that the wavelengths in audible sound are much longer than those in visible light . Sinusoidal standing waves in a box that constrains the end points to be nodes will have an integer number of half wavelengths fitting in the box . A standing wave ( black ) depicted as the sum of two propagating waves traveling in opposite directions ( red and blue ) Standing waves ( edit ) A standing wave is an undulatory motion that stays in one place . A sinusoidal standing wave includes stationary points of no motion , called nodes , and the wavelength is twice the distance between nodes . The upper figure shows three standing waves in a box . The walls of the box are considered to require the wave to have nodes at the walls of the box ( an example of boundary conditions ) determining which wavelengths are allowed . For example , for an electromagnetic wave , if the box has ideal metal walls , the condition for nodes at the walls results because the metal walls can not support a tangential electric field , forcing the wave to have zero amplitude at the wall . The stationary wave can be viewed as the sum of two traveling sinusoidal waves of oppositely directed velocities . Consequently , wavelength , period , and wave velocity are related just as for a traveling wave . For example , the speed of light can be determined from observation of standing waves in a metal box containing an ideal vacuum . Mathematical representation ( edit ) Traveling sinusoidal waves are often represented mathematically in terms of their velocity v ( in the x direction ) , frequency f and wavelength λ as : y ( x , t ) = A cos ( 2 π ( x λ − f t ) ) = A cos ( 2 π λ ( x − v t ) ) ( \ displaystyle y ( x , \ t ) = A \ cos \ left ( 2 \ pi \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( \ lambda ) ) - ft \ right ) \ right ) = A \ cos \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi ) ( \ lambda ) ) ( x-vt ) \ right ) ) where y is the value of the wave at any position x and time t , and A is the amplitude of the wave . They are also commonly expressed in terms of wavenumber k ( 2π times the reciprocal of wavelength ) and angular frequency ω ( 2π times the frequency ) as : y ( x , t ) = A cos ( k x − ω t ) = A cos ( k ( x − v t ) ) ( \ displaystyle y ( x , \ t ) = A \ cos \ left ( kx - \ omega t \ right ) = A \ cos \ left ( k ( x-vt ) \ right ) ) in which wavelength and wavenumber are related to velocity and frequency as : k = 2 π λ = 2 π f v = ω v , ( \ displaystyle k = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi ) ( \ lambda ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi f ) ( v ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ omega ) ( v ) ) , ) or λ = 2 π k = 2 π v ω = v f . ( \ displaystyle \ lambda = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi ) ( k ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi v ) ( \ omega ) ) = ( \ frac ( v ) ( f ) ) . ) In the second form given above , the phase ( kx − ωt ) is often generalized to ( k r − ωt ) , by replacing the wavenumber k with a wave vector that specifies the direction and wavenumber of a plane wave in 3 - space , parameterized by position vector r . In that case , the wavenumber k , the magnitude of k , is still in the same relationship with wavelength as shown above , with v being interpreted as scalar speed in the direction of the wave vector . The first form , using reciprocal wavelength in the phase , does not generalize as easily to a wave in an arbitrary direction . Generalizations to sinusoids of other phases , and to complex exponentials , are also common ; see plane wave . The typical convention of using the cosine phase instead of the sine phase when describing a wave is based on the fact that the cosine is the real part of the complex exponential in the wave A e i ( k x − ω t ) . ( \ displaystyle Ae ^ ( i \ left ( kx - \ omega t \ right ) ) . ) General media ( edit ) Wavelength is decreased in a medium with slower propagation . Refraction : upon entering a medium where its speed is lower , the wave changes direction . Separation of colors by a prism ( click for animation ) The speed of a wave depends upon the medium in which it propagates . In particular , the speed of light in a medium is less than in vacuum , which means that the same frequency will correspond to a shorter wavelength in the medium than in vacuum , as shown in the figure at right . This change in speed upon entering a medium causes refraction , or a change in direction of waves that encounter the interface between media at an angle . For electromagnetic waves , this change in the angle of propagation is governed by Snell 's law . The wave velocity in one medium not only may differ from that in another , but the velocity typically varies with wavelength . As a result , the change in direction upon entering a different medium changes with the wavelength of the wave . For electromagnetic waves the speed in a medium is governed by its refractive index according to v = c n ( λ 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle v = ( \ frac ( c ) ( n ( \ lambda _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) , ) where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n ( λ ) is the refractive index of the medium at wavelength λ , where the latter is measured in vacuum rather than in the medium . The corresponding wavelength in the medium is λ = λ 0 n ( λ 0 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ lambda = ( \ frac ( \ lambda _ ( 0 ) ) ( n ( \ lambda _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) . ) When wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are quoted , the wavelength in vacuum usually is intended unless the wavelength is specifically identified as the wavelength in some other medium . In acoustics , where a medium is essential for the waves to exist , the wavelength value is given for a specified medium . The variation in speed of light with vacuum wavelength is known as dispersion , and is also responsible for the familiar phenomenon in which light is separated into component colors by a prism . Separation occurs when the refractive index inside the prism varies with wavelength , so different wavelengths propagate at different speeds inside the prism , causing them to refract at different angles . The mathematical relationship that describes how the speed of light within a medium varies with wavelength is known as a dispersion relation . Nonuniform media ( edit ) Various local wavelengths on a crest - to - crest basis in an ocean wave approaching shore Wavelength can be a useful concept even if the wave is not periodic in space . For example , in an ocean wave approaching shore , shown in the figure , the incoming wave undulates with a varying local wavelength that depends in part on the depth of the sea floor compared to the wave height . The analysis of the wave can be based upon comparison of the local wavelength with the local water depth . A sinusoidal wave travelling in a nonuniform medium , with loss Waves that are sinusoidal in time but propagate through a medium whose properties vary with position ( an inhomogeneous medium ) may propagate at a velocity that varies with position , and as a result may not be sinusoidal in space . The figure at right shows an example . As the wave slows down , the wavelength gets shorter and the amplitude increases ; after a place of maximum response , the short wavelength is associated with a high loss and the wave dies out . The analysis of differential equations of such systems is often done approximately , using the WKB method ( also known as the Liouville -- Green method ) . The method integrates phase through space using a local wavenumber , which can be interpreted as indicating a `` local wavelength '' of the solution as a function of time and space . This method treats the system locally as if it were uniform with the local properties ; in particular , the local wave velocity associated with a frequency is the only thing needed to estimate the corresponding local wavenumber or wavelength . In addition , the method computes a slowly changing amplitude to satisfy other constraints of the equations or of the physical system , such as for conservation of energy in the wave . Crystals ( edit ) A wave on a line of atoms can be interpreted according to a variety of wavelengths . Waves in crystalline solids are not continuous , because they are composed of vibrations of discrete particles arranged in a regular lattice . This produces aliasing because the same vibration can be considered to have a variety of different wavelengths , as shown in the figure . Descriptions using more than one of these wavelengths are redundant ; it is conventional to choose the longest wavelength that fits the phenomenon . The range of wavelengths sufficient to provide a description of all possible waves in a crystalline medium corresponds to the wave vectors confined to the Brillouin zone . This indeterminacy in wavelength in solids is important in the analysis of wave phenomena such as energy bands and lattice vibrations . It is mathematically equivalent to the aliasing of a signal that is sampled at discrete intervals . More general waveforms ( edit ) Near - periodic waves over shallow water The concept of wavelength is most often applied to sinusoidal , or nearly sinusoidal , waves , because in a linear system the sinusoid is the unique shape that propagates with no shape change -- just a phase change and potentially an amplitude change . The wavelength ( or alternatively wavenumber or wave vector ) is a characterization of the wave in space , that is functionally related to its frequency , as constrained by the physics of the system . Sinusoids are the simplest traveling wave solutions , and more complex solutions can be built up by superposition . In the special case of dispersion - free and uniform media , waves other than sinusoids propagate with unchanging shape and constant velocity . In certain circumstances , waves of unchanging shape also can occur in nonlinear media ; for example , the figure shows ocean waves in shallow water that have sharper crests and flatter troughs than those of a sinusoid , typical of a cnoidal wave , a traveling wave so named because it is described by the Jacobi elliptic function of m - th order , usually denoted as cn ( x ; m ) . Large - amplitude ocean waves with certain shapes can propagate unchanged , because of properties of the nonlinear surface - wave medium . Wavelength of a periodic but non-sinusoidal waveform . If a traveling wave has a fixed shape that repeats in space or in time , it is a periodic wave . Such waves are sometimes regarded as having a wavelength even though they are not sinusoidal . As shown in the figure , wavelength is measured between consecutive corresponding points on the waveform . Wave packets ( edit ) A propagating wave packet Main article : Wave packet Localized wave packets , `` bursts '' of wave action where each wave packet travels as a unit , find application in many fields of physics . A wave packet has an envelope that describes the overall amplitude of the wave ; within the envelope , the distance between adjacent peaks or troughs is sometimes called a local wavelength . An example is shown in the figure . In general , the envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves . Using Fourier analysis , wave packets can be analyzed into infinite sums ( or integrals ) of sinusoidal waves of different wavenumbers or wavelengths . Louis de Broglie postulated that all particles with a specific value of momentum p have a wavelength λ = h / p , where h is Planck 's constant . This hypothesis was at the basis of quantum mechanics . Nowadays , this wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength . For example , the electrons in a CRT display have a De Broglie wavelength of about 10 m . To prevent the wave function for such a particle being spread over all space , de Broglie proposed using wave packets to represent particles that are localized in space . The spatial spread of the wave packet , and the spread of the wavenumbers of sinusoids that make up the packet , correspond to the uncertainties in the particle 's position and momentum , the product of which is bounded by Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Interference and diffraction ( edit ) Double - slit interference ( edit ) Main article : Interference ( wave propagation ) Pattern of light intensity on a screen for light passing through two slits . The labels on the right refer to the difference of the path lengths from the two slits , which are idealized here as point sources . When sinusoidal waveforms add , they may reinforce each other ( constructive interference ) or cancel each other ( destructive interference ) depending upon their relative phase . This phenomenon is used in the interferometer . A simple example is an experiment due to Young where light is passed through two slits . As shown in the figure , light is passed through two slits and shines on a screen . The path of the light to a position on the screen is different for the two slits , and depends upon the angle θ the path makes with the screen . If we suppose the screen is far enough from the slits ( that is , s is large compared to the slit separation d ) then the paths are nearly parallel , and the path difference is simply d sin θ . Accordingly , the condition for constructive interference is : d sin θ = m λ , ( \ displaystyle d \ sin \ theta = m \ lambda \ , ) where m is an integer , and for destructive interference is : d sin θ = ( m + 1 / 2 ) λ . ( \ displaystyle d \ sin \ theta = ( m + 1 / 2 ) \ lambda \ . ) Thus , if the wavelength of the light is known , the slit separation can be determined from the interference pattern or fringes , and vice versa . For multiple slits , the pattern is I q = I 1 sin 2 ( q π g sin α λ ) / sin 2 ( π g sin α λ ) , ( \ displaystyle I_ ( q ) = I_ ( 1 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( q \ pi g \ sin \ alpha ) ( \ lambda ) ) \ right ) / \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi g \ sin \ alpha ) ( \ lambda ) ) \ right ) \ , ) where q is the number of slits , and g is the grating constant . The first factor , I , is the single - slit result , which modulates the more rapidly varying second factor that depends upon the number of slits and their spacing . In the figure I has been set to unity , a very rough approximation . The effect of interference is to redistribute the light , so the energy contained in the light is not altered , just where it shows up . Single - slit diffraction ( edit ) Main articles : Diffraction and Diffraction formalism Diffraction pattern of a double slit has a single - slit envelope . The notion of path difference and constructive or destructive interference used above for the double - slit experiment applies as well to the display of a single slit of light intercepted on a screen . The main result of this interference is to spread out the light from the narrow slit into a broader image on the screen . This distribution of wave energy is called diffraction . Two types of diffraction are distinguished , depending upon the separation between the source and the screen : Fraunhofer diffraction or far - field diffraction at large separations and Fresnel diffraction or near - field diffraction at close separations . In the analysis of the single slit , the non-zero width of the slit is taken into account , and each point in the aperture is taken as the source of one contribution to the beam of light ( Huygen 's wavelets ) . On the screen , the light arriving from each position within the slit has a different path length , albeit possibly a very small difference . Consequently , interference occurs . In the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern sufficiently far from a single slit , within a small - angle approximation , the intensity spread S is related to position x via a squared sinc function : S ( u ) = s i n c 2 ( u ) = ( sin π u π u ) 2 ; ( \ displaystyle S ( u ) = \ mathrm ( sinc ) ^ ( 2 ) ( u ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sin \ pi u ) ( \ pi u ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ ; ) with u = x L λ R , ( \ displaystyle u = ( \ frac ( xL ) ( \ lambda R ) ) \ , ) where L is the slit width , R is the distance of the pattern ( on the screen ) from the slit , and λ is the wavelength of light used . The function S has zeros where u is a non-zero integer , where are at x values at a separation proportion to wavelength . Diffraction - limited resolution ( edit ) Main articles : Angular resolution and Diffraction - limited system Diffraction is the fundamental limitation on the resolving power of optical instruments , such as telescopes ( including radiotelescopes ) and microscopes . For a circular aperture , the diffraction - limited image spot is known as an Airy disk ; the distance x in the single - slit diffraction formula is replaced by radial distance r and the sine is replaced by 2J , where J is a first order Bessel function . The resolvable spatial size of objects viewed through a microscope is limited according to the Rayleigh criterion , the radius to the first null of the Airy disk , to a size proportional to the wavelength of the light used , and depending on the numerical aperture : r A i r y = 1.22 λ 2 N A , ( \ displaystyle r_ ( Airy ) = 1.22 ( \ frac ( \ lambda ) ( 2 \ mathrm ( NA ) ) ) \ , ) where the numerical aperture is defined as N A = n sin θ ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( NA ) = n \ sin \ theta \ ; ) for θ being the half - angle of the cone of rays accepted by the microscope objective . The angular size of the central bright portion ( radius to first null of the Airy disk ) of the image diffracted by a circular aperture , a measure most commonly used for telescopes and cameras , is : δ = 1.22 λ D , ( \ displaystyle \ delta = 1.22 ( \ frac ( \ lambda ) ( D ) ) \ , ) where λ is the wavelength of the waves that are focused for imaging , D the entrance pupil diameter of the imaging system , in the same units , and the angular resolution δ is in radians . As with other diffraction patterns , the pattern scales in proportion to wavelength , so shorter wavelengths can lead to higher resolution . Subwavelength ( edit ) The term subwavelength is used to describe an object having one or more dimensions smaller than the length of the wave with which the object interacts . For example , the term subwavelength - diameter optical fibre means an optical fibre whose diameter is less than the wavelength of light propagating through it . A subwavelength particle is a particle smaller than the wavelength of light with which it interacts ( see Rayleigh scattering ) . Subwavelength apertures are holes smaller than the wavelength of light propagating through them . Such structures have applications in extraordinary optical transmission , and zero - mode waveguides , among other areas of photonics . Subwavelength may also refer to a phenomenon involving subwavelength objects ; for example , subwavelength imaging . Angular wavelength ( edit ) Relationship between wavelength , angular wavelength , and other wave properties . ( τ is an alternate expression for 2π . ) A quantity related to the wavelength is the angular wavelength ( also known as reduced wavelength ) , usually symbolized by ƛ ( lambda - bar ) . It is equal to the `` regular '' wavelength `` reduced '' by a factor of 2π ( ƛ = λ / 2π ) . It is usually encountered in quantum mechanics , where it is used in combination with the reduced Planck constant ( symbol ħ , h - bar ) and the angular frequency ( symbol ω ) or angular wavenumber ( symbol k ) . See also ( edit ) Emission spectrum Envelope ( waves ) Fraunhofer lines -- dark lines in the solar spectrum , traditionally used as standard optical wavelength references Index of wave articles Length measurement Spectral line Spectroscopy Spectrum References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hecht , Eugene ( 1987 ) . Optics ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison Wesley . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X . Jump up ^ Raymond A. Serway ; John W. Jewett . Principles of physics ( 4th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . pp. 404 , 440 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 49143 - X . Jump up ^ A.A. Sonin ( 1995 ) . The surface physics of liquid crystals . Taylor & Francis . p. 17 . ISBN 2 - 88124 - 995 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brian Hilton Flowers ( 2000 ) . `` § 21.2 Periodic functions '' . An introduction to numerical methods in C++ ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850693 - 7 . Jump up ^ Keqian Zhang & Dejie Li ( 2007 ) . Electromagnetic Theory for Microwaves and Optoelectronics . Springer , . p. 533 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 74295 - 1 . Jump up ^ Theo Koupelis & Karl F. Kuhn ( 2007 ) . In Quest of the Universe . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 4387 - 9 . Jump up ^ Paul R Pinet ( 2008 ) . Invitation to Oceanography ( 5th ed . ) . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 237 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 5993 - 7 . Jump up ^ David C. Cassidy ; Gerald James Holton ; Floyd James Rutherford ( 2002 ) . Understanding physics . Birkhäuser . pp. 339 ff . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98756 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Avison ( 1999 ) . The World of Physics . Nelson Thornes . p. 460 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 438733 - 6 . Jump up ^ To aid imagination , this bending of the wave often is compared to the analogy of a column of marching soldiers crossing from solid ground into mud . See , for example , Raymond T. Pierrehumbert ( 2010 ) . Principles of Planetary Climate . Cambridge University Press . p. 327 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 86556 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Paul R Pinet . op . cit . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 5993 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bishwanath Chakraborty . Principles of Plasma Mechanics . New Age International . p. 454 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 1446 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey A. Hogan & Joseph D. Lakey ( 2005 ) . Time - frequency and time - scale methods : adaptive decompositions , uncertainty principles , and sampling . Birkhäuser . p. 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8176 - 4276 - 1 . Jump up ^ See Figure 4.20 in A. Putnis ( 1992 ) . Introduction to mineral sciences . Cambridge University Press . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42947 - 1 . and Figure 2.3 in Martin T. Dove ( 1993 ) . Introduction to lattice dynamics ( 4th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39293 - 4 . Jump up ^ Manijeh Razeghi ( 2006 ) . Fundamentals of solid state engineering ( 2nd ed . ) . Birkhäuser . pp. 165 ff . ISBN 0 - 387 - 28152 - 5 . Jump up ^ See Lord Rayleigh ( 1890 ) . `` Wave theory '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) . The Henry G Allen Company . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Valery N. Pilipchuk ( 2010 ) . `` Figure 4.4 : Transition from quasi-harmonic to cnoidal wave '' . Nonlinear Dynamics : Between Linear and Impact Limits . Springer . p. 127 . ISBN 3642127983 . Jump up ^ Andrei Ludu ( 2012 ) . `` § 18.3 Special functions '' . Nonlinear Waves and Solitons on Contours and Closed Surfaces ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . pp. 469 ff . ISBN 3642228941 . Jump up ^ Alfred Osborne ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Brief history and overview of nonlinear water waves '' . Nonlinear Ocean Waves and the Inverse Scattering Transform . Academic Press . pp. 3 ff . ISBN 0 - 12 - 528629 - 5 . Jump up ^ Alexander McPherson ( 2009 ) . `` Waves and their properties '' . Introduction to Macromolecular Crystallography ( 2 ed . ) . Wiley . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 18590 - 2 . Jump up ^ Eric Stade ( 2011 ) . Fourier Analysis . John Wiley & Sons . p. 1 . ISBN 1 - 118 - 16551 - 9 . Jump up ^ Peter R. Holland ( 1995 ) . The Quantum Theory of Motion : An Account of the de Broglie -- Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics . Cambridge University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48543 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeffery Cooper ( 1998 ) . Introduction to partial differential equations with MATLAB . Springer . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 8176 - 3967 - 5 . The local wavelength λ of a dispersing wave is twice the distance between two successive zeros ... the local wavelength and the local wave number k are related by k = 2π / λ . Jump up ^ A.T. Fromhold ( 1991 ) . `` Wave packet solutions '' . Quantum Mechanics for Applied Physics and Engineering ( Reprint of Academic Press 1981 ed . ) . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 59 ff . ISBN 0 - 486 - 66741 - 3 . ( p. 61 ) ... the individual waves move more slowly than the packet and therefore pass back through the packet as it advances ^ Jump up to : See , for example , Figs. 2.8 -- 2.10 in Joy Manners ( 2000 ) . `` Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle '' . Quantum Physics : An Introduction . CRC Press . pp. 53 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0720 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ming Chiang Li ( 1980 ) . `` Electron Interference '' . In L. Marton ; Claire Marton . Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics. 53 . Academic Press . p. 271 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 014653 - 3 . Jump up ^ Greenfield Sluder & David E. Wolf ( 2007 ) . `` IV . Young 's Experiment : Two - Slit Interference '' . Digital microscopy ( 3rd ed . ) . Academic Press . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 374025 - 8 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Resnick , Walker ( 2008 ) . `` § 35 - 4 Young 's interference experiment '' . Fundamentals of Physics ( Extended 8th ed . ) . Wiley - India . p. 965 . ISBN 81 - 265 - 1442 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kordt Griepenkerl ( 2002 ) . `` § 9.8. 2 Diffraction by a grating '' . In John W Harris ; Walter Benenson ; Horst Stöcker ; Holger Lutz . Handbook of physics . Springer . pp. 307 ff . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95269 - 1 . Jump up ^ Douglas B. Murphy ( 2002 ) . Fundamentals of light microscopy and electronic imaging . Wiley / IEEE . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 23429 - X . Jump up ^ John C. Stover ( 1995 ) . Optical scattering : measurement and analysis ( 2nd ed . ) . SPIE Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8194 - 1934 - 7 . Jump up ^ Graham Saxby ( 2002 ) . `` Diffraction limitation '' . The science of imaging . CRC Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0734 - X . Jump up ^ Grant R. Fowles ( 1989 ) . Introduction to Modern Optics . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 117 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 65957 - 2 . Jump up ^ James B. Pawley ( 1995 ) . Handbook of biological confocal microscopy ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 44826 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ray N. Wilson ( 2004 ) . Reflecting Telescope Optics I : Basic Design Theory and Its Historical Development . Springer . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 40106 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wavelength . Conversion : Wavelength to Frequency and vice versa -- Sound waves and radio waves Teaching resource for 14 -- 16 years on sound including wavelength The visible electromagnetic spectrum displayed in web colors with according wavelengths ( hide ) Electromagnetic spectrum ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave GND : 4189549 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wavelength&oldid=819350454 '' Categories : Waves Length Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 22 : 07 . 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what is the unit of wavelength of light
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"Localized wave packets, \"bursts\" of wave action where each wave packet travels as a unit, find application in many fields of physics. A wave packet has an envelope that describes the overall amplitude of the wave; within the envelope, the distance between adjacent peaks or troughs is sometimes called a local wavelength.[22][23] An example is shown in the figure. In general, the envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves.[24]"
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Interspecific competition
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Interspecific competition - wikipedia Interspecific competition Jump to : navigation , search Subadult male lion and spotted hyena in the Masai Mara . The two species share the same ecological niche , and are thus in competition with each other . Interspecific competition , in ecology , is a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem ( e.g. food or living space ) . This can be contrasted with interspecific cooperation , a type of symbiosis . Competition between members of the same species is called intraspecific competition . If a tree species in a dense forest grows taller than surrounding tree species , it is able to absorb more of the incoming sunlight . However , less sunlight is then available for the trees that are shaded by the taller tree , thus interspecific competition . Leopards and lions can also be in interspecific competition , since both species feed on the same prey , and can be negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food . Competition is only one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure . Moreover , competition is not always a straightforward , direct , interaction . Interspecific competition may occur when individuals of two separate species share a limiting resource in the same area . If the resource can not support both populations , then lowered fecundity , growth , or survival may result in at least one species . Interspecific competition has the potential to alter populations , communities and the evolution of interacting species . On an individual organism level , competition can occur as interference or exploitative competition . Direct competition has been observed between individuals , populations and species , but there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups . For example , between amphibians , reptiles and mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Based on mechanism 1.2 Based on outcome 2 Apparent competition 3 Consequences 3.1 Competitive exclusion 3.2 Niche differentiation 3.3 Local extinction 3.4 Impacts on communities 4 Competitive Lotka - Volterra model 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Types ( edit ) All of the types described here can also apply to intraspecific competition , that is , competition among individuals within a species . Also , any specific example of interspecific competition can be described in terms of both a mechanism ( e.g. , resource or interference ) and an outcome ( symmetric or asymmetric ) . Based on mechanism ( edit ) Exploitative competition , also referred to as resource competition , is a form of competition in which one species consumes and either reduces or more efficiently uses a shared limiting resource and therefore depletes the availability of the resource for the other species . Thus , it is an indirect interaction because the competing species interact via a shared resource . Interference competition is a form of competition in which individuals of one species interacts directly with individuals of another species via antagonistic displays or more aggressive behavior . In a review and synthesis of experimental evidence regarding interspecific competition , Schoener described six specific types of mechanisms by which competition occurs , including consumptive , preemptive , overgrowth , chemical , territorial , and encounter . Consumption competition is always resource competition , but the others are can not always be regarded as exclusively exploitative or interference . Separating the effect of resource use from that of interference is not easy . A good example of exploitative competition is found in aphid species competing over the sap in plant phloem . Each aphid species that feeds on host plant sap uses some of the resource , leaving less for competing species . In one study , Fordinae geoica was observed to out - compete F. formicaria to the extent that the latter species exhibited a reduction in survival by 84 % . Another example is the one of competition for calling space in amphibians , where the calling activity of a species prevents the other one from calling in an area as wide as it would in allopatry . A last example is driving of bisexual rock lizards of genus Darevskia from their natural habitats by a daughter unisexual form ; interference competition can be ruled out in this case , because parthenogenetic forms of the lizards never demonstrate aggressive behavior . This type of competition can also be observed in forests where large trees dominate the canopy and thus allow little light to reach smaller competitors living below . These interactions have important implications for the population dynamics and distribution of both species . Based on outcome ( edit ) Main articles : Scramble competition and Contest competition Scramble and contest competition refer to the relative success of competitors . Scramble competition is said to occur when each competitor is equal suppressed , either through reduction in survival or birth rates . Contest competition is said to occur when one or a few competitors are unaffected by competition , but all others suffer greatly , either through reduction in survival or birth rates . Sometimes these types of competition are referred to as symmetric ( scramble ) vs. asymmetric ( contest ) competition . Scramble and contest competition are two ends of a spectrum , of completely equal or completely unequal effects . Apparent competition ( edit ) Apparent competition is actually an example of predation that alters the relative abundances of prey on the same trophic level . It occurs when two or more species in a habitat affect shared natural enemies in a higher trophic level . If two species share a common predator , for example , apparent competition can exist between the two prey items in which the presence of each prey species increases the abundance of the shared enemy , and thereby suppresses one or both prey species . This mechanism gets its name from experiments in which one prey species is removed and the second prey species increases in abundance . Investigators sometimes mistakenly attribute the increase in abundance in the second species as evidence for resource competition between prey species . It is `` apparently '' competition , but is in fact due to a shared predator , parasitoid , parasite , or pathogen . Consequences ( edit ) Many studies , including those cited previously , have shown major impacts on both individuals and populations from interspecific competition . Documentation of these impacts has been found in species from every major branch of organism . The effects of interspecific competition can also reach communities and can even influence the evolution of species as they adapt to avoid competition . This evolution may result in the exclusion of a species in the habitat , niche separation , and local extinction . The changes of these species over time can also change communities as other species must adapt . Competitive exclusion ( edit ) Main article : Gause 's law The competitive exclusion principle , also called `` Gause 's law '' which arose from mathematical analysis and simple competition models states that two species that use the same limiting resource in the same way in the same space and time can not coexist and must diverge from each other over time in order for the two species to coexist . One species will often exhibit an advantage in resource use . This superior competitor will out - compete the other with more efficient use of the limiting resource . As a result , the inferior competitor will suffer a decline in population over time . It will be excluded from the area and replaced by the superior competitor . A well - documented example of competitive exclusion was observed to occur between Dolly Varden charr ( Trout ) ( Salvelinus malma ) and white spotted char ( Trout ) ( S. leucomaenis ) in Japan . Both of these species were morphologically similar but the former species was found primarily at higher elevations than the latter . Although there was a zone of overlap , each species excluded the other from its dominant region by becoming better adapted to its habitat over time . In some such cases , each species gets displaced into an exclusive segment of the original habitat . Because each species suffers from competition , natural selection favors the avoidance of competition in such a way . Niche differentiation ( edit ) Main article : Niche differentiation Niche differentiation is a process by which competitive exclusion leads to differences in resource use . In the previous example , niche differentiation resulted in spatial displacement . In other cases it may result in other changes that also avoid competition . If competition avoidance is achievable , each species will occupy an edge of the niche and will become more specialized to that area thus minimizing competition . This phenomenon often results in the separation of species over time as they become more specialized to their edge of the niche , called niche differentiation . The species do not have to be in separate habitats however to avoid niche overlap . Some species adapt regionally to utilizing different resources than they ordinarily would in order to avoid competition . There have been several well - documented cases in birds where species that are very similar change their habitat use where they overlap . For example , they may consume different food resources or use different nesting habitat or materials . On the Galapagos Islands , finch species have been observed to change dietary specializations in just a few generations in order to utilize limited resources and minimize competition . In some cases , third party species interfere to the detriment or benefit of the competing species . In a laboratory study , coexistence between two competing bacterial species was mediated by phage parasites . This type of interaction actually helped to maintain diversity in bacterial communities and has far reaching implications in medical research as well as ecology . Similar effects have been documented for many communities as a result of the action of a keystone predator that preys on a competitively superior species . Local extinction ( edit ) Main article : Local extinction Although local extinction of one or more competitors has been less documented than niche separation or competitive exclusion , it does occur . In an experiment involving zooplankton in artificial rock pools , local extinction rates were significantly higher in areas of interspecific competition . In these cases , therefore , the negative effects are not only at the population level but also species richness of communities . Impacts on communities ( edit ) Naturalised purple - loosestrife plants growing in the Cooper Marsh Conservation Area , near Cornwall Ontario . As mentioned previously , interspecific competition has great impact on community composition and structure . Niche separation of species , local extinction and competitive exclusion are only some of the possible effects . In addition to these , interspecific competition can be the source of a cascade of effects that build on each other . An example of such an effect is the introduction of an invasive species to the United States , purple - loosestrife . This plant when introduced to wetland communities often outcompetes much of the native flora and decreases species richness , food and shelter to many other species at higher trophic levels . In this way , one species can influence the populations of many other species as well as through a myriad of other interactions . Because of the complicated web of interactions that make up every ecosystem and habitat , the results of interspecific competition are complex and site - specific . Competitive Lotka - Volterra model ( edit ) Main article : Competitive Lotka -- Volterra equations The impacts of interspecific competition on populations have been formalized in a mathematical model called the Competitive Lotka -- Volterra equations , which creates a theoretical prediction of interactions . It combines the effects of each species on the other . These effects are calculated separately for the first and second population respectively : d N 1 d t = r 1 N 1 K 1 − N 1 − α N 2 K 1 ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 1 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 1 ) N_ ( 1 ) ( K_ ( 1 ) - N_ ( 1 ) - \ alpha N_ ( 2 ) \ over K_ ( 1 ) ) ) d N 2 d t = r 2 N 2 K 2 − N 2 − β N 1 K 2 ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 2 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 2 ) N_ ( 2 ) ( K_ ( 2 ) - N_ ( 2 ) - \ beta N_ ( 1 ) \ over K_ ( 2 ) ) ) In these formulae , N is the population size , t is time , K is the carrying capacity , r is the intrinsic rate of increase and α and β are the relative competition coefficients . The results show the effect that the other species has on the species being calculated . The results can be graphed to show a trend and possible prediction for the future of the species . One problem with this model is that certain assumptions must be made for the calculation to work . These include the lack of migration and constancy of the carrying capacities and competition coefficients of both species . The complex nature of ecology determines that these assumptions are rarely true in the field but the model provides a basis for improved understanding of these important concepts . An equivalent formulation of these models is : d N 1 d t = r 1 N 1 ( 1 − α 11 N 1 − α 12 N 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 1 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 1 ) N_ ( 1 ) \ left ( 1 - \ alpha _ ( 11 ) N_ ( 1 ) - \ alpha _ ( 12 ) N_ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) d N 2 d t = r 2 N 2 ( 1 − α 21 N 1 − α 22 N 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( dN_ ( 2 ) \ over dt ) = r_ ( 2 ) N_ ( 2 ) \ left ( 1 - \ alpha _ ( 21 ) N_ ( 1 ) - \ alpha _ ( 22 ) N_ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) In these formulae , α 11 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 11 ) ) is the effect that an individual of species 1 has on its own population growth rate . Similarly , α 12 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 12 ) ) is the effect that an individual of species 2 has on the population growth rate of species 1 . One can also read this as the effect on species 1 of species 2 . In comparing this formulation to the one above , we note that α 11 = 1 / K 1 , α 22 = 1 / K 2 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 11 ) = 1 / K_ ( 1 ) , ~ \ alpha _ ( 22 ) = 1 / K_ ( 2 ) ) , and α 12 = α / K 1 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 12 ) = \ alpha / K_ ( 1 ) ) . Coexistence between competitors occurs when α 11 > α 12 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 11 ) > \ alpha _ ( 12 ) ) and α 22 > α 21 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( 22 ) > \ alpha _ ( 21 ) ) . We can translate this as coexistence occurs when the effect of each species on itself is greater the effect of the competitor . There are other mathematical representations that model species competition , such as using non-polynomial functions . See also ( edit ) Minimum viable population Symbiosis Mutualism ( biology ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sahney , S. ; Benton , M.J. ; Ferry , P.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Links between global taxonomic diversity , ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land '' ( PDF ) . Biology Letters. 6 ( 4 ) : 544 -- 547 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.1024 . PMC 2936204 . PMID 20106856 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tilman , D. ( 1982 ) . Resource Competition and Community Structure . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Schoener T.W. ( 1983 ) . `` Field experiments on interspecific competition '' . The American Naturalist. 122 ( 2 ) : 240 -- 285 . doi : 10.1086 / 284133 . Jump up ^ Borzée , Amaël ; Kim , Jun Young ; Jang , Yikweon ( 7 Sep 2016 ) . `` Asymmetric competition over calling sites in two closely related treefrog species '' . Scientific Reports . 6 : 32569 . doi : 10.1038 / srep32569 . PMC 5013533 . PMID 27599461 . Jump up ^ Tarkhnishvili David ( 2010 ) . `` Unisexual rock lizard might be outcompeting its bisexual progenitors in the Caucasus '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 101 : 447 -- 460 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2010. 01498. x . Jump up ^ Holt R.D. , Lawton J.H. ( 1994 ) . `` The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 25 : 495 -- 520 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 25.1. 495 . Jump up ^ Holt , R.D. ( 1977 . ) Predation , apparent competition , and the structure of prey communities . Theoretical Population Biology 12 : 197 - 229 . Jump up ^ Iannelli , Mimmo ; Pugliese , Andrea ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . Competition among species . UNITEXT . Springer International Publishing . pp. 175 -- 208 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 03026 - 5_7 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 03025 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brockhurst , M.A. , A. Fenton , B. Roulston and P.B. Rainey. 2006 . The impact of phages on interspecific competition in experimental populations of bacteria . BMC Ecology6 : 19 . Jump up ^ Bengtsson J ( 1989 ) . `` Interspecific competition increases local extinction rate in a metapopulation system '' . Nature . 340 : 713 -- 715 . doi : 10.1038 / 340713a0 . Jump up ^ Gotelli , N.J. 2008 . A Primer of Ecology , 4th ed . Sinauer Associates , Sunderland , MA , USA . Jump up ^ Stevens , M.H.H. ( 2009 ) . A Primer of Ecology with R. ( R. Gentleman , Hornik K. , & G. Parmigiani , Eds . ) . Springer . Jump up ^ Rabajante JF , Talaue CO ( April 2015 ) . `` Equilibrium switching and mathematical properties of nonlinear interaction networks with concurrent antagonism and self - stimulation '' . Chaos , Solitons & Fractals. 73 : 166 -- 182 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2015.01. 018 . Further reading ( edit ) Begon , M. , C.R. Townsend and J.L. Harper . 2006 . Ecology : From Individuals to Ecosystems . Blackwell Publishing , Malden , MA . Connell J.H. ( 1961 ) . `` Factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus '' . Ecology. 42 ( 4 ) : 710 -- 723 . doi : 10.2307 / 1933500 . Giller , P.S. 1984 . Community Structure and the Niche . Chapman & Hall , London . Holekamp , K.E. 2006 . Interspecific competition and anti-predator behavior . National Science Foundation . https://www.nsf.gov/ Inbar M. , Eshel A. , Wool D. ( 1995 ) . `` Interspecific competition among phloem - feeding insects mediated by induced host - plant sinks '' . Ecology. 76 ( 5 ) : 1506 -- 1515 . doi : 10.2307 / 1938152 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Schoener T.W. ( 1983 ) . `` Field experiments on interspecific competition '' . American Naturalist. 122 : 240 . doi : 10.1086 / 284133 . Solomon , E.P. , Berg , L.R. , & Martin , D.W. ( 2002 ) . Biology , sixth edition . ( N. Rose , Ed . ) . Stamford , CT : Thomson Learning Taniguchi Y. and S. Nakano 2000 . Condition - Specific Competition : Implications for the Altitudinal Distribution of Stream Fishes . Ecology , 81 . 7 : 2027 - 2039 Weiner , J. 1994 . The Beak of the Finch . Cambridge University Press , New York . External links ( edit ) Competition for Territory : The Levins Model for Two Species Wolfram Demonstrations Project -- requires CDF player ( free ) Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish ( hide ) Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interspecific_competition&oldid=834488192 '' Categories : Biological interactions Competition Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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in which ways would competition affect the lions ability to thrive in the ecosystem
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"If a tree species in a dense forest grows taller than surrounding tree species, it is able to absorb more of the incoming sunlight. However, less sunlight is then available for the trees that are shaded by the taller tree, thus interspecific competition. Leopards and lions can also be in interspecific competition, since both species feed on the same prey, and can be negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food."
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"will have less food"
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5483430094878193058
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Neurilemma
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Neurilemma - Wikipedia Neurilemma Neurilemma Diagram of longitudinal sections of medullated nerve fibers . Cross section of an axon . 1 . Axon 2 . Nucleus of Schwann cell 3 . Schwann cell 4 . Myelin sheath 5 . Neurilemma Details System Peripheral nervous system Location Schwann cell Identifiers MeSH D009441 TH H2. 00.06. 1.00002 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Neurilemma ( also known as neurolemma , sheath of Schwann , or Schwann 's sheath ) is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells ( also called neurilemmocytes ) that surrounds the axon of the neuron . It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system . The neurilemma is underlain by the myelin sheath ( referred to as the medullary sheath in the included illustrations ) . In the central nervous system , axons are myelinated by oligodendrocytes , thus lack neurilemma . The myelin sheaths of Oligodendrocytes do not have neurilemma because excess cytoplasm is directed centrally toward the oligodendrocyte cell body . Neurilemma serves a protective function for peripheral nerve fibers . Damaged nerve fibers may regenerate if the perikaryon is not damaged and the neurilemma remains intact . The neurilemma forms a regeneration tube through which the growing axon re-establishes its original connection . A neurilemoma is a tumor of the neurilemma . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albert , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed. ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 1262 -- 1263 . ISBN 9781416062578 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Elaine N. Marieb ; Katja Hoehn ( 2007 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( 7th Ed . ) . Pearson . pp. 394 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 5909 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Histology at dmacc.edu Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Nerve fascicle Funiculus Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud This neuroanatomy article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurilemma&oldid=828405903 '' Categories : Neurohistology Neuroanatomy stubs Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Extra text All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 10 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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the neurilemma of axons in the pns is formed by
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[
"Neurilemma (also known as neurolemma, sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath)[1] is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.[2]\n"
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"the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes)"
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-1858595124570317924
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Governor's Cup (Kentucky)
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Governor 's Cup ( Kentucky ) - wikipedia Governor 's Cup ( Kentucky ) Kentucky -- Louisville football rivalry Kentucky Wildcats Louisville Cardinals Sport Football First meeting October 28 , 1912 Kentucky 41 , Louisville 0 Latest meeting November 25 , 2017 Kentucky 17 , Louisville 44 Next meeting November 24 , 2018 Trophy The Governor 's Cup Statistics Meetings total 30 All - time series Tied , 15 -- 15 Largest victory Kentucky , 73 -- 0 ( 1922 ) Longest win streak Kentucky , 7 ( 1912 -- 1994 ) Current win streak Louisville , 1 ( 2017 -- present ) UK UL Locations in Kentucky The Governor 's Cup is a trophy awarded to the victor of the annual college football game between the University of Kentucky and the University of Louisville in the state of Kentucky ; it is also used as a reference to the rivalry itself . Though the teams first played in 1912 , they only played six times until the rivalry ended in 1924 , not to be renewed for another 70 years . The rivalry resumed in 1994 with a new Governor 's Cup trophy , which has been awarded every year since . The series is currently tied at 15 -- 15 , although Louisville leads the modern series 15 to 9 . Louisville had a five - game winning streak in the series from 2011 to 2015 . From 1994 to 2006 the annual matchup was always played in the opening weekend of the college football season . In 2007 , the game was moved to the third game of the season when played in Lexington but remained the first game when played in Louisville . Starting in 2014 , which marked Louisville 's inaugural season in the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Governor 's Cup became the last game of the regular season for both teams on Thanksgiving weekend , to coincide with several other ACC - SEC same - state rivalries . With the bitterness that each team 's fans bases has against each other , and with the rivalry win - loss spread being even , this rivalry will continue into the next decade as both schools agreed to advance the rivalry into the 2022 college football season . As Louisville and Kentucky both having recent renovations to each of their football stadiums , three of the games being at Cardinal Stadium in Louisville , KY and three of the games being at Kroger Field in Lexington , KY . Contents 1 All - time results 2 Howard Schnellenberger Award 3 See also 4 References All - time results ( edit ) Kentucky victories Louisville victories No . Date Location Winner Score October 26 , 1912 Lexington , KY Kentucky 41 -- 0 November 22 , 1913 Louisville , KY Kentucky 20 -- 0 November 14 , 1914 Lexington , KY Kentucky 42 -- 0 November 6 , 1915 Louisville , KY Kentucky 15 -- 0 October 14 , 1922 Lexington , KY Kentucky 73 -- 0 6 October 4 , 1924 Lexington , KY Kentucky 29 -- 0 7 September 3 , 1994 Lexington , KY Kentucky 20 -- 14 8 September 2 , 1995 Lexington , KY Louisville 13 -- 10 9 August 31 , 1996 Lexington , KY Louisville 38 -- 14 10 August 30 , 1997 Lexington , KY Kentucky 38 -- 24 11 September 5 , 1998 Louisville , KY Kentucky 68 -- 34 12 September 4 , 1999 Lexington , KY Louisville 56 -- 28 13 September 2 , 2000 Louisville , KY Louisville 40 -- 34 14 September 1 , 2001 Lexington , KY Louisville 36 -- 10 15 September 1 , 2002 Louisville , KY Kentucky 22 -- 17 16 August 31 , 2003 Lexington , KY Louisville 40 -- 24 No . Date Location Winner Score 17 September 5 , 2004 Louisville , KY Louisville 28 -- 0 18 September 4 , 2005 Lexington , KY # 12 Louisville 31 -- 24 19 September 3 , 2006 Louisville , KY # 13 Louisville 59 -- 28 20 September 15 , 2007 Lexington , KY Kentucky 40 -- 34 21 August 31 , 2008 Louisville , KY Kentucky 27 -- 2 22 September 19 , 2009 Lexington , KY Kentucky 31 -- 27 23 September 4 , 2010 Louisville , KY Kentucky 23 -- 16 24 September 17 , 2011 Lexington , KY Louisville 24 -- 17 25 September 2 , 2012 Louisville , KY # 25 Louisville 32 -- 14 26 September 14 , 2013 Lexington , KY # 7 Louisville 27 -- 13 27 November 29 , 2014 Louisville , KY # 22 Louisville 44 -- 40 28 November 28 , 2015 Lexington , KY Louisville 38 -- 24 29 November 26 , 2016 Louisville , KY Kentucky 41 -- 38 30 November 25 , 2017 Lexington , KY Louisville 44 -- 17 Series : Tied 15 -- 15 Howard Schnellenberger award ( edit ) The 2010 game was the inaugural year for the award . The award is given to the Most Valuable Player on the winning team by the Louisville Sports Commission . It is named for Howard Schnellenberger , who played under Bear Bryant for Kentucky and was Louisville 's head coach when the modern football rivalry began in 1994 . Date Player Team Position Statistics 9 - 04 - 2010 Derrick Locke Kentucky RB 23 carries , 104 yards , 2 TDs 9 - 17 - 2011 Dexter Heyman Louisville LB 12 tackles & 1 forced fumble 9 - 02 - 2012 Teddy Bridgewater Louisville QB 19 / 21 , 232 yards 9 - 14 - 2013 Teddy Bridgewater Louisville QB 16 / 28 , 250 yards , 1 TD 11 - 29 - 2014 DeVante Parker Louisville WR 6 catches , 180 yards , 3 TD 11 - 28 - 2015 Lamar Jackson Louisville QB 8 / 21 , 130 yards , 1 TD 17 carries , 186 yards , 2 TDs 11 - 26 - 2016 Stephen Johnson Kentucky QB 16 / 27 , 338 yards , 3 TDs 11 - 25 - 2017 Lamar Jackson Louisville QB 15 / 21 , 216 yards , 2 TDs 18 carries , 156 yards See also ( edit ) List of NCAA college football rivalry games Kentucky -- Louisville rivalry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Louisville Cardinals vs. Kentucky Wildcats - Recap - September 17 , 2011 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Laurel . `` Governor 's Cup moved to last game of season starting 2014 - wave3. com - Louisville News , Weather & Sports '' . Wave3.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville vs. Kentucky Governor 's Cup football series extended through 2022 '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Louisville Cardinals - Box Score - September 04 , 2010 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2010 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Louisville Cardinals - Box Score - November 26 , 2016 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2016 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Kentucky Wildcats football Venues Stoll Field / McLean Stadium ( 1916 -- 1972 ) Kroger Field ( 1973 -- present ) E.J. Nutter Training Facility ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Centre Indiana Louisville ( Governor 's Cup ) Mississippi State Tennessee Transylvania Vanderbilt Culture & lore The Wildcat Scratch Blue `` On , On , U of K '' `` Kentucky Fight '' Marching band 2003 Arkansas game People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1881 1882 -- 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Louisville Cardinals football Venues Parkway Field ( ? -- 1956 ) Old Cardinal Stadium ( 1957 -- 1997 ) Cardinal Stadium ( 1998 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Cincinnati ( The Keg of Nails ) Kentucky ( Governor 's Cup ) Memphis West Virginia Culture & lore Cardinal Bird Marching band People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 -- 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 -- 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rivalries of the Atlantic Coast Conference Conference O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy ( Boston College -- Clemson ) Boston College -- Syracuse Boston College -- Virginia Tech Clemson -- Florida State Clemson -- Georgia Tech Textile Bowl ( Clemson -- NC State ) Duke -- North Carolina basketball / overall Victory Bell ( Duke -- North Carolina football ) Duke -- NC State Duke -- Wake Forest Florida State -- Miami Florida State -- Virginia Georgia Tech -- Virginia Tech Miami -- Virginia Tech North Carolina -- NC State overall North Carolina -- NC State North Carolina -- Wake Forest NC State -- Wake Forest South 's Oldest Rivalry ( North Carolina -- Virginia ) Pittsburgh -- Syracuse Virginia -- Virginia Tech Commonwealth Cup ( Virginia -- Virginia Tech football ) Non-conference Alabama -- Clemson Auburn -- Clemson Auburn -- Georgia Tech Boston College -- Holy Cross Boston College -- Harvard ( basketball ) Commonwealth Classic ( Boston College -- UMass basketball ) Boston College -- UMass Clemson -- Georgia Clemson -- South Carolina Colgate -- Syracuse Connecticut -- Notre Dame ( women 's basketball ) Duke -- Maryland ( basketball ) Duke -- Michigan ( basketball ) Florida -- Florida State Green Line Rivalry ( Boston College -- Boston U ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) Kentucky -- Louisville overall Governor 's Cup ( Kentucky -- Louisville football ) Louisville -- Memphis Louisville -- West Virginia Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate ( Georgia -- Georgia Tech ) Georgia Tech -- Tennessee Georgia Tech -- Vanderbilt Maryland -- Virginia Florida -- Miami Miami -- Nebraska NC State -- South Carolina North Carolina -- South Carolina NC State -- East Carolina Notre Dame -- UCLA basketball River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) City Game ( Pittsburgh -- Duquesne ) Penn State -- Pittsburgh Backyard Brawl ( Pittsburgh -- West Virginia ) Georgetown -- Syracuse Penn State -- Syracuse Syracuse -- West Virginia New River Valley rivalry ( Radford -- Virginia Tech ) Virginia Tech -- West Virginia VMI -- Virginia Tech Notre Dame football rivalries Boston College -- Notre Dame Georgia Tech -- Notre Dame Miami -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Pittsburgh Southeastern Conference football rivalry games Conference Iron Bowl ( Alabama -- Auburn ) Alabama -- Georgia Alabama -- LSU Alabama -- Mississippi State Alabama -- Ole Miss Third Saturday in October ( Alabama -- Tennessee ) Arkansas -- LSU Battle Line Rivalry ( Arkansas -- Missouri ) Arkansas -- Ole Miss Arkansas -- Texas A&M Auburn -- Florida Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry ( Auburn -- Georgia ) Auburn -- LSU Auburn -- Ole Miss Auburn -- Tennessee Florida -- Georgia Florida -- LSU Florida -- Tennessee Georgia -- South Carolina Georgia -- Tennessee Georgia -- Vanderbilt Kentucky -- Mississippi State Battle for the Beer Barrel ( Kentucky -- Tennessee ) Kentucky -- Vanderbilt LSU -- Mississippi State Magnolia Bowl ( LSU -- Ole Miss ) LSU -- Texas A&M Egg Bowl ( Mississippi State -- Ole Miss ) Ole Miss -- Vanderbilt South Carolina -- Texas A&M Tennessee -- Vanderbilt Non-conference Alabama -- Clemson Alabama -- Penn State Arkansas -- Texas Arkansas -- Texas Tech Auburn -- Clemson Auburn -- Georgia Tech Auburn -- Tulane Battle of the Brazos ( Baylor -- Texas A&M ) Clemson -- Georgia Clemson -- South Carolina Florida -- Florida State Florida -- Miami Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate ( Georgia -- Georgia Tech ) Georgia Tech -- Tennessee Georgia Tech -- Vanderbilt Illinois -- Missouri Indiana -- Kentucky Iowa State -- Missouri Border War ( Kansas -- Missouri ) Centre -- Kentucky Kentucky -- Louisville Battle On Broadway ( Kentucky -- Transylvania ) Battle for the Rag ( LSU -- Tulane ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Missouri -- Nebraska Missouri -- Oklahoma NC State -- South Carolina North Carolina -- South Carolina Ole Miss -- Tulane Sewanee -- Vanderbilt TCU -- Texas A&M Texas A&M -- Texas Tech Texas -- Texas A&M Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor%27s_Cup_(Kentucky)&oldid=853018104 '' Categories : College football rivalries in the United States College football rivalry trophies in the United States Kentucky Wildcats football Louisville Cardinals football 1912 establishments in Kentucky Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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when was the last time kentucky beat louisville in football
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[
"No.DateLocationWinnerScore17 September 5, 2004 Louisville, KY Louisville 28–018 September 4, 2005 Lexington, KY #12 Louisville 31–2419 September 3, 2006 Louisville, KY #13 Louisville 59–2820 September 15, 2007 Lexington, KY Kentucky 40–3421 August 31, 2008 Louisville, KY Kentucky 27–222 September 19, 2009 Lexington, KY Kentucky 31–2723 September 4, 2010 Louisville, KY Kentucky 23–1624 September 17, 2011 Lexington, KY Louisville 24–1725 September 2, 2012 Louisville, KY #25 Louisville 32–1426 September 14, 2013 Lexington, KY #7 Louisville 27–1327 November 29, 2014 Louisville, KY #22 Louisville 44–4028 November 28, 2015 Lexington, KY Louisville 38–2429 November 26, 2016 Louisville, KY Kentucky 41–3830 November 25, 2017 Lexington, KY Louisville 44–17Series: Tied 15–15"
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"November 26, 2016"
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2007 NBA Finals
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2007 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2007 NBA Finals 2007 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins San Antonio Spurs Gregg Popovich Cleveland Cavaliers Mike Brown 0 Dates June 7 -- 14 MVP Tony Parker ( San Antonio Spurs ) Television ABC ( U.S. ) Announcers Mike Breen , Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy Radio network ESPN Announcers Jim Durham , Hubie Brown and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Mike Callahan , Steve Javie Game 2 : Dick Bavetta , Jim Clark , Joe DeRosa Game 3 : Bernie Fryer , Bob Delaney , Dan Crawford Game 4 : Bennett Salvatore , Joe Forte , Eddie F. Rush Hall of Famers Officials : Dick Bavetta ( 2015 ) Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Pistons , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Spurs defeated Jazz , 4 -- 1 < 2006 NBA Finals 2008 > The 2007 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2006 -- 07 season , and was the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The best - of - seven series was played between the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs and the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers . This was Cleveland 's first trip to the NBA Finals in their franchise history and San Antonio 's fourth . The Spurs swept the Cavaliers 4 games to 0 . Tony Parker was named the series ' MVP . The series was televised on ABC under the ESPN on ABC branding , and produced low television ratings comparing to the 2002 NBA Finals , when the Los Angeles Lakers swept the New Jersey Nets . This series was the last sweep in the NBA Finals until 2018 , where the losing team was once again the Cleveland Cavaliers . Contents 1 Format 2 Series summary 3 Background 3.1 2007 NBA Playoffs 3.2 Regular season series 3.3 San Antonio Spurs 3.4 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 Starting lineups 5 Rosters 5.1 San Antonio Spurs 5.2 Cleveland Cavaliers 6 Player statistics 7 Game summaries 7.1 Game 1 7.2 Game 2 7.3 Game 3 7.4 Game 4 8 Broadcasting 8.1 Ratings 9 Aftermath 10 References 11 External links Format ( edit ) The Finals were played using the 2 - 3 - 2 format , where the first two and last two games are held at the team with home court advantage . The NBA , after experimenting in the early years , restored this original format for the Finals in 1985 . The other playoff series were played in the 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 format . The best - of - seven series began on June 7 , 2007 , with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs playing the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers . Because the San Antonio Spurs had a better regular season win - loss record , they had home court advantage . Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , June 7 San Antonio Spurs 85 -- 76 ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 10 San Antonio Spurs 103 -- 92 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Tuesday , June 12 Cleveland Cavaliers 72 -- 75 ( 0 -- 3 ) San Antonio Spurs Game 4 Thursday , June 14 Cleveland Cavaliers 82 -- 83 ( 0 -- 4 ) San Antonio Spurs Background ( edit ) 2007 NBA Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2007 NBA Playoffs San Antonio Spurs ( Western Conference champion ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference champion ) # Western Conference Team PCT GB z - Dallas Mavericks 67 15 . 817 - y - Phoenix Suns 61 21 . 744 6 x-San Antonio Spurs 58 24 . 707 9 y - Utah Jazz 51 31 . 622 16 5 x-Houston Rockets 52 30 . 634 15 6 x-Denver Nuggets 45 37 . 549 22 7 x-Los Angeles Lakers 42 40 . 512 25 8 x-Golden State Warriors 42 40 . 512 25 9 Los Angeles Clippers 40 42 . 488 27 10 New Orleans Hornets 39 43 . 476 28 11 Sacramento Kings 33 49 . 402 34 12 Portland Trail Blazers 32 50 . 390 35 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 32 50 . 390 35 14 Seattle SuperSonics 31 51 . 378 36 15 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 45 3rd seed in the West , 3rd best league record Regular season # Eastern Conference Team PCT GB c - Detroit Pistons 53 29 . 646 -- x-Cleveland Cavaliers 50 32 . 610 y - Toronto Raptors 47 35 . 573 6 y - Miami Heat 44 38 . 537 9 5 x-Chicago Bulls 49 33 . 598 6 x-New Jersey Nets 41 41 . 500 12 7 x-Washington Wizards 41 41 . 500 12 8 x-Orlando Magic 40 42 . 488 13 9 Philadelphia 76ers 35 47 . 427 18 10 Indiana Pacers 35 47 . 427 18 11 New York Knicks 33 49 . 402 20 12 Charlotte Bobcats 33 49 . 402 20 13 Atlanta Hawks 30 52 . 366 23 14 Milwaukee Bucks 28 54 . 341 25 15 Boston Celtics 24 58 . 293 29 2nd seed in the East , 7th best league record Defeated the ( 6 ) Denver Nuggets , 4 -- 1 First Round Defeated the ( 7 ) Washington Wizards , 4 -- 0 Defeated the ( 2 ) Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 2 Conference Semifinals Defeated the ( 6 ) New Jersey Nets , 4 -- 2 Defeated the ( 4 ) Utah Jazz , 4 -- 1 Conference Finals Defeated the ( 1 ) Detroit Pistons , 4 -- 2 Regular season series ( edit ) The Cleveland Cavaliers won both games in the regular season series : ESPN November 3 Cleveland Cavaliers 88 , San Antonio Spurs 81 AT&T Center , San Antonio NBA TV January 2 San Antonio Spurs 78 , Cleveland Cavaliers 92 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland San Antonio Spurs ( edit ) The previous season saw the San Antonio Spurs drop a heartbreaking seventh game at home to the rival Dallas Mavericks in the second round . As the new season began , the Spurs saw the Mavericks rolling through their regular season , on their way to a franchise best 67 win campaign . Meanwhile , the Spurs struggled through their season through January . With the main focus lying on Dallas and the Phoenix Suns , the Spurs found themselves flying under the radar . A late - season surge resulted in a 58 -- 24 regular season record , good enough for third seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , the Spurs met the Denver Nuggets and their duo of Allen Iverson and Carmelo Anthony . The Nuggets took game 1 , but the Spurs reeled off 4 straight wins to take the series in five games . As San Antonio prepared to face off against the second seed Suns , the top - ranked Mavericks suffered a stunning first - round exit at the hands of the Golden State Warriors . With the Mavericks gone , the stakes of the Suns - Spurs series shot up dramatically , and it was a closely competitive and controversial series . The Suns had homecourt advantage , but that did not last past game 1 . In a hotly contested battle of Western Conference heavyweights , each team tried to deliver a knockout blow . The Spurs finally landed it , but by accident . With the game in the balance Tony Parker and Steve Nash collided head - to - head . A large gash opened along Nash 's nose and the medical staff could not stop the bleeding . He was forced to sit out the final 45 seconds and watch the Spurs win , 111 -- 106 . Game 2 saw the Suns rebound and blow out the Spurs , 101 -- 81 . After this game , Suns center Amar'e Stoudemire called the Spurs a dirty team . Game 3 switched back to San Antonio and saw a return of physical play , with Manu Ginóbili receiving a bruised and bloodied eye and Bruce Bowen kneeing Nash in the groin . Tim Duncan led the Spurs to a 108 -- 101 victory . Games 4 and 5 were the most controversial of the series . The Spurs , after being comfortably in control of game 4 , saw their 11 - point fourth - quarter lead dwindle away to a 2 - point Suns lead . With 18 seconds left , Robert Horry bodychecked Nash into the scorers ' table . Nash 's teammates jumped to his defense ; during the ensuing altercation , Stoudemire and Boris Diaw left the bench . Their action violated NBA rules , and league commissioner David Stern suspended both players for game 5 . Horry was also suspended two games for his flagrant foul on Nash . In game 5 , in Phoenix , the short - handed Suns jumped out early to a 16 - point lead , but in a reversal of game 4 , the Spurs came back in the final seconds and won the game 88 -- 85 , giving San Antonio a 3 -- 2 series lead . The Spurs won game 6 of the series 114 -- 106 in San Antonio , sending them to their fifth Western Conference finals since 1999 . San Antonio went on to beat the Utah Jazz in five games to advance to the franchise 's fourth NBA Finals . Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) In the replay of the previous year 's playoffs with the Cavaliers holding home court advantage against Washington Wizards , the Cavaliers swept the Wizards after the season - ending injuries of both Gilbert Arenas and Caron Butler . In the second round of the playoffs , the Cavaliers faced the New Jersey Nets . Again , the Cavaliers had home court advantage , and battled the Nets through 6 games before winning the series . The Cavaliers advanced to the conference finals for only the third time in franchise history , and faced a familiar foe : the Detroit Pistons , the number one seed in the Eastern Conference , with their home court advantage . This was the same Detroit team that knocked the Cavaliers out of the second round the previous year . Expectations were high after a 7 - game series the previous year and the two teams did not disappoint . The first two games were close and saw Cleveland fall by identical 79 -- 76 scores . Down 0 -- 2 in the series , the spotlight shifted back to Cleveland and LeBron James . Another hard - fought set ensued , with the Cavaliers taking the two games at home 88 - 82 and 91 - 87 respectively . Game 5 switched back to Detroit and produced one of the greatest moments in NBA history . With 6 : 14 to go in regulation and his team clinging to a one - point 79 -- 78 lead , James took over the game . He scored 11 of the final 12 points to end regulation tied 91 - 91 . In the first overtime , James scored all nine of the Cavaliers ' points , ending the period tied 100 - 100 . In the second overtime , James again scored all nine of the team 's points to win , 109 - 107 . Thus , in the last 16 : 14 of play , James scored 29 of the Cavaliers ' last 30 points , as well as all of their last 25 points . The Cavaliers beat the Pistons at home in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference finals to earn the franchise 's first trip to the NBA Finals . Cleveland became the third team in NBA history to win a best - of - seven conference finals series after trailing by 2 games . Starting lineups ( edit ) Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame ‡ San Antonio Position Cleveland Tony Parker PG Larry Hughes Michael Finley SG Sasha Pavlović Bruce Bowen SF LeBron James Tim Duncan PF Drew Gooden Fabricio Oberto Zydrunas Ilgauskas Rosters ( edit ) San Antonio Spurs ( edit ) 2006 -- 07 San Antonio Spurs roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From G / F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Barry , Brent 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 209 lb ( 95 kg ) 1971 -- 12 -- 31 Oregon State 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Bonner , Matt 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 04 -- 05 Florida G / F 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Bowen , Bruce 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1971 -- 06 -- 14 Cal State Fullerton F / C 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Butler , Jackie 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1985 -- 03 -- 10 Coastal Christian Academy F / C 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Duncan , Tim ( C ) 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1976 -- 04 -- 25 Wake Forest 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Elson , Francisco 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1976 -- 02 -- 28 California 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ely , Melvin 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 261 lb ( 118 kg ) 1978 -- 05 -- 02 Fresno State G / F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Finley , Michael 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1973 -- 03 -- 06 Wisconsin 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Ginóbili , Manu 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1977 -- 07 -- 28 Argentina 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Horry , Robert 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1970 -- 08 -- 25 Alabama F / C 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oberto , Fabricio 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 256 lb ( 116 kg ) 1975 -- 03 -- 21 Argentina 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Parker , Tony 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1982 -- 05 -- 17 France 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Udrih , Beno 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1982 -- 07 -- 05 Slovenia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Vaughn , Jacque 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1975 -- 02 -- 11 Kansas G / F 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 White , James 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1982 -- 10 -- 21 Cincinnati Head coach Gregg Popovich Assistant coach ( es ) Brett Brown Mike Budenholzer P.J. Carlesimo Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2007 -- 02 -- 13 Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2006 -- 07 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Brown , Shannon 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 -- 11 -- 30 Michigan State 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gibson , Daniel 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1986 -- 02 -- 27 Texas 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Gooden , Drew 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1981 -- 09 -- 24 Kansas 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Hughes , Larry 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) 1979 -- 01 -- 23 Saint Louis 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Ilgauskas , Žydrūnas 7000220980000000000 ♠ 7 ft 3 in ( 2.21 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1975 -- 06 -- 05 Lithuania 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Jones , Damon 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1976 -- 08 -- 25 Houston F / C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Jones , Dwayne 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1983 -- 06 -- 09 Saint Joseph 's 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Marshall , Donyell 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1973 -- 05 -- 18 Connecticut 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Newble , Ira 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1975 -- 01 -- 20 Miami ( OH ) G / F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Pavlović , Aleksandar 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1983 -- 11 -- 15 Serbia F / C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Pollard , Scot 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 278 lb ( 126 kg ) 1975 -- 02 -- 12 Kansas 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Snow , Eric 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1973 -- 04 -- 24 Michigan State F / C 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Varejão , Anderson 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 273 lb ( 124 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Brazil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Wesley , David 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 229 lb ( 104 kg ) 1970 -- 11 -- 14 Baylor Head coach Mike Brown Assistant coach ( es ) Hank Egan Melvin Hunt Michael Malone Kenny Natt Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2007 -- 03 -- 26 Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game San Antonio Spurs Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Brent Barry 0 10.6 . 364 . 400 . 000 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.0 3.0 Bruce Bowen 41.7 . 296 . 389 . 250 5.5 1.3 0.5 0.3 6.0 Tim Duncan 37.3 . 446 . 000 . 625 11.5 3.8 1.3 2.3 18.3 Francisco Elson 0 11.4 1.000 . 000 . 800 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 4.0 Michael Finley 18.5 . 261 . 083 . 667 2.0 0.8 1.3 0.0 3.8 Manu Ginóbili 0 29.3 . 367 . 435 . 833 5.8 2.5 1.3 0.0 17.8 Robert Horry 0 22.0 . 333 . 375 . 750 4.5 3.3 0.3 1.3 3.0 Fabricio Oberto 20.8 . 471 . 000 . 333 4.3 0.5 0.3 0.0 4.3 Tony Parker 37.8 . 568 . 571 . 526 5.0 3.3 0.8 0.0 24.5 Beno Udrih 0 0.6 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jacque Vaughn 0 10.1 . 571 . 000 . 000 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Shannon Brown 0 0.0 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Daniel Gibson 34.8 . 439 . 316 1.000 1.8 2.5 1.5 0.0 10.8 Drew Gooden 27.5 . 500 . 000 . 875 8.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 12.8 Larry Hughes 21.9 . 100 . 000 . 000 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 Zydrunas Ilgauskas 25.8 . 351 . 000 . 833 10.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 7.8 LeBron James 42.6 . 356 . 200 . 690 7.0 6.8 1.0 0.5 22.0 Damon Jones 0 16.2 . 455 . 556 1.000 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 Donyell Marshall 0 15.3 . 313 . 182 . 750 2.3 1.3 0.8 0.0 3.8 Ira Newble 0 10 . . 000 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aleksandar Pavlović 31.7 . 364 . 417 . 333 2.5 0.8 0.5 0.0 9.8 Scot Pollard 0 0.9 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eric Snow 0 10.2 . 400 . 000 . 500 1.0 2.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 Anderson Varejão 0 24.5 . 667 . 000 . 625 5.3 0.8 1.3 0.5 7.5 Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) The Cleveland Cavaliers entered the 2007 Finals as newcomers . Game 1 was their first NBA Finals game in franchise history , and the first for each of its players ( other than reserve point guard Eric Snow ) . However , the San Antonio Spurs had been to the Finals in three of the past eight seasons , winning a championship each time . With solid performances by Tim Duncan , Tony Parker , and Manu Ginóbili , the Spurs won the series opener in convincing fashion , limiting LeBron James to 14 points on 4 -- 16 shooting . ABC , ABCHD , TSN , Canal 7 , Canal+ , ESPN Brasil June 7 9 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Cleveland Cavaliers 76 , San Antonio Spurs 85 Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 20 , 20 -- 20 , 14 -- 24 , 27 -- 21 Pts : Gibson 16 Rebs : James 7 Asts : James , Gibson 4 each TOs : James 6 Pts : Parker 27 Rebs : Duncan 13 Asts : Parker 7 Blks : Duncan 5 AT&T Center , San Antonio Attendance : 18,797 Referees : No. 41 Ken Mauer No. 14 Mike Callahan No. 29 Steve Javie Game 2 ( edit ) The Spurs took a stranglehold on momentum in Game 2 . The Spurs ' big three overwhelmed the Cavs and the Spurs led by as many as 29 points in the third quarter . They dominated the game during the first 3 quarters and played show - time basketball . A furious 25 -- 6 rally by Cleveland in the final quarter was n't enough as the Spurs took a 2 -- 0 lead in the series . ABC , ABCHD , TSN , Canal 7 , Canal+ , ESPN Brasil June 10 8 : 00 p.m ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Cleveland Cavaliers 92 , San Antonio Spurs 103 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 28 , 16 -- 30 , 29 -- 31 , 30 -- 14 Pts : James 25 Rebs : Varejão 10 Asts : James 6 TOs : James 6 Pts : Parker 30 Rebs : Duncan , Horry 9 each Asts : Duncan 8 Blks : Horry 5 AT&T Center , San Antonio Attendance : 18,797 Referees : No. 27 Dick Bavetta No. 6 Jim Clark No. 14 Joe DeRosa Game 3 ( edit ) Rookie Daniel Gibson started Game 3 in place of the injured Larry Hughes but scored a series - low 2 points on 1 - 10 shooting . As a team the Cavs shot only . 367 , but out - rebounded the Spurs 48 -- 41 . Zydrunas Ilgauskas had a 2006 -- 07 season high 18 rebounds . On the game 's final play , LeBron James missed a potential game - tying 29 foot 3 - pointer . Game 3 was the lowest scoring Finals game since 1955 , with Tim Duncan of the Spurs having his lowest scoring game in his NBA Finals career , with 14 points . ABC , ABCHD , TSN , CBS CHANNEL 7 , Canal+ , NBN CHANNEL 4 June 12 9 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube San Antonio Spurs 75 , Cleveland Cavaliers 72 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 18 , 24 -- 20 , 15 -- 12 , 20 -- 22 Pts : Parker 17 Rebs : Duncan , Bowen 9 each Asts : Ginóbili 5 Stls : Finley 4 Pts : James 25 Rebs : Ilgauskas 18 Asts : James 7 TOs : James 5 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland Attendance : 20,562 Referees : No. 7 Bernie Fryer No. 26 Bob Delaney No. 43 Dan Crawford Game 4 ( edit ) San Antonio started out strong through the first three quarters , leading by as many as 11 . Cleveland would stage a rally near the end of the third quarter and the first five minutes of the fourth , scoring 14 consecutive points to take its first second - half lead of the series . However , the Spurs would stage a 12 -- 3 rally of their own to retake the lead and win the series in a 4 -- 0 sweep . ABC , ABCHD , TSN , Canal 7 , Canal+ , ESPN Brasil , Sport 1 June 14 9 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube San Antonio Spurs 83 , Cleveland Cavaliers 82 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 20 , 20 -- 14 , 21 -- 18 , 23 -- 30 Pts : Ginóbili 27 Rebs : Duncan 15 Asts : Ginóbili 5 TOs : Duncan 6 Pts : James 24 Rebs : Ilgauskas 13 Asts : James 10 TOs : James 6 San Antonio wins series , 4 - 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland Attendance : 20,562 Referees : No. 15 Bennett Salvatore No. 45 Joe Forte No. 32 Eddie F. Rush Twelve - year veteran Larry Nance was awarded the NBA championship game ball . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : NBA on ABC , NBA on ESPN , and NBA on ESPN Radio Coverage was produced by ESPN and televised on ABC in the United States , TSN in Canada , Sky Sports in the United Kingdom , Canal+ in France , Premiere in Germany , and more than 100 other broadcasters in over 200 countries . Play - by - play announcer Mike Breen , analysts Mark Jackson & former Rockets head - coach Jeff Van Gundy , and courtside reporters Michele Tafoya & Stuart Scott provided commentary and analysis for the North American market . The radio coverage on ESPN Radio features play - by - play man Mike Tirico and color analysts Dr. Jack Ramsay and Hubie Brown . The featured song , aired throughout the playoffs , was The Pussycat Dolls `` Right Now . '' Another song featured in the 2007 NBA Finals series , `` It Ends Tonight '' by The All - American Rejects , was aired at the end of the pre-game promo for Game 4 . Ratings ( edit ) See also : National Basketball Association Nielsen ratings According to ESPN , the NBA Finals series was a television bust in the United States . San Antonio 's four - game sweep of Cleveland finished with a record - low 6.2 television rating and 11 share on ABC , Nielsen Media Research said on June 15 , 2007 . That was down 27 percent from the 8.5 / 15 for Miami 's six - game victory over Dallas from the previous year and 5 percent under the previous low , a 6.5 / 12 for San Antonio 's six - game win over New Jersey in 2003 . San Antonio 's series - winning 83 - 82 victory on Thursday night got a 6.5 / 12 , down 17 percent from the 7.8 / 14 for Game 4 in 2006 . Despite having the lowest ratings of any NBA championship series , game two of the 2003 series between San Antonio and New Jersey remains the lowest - rated game of all time in the history of the NBA Finals . Aftermath ( edit ) The Spurs won 56 games in the succeeding 2007 -- 08 season , but relinquished the Southwest Division title to the New Orleans Hornets due to a tie - breaker . The Spurs had the last laugh , though , defeating the Hornets in seven games . But their chance of defending their title was denied by the Los Angeles Lakers in five games of the conference finals . After that , age and injury took its toll on the Spurs , as they proceeded to win only a single playoff series in three years ( 2010 , vs. Dallas 4 -- 2 of the first round ) , before getting upset by the Memphis Grizzlies in the first round of the 2011 NBA Playoffs despite finishing with 61 wins . The Spurs then retooled their roster , after which they appeared in three consecutive conference finals , beginning in 2012 , before making the NBA Finals in 2013 and 2014 against James and the Miami Heat . The Spurs split the two Finals meetings against the Heat . The Cavaliers won 45 games in the 2007 -- 08 season , despite early - season contract issues involving center Anderson Varejão and guard Sasha Pavlović , and a mid-season trade for Ben Wallace . They fell in the second round to the eventual NBA champions Boston Celtics in seven games , after a hard - fought duel involving LeBron James and Paul Pierce . The Cavaliers would earn the league 's best record for the next two years ( 66 and 61 wins , respectively ) and boast the NBA 's MVP in James . However , they were unable to win it all , losing to the Orlando Magic in six games of the 2009 Eastern Conference Finals and the Celtics in six games of the 2010 Eastern Conference Semifinals ( allowing the Lakers to win the Finals twice against the Magic and Celtics ) . The latter playoff defeat would cost head coach Mike Brown his job , though he was later re-hired ( and fired again ) in the 2013 -- 14 NBA season . After that season , as a free agent , James left for the Miami Heat and helped them to four successive NBA Finals appearances , winning in 2012 and 2013 , while the Cavaliers sunk to an Eastern Conference - low 19 wins in the 2010 -- 11 NBA season , which included a 26 - game losing streak . The Cavaliers then appeared in the NBA draft lottery four consecutive times , earning the top pick in three of them . Those three top picks became Kyrie Irving ( 2011 ) , Anthony Bennett ( 2013 ) and Andrew Wiggins ( 2014 ) ( Bennett and Wiggins were later traded to Minnesota for Kevin Love ) . In July 2014 , James announced his return to the Cavaliers after the hiring of coach David Blatt , and they reached the conference finals against the Atlanta Hawks with a flawless 4 - 0 victory before falling to the Golden State Warriors in the finals 4 - 2 . The following season , the Cavaliers returned to the Finals in a rematch against the Golden State Warriors and won the finals over the Warriors 4 - 3 with LeBron James winning the Finals MVP . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ratings for 2007 finals down 27 percent from last year '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) `` Official site '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 02 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 San Antonio Spurs 2006 -- 07 NBA champions 2 Ely 4 Finley 5 Horry 7 Oberto 9 Parker ( Finals MVP ) 11 Vaughn 12 Bowen 14 Udrih 15 Bonner 16 Elson 17 Barry 20 Ginóbili 21 Duncan 33 White 45 Butler Head coach Popovich Assistant coaches Carlesimo Budenholzer Engelland Brown Newman Regular season Playoffs San Antonio Spurs Founded in 1967 Formerly the Dallas Chaparrals ( 1967 -- 1970 , 1971 -- 1973 ) and the Texas Chaparrals ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Based in San Antonio , Texas Franchise Franchise ABA -- NBA merger All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas State Fair Coliseum Moody Coliseum Tarrant County Coliseum Lubbock Municipal Coliseum HemisFair Arena Alamodome AT&T Center Personnel Owner Spurs Sports & Entertainment President Gregg Popovich General manager R.C. Buford Head coach Gregg Popovich Current roster G League affiliate Austin Spurs Rivalries Houston Rockets Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Media TV KENS KMYS Fox Sports Southwest Radio KCOR ( Spanish ) WOAI ( English ) Announcers Bill Land Sean Elliott Bill Schoening Paul Castro Culture and lore The Coyote The Big Three Bruise Brothers The Twin Towers Memorial Day Miracle `` Get Ready for This '' Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Central Division titles ( 7 ) 1976 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Eastern Conference titles ( 5 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio 2006 -- 07 NBA season by team 2006 NBA draft All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions Eastern Atlantic Boston New Jersey New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Portland Seattle Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans / Oklahoma City San Antonio NBA on ABC Related programs NBA Countdown NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad NBA Inside Stuff NBA Saturday Primetime NBA Sunday Showcase NBA on ESPN Radio NBA Wednesday NBA Friday WNBA on ESPN NBA Drafts 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Non-NBA programs ESPN College Basketball on ABC Olympics on ABC Related articles Ratings ( NBA Finals ) Game history Key figures All - Star Game ESPN NBA Finals WNBA Finals Play - by - play Mike Breen Jim Durham Bill Flemming Chet Forte Jim Gordon Curt Gowdy Chuck Howard Keith Jackson Mark Jones Jim McKay Al Michaels Brent Musburger Brad Nessler Dave Pasch John Saunders Chris Schenkel Color commentators Greg Anthony Hubie Brown Bob Cousy Sean Elliott Len Elmore Tim Legler Mark Jackson Steve Jones Johnny Kerr Dan Majerle Jack Ramsay Doc Rivers Bill Russell Tom Tolbert Jack Twyman Jeff Van Gundy Bill Walton Jerry West Sideline reporters David Aldridge Doris Burke Howard Cosell Heather Cox Dave Diles Israel Gutierrez Mark Jones Sal Masekela Tom Rinaldi Craig Sager Lisa Salters Michele Tafoya Bob Wolff Studio hosts Mike Greenberg Michelle Beadle Rachel Nichols Sage Steele Hannah Storm Studio analysts Jon Barry Chauncey Billups Chris Broussard Doug Collins Steve Javie Avery Johnson Magic Johnson George Karl Scottie Pippen Jalen Rose Byron Scott Bill Simmons ABC Radio announcers Marv Albert Dave Barnett Chick Hearn Rod Hundley Steve Jones Fred Manfra Earl Monroe Johnny Most Oscar Robertson Dick Vitale NBA Finals 1965 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1966 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1967 ( Games 2 , 5 ) 1968 ( Games 1 , 4 ) 1969 ( Games 3 , 5 - 7 ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 WNBA Finals 2003 ( Game 2 on ABC ) 2005 ( Game 3 on ABC ) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2015 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2016 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2017 ( Game 1 on ABC ) All - Star Game 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 Lore Music `` I think we see Willis coming out ! '' `` The Block '' Christmas Day Rivalries Bryant -- O'Neal Lakers -- Pistons Celtics -- Lakers Cavaliers -- Warriors ESPN lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_NBA_Finals&oldid=852576885 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals 2006 -- 07 NBA season 2000s in Cleveland 21st century in San Antonio 2007 in sports in Ohio 2007 in sports in Texas National Basketball Association controversies Sports competitions in San Antonio Sports competitions in Cleveland San Antonio Spurs games Cleveland Cavaliers games Hidden categories : Articles with hCards CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी Hrvatski Latviešu 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 23 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Catholic Church in Canada
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Catholic Church in Canada - wikipedia Catholic Church in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Catholic Church in Canada Basilica - Cathedral Notre - Dame de Québec Classification Catholic Orientation Catholic Polity Episcopal Associations Canadian Council of Churches Region Canada Origin 1534 Members 38.7 % of Canadians ( 12,728,900 as of 2011 ) baptized as Catholics Part of a series on the Catholic Church by country Worldwide distribution of Catholics Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR of Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam - including the Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel ( Palestinian territories ) Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom ( England and Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ) North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Latin America ( show ) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Catholicism portal The Catholic Church in Canada is part of the worldwide Catholic Church , under the spiritual leadership of the Pope . As of 2011 , it has the largest number of adherents to a Christian denomination and a religion in Canada , with 38.7 % of Canadians ( 12.73 million ) baptized as Catholics . There are 52 dioceses and about 8,000 priests in Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Anti-Catholicism 1.2 French versus Irish 1.3 Newfoundland 2 Population 3 Organization 3.1 Eastern dioceses 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 Sources and external links History ( edit ) Catholicism arrived in Canada in 1497 , when John Cabot landed on Newfoundland , raised the Venetian and Papal banners and claimed the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England , while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church . A letter of John Day states that Cabot landed on 24 June 1497 and `` went ashore with a crucifix and raised banners bearing the arms of the Holy Father '' . In 1608 , Samuel de Champlain founded the first Catholic colony in Quebec City . In 1611 , he established a fur trading post on the Island of Montreal , which later became a Catholic colony for trade and missionary activity . In 1620 , George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore purchased a tract of land in Newfoundland from Sir William Vaughan and established a colony , calling it Avalon , after the legendary spot where Christianity was introduced to Britain . In 1627 Calvert brought two Roman Catholic priests to Avalon . This was the first continuous Roman Catholic ministry in British North America . Despite the severe religious conflicts of the period , Calvert secured the right of Catholics to practice their religion unimpeded in Newfoundland , and embraced the novel principle of religious tolerance , which he wrote into the Charter of Avalon and the later Charter of Maryland . The Colony of Avalon was thus the first North American jurisdiction to practice religious tolerance . Anti-catholicism ( edit ) Further information : Anti-Catholicism § Canada Fears of the Catholic Church were quite strong in the 19th century , especially among Presbyterian and other Protestant Irish immigrants across Canada . In 1853 , the Gavazzi Riots left 10 dead in Quebec in the wake of Catholic Irish protest against anti-Catholic speeches by ex-monk Alessandro Gavazzi . The major flashpoint was public support for Catholic French language schools . Although the Confederation Agreement of 1867 guaranteed the status of Catholic schools where they had been legalized , disputes erupted in numerous provinces , especially in the Manitoba Schools Question in the 1890s and Ontario in the 1910s . In Ontario , Regulation 17 was a regulation by the Ontario Ministry of Education , that restricted the use of French as a language of instruction to the first two years of schooling . French Canada reacted vehemently , and lost , dooming its French language Catholic schools . This became a central reason why French Canada distanced itself from the war effort , as its young men refused to enlist . Protestant elements succeeded in blocking the growth of French - language Catholic public schools . However , the Irish Catholics generally supported the English language position advocated by the Protestants . French versus Irish ( edit ) Saint Joseph 's Oratory in Montreal is Canada 's largest church The central theme of Catholic history from the 1840s through the 1920s was the contest for control of the church between the French , based in Quebec , and the English - speaking Irish ( along with smaller numbers of Catholic Scots , English , and others ) based in Ontario . The French Catholics saw Catholics in general as God 's chosen people ( versus Protestants ) and the French as more truly Catholic than any other ethnic group . The fact that the Irish Catholics formed coalition with the anti-French Protestants further infuriated the French . The Irish Catholics collaborated with Protestants inside Canada , on the school issue : they opposed French language Catholic schools . The Irish had a significant advantage since they were favoured by the Vatican . Irish Catholicism was `` ultramontane '' , which meant its adherents professed total obedience to the Pope . By contrast , the French bishops in Canada kept their distance from the Vatican . In the form of Regulation 17 this became the central issue that finally alienated the French in Quebec from the Canadian Anglophone establishment during the First World War . Ontario 's Catholics were led by the Irish Bishop Fallon , who united with the Protestants in opposing French schools . Regulation 17 was repealed in 1927 . The French - speakers remain more liberal than the English - speakers to this day , and in addition are also leaving the faith much more quickly . One by one , the Irish took control of the church in each province except for Quebec . Tensions were especially high in Manitoba at the end of the 19th century . In Alberta in the 1920s , a new Irish bishop undermined French language Catholic schooling , and removed the Francophile order of teaching sisters . Newfoundland ( edit ) In the Dominion of Newfoundland ( which was an independent dominion before joining Canada in 1949 ) , politics was polarized around religious lines , with the Protestants confronting the Irish Catholics . In 1861 , the Protestant governor dismissed the Catholic Liberals from office and the ensuing election was marked by riot and disorder with both the Anglican bishop Edward Feild and Catholic bishop John Thomas Mullock taking partisan stances . The Protestants narrowly elected Hugh Hoyles as the Conservative Prime Minister . Hoyles suddenly reversed his long record of militant Protestant activism and worked to defuse tensions . He shared patronage and power with the Catholics ; all jobs and patronage were split between the various religious bodies on a per capita basis . This ' denominational compromise ' was further extended to education when all religious schools were put on the basis which the Catholics had enjoyed since the 1840s . Alone in North America , Newfoundland had a state funded system of denominational schools . The compromise worked and politics ceased to be about religion and became concerned with purely political and economic issues . Population ( edit ) The Roman Catholic population in Canada in 2001 and 2011 . Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1871 1,532,471 -- 1881 1,791,982 + 16.9 % 1891 1,992,017 + 11.2 % 1901 2,229,600 + 11.9 % 1911 2,833,041 + 27.1 % 1921 3,389,626 + 19.6 % 1931 4,102,960 + 21.0 % 1941 4,806,431 + 17.1 % 1951 6,069,496 + 26.3 % 1961 8,342,826 + 37.5 % 1971 9,974,895 + 19.6 % 1981 11,210,385 + 12.4 % 1991 12,203,620 + 8.9 % 2001 12,936,910 + 6.0 % 2011 12,810,705 − 1.0 % Province 2001 2011 % Change 2001 - 2011 % 2001 % 2011 Δ % Change 2001 - 2011 Quebec 5,939,715 5,766,750 - 2.9 % 83.4 % 74.5 % - 8.9 % Ontario 3,911,760 3,948,975 + 1.0 % 34.7 % 31.2 % - 3.5 % Alberta 786,360 850,355 + 8.1 % 26.7 % 23.8 % - 2.9 % British Columbia 675,320 679,310 + 0.6 % 17.5 % 15.0 % - 2.5 % New Brunswick 386,050 366,000 - 5.2 % 53.6 % 49.7 % - 3.9 % Nova Scotia 328,700 297,655 - 9.4 % 36.6 % 32.8 % - 3.8 % Manitoba 323,690 294,495 - 9.0 % 29.3 % 25.0 % - 4.3 % Saskatchewan 305,390 287,190 - 6.0 % 31.7 % 28.5 % - 3.2 % Newfoundland and Labrador 187,440 181,550 - 3.1 % 36.9 % 35.8 % - 1.1 % Prince Edward Island 63,265 58,880 - 6.9 % 47.4 % 42.9 % - 4.5 % Northwest Territories 16,990 15,755 - 7.2 % 45.8 % 38.7 % - 7.1 % Nunavut 6,215 7,580 + 22.0 % 23.3 % 23.9 % + 0.6 % Yukon 6,015 6,095 + 1.3 % 21.1 % 18.3 % - 2.8 % Canada 12,936,905 12,728,885 - 1.6 % 43.6 % 38.7 % - 4.9 % The Catholic population underwent its first recorded drop between 2001 and 2011 . Notable trends include the de-Catholicization of Quebec , a drop in the Catholic population in small provinces with stagnant populations , and a rise in Catholics in the large English - speaking provinces of Ontario , British Columbia , and Alberta . Immigration has not helped prevent the decline in the Catholic population ; the only major source of Catholic immigrants to Canada is the Philippines . There are also adherents of Eastern Catholic Churches who had already migrated to Canada , most notably the Ukrainians . Organization ( edit ) See also : List of Catholic dioceses in Canada Within Canada , the Latin hierarchy consists of : Archdiocese Diocese Edmonton Calgary Saint Paul Gatineau Amos Mont - Laurier Rouyn - Noranda Grouard - McLennan Mackenzie - Fort Smith Whitehorse Halifax - Yarmouth Antigonish Charlottetown Keewatin - Le - Pas Churchill - Baie d'Hudson Moosonee Kingston Alexandria - Cornwall Peterborough Sault Sainte Marie Moncton Bathurst ( formerly Diocese of Chatham ) Edmundston Saint John Montréal Joliette Saint - Jean - Longueuil Saint - Jérôme Valleyfield Ottawa Hearst Pembroke Timmins Québec Chicoutimi Sainte - Anne - de-la - Pocatière Trois Rivières Regina Prince - Albert Saskatoon Rimouski Baie - Comeau Gaspé Saint - Boniface St. John 's Grand Falls Corner Brook and Labrador Sherbrooke Nicolet Saint - Hyacinthe Toronto Hamilton London Saint Catharines Thunder Bay Vancouver Kamloops Nelson Prince George Victoria Winnipeg ( not Metropolitan ) There is a Military Ordinariate of Canada for Canadian military personnel . The Anglican use of the Latin Church is served from the United States , based in Houston , Texas , by the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter . One former Canadian bishopric , the francophone Roman Catholic Diocese of Gravelbourg in Saskatchewan , has since its suppression in 1998 become a titular episcopal see , which may be bestowed on any Latin bishop without proper diocese , working in the Roman Curia or anywhere in the world . Eastern dioceses ( edit ) There is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic ( Byzantine Rite ) province , headed by the Metropolitan Archeparchy of Winnipeg , which has four suffragan eparchies ( dioceses ) : Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saskatoon Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada in Toronto . There are 4 other eparchies and 2 exarchates in Canada : also Byzantine rite : ( Greek - ) Melkite Eparchy of Saint - Sauveur de Montréal , immediately subject to the Melkite Patriarch of Antioch Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto , directly subject to the Metropolitan sui juris of Prešov Antiochian Rite : Maronite Eparchy of Saint - Maron de Montréal , immediately subject to the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch Chaldean Rite : Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto , directly dependent on the Patriarch of Babylon Syrian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate for Canada ( directly dependent on the Holy See ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Canada ( directly dependent on the Holy See ) A few Eastern particular church communities are pastorally served from the United States : Armenian Rite : Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg in New York , directly subject to the Patriarch of Cilicia Byzantine : Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George 's in Canton , bishopric for the diaspora in North America ( including Canada ) , with cathedral see in Canton , Ohio See also ( edit ) List of Catholic dioceses in Canada Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops List of Catholic dioceses ( structured view ) List of Canadian Roman Catholic saints Catholic sisters and nuns in Canada Catholic Press Association of the United States and Canada Protestantism in Canada Further reading ( edit ) Bramadat , Paul , and David Seljak , eds . Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada ( 2008 ) Clarke , Brian P. Piety and Nationalism : Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish catholic Community in Toronto , 1850 - 1895 ( McGill - Queen 's University Press , 1993 ) Fay , Terence J. A History of Canadian Catholics : Gallicanism , Romanism , and Canadianism ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Gardaz , Michel . `` Religious studies in Francophone Canada . '' Religion 41 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 53 - 70 . Huel , Raymond . Archbishop A-A Tache of St. Boniface : The `` Good Fight '' and the Illusive Vision ( University of Alberta Press , 2003 ) . Jaenen , Cornelius J. The Role of the Church in New France ( McGraw - Hill Ryerson , 1976 ) Johnston , Angus Anthony . A History of the Catholic Church in Eastern Nova Scotia ; Volume I : 1611 - 1827 ( 1960 ) Johnston , A.B.J. Life and Religion at Louisbourg , 1713 - 1758 ( MGill - Queen 's University Press , 1996 ) Lahey , Raymond J. The First Thousand Years : A Brief History of the Catholic Church in Canada ( 2002 ) Laverdure , Paul . `` Achille Delaere and the Origins of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Western Canada . '' Historical Papers ' ( 2004 ) . online McGowan , Mark . Michael Power : The Struggle to Build the Catholic Church on the Canadian Frontier ( McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP , 2005 ) McGowan , Mark G. `` `` Pregnant with Perils '' : Canadian Catholicism and Its Relation to the Catholic Churches of Newfoundland , 1840 - 1949 . '' Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 28.2 ( 2013 ) . online McGowan , Mark G. `` Rendering Unto Caesar : Catholics , the State , and the Idea of a Christian Canada . '' Historical Papers ( 2011 ) . online McGowan , Mark George and Brian P. Clarke , eds . Catholics at the Gathering Place : Historical Essays on the Archdiocese of Toronto , 1841 - 1991 ( Dundurn , 1993 ) McGowan , Mark George . `` Rethinking Catholic - Protestant Relations in Canada : The Episcopal Reports of 1900 - 1901 . '' Canadian Catholic Historical Assoc. , ( 1992 ) online McGowan , Mark G. `` A Short History of Catholic Schools in Ontario . '' online McGowan , Mark G. `` Rendering Unto Caesar : Catholics , the State , and the Idea of a Christian Canada . '' Historical Papers ( 2011 ) . online McGowan , Mark G . `` The Maritimes Region and the Building of a Canadian Church : The Case of the Diocese of Antigonish after confederation . '' Canadian Catholic Historical Association ( 2004 ) : 46 - 67 . online Morice , A G. History Of The Catholic Church In Western Canada : From Lake Superior To The Pacific ( 1659 -- 1895 ) ( 2 vol ; reprint Nabu Press , 2010 ) Murphy , Terrence , and Gerald Stortz , eds , Creed and Culture : The Place of English - Speaking Catholics in Canadian Society , 1750 -- 1930 ( 1993 ) , articles by scholars Pearson , Timothy G. Becoming Holy in Early Canada ( McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP , 2014 . ) Perin , Roberto . Rome in Canada : the Vatican and Canadian affairs in the late Victorian age ( U of Toronto Press , 1990 ) Trofimenkoff , Susan Mann . The Dream of Nation : A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec ( 1982 ) . passim , esp pp 115 -- 31 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ P D'Epiro , M.D. Pinkowish , `` Sprezzatura : 50 ways Italian genius shaped the world '' pp. 179 -- 180 Jump up ^ `` George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert : Barons Baltimore of Baltimore '' . New York : Dodd , Mead , and Company . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sir George Calvert and the Colony of Avalon '' . heritage.nf.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ J.R. Miller , `` Anti-Catholic Thought in Victorian Canada '' in Canadian Historical Review 65 , no. 4 . ( December 1985 ) , p. 474 + Jump up ^ Bernard Aspinwall , `` Rev. Alessandro Gavazzi ( 1808 -- 1889 ) and Scottish Identity : A Chapter in Nineteenth Century Anti-Catholicism . '' Recusant History 28 # 1 ( 2006 ) : 129 - 152 Jump up ^ Dan Horner , `` Contesting Authority in the Aftermath of Montreal 's Gavazzi Riot . '' Histoire sociale / social history 44.1 ( 2011 ) : 29 - 52 . Jump up ^ Margaret Prang , `` Clerics , Politicians , and the Bilingual Schools Issue in Ontario , 1910 -- 1917 . '' Canadian Historical Review 41.4 ( 1960 ) : 281 - 307 . Jump up ^ Robert Craig Brown , and Ramsay Cook , Canada , 1896 - 1921 : A nation transformed ( 1974 ) pp 253 - 62 Jump up ^ Jack Cecillon , `` Turbulent Times in the Diocese of London : Bishop Fallon and the French - Language Controversy , 1910 -- 18 '' . Ontario History ( 1995 ) 87 # 4 pp : 369 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Terence Fay , A History of Canadian Catholics ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Gordon L. Heath ( 2014 ) . Canadian Churches and the First World War . Wipf and Stock Publishers . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Robert Choquette , Language and religion : a history of English - French conflict in Ontario ( Univ of Ottawa Press , 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Cecillon , Jack ( December 1995 ) . `` Turbulent Times in the Diocese of London : Bishop Fallon and the French - Language Controversy , 1910 -- 18 '' . Ontario History . 87 ( 4 ) : 369 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Barber , Marilyn ( September 1966 ) . `` The Ontario Bilingual Schools Issue : Sources of Conflict '' . Canadian Historical Review . 47 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 248 . doi : 10.3138 / chr - 047 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jack D. Cecillon , Prayers , Petitions , and Protests : The Catholic Church and the Ontario Schools Crisis in the Windsor Border Region , 1910 - 1928 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Henry Wostenberg , `` Language Controversy in the Red Deer Catholic Parish , 1924 - 1932 '' Alberta History ( 2013 ) 61 # 4 online Jump up ^ John P. Greene ( 2001 ) . Between Damnation and Starvation : Priests and Merchants in Newfoundland Politics , 1745 - 1855 . McGill - Queen 's Press . pp. 236 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Frederick Jones , `` HOYLES , Sir HUGH WILLIAM , '' in Dictionary of Canadian Biography vol. 11 , University of Toronto / Université Laval , 2003 -- , accessed May 25 , 2015 , http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hoyles_hugh_william_11E.html . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada ( 2001 ) . `` Population by religion , by province and territory ( 2001 Census ) '' . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada ( 2011 ) . `` 2011 National Household Survey : Data tables '' . Sources and external links ( edit ) GigaCatholic Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catholic Church in Canada . ( hide ) Catholic Church in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Canada&oldid=807601295 '' Categories : Catholic Church by country Catholic Church in Canada Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 00 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where was the first church in canada created
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"Catholicism arrived in Canada in 1497, when John Cabot landed on Newfoundland, raised the Venetian and Papal banners and claimed the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[1] A letter of John Day states that Cabot landed on 24 June 1497 and \"went ashore with a crucifix and raised banners bearing the arms of the Holy Father\". In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the first Catholic colony in Quebec City. In 1611, he established a fur trading post on the Island of Montreal, which later became a Catholic colony for trade and missionary activity.[citation needed]"
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"Quebec City"
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List of One Piece episodes (seasons 1–8)
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List of One Piece episodes ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) - wikipedia List of One Piece episodes ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about One Piece seasons 1 -- 8 . For seasons 9 -- 14 , see List of One Piece episodes ( seasons 9 -- 14 ) . For seasons 15 and beyond , see List of One Piece episodes ( seasons 15 -- current ) . Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article lists the same citations more than once . Please consider using named references to ensure each citation appears only one time . ( November 2015 ) Box art of the first uncut English DVD released by Funimation Entertainment One Piece is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title written by Eiichiro Oda . Produced by Toei Animation , and directed by Konosuke Uda and Munehisa Sakai , the first eight seasons were broadcast on Fuji Television from October 20 , 1999 to April 30 , 2006 . One Piece follows the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy , a 17 - year - old boy whose body has gained the properties of rubber from accidentally eating a supernatural fruit , and his crew of diverse pirates , the Straw Hat Pirates . Luffy 's greatest ambition is to obtain the world 's ultimate treasure , One Piece , and thereby become the next King of the Pirates . The series uses 37 different pieces of theme music : 19 opening themes and 18 closing themes . Several CDs that contain the theme music and other tracks have been released by Toei Animation . The first DVD compilation was released on February 21 , 2001 , with individual volumes releasing monthly . The Singaporean company Odex released part of the series locally in English and Japanese in the form of dual audio video CDs . In 2004 , 4Kids Entertainment licensed the first five seasons for an English - language broadcast in North America . This dub was heavily edited for content , as well as length , reducing the first 143 episodes to 104 , and thus receiving large amounts of controversy and fan backlash . One Piece made its U.S. premiere on September 18 , 2004 , on the Fox network 's Fox Box programming block , and also began airing on the Cartoon Network 's Toonami block in April 2005 . In December 2006 , 4Kids cancelled production due to financial reasons . In April 2007 , Funimation Entertainment acquired the license of One Piece from 4Kids and would use their in - house voice cast in preparation for the series ' DVD releases . Beginning with the sixth season , the Funimation dubbed episodes aired on Cartoon Network 's Toonami block from September 2007 until the block 's cancellation in March 2008 . In Australia , Cartoon Network resumed airing new One Piece episodes in November 2008 , starting with episode 170 , lasting until January 2009 following episode 195 . The first unedited , bilingual DVD box set , containing 13 episodes , was released on May 27 , 2008 . Similarly sized sets followed with 31 sets released as of July 2015 . Episodes had begun streaming since August 29 , 2009 . Funimation 's uncut dub later resumed airing on Adult Swim 's revived Toonami block from episode 207 onwards from May 18 , 2013 . On March 10 , 2017 , it was announced on Toonami Pre-Flight that One Piece would be removed from the block after March 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 01 ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 1.2 Season 02 ( 2001 ) 1.3 Season 03 ( 2001 ) 1.4 Season 04 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1.5 Season 05 ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 1.6 Season 06 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1.7 Season 07 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.8 Season 08 ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 2 TV specials 3 Original video animations 4 Releases 4.1 Japanese 4.1. 1 VHS 4.1. 2 DVD 4.2 English 5 Notes 6 References Episode List ( edit ) Season 01 ( 1999 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 1 ) Season 1 - `` East Blue '' No . 4Kids title Original Japanese & Funimation titles Rank Rating Original airdate ( Japan ) Original airdate ( U.S. ) Orig. / Funi . 4Kids `` I 'm Gonna Be King of the Pirates ! '' `` I 'm Luffy ! The Man Who 's Gonna Be King of the Pirates ! '' `` Ore wa Rufi ! Kaizoku Ō ni Naru Otoko Da ! '' ( 俺 は ルフィ ! 海賊王 に なる 男 だ ! ) 6 12.4 October 20 , 1999 September 18 , 2004 `` Roronoa Zolo : Pirate Hunter '' `` Enter the Great Swordsman ! Pirate Hunter Roronoa Zoro ! '' `` Daikengō Arawaru ! Kaizokugari Roronoa Zoro '' ( 大 剣豪 現 る ! 海賊 狩り ロロノア ゾロ ) 9 11.7 November 17 , 1999 September 25 , 2004 `` An Unlikely Pair : The Pirate & The Pirate Hunter '' `` Morgan versus Luffy ! Who 's the Mysterious Pretty Girl ? '' `` Mōgan tai Rufi ! Nazo no Bishōjo wa Dare ? '' ( モーガン VS ルフィ ! 謎 の 美 少女 は 誰 ? ) 7 13.3 November 24 , 1999 October 2 , 2004 `` The Passing Of The Hat '' `` Luffy 's Past ! Enter Red - Haired Shanks ! '' `` Rufi no Kako ! Akagami no Shankusu Tōjō '' ( ルフィ の 過去 ! 赤 髪 の シャンクス 登場 ) 9 12.9 December 8 , 1999 October 9 , 2004 5 5 `` The Circus Comes To Town '' `` A Terrifying Mysterious Power ! Captain Buggy , the Clown Pirate ! '' `` Kyōfu Nazo no Chikara ! Kaizoku Dōke Bagī - senchō ! '' ( 恐怖 ! 謎 の 力 海賊 道 化 バギー 船長 ! ) 8 13.5 December 15 , 1999 October 16 , 2004 6 6 `` The Beast Breaker '' `` Desperate Situation ! Beast Tamer Mohji vs. Luffy ! '' `` Zettai Zetsumei ! Mōjūtsukai Mōji VS Rufi ! '' ( 絶 体 絶命 ! 猛獣 使い モージ vs ルフィ ! ) 12.3 December 29 , 1999 October 23 , 2004 7 7 `` The Desperate Duel '' `` Epic Showdown ! Swordsman Zoro vs. Acrobat Cabaji ! '' `` Sōzetsu Kettō ! Kengō Zoro VS Kyokugei no Kabaji ! '' ( 壮絶 決闘 ! 剣豪 ゾロ vs 曲芸 の カバジ ! ) 12.3 December 29 , 1999 October 30 , 2004 8 8 `` Who Gets the Last Laugh ? '' `` Who is the Victor ? Devil Fruit Power Showdown ! '' `` Shōsha wa Dotchi ? Akuma no Mi no Nōryoku Taiketsu ! '' ( 勝者 は どっち ? 悪魔 の 実 の 能力 対決 ! ) 12.3 December 29 , 1999 November 6 , 2004 9 9 `` The Teller of Tales '' `` The Honorable Liar ? Captain Usopp ! '' `` Seigi no Usotsuki ? Kyaputen Usoppu '' ( 正義 の うそつき ? キャプテン ウソップ ) 8 11.4 January 12 , 2000 November 13 , 2004 10 -- `` The Weirdest Guy Ever ! Jango the Hypnotist ! '' `` Shijō Saikyō no Hen na Yatsu ! Saiminjutsushi Jango '' ( 史上 最強 の 変 な 奴 ! 催眠 術 師 ジャンゴ ) 9 12.7 January 19 , 2000 -- 11 -- `` Expose the Plot ! Pirate Butler , Captain Kuro ! '' `` Inbō o Abake ! Kaizoku Shitsuji Kyaputen Kuro '' ( 陰謀 を 暴け ! 海賊 執事 キャプテン クロ ) 8 12.1 January 26 , 2000 -- 12 -- `` Clash with the Black Cat Pirates ! The Great Battle on the Slope ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Kuroneko Kaizoku - dan Sakamichi no Daikōbō ! '' ( 激突 ! クロネコ 海賊 団 坂道 の 大 攻防 ! ) 9 13.2 February 2 , 2000 -- 13 12 `` The Black Cat Pirates '' `` The Terrifying Duo ! Meowban Brothers vs. Zoro ! '' `` Kyōfu no Futarigumi ! Nyāban Burazāsu VS Zoro '' ( 恐怖 の 二 人組 ! ニャーバン 兄弟 VS ゾロ ) 7 14.7 February 9 , 2000 December 4 , 2004 14 13 `` Good Pirates vs. Bad Pirates '' `` Luffy Back in Action ! Miss Kaya 's Desperate Resistance ! '' `` Rufi Fukkatsu ! Kaya - ojōsama no Kesshi no Teikō '' ( ルフィ 復活 ! カヤ お嬢様 の 決死 の 抵抗 ) 10 12.8 February 16 , 2000 December 11 , 2004 15 14 `` The Purr - fect plan '' `` Beat Kuro ! Usopp the Man 's Tearful Resolve ! '' `` Kuro o Taose ! Otoko Usoppu Namida no Ketsui ! '' ( クロ を 倒せ ! 男 ウソップ 涙 の 決意 ! ) 6 14.4 February 23 , 2000 December 18 , 2004 16 15 `` The Long Arm of the Claw '' `` Protect Kaya ! The Usopp Pirates ' Great Efforts ! '' `` Kaya o Mamore ! Usoppu Kaizoku - dan dai Katsuyaku ! '' ( カヤ を 守れ ! ウソップ 海賊 団 大 活躍 ! ) 8 13.9 March 1 , 2000 January 8 , 2005 17 16 `` The Cat 's Ninth Life '' `` Anger Explosion ! Kuro vs. Luffy ! How it Ends ! '' `` Ikari Bakuhatsu ! Kuro vs Rufi Ketchaku no Yukue ! '' ( 怒り 爆発 ! クロ VS ルフィ 決着 の 行方 ! ) 9 14.1 March 8 , 2000 January 15 , 2005 18 17 `` The Scrub in the Shrub '' `` You 're the Weird Creature ! Gaimon and His Strange Friends ! '' `` Anta ga Chinjū ! Gaimon to Kimyō na Nakama '' ( あんた が 珍獣 ! ガイモン と 奇妙 な 仲間 ) 9 12.0 March 15 , 2000 January 22 , 2005 19 18 `` Zolo 's Pledge '' `` The Three - Sword Style 's Past ! Zoro and Kuina 's Vow ! '' `` Santōryū no Kako ! Zoro to Kuina no Chikai ! '' ( 三 刀 流 の 過去 ! ゾロ と くいな の 誓い ! ) 14.3 March 22 , 2000 January 29 , 2005 20 19 `` King of the Busboys '' `` Famous Cook ! Sanji of the Sea Restaurant ! '' `` Meibutsu Kokku ! Kaijō Resutoran no Sanji '' ( 名物 コック ! 海上 レストラン の サンジ ) 15.0 April 12 , 2000 February 5 , 2005 21 20 `` Respecting Sanji '' `` Unwelcome Customer ! Sanji 's Food and Ghin 's Debt ! '' `` Manekarezaru Kyaku ! Sanji no Meshi to Gin no On '' ( 招 かれ ざる 客 ! サンジ の 飯 と ギン の 恩 ) 15.0 April 12 , 2000 February 12 , 2005 22 21 `` Recipe for Disaster '' `` The Strongest Pirate Fleet ! Commodore Don Krieg ! '' `` Saikyō no Kaizoku Kantai ! Teitoku Don Kurīku '' ( 最強 の 海賊 艦隊 ! 提督 ドン クリーク ) 8 12.2 April 26 , 2000 February 19 , 2005 23 22 `` The Red Footed Pirate '' `` Protect Baratie ! The Great Pirate , Red Foot Zeff ! '' `` Mamore Baratie ! Dai Kaizoku -- Akaashi no Zefu '' ( 守れ バラティエ ! 大 海賊 赫 足 の ゼフ ) -- May 3 , 2000 February 26 , 2005 24 23 `` The Better Swordsman '' `` Hawk - Eye Mihawk ! The Great Swordsman Zoro Falls At Sea ! '' `` Taka no Me no Mihōku ! Kengō Zoro Umi ni Chiru '' ( 鷹 の 目 の ミホーク ! 剣豪 ゾロ 海 に 散る ) 8 11.9 May 10 , 2000 March 5 , 2005 25 24 `` Pearl Jam '' `` The Deadly Foot Technique Bursts Forth ! Sanji vs. The Invincible Pearl ! '' `` Hissatsu Ashiwaza Sakuretsu ! Sanji vs Teppeki no Pāru '' ( 必殺 足技 炸裂 ! サンジ VS 鉄壁 の パール ) 5 13.7 May 17 , 2000 March 12 , 2005 26 25 `` Stranded '' `` Zeff and Sanji 's Dream ! The Illusory All Blue ! '' `` Zefu to Sanji no Yume Maboroshi no Ōruburū '' ( ゼフ と サンジ の 夢 幻 の オール ブルー ) 7 13.1 May 24 , 2000 March 19 , 2005 27 26 `` Here We Go A Ghin '' `` Cool - headed , Cold - hearted Demon ! Pirate Fleet Chief Commander Ghin ! '' `` Reitetsu Hijō no Kijin Kaizoku Kantai Sōchō Gin '' ( 冷徹 非情 の 鬼 人 海賊 艦隊 総 隊長 ギン ) 14.2 May 31 , 2000 March 26 , 2005 28 27 `` Blitz Krieg '' `` I Wo n't Die ! Fierce Battle , Luffy vs. Krieg ! '' `` Shinanee yo ! Gekitō Rufi vs Kurīku ! '' ( 死な ねェ よ ! 激闘 ルフィ VS クリーク ! ) 9 12.1 June 7 , 2000 April 2 , 2005 29 28 `` The Crack of Don '' `` The Conclusion of the Deadly Battle ! A Spear of Blind Determination ! '' `` Shitō no Ketchaku ! Hara ni Kukutta Ippon no Yari ! '' ( 決闘 の 決着 ! 腹 に くくっ た 1 本 の 槍 ! ) 10 10.6 June 21 , 2000 April 9 , 2005 30 29 `` New Crew '' `` Set Sail ! The Seafaring Cook Sets off With Luffy ! '' `` Tabidachi ! Umi no Kokku wa Rufi to Tomo Ni '' ( 旅立ち ! 海 の コック は ルフィ とともに ) 6 13.2 June 28 , 2000 April 16 , 2005 31 30 `` The Mermen '' `` The Worst Man in the Eastern Seas ! Fishman Pirate Arlong ! '' `` Higashi no Umi Saiaku no Otoko ! Gyojin Kaizoku Āron ! '' ( 東 の 海 最悪 の 男 ! 魚 人 海賊 アーロン ! ) 8 11.5 July 12 , 2000 April 23 , 2005 32 31 `` The Thief With a Heart of Gold '' `` Witch of Cocoyashi Village ! Arlong 's Female Leader ! '' `` Kokoyashi Mura no Majo ! Āron no On'nakanbu '' ( ココヤシ 村 の 魔女 ! アーロン の 女 幹部 ) 13.1 July 19 , 2000 April 30 , 2005 33 32 `` The Marked Marksman '' `` Usopp Dead ? ! When is Luffy Going to Make Landfall ? ! '' `` Usoppu Shisu ? Rufi Jōriku wa Mada ? '' ( ウソップ 死す ! ? ルフィ 上陸 は まだ ? ) 13.1 July 19 , 2000 May 7 , 2005 34 33 `` It Takes A Thief '' `` Everyone 's Gathered ! Usopp Speaks the Truth About Nami ! '' `` Zen'in Shūketsu ! Usoppu ga Kataru Nami no Shinjitsu '' ( 全員 集結 ! ウソップ が 語る ナミ の 真実 ) 5 12.7 July 26 , 2000 May 14 , 2005 35 -- `` Untold Past ! Female Warrior Bellemere ! '' `` Himerareta Kako ! On'nasenshi Berumēru ! '' ( 秘め られ た 過去 ! 女 戦士 ベル メール ! ) 6 11.5 August 2 , 2000 -- 36 -- `` Survive ! Mother Bellemere and Nami 's Bond ! '' `` Ikinuke ! Haha Berumēru to Nami no Kizuna ! '' ( 生き抜け ! 母 ベル メール と ナミ の 絆 ! ) 5 12.2 August 9 , 2000 -- 37 35 `` You Dirty Rat ! '' `` Luffy Rises ! Result of the Broken Promise ! '' `` Rufi Tatsu ! Uragirareta Yakusoku no Ketsumatsu ! '' ( ルフィ 立つ ! 裏切ら れ た 約束 の 結末 ) 5 11.4 August 16 , 2000 May 28 , 2005 38 36 `` War of the Species '' `` Luffy in Big Trouble ! Fishmen vs. the Luffy Pirates ! '' `` Rufi Dai Pinchi ! Gyojin vs Rufi Kaizoku - dan '' ( ルフィ 大 ピンチ ! 魚 人 VS ルフィ 海賊 団 ) 13.6 August 23 , 2000 June 4 , 2005 39 -- `` Luffy Submerged ! Zoro vs. Hatchan the Octopus ! '' `` Rufi Suibotsu ! Zoro vs Tako no Hatchan '' ( ルフィ 水没 ! ゾロ VS タコ の はっちゃん ) 5 14.4 August 30 , 2000 -- 40 -- `` Proud Warriors ! Sanji and Usopp 's Fierce Battles ! '' `` Hokori Takaki Senshi ! Gekitō Sanji to Usoppu '' ( 誇り 高き 戦士 ! 激闘 サンジ と ウソップ ) 8 13.6 September 6 , 2000 -- 41 -- `` Luffy at Full Power ! Nami 's Determination and the Straw Hat ! '' `` Rufi Zenkai ! Nami no Ketsui to Mugiwara Bōshi '' ( ルフィ 全開 ! ナミ の 決意 と 麦わら 帽子 ) 13.6 September 13 , 2000 -- 42 -- `` Explosion ! Fishman Arlong 's Fierce Assault From the Sea ! '' `` Sakuretsu ! Gyojin Āron Umi Kara no Mōkōgeki ! '' ( 炸裂 ! 魚 人 アーロン 海 から の 猛 攻撃 ! ) 15.0 September 27 , 2000 -- 43 -- `` End of the Fishman Empire ! Nami 's My Friend ! '' `` Gyojin Teikoku no Owari ! Nami wa Ore no Nakama da ! '' ( 魚 人 帝国 の 終り ! ナミ は 俺 の 仲間 だ ! ) 15.0 September 27 , 2000 -- 44 - `` Setting Out with a Smile ! Farewell , Hometown Cocoyashi Village ! '' `` Egao no Tabitachi ! Saraba Kokyō Kokoyashi Mura '' ( 笑顔 の 旅立ち ! さらば 故郷 ココヤシ 村 ) 5 13.2 October 11 , 2000 -- 45 -- `` Bounty ! Straw Hat Luffy Becomes Known to the World ! '' `` Shōkinkubi ! Mugiwara no Rufi yo ni Shirewataru '' ( 賞金 首 ! 麦わら の ルフィ 世に 知れ渡る ) 6 13.6 October 25 , 2000 -- 46 -- `` Chase Straw Hat ! Little Buggy 's Big Adventure ! '' `` Mugiwara o Oe ! Chiisana Bagī no Dai Bōken '' ( 麦わら を 追え ! 小さな バギー の 大 冒険 ) 6 14.4 November 1 , 2000 -- 47 -- `` The Wait is Over ! The Return of Captain Buggy ! '' `` Omachi Ka Ne ! Aa Fukkatsu no Bagī Senchō '' ( お待ち かね ! ああ 復活 の バギー 船長 ) 8 13.5 November 8 , 2000 -- 48 40 `` Roguetown '' `` The Town of the Beginning and the End ! Landfall at Logue Town ! '' `` Hajimari to Owari no Machi -- Rōgutaun Jōriku '' ( 始まり と 終わり の 町 ローグ タウン 上陸 ) 5 15.7 November 22 , 2000 July 2 , 2005 49 -- `` Kitetsu III and Yubashiri ! Zoro 's New Swords and the Woman Sergeant Major ! '' `` Sandai Kitetsu to Yubashiri ! Zoro no Shintō to Josōchō '' ( 三代 鬼 徹 と 雪 走 ! ゾロ の 新 刀 と 女 曹長 ) 5 15.7 November 22 , 2000 -- 50 -- `` Usopp vs. Daddy the Parent ! Showdown at High ! '' `` Usoppu vs Kozure no Dadi Mahiru no Kettō '' ( ウソップ VS 子連れ の ダディ 真昼 の 決闘 ) 5 15.2 November 29 , 2000 -- 51 -- `` Fiery Cooking Battle ? Sanji vs. the Beautiful Chef ! '' `` Honō no Ryōri Batoru ? Sanji vs Bijin Shefu '' ( 炎 の 料理 バトル ? サンジ VS 美人 シェフ ) 6 14.0 December 6 , 2000 -- 52 -- `` Buggy 's Revenge ! The Man Who Smiles On the Execution Platform ! '' `` Bagī no Ribenji ! Shokeidai de Warau Otoko ! '' ( バギー の リベンジ ! 処刑 台 で 笑う 男 ! ) 5 14.7 December 13 , 2000 -- 53 -- `` The Legend Has Started ! Head for the Grand Line ! '' `` Densetsu wa Hajimatta ! Mezase Idai Naru Kōro '' ( 伝説 は 始まっ た ! 目指せ 偉大 なる 航路 ) 6 14.1 January 10 , 2001 -- 54 -- `` Precursor to a New Adventure ! Apis , a Mysterious Girl ! '' `` Arata Naru Bōken no Yokan ! Nazo no Shōjo Apisu '' ( 新た なる 冒険 の 予感 ! 謎 の 少女 アピス ) 8 14.1 January 17 , 2001 -- 55 -- `` Miraculous Creature ! Apis ' Secret and the Legendary Island ! '' `` Kiseki no Ikimono ! Apisu no Himitsu to Densetsu no Shima '' ( 奇跡 の 生物 ! アピス の 秘密 と 伝説 の 島 ) 7 15.3 January 24 , 2001 -- 56 -- `` Eric Attacks ! Great Escape from Warship Island ! '' `` Erikku Shutsugeki ! Gunkanjima Kara no Dai Dasshutsu ! '' ( エリック 出撃 ! 軍艦 島 から の 大 脱出 ! ) 6 14.7 January 31 , 2001 -- 57 -- `` A Solitary Island in the Distant Sea ! The Legendary Lost Island ! '' `` Zekkai no Kotō ! Densetsu no Rosuto Airando '' ( 絶海 の 孤島 ! 伝説 の ロスト アイランド ) 8 14.6 February 7 , 2001 -- 58 -- `` Showdown in the Ruins ! Tense Zoro vs. Eric ! '' `` Haikyō no Kettō ! Kinpaku no Zoro tai Erikku ! '' ( 廃虚 の 決闘 ! 緊迫 の ゾロ VS エリック ) 5 16.6 February 21 , 2001 -- 59 -- `` Luffy , Completely Surrounded ! Commodore Nelson 's Secret Strategy ! '' `` Rufu Kanzen Hōi ! Teitoku Neruson no Hissaku '' ( ルフィ 完全 包囲 ! 提督 ネルソン の 秘策 ) 5 16.6 February 21 , 2001 -- 60 -- `` Through the Sky They Soar ! The 1000 Year Legend Lives Again ! '' `` Ōsora o Mau Mono ! Yomigaeru Sennen no Densetsu ! '' ( 大空 を 舞う もの ! 甦る 千年 の 伝説 ) 16.3 February 28 , 2001 -- 61 -- `` An Angry Showdown ! Cross the Red Line ! '' `` Ikari no Ketchaku ! Akai Dairiku o Norikoero ! '' ( 怒り の 決着 ! 赤い 大陸 を 乗り越えろ ! ) 16.0 March 7 , 2001 -- 62 -- `` The First Line of Defense ? The Giant Whale Laboon Appears ! '' `` Sasho no Toride ? Kyodai Kujira Rabūn Arawareru '' ( 最初 の 砦 ? 巨大 クジラ ラブーン 現 る ) 6 13.7 March 21 , 2001 - Season 02 ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 2 ) Season 2 - `` Entering into the Grand Line '' No. ( orig . ) No. ( 4Kids ) Title R&R Original airdate ( Japan ) Original airdate ( U.S. ) 63 -- `` A Promise Between Men ! Luffy and the Whale Vow to Meet Again ! '' `` Otoko no Yakusoku ! Rufi to Kujira Saikai no Chikai '' ( 男 の 約束 ! ルフィ と クジラ 再会 の 誓い ) 6 13.7 March 21 , 2001 -- 64 -- `` A Town that Welcomes Pirates ? Setting Foot on Whisky Peak ! '' `` Kaizoku Kangei no Machi ? Uisukīpīku Jōriku '' ( 海賊 歓迎 の 町 ? ウイスキー ピーク 上陸 ) 17.2 April 15 , 2001 -- -- 44 `` Fantastic Voyage '' -- -- July 30 , 2005 65 45 `` Baroque Works '' `` Explosion ! The Three Swords Style ! Zoro vs. Baroque Works ! '' `` Sakuretsu Santōryū ! Zoro vs Barokku Wākusu '' ( 炸裂 三 刀 流 ! ゾロ VS バロック ワークス ) 17.2 April 15 , 2001 August 6 , 2005 66 46 `` Luffy vs. Zoro '' `` All Out Battle ! Luffy vs. Zoro , Mysterious Grand Duel ! '' `` Shinken Shōbu ! Rufi vs Zoro Nazo no Dai Kettō '' ( 真剣 勝負 ! ルフィ VS ゾロ 謎 の 大 決闘 ! ) 5 14.1 April 22 , 2001 August 13 , 2005 67 -- `` Deliver Princess Vivi ! The Luffy Pirates Set Sail ! '' `` Ōjo Bibi o Todokero ! Rufi Kaizoku Dan Shukkō '' ( 王女 ビビ を 届け ろ ! ルフィ 海賊 団 出航 ) 15.0 April 29 , 2001 -- 68 -- `` Try Hard , Coby ! Coby and Helmeppo 's Struggles in the Marines ! '' `` Ganbare Kobī ! Kobimeppo Kaigun Funtōki '' ( 頑張れ コビー ! コビメッポ 海軍 奮闘 記 ) 14.6 May 13 , 2001 -- 69 -- `` Coby and Helmeppo 's Resolve ! Vice-Admiral Garp 's Parental Affection ! '' `` Kobimeppo no Ketsui ! Gāpu Chūshō no Oyagokoro '' ( コビメッポ の 決意 ! ガープ 中 将 の 親心 ) 15.8 May 20 , 2001 -- 70 -- `` An Ancient Island ! The Shadow Hiding in Little Garden ! '' `` Taiko no Shima ! Ritoru Gāden ni Hisomu Kage ! '' ( 太古 の 島 ! リトル ガーデン に 潜む 影 ! ) 6 13.1 May 27 , 2001 -- 71 -- `` Huge Duel ! The Giants Dorry and Broggy ! '' `` Dekkai Kettō ! Kyojin Dorī to Burogī '' ( でっかい 決闘 ! 巨人 ドリー と ブロギー ) 14.7 June 3 , 2001 -- 72 -- `` Luffy Gets Angry ! A Dirty Trick Violates the Sacred Duel ! '' `` Rufi Okoru ! Seinaru Kettō ni Hiretsu na Wana '' ( ルフィ 怒る ! 聖なる 決闘 に 卑劣 な 罠 ) 8 12.5 June 17 , 2001 -- 73 -- `` Broggy 's Bitter Tears of Victory ! The Conclusion of Elbaf ! '' `` Burogī Shōri no Gōkyū ! Erubafu no Ketchaku ! '' ( ブロギー 勝利 の 号泣 ! エルバフ の 決着 ) 15.3 June 24 , 2001 -- 74 -- `` The Devilish Candle ! Tears of Regret and Tears of Anger ! '' `` Ma no Cyandoru ! Munen no Namida to Okari no Namida '' ( 魔 の キャンドル ! 無念 の 涙 と 怒り の 涙 ) 15.6 July 15 , 2001 -- 75 -- `` A Hex on Luffy ! Colors Trap ! '' `` Rufi o Osō Maryoku ! Karāzutorappu ! '' ( ルフィ を 襲う 魔力 ! カラーズ トラップ ) 6 12.8 August 12 , 2001 -- 76 -- `` Time to Fight Back ! Usopp 's Quick Thinking and Fire Star ! '' `` Iza Hangeki ! Usoppu no Kiten to Kaenboshi ! '' ( いざ 反撃 ! ウソップ の 機転 と 火炎 星 ! ) 14.9 August 19 , 2001 -- 77 -- `` Farewell Giant Island ! Head for Alabasta ! '' `` Saraba Kyojin no Shima ! Arabasuta o Mezase '' ( さらば 巨人 の 島 ! アラバスタ を 目指せ ) 14.9 August 19 , 2001 -- -- 47 `` Escape From Misty Peak '' -- -- August 20 , 2005 Season 03 ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 3 ) Season 3 - `` Enter Chopper at the Winter Island '' No . 4Kids title / Funimation title Original Japanese title Original airdate English airdate Orig . 4Kids 78 -- `` Nami 's Sick ? Beyond the Snow Falling on the Sea ! '' `` Nami ga byōki ? Umi ni furu yuki no mukō ni ! '' ( ナミ が 病気 ? 海 に 降る 雪 の 向こう に ! ) August 26 , 2001 -- 79 -- `` A Raid ! The Tin Tyrant and Tin Plate Wapol ! '' `` Kishū ! Burikingu gō to Buriki no Waporu '' ( 奇襲 ! ブリキング 号 と ブリキ の ワポル ) September 2 , 2001 -- 80 -- `` An Island without Doctors ? Adventure in a Nameless Land ! '' `` Isha no inai shima ? Na mo naki kuni no bōken '' ( 医者 の いない 島 ? 名 も 無き 国 の 冒険 ! ) September 9 , 2001 -- -- 48 `` Saving Nami '' -- August 27 , 2005 81 -- `` Are You Happy ? The Doctor Called Witch ! '' `` Happī kai ? Majo to yobareta isha ! '' ( ハッピー かい ? 魔女 と 呼ば れ た 医者 ! ) September 16 , 2001 -- -- 49 `` Rabid Rabbits '' -- September 10 , 2005 82 -- `` Dalton 's Resolve ! Wapol 's Corps Lands on the Island ! '' `` Doruton no kakugo ! Waporu gundan shima ni jōriku '' ( ドルトン の 覚悟 ! ワポル 軍団 島 に 上陸 ) October 7 , 2001 -- -- 50 `` Avalanche ! '' -- September 17 , 2005 83 51 `` The Big Climb '' `` The Island Where Snow Lives ! Climb the Drum Rockies ! '' `` Yuki no sumi shima ! Doramu Rokkī o nobore ! '' ( 雪 の 住む 島 ! ドラム ロッキー を 登れ ! ) October 7 , 2001 September 24 , 2005 84 52 `` Tony Tony Chopper '' `` Blue - nosed Reindeer ! Chopper 's Secret ! '' `` Tonakai wa aoppana ! Choppā no himitsu ! '' ( トナカイ は 青 っ 鼻 ! チョッパー の 秘密 ) October 21 , 2001 October 1 , 2005 85 53 `` Freaky '' `` An Outcast 's Dream ! Hiriluk the Quack ! '' `` Hamidashimono no yume ! Yabu isha Hiruruku ! '' ( はみだし 者 の 夢 ! やぶ医者 ヒルルク ! ) October 28 , 2001 October 8 , 2005 86 54 `` The Impossible Dream '' `` Hiriluk 's Cherry Blossoms and the Will that Gets Carried On ! '' `` Hiruruku no sakura to uketsugare yuku ishi ! '' ( ヒルルク の 桜 と 受け継が れ ゆく 意志 ! ) November 4 , 2001 October 15 , 2005 87 55 `` Defending the Flag '' `` Fight Wapol 's Crew ! The Power of the Munch Munch Fruit ! '' `` VS Waporu gundan ! Bakubaku no mi no nōryoku ! '' ( VS ワポル 軍団 ! バクバク の 実 の 能力 ! ) November 11 , 2001 October 22 , 2005 88 56 `` Let 's Get Ready to Rumble '' `` Zoan - type Devil Fruit ! Chopper 's Seven - form Transformation ! '' `` Zōn kei akuma no mi ! Choppā Shichidan Hengei '' ( 動物 系 悪魔 の 実 ! チョッパー 七 段 変形 ) November 18 , 2001 October 29 , 2005 89 57 `` The Once & Future King '' `` When the Kingdom 's Rule Ends ! The Flag of Faith Flies Forever ! '' `` Ōkoku no shihai owaru toki ! Shinnen no hata wa eien ni '' ( 王国 の 支配 終る 時 ! 信念 の 旗 は 永遠 に ) November 25 , 2001 November 5 , 2005 90 58 `` Doc Rock '' `` Hiriluk 's Cherry Blossoms ! Miracle in the Drum Rockies ! '' `` Hiruruku no sakura ! Doramu Rokkī no kiseki '' ( ヒルルク の 桜 ! ドラム ロッキー の 奇跡 ) December 2 , 2001 November 12 , 2005 91 59 `` Heading For Disaster '' `` Goodbye Drum Island ! I 'm Going Out to Sea ! '' `` Sayōnara Doramujima ! Boku wa umi e deru ! '' ( さようなら ドラム 島 ! 僕 は 海 へ 出る ! ) December 9 , 2001 February 11 , 2006 92 60 `` Face Off '' `` Alabasta 's Hero and a Ballerina on the Ship ! '' `` Arabasuta no eiyū to senjō no barerīna '' ( アラバスタ の 英雄 と 船上 の バレリーナ ) December 9 , 2001 February 18 , 2006 Season 04 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 4 ) No . 4Kids title / Funimation title Original Japanese title Original airdate English airdate Orig . 4Kids 93 61 `` Boogie Powder '' `` Off to the Desert Kingdom ! The Rain - Summing Powder and the Rebel Army ! '' `` Iza sabaku no kuni e ! Ame o yobu kona to hanrangun '' ( いざ 砂漠 の 国 へ ! 雨 を 呼ぶ 粉 と 反乱 軍 ) December 16 , 2001 February 25 , 2006 94 62 `` Chasing Luffy '' `` The Heroes Reunion ! His Name is Fire Fist Ace ! '' `` Gōketsutachi no saikai ! Yatsu no na wa hiken no Ēsu '' ( 豪傑 達 の 再会 ! 奴 の 名 は 火 拳 の エース ) December 23 , 2001 March 4 , 2006 95 63 `` Oh , Brother ! '' `` Ace and Luffy ! Hot Emotions and Brotherly Bonds ! '' `` Ēsu to Luffy ! Atsuki omoi to kyōdai no kizuna '' ( エース と ルフィ ! 熱き 想い と 兄弟 の 絆 ) January 6 , 2002 March 11 , 2006 96 64 `` All Dried Up '' `` Erumalu , the City of Green and the Kung Fu Dugongs ! '' `` Midori no machi Erumaru to Kunfū Jugon ! '' ( 緑 の 町 エルマル と クンフー ジュゴン ! ) January 13 , 2002 March 11 , 2006 March 18 , 2006 97 65 `` Humps , Bumps & Chumps '' `` Adventure in the Country of Sand ! The Monsters that Live in the Scorching Land ! '' `` Suna no kuni no bōken ! Ennetsu no daichi ni sugomu mamono '' ( 砂 の 国 の 冒険 ! 炎熱 の 大地 に 棲む 魔物 ) January 20 , 2002 March 25 , 2006 April 29 , 2006 98 66 `` The Sand Trap '' `` Enter the Desert Pirates ! The Men Who Live Freely ! '' `` Sabaku no kaizokudan tōjō ! Jiyū ni ikiru otokotachi '' ( 砂漠 の 海賊 団 登場 ! 自由 に 生きる 男 達 ) January 27 , 2002 April 5 , 2006 May 6 , 2006 99 67 `` Tough Bluff '' `` False Fortitude ! Camu , Rebel Soldier at Heart ! '' `` Nisemono no iji ! Kokoro no hanrangun Kamyu ! '' ( ニセモノ の 意地 ! 心 の 反乱 軍 カミュ ! ) February 3 , 2002 April 6 , 2006 May 13 , 2006 100 68 `` Kids of the Kingdom '' `` Rebel Warrior Koza ! The Dream Vowed to Vivi ! '' `` Hanrangun senshi Kōza ! Bibi ni chikatta yume ! '' ( 反乱 軍 戦士 コーザ ! ビビ に 誓っ た 夢 ! ) February 10 , 2002 April 10 , 2006 May 20 , 2006 101 69 `` Scorpion '' `` Showdown in a Heat Haze ! Ace vs. the Gallant Scorpion ! '' `` Yōen no kettō ! Ēsu vs otoko sukōpion '' ( 陽炎 の 決闘 ! エース VS 男 スコーピオン ) February 17 , 2002 April 11 , 2006 May 27 , 2006 102 70 `` Secret Beneath the Sand '' `` Ruins and Lost Ways ! Vivi , Her Friends , and the Country 's Form ! '' `` Kiseki to maigo ! Bibi to nakama to kuni no katachi '' ( 遺跡 と 迷子 ! ビビ と 仲間 と 国 の かたち ) February 24 , 2002 April 12 , 2006 June 3 , 2006 103 71 `` Odd Numbers '' `` Spiders Café at 8 o'Clock ! The Enemy Leaders Gather ! '' `` Supaidāzu Kafe ni hachiji teki kanbu shūgō '' ( スパイダーズ カフェ に 8 時 敵 幹部 集合 ) March 3 , 2002 April 13 , 2006 June 10 , 2006 104 72 `` Zero '' `` Luffy vs. Vivi ! The Tearful Vow to Put Friends on the Line ! '' `` Rufi vs Bibi ! Nakama ni kakeru namida no chikai '' ( ルフィ VS ビビ ! 仲間 に 賭ける 涙 の 誓い ) March 10 , 2002 June 17 , 2006 105 73 `` Chase to Rainbase '' `` The Battlefront of Alabasta ! Rainbase , the City of Dreams ! '' `` Arabasuta sensen ! Yume no machi Reinbēsu ! '' ( アラバスタ 戦線 ! 夢 の 町 レイン ベース ) March 17 , 2002 June 24 , 2006 106 74 `` Caged ! '' `` The Trap of Certain Defeat ! Storming Raindinners ! '' `` Zettai zetsumei no wana ! Reindināzu totsunyū '' ( 絶 体 絶命 の 罠 ! レイン ディナー ズ 突入 ) March 24 , 2002 July 1 , 2006 107 75 `` Kingnapped '' `` Operation Utopia Commences ! The Swell of Rebellion Stirs ! '' `` Yūtopia sakusen hatsudō ! Ugokidashita hanran '' ( ユートピア 作戦 発動 ! 動き出し た 反乱 ) April 14 , 2002 July 8 , 2006 108 76 `` They Call Me Mr. Prince '' `` The Terrifying Banana Gators and Mr. Prince ! '' `` Kyōfu no Bananawani to Misutā Purinsu '' ( 恐怖 の バナナワニ と ミスター プリンス ) April 21 , 2002 July 8 , 2006 109 77 `` The Great Escape '' `` The Key to a Great Comeback Escape ! The Wax - Wax Ball ! '' `` Gyakuden dai dasshutsu e no kagi ! Dorudoru Bōru ! '' ( 逆転 大 脱出 へ の 鍵 ! ドルドル ボール ! ) April 28 , 2002 February 3 , 2007 110 78 `` Zero Tolerance '' `` Merciless Mortal Combat ! Luffy vs. Crocodile ! '' `` Jōmuyō no shitō ! Rufi vs Kurokodairu ! '' ( 情 無用 の 死闘 ! ルフィ VS クロコダイル ) May 5 , 2002 February 10 , 2007 111 79 `` Off the Hook '' `` Dash For a Miracle ! Alabasta Animal Land ! '' `` Kiseki e no Shissō ! Arabasuta Dōbutsu Rando '' ( 奇跡 へ の 疾走 ! アラバスタ 動物 ランド ) May 12 , 2002 February 17 , 2007 112 80 `` Rebel Rousers '' `` Rebel Army vs. Royal Army ! Showdown at Alubarna ! '' `` Hanrangun vs kokuōgun ! Kessen wa Arubāna ! '' ( 反乱 軍 VS 国王 軍 ! 決戦 は アルバーナ ! ) May 19 , 2002 February 24 , 2007 113 81 `` Two Bad '' `` Alubarna Grieves ! The Fierce Captain Karoo ! '' `` Naki no Arubāna ! Gekitō Karū taichō '' ( 嘆き の アルバーナ ! 激闘 カルー 隊長 ! ) June 2 , 2002 March 3 , 2007 114 82 `` Extra Innings '' `` Sworn on a Friend 's Dream ! The Battle of Molehill , Block 4 ! '' `` Nakama no yumi ni chikau ! Kettō Mogura tsuka 4 banchō '' ( 仲間 の 夢 に 誓う ! 決闘 モグラ 塚 4 番 街 ) June 9 , 2002 March 10 , 2007 115 83 `` Blow Up ! '' `` Big Opening Day Today ! The Copy - Copy Montage ! '' `` Honjitsu dai kōkai ! Manemane Montāju ! '' ( 本日 大 公開 ! マネマネ モンタージュ ! ) June 16 , 2002 March 17 , 2007 116 84 `` Trading Faces '' `` Transformed into Nami ! Bon Clay 's Rapid - Fire Ballet Kenpo ! '' `` Nami ni henshin ! Bonkurē renpatsu baree Kenpō '' ( ナミ に 変身 ! ボンクレ - 連発 バレエ 拳法 ) June 23 , 2002 March 24 , 2007 117 85 `` The Weather Forcer '' `` Nami 's Cyclone Advisory ! Clima Takt Burst ! '' `` Nami no senpū chūihō ! Kurimatakuto sakuretsu '' ( ナミ の 旋風 注意 報 ! クリマタクト 炸裂 ) June 30 , 2002 April 14 , 2007 118 86 `` Bad Girls '' `` Secret Passed Down in the Royal Family ! The Ancient Weapon Pluton ! '' `` Ōke ni tsuwaru himitsu ! Kodai heiki Puruton '' ( 王家 に 伝わる 秘密 ! 古代 兵器 プルトン ) July 14 , 2002 April 21 , 2007 119 87 `` Zolo vs. Mr. One '' `` Secret of Powerful Swordplay ! Ability to Cut Steel and the Rhythm Things Have ! '' `` Gōken no kyokui ! Hagane o kiru chikara to mono no kokyū '' ( 豪 剣 の 極意 ! 鋼鉄 を 斬る 力 と 物 の 呼吸 ) July 21 , 2002 April 28 , 2007 120 88 `` Hook , Lie & Sinker '' `` The Battle is Over ! Koza Raises the White Flag ! '' `` Tatakai wa owatta ! Kōza ga ageta shiroi hata '' ( 戦い は 終わっ た ! コーザ が 掲げ た 白い 旗 ) August 4 , 2002 May 5 , 2007 121 89 `` His Fatal Flaw '' `` Where Vivi 's Voice Gets Heard ! The Hero Descends ! '' `` Bibi no koe no yuke ! Eiyū wa maiorita ! '' ( ビビ の 声 の 行方 ! 英雄 は 舞い降り た ! ) August 11 , 2002 May 12 , 2007 122 90 `` Live & Let Dry '' `` Sand Croc and Water Luffy ! The Second Round of the Duel ! '' `` Suna wani to mizu Rufi ! Kettō dai ni raundo '' ( 砂 ワニ と 水 ルフィ ! 決闘 第 2 ラウンド ) August 18 , 2002 May 19 , 2007 123 91 `` The Crypt Script '' `` That Looks Croc - ish ! Luffy , Run to the Royal Tomb ! '' `` Wanippoi ! Ōke no haka e hashire Rufi ! '' ( ワニ っ ぽい ! 王家 の 墓 へ 走れ ルフィ ! ) August 25 , 2002 May 26 , 2007 124 92 `` The Sweat Threat '' `` The Nightmare Draws Near ! This is the Sand - Sand Clan 's Secret Base ! '' `` Akumu no toki hakaru ! Koko wa Sunasunadan himitsu kichi '' ( 悪夢 の 時 迫る ! ここ は 砂 砂 団 秘密 基地 ) September 1 , 2002 June 9 , 2007 125 93 `` The Bomb in the Bellfry '' `` Magnificent Wings ! My Name is Pell , Guardian Deity of the Country ! '' `` Idai naru tsubame ! Wa ga na wa kuno no shigoshin Peru '' ( 偉大 なる 翼 ! 我 が 名 は 国 の 守護神 ペル ) September 8 , 2002 June 16 , 2007 126 94 `` Sandbagged '' `` I Will Surpass You ! Rain Falls in Alabasta ! '' `` Koete iku ! Arabasuta ni ame ga furu ! '' ( 越え て いく ! アラバスタ に 雨 が 降る ! ) September 15 , 2002 June 23 , 2007 127 95 `` All the King 's Men '' `` A Farewell to Arms ! Pirates and Different Ideas of Justice ! '' `` Buki yo saraba ! Kaizoku to ikutsu ka no seigi '' ( 武器 よ さらば ! 海賊 と いくつ か の 正義 ) October 6 , 2002 June 30 , 2007 128 96 `` The Turn of the Two '' `` The Pirates ' Banquet and Operation Escape from Alabasta ! '' `` Kaizokutachi no utage to Arabasuta dasshutsu sakusen ! '' ( 海賊 たち の 宴 と アラバスタ 脱出 作戦 ! ) October 6 , 2002 July 14 , 2007 129 97 `` Pirate Vivi ? '' `` It All Started On That Day ! Vivi Tells the Story of Her Adventure ! '' `` Hajimaru wa ano hi ! Bibi ga kataru bōkendan '' ( 始まり は あの 日 ! ビビ が 語る 冒険 譚 ) October 20 , 2002 July 21 , 2007 130 98 `` Stowaway '' `` Scent of Danger ! The Seventh Member is Nico Robin ! '' `` Kiken na kaori ! Shichininme wa Niko Robin ! '' ( 危険 な 香り ! 七 人目 は ニコ ロビン ! ) October 27 , 2002 July 28 , 2007 Season 05 ( 2002 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 5 ) No . 4Kids Entertainment Title / Funimation Title Original Japanese title Original airdate English airdate Orig . 4Kids 131 -- `` The First Patient ! The Untold Story of the Rumble Ball ! '' `` Hajimete no Kanja ! Ranburu Bōru Hiwa '' ( はじめて の 患者 ! ランブル ボール 秘話 ) November 3 , 2002 -- 132 -- `` Uprising of the Navigator ! For the Unyielding Dream ! '' `` Kōkaishi no Hanran ! Yuzure Nai Yume no Tame ni ! '' ( 航海 士 の 反乱 ! ゆずれ ない 夢 の 為 に ! ) November 10 , 2002 -- 133 -- `` A Recipe Handed Down ! Sanji , the Iron Man of Curry ! '' `` Uketsugareru Yume ! Karē no Tetsujin Sanji '' ( 受け継が れる 夢 ! カレー の 鉄人 サンジ ) November 17 , 2002 -- 134 -- `` I Will Make it Bloom ! Usopp , the Man , and the Eight - Foot Shell ! '' `` Sakasete Misemasu ! Otoko Usoppu Hachi Shaku Tama '' ( 咲かせ て みせ ます ! 男 ウソップ 八 尺 玉 ) November 24 , 2002 -- 135 99 `` Legend of the Pirate Hunter ! '' `` The Fabled Pirate Hunter ! Zoro , the Wandering Swordsman ! '' `` Uwasa no Kaizoku Gari ! Sasurai no Kenshi Zoro '' ( 噂 の 海賊 狩り ! さすらい の 剣士 ゾロ ) December 1 , 2002 August 4 , 2007 136 -- `` Zenny of the Island of Goats and the Pirate Ship in the Mountains ! '' `` Yagi no Shima no Zenii to Yama no Naka no Kaizoku Sen ! '' ( ヤギ の 島 の ゼニィ と 山 の 中 の 海賊 船 ! ) December 8 , 2002 -- 137 -- `` How 's Tricks ? The Designs of Zenny the Moneylender ! '' `` Mōkarimakka ? Kanekashi Zenii no Yabō ! '' ( 儲かり まっか ? 金貸し ゼニィ の 野望 ! ) December 15 , 2002 -- 138 -- `` Whereabouts of the Island Treasure ! Attack of the Zenny Pirates ! '' `` Shima no Otakara no Yukue ! Zenii Kaizoku Dan Shutsugeki ! '' ( 島 の お宝 の 行方 ! ゼニィ 海賊 団 出撃 ! ) December 22 , 2002 -- 139 100 `` The Rainbow Mist '' `` Legend of the Rainbow Mist ! Old Man Henzo of Luluka Island ! '' `` Nijiiro no Kiri Densetsu ! Rurukajima no Rōjin Henzo '' ( 虹 色 の 霧 伝説 ! ルルカ 島 の 老人 ヘンゾ ) January 5 , 2003 August 11 , 2007 140 101 `` Wreckers Reef '' `` Residents of the Land of Eternity ! The Pumpkin Pirates ! '' `` Eien no Kuni no Jūnin ! Panpukin Kaizoku Dan ! '' ( 永遠 の 国 の 住人 ! パンプキン 海賊 団 ! ) January 12 , 2003 August 25 , 2007 141 102 `` No Way Out '' `` Thoughts of Home ! The Pirate Graveyard of No Escape ! '' `` Kokyū e no Omoi ! Dasshutsu Funō no Kaizoku Hakaba ! '' ( 故郷 へ の 想い ! 脱出 不能 の 海賊 墓場 ! ) January 19 , 2003 September 1 , 2007 142 103 `` Into The Mist '' `` An Inevitable Melee ! Wetton 's Schemes and the Rainbow Tower ! '' `` Ransen Hissu ! Uetton no Yabō to Niji no Tō '' ( 乱戦 必死 ! ウエットン の 野望 と 虹 の 塔 ) January 26 , 2003 September 15 , 2007 143 104 `` The Great Escape ! '' `` And so , the Legend Begins ! To the Other Side of the Rainbow ! '' `` Soshite Densetsu ga Hajimaru ! Iza Niji no Kanata e '' ( そして 伝説 が 始まる ! いざ 虹 の 彼方 へ ) February 2 , 2003 September 22 , 2007 Season 06 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 6 ) Starting in Season 6 , 4Kids dropped One Piece and the rights were picked up by FUNimation . The episode numbers and titles were restored to their original Japanese with slight differences in situations where 4Kids terms ( from the TV series and video games ) were kept for the TV broadcast . FUNimation did not continue the practice of combining or cutting episodes , though some edits to the content started by 4Kids were still kept . The Australian broadcasts began airing uncut episodes starting with 175 . No . Title Original airdate English airdate 144 `` Caught Log ! The King of Salvagers , Masira ! '' `` Ubawareta kiroku ! Sarubēji ō Mashira ! '' ( 奪 われ た 記録 ! サルベージ 王 マシラ ! ) February 9 , 2003 September 29 , 2007 October 20 , 2007 145 `` Monsters Appear ! Do n't Mess with the Whitebeard Pirates ! '' `` Kaibutsu tōjō ! Shirohige Ichimi ni wa te o dasu na '' ( 怪物 登場 ! 白 ひげ 一味 に は 手 を 出す な ) February 16 , 2003 October 6 , 2007 November 3 , 2007 146 `` Quit Dreaming ! Mock Town , the Town of Ridicule ! '' `` Yume o miru na ! Azakeri no machi Mokku Taun ! '' ( 夢 を 見る な ! 嘲り の 街 モック タウン ! ) February 23 , 2003 October 13 , 2007 147 `` Distinguished Pirates ! A Man Who Talks of Dreams and the King of Undersea Search ! '' `` Kaizoku no takami ! Yume o kataru otoko to kaitei shinsaku ō '' ( 海賊 の 高み ! 夢 を 語る 男 と 海底 探索 王 ) March 9 , 2003 October 20 , 2007 148 `` Legendary Family ! Noland , the Liar ! '' `` Densetsu no ichizoku ! Usotsuki Nōrando '' ( 伝説 の 一族 ! 「 うそつき ノーランド 」 ) March 16 , 2003 October 27 , 2007 149 `` Steer for the Clouds ! Capture the South Bird ! '' `` Kumo kaji ippai ! Sausubādo o oe ! '' ( 雲 舵 いっぱい ! サウス バード を 追え ! ) March 23 , 2003 November 3 , 2007 150 `` Dreams Do n't Come True ? ! Bellamy Versus the Saruyama Alliance ! '' `` Gensō wa kanawanai ! ? Beramī VS saruyama rengō '' ( 幻想 は 叶わ ない ! ? ベラミー VS 猿山 連合 ) April 13 , 2003 November 10 , 2007 151 `` 100 Million Man ! World 's Greatest Power and Pirate Black Beard ! '' `` Ichioku no otoko ! Sekai saikō kenryoku to kaizoku kurohige '' ( 一 億 の 男 ! 世界 最高 権力 と 海賊 黒 ひげ ) April 20 , 2003 November 24 , 2007 152 `` Take to the Sky ! Ride the Knockup Stream ! '' `` Fune wa sora o yuku ! Tsukiageru kairyū ni nore '' ( 船 は 空 を ゆく ! 突き上げる 海流 に 乗れ ) April 27 , 2003 December 1 , 2007 153 `` Sail the White Sea ! The Sky Knight and the Gate in the Clouds ! '' `` Koko wa sora no umi ! Sora no kishi to tengoku no mon '' ( ここ は 空 の 海 ! 空 の 騎士 と 天国 の 門 ) May 4 , 2003 December 8 , 2007 154 `` Godland , Skypiea ! Angels on a Beach of Clouds ! '' `` Kami no kuni Sukaipia ! Kumo no nagisa no tenshitachi '' ( 神 の 国 スカイピア ! 雲 の 渚 の 天使 たち ) May 11 , 2003 December 15 , 2007 155 `` The Forbidden Sacred Ground ! The Island Where God Lives and Heaven 's Judgement ! '' `` Kindan no seichi ! Kami no sumi shima to ten no sabaki ! '' ( 禁断 の 聖地 ! 神 の 住む 島 と 天 の 裁き ! ) May 18 , 2003 December 22 , 2007 156 `` Already Criminals ? ! Skypiea 's Upholder of the Law ! '' `` Hayaku mo hanzaisha ! ? Sukaipia no hō no banjin '' ( 早く も 犯罪 者 ! ? スカイピア の 法 の 番 人 ) June 8 , 2003 December 29 , 2007 157 `` Is Escape Possible ? ! ? God 's Challenge is Set in Motion '' `` Dasshutsu naru ka ! ? Ugokihajimeta kami no shiren ! '' ( 脱出 なる か ! ? 動き はじめ た 神 の 試練 ! ) June 15 , 2003 January 5 , 2008 158 `` A Trap on Lovely Street ! The Almighty Eneru '' `` Raburī dōri no wana ! Zennō naru Goddo Eneru '' ( ラブリー 通り の 罠 ! 全能 なる 神 エネル ) June 22 , 2003 January 5 , 2008 January 12 , 2008 159 `` Onward Crow ! To the Sacrificial Altar ! '' `` Susume Karasumaru ! Ikenie no saidan o mezase '' ( すすめ カラス 丸 ! 生贄 の 祭壇 を 目指せ ) July 6 , 2003 January 19 , 2008 160 `` 10 % Survival Rate ! Satori , the Mantra Master ! '' `` Seizonritsu 10 % ! Mantora tsukai no shinkan Satori '' ( 生存 率 10 % ! 心 綱 使い の 神官 サトリ ! ) July 13 , 2003 January 26 , 2008 161 `` The Ordeal of Spheres ! Desperate Struggle in the Lost Forest ! '' `` ' Tama no shiren ' no kyōi ! Mayoi no mori no shitō '' ( 「 玉 の 試練 」 の 脅威 ! 迷い の 森 の 死闘 ) July 20 , 2003 February 2 , 2008 162 `` Chopper in Danger ! Former God vs. Priest Shura ! '' `` Choppā ayaushi ! Moto kami VS Shinkan Shura '' ( チョッパー 危うし ! 元 神 VS 神官 シュラ ) August 3 , 2003 February 9 , 2008 163 `` Profound Mystery ! Ordeal of String and Ordeal of Love ? ! ? '' `` Makafushigi ! Himo no shiren to koi no shiren ! ? '' ( 摩 訶 不思議 ! 紐 の 試練 と 恋 の 試練 ! ? ) August 10 , 2003 February 16 , 2008 164 `` Light the Fire of Shandora ! Wyper the Warrior ! '' `` Shandora no tō o nobose ! Senshi Waipā '' ( シャンドラ の 灯 を 燈 せ ! 戦士 ワイパー ) August 17 , 2003 February 23 , 2008 165 `` Jaya , City of Gold in the Sky ! Head for God 's Shrine ! '' `` Tenkū no ōgonkyō Jaya ! Mezase kami no yashiro '' ( 天空 の 黄金 卿 ジャヤ ! 目指せ 神 の 社 ! ) August 24 , 2003 March 1 , 2008 166 `` Festival on the Night Before Gold - Hunting ! Feelings for `` Vearth ! '' '' `` ōgon zenya matsuri ! Vāsu e no omoi ! '' ( 黄金 前夜祭 ! 「 ヴァース 」 へ の 想い ! ) September 7 , 2003 March 8 , 2008 167 `` Enter God Eneru ! Farewell to the Survivors ! '' `` Goddo Eneru tōjō ! ! Ikinokori e no yoake kyoku '' ( 神 エネル 登場 ! ! 生き残り へ の 夜明 曲 ) September 21 , 2003 March 15 , 2008 168 `` A Giant Snake Bares Its Fangs ! The Survival Game Begins ! '' `` Kiba muku ōhebi ! Tsui ni hajimaru sabaibaru gēmu '' ( 牙 むく 大蛇 ! 遂に 始まる 生き残り 合戦 ) October 12 , 2003 March 22 , 2008 169 `` The Deadly Reject ! War Demon Wyper 's Resolve ! '' `` Sutemi no haigeki ! Senki Waipā no kakugo '' ( 捨身 の 排撃 ! ! 「 戦 鬼 」 ワイパー の 覚悟 ) October 19 , 2003 March 29 , 2008 170 `` Fierce Mid-Air Battle ! Pirate Zoro vs. Warrior Braham ! '' `` Kūchū no gekisen ! Kaizoku Zoro VS Senshi Burahamu '' ( 空中 の 激戦 ! 海賊 ゾロ VS 戦士 ブラハム ) October 19 , 2003 November 3 , 2008 171 `` The Roaring Burn Bazooka ! ! Pirate Luffy vs. War Demon Wyper ! '' `` Unaru nenshōhō ! ! Rufi vs senki Waipā '' ( 唸る 燃焼 砲 ! ! ルフィ VS 戦 鬼 ワイパー 闘 ) October 26 , 2003 November 4 , 2008 172 `` The Ordeal of Swamp ! Chopper vs Priest Gedatsu ! '' `` Numa no shiren ! Choppā VS Shinkan Gedatsu ! ! '' ( 沼 の 試練 ! チョッパー VS 神官 ゲダツ ! ! ) November 2 , 2003 November 5 , 2008 173 `` Unbeatable Powers ! Eneru 's True Form is Revealed ! '' `` Muteki no nōryoku ! Akasareru Eneru no shōtai '' ( 無敵 の 能力 ! 明かさ れる エネル の 正体 ) November 9 , 2003 November 6 , 2008 174 `` A Mystical City ! The Grand Ruins of Shandora ! '' `` Maboroshi no to ! Yūdai naru Shandora no iseki ! ! '' ( 幻 の 都 ! 雄大 なる シャンドラ の 遺跡 ! ! ) November 16 , 2003 November 7 , 2008 175 `` 0 % Survival Rate ! Chopper vs. Ohm , the Sword Wielding Priest ! '' `` Seisonritsu 0 % ! ! Choppā VS shinkan Ōmu '' ( 生存 率 0 % ! ! チョッパー VS 神官 オーム ) December 21 , 2003 November 10 , 2008 176 `` Climb Giant Jack ! Deadly Combat in the Upper Ruins ! '' `` Kyodai mame tsuru o nobore ! ! Jōsō iseki no shitō '' ( 巨大 豆 蔓 '' を 登れ ! ! 上層 遺跡 の 死闘 ) January 11 , 2004 November 11 , 2008 177 `` The Ordeal of Iron ! White Barbed Death Match ! '' `` Tetsu no shiren no shinkocchō ! Shiroibara Desumacchi ! ! '' ( 鉄 の 試練 の 真骨頂 ! 白 荊 デスマッチ ! ! ) January 18 , 2004 November 12 , 2008 178 `` Bursting Slash ! Zoro vs Ohm ! '' `` Hotobashiru Zangeki ! Zoro VS shinkan Ōmu ! ! '' ( ほとばしる 斬 撃 ! ゾロ VS 神官 オーム ! ! ) January 25 , 2004 November 13 , 2008 179 `` Collapsing Upper Ruins ! The Quintet for the Finale ! '' `` Kuzure yuku jōsō iseki ! Shūkyoku e no gojūsō '' ( 崩れ ゆく 上層 遺跡 ! 終曲 へ の 五 重奏 ! ! ) February 1 , 2004 November 14 , 2008 180 `` Showdown in the Ancient Ruins ! Sky God Eneru 's Goal ! '' `` Kodai iseki no taiketsu ! Goddo Eneru no mokuteki '' ( 古代 遺跡 の 対決 ! 神 エネル の 目的 ) February 8 , 2004 November 17 , 2008 181 `` Ambition Towards the Endless Vearth ! The Ark Maxim ! '' `` Kagirinai daichi e no yabō hakobune Makushimu '' ( 限り ない 大地 へ の 野望 方舟 マクシム ! ! ) February 15 , 2004 November 18 , 2008 182 `` They Finally Clash ! Pirate Luffy vs God Eneru ! '' `` Tsui ni gekitotsu ! Kaizoku Rufi VS Goddo Eneru ! ! '' ( 遂に 激突 ! 海賊 ルフィ VS 神 エネル ! ! ) February 22 , 2004 November 19 , 2008 183 `` Maxim Surfaces ! Deathpiea is Activated ! '' `` Makushimu ujō ! Ugokihajimeta Desupia ! ! '' ( マクシム 浮上 ! 動き 始め た デスピア ! ! ) February 29 , 2004 November 20 , 2008 184 `` Luffy Falls ! Eneru 's Judgement and Nami 's Wish ! '' `` Rufi rakuka ! Kami no sabaki to Nami no nozomi ! ! '' ( ルフィ 落下 ! 神 の 裁き と ナミ の 望み ! ! ) March 7 , 2004 November 21 , 2008 185 `` The Two Awaken ! On the Front Lines of the Burning Love Rescue ! '' `` Mesameta futari ! Moeru koi no kyūshutsu zensen ! ! '' ( 目覚め た 二 人 ! 燃える 恋 の 救出 前線 ! ! ) March 14 , 2004 November 24 , 2008 186 `` Capriccio for Despair ! The Impending Doom of Sky Island ! '' `` Zetsubō e no kyōsōkyoku hakari kuru sorajima no shōmetsu ! ! '' ( 絶望 へ の 狂想曲 迫り 来る 空 島 の 消滅 ! ! ) March 21 , 2004 November 25 , 2008 187 `` Lead by a Bell 's Sound ! Tale of the Great Warrior and the Explorer ! '' `` Kane no oto no michibiki ! Daisenshi to shinkenka no monogatari '' ( 鐘 の 音 の 導き ! 大 戦士 と 探検 家 の 物語 ) March 28 , 2004 November 26 , 2008 188 `` Free From the Spell ! The Great Warrior Sheads Tears ! '' `` Jubaku kara no kaihō ! Daisenshi ga nagashita namida ! ! '' ( 呪縛 から の 解放 ! 大 戦士 が 流 した 涙 ! ! ) March 28 , 2004 November 27 , 2008 189 `` Eternal Friends ! The Vowed Bell Echoes Across the Mighty Seas ! '' `` Eien no shinyū ! Daikaigen ni hibiku chikai no kane '' ( 永遠 の 親友 ! 大 海原 に 響く 誓い の 鐘 ) April 4 , 2004 November 28 , 2008 190 `` Angel Island , Obliterated ! The Horror of The Raigo 's Advent ! ! '' `` Enjerushima shōmetsu ! Raigō kōrin no kyōfu ! '' ( エンジェル 島 消滅 ! 雷 迎 降臨 の 恐怖 ! ! ) April 25 , 2004 December 30 , 2008 191 `` Knock Over Giant Jack ! Last Hope for Escape ! '' `` Kyodai mame tsuru o taose ! Dasshutsu e no saigō no nozomi '' ( 巨大 豆 蔓 を 倒せ ! 脱出 へ の 最後 の 望み ) May 2 , 2004 December 31 , 2008 192 `` Miracle on Skypiea ! The Love Song Heard in the Clouds ! '' `` Kami no kuni no kiseki ! Tenshi ni todoita rabusongu '' ( 神 の 国 の 奇跡 ! 天使 に 届い た 島 の 歌声 ) May 9 , 2004 January 2 , 2009 193 `` The Battle Ends ! Proud Fantasia Echoes Far ! '' `` Tatakai no shūen ! Tōku hibiku hokori takaki gensōkyoku '' ( 戦い の 終焉 ! 遠く 響く 誇り 高き 幻想 曲 ) May 23 , 2004 January 5 , 2009 194 `` I Made it here ! The Yarn the Poneglyphs Spin ! '' `` Ware koko ni itaru ! Rekishi no honbun ga tsumugu mono '' ( 我 ここ に 至る ! 歴史 の 本文 が 紡ぐ もの ) June 6 , 2004 January 6 , 2009 195 `` Off to the Blue Sea ! ! A Heartfelt Finale ! ! '' `` Iza seikai e ! ! Omoi ga shibarinasu saishū gakushō '' ( いざ 青海 へ ! ! 想い が 織りなす 最終 楽章 ) June 13 , 2004 January 7 , 2009 Season 07 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 7 ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 196 `` A State of Emergency is Issued ! A Notorious Pirate Ship has Infiltrated ! '' `` Hijō Jitai Hatsumei ! Akumei Takaki Kaizokusen Sennyū '' ( 非常 事態 発令 ! 悪 名高き 海賊 船 潜入 ! ) June 20 , 2004 -- 197 `` Sanji the Cook ! Proving His Merit at the Marine Dining Hall ! '' `` Ryōrinin Sanji ! Kaigun Shokudō de Shinka Hakki ! '' ( 料理 人 サンジ ! 海軍 食堂 で 真価 発揮 ! ) July 4 , 2004 -- 198 `` Captured Zoro ! Chopper 's Emergency Operations ! '' `` Towareta Zoro to Choppā Kinkyū Shittō '' ( 囚われ た ゾロ と チョッパー 緊急 執刀 ! ) July 11 , 2004 -- 199 `` The Marines Dragnet Closes In ! The Second Member Captured ! '' `` Hakaru Kaigun no Sōsamō ! Towareta Futarime ! '' ( 迫る 海軍 の 捜査 網 ! 囚われ た 二 人目 ! ) July 18 , 2004 -- 200 `` Luffy and Sanji 's Daring Rescue Mission ! '' `` Kesshi no Rufi to Sanji ! Kūshutsu Daisakusen ! '' ( 決死 の ルフィ と サンジ ! 救出 大 作戦 ! ) August 8 , 2004 -- 201 `` Enter the Hot - Blooded Special Forces ! Battle on the Bridge ! '' `` Netsuketsu Tokubetsu Butai Sansen ! Burijji Kōbōsen ! '' ( 熱血 特別 部隊 参戦 ! ブリッジ 攻防 戦 ! ) September 5 , 2004 -- 202 `` Breaking Through the Siege ! The Going Merry is Recovered ! '' `` Hōimō Toppa ! Dakkan Gōingu Merī - gō '' ( 包囲 網 突破 ! 奪還 ゴーイング メリー 号 ) September 19 , 2004 -- 203 `` The Pirate Ship Disappears ! Fortress Battle , Round # 2 ! '' `` Kieta Kaizokusen ! Yōsai Kōbō Dai 2 Raundo '' ( 消え た 海賊 船 ! 要塞 攻防 第 2 ラウンド ) September 26 , 2004 -- 204 `` The Gold and Waver Recovery Operations ! '' `` Ōgon Dakkan Sakusen to Ueibā Kaishū Sakusen ! '' ( 黄金 奪還 作戦 と ウエイバー 回収 作戦 ! ) October 3 , 2004 -- 205 `` The One Fell Swoop Plan ! Jonathan 's Surefire Secret Tactic ! '' `` Ichimōdajin Keikaku ! Jonasan Jishin no Hisaku ! '' ( 一網打尽 計画 ! ジョナサン 自信 の 秘策 ) October 3 , 2004 -- 206 `` Farewell , Marine Fortress ! The Last Battle for Escape ! '' `` Saraba Kaigun Yōsai ! Dasshutsu e no Saigō no Kōbō '' ( さらば 海軍 要塞 ! 脱出 へ の 最後 の 攻防 ) October 10 , 2004 -- 207 `` Great Adventure in Long Ring Long Land ! '' `` Rongu Ringu Rongu Rando no Daibōken ! '' ( ロング リング ロング ランド の 大 冒険 ! ) October 31 , 2004 May 18 , 2013 208 `` A Davy Back with the Foxy Pirates ! '' `` Fokushī Kaizokudan to Dēbī Bakku ! '' ( フォクシー 海賊 団 と デービー バック ! ) November 7 , 2004 May 25 , 2013 209 `` Round 1 ! One Lap of the Donut Race ! '' `` Dai Ikkaisen ! Gururi Ishū Dōnatsu Rēsu '' ( 第 一 回戦 ! ぐるり 一周 ドーナツ レース ) November 14 , 2004 June 1 , 2013 210 `` Silver Fox Foxy ! The Merciless Interference ! '' `` Gin Gitsune no Fokushī ! Mōretsu Bōgai Kōsei ! '' ( 銀 ギツネ の フォクシー ! 猛烈 妨害 攻勢 ) November 21 , 2004 June 8 , 2013 211 `` Round 2 ! Shoot It into the Groggy Ring ! '' `` Dai Ni Kaisen ! Buchikome Gurokkī Ringu ! '' ( 第 二 回戦 ! ブチ 込め グロッキー リング ) November 28 , 2004 June 15 , 2013 212 `` A Barrage of Red Cards in Groggy Ring ! '' `` Reddo Kādo Renpatsu ! Gurokkī Ringu '' ( レッド カード 連発 ! グロッキー リング ) December 5 , 2004 June 22 , 2013 213 `` Round 3 ! The Round - and - Round Roller Race ! '' `` Daisan Kaisen ! Guruguru Rōrā Rēsu ! '' ( 第 三 回戦 ! ぐるぐる ローラー レース ! ) December 12 , 2004 June 29 , 2013 214 `` A Seriously Heated Race ! Into the Final Round ! '' `` Hakunetsu Bakusō Rēsu ! Saishū Raundo Totsunyū '' ( 白熱 爆走 レース ! 最終 ラウンド 突入 ! ) December 19 , 2004 July 6 , 2013 215 `` Screaming - Hot Bombardment ! Pirate Dodgeball ! '' `` Unaru Netsukyū Gōkyu ! Kaizoku Dojjibōru ! '' ( うなる 熱球 剛球 ! 海賊 ドッジボール ! ) January 9 , 2005 July 13 , 2013 216 `` Showdown on the Cliff ! Red Light , Green Light ! '' `` Dangai no Kessen ! Daruma - san ga Koronda ! '' ( 断崖 の 決戦 ! だるま さん が ころん だ ! ) January 9 , 2005 July 20 , 2013 217 `` The Captains Square Off ! The Final Combat Round ! '' `` Kyaputen Taiketsu ! Saishūsen Konbatto ! '' ( キャプテン 対決 ! 最終 戦 コンバット ! ) January 16 , 2005 July 27 , 2013 218 `` Full - Blast Slow - Slow Onslaught Vs. Invulnerable Luffy ! '' `` Zenkai Noro Noro Kōgeki vs Fujimi no Rufi '' ( 全開 ノロノロ 攻撃 VS 不死身 の ルフィ ) January 23 , 2005 August 3 , 2013 219 `` Epic , Heated Combat ! The Fateful Final Conclusion ! '' `` Sōzetsu Nettō Konbatto ! Unmei no Saishū Ketchaku ! '' ( 壮絶 熱闘 コンバット ! 運命 の 最終 決着 ) January 30 , 2005 August 10 , 2013 220 `` Was It Lost ? Stolen ? Who Are You ? '' `` Ushinatta ? Ubawareta ? Omae wa Dare da ? '' ( 失っ た ? 奪 われ た ? おまえ はだれ だ ? ) February 6 , 2005 August 17 , 2013 221 `` A Mysterious Boy With a Horn and Robin 's Deduction ! '' `` Fude o Daita Nazo no Shōnen to Robin no Suiri ! '' ( 笛 を 抱い た 謎 の 少年 と ロビン の 推理 ! ) February 13 , 2005 August 24 , 2013 222 `` Now , Let 's Get Back Our Memories ! The Pirate Crew Lands On the Island ! '' `` Iza Kioku o Dakkan seyo ! Kaizokudan Shima ni Jōriku '' ( いざ 記憶 を 奪還 せよ ! 海賊 団 島 に 上陸 ) February 20 , 2005 September 7 , 2013 223 `` Zoro Bares His Fangs ! A Savage Animal Stands in the Way ! '' `` Kiba o Muku Zoro ! Tachihadakatta Yajū '' ( 牙 を むく ゾロ ! 立ちはだかっ た 野獣 ! ) February 27 , 2005 September 14 , 2013 224 `` The Last Counterattack by the Memory Thief Who Reveals His True Colors ! '' `` Honsei o Arawashita Kioku Dorobō no Saigo no Gyakushū '' ( 本性 を 現 した 記憶 泥棒 の 最後 の 逆襲 ! ) March 6 , 2005 September 21 , 2013 225 `` Proud Man ! Silver Fox Foxy ! '' `` Hokori Takaki Otoko ! Gin Gitsune no Fokushī '' ( 誇り 高き 男 ! 銀 ギツネ の フォクシー ) March 13 , 2005 September 28 , 2013 226 `` The Guy Who 's the Closest to Invincible ? And the Most Dangerous Man ! '' `` Mottomo Muteki ni Chikai Yatsu ? To Mottomo Kiken na Otoko ! '' ( 最も 無敵 に 近い 奴 ? と 最も 危険 な 男 ! ) March 20 , 2005 October 5 , 2013 227 `` Navy Headquarters Admiral Aokiji ! The Ferocity of an Ultimate Powerhouse ! '' `` Kaigun Hombu Taishō Aokiji ! Saikō Senryoku no Kyōi '' ( 海軍 本部 大将 青 キジ ! 最高 戦力 の 脅威 ) March 27 , 2005 October 12 , 2013 228 `` Duel Between Rubber and Ice ! Luffy vs. Aokiji ! '' `` Gomu to Koori no Ikkiuchi ! Rufi VS Aokiji ! '' ( ゴム と 氷 の 一騎打ち ! ルフィ VS 青 キジ ) March 27 , 2005 October 19 , 2013 Season 08 ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of One Piece episodes ( season 8 ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 229 `` The Dashing Sea Train and the City of Water : Water Seven ! '' `` Shissō umi ressha to mizu no miyako Uōtā Seven '' ( 疾走 海 列車 と 水 の 都 ウォーター セブン ) April 17 , 2005 October 26 , 2013 230 `` Adventure in the City on the Water ! Head to the Mammoth Shipbuilding Plant ! '' `` Suijō toshi no bōken ! Mezase kyodai sōsen kōjō '' ( 水上 都市 の 冒険 ! 目指せ 巨大 造船 工場 ) April 24 , 2005 November 2 , 2013 231 `` The Franky Family and Iceburg ! '' `` Furankī ikka to Aisubāgu - san '' ( フランキー 一家 と アイス バーグ さん ) May 1 , 2005 November 9 , 2013 232 `` Galley - La Company ! A Grand Sight : Dock # 1 ! '' `` Garēra Kanpanī ! Soukan ichiban Dokku '' ( ガレーラ カンパニー ! 壮観 一 番 ドック ) May 15 , 2005 November 16 , 2013 233 `` Pirate Abduction Incident ! A Pirate Ship That Can Only Await Her End ! '' `` Kaizoku yūkai jiken to shi o matsu dake no kaizokusen '' ( 海賊 誘拐 事件 と 死 を 待つ だけ の 海賊 船 ) May 22 , 2005 November 23 , 2013 234 `` Rescuing Our Friend ! Raid On the Franky House ! '' `` Nakama kyūshutsu ! Nagarikomi Furankī Hausu '' ( 仲間 救出 ! 殴り こみ フランキー ハウス ) June 5 , 2005 November 30 , 2013 235 `` Big Fight Under the Moon ! The Pirate Flag Flutters With Sorrow ! '' `` Gekka no dai kenka ! Kanashimi ni hirugaeru kaizoku hata ! '' ( 月 下 の 大 喧嘩 ! 哀しみ に 翻 る 海賊 旗 ! ) June 12 , 2005 January 4 , 2014 236 `` Luffy vs. Usopp ! Collision of Two Men 's Pride ! '' `` Rufi VS Usoppu ! Butsukaru otoko no iji '' ( ルフィ vs ウソップ ! ぶつかる 男 の 意地 ) June 19 , 2005 January 11 , 2014 237 `` Severe Shock Hits the City of Water ! Iceberg Targeted ! '' `` Gekishin mizu no miyako ! Newareta Aisubāgu '' ( 激震 水 の 都 ! 狙 われ た アイス バーグ ) July 3 , 2005 January 18 , 2014 238 `` Gum - Gum Human vs. Fire - Breathing Cyborg ! '' `` Gomugomu ningen VS hi o fuku kaizō ningen '' ( ゴムゴム 人間 VS 火 を 吹く 改造 人間 ) July 10 , 2005 January 25 , 2014 239 `` The Straw Hat Pirates Are the Culprits ? The Protectors of the City of Water ! '' `` Hannin wa mugiwara kaizokudan ? Mizu no miyako no yōjinbo '' ( 犯人 は 麦わら 海賊 団 ? 水 の 都 の 用心棒 ) July 31 , 2005 February 1 , 2014 240 `` Eternal Farewell ? Nico Robin : The Woman Who Draws Darkness ! '' `` Eien no wakare ? Yami o hiku onna Niko Robin '' ( 永遠 の 別れ ? 闇 を 引く 女 ニコ ロビン ) August 7 , 2005 February 8 , 2014 241 `` Capture Robin ! The Determination of the Straw Hats ! '' `` Robin o tsukamaero ! Mugiwara ichimi no ketsui '' ( ロビン を 捕まえろ ! 麦わら 一味 の 決意 ) August 14 , 2005 February 15 , 2014 242 `` Cannon Fire Is the Signal ! CP9 Goes Into Action ! '' `` Aizu wa hōgeki to tomo ni ! Ugokidashita CP9 '' ( 合図 は 砲撃 と共に ! 動き出し た CP9 ) August 21 , 2005 February 22 , 2014 243 `` CP9 Takes Off Their Masks ! Their Shocking True Faces ! '' `` Kamen o totta CP9 ! Sono odoroki no sugao '' ( 仮面 を 取っ た CP9 ! その 驚き の 素顔 ) September 4 , 2005 March 1 , 2014 244 `` Secret Bond ! Iceberg and Franky ! '' `` Hisometa kizuna ! Aisubāgu to Furankī '' ( 秘め た 絆 ! アイス バーグ と フランキー ) September 11 , 2005 March 8 , 2014 245 `` Come Back , Robin ! Showdown With CP9 ! '' `` Kaette koi Robin ! CP9 to no taiketsu ! '' ( 帰っ て 来い ロビン ! CP9 と の 対決 ! ) September 18 , 2005 March 15 , 2014 246 `` The Straw Hat Pirates Annihilated ? The Menace of the Leopard Model ! '' `` Mugiwara kaizokudan zenmetsu ? Moderu hyō no kyōi '' ( 麦わら 海賊 団 全滅 ? モデル 豹 の 脅威 ! ) October 23 , 2005 March 22 , 2014 247 `` The Man Who Is Loved Even by His Ship ! Usopp 's Tears ! '' `` Fune kara mo aisareta otoko ! Usoppu no namida ! '' ( 船 から も 愛 され た 男 ! ウソップ の 涙 ! ) October 30 , 2005 March 29 , 2014 248 `` Franky 's Past ! The Day the Sea Train First Ran ! '' `` Furankī no kako ! Umi ressha ga hashitta hi '' ( フランキー の 過去 ! 海 列車 が 走っ た 日 ) November 6 , 2005 April 5 , 2014 249 `` Spandam 's Scheme ! The Day the Sea Train Shook ! '' `` Supandamu no inbō ! Umi ressha ga ureta hi '' ( スパンダム の 陰謀 ! 海 列車 が 揺れ た 日 ) November 13 , 2005 April 12 , 2014 250 `` The End of the Legendary Man ! The Day the Sea Train Cried ! '' `` Densetsu no otoko no saigo ! Umi ressha ga naita hi '' ( 伝説 の 男 の 最期 ! 海 列車 が 泣い た 日 ) November 27 , 2005 April 19 , 2014 251 `` The Truth Behind Her Betrayal ! Robin 's Sorrowful Decision ! '' `` Uragiri no shinsō ! Robin no kanashiki ketsui ! '' ( 裏切り の 真相 ! ロビン の 哀しき 決意 ! ) November 27 , 2005 April 26 , 2014 252 `` The Steam Whistle Forces Friends Apart ! The Sea Train Starts to Run ! '' `` Nakama o hikihanasu kiteki ! Hashiridasu umi ressha '' ( 仲間 を 引き離す 汽笛 ! 走り出す 海 列車 ) December 4 , 2005 May 3 , 2014 253 `` Sanji Barges In ! Sea Train Battle in the Storm ! '' `` Sanji totsunyū ! arashi no naka no umi ressha batoru ! '' ( サンジ 突入 ! 嵐 の 中 の 海 列車 バトル ! ) December 11 , 2005 May 10 , 2014 254 `` Nami 's Soul Cries Out ! Straw Hat Luffy Makes a Comeback ! '' `` Nami tamashii no sakebi ! Mugiwara no Rufi fukukatsu ! '' ( ナミ 魂 の 叫び ! 麦わら の ルフィ 復活 ! ) January 22 , 2006 May 17 , 2014 255 `` Another Sea Train ? Rocketman Charges Forth ! '' `` Mō hitotsu no umi ressha ? Rokettoman shutsugeki '' ( もう 一 つの 海 列車 ? ロケット マン 出撃 ) January 29 , 2006 May 24 , 2014 256 `` Rescue Our Friends ! A Bond Among Foes Sworn with Fists ! '' `` Nakama o sukue ! Kobushi ni chikatta teki dōshi no kizuna ! '' ( 仲間 を 救え ! 拳 に 誓っ た 敵 同士 の 絆 ! ) February 5 , 2006 May 31 , 2014 257 `` Smash the Wave ! Luffy and Zoro Use the Strongest Combo ! '' `` Nami o sake ! Rufi to Zoro no saikyō gattai waza '' ( 波 を 砕け ! ルフィ と ゾロ の 最強 合体 技 ) February 26 , 2006 June 7 , 2014 258 `` A Mysterious Man Appears ? ! His Name Is Sniperking ! '' `` Nazo no otoko tōjō ! ? Sono na wa Sogekingu ! '' ( 謎 の 男 登場 ! ? その 名 は そげ キング ! ) March 5 , 2006 June 14 , 2014 259 `` Showdown Between Cooks ! Sanji vs. Ramen Kenpo '' `` Kokku taiketsu ! Sanji VS Rāmen kenpō '' ( コック 対決 ! サンジ VS ラーメン 拳法 ) March 12 , 2006 June 21 , 2014 260 `` Rooftop Duel ! Franky vs. Nero '' `` yane no ue no kettō ! Furankī VS Nero '' ( 屋根 の 上 の 決闘 ! フランキー VS ネロ ) March 19 , 2006 June 28 , 2014 261 `` Clash ! Demon - Slasher Zoro vs. Ship - Slasher T - Bone ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Onigiri Zoro VS funegiri T Bōn '' ( 激突 ! 鬼 斬り ゾロ VS 船 斬り T ボーン ) April 2 , 2006 July 5 , 2014 262 `` Scramble over Robin ! A Cunning Plan by Sniperking ! ! '' `` Robin sōdatsusen ! Sogekingu no kisaku ! ! '' ( ロビン 争奪 戦 ! そげ キング の 奇策 ! ! ) April 16 , 2006 July 12 , 2014 263 `` The Judicial Island ! Full View of Enies Lobby ! '' `` Shihō no shima ! Eniesu Robī no zenbō '' ( 司法 の 島 ! エニエス ロビー の 全貌 ! ) April 30 , 2006 July 19 , 2014 TV specials ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate SP1 `` One Piece TV Special : Adventure in the Ocean 's Navel '' `` Wan Pīsu Terebi Supesharu : Umi no Heso no Daibōken '' ( ワンピース TV スペシャル 海 の ヘソ の 大 冒険 ) December 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 20 ) The Straw Hat Pirates encounter a city in the middle of a whirlpool , called the Ocean 's Navel , that is being destroyed by giant monsters . These monsters supposedly protect a treasure capable of granting wishes , but in the process of defeating these guardians , the crew ends up releasing another evil . ( aired after Episode 53 ) SP2 `` One Piece : Open Upon the Great Sea ! A Father 's Huge , HUGE Dream ! '' `` Wan Pīsu : Daiunabara ni Hirake ! Dekkai Dekkai Chichi no Yume ! '' ( ワンピース 大 海原 に ひらけ ! でっかい で っ カイ 父 の 夢 ! ) April 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 06 ) The story opens on Pirate Zap 's ship , where two of his crew , Bonnie and Max , are tired and want to escape , but unfortunately they have no money . Three children were being held captive on the ship overhear them . The eldest , Amanda , whose father was a pro treasure hunter , knows the whereabouts ofdeal . If they help them make a clean escape , they could take all the treasure they wanted . They agree , and the five of them barely escape and make it onto a small island where they meet Luffy and his crew . Unfortunately they were pursued and Luffy and Amanda are captured and brought back to their boss , the head of the Bayan Pirates , who is also after the treasure . Now Luffy and the others must battle the Bayan pirates and find the treasure that Amanda 's father had left for his children . Amanda , who has always resented adventure and treasure because her father was constantly gone in search for it , finally understands his feelings . This TV Special is aired between episodes 149 and 150 . SP3 `` One Piece : Protect ! The Last Great Stage '' `` Wan Pīsu : Mamoru ! Saigo no Daibutai '' ( ワンピース 守れ ! 最後 の 大 舞台 ) December 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 14 ) The renowned Randolph troupe is in town and they are putting on a special farewell play to mark their leader 's retirement . When three of its actors quit a mere thirty minutes before the curtain rises , the Straw Pirates offer their services ; though with Robin 's overacting , Usopp trying to hog the limelight and Luffy gate - crashing the stage dressed as a monkey , the first act becomes more of a farce instead ! Before the second act can commence , Randolph is arrested by the marines for selling stolen weapons to pirates , and boards the ship to prove his innocence . There , he is confronted by the Marine Commander named Governor , a former subordinate of Randolph 's , who has concocted the whole plan in order to exact his revenge on the ex-marine . Now , in addition to rescuing Randolph and protecting his ship , Luffy must also convince the troupe leader that not all pirates are bloodthirsty brutes . Whatever happens , one thing 's for sure - the show must go on ! This TV Special is aired between episodes 174 and 175 . SP4 `` One Piece : End - of - Year Special Plan ! Chief Straw Hat Luffy 's Detective Story '' `` Wan Pīsu : Nenmatsu Tokubetsu Kikaku ! Mugiwara no Rufi Oyabun Torimonochō '' ( ワンピース 年末 特別 企画 ! 麦わら の ルフィ 親分 捕物 帖 ) December 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 18 ) Buggy and his `` Clown Family '' are causing havoc in Feudal Era Grand Line . They 've kidnapped Onami ( Nami ) and it 's up to Luffy , Usopp and Sanji to save her . After a failed attempt by the Buggy Family they try to capture Princess Vivi , only to fail again and be defeated by Zoro and Luffy . Original video animations ( edit ) No . Title Release date `` Defeat Him ! The Pirate Ganzack ! '' `` Taose ! Kaizoku Gyanzakku '' ( 倒せ ! 海賊 ギャンザック ) July 26 , 1998 Whilst running low on food supplies , Luffy , Zoro and Nami are suddenly attacked by a strange sea creature who destroys their boat and captures Nami . Washing up on a nearby island , Luffy and Zoro meet a girl named Medaka , learning from her grandfather that her father , along with many others in the islands village , have been captured by the pirate Ganzack , who is forcing them to build a huge cannon . With the incentive of food , Luffy and Zoro attack Ganzack 's hideout , only to wind up captured . However , their attempts inspire the villagers to fight back , allowing Nami to spring Luffy and Zoro free . Ganzack soon attempts to flee on his ship , using his new cannon to bomb the island , but the combined efforts of Luffy , Zoro , Nami and Medaka put a stop to his plan . Note : This OVA was produced by Production I.G. and features a different voice cast from the television series . Releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) Toei Animation ( Japan , VHS ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . VHS ONEPIECE piece1 1 -- 4 February 21 , 2001 piece2 5 -- 8 February 21 , 2001 piece3 9 -- 12 March 21 , 2001 piece4 13 -- 16 April 18 , 2001 piece5 17 -- 20 May 23 , 2001 piece6 21 -- 24 June 20 , 2001 piece7 25 -- 28 July 18 , 2001 piece8 29 -- 32 August 22 , 2001 piece9 33 -- 36 September 19 , 2001 piece10 37 -- 40 October 24 , 2001 piece11 41 -- 44 November 21 , 2001 piece12 45 -- 48 December 19 , 2001 piece13 49 -- 52 January 17 , 2002 piece14 53 -- 56 February 14 , 2002 piece15 57 -- 61 March 20 , 2002 グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece1 62 -- 64 April 3 , 2002 piece2 65 -- 67 May 2 , 2002 piece3 68 -- 70 June 5 , 2002 piece4 71 -- 73 July 3 , 2002 piece5 74 -- 77 August 7 , 2002 チョッパー 登場 冬島 篇 piece1 78 -- 80 September 4 , 2002 piece2 81 -- 83 October 2 , 2002 piece3 84 -- 86 November 7 , 2002 piece4 87 -- 89 December 4 , 2002 piece5 90 -- 92 January 8 , 2003 TV スペシャル 海 の ヘソ の 大 冒険 篇 SP1 January 1 , 2002 DVD ( edit ) Toei Animation ( Japan , Region 2 DVD ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 01 1 -- 4 February 21 , 2001 piece. 02 5 -- 8 February 21 , 2001 piece. 03 9 -- 12 March 22 , 2001 piece. 04 13 -- 16 April 18 , 2001 piece. 05 17 -- 20 May 23 , 2001 piece. 06 21 -- 24 June 20 , 2001 piece. 07 25 -- 28 July 18 , 2001 piece. 08 29 -- 32 August 22 , 2001 piece. 09 33 -- 36 September 19 , 2001 piece. 10 37 -- 40 October 24 , 2001 piece. 11 41 -- 44 November 21 , 2001 piece. 12 45 -- 48 December 19 , 2001 piece. 13 49 -- 52 January 17 , 2002 piece. 14 53 -- 56 February 14 , 2002 piece. 15 57 -- 61 March 20 , 2002 2nd シーズン グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 01 62 -- 64 April 3 , 2002 piece. 02 65 -- 67 May 2 , 2002 piece. 03 68 -- 70 June 5 , 2002 piece. 04 71 -- 73 July 3 , 2002 piece. 05 74 -- 76 August 7 , 2002 3rd シーズン チョッパー 登場 冬島 篇 piece. 01 77 -- 79 September 4 , 2002 piece. 02 80 -- 82 October 2 , 2002 piece. 03 83 -- 85 November 7 , 2002 piece. 04 86 -- 88 December 4 , 2002 piece. 05 89 -- 91 January 8 , 2003 4th シーズン アラバスタ 上陸 篇 Piece. 01 92 -- 94 February 5 , 2003 Piece. 02 95 -- 97 March 5 , 2003 Piece. 03 98 -- 100 April 2 , 2003 Piece. 04 101 -- 103 May 8 , 2003 Piece. 05 104 -- 106 June 4 , 2003 Piece. 06 107 -- 109 July 2 , 2003 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 01 110 -- 112 August 6 , 2003 piece. 02 113 -- 115 September 3 , 2003 piece. 03 116 -- 118 October 1 , 2003 piece. 04 119 -- 121 November 6 , 2003 piece. 05 122 -- 124 December 3 , 2003 piece. 06 125 -- 127 January 7 , 2004 piece. 07 128 -- 130 February 4 , 2004 5th シーズン ドリームス ! 前 篇 piece. 01 131 -- 132 March 3 , 2004 piece. 02 133 -- 135 April 7 , 2004 piece. 03 136 -- 138 May 12 , 2004 piece. 04 139 -- 140 June 2 , 2004 piece. 05 141 -- 143 July 7 , 2004 6th シーズン 空 島 スカイピア 篇 piece. 01 144 -- 146 August 4 , 2004 piece. 02 147 -- 149 September 1 , 2004 piece. 03 150 -- 152 October 6 , 2004 piece. 04 153 -- 155 November 3 , 2004 piece. 05 156 -- 158 December 1 , 2004 piece. 06 159 -- 161 January 13 , 2005 piece. 07 162 -- 164 February 2 , 2005 piece. 08 165 -- 167 March 3 , 2005 piece. 09 168 -- 170 April 6 , 2005 piece. 10 171 -- 173 May 11 , 2005 6th シーズン 空 島 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 01 174 -- 176 June 1 , 2005 piece. 02 177 -- 179 July 6 , 2005 piece. 03 180 -- 182 August 3 , 2005 piece. 04 183 -- 185 September 7 , 2005 piece. 05 186 -- 188 October 5 , 2005 piece. 06 189 -- 191 November 2 , 2005 piece. 07 192 -- 193 December 7 , 2005 piece. 08 194 -- 195 January 11 , 2006 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 01 196 -- 198 February 1 , 2006 piece. 02 199 -- 201 March 1 , 2006 piece. 03 202 -- 204 April 5 , 2006 piece. 04 205 -- 207 May 3 , 2006 piece. 05 208 -- 210 June 7 , 2006 piece. 06 211 -- 213 July 5 , 2006 piece. 07 214 -- 216 August 2 , 2006 piece. 08 217 -- 219 September 6 , 2006 piece. 09 220 -- 222 October 11 , 2006 piece. 10 223 -- 225 November 8 , 2006 piece. 11 226 -- 228 December 6 , 2006 8th シーズン ウォーター セブン 篇 piece. 01 229 -- 231 January 10 , 2007 piece. 02 232 -- 234 February 7 , 2007 piece. 03 235 -- 237 March 7 , 2007 piece. 04 238 -- 240 April 11 , 2007 piece. 05 241 -- 243 May 9 , 2007 piece. 06 244 -- 246 June 6 , 2007 piece. 07 247 -- 249 July 11 , 2007 piece. 08 250 -- 252 August 1 , 2007 piece. 09 253 -- 255 September 5 , 2007 piece. 10 256 -- 258 October 10 , 2007 piece. 11 259 -- 261 November 7 , 2007 piece. 12 262 -- 263 December 5 , 2007 TV スペシャル 海 の ヘソ の 大 冒険 編 SP1 January 1 , 2002 ワンピース TV 主題 歌集 DVD -- March 17 , 2004 貝 獣 島 と 漁師 島 の 2 つの 大 冒険 SP2 August 6 , 2004 時代 劇 スペシャル 「 ルフィ 親分 捕物 帖 」 通常 版 SP4 August 4 , 2006 ONE PIECE Log Collection `` EAST BLUE '' 1 -- 17 July 23 , 2010 `` SANJI '' 18 -- 30 July 23 , 2010 `` NAMI '' 31 -- 44 August 27 , 2010 `` LOGUE TOWN '' 45 -- 61 August 27 , 2010 `` GRAND LINE '' 62 -- 77 December 22 , 2010 `` CHOPPER '' 78 -- 91 December 22 , 2010 `` ARABASTA '' 92 -- 110 January 28 , 2011 `` VIVI '' 111 -- 130 January 28 , 2011 `` SKYPIEA '' 144 - 159 June 24 , 2011 `` GOD '' 160 - 179 July 22 , 2011 `` BELL '' 180 - 195 August 26 , 2011 `` NAVARON '' 196 - 206 August 26 , 2011 `` FOXY '' 207 - 228 December 21 , 2011 `` WATER SEVEN '' 229 - 247 December 21 , 2011 `` ROCKET MAN '' 248 - 263 January 27 , 2012 English ( edit ) 4Kids Entertainment ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date ISBN Ref . Volume 1 : King of the Pirates 1 -- 3 February 28 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 000 - 7 Volume 2 : The Circus Comes to Town 4 -- 6 April 25 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 001 - 5 Volume 3 : The Teller of Tales 7 -- 11 June 27 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 002 - 3 Volume 4 : The Cat 's Ninth Life 12 -- 16 August 29 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 003 - 1 Volume 5 : King of the Busboys 17 -- 21 October 24 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 004 - X Volume 6 : The Better Swordsman 22 -- 26 December 26 , 2006 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 005 - 8 Volume 7 : New Crew 27 -- 31 February 27 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 006 - 6 Volume 8 : Belle Of The Brawl 32 -- 36 April 24 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 007 - 4 Volume 9 : Rogue Town 37 -- 41 June 26 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 008 - 2 Volume 10 : Baroque Works 42 -- 46 August 28 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 009 - 0 Volume 11 : Tony Tony Chopper 47 -- 52 October 30 , 2007 ISBN 1 - 59861 - 010 - 4 Funimation Entertainment ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date ISBN Ref . Season One First Voyage 1 -- 13 May 27 , 2008 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1347 - 9 Second Voyage 14 -- 26 September 23 , 2008 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1419 - X Third Voyage 27 -- 39 January 20 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1531 - 5 Fourth Voyage 40 -- 53 March 31 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1796 - 2 Season Two First Voyage 54 -- 66 June 30 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1888 - 8 Second Voyage 67 -- 78 August 25 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1889 - 6 Third Voyage 79 -- 91 September 29 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1890 - X Fourth Voyage 92 -- 103 December 15 , 2009 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1891 - 8 Fifth Voyage 104 -- 116 January 19 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 1892 - 6 Sixth Voyage 117 -- 130 March 16 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2004 - 1 Seventh Voyage 131 -- 143 May 11 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2075 - 0 Season Three First Voyage 144 -- 156 July 6 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2119 - 6 Second Voyage 157 -- 169 August 31 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2143 - 9 Third Voyage 170 -- 182 October 26 , 2010 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2182 - X Fourth Voyage 183 -- 195 January 25 , 2011 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2222 - 2 Fifth Voyage 196 -- 205 April 19 , 2011 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2261 - 3 Season Four Voyage One 206 -- 217 August 7 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2520 - 5 Voyage Two 218 -- 229 October 30 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2598 - 1 Voyage Three 230 -- 241 December 18 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2615 - 5 Voyage Four 242 -- 252 March 19 , 2013 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2647 - 3 Voyage Five 253 -- 263 May 14 , 2013 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2680 - 5 Collections Collection 1 1 -- 26 July 26 , 2011 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2341 - 5 Collection 2 27 -- 53 September 27 , 2011 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2404 - 7 Collection 3 54 -- 78 November 29 , 2011 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2405 - 5 Collection 4 79 -- 103 January 31 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2447 - 0 Collection 5 104 -- 130 March 13 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2466 - 7 Collection 6 131 -- 156 June 12 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2492 - 6 Collection 7 157 -- 182 August 14 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2522 - 1 Collection 8 183 -- 205 September 25 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2580 - 9 Collection 9 206 -- 229 April 15 , 2014 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2850 - 6 Collection 10 230 -- 252 September 23 , 2014 ISBN 1 - 4210 - 2932 - 4 Collection 11 253 -- 275 February 3 , 2015 ISBN N / A Collection Boxes Collection Box One 1 - 103 January 6 , 2015 ISBN N / A Collection Box Two 104 - 205 February 17 , 2015 Collection Box Three 206 - 299 March 31 , 2015 Manga Entertainment ( Region 2 ) Collection Episodes Release date Reference Collection 1 1 -- 26 May 27 , 2013 Collection 2 27 -- 53 July 1 , 2013 Collection 3 54 -- 78 September 23 , 2013 Collection 4 79 -- 103 November 11 , 2013 Collection 5 104 -- 130 February 17 , 2014 Collection 6 131 -- 156 May 19 , 2014 Collection 7 157 -- 182 August 11 , 2014 Collection 8 183 -- 205 November 3 , 2014 Collection 9 206 -- 229 April 13 , 2015 Collection 10 230 -- 252 June 15 , 2015 Collection 11 253 -- 275 August 10 , 2015 Madman Entertainment ( Region 4 ) Collection Episodes Release date Collection 1 1 -- 13 September 1 , 2010 Collection 2 14 - 26 October 13 , 2010 Collection 3 27 - 39 November 3 , 2010 Collection 4 40 - 53 December 15 , 2010 Collection 5 54 - 66 January 12 , 2011 Collection 6 67 - 78 February 16 , 2011 Collection 7 79 - 91 March 16 , 2011 Collection 8 92 - 103 April 20 , 2011 Collection 9 104 - 116 May 18 , 2011 Collection 10 117 - 130 June 15 , 2011 Collection 11 131 - 143 July 20 , 2011 Collection 12 144 - 156 August 17 , 2011 Collection 13 157 - 169 September 14 , 2011 Collection 14 170 - 182 October 19 , 2011 Collection 15 183 - 195 November 16 , 2011 Collection 16 196 - 205 December 14 , 2011 Collection 17 206 - 217 October 24 , 2012 Collection 18 218 - 229 January 9 , 2013 Collection 19 230 - 241 March 20 , 2013 Collection 20 242 - 252 June 19 , 2013 Collection 21 253 - 263 August 21 , 2013 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rank of the episode in Video Research 's weekly , household - rating - based ranking of anime shows . The figures of the rank and rating column are taken from the same sources as the respective episode 's original airdate . Jump up ^ The figures of the rank and rating column are taken from the same sources as the respective episode 's original airdate . Jump up ^ Episodes 62 and 63 aired together as a television special . ^ Jump up to : Episodes 64 and 65 aired together as a television special . Jump up ^ Episode 66 shared a fifth place with an episode of Inuyasha . ^ Jump up to : Episodes 76 and 77 aired as a television special alongside an episode of Kochikame . ^ Jump up to : In Japan , episodes 82 and 83 aired as part of a special alongside an episode of Kochikame . Jump up ^ Episode 95 originally aired as part of a special alongside episodes of Sazae - san , Chibi Maruko - chan , and Kochikame . ^ Jump up to : Episodes 127 and 128 originally aired as part of a special alongside an episode of Kochikame . Jump up ^ Episodes were initially released in English on DVD , but to correspond with the Japanese column , the airdates here will refer to their first English television airings on Toonami , unless otherwise noted . No dates are used for episodes 168 through 195 as they did not air on television in English . These episodes were , however , released on DVD . For further information on DVD releases , please refer to the `` Home Releases '' section of this page . Jump up ^ Aired as part of a special with episodes of other anime shows . Jump up ^ Episodes were initially released in English on DVD , but to correspond with the Japanese column , the airdates here will refer to their first English television airings on Adult Swim 's Toonami block , unless otherwise noted . No dates are used for episodes 196 through 206 as they did not air on television in English . These episodes were , however , released on DVD . For further information on DVD releases , please refer to the `` Home Releases '' section of this page . Jump up ^ Episodes were initially released in English on DVD , but to correspond with the Japanese column , the airdates here will refer to their first English television airings on Adult Swim 's Toonami block . For information on DVD releases , please refer to the `` Home Releases '' section of this page . Jump up ^ Episode 246 aired as part of a special alongside episodes of Sazae - san and Chibi Maruko - chan . ^ Jump up to : The episodes 250 and 251 aired together as a one - hour special . Jump up ^ Episode 261 aired as part of a special alongside episodes of Sazae - san , Chibi Maruko - chan , and Kochikame . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Fuji Television . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Odex Private Limited : VCDs '' . Odex . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ One Piece 4Kids dub , episodes 1 - 104 ( 1 - 143 ) Jump up ^ `` 4Kids cancelled `` One Piece '' dub. `` . Newtype USA . No . February 2007 . p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Acquires One Piece '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Has No Plans for One Piece 's Return ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network Australia airdates '' . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anime on DVD Reviews -- One Piece : Season 1 Part 1 '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : One Piece : Season Two , Seventh Voyage '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : One Piece : Season 4 , Voyage Two : Colleen Clinkenbeard , Luci Christian , Christopher Sabat , Sonny Strait , Eric Vale , Konosuke Uda : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Relaunch One Piece Simulcast on August 29 - News '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece Premieres on Adult Swim 's Toonami Tonight - News '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース - フジ テレビ 721 + 739 + CSHD '' ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 43 ' 99 10 / 18 ( 月 ) ~ 10 / 24 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2005 . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : I 'm Gonna Be a Pirate King ! '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 47 ' 99 11 / 15 ( 月 ) ~ 11 / 21 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Roronoa Zoro : Pirate Hunter '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 48 ' 99 11 / 22 ( 月 ) ~ 11 / 28 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : An Unlikely Pair : The Pirate and the Pirate Hunter '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 50 ' 99 12 / 6 ( 月 ) ~ 12 / 12 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Passing of the Hat '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 51 ' 99 12 / 13 ( 月 ) ~ 12 / 19 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Circus Comes to Town '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 1 1999 12 / 27 ( 月 ) ~ 2000 1 / 2 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Beast Breaker '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Who Gets the Last Laugh ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 3 ' 00 1 / 10 ( 月 ) ~ 1 / 16 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Teller of Tales '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 4 ' 00 1 / 17 ( 月 ) ~ 1 / 23 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 5 ' 00 / 24 ( 月 ) ~ 1 / 30 ( 日 ) ( sic ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 6 2000 1 / 31 ( 月 ) ~ 2 / 6 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 7 2000 2 / 7 ( 月 ) ~ 2 / 13 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Black Cat Pirates '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 8 2000 2 / 14 ( 月 ) ~ 2 / 20 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Good Pirates v. Bad Pirates '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 9 2000 2 / 21 ( 月 ) ~ 2 / 27 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Purr - fect Plan '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 10 2000 2 / 28 ( 月 ) ~ 3 / 5 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Long Arm of the Claw '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 11 2000 3 / 6 ( 月 ) ~ 3 / 12 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Cat 's Ninth Life '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 12 2000 3 / 13 ( 月 ) ~ 3 / 19 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Scrub in the Shrub '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 13 2000 3 / 20 ( 月 ) ~ 3 / 26 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Zoro 's Pledge '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 16 2000 4 / 10 ( 月 ) ~ 4 / 16 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : King of the Busboys '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Respecting Sanji '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 18 2000 4 / 24 ( 月 ) ~ 4 / 30 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Recipe for Disaster '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Red Footed Pirate '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 20 2000 5 / 8 ( 月 ) ~ 5 / 14 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Better Swordsman '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 21 2000 5 / 15 ( 月 ) ~ 5 / 21 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Pearl Jam '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 22 2000 5 / 22 ( 月 ) ~ 5 / 28 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Stranded '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 23 2000 5 / 29 ( 月 ) ~ 6 / 4 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Here We Go A Ghin '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 24 2000 6 / 5 ( 月 ) ~ 6 / 11 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Bitz ( sic ) Krieg '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 26 2000 6 / 19 ( 月 ) ~ 6 / 25 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . 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Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-03-10 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050428045906/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol24.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Blow Up ! '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-03-17 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050428050019/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol25.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Trading Faces '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-03-24 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050411001333/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol26.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Weather Forcer '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-04-14 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050428050204/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol28.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Bad Girls '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-04-21 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050428050230/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol29.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Zolo vs. Mr. One '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-04-28 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060910194057/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol31.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Hook , Lie & Sinker '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-05-05 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060909073733/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol32.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : His Fatal Flaw '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-05-12 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060910025839/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol33.htm#comic Jump up ^ ワンピース ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2002 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Live and Let Dry '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-05-19 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060910140832/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol34.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Crypt Script '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-06-23 ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20060916015337/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol40.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : All the King 's Men '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Turn of the Two '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060910194110/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol42.htm#comic Jump up ^ ワンピース ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2002 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Pirate Vivi '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-07-21 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060910140845/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2002/vol43.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Stowaway '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-07-28 Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 44 2002 10 / 28 ( 月 ) ~ 11 / 3 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 45 2002 11 / 4 ( 月 ) ~ 11 / 10 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 46 2002 11 / 11 ( 月 ) ~ 11 / 17 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 47 2002 11 / 18 ( 月 ) ~ 11 / 24 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 48 2002 11 / 25 ( 月 ) ~ 12 / 1 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Legend of the Pirate Hunter '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Brian ( August 4 , 2007 ) . `` The Click : August 4 -- 10 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 49 2002 年 12 月 2 日 ( 月 ) ~ 12 月 8 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 50 2002 年 12 月 9 日 ( 月 ) ~ 12 月 15 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VOL. 51 2002 年 12 月 16 日 ( 月 ) 〜 12 月 22 日 ( 日 ) '' . www.videor.co.jp . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2006 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ワンピース ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2002 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` お年玉 を 使わ なく て も ドキドキ 夢 いっぱい ! 衝撃 と 笑劇 の お正月 大 アニメ Show ! ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2003 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 1 2002 年 12 月 30 日 ( 月 ) ~ 2003 年 1 月 5 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Rainbow Mist '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Brian ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Click : August 11 -- 17 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 2 2003 年 1 月 6 日 ( 月 ) ~ 1 月 12 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Wreckers Reef '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Brian ( August 25 , 2007 ) . `` The Click : August 25 -- 31 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 3 2003 年 1 月 13 日 ( 月 ) ~ 1 月 19 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : No Way Out '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Brian ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Click : September 1 -- 7 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 4 2003 年 1 月 20 日 ( 月 ) ~ 1 月 26 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Into the Mist '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 5 2003 年 1 月 27 日 ( 月 ) ~ 2 月 2 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : The Great Escape 2 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Brian ( September 22 , 2007 ) . `` The Click : September 22 -- 28 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 種目 別 高 世帯 視聴 率 番組 10 Vol. 6 2003 年 2 月 3 日 ( 月 ) ~ 2 月 9 日 ( 日 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2005 . Retrieved on October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2007-09-29 Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Caught Log ! King of Salvagers , Masira ! '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . 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Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Jaya , City of Gold in the Sky : Head for King 's Throne '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Festival on the Night Before Gold Hunting ! Feelings for Varse ! '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-click/2008-03-15 Jump up ^ `` TV Listings : One Piece : Enter King Eneru ! Farewell to Survivors '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20031011080955/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20040206052339/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20040603205949/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20040611034752/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 07 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 07 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 08 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 09 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` < アニメ 7 > ワンピース '' . 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Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 02 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 02 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 02 - 26 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 03 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` < お 待た せ ッ ! 両さん も 揃っ て 大 興奮 ! 桜 満開 アニメ スペシャル ! ! > ワンピース '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080112090251/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2005/vol16.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050414032935/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080110110025/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2005/vol17.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050417234130/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080110112939/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2005/vol18.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080110112753/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2005/vol20.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050507132805/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080110111446/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2005/vol21.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050521231946/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ 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https://web.archive.org/web/20080111235613/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2005/vol49.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051202023955/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080110111541/http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2005/vol50.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051206022214/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol4.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060116043413/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol5.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060125015904/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol6.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060205025207/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol9.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060221111735/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol10.htm#comic Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol11.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060305235548/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol12.htm#comic Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol14.htm#comic Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol16.htm#comic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060412111638/http://www.fujitv.co.jp/b_hp/onepiece/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2006/vol18.htm#comic Jump up ^ `` < 祝 サザエ さん 生誕 60 周年 アニメ スペシャル 必見 ! ルフィ 番外 編 時代 劇 に 初 挑戦 ! & サザエ も 新作 4 本 超 豪華 > ワンピース '' ( in Japanese ) . Fuji Television . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 12 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 13 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 14 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE piece. 15 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE セカンド シーズン ・ グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE セカンド シーズン ・ グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE セカンド シーズン ・ グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE セカンド シーズン ・ グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE セカンド シーズン ・ グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE サード シーズン ・ チョッパー 登場 ・ 冬島 篇 piece. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE サード シーズン ・ チョッパー 登場 ・ 冬島 篇 piece. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE サード シーズン ・ チョッパー 登場 ・ 冬島 篇 piece. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE サード シーズン ・ チョッパー 登場 ・ 冬島 篇 piece. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE サード シーズン ・ チョッパー 登場 ・ 冬島 篇 piece. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース TV スペシャル 海 の ヘソ の 大 冒険 篇 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 02 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 04 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 05 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 06 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 07 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 08 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 09 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 12 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 13 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 14 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース piece. 15 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd シーズン グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd シーズン グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 02 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd シーズン グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd シーズン グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 04 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd シーズン グランド ライン 突入 篇 piece. 05 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd シーズン チョッパー 登場 冬島 篇 piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd シーズン チョッパー 登場 冬島 篇 piece. 02 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd シーズン チョッパー 登場 冬島 篇 piece. 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd シーズン チョッパー 登場 冬島 篇 piece. 04 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd シーズン チョッパー 登場 冬島 篇 piece. 05 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th シーズン アラバスタ 上陸 篇 Piece. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th シーズン アラバスタ 上陸 篇 Piece. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th シーズン アラバスタ 上陸 篇 Piece. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th シーズン アラバスタ 上陸 篇 Piece. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th シーズン アラバスタ 上陸 篇 Piece. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th シーズン アラバスタ 上陸 篇 Piece. 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 4th シーズン アラバスタ 激闘 篇 piece. 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 5th シーズン piece. 1 ドリームス ! 前 篇 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 5th シーズン piece. 2 ドリームス ! 後 篇 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 5th シーズン piece. 3 『 出撃 ! ゼニィ 海賊 団 』 篇 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 5th シーズン piece. 4 『 虹 の 彼方 へ 』 前 篇 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 5th シーズン piece. 5 『 虹 の 彼方 へ 』 後 篇 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 02 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 04 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 05 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 06 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 07 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 08 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 09 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ スカイピア 篇 piece. 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 02 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 04 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 05 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 06 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 07 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th シーズン 空 島 ・ 黄金 の 鐘 篇 piece. 08 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 01 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 02 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 04 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 05 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 06 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7th シーズン 脱出 ! 海軍 要塞 & フォクシー 篇 piece. 07 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . 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Jump up ^ `` One Piece ( Uncut ) Collection 11 ( Episodes 253 - 275 ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Anime portal One Piece by Eiichiro Oda Manga Volumes Chapters 1 -- 186 187 -- 388 389 -- 594 595 -- 806 807 -- current Anime Episodes First episode list Season 1 5 6 7 8 Second episode list 9 10 11 12 13 14 Third episode list 15 16 17 18 19 Discography Films The Movie Dead End no Bōken The Cursed Holy Sword The Desert Princess and the Pirates : Adventures in Alabasta Strong World Z Gold Video games Become The Pirate King ! Grand Battle ! Set Sail Pirate Crew ! Grand Battle ! 2 Grand Battle ! Rush One Piece Pirates ' Carnival Grand Adventure Unlimited Adventure Unlimited Cruise / SP Grand Collection Pirate Warriors Pirate Warriors 2 Romance Dawn Unlimited World Red Pirate Warriors 3 Burning Blood Treasure Cruise Characters Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro Nami Related Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Cross Epoch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Piece_episodes_(seasons_1 -- 8 ) &oldid = 798758041 '' Categories : One Piece episode lists Toonami Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2015 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with duplicate citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 17 : 17 . 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when did the first episode of one piece air
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"One Piece is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title written by Eiichiro Oda. Produced by Toei Animation, and directed by Konosuke Uda and Munehisa Sakai, the first eight seasons were broadcast on Fuji Television from October 20, 1999 to April 30, 2006. One Piece follows the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy, a 17-year-old boy whose body has gained the properties of rubber from accidentally eating a supernatural fruit, and his crew of diverse pirates, the Straw Hat Pirates. Luffy's greatest ambition is to obtain the world's ultimate treasure, One Piece, and thereby become the next King of the Pirates.[1]"
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"October 20, 1999"
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The Bible (miniseries)
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The Bible ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The Bible ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search The Bible Genre Biblical epic Drama Created by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Based on Protestant Bible Directed by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Starring Diogo Morgado Roma Downey Darwin Shaw Andrew Scarborough Narrated by Keith David ( US version ) Robert Powell ( UK version ) Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe Lisa Gerrard Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Hebrew No. of episodes 10 Production Producer ( s ) Roma Downey Mark Burnett Richard Bedser Dirk Hoogstra Julian P. Hobbs Cinematography Christopher Titus King Rob Goldie Peter Greenhalgh Editor ( s ) Robert Hall Iain Kitching Tom Parsons Julian Rodd Dominic Strevens Running time 440 minutes Production company ( s ) Lightworkers Media Budget Under $22 million Release Original network History Original release March 3 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) -- March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) Chronology Followed by Son of God A.D. The Bible Continues External links Website The Bible is a television miniseries based on the Bible . It was produced by Roma Downey and Mark Burnett and was broadcast weekly between March 3 and 31 , 2013 on History channel . It has since been adapted for release to theaters as a feature film ( 138 minutes ) , the 2014 American epic biblical drama Son of God . Burnett , best known for producing prime - time hit reality shows , considers the scripted 10 - hour series to be the `` most important '' project he has undertaken . The project was conceived by Burnett and Downey , who are married , after watching Cecil B. DeMille 's 1956 film The Ten Commandments for the first time since childhood . The series is Mark Burnett 's first scripted project . In addition to Burnett and Downey , executive producers include Richard Bedser and History 's Dirk Hoogstra and Julian P. Hobbs . The first episode of the mini-series was seen by 13.1 million viewers , the largest cable television audience of 2013 to date . The second installment continued `` to deliver blockbuster ratings '' for the network , attracting 10.8 million viewers . The third installment on March 17 , 2013 was once again the No. 1 show on all of Sunday night television with 10.9 million total viewers . In addition , the series garnered 4.2 million adults 25 -- 54 and 3.5 million adults 18 -- 49 . In total , with subsequent airings , ' The Bible ' has received more than 100 million cumulative views . The series received three Emmy Award nominations for best miniseries , and sound editing and sound mixing on July 18 , 2013 . Parts of the telecast -- including unaired footage -- have been turned into a feature film about the life of Jesus entitled Son of God . A sequel series with the title A.D. The Bible Continues aired on NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 TV ratings 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Distribution 5.3. 1 Differences from the Bible 5.3. 2 Lookalike controversy 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 6.1 International broadcasts 6.2 DVD release 6.3 Novel 6.4 Soundtrack 6.5 Theatrical release 7 Sequel -- A.D. 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) The series covers `` Genesis to Revelation '' in `` one grand narrative , '' within five two - hour parts , each containing two or three biblical stories told through live action and computer - generated imagery . According to Burnett , it included `` obvious '' stories such as Noah 's Ark , the Exodus , and the life of Jesus Christ . Five hours are taken from the Old Testament , five from the New . The series is based on the New International Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible . Downey and Burnett said their `` greatest hope '' in making the series was that it would `` affect a new generation of viewers and draw them back to the Bible . '' `` Part of what we hoped to accomplish with the series was to show the Bible is not simply a collection of unconnected stories which are often discussed and analyzed in snippets with chapter and verse numbers , '' the couple wrote in an op - ed in The Huffington Post . `` Instead , we wanted to show how the Old Testament connects seamlessly to the New Testament . How they are one sweeping story with one grand , overriding message : God loves each one of us as if we were the only person in all the world to love . '' Development ( edit ) Mark Burnett in 2009 In May 2011 , The New York Times reported that Downey , Burnett and their production team were selecting stories for the series , with production scheduled to begin in 2012 for a 2013 broadcast . The budget for the series was under $22 million . Researchers and theologians were asked to verify accuracy . Academic consultants included Craig A. Evans , Helen Bond , Paula Gooder , Mark Goodacre and Candida Moss . Shooting took place in Morocco and elsewhere . Burnett and Downey consulted `` a wide range of pastors and academics , '' including their friend Joel Osteen , Joshua Garroway ( a rabbi from Hebrew Union College ) , and a Catholic cardinal . Geoff Tunnicliffe of the World Evangelical Alliance , read each episode 's script and visited the set in Morocco : he `` wanted to be sure that the final edits would hold together as a singular thematic message throughout the entire series '' and `` was not disappointed . '' Another consultant , Focus on the Family President Jim Daly , applauded the couple 's courage for making the series : `` Let 's face it , it takes some moxie to lift up the Bible in the middle of Hollywood . In fact , when they first proposed the project they were told to try and tell the story without mentioning Jesus . They refused . '' Other project advisors included : Rick Warren ( pastor , Saddleback Church ) Erwin McManus ( pastor , Mosaic ) Sam Rodriguez ( National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference ) Paul Eshleman ( Campus Crusade for Christ ) Bobby Gruenewald ( YouVersion Bible ) Brad Lomenick ( Catalyst ) Leith Anderson ( president , National Association of Evangelicals ) Frank Wright ( president , National Religious Broadcasters ) Tom Peterson ( Catholics Come Home ) Gabe Lyons ( founder of the Fermi Project ) Luis Palau ( Christian evangelist ) George Wood ( General Superintendent of the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America ) Craig Groeschel ( Life Church ) Denny Rydberg ( Young Life ) Andrew Benton ( president , Pepperdine University ) Days before the series premiere , Downey and Burnett authored an op - ed for The Wall Street Journal arguing that Bible teaching should be mandatory in U.S. public schools because `` ( t ) he foundations of knowledge of the ancient world -- which informs the understanding of the modern world -- are biblical in origin . '' Cast ( edit ) Diogo Morgado as Jesus Christ Darwin Shaw as Peter Paul Brightwell as Malchus Roma Downey as Mary , mother of Jesus Leila Mimmack as Young Mary Greg Hicks as Pontius Pilate Sebastian Knapp as John Amber Rose Revah as Mary Magdalene Adrian Schiller as Caiaphas Andrew Brooke as Antonius Louise Delamere as Claudia Matthew Gravelle as Thomas Simon Kunz as Nicodemus Joe Wredden as Judas Fraser Ayres as Barabbas Michael Legge as Stephen Paul Marc Davis as Simon Paul Freeman as Samuel Will Houston as Moses Joe Forte as Young Moses Melia Kreiling as Bathsheba Dhaffer L'Abidine as Uriah Francis Magee as Saul Con O'Neill as Paul the Apostle Joe Coen as Saint Joseph Stephanie Leonidas as Rahab Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni as Satan Gary Oliver as Abraham Josephine Butler as Sarah Andrew Scarborough as Joshua Sean Knopp as Young Joshua Clive Wood as Nathan Hara Yannas as Michal Langley Kirkwood as David Jassa Ahluwalia as Young David Eddie Elks as Angel Gabriel Nonso Anozie as Samson Jake Canuso as Daniel Sam Douglas as King Herod Gerald Kyd as Cyrus the Great Peter Guinness as King Nebuchadnezzar Cristian Solimeno as Jonathan Laurie Calvert as Young Jonathan Paul Knops as Adam Darcie Lincoln as Eve Hugo Rossi as Isaac Conan Stevens as Goliath Sharon Duncan - Brewster as Samson 's mother Kierston Wareing as Delilah Lonyo as Guardian Angel David Rintoul as Noah Aharon Ipalé as Seti Stewart Scudamore as Ramesses Sean Teale as Young Ramesses Jalaal Hartley as Nashon Shivani Ghai as Batya Louis Hilyer as Aaron Joanna Foster as Miriam Soraya Radford as Hagar Antonio Magro as Lot Rachel Edwards as Lot 's wife Raad Rawi as Jeremiah Samuel Collings as Zedekiah Christopher Simon as Azariah David Freedman as Eleazar the Scribe Jake Maskall as Bashaa Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` Beginnings '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo Colin Swash Nic Young March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 Noah tells of the Creation of the world and the Fall of man while aboard the ark ( Genesis 1 - 3 ; 6 - 8 ) ; Abrahamic covenant ; the Battle of the Vale of Siddim ( Genesis 14 ) ; Hagar and Ishmael ( Genesis 16 ) ; birth of Isaac ( Genesis 21 ) ; Abraham is tested ( Genesis 22 ) ; Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 19 ) . `` Exodus '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 During the time of Egyptian slavery , Moses learns of his roots , kills a soldier and flees Egypt ( Exodus 2 ) ; God speaks to Moses through the burning bush ( Exodus 3 ) ; Moses returns to Egypt ; ten Plagues of Egypt ( Exodus 7 - 11 ) ; Moses leads the Israelites in The Exodus ; Moses parts the Red Sea ( Exodus 14 ) ; Moses receives the Ten Commandments at Mt . Sinai ( Exodus 20 ) `` Homeland '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Adam Rosenthal Nic Young March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites ( Deuteronomy 31 ; Joshua 1 ) ; the Israelites camp outside of Jericho ; Joshua sends spies into Jericho ( Joshua 2 ) ; Joshua invades and conquers Jericho ( Joshua 6 ) ; Delilah betrays Samson , a hero of the Israelites who battled against the Philistines ( Judges 13 - 16 ) `` Kingdom '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Colin Swash Nic Young March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Samuel anoints Saul as king , a move that could throw the nation into civil war ( 1 Samuel 15 ) ; Saul is consumed with jealousy over the crown when David defeats Goliath ( 1 Samuel 17 ) ; King David ushers a golden age for Israel , but is soon seduced by power and lust for Bathsheba ( 2 Samuel 11 ) ; God forgives David , and Solomon builds God 's temple in Jerusalem ( 1 Kings 6 ) 5 `` Survival '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 The Jews are enslaved in Babylon ( Jeremiah 39 ) ; the image of gold and the three Hebrews in the blazing furnace ( Daniel 3 ) ; Daniel is thrown into the lions ' den , but when his faith endures and God spares him ( Daniel 6 ) ; the Jews are allowed to return to Jerusalem ( 2 Chronicles 36 ; Ezra 1 ) 6 `` Hope '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 During the time of Roman occupation , the Angel Gabriel tells Mary that she will bear a child ( Luke 1 ) ; Joseph takes Mary to Bethlehem for the census , where Jesus is born ( Luke 2 ) ; the Holy family escapes Herod 's order to kill Bethlehem 's male babies ( Matthew 2 ) ; Judea comes under the ruthless rule of Pilate ; John baptizes Jesus ( Matthew 3 ) ; Satan tempts Jesus in the wilderness ( Matthew 4 ) ; Jesus performs the miraculous catch of fish and calls Peter ( Matthew 4 ) 7 `` Mission '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Jesus feeds crowds of thousands in Galilee ( Matthew 14 ) and brings a dead man , Lazarus , back to life ( John 11 ) ; Jesus enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey -- a declaration that he is the Messiah ; Jesus turns on the money - changers in the Temple ( Mark 11 ) 8 `` Betrayal '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Colin Swash Nic Young March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Caiphas coaxes Judas into betraying Jesus ; Jesus throws the disciples into turmoil at the Last Supper ; Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane ( Mark 14 ) ; Jesus is arrested and Malchus ' ear is cut off by Peter and Jesus heals his ear ; Jesus is confronted by the high priests at his Sanhedrin trial ( Matthew 26 ) 9 `` Passion '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Abraham Christen Liando Colin Swash Nic Young March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Peter denies Jesus ( Luke 22 ) and Judas hangs himself ; Pilate 's wife has a dream and warns Pilate not to crucify Jesus ( Matthew 27 ) ; Pilate has Jesus whipped 40 times and the crown of thorns are placed on Jesus ' head ( John 19 ) ; Jesus is condemned to death ( Matthew 27 ) ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus is buried ( John 19 ) 10 `` Courage '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Mary Magdalene goes to his tomb , a figure walks towards her -- He is back ( John 20 ) ; Jesus commissions the disciples to `` go and preach to all '' before he ascends ( Acts 1 ) . The Holy Spirit comes at Pentecost ( Acts 2 ) ; Stephen is stoned by the Pharisee Paul ( Acts 7 ) ; Paul has a vision and experiences a miraculous change of faith on a journey to Damascus ( Acts 9 ) ; martyrdom of the Disciples , John 's survival and exile to Patmos , John receives a revelation -- Jesus is coming back , and all who keep the faith will be rewarded Reception ( edit ) TV ratings ( edit ) The opening episode of the series premiered to very high ratings . The miniseries was watched by 13.1 million total viewers , according to Nielsen . In Canada , the premiere was watched by 1.05 million viewers . The second installment saw a ratings slippage , but still brought in 10.8 million viewers , tops in all television for the 8 -- 10 p.m. time period . Week three 's installment , meanwhile , garnered 10.9 million total viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) Reviews of The Bible have been mixed . It has had a `` mixed or average reviews '' rating at Metacritic , having a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critical reviews . Distribution ( edit ) On March 19 , 2013 , Roma Downey and Mark Burnett offered remarks on the viewership and its anticipated diffusion . He said : `` We 've realized , on the journey around the country to churches and all over the place , many people can not afford cable TV . And those people need to see this Bible series . So we 're rushing the DVD out April 2nd , also immediately with Spanish subtitles . This is very important . And this is only for America and Canada . Now we 're about to start around the world . This will be in every country of the world . More people will see this series than everything we ever made ; together , combined . Billions of people will see this series . Billions . '' Differences from the Bible ( edit ) In the introduction to each episode , the message is displayed `` This program is an adaptation of Bible stories that changed our world . It endeavors to stay true to the spirit of the Book . '' Roma Downey stated in an interview , `` we had a great team of scholars and theologians helping us , making sure that we told these stories accurately and truthfully , '' However , many of the story elements in the series have been criticized as deviating from the events described in the traditional text , and using too many creative licenses . These are included below : In the Bible , Noah 's three sons are full grown men , whereas in the TV series they are depicted as boys . In the Book of Genesis , the angelic visitors were approached by Lot who insisted that they stay with him . Then they feasted with Lot in his home . The series shows the angels approaching Lot , begging for help with no hospitality extended to them . ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 5 ) The text describes a mob gathered outside of Lot 's home wanting to rape his two angelic visitors , and Lot offering his daughters instead . The series omits this . ( Genesis 19 : 4 - 10 ) At the destruction of Sodom , the series shows the angels slaughtering some of the city 's inhabitants . Critics refer to these as `` Ninja Angels '' . This is not in the text . ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 17 ) The series shows Abraham traveling with Isaac , a very short distance to the place where he was to sacrifice his son . In the Bible it is a three - day journey and the two are accompanied by a donkey and two attendants . ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 4 ) The series shows Sarah running after Abraham once she realizes he is going to sacrifice Isaac . This is not in the text . ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 19 ) In the Binding of Isaac , the text describes a ram ( adult ) caught by its horns in a thicket . The miniseries depicts a juvenile lamb caught by its leg ( Genesis 22 : 13 ) When Moses appeared to Pharaoh years later , the text shows Moses ' brother Aaron releasing his shepherd staff onto the ground which turns into a snake wherein Pharaoh 's magicians copying the trick . The series omits this . The Bible text says that Samson tied torches on 300 foxes ' tails causing them to burn the Phillistines ' crops and plants . This was because Samson was angry with his father in law for giving his wife to another man . When they head this they burned Samson 's wife and her father to death ( Judges 15 : 4 - 6 ) . In the series the Philistine commander has Samson 's wife and her father put to death as consequence for marrying Samson , who was an Israelite . After David 's affair with Bathsheba and the killing of Uriah the Hittite , he is confronted by Nathan . The series depicts David as resistant or even indignant , whereas in the text , David is remorseful for his sin and admits his guilt , leading him to write Psalm 51 and beg forgiveness from God ( 2 Samuel 12 : 13 , Psalms 51 ) When the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem , Jeremiah is depicted as escaping unnoticed by the invaders . In the text Jeremiah is captured , bound in chains and later released ( Jeremiah 39 : 11 - 40 : 6 ) The show depicts Daniel and his three compatriots being captured during the siege , when in fact , they were deported more than a decade before Jerusalem 's destruction ( Daniel 1 ; 2 Kings 24 : 10 - 16 ) When Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego refuse to worship King Nebuchadnezzar 's golden statue , the miniseries depicts them as being tied up , with a fire lit under them . In the text , the king orders the three to be thrown into a furnace that was heated seven times hotter than usual . In fact , the text describes the furnace as being so hot , that some of Nebuchadnezzar 's `` strongest soldiers '' who threw them in there were killed by the flames while doing so . ( Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 ) The miniseries 's depicts the prophet Isaiah as a contemporary of Daniel , living during the time of the Babylonian exile . This is a major inconsistency with the text as Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus the Persian would release the captives after a period of time . This prophecy occurred 150 years before Cyrus was born , 180 years before Cyrus performed any of these feats , and 80 years before the Jews were taken into exile meaning that Isaiah could never have existed contemporaneously -- that is , at the same time -- as Daniel and Cyrus . ( Isaiah 44 : 28 ; 45 : 1 ; 45 : 13 ) . In the miniseries ' depiction of the Temptation of Christ , the Devil took Jesus to a high mountain when he tempted Jesus to throw himself down . In the text , the Devil tempted Jesus to throw himself down from the pinnacle of the temple . The high mountain was where the devil tempted Jesus to worship him . ( Matthew 4 : 1 - 11 ; Luke 4 : 1 - 13 ) In the Bible , Jesus had the mourners remove the stone , and then he called for Lazarus to come out . In the miniseries , Jesus enters Lazarus ' tomb and kisses him on the head , while not even addressing Lazarus , and gives a brand - new monologue . ( John 11 : 38 - 44 ) During the Way of The Cross scene , the actual scripture depicts Jesus meeting a group of women wailing for him and admonishes them to `` not to weep for him ; Rather for themselves and their children '' ( Luke 23 : 27 - 31 ) . The miniseries omits this . However , they featured a scene where a woman ( Saint Veronica ) wipes his face . This is however taken from one of the 14 Stations of the Cross of the Catholic Church . Lookalike controversy ( edit ) There have been claims of a resemblance of the actor in the role of Satan ( Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni ) to U.S. President Barack Obama . The resemblance was first pointed out notably by Glenn Beck ahead of the episode 's premiere . This led the History Channel to announce , History ( C ) hannel has the highest respect for President Obama . The Bible series was produced with an international and diverse cast of respected actors . It 's unfortunate that anyone made this false connection . History 's `` The Bible '' is meant to enlighten people on its rich stories and deep history . '' Burnett and Downey responded in a joint statement , This is utter nonsense . The actor who played Satan , Mehdi Ouazanni , is a highly acclaimed Moroccan actor . He has previously played parts in several Biblical epics -- including Satanic characters long before Barack Obama was elected as our President . Downey added separately , `` Both Mark and I have nothing but respect and love for our president , who is a fellow Christian . False statements such as these are just designed as a foolish distraction to try and discredit the beauty of the story of The Bible . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Bible was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards ; Outstanding Miniseries or Movie , Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie . The 44th GMA Dove Awards gave a tribute to the miniseries in October 2013 . In 2014 , The Bible won the honor of Home Media Magazine 's Best Miniseries or TV Movie on Disc for the year . Other Media ( edit ) International broadcasts ( edit ) United States -- History : March 3 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Canada -- History : March 3 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Spain -- Antena 3 : March 25 , 2013 -- April 2013 Finland - Alfa TV : Premiered December 1 , 2013 Colombia -- Caracol TV : March 28 , 2013 -- April 2013 Chile -- Canal 13 : March 29 , 2013 -- April 2013 / March 30 , 2018 Portugal -- SIC : March 30 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Greece -- ANT1 : April 29 , 2013 -- May 4 , 2013 Cyprus -- ANT1 : April 29 , 2013 -- May 4 , 2013 United Kingdom -- Channel 5 : November 30 , 2013 -- December 22 , 2013 Australia -- Nine Network : Premiered July 16 , 2013 Brazil -- Rede Record : Premiered October 16 , 2013 Poland -- Polsat : Premiered October 19 , 2013 Hong Kong -- TVB Pearl : Premiered November 6 , 2013 Kenya -- KTN : Premiered October 7 , 2013 France -- Paris Première : Premiered December 8 , 2013 Ireland -- TV3 ( Ireland ) : December 21 , 2013 Slovakia -- Slovenská televízia : Premiered December 23 , 2013 Russia -- TV - 3 : Premiered January 2014 Italy -- Rete 4 : Premiered March 23 , 2014 Mexico -- Canal 5 : April 14 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 / March 26 , 2018 -- March 30 , 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Costa Rica -- Teletica Canal 7 : April 17 , 2014 -- April 18 , 2014 Philippines -- ABS -- CBN : April 17 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 / March 29 , 2018 -- March 31 , 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Peru -- América Televisión : April 6 , 2014 -- April -- , 2014 Netherlands -- EO : Premiered May 12 , 2014 Germany -- VOX : April 17 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 Ecuador -- Ecuavisa , Ecuavisa HD : April 5 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 Lebanon - LBCI : April 10 , 2014 -- April 20 , 2014 . United States -- Telemundo : March 25 , 2015 DVD release ( edit ) The series became the biggest - selling miniseries on DVD in its first week of release , and biggest on Blu - ray and Digital HD of all time . In its first week on home video , ' The Bible ' series sold 525,000 copies . It was the fastest selling television show on DVD since 2008 . A Blu - ray version is also available via 20th Century Fox . Novel ( edit ) Roma Downey and Mark Burnett have also released a novelization of this miniseries , entitled A Story of God and All of Us : A Novel Based on the Epic TV Miniseries `` The Bible . '' It debuted at No. 27 on the New York Times Best - Seller List . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Bible : Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries Soundtrack album A CD was released on March 12 , 2013 with Christian music singers performing songs inspired by the miniseries : In Your Eyes -- Francesca Battistelli Live Like That -- Sidewalk Prophets This Side of Heaven -- Chris August Starting Line -- Jason Castro Love Come To Life -- Big Daddy Weave Crave -- for King & Country Fearless -- Group 1 Crew What Love Means -- Everfound Home -- Dara Maclean Wash Me Away -- Point of Grace Not For a Moment ( After All ) -- Meredith Andrews Mary , Did You Know ? -- Kenny Rogers with Wynonna Theatrical release ( edit ) Main article : Son of God ( film ) Mark Burnett announced in April 2013 that a three - hour version is being prepared for global theatrical release . He claimed that he has had no distribution arrangements yet , though he could possibly release it himself . In June 2013 , Burnett elaborated that the film , which has already been edited , will focus exclusively on the life of Jesus , and will run two hours and fifteen minutes . In September 2013 , it was announced that 20th Century Fox will partner with Burnett on theatrical distribution , currently titled Son of God . In October 2013 , it was announced that Son of God will be released on February 28 , 2014 . Sequel -- A.D. ( edit ) Main article : A.D. The Bible Continues On December 17 , 2013 , it was announced that there would be a follow - up miniseries in 2015 , titled A.D. The Bible Continues , also produced by Burnett , Downey , and Bedser . The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday , April 5 . It airs in twelve weekly one - hour episodes . The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible , beginning with the Crucifixion and Resurrection , and continues with the first ten chapters of the Book of Acts . On July 3 , 2015 , NBC cancelled A.D. The Bible Continues after one season . However , producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel . See also ( edit ) Depiction of Jesus The Bible in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marrapodi , Eric ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Reality TV Goliath takes up Bible miniseries challenge , hopes for better outcome '' . CNN Belief Blog . CNN . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Reality - TV Producer Mark Burnett Tackles the Bible '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . C1 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elber , Lynn ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Bible ' : History Channel , Mark Burnett Creating CGI 10 - Hour Miniseries '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Mark Burnett , Roma Downey promo ' Bible ' mini to faithful '' . Variety . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett to produce ' The Bible ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett producing ' The Bible ' miniseries for History Channel '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' begets record ratings '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Rise In Week 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik . ' The Bible ' Earns Three Emmy Nominations , The Hollywood Reporter , July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Burnett Prepping ' The Bible ' Miniseries For Theatrical Release '' . PMC . April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Elavsky , Cindy ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . King Features . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett Declines to Make Bible Reality Show '' . New York . New York City , New York : New York Media , LLC . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Robert ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` From Survivor and Touched by an Angel to the Bible '' . Christianity Today . Jump up ^ Downey , Roma ; Burnett , Mark ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Making The Bible a Daunting , Deep Experience '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Evans , Craig . `` Dr Craig A. Evans '' . Homepage . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Mark . `` More Bible Series News and Video Clips '' . NT Blog . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Review : ' The Bible ' -- This Time , Hollywood Got It Right , a Christian Post review by Geoff Tunnicliffe , one of the film 's consultants . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draper , Electa ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` Focus on the Family CEO Jim Daly consulted on TV mega-hit `` The Bible '' `` . Denver Post . Jump up ^ About the Bible - Outreach.com Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roma Downey and Mark Burnett : Why Public Schools Should Teach the Bible - WSJ.com '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' Courage ( TV episode 2013 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Peter Guinness on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` History 's ' The Bible ' is the Number 1 Cable Entertainment Telecast of the Year '' . TV by the Numbers . A + E press release . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 2 , Still Tower Over Competition '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 4 '' , Deadline Hollywood , March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Mike ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : History 's ' The Bible ' Pulls 11.7 Million Viewers With Easter Ender '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Scott . ' The Bible , ' ' Vikings ' premieres tell a ratings epic for History , Los Angeles Times , March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redirecting '' . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ Roma Downey and Mark Burnett Interview at The Bible Experience in New York ( Video clip recorded March 19 , 2013 , located at YouTube ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob . `` Miniseries tries to stay true to spirit of the Good Book '' . Standard - Examiner . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , Steve . `` The Bible : The Mini-Series '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible : first episode , first impressions '' . Jump up ^ Garvin , Glenn . `` Reviews of ' The Bible , ' ' Red Widow ' and ' Vikings ' '' . Jump up ^ Kovacs , Joe . `` Just how unbiblical is ' The Bible ' ? '' . Jump up ^ Hallowell , Billy . `` Is The Bible TV Series Really Filled With Historical Inaccuracies ? '' . Jump up ^ McClarty , Jim . `` The Bible according to the History Channel '' . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` One scholar takes issue with ' The Bible ' : 5 things the series got wrong '' . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Merritt , Jonathan . `` Inaccuracies in The Bible ... the miniseries , not the book '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrell , Steve . `` When Leaders Fail , Grace Must Abound '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 Jump up ^ Ross , Hugh . `` Reasons To Believe : Fulfilled Prophecy '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John 11 - The Death of Lazarus '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anyone else think the Devil in # TheBible Sunday on HIstory Channel looks exactly like That Guy ? '' . @ glennbeck . Twitter . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does the devil in ' The Bible ' look exactly like President Obama ? '' . Daily Mail . London . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Makarechi , Kia ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Bible ' : Satan Actor Looks Like Obama In History Channel Miniseries '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` History , Mark Burnett Defend Satan 's Similarity to President Obama in ' The Bible ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy nominations 2013 : `` House of Cards '' makes history , `` American Horror Story '' leads '' ( PDF ) . CBS . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Dove Awards '' . Event occurs at 0 : 30 . Up ( TV network ) . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Doctor Who , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Big Winners of ' HM ' Awards - Home Media Magazine '' . April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( two 5 hour episodes ) `` A Bíblia - - Sic - Sapo '' . SIC . Jump up ^ http://www.channel5.com/shows/the -- bible Jump up ^ `` TV News : On Set Interviews and TV Show Listings - EW.com '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Bible ' Miniseries Novel Hits National Best - Seller Lists '' . Charisma News . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CD '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` Produced By Conference : Mark Burnett On ' Bible ' Follow Up , Feature Version Of History Series Finished Editing '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Lands ' Bible ' Feature Film Cut From Mark Burnett - Roma Downey Miniseries '' . Deadline . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Bible ' Producers Resurrect Jesus for Expanded ' Son of God ' Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' Feature Film Gets February 2014 Release Date '' . Deadline . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Greenlights 12 - Hour Miniseries ' A.D. ' '' . December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dent Brant , Ginny . `` ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' slated for primetime '' . The Biblical Recorder . Jump up ^ `` About A.D. The Bible Continues '' . Lightworkers Media . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Cancels ' A.D. ' As Producers Plan Digital Revival For Biblical Drama '' . External links ( edit ) Official website The Bible - History Channel ( official History Channel website ) The Bible on IMDb Mark Burnett Director Survivor ( 2000 -- present ) 2007 MTV Movie Awards ( 2007 ) 2008 MTV Movie Awards ( 2008 ) Screenwriter The Restaurant ( 2003 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2008 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) Creator Eco-Challenge ( 1995 -- 2002 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2007 ) Pirate Master ( 2007 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad ( 2008 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) The Bible ( 2013 ) Spin Off ( 2013 -- present ) A.D. The Bible Continues ( 2015 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) History original documentary films and miniseries Documentaries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence China 's First Emperor Countdown to Armageddon Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Hotel Ground Zero I Missed Flight 93 Predator X Quest for King Arthur Search for the Lost City of Gold Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed The Exodus Decoded The People Speak Miniseries America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Barbarians Rising The Bible The Century : America 's Time Conquest of America Hatfields & McCoys Houdini Mankind : The Story of All of Us The Men Who Built America The Occult History of the Third Reich Roots Sons of Liberty Texas Rising Vietnam in HD WWII in HD The World Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_(miniseries)&oldid=837006548 '' Categories : 2013 television films 2010s American drama television miniseries Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve Cultural depictions of Abraham Cultural depictions of Moses Cultural depictions of Noah Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Cultural depictions of Cyrus the Great Cultural depictions of Nebuchadnezzar II Cultural depictions of the Maccabees Cultural depictions of Mary ( mother of Jesus ) Cultural depictions of David Cultural depictions of Ramesses II Cultural depictions of Esther Cultural depictions of Judith Portrayals of Jesus in film Films set in ancient Egypt History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Television programs based on the Bible Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 04 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where was the tv series the bible filmed
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"In May 2011, The New York Times reported that Downey, Burnett and their production team were selecting stories for the series, with production scheduled to begin in 2012 for a 2013 broadcast.[2] The budget for the series was under $22 million.[1] Researchers and theologians were asked to verify accuracy.[2] Academic consultants included Craig A. Evans,[15] Helen Bond, Paula Gooder, Mark Goodacre and Candida Moss.[16] Shooting took place in Morocco and elsewhere.[3]"
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"Morocco"
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Boston Housing Authority
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Boston housing Authority - wikipedia Boston housing Authority Boston Housing Authority Agency overview Formed October 1 , 1935 Jurisdiction Boston , Massachusetts Headquarters 52 Chauncy Street , Boston , MA 02111 Annual budget $180 million Agency executive William McGonagle ( 2009 - ) Website bostonhousing.org The Boston Housing Authority ( BHA ) is a public agency of the city of Boston , Massachusetts that provides subsidized public housing to low - and moderate - income families and individuals . In the federal government model of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) , BHA is a public housing agency . As such , BHA administers federal government assistance programs and monies for locally subsidized housing . With 70 developments , and serving almost 26,000 people across over 12,600 public housing units , it is the largest public housing authority in New England . It also offers partial subsidies for private housing , assisting another 32,000 people , and administers federal Section 8 vouchers . The agency 's performance is periodically reviewed by a nine - member council , the BHA Monitoring Committee , which reports to the mayor . Contents 1 History 2 List of developments 2.1 Back Bay 2.2 Brighton 2.3 Charlestown 2.4 Dorchester 2.5 East Boston 2.6 Hyde Park 2.7 Jamaica Plain 2.8 Mattapan 2.9 North End 2.10 Roslindale 2.11 Roxbury 2.12 South Boston 2.13 South End 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) The BHA was established on October 1 , 1935 by the mayor and city council of Boston under Massachusetts General Law allowing cities and towns of Massachusetts to establish housing authorities . According to Massachusetts law , its mission was to be responsible for providing decent , safe and sanitary housing for families unable to afford housing without public subsidies . BHA was also charged with clearing substandard , decadent or blighted open areas and urban redevelopment , although this responsibility was later transferred to the Boston Redevelopment Authority ( BRA ) in 1957 . The first BHA housing projects were opened between 1938 and 1942 . The management and governance of the BHA is different from that of other housing authorities since 1975 , when BHA was sued in Boston City Housing Court by a group of BHA tenants , represented by Greater Boston Legal Services , regarding poor conditions in housing projects under the authority 's control . As a result of the ruling which was in favor of the tenants , a court - appointed master prepared a report listing recommendations that provided the basis for a consent decree signed in 1977 by BHA , Greater Boston Legal Services and the Boston Public Housing Tenants Policy Council . The decree listed a series of improvements that BHA was supposed to make over the course of three years . The master , responsible for monitoring BHA 's compliance with the consent decree , gave approval for all major decisions made by the BHA board and administrator . In 1979 , the judge ruled that BHA had failed to satisfactorily fulfill the terms of the consent decree and BHA was placed in receivership , with its board of commissioners and administrator replaced by a court - appointed receiver . Since 1990 , when the receivership ended , BHA has been directed by an administrator whose activities are reviewed by a nine - member monitoring committee appointed by the mayor of Boston . William McGonagle has been its chief administrator since 2009 . List of developments ( edit ) As of 2014 , the BHA oversees 70 developments across 13 Boston neighborhoods . Of them , 38 are designated for elderly and disabled housing ( two of which contain additional family units ) and 32 are designated for families ( one of which contains additional elderly and disabled units ) . Back Bay ( edit ) St. Botolph Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Brighton ( edit ) Commonwealth ( family ) Commonwealth Elderly ( elderly , disabled ) Fanueil ( family ) J.J. Carroll Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Patricia White ( elderly , disabled ) Washington Street ( elderly , disabled ) Charlestown ( edit ) Basilica ( family ) Charlestown ( family ) General Warren ( elderly , disabled ) Dorchester ( edit ) Annapolis Street ( elderly , disabled ) Ashmont Street ( elderly , disabled ) Bellflower Street ( elderly , disabled ) Codman Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Franklin Field ( family , elderly , disabled ) Franklin Hill ( family ) Lower Mills ( elderly , disabled ) Meade Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Pasciucco Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Peabody Square ( elderly , disabled ) East Boston ( edit ) Heritage Apartments ( elderly , disabled , family ) Orient Heights ( family ) Hyde Park ( edit ) Davison ( elderly , disabled ) Fairmount ( family ) Hassan Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Joseph C. Malone Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Jamaica Plain ( edit ) Amory Street ( elderly , disabled ) Bromley Park ( family , elderly , disabled ) Heath Street ( family ) Pond Street ( elderly , disabled ) South Street ( family ) Mattapan ( edit ) Gallivan Boulevard ( family ) Groveland ( elderly , disabled ) North End ( edit ) Ausonia Homes North End ( elderly , disabled ) Roslindale ( edit ) Archdale ( family ) Roslyn Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Washington - Beech ( family ) Roxbury ( edit ) Alice Heyward Taylor ( family ) Highland Park ( family ) Holgate Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Rev. M.L.K Jr . Towers ( elderly , disabled ) Rockland Towers West ( elderly , disabled ) Spring Street West ( elderly , disabled ) Walnut Park ( elderly , disabled ) Whittier Street ( family ) Lenox Street ( family ) Orchard Park ( family ) ( demolished ) South Boston ( edit ) Foley Apartments ( elderly , disabled ) Old Harbor Housing Project ( family ) ( formally known as the Mary Ellen McCormack Housing Project ) Monsignor Powers ( elderly , disabled ) Old Colony Housing Project ( family ) West Broadway ( family ) West Ninth Street ( elderly , disabled ) South End ( edit ) Camden Street ( family ) Cathedral ( family ) Eva White ( elderly , disabled ) Frederick Douglass ( elderly , disabled ) Hampton House ( elderly , disabled ) Lenox Street ( family ) Rutland / East Springfield Street ( family ) Torre Unidad ( elderly , disabled ) Washington Manor ( elderly , disabled ) West Newton Street ( family ) See also ( edit ) Public housing in the United States List of public housing developments in the United States References ( edit ) BHA , PHA 5 - Year and Annual Plan : Boston Housing Authority , July 14 , 2010 Vale , Lawrence J. , From the Puritans to the projects : public housing and public neighbors , Harvard University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ List of Public Housing Authorities in Massachusetts - US Department of Housing and Urban Development website Jump up ^ `` HUD 's Public Housing Program '' , US Department of Housing and Urban Development website Jump up ^ `` Public Housing Agency ( PHA ) - A State , county , municipality or other governmental entity or public body ( or agency or instrumentality thereof ) authorized to engage in or assist in the development or operation of low - income housing . '' - HUD definition . Cf . July 14 , 2010 BHA Five Year Plan submitted to HUD . ^ Jump up to : `` Monitoring Committee . '' Boston Housing Authority . ^ Jump up to : Swett , Kristen , ( archivist ) , `` City of Boston Archives and Records Management Division : Guide to the Boston Housing Authority records : Reports and publications relating to public housing '' , City of Boston Archives and Records Management Division , Dates of materials : 1942 - 1978 Jump up ^ Cf . Vale ( 2000 ) , p. 161 and onward Jump up ^ `` Dwelling Unit Summary 4 / 1 / 14 . '' Boston Housing Authority . An interactive map of the BHA 's public housing developments is available at : `` Public Housing Community Map . '' Boston Housing Authority . Further reading ( edit ) Vale , Lawrence J. , Reclaiming Public Housing : A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2002 . External links ( edit ) Boston Housing Authority ( official site ) City of Boston Topics Accent Annual events Architecture Arts Bibliography Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Irish Famine Memorial Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Business districts Back Bay Downtown Fenway -- Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) FinComm Fire Housing ( BHA ) Mayor Police Boston Planning and Development Agency Neighborhoods Allston -- Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point South Bay East Boston Fenway -- Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point South End West End West Roxbury Chestnut Hill Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Red Sox New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Boston - Cambridge Metro Massachusetts United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Housing_Authority&oldid=853281053 '' Categories : Public housing in Boston Government of Boston 1935 establishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 16 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the head of the boston housing authority
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"Boston Housing AuthorityAgency overviewFormed\nOctober 1, 1935Jurisdiction\nBoston, MassachusettsHeadquarters\n52 Chauncy Street, Boston, MA 02111Annual budget\n$180 millionAgency executive\nWilliam McGonagle (2009-)Website\nbostonhousing.org"
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"William McGonagle (2009-)"
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Neuroglia
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Neuroglia - wikipedia Neuroglia Jump to : navigation , search `` Glia '' redirects here . For the scientific journal , see Glia ( journal ) . Neuroglia Illustration of the four different types of glial cells found in the central nervous system : ependymal cells ( light pink ) , astrocytes ( green ) , microglial cells ( dark red ) , and oligodendrocytes ( light blue ) . Details Precursor Neuroectoderm for macroglia , and hematopoietic stem cells for microglia System Nervous system Identifiers MeSH Neuroglia Code TH H2. 00.06. 2.00001 TA A14. 0.00. 005 TH H2. 00.06. 2.00001 FMA 54541 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Neuroglia , also called glial cells , or simply glia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis , form myelin , and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems . In the central nervous system , glial cells include oligodendrocytes , astrocytes , ependymal cells and microglia , and in the peripheral nervous system glial cells include Schwann cells and satellite cells . The term derives from Greek γλία and γλοία `` glue '' ; pronounced in English as either / ˈɡliːə / or / ˈɡlaɪə / As the Greek name implies , glia are commonly known as the glue of the nervous system ; however , this is not fully accurate . Neuroscience currently identifies four main functions of glial cells : To surround neurons and hold them in place To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons To insulate one neuron from another To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons . Glia were discovered in 1856 , by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a `` connective tissue '' in the brain . For over a century , it was believed that the neuroglia did not play any role in neurotransmission . However 21st century neuroscience has recognized that glial cells do have some effects on certain physiological processes like breathing , and in assisting the neurons to form synaptic connections between each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Macroglia 1.2 Microglia 1.3 Other 1.4 Total number 2 Development 2.1 Capacity to divide 3 Functions 3.1 Neuron repair and development 3.2 Myelin sheathe creation 3.3 Neurotransmission 4 Clinical significance 5 History 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Types ( edit ) Neuroglia of the brain shown by Golgi 's method Astrocytes can be identified in culture because , unlike other mature glia , they express glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) Glial cells in a rat brain stained with an antibody against GFAP Different types of neuroglia Macroglia ( edit ) Derived from ectodermal tissue . Location Name Description CNS Astrocytes The most abundant type of macroglial cell in the CNS , astrocytes ( also called astroglia ) have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply while forming the blood - brain barrier . They regulate the external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess potassium ions , and recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission . Astrocytes may regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation by producing substances such as arachidonic acid , whose metabolites are vasoactive . Astrocytes signal each other using ATP . The gap junctions ( also known as electrical synapses ) between astrocytes allow the messenger molecule IP3 to diffuse from one astrocyte to another . IP3 activates calcium channels on cellular organelles , releasing calcium into the cytoplasm . This calcium may stimulate the production of more IP3 and cause release of ATP through channels in the membrane made of pannexins . The net effect is a calcium wave that propagates from cell to cell . Extracellular release of ATP , and consequent activation of purinergic receptors on other astrocytes , may also mediate calcium waves in some cases . In general , there are two types of astrocytes , protoplasmic and fibrous , similar in function but distinct in morphology and distribution . Protoplasmic astrocytes have short , thick , highly branched processes and are typically found in gray matter . Fibrous astrocytes have long , thin , less branched processes and are more commonly found in white matter . It has recently been shown that astrocyte activity is linked to blood flow in the brain , and that this is what is actually being measured in fMRI . They also have been involved in neuronal circuits playing an inhibitory role after sensing changes in extracellular calcium . CNS Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes are cells that coat axons in the central nervous system ( CNS ) with their cell membrane , forming a specialized membrane differentiation called myelin , producing the so - called myelin sheath . The myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon that allows electrical signals to propagate more efficiently . CNS Ependymal cells Ependymal cells , also named ependymocytes , line the spinal cord and the ventricular system of the brain . These cells are involved in the creation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) and beat their cilia to help circulate the CSF and make up the blood - CSF barrier . They are also thought to act as neural stem cells . CNS Radial glia Radial glia cells arise from neuroepithelial cells after the onset of neurogenesis . Their differentiation abilities are more restricted than those of neuroepithelial cells . In the developing nervous system , radial glia function both as neuronal progenitors and as a scaffold upon which newborn neurons migrate . In the mature brain , the cerebellum and retina retain characteristic radial glial cells . In the cerebellum , these are Bergmann glia , which regulate synaptic plasticity . In the retina , the radial Müller cell is the glial cell that spans the thickness of the retina and , in addition to astroglial cells , participates in a bidirectional communication with neurons . PNS Schwann cells Similar in function to oligodendrocytes , Schwann cells provide myelination to axons in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . They also have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons . PNS Satellite cells Satellite glial cells are small cells that surround neurons in sensory , sympathetic , and parasympathetic ganglia . These cells help regulate the external chemical environment . Like astrocytes , they are interconnected by gap junctions and respond to ATP by elevating intracellular concentration of calcium ions . They are highly sensitive to injury and inflammation , and appear to contribute to pathological states , such as chronic pain . PNS Enteric glial cells Are found in the intrinsic ganglia of the digestive system . They are thought to have many roles in the enteric system , some related to homeostasis and muscular digestive processes . Microglia ( edit ) Main article : Microglia Microglia are specialized macrophages capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons of the central nervous system . They are derived from the earliest wave of mononuclear cells that originate in yolk sac blood islands early in development , and colonize the brain shortly after the neural precursors begin to differentiate . These cells are found in all regions of the brain and spinal cord . Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells , with changing shapes and oblong nuclei . They are mobile within the brain and multiply when the brain is damaged . In the healthy central nervous system , microglia processes constantly sample all aspects of their environment ( neurons , macroglia and blood vessels ) . In a healthy brain , microglia direct the immune response to brain damage and play an important role in the inflammation that accompanies the damage . Many diseases and disorders are associated with deficient microglia , such as , Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , and ALS . Other ( edit ) Pituicytes from the posterior pituitary are glia cells with characteristics in common to astrocytes . Tanycytes in the median eminence of the hypothalamus are a type of ependymal cell that descend from radial glia and line the base of the third ventricle . Total number ( edit ) In general , neuroglial cells are smaller than neurons ; there are about 86 billion neurons and 85 billion `` nonneuronal '' ( glial ) cells in the human male brain . Glial cells make up about half the total volume of the brain and spinal cord. ^ The ratio differs from one part of the brain to another . The glia / neuron ratio in the cerebral cortex is 3.72 ( 60.84 billion glia ( 72 % ) ; 16.34 billion neurons ) , while that of the cerebellum is only 0.23 ( 16.04 billion glia ; 69.03 billion neurons ) . The ratio in the cerebral cortex gray matter is 1.48 and for the combined gray and white matter is 3.76 . The ratio of the basal ganglia , diencephalon and brainstem combined is 11.35 . Most cerebral cortex glia are oligodendrocytes ( 75.6 % ) ; astrocytes account for 17.3 % and microglia for 6.5 % . Development ( edit ) 23 - week fetal brain culture astrocyte Main article : Gliogenesis Most glia are derived from ectodermal tissue of the developing embryo , in particular the neural tube and crest . The exception is microglia , which are derived from hemopoietic stem cells . In the adult , microglia are largely a self - renewing population and are distinct from macrophages and monocytes , which infiltrate the injured and diseased CNS . In the central nervous system , glia develop from the ventricular zone of the neural tube . These glia include the oligodendrocytes , ependymal cells , and astrocytes . In the peripheral nervous system , glia derive from the neural crest . These PNS glia include Schwann cells in nerves and satellite glial cells in ganglia . Current research involving glial cells in the human cochlea proposes that these cells are the common precursor to both mature Schwann cells and satellite glial cells . Additionally , the peripheral glial cells located along the peripheral processes expressed NGFR , indicating a phenotype distinct from the peripheral glial cells located along the central processes . Capacity to divide ( edit ) Glia retain the ability to undergo cell division in adulthood , whereas most neurons can not . The view is based on the general deficiency of the mature nervous system in replacing neurons after an injury , such as a stroke or trauma , while very often there is a profound proliferation of glia , or gliosis near or at the site of damage . However , detailed studies found no evidence that ' mature ' glia , such as astrocytes or oligodendrocytes , retain the ability of mitosis . Only the resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells seem to keep this ability after the nervous system matures . On the other hand , there are a few regions in the mature nervous system , such as the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone , where generation of new neurons can be observed . Glial cells are known to be capable of mitosis . By contrast , scientific understanding of whether neurons are permanently post-mitotic , or capable of mitosis , is still developing . In the past , glia had been considered to lack certain features of neurons . For example , glial cells were not believed to have chemical synapses or to release transmitters . They were considered to be the passive bystanders of neural transmission . However , recent studies have shown this to be untrue . Functions ( edit ) Some glial cells function primarily as the physical support for neurons . Others regulate the internal environment of the brain , especially the fluid surrounding neurons and their synapses , and nutrify neurons . During early embryogenesis , glial cells direct the migration of neurons and produce molecules that modify the growth of axons and dendrites . Neuron repair and development ( edit ) Glia are also crucial in the development of the nervous system and in processes such as synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis . Glia have a role in the regulation of repair of neurons after injury . In the central nervous system ( CNS ) , glia suppress repair . Glial cells known as astrocytes enlarge and proliferate to form a scar and produce inhibitory molecules that inhibit regrowth of a damaged or severed axon . In the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , glial cells known as Schwann cells promote repair . After axonal injury , Schwann cells regress to an earlier developmental state to encourage regrowth of the axon . This difference between the CNS and the PNS , raises hopes for the regeneration of nervous tissue in the CNS . For example , a spinal cord may be able to be repaired following injury or severance . Schwann cells are also known as neuri - lemmocytes . These cells envelop nerve fibers of the PNS by winding repeatedly around a nerve fiber with the nucleus inside of it . This process creates a myelin sheath , which not only aids in conductivity but also assists in the regeneration of damaged fibers . Myelin sheathe creation ( edit ) Oligodendrocytes are another type of glial cell of the CNS . These dendrocytes resemble an octopus bulbous body and contain up to fifteen arm - like processes . Each `` arm '' reaches out to a nerve fiber and spirals around it , creating a myelin sheath . This myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular fluid as well as speeds up the signal conduction in the nerve fiber . Neurotransmission ( edit ) Recent research indicates that glial cells of the hippocampus and cerebellum participate in synaptic transmission , regulate the clearance of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft , and release gliotransmitters such as ATP , which modulate synaptic function . Astrocytes are crucial in clearance of neurotransmitters from within the synaptic cleft , which provides distinction between arrival of action potentials and prevents toxic build - up of certain neurotransmitters such as glutamate ( excitotoxicity ) . It is also thought that glia play a role in many neurological diseases , including Alzheimer 's disease . Furthermore , at least in vitro , astrocytes can release gliotransmitter glutamate in response to certain stimulation . Another unique type of glial cell , the oligodendrocyte precursor cells or OPCs , have very well - defined and functional synapses from at least two major groups of neurons . The only notable differences between neurons and glial cells are neurons ' possession of axons and dendrites , and capacity to generate action potentials . Clinical significance ( edit ) See also : Glioma Neoplastic glial cells stained with an antibody against GFAP ( brown ) , from a brain biopsy While glial cells in the PNS frequently assist in regeneration of lost neural functioning , loss of neurons in the CNS does not result in a similar reaction from neuroglia . In the CNS , regrowth will only happen if the trauma was mild , and not severe . When severe trauma presents itself , the survival of the remaining neurons becomes the optimal solution . However , some studies investigating the role of glial cells in Alzheimer 's Disease are beginning to contradict the usefulness of this feature , and even claim it can `` exacerbate '' the disease . In addition to impacting the potential repair of neurons in Alzheimer 's Disease , scarring and inflammation from glial cells have been further implicated in the degeneration of neurons caused by Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In addition to neurodegenerative diseases , a wide range of harmful exposure , such as hypoxia , or physical trauma , can lead to the end result of physical damage to the CNS . Generally , when damage occurs to the CNS , glial cells cause Apoptosis among the surrounding cellular bodies . Then , there is a large amount of microglial activity , which results in inflammation , and finally , there is a heavy release of growth inhibiting molecules . History ( edit ) Glia were first described in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in a comment to his 1846 publication on connective tissue . A more detailed description of glial cells was provided in the 1858 book Cellular Pathology by the same author . When markers for different types of cells were analyzed , Einstein 's brain was discovered to contain significantly more glia than normal brains in the left angular gyrus , an area thought to be responsible for mathematical processing and language . The ratio of glia to neurons increases with our definition of intelligence . Not only does the ratio of glia to neurons increase through evolution , but so does the size of the glia . Astroglial cells in the human have a volume 27 times greater than the same cells in the mouse 's brain . These important scientific findings may begin to shift the neuron - specific perspective into a more holistic view of the brain which encompasses the glial cells as well . The glia 's importance is becoming ever more clear as time goes on and new research is conducted . For the vast part of the last century , scientists have written off glial cells to be nothing more than the structure and foundations that hold the neurons in place . But now , there is direct evidence that correlates the number of glial cells in the brain with the amount of intelligence that any given species possesses . Future research will begin to shed light on the mysterious , yet increasingly crucial , role of glial cells . See also ( edit ) Polydendrocytes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jessen KR , Mirsky R ( August 1980 ) . `` Glial cells in the enteric nervous system contain glial fibrillary acidic protein '' . Nature . 286 ( 5774 ) : 736 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / 286736a0 . PMID 6997753 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Papers '' . Network Glia . Max Delbrueck Center für Molekulare Medizin ( MDC ) Berlin - Buch . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Nikhil ( Jan -- Feb 2011 ) . `` Glia -- the other brain cells '' . Discover . Jump up ^ Gourine AV , Kasymov V , Marina N , et al. ( July 2010 ) . `` Astrocytes control breathing through pH - dependent release of ATP '' . Science . 329 ( 5991 ) : 571 -- 5 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1190721 . PMC 3160742 . PMID 20647426 . Jump up ^ Wolosker H , Dumin E , Balan L , Foltyn VN ( July 2008 ) . `` D - amino acids in the brain : D - serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration '' . The FEBS Journal . 275 ( 14 ) : 3514 -- 26 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 4658.2008. 06515. x . PMID 18564180 . Jump up ^ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-root-of-thought-what Jump up ^ Swaminathan N ( 2008 ) . `` Brain - scan mystery solved '' . Scientific American Mind. Oct -- Nov : 7 . Jump up ^ Torres A ( 2012 ) . `` Extracellular Ca2+ Acts as a Mediator of Communication from Neurons to Glia '' . Science Signaling. 5 Jan 24 : 208 . doi : 10.1126 / scisignal. 2002160 . Jump up ^ Baumann N , Pham - Dinh D ( April 2001 ) . `` Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system '' . Physiological Reviews . 81 ( 2 ) : 871 -- 927 . PMID 11274346 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Johansson CB , Momma S , Clarke DL , Risling M , Lendahl U , Frisén J ( January 1999 ) . `` Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system '' . Cell. 96 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 80956 - 3 . PMID 9989494 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Newman EA ( October 2003 ) . `` New roles for astrocytes : regulation of synaptic transmission '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 26 ( 10 ) : 536 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 03 ) 00237 - 6 . PMID 14522146 . Jump up ^ Campbell K , Götz M ( May 2002 ) . `` Radial glia : multi-purpose cells for vertebrate brain development '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 25 ( 5 ) : 235 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / s0166 - 2236 ( 02 ) 02156 - 2 . PMID 11972958 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jessen KR , Mirsky R ( September 2005 ) . `` The origin and development of glial cells in peripheral nerves '' . Nature Reviews . Neuroscience. 6 ( 9 ) : 671 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn1746 . PMID 16136171 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hanani , M. Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia : from form to function . Brain Res. Rev. 48 : 457 -- 476 , 2005 Jump up ^ Ohara PT , Vit JP , Bhargava A , Jasmin L ( December 2008 ) . `` Evidence for a role of connexin 43 in trigeminal pain using RNA interference in vivo '' . Journal of Neurophysiology. 100 ( 6 ) : 3064 -- 73 . doi : 10.1152 / jn. 90722.2008 . PMC 2604845 . PMID 18715894 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bassotti G , Villanacci V , Antonelli E , Morelli A , Salerni B ( July 2007 ) . `` Enteric glial cells : new players in gastrointestinal motility ? '' . Laboratory Investigation . 87 ( 7 ) : 628 -- 32 . doi : 10.1038 / labinvest. 3700564 . PMID 17483847 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Brodal , 2010 : p. 19 Jump up ^ Never - resting microglia : physiological roles in the healthy brain and pathological implications A Sierra , ME Tremblay , H Wake - 2015 - books.google.com Jump up ^ Miyata , S ; Furuya , K ; Nakai , S ; Bun , H ; Kiyohara , T ( April 1999 ) . `` Morphological plasticity and rearrangement of cytoskeletons in pituicytes cultured from adult rat neurohypophysis '' . Neuroscience research . 33 ( 4 ) : 299 -- 306 . doi : 10.1016 / s0168 - 0102 ( 99 ) 00021 - 8 . PMID 10401983 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , EM ; Blázquez , JL ; Pastor , FE ; Peláez , B ; Peña , P ; Peruzzo , B ; Amat , P ( 2005 ) . `` Hypothalamic tanycytes : a key component of brain - endocrine interaction '' . International review of cytology. 247 : 89 -- 164 . doi : 10.1016 / s0074 - 7696 ( 05 ) 47003 - 5 . PMID 16344112 . ^ Jump up to : Azevedo FA , Carvalho LR , Grinberg LT , et al. ( April 2009 ) . `` Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled - up primate brain '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 513 ( 5 ) : 532 -- 41 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 21974 . PMID 19226510 . Jump up ^ Clinical Neuro - Anatomy , Richard S. Snell , 7th edition Jump up ^ Pelvig DP , Pakkenberg H , Stark AK , Pakkenberg B ( November 2008 ) . `` Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains '' . Neurobiology of Aging. 29 ( 11 ) : 1754 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neurobiolaging. 2007.04. 013 . PMID 17544173 . ( figures given are those for females ) Jump up ^ Locher H , de Groot JC , van Iperen L , Huisman MA , Frijns JH , Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM ( 2014 ) . `` Distribution and development of peripheral glial cells in the human fetal cochlea '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : e88066 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088066 . PMC 3909285 . PMID 24498246 . Jump up ^ Kornack DR , Rakic P ( May 1999 ) . `` Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 10 ) : 5768 -- 73 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.10. 5768 . PMC 21935 . PMID 10318959 . Jump up ^ Herrup K , Yang Y ( May 2007 ) . `` Cell cycle regulation in the postmitotic neuron : oxymoron or new biology ? '' . Nature Reviews . Neuroscience. 8 ( 5 ) : 368 -- 78 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn2124 . PMID 17453017 . Jump up ^ Goldman SA , Nottebohm F ( April 1983 ) . `` Neuronal production , migration , and differentiation in a vocal control nucleus of the adult female canary brain '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 80 ( 8 ) : 2390 -- 4 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 80.8. 2390 . PMC 393826 . PMID 6572982 . Jump up ^ Eriksson PS , Perfilieva E , Björk - Eriksson T , et al. ( November 1998 ) . `` Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus '' . Nature Medicine . 4 ( 11 ) : 1313 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / 3305 . PMID 9809557 . Jump up ^ Gould E , Reeves AJ , Fallah M , Tanapat P , Gross CG , Fuchs E ( April 1999 ) . `` Hippocampal neurogenesis in adult Old World primates '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 9 ) : 5263 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.9. 5263 . PMC 21852 . PMID 10220454 . Jump up ^ The Other Brain , by R. Douglas Fields , Ph . D. Simon & Schuster , 2009 Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth . Anatomy and Physiology , 6th Edition . McGraw Hill 2012 . Page 446 - 448 . Jump up ^ Newman , Eric A. ( 2003 ) . `` New roles for astrocytes : Regulation of synaptic transmission '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 26 : 536 -- 542 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 03 ) 00237 - 6 . PMID 14522146 . Jump up ^ Sadigh - Eteghad S , Majdi A , Mahmoudi J , Golzari SE , Talebi M ( June 2016 ) . `` Astrocytic and microglial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors : an overlooked issue in Alzheimer 's disease '' . Journal of Neural Transmission . doi : 10.1007 / s00702 - 016 - 1580 - z . PMID 27262818 . Jump up ^ Feezel , Charlie . World Cocoa Foundation : Knowledge Creation in Rulal West Africa . US Aid Education Workshop . ^ Jump up to : Puves , Dale ( 2012 ) . Neuroscience 5th Ed . Sinauer Associates . pp. 560 -- 580 . ISBN 978 - 0878936465 . Jump up ^ Lopategui Cabezas , I. ; Batista , A. Herrera ; Rol , G. Pentón . `` Papel de la glía en la enfermedad de Alzheimer . Futuras implicaciones terapéuticas '' . Neurología. 29 ( 5 ) : 305 -- 309 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nrl. 2012.10. 006 . Jump up ^ Valori , Chiara F. ; Brambilla , Liliana ; Martorana , Francesca ; Rossi , Daniela ( 2013 - 08 - 03 ) . `` The multifaceted role of glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 71 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 297 . doi : 10.1007 / s00018 - 013 - 1429 - 7 . ISSN 1420 - 682X . Jump up ^ Kettenmann H , Verkhratsky A ( December 2008 ) . `` Neuroglia : the 150 years after '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 31 ( 12 ) : 653 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2008.09. 003 . PMID 18945498 . Jump up ^ Diamond MC , Scheibel AB , Murphy GM Jr , Harvey T , `` On the Brain of a Scientist : Albert Einstein '' , `` Experimental Neurology 1985 ; 198 - 204 '' , Retrieved February 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Koob , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The Root of Thought . FT Press . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 715171 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aw , B.L. `` 5 Reasons why Glial Cells Were So Critical to Human Intelligence '' . Scientific Brains . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brodal , Per ( 2010 ) . `` Glia '' . The central nervous system : structure and function . Oxford University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538115 - 3 . Kettenmann and Ransom , Neuroglia , Oxford University Press , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979459 - 1 http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199794591.do#.UVcswaD3Ay4%7C Puves , Dale ( 2012 ) . Neuroscience 5th Ed . Sinauer Associates . pp. 560 -- 580 . ISBN 978 - 0878936465 . Further reading ( edit ) Barres BA ( November 2008 ) . `` The mystery and magic of glia : a perspective on their roles in health and disease '' . Neuron. 60 ( 3 ) : 430 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2008.10. 013 . PMID 18995817 . Role of glia in synapse development Overstreet LS ( February 2005 ) . `` Quantal transmission : not just for neurons '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 28 ( 2 ) : 59 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2004.11. 010 . PMID 15667925 . Peters A ( May 2004 ) . `` A fourth type of neuroglial cell in the adult central nervous system '' . Journal of Neurocytology. 33 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 57 . doi : 10.1023 / B : NEUR. 0000044195.64009. 27 . PMID 15475689 . Volterra A , Steinhäuser C ( August 2004 ) . `` Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus '' . Glia. 47 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 57 . doi : 10.1002 / glia. 20080 . PMID 15252814 . Huang YH , Bergles DE ( June 2004 ) . `` Glutamate transporters bring competition to the synapse '' . Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 14 ( 3 ) : 346 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. conb. 2004.05. 007 . PMID 15194115 . Artist ADSkyler ( uses concepts of neuroscience and found inspiration from Glia ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glia . Audio `` The Other Brain '' -- The Leonard Lopate Show ( WNYC ) `` Neuroscientist Douglas Field , explains how glia , which make up approximately 85 percent of the cells in the brain , work . In The Other Brain : From Dementia to Schizophrenia , How New Discoveries about the Brain Are Revolutionizing Medicine and Science , he explains recent discoveries in glia research and looks at what breakthroughs in brain science and medicine are likely to come . '' `` Network Glia '' A homepage devoted to glial cells . Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Cells in humans derived from ectoderm Surface ectoderm Skin Trichocyte Keratinocyte Anterior pituitary Gonadotrope Corticotrope Thyrotrope Somatotrope Lactotroph Neural crest Peripheral nervous system Neuron Glia Schwann cell Satellite glial cell Neuroendocrine system Chromaffin cell Parafollicular cell Glomus cell Skin Melanocyte Nevus cell Merkel cell Teeth Odontoblast Cementoblast Eyes Corneal keratocyte Neural tube Central nervous system Neuron Glia ( Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte ) Ependyma Ependymocytes Pineal gland Pinealocyte Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroglia&oldid=806773593 '' Categories : Glial cells Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 02 : 04 . 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"Microglia are specialized macrophages capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons of the central nervous system.[17] They are derived from the earliest wave of mononuclear cells that originate in yolk sac blood islands early in development, and colonize the brain shortly after the neural precursors begin to differentiate.[18]"
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Blair Waldorf
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Blair Waldorf - wikipedia Blair Waldorf Jump to : navigation , search Blair Waldorf Gossip Girl character Blair as portrayed on the cover of It Had To Be You First appearance Novel : Gossip Girl Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Television producers Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Leighton Meester Information Full name Blair Cornelia Waldorf Aliases B , Queen B Title Television : Princess Blair of Monaco ( during her marriage to Louis ) Family Harold and Eleanor Waldorf ( parents ) Cyrus Rose ( stepfather ) Aaron Rose ( stepbrother ) Novels : Tyler Waldorf ( younger brother ) Ying and Yang Waldorf ( adoptive sister and brother ) Yale Waldorf - Rose ( half - sister ) Spouse ( s ) Television : Prince Louis Grimaldi ( ex-husband ) Charles `` Chuck '' Bass ( husband ) Children Television : Henry Bass ( son , with Chuck ; flash - forward ) Blair Cornelia Waldorf is the lead character of Gossip Girl , introduced in the original series of novels and also appearing in the television and manga adaptations . Described as `` a girl of extremes '' by creator Cecily von Ziegesar , she is a comical overachiever who possesses both snobbish and sensitive sides . Due to her position as queen bee of Manhattan 's social scene , Blair 's actions and relations are under constant scrutiny from the mysterious Gossip Girl , a popular blogger . Leighton Meester , who portrayed the character in the television drama , has described Blair as being insecure about her social status . At times , this anxiety creates flaws and complexities which contribute to character development . In Meester 's view , the true Blair is ultimately a good girl at heart . Blair has been compared to vintage film and literary figures , including Becky Sharp and Lizzie Eustace . Meester 's portrayal has also drawn comparisons to roles played by Joan Collins and Audrey Hepburn . She is the most critically acclaimed character of the franchise , while the television character has drawn real - life attention surrounding fashion and her love life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character in print 1.1 Novel series 1.1. 1 Story lines 1.2 Manga series 2 Television series 2.1 Casting 2.2 Season 1 2.3 Season 2 2.4 Season 3 2.5 Season 4 2.5. 1 Reaction to triangle 2.5. 2 Controversy 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 3 Reception 3.1 In print 3.2 On screen 4 References Character in print ( edit ) Gossip Girl is a series of novels about socially prominent young adults in New York City . The story primarily follows Blair Waldorf and her best friend Serena van der Woodsen during their years in high school and college . Due to her fame on the Upper East Side , Blair is featured on the website of `` Gossip Girl , '' an anonymous gossip blogger whose posts appear occasionally throughout the story . Novel series ( edit ) In the first book , Blair is introduced as a privileged , comically vain overachiever . She is described as an alluring brunette , and occasionally models her appearance and demeanor after famous actresses , including Marilyn Monroe and , most often , Audrey Hepburn . In early novels , the character is also written as bulimic . Blair is largely motivated by matters surrounding family , romance , and ambition . However , her tendency to overachieve can lead to feelings of paranoia , with dramatic or comical results . In a review for The New Yorker , Janet Malcolm remarked that Blair 's issues made her `` both a broader caricature and a more real person '' than the other Gossip Girl characters . In a 2009 interview , Gossip Girl creator Cecily von Ziegesar claimed to identify with Blair the most , stating , `` She is so unpredictable and dramatic . Such a bitch , but we understand why she is a bitch and we like her anyway '' . Story lines ( edit ) Throughout most of the series ' run , Blair grapples with a number of changes within her family . Two years prior to the opening novel , Blair 's parents divorced after her father ran off with another man . When her mother remarries , and her father leaves the country , Blair has difficulty accepting her stepfather , Cyrus Rose . In addition , her stress over these matters occasionally affects her other relationships . However , Blair ultimately remains close to her father Harold , who she often turns to for comfort . By contrast , she maintains a somewhat tenser relationship with her mother Eleanor . It is also revealed that Blair has struggled with bulimia . In the opening novel , Blair learns of an affair between her friend Serena and her boyfriend Nate . This marks the beginning of the story 's primary love triangle , which recurs throughout the series . Blair 's romantic life has various effects on her character development . After Nate repeatedly hurts her , she eventually refuses to take him back until she believes in his ability to commit to her . In pursuing Nate , however , Blair herself cheats on her new boyfriend Pete , which results in her losing both of them . She eventually begins to acknowledge her mistakes , with her father 's help . She later grows closer to Chuck Bass ( which initially occurred in the series ' television adaptation ) , who she 'd previously known for years , which leads them to briefly date one another . Blair is noted for an over-achieving nature , which often appears in humorous scenes . In a review for New York magazine , Emily Nussbaum lauded one of Blair 's fantasies , which involves `` joining the Peace Corps , getting a killer tan , winning the Nobel Peace Prize , and having dinner with the president , ' who would then write her a recommendation to Yale , and then Yale would fall all over themselves to accept her . ' '' The New Yorker 's Janet Malcolm remarked that unlike some of her forerunners in film and literature , `` Blair already has all the money and position anyone could want . She is pure naked striving , restlessly seeking an object , any object , and never knowing when enough is enough . '' Blair encounters a setback during her interview at Yale by revealing the recent stress in her life , and then kissing her interviewer on the cheek upon dismissal . Her father then makes a donation to the school , though Blair is still wait - listed . In the twelfth book , I Will Always Love You , it is revealed that she has been admitted to the university . In addition to her feelings for Nate , Blair is sometimes said to feel competitive with Serena in other areas , including matters of beauty and popularity . This also leads to an occasional envy on Blair 's part . It is unclear how much of Blair 's perception of Serena is in line with reality ; the narrative describes both characters as `` hands down the two hottest girls on the Upper East Side , and maybe all of Manhattan , or even the whole world . '' Manga series ( edit ) Blair as she appears in the manga . In 2010 , Yen Press began publishing a manga adaptation titled Gossip Girl : For Your Eyes Only , written and illustrated by HyeKyung Baek . This series adapts notable scenarios from the novel -- including the triangle with Nate and Serena -- but also features new material . After losing her position as queen bee , Blair attempts to regain her former status while adjusting to a less privileged lifestyle . In addition to this series , Blair also appears in a manga adaptation of the novel Gossip Girl : Psycho Killer , a parody of horror stories . Television series ( edit ) In 2007 , Gossip Girl was adapted for television . According to Cecily von Ziegesar , the television character is largely faithful to the original . Among the aspects to be maintained are her admiration for Audrey Hepburn and her interest in Yale University . However , the series is also noted for its deviations from the source material , including the exclusion of Blair 's brother Tyler . The show also explores romances between Blair and multiple male leads , resulting in occasional love triangles . In the fifth season , Blair is revealed to be pregnant with Prince of Monaco , Louis Grimaldi 's child . However the child later dies before birth after a car crash Blair and Chuck were in . Among fans and the media , Blair 's bond with Chuck Bass was commonly known by the portmanteau `` Chair '' , while her relationship with Dan Humphrey was referred to as `` Dair '' . Her relationship with Chuck was greatly supported throughout the series by many fans and most were glad to see them marry in the finale . The nicknames and viewer interest in these relationships were recognized by the show 's producers . Casting ( edit ) `` They were like , ' Be bitchy and nice , ugly and pretty , young and old , stupid and smart , innocent and slutty , blond and brunette . Can you be all those things ? ' '' -- Leighton Meester To prepare for the part of Blair , actress Leighton Meester , a natural blonde , dyed her hair brown before auditioning , and also studied the first novel . She has described the character as multi-faceted , labeling her `` a little bit of everything which is pretty amazing . '' Like von Ziegesar , Meester has also claimed to relate to Blair on certain levels . Prior to the show 's debut in 2007 , the actress stated that , `` The only way to play Blair , or any character , and make her human , is to find what she is inside me . And I know I have my insecurities , too . '' She went on to say that , `` The way Blair and I are not alike when it comes to insecurities is : She pays so much attention to hers ! '' Meester 's casting was described by Yahoo ! as a star - making role which moved her `` into the pop culture vanguard , '' while Cecily von Ziegesar has called her a perfect choice . In December 2010 , Meester revealed plans to leave the show in 2012 . E ! Online and other outlets speculated that her departure would possibly mark the end of the series . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : List of Gossip Girl episodes Blair as she appears in the TV adaptation , portrayed by Leighton Meester . In Season 1 of Gossip Girl , Blair is introduced as the Upper East Side 's beautiful and popular Queen B. She is the daughter of Eleanor Waldorf , a famous fashion designer . She is dating Nate Archibald , and is best friends with Serena van der Woodsen . She also finds a close companion in Nate 's best friend and her childhood friend Chuck Bass , who becomes a partner for her schemes . When Serena returns home from boarding school , Blair learns from Nate that he lost his virginity to a drunken Serena over a year ago . Blair retaliates by publicly revealing Serena 's connection to a rehab hospital . She then learns that the actual patient is Serena 's younger brother , Eric , who had been committed after a suicide attempt . Afterward , a remorseful Blair reconciles with Serena . After learning that Nate no longer loves her , Blair sleeps with Chuck , eventually falling for him . This leads to a heated affair and an eventual love triangle . Her inability to choose creates much of the first season 's story line . There are brief mentions of Blair 's past struggle with anorexia - bulimia that are never mentioned again past the first season . She also begins a brief power struggle with freshman Jenny Humphrey . After she unites with Chuck and Nate in order to save Serena from the scheming Georgina Sparks , Chuck realizes that his feelings for Blair are real and suggests that they spend the summer together in Tuscany . However , he is discouraged by his father at the last minute , and stands Blair up . Season 2 ( edit ) At the launch of the second season , Blair was described by creators as the queen at the center of the Gossip Girl chess game . A large portion of her story line in Season 2 revolves around her love - hate relationship with Chuck Bass , which was labeled `` the heart of GG '' by People magazine . While competing with Serena , Blair forms an unexpected friendship with Jenny , who states that they each work for everything they achieve , while Serena often glides through life . During their interviews at Yale University , Blair and Serena apologize for their ill feelings and resume their friendship . In the episode `` O Brother , Where Bart Thou ? '' , Chuck is devastated by news of his father 's death , prompting Blair to offer her support while telling Chuck that she loves him . He initially shuns her advances , but later turns to her for comfort . However , the two stop seeing each other due to Chuck 's uncle , Jack Bass , convincing him he has an inability to commit to a relationship . After being rejected by Yale , Blair finds unexpected encouragement from Nate . She is later accepted into New York University , and her competitive relationship with Georgina is eventually renewed . As the season ends , Blair crowns Jenny the new queen of Constance Billard School . In the season finale , it is discovered that Blair slept with Chuck 's uncle Jack and that Chuck had slept with Vanessa Abrams . Chuck then departs for Europe . He later returns to New York and reconciles with Blair while declaring his love for her , and the two finally begin a committed relationship . Season 3 ( edit ) In the third season , Blair joins Vanessa , Georgina , and Jenny 's brother Dan at NYU . Much of her story line concerns her inability to attain her previous status at her new school . She finds emotional support from her mother , as well as Chuck . However , she and Chuck separate once again when Blair feels that he manipulated her while competing with his uncle . ( Chuck made a deal with Jack that Blair could sleep with him and in exchange , Chuck gets his hotel back that Jack initially stole to ' destroy Chuck '. ) She later transfers to Columbia University , and learns that an emotionally reformed Chuck was responsible for her enrollment . They later team up as part of a role - playing scheme to help Serena 's mother and Chuck 's adopted mother , Lily . In the season finale , Chuck attempts to propose to Blair , but is interrupted by Dan , who reveals that Chuck had slept with Jenny . Two weeks later , Blair and Serena depart for Paris intending to spend the summer together . Season 4 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Blair and Chuck become competitive once again , but eventually resume their sexual relations before recognizing their love for one another . When the relationship interferes with their business interests , she and Chuck break up once more . Chuck promises he 'll wait for her , and both affirm their belief that their love will reunite them in the end . Blair then teams up with Dan when the two share common goals . They also end up working together at W. magazine , where friction develops between the two . On Valentine 's Day , she discovers that Chuck has romantic feelings for Raina Thorpe , the daughter of his business rival . Later , she and Dan spend the evening talking on their cell phones while watching Rosemary 's Baby . Blair later quits W. and is shown asleep with Dan in his Brooklyn flat . Later , upon growing curious of their feelings for one another , Blair and Dan share a kiss before the mid-season hiatus . Blair eventually decides that she wants to be with Chuck , but shuns him once again after he tries to humiliate Dan . She is later courted by a prince from Monaco named Louis . During a private confrontation , a drunken Chuck punches a window after he finds out Prince Louis has proposed to Blair , which cuts Blair 's face as it shatters . Afterward , Blair chooses to accept a proposal from Louis . Blair later attempts to warn Chuck about potential trouble in his family . She is then abducted by an enemy of the Basses , Raina 's father Russell Thorpe . Chuck later rescues Blair and apologizes for his violent actions . Following a night out together , the two have sex before Chuck advises Blair to return to Louis , believing that she will be happier with him . However , the season ends with the revelation that Blair may be pregnant . Reaction to triangle ( edit ) `` Chuck and Blair are always going to be connected in their way , and Dan and Serena are always going to be connected in their way . But that does n't mean that there wo n't be new roads to go down that might be different than what we initially anticipated . '' -- Joshua Safran , producer Amidst the fourth season , the romance between Dan and Blair became a polarizing topic among viewers which also drew significant media interest . Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post applauded the development , feeling that Blair had `` more chemistry '' with Dan than with Chuck . New York magazine 's Chris Rovzar called Blair and Dan 's story line `` believable '' , citing their common ground in education and taste . Rovzar further stated , `` Since they live in a world where both only seem to have half a dozen real friends ( if that ) , is it so crazy they 'd end up together ? '' An article from The Huffington Post declared that `` Dan and Blair together are like Harry Burns and Sally Albright reincarnated -- the couple was obviously inspired by When Harry Met Sally . '' It further commented that the couple paralleled Pacey and Joey 's relationship from Dawson 's Creek and concluded that Dan and Blair were `` the most inspired storyline and couple of the show '' . Entertainment Weekly stated that Dan and Blair were like stars in an `` updated version of You 've Got Mail '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! ranked all 25 Gossip Girl couples placing ' Dair ' as the third best couple after Blair and Serena ( # 1 ) and ' Chair ' ( # 2 ) . Bricker stated that `` ( Dan and Blair ) , out of all the main characters , were the most well - suited for each other . In real life , they would 've been ' endgame ' . '' Dawn Fallik of The Wall Street Journal was less positive , asserting that `` both characters have been so Blandified that there 's no fun left in the show . '' A writer for E ! Online 's Team WWK labeled the Dan / Blair relationship `` nomance nonsense '' . With regard to Chuck and Blair , Meester stated , `` I can really relate to it -- not necessarily because it 's this dramatic , tumultuous relationship , but because the way they love each other is very real , and not for the sake of being dramatic . It 's actual love . There 's nobody for each other but them . '' Meester also expressed fondness for Dan and Blair , however , stating , `` I think they 're good for each other in a lot of ways , in a way that Chuck and Blair are n't . '' Badgley claimed that he thought `` Blair ( was ) Dan 's soul mate '' and further stated that he thought the Blair and Dan storyline was `` the most exciting for Dan as a person '' . When Hollywoodlife.com asked Ed Westwick , who played Chuck Bass , which character he thought loved Blair more , Chuck or Dan , Westwick pointed to Badgley , saying `` definitely him . '' Producers initially noticed chemistry between Blair and Dan in the Season 1 episode `` Bad News Blair '' . According to producer Joshua Safran , the creators planned to revisit their relationship once the timing was right . Safran also stated that the outcome was n't necessarily decided ahead of time . `` One thing we are very conscious of -- and I know some fans get upset about this -- is we really try to treat the characters as living , breathing , well - rounded individuals . And we 're often surprised by where their journeys take them ; they open new doors for us all the time . '' Controversy ( edit ) Following the twentieth episode of Season 4 , Safran spoke on behalf of the series regarding the scene in which Chuck became violent with Blair . `` The way we viewed it , I think it 's very clear that Blair is not afraid in those moments , for herself . They have a volatile relationship , they always have , but I do not believe -- or I should say we do not believe -- that it is abuse when it 's the two of them . Chuck does not try to hurt Blair . He punches the glass because he has rage , but he has never , and will never , hurt Blair . He knows it and she knows it , and I feel it 's very important to know that she is not scared -- if anything , she is scared for Chuck -- and what he might do to himself , but she is never afraid of what he might do to her . Leighton and I were very clear about that . '' In response to these comments , Carina MacKenzie of Zap2it stated , `` We 're left wondering if Safran missed the part where she went home bleeding because Chuck was using physical intimidation to release his own emotions . '' While reviewing the episode , Tierney Bricker of Zap2it felt that there were `` really no excuses for Chuck Bass anymore . '' MacKenzie concluded that Chuck 's behavior throughout Season 4 fit the signs of an abusive relationship , citing examples from HelpGuide.org , a non-profit health resource . She noted Chuck 's public humiliation of Blair , his attempt to pawn her during a business deal , and his use of physical intimidation . MacKenzie also called the show 's explanation `` disturbing , particularly given the young , female target demographic of Gossip Girl and The CW . '' In a review for the Los Angeles Times , Judy Berman addressed Safran 's description of Blair during the scene . `` Considering how terrified Blair looked at the end of their encounter , and how quickly she got out of there , the show is sending a mixed message at best . '' She went on to state , `` We have no right to expect Gossip Girl to be a paragon of morality , or even realism , but the idea that true love requires taking a shard of glass to the face is disturbing even in this alternate , soap - opera dimension . '' Season 5 ( edit ) In the fifth season premiere , Blair continues to plan her wedding , but begins to encounter problems in her relationship with Louis . It is later revealed that she is pregnant . Blair tells Chuck that the child is Louis ' , and states that part of her wanted Chuck to be the father . Dan becomes Blair 's confidante and is shown to be in love with her , though she remains oblivious to his feelings and states that there is nothing more than friendship between them . Though she insists that she is in love with Louis , Blair begins to seek Chuck out as the season progresses . The two eventually declare their love for each other prior to a car accident in her limousine while being chased by paparazzi . Though both recover , Blair suffers a miscarriage from the crash . After the crash Blair decides that she must commit herself to Louis , converting to Catholicism and cutting off any connection with Chuck . At the wedding , Gossip Girl releases a recording of Blair confessing her love for Chuck . Nevertheless , Louis and Blair get married , making Blair a Princess of Monaco , though Louis informs her that they will have a loveless marriage of convenience . She then receives support from Dan , leading them to share a kiss on Valentine 's Day . Amidst these developments , Blair grows conflicted between her feelings for Dan and Chuck . After taking steps to end her marriage , she chooses to begin a romantic relationship with Dan . By the end of the season , however , after a debate about which love is the best -- with Dan she feels safe , with Chuck she feels vulnerable -- Blair declares that she is still in love with Chuck , and chooses to pursue him . Season 6 ( edit ) In the final season , Blair resumes her romantic relationship with Chuck , while Chuck and his father Bart -- who is revealed to be alive in the previous season -- become bitter rivals . Blair pursues her career as head of Waldorf Designs , with several mishaps , before staging a successful line . In the penultimate episode , Bart falls to his death while trying to attack Chuck atop a building . Afterward , Blair and Chuck depart together . In the series finale , Blair marries Chuck which results in her not having to testify against him in his father 's murder case . Five years later , Blair is shown to be running her mother 's successful fashion line and she works with Jenny in a line called `` J for Waldorf '' , and she and Chuck are shown to have a son named Henry . Reception ( edit ) In print ( edit ) While covering the book series , Janet Malcolm of The New Yorker labeled the character `` an antiheroine of the first rank , '' and asserted that `` the series belongs to awful Blair , who inspires von Ziegesar 's highest flights of comic fancy . '' She also compared Blair to vintage film and literary figures such as Becky Sharp of Vanity Fair , and Lizzie Eustace of The Eustace Diamonds . In addition , the character has drawn comparisons to notable contemporaries , including Lila Fowler of the Sweet Valley High series . In the 2007 book Children 's Literature and Culture , writer Harry Edwin Eiss chastised the depiction of Blair 's bulimia . `` If handled properly , the inclusion of her illness could have provided a powerful lesson for young adult readers who worry about their weight and food consumption . Unfortunately , Cecily von Ziegesar , the author of the series , presents a seriously flawed treatment of the problem . In a failed attempt at humor , the writer regards Blair 's sickness as just another source of gossip , '' he said . Emily Nussbaum of New York magazine had similar comments , calling the bulimia `` more of an icky weakness than a full - fledged pathology . '' However , she went on to commend Blair as `` hilariously self - centered '' . Julie Opipari of Manga Maniac Cafe gave the initial Gossip Girl manga a negative review , citing displeasure with the characters and plot . However , she acknowledged that this gave her a greater appreciation for Blair in the second volume , noting that Blair `` really had to learn how to rough it '' after losing her privileged lifestyle . She went on to state that `` Blair is one character that is fun to hate on . So imagine my surprise when I actually started to like her by the end of the book '' . On screen ( edit ) Meester 's portrayal of Blair has been met with critical acclaim . The actress prepared by reading Gossip Girl . The show 's breakout character , Blair Waldorf has garnered much media recognition . Yahoo ! proclaims Blair a member of `` television 's pantheon of razor - witted , solipsistic high school Alpha females . '' While commenting on Meester , New York magazine 's 2008 cover story of the series states , `` Her villain - you - want - to - root - for is the most sophisticated performance on the show . '' In another 2008 article , People magazine commented that `` Meester has burst out of this ensemble to stardom . '' Variety described her performance as similar to that of `` a predatory junior Joan Collins who practically breathes fire out of her pinched , perfectly WASP - ish nostrils . '' FHM Online ranked the actress the `` Hottest TV Star '' of autumn 2008 , stating that as Blair Waldorf , `` Leighton Meester has stolen the spotlight with her mind - blowing good looks and amazing performance . '' OK ! magazine likened her character to Audrey Hepburn 's portrayal of Holly Golightly . The physical similarity was also noted by USA Today . In its 2009 `` Hot List '' , Rolling Stone cited Blair as `` the reason we love the back - stabby soap most . '' Regarding the fictional fame of Blair 's friend Serena , Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly asserted that `` Serena may be the star of the media but Blair is quickly becoming the star of this show . '' While citing Serena 's long - revered allure , Glamour and its readers compared the two characters in 2008 , with Blair being recognized as more beautiful than Serena . In a review from The Atlantic , Blair and Serena 's friendship was praised as `` it offered a relationship whose depth and complexity approached Rory and Paris ' ( from Gilmore Girls ) . '' In May 2009 , Blair received attention from Forbes , which interviewed her via the series ' writers . Television Without Pity listed Meester in their `` Golden Globes 2009 : Overlooked TV Shows and Performances '' article , labeling Blair `` so multi-faceted , well - dressed and beautifully played that she elevates this teen soap to something we do n't even feel guilty about admitting we love . '' Meester won the Teen Choice Award for `` Choice TV Actress Drama '' in 2009 , and again in 2010 . In 2009 , she was voted the `` Best Mean Girl '' in Zap2it 's first poll of the best television characters in the 2000s . In February 2012 , Zap2it held another poll to determine TV 's Most Crushworthy . Blair was elected TV 's Most Crushworthy 1 % Female over Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan . The 1 percenters are people that `` have everything going for them with their fantastic good looks and their opulent lifestyle '' . Her relationship with Chuck Bass was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' as well as Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . The character 's wardrobe -- credited to designers Abigail Lorick and Eric Daman -- is popular , earning mentions from periodicals such as InStyle and New York , along with recognition from websites . TV Guide listed Blair among its `` Best Dressed TV Characters of 2007 '' . Entertainment Weekly named Blair Waldorf and Chuck Bass the `` Most Stylish '' characters of 2008 . Lifetime television ranks Blair first in its listing of `` The Top 10 Best - Dressed TV Characters '' , while Glamour has named her among its best - dressed TV characters of all time . In a Vanity Fair interview , costume designers Eric Daman and Meredith Markworth - Pollack named Audrey Hepburn and Vogue editor - in - chief Anna Wintour as their inspirations when dressing Meester as Blair . The designers also cited New York socialites Tinsley Mortimer and Arden Wohl as influences . TV Guide named her the sixth most fashionable TV character . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ von Ziegesar , Gossip Girl : I Will Always Love You , p. 336 Jump up ^ Morrison , James ( August 25 , 2002 ) . `` Protests at sex and drugs in teen publishing sensation '' . arlindo-correia.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . 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Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl 's Leighton Meester talks Dan and Blair : ' I think they 're good for each other ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl 's ' It - Girl Happened One Night ' : A Valentine 's Day ' Dair ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` The aftermath of Dan and Blair 's kiss '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ostlie , Ashley ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Episode Recap : `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fallik , Dawn ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl , ' The Wrong Goodbye , ' Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Boss on the Big Dan / Blair Smooch : ' It Was a Long Time Coming ' '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` IM - ing about Gossip Girl '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rovzar , Chris ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` How the Writers of Gossip Girl Sold Us on the Show 's Most Unbelievable Couple '' . New York . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Espina , Alfonso ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` The End of Gossip Girl : Chair vs. Dair '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl recap : Dair to Get Closer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` We Ranked All the Gossip Girl Couples and No. 1 May Surprise You '' . E !. Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fallik , Dawn ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season 4 , Episode 17 ' Empire of the Son ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spoiler Chat : Get Sweeps Scoop on Your Fave Gossip Girl , Glee and Grey 's Anatomy Couples '' . E !. May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Katy ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Leighton Meester In Allure '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicole , Karlis ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Penn Badgley Reveals : ' Blair Is Dan 's Soul Mate ' ! '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl 's Leighton Meester : I Want the Blair and Dan Relationship to Play Out '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicole , Karlis ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Stars Ed Westick & Penn Badgley Reveal Who Loves Blair More '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arrow , Jennifer ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Boss : `` Chuck Has Never , and Will Never , Hurt Blair '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl : Is Chuck Bass abusive ? E.P. says no ; we beg to differ '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Blair catches Royal Wedding fever '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berman , Judy ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl recap : They tried to make Chuck go to rehab '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fallik , Dawn ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl , Season 5 , Episode 3 , ' The Jewel of Denial ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl 's 100th Episode Shocker '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Recap : Dan And Blair Confront Their Feelings In ' Cross Rhodes ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl : ' The Princess Dowry ' recap '' . DigitalSpy.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Finale Redux : Blair Chooses Her Man ! So What Comes Next ? '' . E !. Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ricketts , Whitney ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Recap of Season 6 , Episode 7 : Chuck Tells Blair It 's Over '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fallik , Dawn ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl , Season 6 , Episode 9 , ' The Revengers ' : TV Recap '' . E !. Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McDonell - Parry , Amelia ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Casting The Sweet Valley High Movie '' . The Frisky ( website ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eiss , Harry ( 2007 ) . `` Children 's Literature and Culture '' . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 133 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Gossip Girl : For Your Eyes Only V 2 '' . Manga Maniac Cafe . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Widdicombe , Ben ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` A Gossip Girl dropout '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Gossip Girl '' . New York . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leighton Meester '' . People . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl Meester TV 's Hottest star '' . Reuters . September 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OK ! Interview : Leighton Meester '' . OK ! . September 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Craig ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Here 's A Toast To ' Tiffany 's ' On Landmark Novel 's 50th Birthday '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gay , Jason . `` Gossip Girl 's Leighton Meester ; our 2009 hot list leader '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Gossip Girl : Yale and Hearty '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guglielmetti , Petra ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Who 's Prettier : Blair or Serena ? '' . Glamour . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` When Paris Met Rory : TV 's Last Great Teenage - Girl Friendship '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Broek , Anna ( May 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Forbes Fictional Interview : Blair Waldorf '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2009 : Overlooked TV Shows and Performances '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Award Winners '' . CBS . August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` Teens Deem Kardashians Choice Reality TV '' . E !. Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grieser , Andy ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` The decade 's best television characters , according to you '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly . `` TV 's Most Crushworthy 1 % ( Female ) '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eckstein , David ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Most Crushworthy - The 1 percenters : ' Gossip Girl ' stars Ed Westwick and Leighton Meester take on Emily Deschanel and Justin Hartley '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Gossip Girl Photos - Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 21 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Designers to Watch : Abigail Lorick '' . New York . August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rochlin , Margy ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Eric Daman : Gossip Girl '' . New York . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl Season One : Get the Look '' . InStyle . September 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blair Waldorf 's Wardrobe Does Not Go Home With Her '' . New York . March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blair Waldorf 's Signature Looks '' . ctv.ca . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Dressed TV Characters of 2007 '' . TV Guide . Autumn 2007 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Best & Worst of 2008 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kagan , Melissa . `` Top 10 Best - Dressed TV Characters '' . Lifetime . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lomrantz , Tracey ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Meet The 9 Best Dressed TV Characters Of All Time '' . Glamour . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome Back , Gossip Girl '' . Vanity Fair . March 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blair Waldorf Pictures - Photo Gallery : Who Are the Most Fashionable TV Characters ? '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Books von Ziegesar , Cecily ( 2003 ) . Gossip Girl : Because I 'm Worth It . Poppy ( Little , Brown and Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 90968 - 6 . von Ziegesar , Cecily ( 2002 ) . You Know You Love Me : A Gossip Girl Novel . Poppy ( Little , Brown and Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 91148 - 1 . von Ziegesar , Cecily ( 2009 ) . Gossip Girl : I Will Always Love You . Poppy ( Little , Brown and Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 04361 - 8 . ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blair_Waldorf&oldid=819010488 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional socialites Fictional princesses Fictional Monegasque people Fictional bullies Fictional characters with body dysmorphia Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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gossip girl season 5 blair pregnant who's the father
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"In 2007, Gossip Girl was adapted for television. According to Cecily von Ziegesar, the television character is largely faithful to the original.[9] Among the aspects to be maintained are her admiration for Audrey Hepburn and her interest in Yale University. However, the series is also noted for its deviations from the source material,[6] including the exclusion of Blair's brother Tyler. The show also explores romances between Blair and multiple male leads, resulting in occasional love triangles. In the fifth season, Blair is revealed to be pregnant with Prince of Monaco, Louis Grimaldi's child. However the child later dies before birth after a car crash Blair and Chuck were in.[23]"
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"Louis Grimaldi"
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Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry
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Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry - wikipedia Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Liverpool F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Locale North West England Teams Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. First meeting 28 April 1894 1893 -- 94 Football League test match Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Latest meeting 15 January 2017 Premier League Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Next meeting 14 October 2017 Premier League Liverpool v Manchester United Stadiums Anfield ( Liverpool ) Old Trafford ( Manchester United ) Statistics Meetings total 198 Most player appearances Ryan Giggs ( 48 ) Top scorer Steven Gerrard ( 9 ) George Wall ( 9 ) Sandy Turnbull ( 9 ) All - time series Liverpool : 65 Drawn : 54 Manchester United : 79 Largest victory Liverpool 7 -- 1 Newton Heath 12 October 1895 ( 1895 -- 96 Second Division ) The Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , also known as the North - West Derby , is a high - profile inter-city rivalry between English professional football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the football world along with the Old Firm derby in Scotland , Superclásico in South America , El Clásico in Spain , and Derby della Madonnina in Italy , and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . Players , fans and the media alike often consider games between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry , above even their own local derby competitions with Everton and Manchester City , respectively . The rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent , their historic economic and industrial rivalry , significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success , and their popularity at home and abroad , as two of the biggest - earning and widely supported football clubs in the world . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inter-city rivals 2 Football rivals 2.1 Formation to 1945 2.2 1945 to 1992 2.3 1992 -- present 3 Managers 3.1 Notable managers 4 Players 4.1 Players ' rivalry 4.2 Player transfers 5 Supporters 5.1 Hooliganism 6 Significant games 6.1 1893 Test Match 6.2 1977 FA Cup Final 6.3 1983 Football League Cup Final 6.4 Anfield 1988 6.5 Other notable games 7 Honours , head to head , and statistics 7.1 Honours 7.2 Head - to - head 7.3 All - time results 7.3. 1 Liverpool in the league at home 7.3. 2 Manchester United in the league at home 7.3. 3 Results in domestic cup matches 7.3. 4 Results in European competitions 7.3. 5 Results in play - offs 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Inter-city rivals ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the north west of England , 35 miles ( 56 km ) apart . Since the industrial revolution there has been a consistent theme of rivalry between the two cities based around economic and industrial competition . Manchester through to the 18th century was the far more populous city , and held a position of significance and notability as representative of the north . By the late 18th century , Liverpool had grown as a major sea port -- critical to the growth and success of the northern cotton mills . Over the next century , Liverpool grew to supersede Manchester and throughout the late 19th and early 20th century was often described as the British Empire 's second city . The links between the two cities were strengthened with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the transport of raw materials inland . The Manchester coat of arms formed the foundation of the original Manchester United badge The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , funded by Manchester merchants , was opposed by Liverpool politicians and bred resentment between the two cities . Tension between working class Liverpool dockers and labourers in Manchester was heightened after its completion in 1894 , just three months prior to the first meeting between Liverpool and Newton Heath in a play - off match that would see Newton Heath relegated to the Second Division . Today , the crests of both the city of Manchester and Manchester United include stylised ships representing the Manchester Ship Canal and Manchester 's trade roots . The ship is also included on the crest of many other Mancunian institutions such as Manchester City Council and rivals Manchester City F.C. Post-war shifts in economic ties , reliance on regional coal , and shifts in transatlantic trade patterns caused by the growth of Asian labour markets caused the gradual decline of British manufacturing . While the city of Liverpool suffered the loss of its primary source of income to southern port cities , Manchester maintained some of its manufacturing heritage . This reversal of fortunes happened against the backdrop of shifting political backgrounds and significant events in British culture and society in the second half of the 20th century . The two cities continue to be strong regional rivals , vying for influence of surrounding areas . Their continued importance to the UK economy has been reflected with the awarding of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to Manchester , while Liverpool was awarded the title of 2008 European Capital of Culture as part of its ongoing regeneration . More recent projects by Peel Ports have sought to re-establish the economic links between the Port of Liverpool and Port of Manchester , including re-developing trade links via the Manchester Ship Canal . Football rivals ( edit ) See also : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons and List of Manchester United F.C. seasons Formation to 1945 ( edit ) The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season . Manchester United F.C. was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . Liverpool 's team during its first season , 1892 -- 93 Liverpool F.C. was formed in 1892 following a disagreement between the board of Everton and club president John Houlding , who owned the club 's ground , Anfield . The disagreement between the two parties over rent resulted in Everton moving to Goodison Park from Anfield , and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play in the vacated stadium . Liverpool 's first season was in the Second Division in 1893 . The team went undefeated all season , winning the title and being put up for election to the First Division , which would see them play a one - off test match against the bottom side of the First Division for their place . The team that Liverpool were to face was Newton Heath , whom they beat 2 -- 0 to take their place in the first tier . Liverpool won their first Football League Championship trophy in 1901 and followed it up in 1906 , the same season that saw the newly renamed Manchester United promoted to the top flight after finishing as Second Division runners - up behind Bristol City . Two seasons later , by which time Liverpool had fallen into mid-table , Manchester United secured their first league title , winning the 1907 -- 08 Football League by nine points from Aston Villa and Manchester City . They followed this up by winning the first ever FA Charity Shield match when they defeated Queens Park Rangers over two legs in 1908 . The following season , they won the 1909 FA Cup Final , and followed this up with another league title and Charity Shield in 1911 . The outbreak of the First World War disrupted domestic football , and following the resumption of competitions in 1919 Liverpool asserted themselves on domestic football with a brace of league Championships while United found themselves in steep decline that saw them relegated in 1923 . Between 1923 and the outbreak of the Second World War , neither team won any more competitive trophies outside of local regional trophies , with Manchester United spending three separate periods in the Second Division . 1945 to 1992 ( edit ) A comparative chart showing yearly table positions of Manchester United F.C. and Liverpool F.C. in the English football league system from 1892 -- 93 to the present After the Second World War , Liverpool again became English champions in 1947 before the clubs ' roles reversed once more , with the Merseysiders dropping into the second tier as Manchester United found stability under the management of former Liverpool captain Matt Busby , winning the FA Cup in 1948 and then three league titles and Charity Shields apiece in the 1950s . During this time , future Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was approached by then Liverpool chairman Tom Williams and asked , `` How would you like to manage the best club in the country ? '' . `` Why ? '' Shankly replied . `` Is Matt Busby packing it in ? '' . Following Liverpool 's promotion under Shankly in 1962 , the two clubs found themselves in direct competition with each other for the first time , sharing four league titles between 1964 and 1967 , as well as the 1965 FA Charity Shield . Following this , though , the two sides began to drift in opposite directions once more . United 's title victory of 1967 would be their last for 26 years , while Liverpool would enjoy nearly 20 years of sustained success , winning 11 league titles , 19 domestic cups and seven European trophies from 1972 to 1992 . United 's main reprieves during this time came through cup competitions , such as their triumphs over the Merseysiders in the 1977 FA Cup Final and the 1979 FA Cup semi-final replay at Goodison Park . It was during this period , in the late 70s and early 80s , that the modern day rivalry between the two clubs truly began to get heated . According to football sociologist John Williams , United had developed a `` glamour and media profile '' but did n't have the success to match it and Liverpool fans felt the Red Devils were `` media darlings who got far too much publicity '' . There was a perception in Liverpool that their hugely successful but ' professional ' and ' workmanlike ' teams were always somehow in the shadow of the stars at Old Trafford . This led to a derisory United nickname in Liverpool ; `` The Glams '' . 1992 -- Present ( edit ) Manchester United 's 26 - year spell without a league title has been mirrored by Liverpool since 1990 , when the Reds clinched their last league title . Meanwhile , United 's dominance since 1990 has seen them win 13 league titles , 23 domestic cups and seven European trophies . Once again , cup glories such as the 2003 League Cup and 2006 FA Cup allowed Liverpool some retribution against their rivals . Despite their contrasting fortunes , though , only six times since 1972 have neither Liverpool nor United finished in the top two of the league table -- in 1980 -- 81 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 - 17 -- and even during five of those six campaigns , another piece of silverware was still taken home by one of the two clubs ; Liverpool paraded the European Cup and League Cup in 1981 , while Manchester United lifted the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2004 season and Liverpool claimed the Champions League in 2005 . United brought home the FA Cup again in 2016 and they won a treble of trophies consisting of the Community Shield , League Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016 - 17 . Managers ( edit ) Notable managers ( edit ) `` `` If you are first you are first . If you are second you are nothing . '' '' -- Bill Shankly While Liverpool and Manchester United 's successes are almost identical in number , their systems of achieving these successes vary considerably . Liverpool built their dominance on a dynasty known as the Anfield Boot Room . The boot room itself was where strategy for future matches was planned , however , it became a breeding ground for future Liverpool managers following the arrival of Bill Shankly in 1959 . The original members were Shankly himself , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett , although the likes of Kenny Dalglish joined later on . Following Shankly 's retirement in 1974 , having secured eight trophies in 15 years , Bob Paisley stepped into the vacant manager 's position and amassed 20 trophies in 9 seasons . Following his retirement , Joe Fagan took over and in the first of two seasons at the club , won a treble of trophies . Kenny Dalglish , while not an original member , was accepted into the group as the next in line for the role of manager , and he combined it with his playing duties to win Liverpool 10 trophies . The boot room connection was finally broken in 1991 , 32 years after Shankly 's arrival , with the appointment of Graeme Souness , who actually demolished the boot room itself to make way for a press room . It did still manage to produce a final Liverpool manager in Roy Evans , who won the League Cup , but upon his resignation in 1998 , the era was over . In contrast , Manchester United have succeeded thanks to the services of three extraordinary men , all decades apart , without the need for continuity and sustained success beyond each man 's departure . Out of the 66 trophies that United have won , 56 have come thanks to the exploits of Ernest Mangnall , Sir Matt Busby and Sir Alex Ferguson . Mangnall was the first great manager of Manchester United , securing five trophies within a three - year time span of 1908 -- 11 . Following his departure to local rivals Manchester City a year later , it would not be until Busby 's arrival 33 years later that the club would be on the trophy trail again . Busby became United 's second most decorated manager of all time ( ironically as an ex-Liverpool player and captain ) , winning 13 trophies at the club including the 1968 European Cup , which saw an English team secure European football 's top prize for the first time . After Busby 's retirement in 1969 though , Manchester United saw their fortunes slip and the club struggled to stay successful until Alex Ferguson 's arrival 17 years later , during which time United only won three FA Cups and two Charity Shields . `` `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that . '' '' -- Alex Ferguson in response to an Alan Hansen comment in 2002 It was only under the Scot that United regained their glory days , winning 38 trophies during his 26 - year tenure to scale the pinnacles of both English and European football . However , since Ferguson 's retirement in 2013 , the club has gone on the wane again , finishing in the top four of the league just once in four seasons , although there has been frequent success in cup competitions . Players ( edit ) Players ' rivalry ( edit ) `` `` A mate owned a ( Manchester United captain ) Bryan Robson top . We were kicking about , and I asked if I could be Robbo for a while . My dad looked out and went ballistic . He was n't having his kid dragging the Gerrard name through the gutter . I thought we 'd have to move ! '' '' -- Steven Gerrard The rivalry has extended to the players as well : Wayne Rooney , a product of Liverpool 's city rivals Everton who played for United from 2004 to 2017 , described how he grew up hating the Reds ( Liverpool ) , while Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard took a film crew on tour of his home where he showed off a collection of football shirts he had swapped with opposing players as part of the after match routine ; he pointed out that there were no Manchester United shirts in there and he would never have one of them in his house . Former Liverpool goalkeeper David James said : `` I could never say I hated any United players just for being United players ... But the rivalry became a habit , I suppose ; on England trips Liverpool lads would eat at one table , United boys at another . There was tension there and we avoided one other '' . Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock once broke both of United forward Andy Cole 's legs in a reserve match , later saying that `` I did n't meant to break both legs , I only meant to break one ... I absolutely destroyed him ... I know it 's not big and it 's not clever but it was great '' . Manchester United 's Gary Neville has been publicly vocal in the past with regards to his dislike of Liverpool . He notably drew the ire of Liverpool fans during the 2006 match at Old Trafford during which he celebrated Rio Ferdinand 's last - gasp winner by running to the stand where the away fans were seated while kissing the crest on his jersey and appearing to shout angrily towards them ; he was fined and given a two - match ban by The Football Association but has stated on multiple occasions that he has never regretted his actions . Following a fixture in which John O'Shea scored a stoppage - time winner in front of the Kop in 2007 , Neville described O'Shea's achievement as `` a lifelong dream '' for himself . Previously in a Manchester derby during the 2003 -- 04 season , Neville was sent off after attempting to headbutt Manchester City 's ex-Liverpool midfielder Steve McManaman : as Paul Scholes commented , `` It 's fair to say the pair of them never got on too well together '' . The animosity amongst players has also extended to the fans on a number of occasions , as in the case of Neville , who regularly became the subject of offensive chants from Liverpool supporters after the 2006 badge - kissing incident . In a retrospective special leading up to the January 2017 match up at Old Trafford , Neville and his fellow Monday Night Football pundit and retired Liverpool one - club man Jamie Carragher both acknowledged that it was actually not uncommon for both United and Liverpool players , particularly locally - born youth academy graduates such as Bury - born Neville and Merseyside natives Gerrard and Robbie Fowler , to celebrate in front of rival fans and that `` you just got to take it in the chin '' . `` `` I ca n't stand Liverpool , I ca n't stand the people , I ca n't stand anything to do with them . '' '' -- Gary Neville In the 2011 -- 12 season , the rivalry was exacerbated by claims that , in the first League meeting of the season at Anfield , Liverpool striker Luis Suárez racially abused United 's Patrice Evra . After considering the evidence , an FA panel found that Suárez had referred to Evra using the term `` negrito '' seven times ( Suárez himself admitted to having done so once , but denied racism ) ; he was banned for eight games . This included the FA Cup fourth round tie between the two clubs ( again at Anfield ) , which Liverpool won . On 11 February 2012 , however , United and Liverpool met again at Old Trafford , and Suárez played for Liverpool for the first time since his ban . Prior to kick - off , the two teams were expected to shake hands , but Suárez ignored Evra 's offered hand and moved onto the next United player in line , David de Gea . As a result , Rio Ferdinand and Danny Welbeck rejected Suárez 's handshake . United went on to win 2 -- 1 and Evra celebrated in front of the home supporters , with Suárez close by . Sir Alex Ferguson declared Suárez to be a `` disgrace '' and suggested that he should not be allowed to play for Liverpool again . Kenny Dalglish vehemently denied having seen the missed handshake . The following day , Suárez , Dalglish and Liverpool all issued statements of apology for the handshake incident , which United accepted . The FA decided against any further action against either club or the players involved . Player transfers ( edit ) Since the 1964 transfer of Phil Chisnall from United to Liverpool , no player has been transferred directly between the two clubs . Some players , however , have played for both clubs , but having played elsewhere between each tenure , such as Paul Ince ( playing for Internazionale in between ) and Peter Beardsley ( Vancouver Whitecaps and Newcastle United ) and more recently Michael Owen ( Real Madrid and Newcastle United ) , although Beardsley only played once for United , but went on to be a key player during his four years at Liverpool . In 2007 , there was a bid from Liverpool to sign Gabriel Heinze from United , but United refused to allow him to join their biggest rivals due to the ongoing feud . United claimed that it was agreed Heinze would only join a foreign club if he chose to leave . Heinze went public with his request to join Liverpool which was seen as the ultimate betrayal by the Manchester United fans . The Manchester United fans who once chanted `` Argentina '' in honour of the player then turned their backs on him . Heinze was eventually sold to Real Madrid instead . Date Name From To Fee August 1912 Tom Chorlton Liverpool Manchester United November 1913 Jackie Sheldon Manchester United Liverpool September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool Manchester United £ 2,000 May 1921 Fred Hopkin Manchester United Liverpool February 1929 Tommy Reid Liverpool Manchester United January 1938 Ted Savage Liverpool Manchester United November 1938 Allenby Chilton Liverpool Manchester United February 1954 Thomas McNulty Manchester United Liverpool £ 7,000 April 1964 Phil Chisnall Manchester United Liverpool £ 25,000 Supporters ( edit ) Main articles : Supporters ' groups and Association football culture Liverpool Kopites in The Kop stand at Anfield Both Manchester United and Liverpool are among the most popular football clubs ( and sporting organisations ) globally . Both are in the top 25 in Europe with Manchester United considered to have the largest following of all , as well as having one of the highest average home attendances in Europe and boasting a large travelling support . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . Liverpool states that its worldwide fan base also includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The 2005 leveraged takeover of Manchester United by the Glazer family created a schism amongst Manchester fans , directly causing the creation of F.C. United of Manchester , and the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' movement , and subsequently the Red Knights who attempted to buy the Glazers out the club . Two years later , Liverpool went through its own controversial takeover when Chairman David Moores sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the lack of popular support from fans , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . Court action finally forced the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group . Hooliganism ( edit ) Main article : Football hooliganism With the rise of football hooliganism across English football during the 1970s and 1980s , matches between the two clubs brought some minor and major incidents of hooliganism . Since then , the modern game has seen a decrease in violence between the rival supporters and incidents are fairly uncommon . This is more likely due to an increase in Police presence and CCTV with huge steps taken to keep the fans separated . To this day , both sets of fans still hold a resentment toward each other . As well as physical violence , sections of the clubs ' fan bases often taunt each other with unsavoury chants about the Munich air disaster and the Hillsborough disaster respectively . At the 1996 FA Cup Final , an unidentified Liverpool fan spat at Eric Cantona and threw a punch at Alex Ferguson as a victorious Manchester United team walked up the steps at Wembley Stadium to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . The 2006 FA Cup match at Anfield featured foreign objects thrown at United fans by Liverpool supporters , including human excrement . Liverpool 's FA Cup semi-final game against Chelsea at Old Trafford later that year also resulted in damage to the stadium , including graffiti about serial killer Harold Shipman . In March 2011 , the Daily Mail reported that an FA Youth Cup game between the two clubs was marred because of `` sick chants '' about Hillsborough and Heysel coming from the Manchester United fans at Anfield . The article also claims that six Manchester United fans were ejected from the stadium due to bad behaviour . Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge was at the game and told the Liverpool Echo that `` the level of abuse was absolutely sickening '' . In March 2016 , before Liverpool 's first leg tie at Anfield against Manchester United , it was reported that a group of Liverpool fans hung a `` Manc Bastards '' banner on the M62 , as 2,300 Manchester United supporters made the trip to Anfield . It was confiscated by the police , shortly after . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 . Before the second leg tie at Old Trafford. , Liverpool fans were greeted with a banner on the M62 motorway in Salford that said ' murderers ' and also had the Hillsborough Disaster date on it . UEFA took no disciplinary action against Manchester United . During the same game , there were reported crowd disturbances , coming from the Manchester United end . It was later reported that a Liverpool supporter sneaked a Liverpool banner in the United section , causing to aggravate United supporters in the stand . Liverpool supporters ripped seats , and supporters threw objects at each other , also fighting with United supporters . Liverpool were fined £ 43,577 . by UEFA for setting off flares / crowd fireworks & ' illicit chants ' , whilst Manchester United were fined £ 44,342 for illicit chants & the throwing of objects . Both clubs ' fines included £ 15,290 suspended for two years . Liverpool drew 1 -- 1 , and progressed to the Europa League quarter - finals against Borussia Dortmund . Significant games ( edit ) 1893 Test Match ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) 1977 FA Cup final ( edit ) In 1977 , the two clubs met in a cup final for the first time , when they reached the final of the FA Cup . The two clubs took to the field at Wembley on 21 May , with Liverpool having just won the league title , knowing that winning this game would put them on course for a unique treble as they had the European Cup final to look forward to four days later . However , United ended Liverpool 's treble dreams with a 2 -- 1 win , with goals from Stuart Pearson and Jimmy Greenhoff , five minutes apart with a Jimmy Case goal for Liverpool in between . 1983 football league Cup final ( edit ) Six years later , on 26 March 1983 , the two sides met for the Football League Cup final . Goals from Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan won the game 2 -- 1 for Liverpool , after Norman Whiteside had given United the lead . Liverpool collected the trophy for the third year in succession . It was the last of Liverpool manager Bob Paisley 's nine seasons in charge ( during which Liverpool had dominated the English and European scene ) before his retirement , and his players allowed him to climb the 39 steps to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . Anfield 1988 ( edit ) On 4 April 1988 , Liverpool were 11 points ahead at the top of the league and almost certain of winning the First Division title with barely a month of the league season remaining . United , in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson , were their nearest rivals . The two sides took to the field for a league encounter at Anfield and with the second half just minutes old the home side had a 3 -- 1 lead with goals from Peter Beardsley , Gary Gillespie and Steve McMahon , with United 's only goal coming from Bryan Robson . Robson then pulled a goal back for United , and with 12 minutes remaining fellow midfielder Gordon Strachan equalised to force a 3 -- 3 draw . Other notable games ( edit ) On 4 January 1994 , in the second season of the new FA Premier League , United took a 3 -- 0 lead at Anfield in the opening 25 minutes with goals from Steve Bruce , Ryan Giggs and Denis Irwin . Liverpool managed to claw back to draw 3 -- 3 with two goals from Nigel Clough and another from Neil Ruddock . It was one of the last games in charge of Liverpool for manager Graeme Souness , who had resigned by the end of the month . On 1 October 1995 , United 's Eric Cantona made his comeback to the side after serving an eight - month suspension for attacking a spectator in a game against Crystal Palace . His comeback game was against Liverpool in the Premier League at Old Trafford . United took an early lead through Nicky Butt , only for Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler to score twice and give the visitors a 2 -- 1 lead . However , United were awarded a penalty in the 71st minute and Cantona converted it successfully , forcing a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , the two sides met again at Wembley for the FA Cup Final . The game stayed goalless until the 85th minute , when Liverpool conceded a corner , which David Beckham swung into the box to be cleared by David James , only for Eric Cantona to fire home United 's winner . In March 2003 , the two clubs once again met in a cup final , this time in the League Cup , with Liverpool lifting the trophy after goals from Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen gave them a 2 -- 0 win . Alan Wiley shows a red card to Nemanja Vidić of Manchester United on 14 March 2009 On 14 March 2009 , the two sides met at Old Trafford in the Premier League . United were ahead at the top of the league and Liverpool were looking to make a late run to the title which had eluded them since 1990 . United went ahead in the 23rd minute with a Cristiano Ronaldo penalty , but Fernando Torres equalised five minutes later for Liverpool , and a Steven Gerrard penalty just before half - time put Liverpool in the lead . United had Nemanja Vidić sent off in the 76th minute , and their misery was swiftly compounded by late goals from Fábio Aurélio and finally Andrea Dossena , condemning them to a 4 -- 1 defeat , their heaviest at Old Trafford in any competition for 17 years . Despite the loss , Manchester United were crowned league champions for the third season in succession and equalled Liverpool 's 18 league titles , with Liverpool finishing four points behind in second . The league fixture on 11 February 2012 was marked by controversy regarding Liverpool striker Luis Suárez refusal to shake hands with Patrice Evra , following an eight - match suspension for racially abusing Evra in the previous meeting between the sides . Following the 2 -- 1 victory for United after a brace from Wayne Rooney , Evra in turn controversially celebrated right in front of Suárez , and was swept aside by opposition players finding the gesture provocative . Honours , Head to Head , and Statistics ( edit ) Honours ( edit ) Domestic honours Competition Liverpool Manchester United Titles Year Titles Year Premier League 0 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 First Division 18 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 7 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 League total 18 20 FA Cup 7 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 12 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 League Cup 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield ( * = shared ) 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 21 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Super Cup 1986 0 Domestic total 49 58 European honours European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup / Europa League 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 2016 -- 17 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 1991 European total 11 6 Worldwide honours FIFA Club World Cup 0 2008 Intercontinental Cup 0 1999 Worldwide total 0 Combined total Combined total 60 66 The honours listed above are considered to be the club 's major titles and , as such , are not intended to be a full list of achievements . Table correct as of 24 May 2017 . Head - to - Head ( edit ) The below table demonstrates the competitive results between the two sides ( not indicative of titles won ) . Competition Manchester United wins Draws Liverpool wins League 67 46 55 FA Cup 9 League Cup 0 Europa League 0 Other Total 79 54 65 Table correct as of 15 January 2017 All - time results ( edit ) Liverpool in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Anfield Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League Manchester United in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Old Trafford Date Venue Score Competition 2 November 1895 Bank Street 5 -- 2 Second Division 24 December 1904 Bank Street 3 -- 1 Second Division 25 December 1906 Bank Street 0 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1907 Bank Street 4 -- 0 First Division 26 September 1908 Bank Street 3 -- 2 First Division 19 February 1910 Old Trafford 3 -- 4 First Division 1 April 1911 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 23 March 1912 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 23 November 1912 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 1 November 1913 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 2 April 1915 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1919 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 5 February 1921 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 December 1921 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 10 March 1926 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 15 January 1927 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 5 May 1928 Old Trafford 6 -- 1 First Division 15 September 1928 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 21 September 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1931 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 21 November 1936 Old Trafford 2 -- 5 First Division 6 May 1939 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 11 September 1946 Maine Road 5 -- 0 First Division 27 August 1947 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 25 December 1948 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 15 March 1950 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 30 August 1950 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 12 April 1952 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 First Division 20 April 1953 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 19 December 1953 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 10 November 1962 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 23 November 1963 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 24 April 1965 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 9 October 1965 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 10 December 1966 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 14 December 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 13 September 1969 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 19 April 1971 Old Trafford 0 -- 2 First Division 3 April 1972 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 11 November 1972 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 29 September 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 February 1976 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 16 February 1977 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 1 October 1977 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1978 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 5 April 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1980 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 7 April 1982 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 26 February 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 September 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 22 September 1984 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 19 October 1985 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 20 April 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 15 November 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1989 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 18 March 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 3 February 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 6 October 1991 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 October 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 30 March 1994 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 17 September 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 1 October 1995 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 12 October 1996 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 10 April 1998 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 24 September 1998 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 March 2000 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 17 December 2000 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2002 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 5 April 2003 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 Premier League 24 April 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 20 September 2004 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2006 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 October 2006 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 23 March 2008 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 14 March 2009 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 Premier League 21 March 2010 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 19 September 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 Premier League 11 February 2012 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 13 January 2013 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 16 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 14 December 2014 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 12 September 2015 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 January 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League League home record Home Team Wins Losses Draws Liverpool 39 25 20 Manchester United 42 16 26 Overall League Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 67 55 46 Results in domestic cup matches ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 12 February 1898 Bank Street Newton Heath 0 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 2nd Round 16 February 1898 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Newton Heath FA Cup 2nd Round Replay 7 February 1903 Bank Street Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round 8 January 1921 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 1st Round 12 January 1921 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 2 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round Replay 24 January 1948 Goodison Park Manchester United 3 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 30 January 1960 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 3 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 14 August 1965 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool 1965 Charity Shield 21 May 1977 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool 1977 FA Cup Final 13 August 1977 Wembley Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United 1977 Charity Shield 31 March 1979 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 4 April 1979 Goodison Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 March 1983 Wembley Liverpool 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United 1983 League Cup Final 20 August 1983 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool 1983 Charity Shield 13 April 1985 Goodison Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 17 April 1985 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 November 1985 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United League Cup 4th Round 18 August 1990 Wembley Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United 1990 Charity Shield 31 October 1990 Old Trafford Manchester United 3 -- 1 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round 11 May 1996 Wembley Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool 1996 FA Cup Final 24 January 1999 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 12 August 2001 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United 2001 Charity Shield 2 March 2003 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United 2003 League Cup Final 18 February 2006 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 0 Manchester United FA Cup 5th Round 9 January 2011 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 3rd Round 28 January 2012 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 25 September 2013 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round Overall Domestic Cup Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 12 9 7 Results in European competitions ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 10 March 2016 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United Europa League Round of 16 17 March 2016 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Europa League Round of 16 Overall European competition Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 Results in play - offs ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 28 April 1894 Ewood Park Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Football League Test Match Overall Play - off Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of association football club rivalries in Europe 1915 British football betting scandal Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to war damage , Old Trafford was closed at the time , and Manchester United were playing their home matches at Maine Road . However , on the same day , Manchester City were at home to Chelsea in another FA Cup tie and as a result this tie was switched to Goodison Park Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years With The Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United versus Liverpool '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Pele : Liverpool vs Manchester United is on a par with El Clasico ... and there is NOTHING wrong with English football '' . Daily Mail . 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Aldred , Tanya ( 22 January 2004 ) . `` Rivals uncovered '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ryan Giggs '' . Football Focus . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool remain Manchester United 's ' biggest rival ' says Ryan Giggs '' . The Independent . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 7 Greatest Rivalries in Club Football : From Boca to the Bernabeu '' . The Bleacher Report . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` MAN UNITED AND LIVERPOOL REMAIN TOP TV DRAWS DESPITE 2013 -- 14 WITHOUT TROPHIES '' . Sporting Intelligence . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd drops down wealth league '' . BBC News . 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The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/02/26/manchester-united-officially-knock-liverpool-off-their-perch-after-winning-42nd-major-honour-6474309/ Jump up ^ http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2017/02/26/33095882/man-utd-usurp-liverpool-as-englands-most-successful-club Jump up ^ http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/manchester-united/look-away-liverpool-fans-manchester-united-are-now-officially-the-most-successful-club-in-england-35753198.html Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/manchester-united-ajax-europa-league-final-most-successful-club-a7754166.html Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2008 ) . Mad for It . London : HarperSport . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 728080 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Football Club is formed '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 1893 -- 94 '' . Rec. Sport. 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Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2007 ) . The Man Utd Miscellany . London : Vision Sports Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 27 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Paul ( June 2004 ) . `` United All - Time Transfer List '' . Red11.org . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Matt ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` United We Stand '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Brady , Robert ( 2006 ) . An Undividable Glow -- The story of FCUM 's first season . Robert Brady . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9553620 - 0 - 2 . 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External links ( edit ) FootballDerbies.com Complete results at LFCHistory.net United versus Liverpool at StretfordEnd.co.uk Liverpool Football Club Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs Anfield Rap The Fields of Anfield Road You 'll Never Walk Alone Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. 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C. _rivalry&oldid = 800426985 '' Categories : Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. England football derbies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2015 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Malti 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has the most trophies between liverpool and manchester united
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"Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other: United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United's three. Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool,[21][18][22][23] and they also lead the Merseysiders in so-called \"major\" honours as well.[24][25][26][27]"
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"Manchester United"
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Atacama Desert
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Atacama Desert - wikipedia Atacama Desert Jump to : navigation , search `` Atacama '' redirects here . For other uses , see Atacama ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 24 ° 30 ′ S 69 ° 15 ′ W / 24.500 ° S 69.250 ° W / - 24.500 ; - 69.250 Atacama Desert Desert Atacama by NASA World Wind Country Chile Area 105,000 km ( 40,541 sq mi ) Biome Desert Map of the Atacama Desert : The area most commonly defined as Atacama is yellow . In orange are the outlying arid areas of the southern Chala , Altiplano , Puna de Atacama , and Norte Chico . The Atacama Desert ( Spanish : Desierto de Atacama ) is a plateau in South America , covering a 1000 - km ( 600 - mi ) strip of land on the Pacific coast , west of the Andes mountains . It is the driest nonpolar desert in the world . According to estimates , the Atacama Desert occupies 105,000 km ( 41,000 sq mi ) , or 128,000 km ( 49,000 sq mi ) if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included . Most of the desert is composed of stony terrain , salt lakes ( salares ) , sand , and felsic lava that flows towards the Andes . Geographically , the aridity of the Atacama is explained by it being situated between two mountain chains ( the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range ) of sufficient height to prevent moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans , a two - sided rain shadow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Climate 2.1 Aridity 2.2 Comparison to Mars 3 Flora 4 Fauna 5 Human presence 5.1 Chinchorro culture 5.2 Abandoned nitrate mining towns 6 Astronomical observatories 7 Other uses 7.1 Sports 7.2 Solar car racing 7.3 Tourism 8 El Tatio Geyser 9 Termas Baños de Puritama 10 Gallery 11 Protected areas 12 Legends 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links Setting ( edit ) See also : Andean orogeny and Arid Diagonal According to the World Wide Fund for Nature , the Atacama Desert ecoregion occupies a continuous strip for nearly 1,600 km along the narrow coast of the northern third of Chile , from near Arica ( 18 ° 24 'S ) southward to near La Serena ( 29 ° 55 'S ) . The National Geographic Society considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama Desert and also includes the deserts south of the Ica Region in Peru . Peru borders it on the north and the Chilean Matorral ecoregion borders it on the south . To the east lies the less arid Central Andean dry puna ecoregion . The drier portion of this ecoregion is located south of the Loa River between the parallel Sierra Vicuña Mackenna and Cordillera Domeyko . To the north of the Loa lies the Pampa del Tamarugal . The Coastal Cliff of northern Chile west of the Chilean Coast Range is the main topographical feature of the coast . The geomorphology of the Atacama Desert has been characterized as a low - relief bench `` similar to a giant uplifted terrace '' by Armijo and co-workers . The intermediate depression ( or Central Valley ) forms a series of endorheic basins in much of Atacama Desert south of latitude 19 ° 30 'S . North of this latitude , the intermediate depression drains into the Pacific Ocean . Climate ( edit ) Snow in Paranal Observatory at 2,600 masl Although the almost total lack of precipitation is the most prominent characteristic of the Atacama Desert , exceptions may occur . In July 2011 , an extreme Antarctic cold front broke through the rain shadow , bringing 80 cm ( 31 in ) of snow to the plateau , stranding residents across the region , particularly in Bolivia , where many drivers became stuck in snow drifts and emergency crews became overtaxed with a large number of rescue calls . In 2012 , the altiplano winter brought floods to San Pedro de Atacama . On 25 March 2015 , heavy rainfall affected the southern part of the Atacama Desert . Resulting floods triggered mudflows that affected the cities of Copiapo , Tierra Amarilla , Chanaral , and Diego de Almagro , causing the deaths of more than 100 people . Aridity ( edit ) A flat area of the Atacama Desert between Antofagasta and Taltal The Atacama Desert is commonly known as the driest nonpolar place in the world , especially the surroundings of the abandoned Yungay town ( in Antofagasta Region , Chile ) . The average rainfall is about 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) per year , although some locations , such as Arica and Iquique , receive 1 to 3 mm ( 0.04 to 0.12 in ) in a year . Moreover , some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain . Periods up to four years have been registered with no rainfall in the central sector , delimited by the cities of Antofagasta , Calama , and Copiapó , in Chile . Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971 . Wild donkey in the Atacama desert The Atacama Desert may be the oldest desert on earth , and has experienced extreme hyperaridity for at least 3 million years , making it the oldest continuously arid region on earth . The long history of aridity raises the possibility that supergene mineralisation , under the appropriate conditions , can form in arid environments , instead of requiring humid conditions . Geological research suggests that in some sections of the Atacama Desert , such as in today 's Chile , hyperaridity has persisted for the last 200 million years ( since the Triassic ) , competing only with Africa 's Namib Desert for such a title . The Atacama is so arid that many mountains higher than 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) are completely free of glaciers . Only the highest peaks ( such as Ojos del Salado , Monte Pissis , and Llullaillaco ) have some permanent snow coverage . The southern part of the desert , between 25 and 27 ° S , may have been glacier - free throughout the Quaternary ( including during glaciations ) , though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 m ( 14,400 ft ) and is continuous above 5,600 m ( 18,400 ft ) . Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years . However , some locations in the Atacama receive a marine fog known locally as the camanchaca , providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae , lichens , and even some cacti -- the genus Copiapoa is notable among these . Geographically , the aridity of the Atacama is explained by it being situated between two mountain chains ( the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range ) of sufficient height to prevent moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans , a two - sided rain shadow . Comparison to Mars ( edit ) The lack of humidity , rain , and light pollution together produce a dusty , rocky landscape . In a region about 100 km ( 60 mi ) south of Antofagasta , which averages 3,000 m ( 10,000 ft ) in elevation , the soil has been compared to that of Mars . Owing to its otherworldly appearance , the Atacama has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes , most notably in the television series Space Odyssey : Voyage to the Planets . In 2003 , a team of researchers published a report in which they duplicated the tests used by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers to detect life , and were unable to detect any signs in Atacama Desert soil in the region of Yungay . The region may be unique on Earth in this regard , and is being used by NASA to test instruments for future Mars missions . The team duplicated the Viking tests in Mars - like Earth environments and found that they missed present signs of life in soil samples from Antarctic dry valleys , the Atacama Desert of Chile and Peru , and other locales . However , in 2014 , a new hyperarid site was reported , María Elena South , which was much drier than Yungay , and thus , a better Mars - like environment . Towards Atacama , near the deserted coast , you see a land without men , where there is not a bird , not a beast , nor a tree , nor any vegetation . `` '' La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla , 1569 In 2008 , the Phoenix Mars Lander detected perchlorates on the surface of Mars at the same site where water was first discovered . Perchlorates are also found in the Atacama and associated nitrate deposits have contained organics , leading to speculation that signs of life on Mars are not incompatible with perchlorates . The Atacama is also a testing site for the NASA - funded Earth -- Mars Cave Detection Program . Flora ( edit ) Rare rainfall events cause the flowering desert phenomenon in the southern Atacama Desert . In spite of the geographic and climatic conditions of the desert , a rich variety of flora has evolved there . Over 500 species have been gathered within the border of this desert . These species are characterized by their extraordinary ability to adapt to this extreme environment . Most common species are the herbs and flowers such as thyme , llareta , and saltgrass ( Distichlis spicata ) , and where humidity is sufficient , trees such as the chañar ( Geoffroea decorticans ) , the pimiento tree , and the leafy algarrobo ( Prosopis chilensis ) . Vegetation in Pan de Azúcar National Park on the coast of the Atacama Desert The llareta is one of the highest - growing wood species in the world . It is found at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m ( 9,800 and 16,400 ft ) . Its dense form is similar to a pillow some 3 to 4 m ( 9.8 to 13.1 ft ) thick . It concentrates and retains the heat from the day to cope with low evening temperatures . The growth rate of the llareta has been recently estimated at about 1.5 cm per year , making many llaretas over 3,000 years old . It produces a much - prized resin , which the mining industry once harvested indiscriminately as fuel , making this plant endangered . The desert is also home to cacti , succulents , and other plants that thrive in a dry climate . Cactus species here include the candelabro ( Browningia candelaris ) and cardon ( Echinopsis atacamensis ) , which can reach a height of 7 m ( 23 ft ) and a diameter of 70 cm ( 28 in ) . The Atacama Desert flowering ( Spanish : desierto florido ) can be seen from September to November in years with sufficient precipitation , as happened in 2015 . Fauna ( edit ) Andean flamingos in Salar de Atacama The climate of the Atacama Desert limits the number of animals living permanently in this extreme ecosystem . Some parts of the desert are so arid , no plant or animal life can survive . Outside of these extreme areas , sand - colored grasshoppers blend with pebbles on the desert floor , and beetles and their larvae provide a valuable food source in the lomas ( hills ) . Desert wasps and butterflies can be found during the warm and humid season , especially on the lomas . Red scorpions also live in the desert . Liolaemus nitidus , a lizard native to the southern reaches of the Atacama Desert A unique environment is provided by some lomas , where the fog from the ocean provides enough moisture for seasonal plants and a few animal species . Surprisingly few reptile species inhabit the desert and even fewer amphibian species . Chaunus atacamensis , the Vallenar toad or Atacama toad , lives on the lomas , where it lays eggs in permanent ponds or streams . Iguanas and lava lizards inhabit parts of the desert , while salt flat lizards , Liolaemus , live in the dry areas bordering the ocean . One species , Liolaemus fabiani , is endemic to the Salar de Atacama , the Atacama salt flat . Birds are probably the largest animal group in the Atacama . Humboldt penguins live year - round along the coast , nesting in desert cliffs overlooking the ocean . On salt flats both near the Pacific and inland , Andean flamingos flock to eat algae . Other birds ( including species of hummingbirds and sparrows ) visit the lomas seasonally to feed on insects , nectar , seeds , and flowers . The lomas help sustain several threatened species , such as the endangered Chilean woodstar . Because of the desert 's extreme aridity , only a few specially adapted mammal species live in the Atacama , such as Darwin 's leaf - eared mouse . The less arid parts of the desert are inhabited by the South American gray fox and the viscacha ( a relative of the chinchilla ) . Larger animals , such as guanacos and vicuñas , graze in areas where grass grows , mainly because it is seasonally irrigated by melted snow . Vicuñas need to remain near a steady water supply , while guanacos can roam into more arid areas and survive longer without fresh water . Seals and sea lions often gather along the coast . Human presence ( edit ) View of Chuquicamata , a large , state - owned copper mine The Atacama is sparsely populated , with most towns located along the Pacific coast . In interior areas , oases and some valleys have been populated for millennia and were the location of the most advanced pre-Columbian societies found in Chile . Chinchorro culture ( edit ) Main article : Chinchorro culture The Chinchorro culture developed in the Atacama Desert area from 7,000 to 1,500 BCE . These peoples were sedentary fishermen inhabiting mostly coastal areas . Their presence is found from today 's towns of Ilo , in southern Peru , to Antofagasta in northern Chile . Presence of fresh water in the arid region on the coast facilitated human settlement in these areas . The Chinchorro were famous for their detailed mummification and funerary practices . In later times , the Atacama oases experienced little population growth and urban development . During the 20th century , they have had conflicts over water resources with the coastal cities and the mining industry . San Pedro de Atacama , at about 2,400 m ( 8,000 ft ) elevation , is like many of the small towns . Before the Inca empire and prior to the arrival of the Spanish , the extremely arid interior was inhabited primarily by the Atacameño tribe . They are noted for building fortified towns called pucarás , one of which is located a few kilometers from San Pedro de Atacama . The town 's church was built by the Spanish in 1577 . The coastal cities originated in the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries during the time of the Spanish Empire , when they emerged as shipping ports for silver produced in Potosí and other mining centers . During the 19th century , the desert came under control of Bolivia , Chile , and Peru . With the discovery of sodium nitrate deposits and as a result of unclear borders , the area soon became a zone of conflict and resulted in the War of the Pacific . Chile annexed most of the desert , and cities along the coast developed into international ports , hosting many Chilean workers who migrated there . With the guano and saltpeter booms of the 19th century , the population grew immensely , mostly as a result of immigration from central Chile . In the 20th century , the nitrate industry declined and at the same time , the largely male population of the desert became increasingly problematic for the Chilean state . Miners and mining companies came into conflict , and protests spread throughout the region . Abandoned nitrate mining towns ( edit ) Main article : List of saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta The desert has rich deposits of copper and other minerals and the world 's largest natural supply of sodium nitrate , which was mined on a large scale until the early 1940s . The Atacama border dispute over these resources between Chile and Bolivia began in the 19th century and resulted in the War of the Pacific . The desert is littered with about 170 abandoned nitrate ( or `` saltpeter '' ) mining towns , almost all of which were shut down decades after the invention of synthetic nitrate in Germany at the turn of the 20th century ( see Haber process ) . The towns include Chacabuco , Humberstone , Santa Laura , Pedro de Valdivia , Puelma , María Elena , and Oficina Anita . The Atacama Desert is rich in metallic mineral resources such as copper , gold , silver and iron , as well as nonmetallic minerals including important deposits of boron , lithium , sodium nitrate , and potassium salts . The Salar de Atacama is where bischofite is extracted . These resources are exploited by various mining companies such as Codelco , Lomas Bayas , Mantos Blancos , and Soquimich . Astronomical observatories ( edit ) ALMA and the center of the Milky Way Because of its high altitude , nearly nonexistent cloud cover , dry air , and lack of light pollution and radio interference from widely populated cities and towns , this desert is one of the best places in the world to conduct astronomical observations . The European Southern Observatory operates two major observatories in the Atacama : La Silla Observatory Paranal Observatory , which includes the Very Large Telescope A new radio astronomy telescope , called the Atacama Large Millimeter Array , built by European countries , Japan , the United States , Canada , and Chile in the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory officially opened on 3 October 2011 . A number of radio astronomy projects , such as the CBI , the ASTE and the ACT , among others , have been operating in the Chajnantor area since 1999 . Other uses ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) The Atacama Desert is popular with all - terrain sports enthusiasts . Various championships have taken place here , including the Lower Atacama Rally , Lower Chile Rally , Patagonia - Atacama Rally , and the latter Dakar Rally 's editions . The rally was organized by the Amaury Sport Organisation and held in 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 . The dunes of the desert are ideal rally races located in the outskirts of the city of Copiapó . The 2013 Dakar 15 - Day Rally started on 5 January in Lima , Peru , through Chile , Argentina and back to Chile finishing in Santiago . Visitors also use the Atacama Desert sand dunes for sandboarding ( Spanish : duna ) . A week - long foot race called the Atacama Crossing has the competitors cross the various landscapes of the Atacama . An event called Volcano Marathon takes place near the Lascar volcano in the Atacama Desert . Solar car racing ( edit ) Eighteen solar powered cars were displayed in front of the presidential palace ( La Moneda ) in Santiago in November 2012 . The cars were then raced 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) through the desert from 15 -- 19 November 2012 . Tourism ( edit ) Most people who go to tour the sites in the desert stay in the town of San Pedro de Atacama . The Atacama Desert is in the top three tourist locations in Chile . The specially commissioned ESO hotel is reserved for astronomers . El tatio geyser ( edit ) Main article : El Tatio About 80 geysers occur in a valley about 80 km from the town of San Pedro de Atacama . They are closer to the town of Chiu Chiu . Termas Baños de Puritama ( edit ) The Baños de Puritama are rock pools which are 37 miles from the geysers . Gallery ( edit ) `` Icy Penitents by Moonlight '' Valle de la Luna , near San Pedro de Atacama Laguna Verde Valley in Atacama Vista before sunset . Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes , home to the ESO / NAOJ / NRAO ALMA Salt evaporation ponds in the Atacama Desert Paranal Observatory Flowering desert Llamas Valley of Death Machuca chapel Protected areas ( edit ) Pan de Azúcar National Park Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve La Chimba National Reserve Legends ( edit ) Alicanto Atacama Giant See also ( edit ) Puna de Atacama Norte Grande , Chile 2010 Copiapó mining accident Atacama border dispute Salar de Atacama List of deserts by area Llano de Chajnantor Observatory Transverse Valleys Mano del Desierto Pulpería The asteroid 18725 Atacama has been named after the Atacama Desert . Paposo Lomas Camanchaca References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vesilind , Priit J. ( August 2003 ) . `` The Driest Place on Earth '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ( Excerpt ) Jump up ^ `` Even the Driest Place on Earth Has Water '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Mckay , Christopher P. ( May -- June 2002 ) . `` Two dry for life : the Atacama Desert and Mars '' ( PDF ) . AdAstra : 30 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 8 December 2005 ) . `` Chile desert 's super-dry history '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac ( 2007 ed . ) . New York : Penguin Books . p. 456 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303820 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rundel , P.W. ; Villagra , P.E. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems '' . In Veblen , Thomas T. ; Young , Kenneth R. ; Orme , Anthony R. Physical Geography of South America . Oxford University Press . pp. 158 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Veblen , Thomas T. , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Physical Geography of South America . Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531341 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Atacama desert '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 11 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 23 October 2006 ) . `` Viking Mission May Have Missed Mars Life , Study Finds '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Minard , Anne ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Giant Penguins Once Roamed Peru , Fossils Show '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Quezada , Jorge ; Cerda , José Luis ; Jensen , Arturo ( 2010 ) . `` Efectos de la tectónica y el clima en la configuración morfológica del relieve costero del norte de Chile '' . Andean Geology ( in Spanish ) . 37 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 109 . doi : 10.4067 / s0718 - 71062010000100004 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Armijo , Rolando ; Lacassin , Robin ; Coudurier - Curveur , Aurélie ; Carrizo , Daniel ( 2015 ) . `` Coupled tectonic evolution of Andean orogeny and global climate '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 143 : 1 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2015.01. 005 . Jump up ^ Evenstar , Laura ; Mather , Anna ; Stuart , Finlay ; Cooper , Frances ; Sparks , Steve ( May 2014 ) . `` Geomorphic surfaces and supergene enrichment in Northern Chile '' . Vienna : EGU General Assembly 2014 , held 27 April - 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow Comes to the Atacama Desert '' . ESO . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hyper - Arid Atacama Desert Hit By Snow '' . BBC News . 7 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inundación en San Pedro de Atacama deja 800 afectados y 13 turistas evacuados '' . El Mostrador ( in Spanish ) . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in San Pedro de Atacama restricted by floods '' . This is Chile . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atacama Desert Blooms Pink After Historic Rainfall ( Photos ) '' . LiveScience.com . ^ Jump up to : Erin Blakemore . `` The World 's Driest Desert Is in Breathtaking Bloom '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Yungay - the driest place in the world Wondermondo '' . www.wondermondo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Richard G. ; Armstrong , David G. ; Hunkins , Francis P. ; Reinhartz , Dennis ; Lobrecht , Merry ( 2005 ) . The World and its People ( Teacher 's wraparound ed . ) . New York : Glencoe / McGraw - Hill . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 860977 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The desert biome '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Jump up ^ `` Rare snow in the Atacama Desert : Image of the Day '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Jonathan D.A. Clarke ( 2006 ) . `` Antiquity of aridity in the Chilean Atacama Desert '' ( PDF ) . Geomorphology. 73 : 101 -- 114 . Bibcode : 2006Geomo ... 73 ... 101C . doi : 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2005.06. 008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chile desert 's super-dry history '' . BBC News . 8 December 2005 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A trip to Mars '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Navarro - Gonzalez , R. ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Mars - Like Soils in the Atacama Desert , Chile , and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life '' . Science . 302 ( 5647 ) : 1018 -- 1021 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 302.1018 N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1089143 . PMID 14605363 . Jump up ^ azua - bustos , A. ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Discovery and microbial content of the driest site of the hyperarid Atacama Desert , Chile '' . Environmental Microbiology Reports . Jump up ^ Braudel , Fernand ( 1992 ) . The Perspective of the World . Berkeley , Calif. : University of California Press . p. 388 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08116 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Andrea ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Scientists Set Record Straight on Martian Salt Find '' . Space.com . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Wynne , J.J. ; Cabrol , N.A. ; Chong Diaz , G. ; Grin , G.A. ; Jhabvala , M.D. ; Moersch , J.E. ; Titus , T.N. Earth -- Mars Cave Detection Program Phase 2 -- 2008 Atacama Desert Expedition ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Thos . Morong. ( 12 February 1891 ) . `` The Flora of the Desert of Atacama '' . The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . 18 ( 2 ) : 39 -- 48 . doi : 10.2307 / 2475523 . Jump up ^ Monique Bos . `` Animals that live in the Atacama Desert '' . Paw Nation . Jump up ^ Claudio M. Escobar ; et al. ( March 2003 ) . `` Chemical Composition of Precloacal Secretions of Two Liolaemus fabiani Populations : Are They Different ? '' . Diary of Chemical Ecology. 29 ( 3 ) : 629 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022858919037 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ South America physical map Jump up ^ Sanz , Nuria ; Arriaza , Bernardo T. ; Standen , Vivien G. , The Chinchorro Culture : A Comparative Perspective . The archaeology of the earliest human mummification . UNESCO Office Mexico ; Universidad de Tarapacá ( Chile ) ; National Monuments Council ( Chile ) Paris , UNESCO , 2014 Jump up ^ Holsti , K.J. ( 1997 ) . The State , War , and the State of War . Cambridge University Press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57790 - 8 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Lawrence A. ( 1984 ) . The Bolivarian Nations . The Forum Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88273 - 603 - 7 . Jump up ^ St. John , Robert Bruce ( 1994 ) . The Bolivia - Chile - Peru dispute in the Atacama Desert ( Report ) . International Boundaries Research Unit . Jump up ^ `` Exploring the Atacama '' . yes . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kogel , Jessica Elzea ( 2006 ) . Kogel , Jessica Elzea ; Trivedi , Nikhil ; Barker , James ; Krukowski , Stanley , eds . Industrial Minerals & Rocks : Commodities , Markets , and Uses ( 7th ed . ) . Littleton , Colo. : Society for Mining , Metallurgy , and Exploration . p. 605 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 233 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Upgrade to Image the Event Horizons of Supermassive Black Holes '' . ESO Announcement . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Atacama Desert Facts That Every Tourist Must Know '' . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bustos , R. ; Rubio , M. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Parque Astronómico de Atacama : An Ideal Site for Millimeter , Submillimeter , and Mid-Infrared Astronomy '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 126 ( 946 ) : 1126 . arXiv : 1410.2451 . Bibcode : 2014PASP ... 126.1126 B . doi : 10.1086 / 679330 . Jump up ^ Toll , Rosser ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` In Chile desert , huge telescope begins galaxy probe '' . AFP . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ruíz - Tagle ve difícil que Chile no esté en un nuevo Dakar '' . La Nacion. 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dakar Rally event 2013 to culminate in Chilean capital '' . yes . This is Chile . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Atacama Crossing '' . yes . 4 deserts . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Volcano Marathon Volcanomarathon.com . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nueva generación de autos solares son presentados en Chile '' . La Nacion. 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los autos que competirán en la súper carrera solar de Atacama '' . La Nacion. 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Atacama Desert '' . Conde Nast Traveller . Conde Nast . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Graham ( 2005 ) . 21st Century Hotel . London : Laurence King . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 401 - 8 . Jump up ^ Erfurt - Cooper , Patricia ; Cooper , Malcolm , eds. ( 2010 ) . Volcano and Geothermal Tourism : Sustainable Geo - resources for Leisure and Recreation . London : Earthscan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 870 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mroue , Haas ; Schreck , Kristina ; Luongo , Michael ( 2005 ) . Frommer 's Argentina & Chile ( 3rd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. ( u.a. ) : Wiley . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 8439 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Braudel , Fernand ( 1984 ) ( 1979 ) . The perspective of the world . Civilization and Capitalism. 3 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08116 - 1 . OCLC 505033669 . Sagaris , Lake ( 2000 ) . Bone and dream : into the world 's driest desert . Toronto : Alfred A. Knopf Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97223 - 8 . OCLC 57692400 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atacama Desert . `` Mars - like Soils in the Atacama Desert , Chile , and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life '' , NASA press release `` Roving robot finds desert life '' , article in Nature `` A Lady in the Atacama Desert , from the travel blog A Lady in London Detailed article issued by the Geological Society of America on the history of aridity of the Atacama Desert Atacama Desert Photo Gallery , photos of many different landscapes , flora and fauna of the Atacama Desert World deserts Desert Desertification List of deserts List of deserts by area Africa Algerian Bayuda Blue Chalbi Danakil Djurab Eastern Ferlo Farafra ( White ) Kalahari Libyan Moçâmedes Namib Nubian Nyiri Owami Richtersveld Sahara Tanezrouft Ténéré Western Asia Ad - Dahna Akshi Arabian Aral Karakum Aralkum Badain Jaran Betpak - Dala Cholistan Dasht - e Kavir Dasht - e Khash Dasht - e Leili Dasht - e Loot Dasht - e Margo Dasht - e Naomid Gurbantünggüt Gobi Hami Indus Valley Judaean Karakum Katpana Kharan Kumtag Kyzylkum Lop Maranjab Muyunkum Nefud Negev Polond Ordos Qaidam Ramlat al - Sab'atayn Rub ' al Khali Russian Arctic Registan Saryesik - Atyrau Syrian Taklamakan Tengger Thal Thar Ustyurt Plateau Wahiba Sands Australia Gibson Great Sandy Great Victoria Little Sandy Nullarbor Plain Painted Pedirka Simpson Strzelecki Sturt 's Stony Tanami Tirari Europe Accona Bardenas Reales Błędów Cabo de Gata Deliblatska Peščara Hálendi Monegros Oleshky Oltenian Sahara Ryn Stranja Tabernas North America Alvord Amargosa Baja California Black Rock Carcross Carson Channeled scablands Chihuahuan Colorado Escalante Forty Mile Gran Desierto de Altar Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Sandy Jornada del Muerto Kaʻū Lechuguilla Mojave North American Arctic Owyhee Painted Desert Red Desert Sevier Smoke Creek Sonoran Tonopah Desert Tule ( Arizona ) Tule ( Nevada ) Yp Yuha Yuma South America Atacama La Guajira Los Médanos de Coro Monte Patagonian Sechura Tatacoa Zealandia Rangipo Desert Polar Regions Antarctica Arctic Greenland North American Arctic Russian Arctic Project Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atacama_Desert&oldid=827993349 '' Categories : Atacama Desert Deserts of Chile Deserts and xeric shrublands Ecoregions of Chile Dunes of South America Ergs Geography of Atacama Region Plateaus of Chile Landforms of Atacama Region Natural regions of South America Regions of Chile Physiographic sections Neotropic ecoregions Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for other type Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 22 : 49 . 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where is atacama desert located in south america
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"According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the Atacama Desert ecoregion occupies a continuous strip for nearly 1,600 km along the narrow coast of the northern third of Chile, from near Arica (18°24'S) southward to near La Serena (29°55'S).[8] The National Geographic Society considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama Desert[9][10] and also includes the deserts south of the Ica Region in Peru."
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"the narrow coast of the northern third of Chile, from near Arica (18°24'S) southward to near La Serena (29°55'S)"
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13 Going on 30
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13 Going on 30 - wikipedia 13 Going on 30 Jump to : navigation , search 13 Going on 30 Theatrical release poster Directed by Gary Winick Produced by Susan Arnold Donna Arkoff Roth Gina Matthews Todd Garner Written by Josh Goldsmith Cathy Yuspa Screenplay by Cathy Yuspa Josh Goldsmith Niels Mueller Story by Cathy Yuspa Josh Goldsmith Starring Jennifer Garner Mark Ruffalo Judy Greer Andy Serkis Music by Theodore Shapiro Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Susan Littenberg Production company Revolution Studios Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date April 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 23 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $37 million Box office $96.5 million 13 Going on 30 ( released as Suddenly 30 in some countries ) is a 2004 American fantasy romantic comedy film written by Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa and directed by Gary Winick . Starring Jennifer Garner , the film was produced by Revolution Studios for Columbia Pictures , and was released on April 23 , 2004 . It follows a 13 - year - old girl who dreams of being popular . During her birthday party , she is humiliated by classmates and wishes that she was 30 years old . When she eventually does emerge , she finds herself five days shy of her 30th birthday , uncertain how she got there . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Garner 's performance and its nostalgic environment . It was also praised for its humorous plot and self - empowering message . The film was also a commercial success , earning $22 million in its first week and grossing over $96 million , becoming one of the year 's biggest - selling DVD rental titles . Its soundtrack features songs spanning from the 1980s to the 2000s , with a range of hits from famous recording artists such as Billy Joel , Madonna , Michael Jackson , Pat Benatar and Whitney Houston . Additionally , the soundtrack charted inside the top 50 on the US Billboard 200 chart . Garner 's acting earned her nominations from both the MTV Movie Awards and the Teen Choice Awards , and the film was also re-released in DVD in 2006 as `` Fun and Flirty Edition '' , and on Blu - Ray in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Other songs featured in the film 4.3 Original score 5 Release and reception 5.1 Box office and home media 5.2 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On May 26 , 1987 , Jenna Rink , a gawky girl , yearns to be popular , but the only way she can get the ruling clique -- the `` Six Chicks '' , led by the unkind Lucy `` Tom - Tom '' Wyman -- to attend her upcoming 13th birthday party is by doing their homework . Jenna 's best friend , the geeky boy Matty Flamhaff ( with the nickname of Beaver because he looks like the star of Leave It to Beaver ) , arrives early to the party to give her a bright pink , dream dollhouse that he built for her . He sprinkles his second gift , a packet of glittery `` magic wishing dust '' , on its roof . The Six Chicks soon show up with the cutest boys in class and make Jenna play `` seven minutes in heaven '' . While Jenna waits , blindfolded , in a dark closet , thinking a popular boy she has a crush on is about to enter , the Six Chicks vanish with all the boys , half the food and Jenna 's completed homework . It is Matt who walks into the closet , to Jenna 's horror . She locks herself in the closet and cries , wishing to be 30 ; above her , the glittering wishing dust from the dollhouse gently rains down . The next morning , Jenna awakens in a gleaming Fifth Avenue apartment . Jenna 's dream has come true : It is now 2004 , and Jenna , at first utterly baffled , particularly by the handsome hunk in her shower , realizes she has magically turned 30 overnight , with no idea of what happened in the intervening 17 years . Jenna discovers that she works for Poise , her favorite fashion magazine . Tough - as - nails Lucy is her co-editor and best friend , but the magazine itself is in serious trouble , having been scooped by a rival magazine named Sparkle so often that the editor - in - chief believes someone inside Poise is tipping them off . Jenna , freaking out like the frightened teen she still is , wants only to find Matty . She gets his address and races down to Greenwich Village where the now - grown Matt ( Mark Ruffalo ) is a struggling photographer . To her confusion , he is distant and cold , and can not even fill Jenna on much of her missing past , because she became head of the `` Six Chicks '' , and never spoke to Matt again . She even became Prom Queen -- and Lucy , her only friend , is actually the original `` Tom - Tom '' after plastic surgery . While delighting in her freedom and great clothes , Jenna stumbles through a grown - up world , learning enough of life to advise other 13 - year - olds whom she actually prefers to hang with . But her slowly emerging past reveals she was nothing like the sweet , shy girl she had been the day before : this grown - up Jenna stole ideas , refuses to speak to her parents , and has office sex with the husband of a co-worker . After Jenna overhears her supposed best friend Lucy badmouthing her , in a plan to save the magazine behind her back , she decides to fix the sins of the past she can not remember . She returns to her hometown in New Jersey and weeps in the same basement closet . Her parents find her there , and they hug . She gets back in touch with Matt , gingerly apologizes and hires him to do the photography on her own new plans for Poise , which is a huge break for him . Even though Matt has a fiancée in Chicago who is eager for him to move there , Jenna and Matt begin to fall for each other . Everyone loves Matt 's photos and Jenna 's new plans to save the magazine , but when Sparkle shows up yet again with this exact material , including Matt 's own photographs , and with Lucy as their new head , Poise folds . Outraged , Jenna confronts Lucy for stealing , but Lucy scornfully tells her that Jenna was the one sabotaging her own magazine all along ; Lucy merely found out about it and did the same thing . Matt , wounded by what he thought was Jenna 's betrayal of him , is getting married the next day . Jenna rushes out to the leafy suburb on his wedding day , hoping to convince Matt that she was not the person she had seemed to be , that he would marry her if he could see who she really was , but Matt , already in his tux , says the past can not come back and hands Jenna her pink homemade dollhouse , which he had kept all these years . While the wedding begins in the background , Jenna leaves in tears , closing her eyes and clinging to the dollhouse -- on which a few bits of wishing dust still remain . When Jenna opens her eyes , she is back in 1987 , on that same 13th birthday night with a second chance . This time , when Matt finds her huddled alone in the closet , she kisses him . They run upstairs together , bumping into Tom - Tom on the way ; Jenna rips up the homework in Tom - Tom 's hands and Jenna and Matt run out of the house , emerging as a wedding couple on the other side of the door , and , as credits roll , they are moving into a bright pink house just like the dollhouse that started it all . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Garner as Jenna Rink Christa B. Allen as Young Jenna Mark Ruffalo as Matt `` Matty '' Flamhaff Sean Marquette as Young Matt Judy Greer as Lucy `` Tom - Tom '' Wyman Alexandra Kyle as Young Lucy Andy Serkis as Richard Kneeland Kathy Baker as Beverly Rink Phil Reeves as Wayne Rink Lynn Collins as Wendy Samuel Ball as Alex Carlson Susan Egan as Tracy Hansen Marcia DeBonis as Arlene Kiersten Warren - Acevedo as Trish Sackett Scout Taylor - Compton as Tiffany Jim Gaffigan as Chris Grandy Alex Black as Young Chris Ashley Benson as Six chick Brie Larson as Six chick Brittany Curran as Six chick Renee Olstead as Becky Kayla Hickson as Mindy Nick Olig as Himself Steven Strozza as Himself Maz Jobrani Production ( edit ) Garner ( shown here in 2013 ) plays lead character Jenna Rink In October 2002 , American director Gary Winick was in negotiations to direct 13 Going on 30 . It was also announced that Susan Arnold and Donna Arkoff Roth were producing the project with the writers ' manager , Gina Matthews . In May 13 , 2003 , it was reported that filming for the movie was underway in Los Angeles on Revolution Studios . It was filmed in Los Angeles , New York City , and South Pasadena , California . Interiors shots were filmed in Los Angeles . The crew moved to New York City , where they shot exteriors for 17 days . Principal photography took place from May to November 2003 . Written by Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa , the script was `` polished '' by Niels Mueller ( who lost an initial writing credit in a subsequent dispute arbitrated by the Writers Guild of America ) . American actress Jennifer Garner was cast for the movie 's lead role . In order to film the picture , Garner shot it while on break from filming her TV series Alias . Gwyneth Paltrow , Hilary Swank , and Renée Zellweger were all considered for the part played by Garner . Judy Greer was cast to play Lucy , Garner 's best friend ; Kathy Baker and Phil Reeves were invited to be Garner 's mother and father , respectively . Later , Andy Serkis was selected to play Garner 's boss ; while Samuel Ball was announced as Garner 's boyfriend . Christa B. Allen , who portrays 13 - year - old Jenna , would later `` reprise '' her role as a younger version of Jennifer Garner by portraying the teenaged version of Jenny Perotti in Ghosts of Girlfriends Past . In October 2016 it was announced 13 Going on 30 is going to Broadway in late 2017 . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) 13 Going on 30 Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released April 20 , 2004 Genre Pop , pop rock , new wave , dance - pop Label Hollywood The 13 Going on 30 soundtrack was released on April 20 , 2004 from Hollywood Records . The album mostly contains music from the 1980s , but there is a handful of songs performed by contemporary artists , such as Lillix and Liz Phair . It was released on April 20 , 2004 by Hollywood Records . `` Head Over Heels '' -- The Go - Go 's `` Jessie 's Girl '' -- Rick Springfield `` Burning Down The House '' -- Talking Heads `` Mad About You '' -- Belinda Carlisle `` I Wanna Dance With Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' -- Whitney Houston `` What I Like About You '' -- Lillix `` Ice Ice Baby '' -- Vanilla Ice `` Crazy for You '' -- Madonna `` Vienna '' -- Billy Joel `` Why Ca n't I ? '' -- Liz Phair `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell `` Love Is a Battlefield '' -- Pat Benatar `` Will I Ever Make It Home '' -- Ingram Hill Other songs featured in the film ( edit ) `` Once in a Lifetime '' -- Talking Heads `` Thriller '' -- Michael Jackson `` Everybody Have Fun Tonight '' -- Wang Chung `` Keep It Simple ( Stupid ) '' -- Daniel Lenz `` Good Day '' -- Luce `` Chick a Boom Boom Boom '' -- Mowo ! The songs `` Breathe '' by Michelle Branch and `` Iris '' by the Goo Goo Dolls were featured in promotional trailers , but were not featured in the movie or on the soundtrack . Original score ( edit ) 13 Going on 30 Film score by Theodore Shapiro Released April 6 , 2004 Length 29 : 46 Label Hollywood Records Theodore Shapiro chronology Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) DodgeBall : A True Underdog Story ( 2004 ) `` Prologue '' ( 4 : 19 ) `` Jenna Dream House '' ( 1 : 13 ) `` Transformation '' ( 0 : 31 ) `` Wake Up '' ( 2 : 03 ) `` Naked Guy '' ( 0 : 36 ) `` Off to Work '' ( 0 : 29 ) `` Poise '' ( 0 : 43 ) `` Paper Throw '' ( 0 : 28 ) `` Can I Go ? '' ( 1 : 05 ) `` Matt 's Apt '' ( 0 : 46 ) `` Fluffy Pillow '' ( 0 : 49 ) `` Au Revoir '' ( 0 : 44 ) `` Good Luck With Fractions '' ( 0 : 35 ) `` Mean Messages '' ( 0 : 25 ) `` Eavesdropping '' ( 0 : 46 ) `` Yearbook Idea '' ( 1 : 14 ) `` Elevator '' ( 0 : 25 ) `` Swings '' ( 01 : 49 ) `` Assemble the Proposal '' ( 0 : 39 ) `` Hang in There '' ( 0 : 38 ) `` Angry Lucy '' ( 0 : 15 ) `` Presentation '' ( 2 : 30 ) `` Sneaking '' ( 0 : 59 ) `` Rain Montage '' ( 1 : 08 ) `` Getting Married Tomorrow '' ( 0 : 29 ) `` Sparkle Bus Overlay '' ( 0 : 39 ) `` Dream House Revisited '' ( 1 : 28 ) `` 30 to 13 '' ( 0 : 38 ) `` Crazy for You Overlay '' ( 1 : 09 ) Release and reception ( edit ) Box office and home media ( edit ) The film opened on April 23 , 2004 , with an initial box office take of US $ 22 million in its first weekend , debuting at number 2 , almost tied with Denzel Washington 's thriller Man on Fire . In its second week , it dropped to number 3 , earning US $10 million . In its third week , it fell to number 5 , earning US $5.5 million . In its fourth week , it took sixth place with an estimated $4.2 million . In its fifth week , it only fell to number 7 , with an estimated $2.5 million . In its sixth week , the film fell to number 9 , earning $1 million . It ended with nearly $60 million at the domestic box office . The same picture became one of the five biggest DVD rentals of the year , with over $57 million in rentals alone according to the Internet Movie Database . The film 's success on DVD granted it a re-release ( The Fun and Flirty Edition ) in 2006 with special packaging . The picture grossed $96,455,697 , going on to become one of the year 's biggest DVD rentals and sellers . The Blu - ray version of 13 Going on 30 was released on January 20 , 2009 . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Boston Globe Chicago Reader positive Entertainment Weekly A − LA Weekly favorable New York Times favorable Roger Ebert San Francisco Chronicle favorable USA Today Variety positive The Village Voice favorable The film received an approval rating of 65 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 158 reviews . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a very positive review with a grade of `` A - '' , writing `` 13 Going on 30 is the rare commercial comedy that leaves you entranced by what can happen only in the movies . '' Gleiberman also praised Jennifer Garner 's performance , writing : `` She cuts out all traces of adult consciousness , of irony and flirtation and manipulation , reducing herself to a keen , goggle - eyed earnestness that 's utterly beguiling . '' Joe Leydon of Variety also praised her performance , writing `` Garner throws herself so fully and effectively into the role that in a few key scenes , she vividly conveys Jenna 's high spirits and giddy pleasure through the graceful curling of her toes . '' Leydon praised the director Gary Winick for `` bringing a fresh spin to most of the script 's cliches and emphasizing nuggets of emotional truth provided by Goldsmith and Yuspa . '' Wesley Morris of the Boston Globe wrote that `` The movie is tailor - made for women who openly lust for dream houses , dream jobs , and dream hubbies . '' He also wrote that `` the best stuff involves the childhood preamble . ( The young actors playing Jenna , Matt , and Lucy are terrific . ) Those moments feel painfully , comically true . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , commenting , `` This romantic comedy is intended as a cautionary fairy tale . The silly humor works with the movie 's gentle message of self - empowerment and avoids sappiness in a tender interlude where the adult Jenna returns to her childhood home . Amusing , charming and pleasantly nostalgic , 13 Going on 30 should fall easily onto moviegoers ' wish lists . '' It is written : `` This shameless rip - off of the Tom Hanks Classic Big is weak , but predictable and is sparked by the excellent performance of Jennifer Garner '' . Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote : `` The performances give the movie more flavor and life than the situation does ; it often feels like prechewed Bubble Yum . The message of the plot is that a lack of sophistication is the key to success , even at a fashion magazine that attracts readers through sexy exhibitionism . The movie would have shown some daring savvy if it had played more with the role - playing aspect of fashion spreads . Instead it is content to eat its retro snack cake and have it , too . '' Andrea Gronvall of the Chicago Reader wrote that `` The formula works , thanks in large part to star Jennifer Garner , who 's so radiant theaters should be stocking sunblock . Underlying the shenanigans and the pop - psychology moral -- self - love is a prerequisite for true love -- there 's a touching wistfulness about roads not taken . '' Jorge Morales of The Village Voice commented : `` The thirtysomething in me was all , gag me with a spoon , but the kid in me was like , this movie 's rad to the max . '' Garner was nominated for MTV movie and Teen Choice awards for her role as Jenna Rink . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 13 Going on 30 at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Margaret Pomeranz ; David . `` At the Movies : Suddenly 30 '' . ABC . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winick big on Revolution 's ' 13 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . IMDB . October 9 , 2002 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' 13 Going on 30 '' Gets Underway `` . About.com . May 13 , 2003 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bosely , Candice ( April 11 , 2004 ) . `` Bunker Hill native to appear in movie ' 13 Going on 30 ' '' . The Herald - Mail . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filmed in South Pasadena ! '' . August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Going on 30 Production Notes - 2004 Movie Releases '' . Madeinatlantis.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' 13 Going on 30 written by Cathy Yuspa and Josh Goldsmith with `` polishing '' by Niels Mueller `` '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Going on ( 2004 ) Trivia '' . IMDB . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Revolution 's ' 13 ' is lucky number for Serkis , Ball '' . The Hollywood Reporter . IMDB . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Things You Never Knew About ' 13 Going on 30 ' '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 13 Going on 30 Soundtrack , Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` ' Man , ' ' 13 ' light up boxoffice '' . IMDB. April 26 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mean ' Has Nice Opening '' . IMDB . May 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not Quite a Monster Smash '' . IMDB . May 10 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Troy ' wins weekend horse race '' . IMDB . May 16 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shrek 2 ' Becomes Summer 's Film - To - Beat '' . IMDB . May 24 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shrek ' Wins ; ' Tomorrow ' Makes Waves '' . IMDB . May 31 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 13 Going on 30 Blu - ray , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Going on 30 - Movie Review '' . EW. 22 April 2004 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` Getting what you wish for can be dangerous -- especially if you adore Rick Springfield '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( April 22 , 2004 ) . `` ' 13 Going on 30 ' not just for kids '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Leydon , Joe ( April 10 , 2004 ) . `` 13 Going On 30 '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Wesley ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` ' 13 Going on 30 ' has growing pains '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` 13 going on 30 : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Elvis ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` 13 Going On 30 ( 2004 ) FILM REVIEW ; Freaky Future : An Awkward Teenager Finds Herself Fast - Forwarded to Adulthood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 13 Going On 30 Chicago Reader Jump up ^ Thirteen Things I Learned Watching 13 Going on 30 - Page 1 - Film + TV - Los Angeles - LA Weekly ^ Jump up to : Film - Page 1 - Movies - New York - Village Voice Jump up ^ 13 Going on 30 at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ 2005 DVD and Video guide , p. 1120 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 44995 - 9 . Jump up ^ Awards for 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) . IMDb . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : 13 Going on 30 13 Going on 30 on IMDb 13 Going on 30 at AllMovie 13 Going on 30 at the TCM Movie Database 13 Going on 30 at the American Film Institute Catalog 13 Going on 30 at Box Office Mojo 13 Going on 30 at Rotten Tomatoes 13 Going on 30 at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Gary Winick Curfew ( 1989 ) Out of the Rain ( 1991 ) Sweet Nothing ( 1995 ) The Tic Code ( 1999 ) Sam the Man ( 2000 ) Tadpole ( 2002 ) 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Bride Wars ( 2009 ) Letters to Juliet ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13_Going_on_30&oldid=833307831 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s coming - of - age films 2000s fantasy - comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic fantasy films 2000s teen comedy films 2000s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American fantasy - comedy films American films American romantic comedy films American romantic fantasy films American teen comedy films American teen romance films Body swapping in films Columbia Pictures films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age romance films Films about wish fulfillment Films directed by Gary Winick Films set in 1987 Films set in 2004 Films set in New Jersey Films set in New York City Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles County Films shot in New York City Revolution Studios films Teen fantasy films Time travel films Works about fashion magazine publishing Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 19 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays the main character in 13 going on 30
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"13 Going on 30 (released as Suddenly 30 in some countries[2]) is a 2004 American fantasy romantic comedy film written by Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa and directed by Gary Winick. Starring Jennifer Garner, the film was produced by Revolution Studios for Columbia Pictures, and was released on April 23, 2004. It follows a 13-year-old girl who dreams of being popular. During her birthday party, she is humiliated by classmates and wishes that she was 30 years old. When she eventually does emerge, she finds herself five days shy of her 30th birthday, uncertain how she got there."
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"Jennifer Garner"
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Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
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Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Wikipedia Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Opening Sequence Genre Indian soap opera Created by Director 's Kut Productions Written by Saba Mumtaz Bhavna Vyas Ghazala Nargis Munisha Rajpal Zama Habib Bandana Tiwari Directed by Romesh Kalra Rishi Mandial Ram Pandey Creative director ( s ) Vivek Bahl Starring Shivangi Joshi Mohsin Khan Rishi Dev Mohena Singh Opening theme Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 62 No. of episodes 2,506 as of 27 October 2017 Production Executive producer ( s ) Vivek Jain Producer ( s ) Rajan Shahi Location ( s ) Mumbai Udaipur Goa Rishikesh Bangkok Cape Town Hong Kong Zürich Bikaner Cinematography Arjuni Rao Editor ( s ) Sameer Gandhi Running time 22 minutes Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 12 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) -- present External links Official website www.hotstar.com/tv/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai/586 Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ( English : What Is This Relationship Called ? ) is a Hindi language television drama that premiered on January 12 , 2009 in India and airs every Monday through Friday at 9 : 30 pm on Star Plus . The show , which focuses on the daily happenings within the household of an Udaipur based Rajasthani family , is produced by Rajan Shahi 's Director 's Kut Productions . It is the longest running Hindi series on Indian television by episode count , surpassing Balika Vadhu . The show stars Naira , played by Shivangi Joshi ; Kartik , played by Mohsin Khan ; and Naksh , played by Rishi Dev , as the lead characters . The series initially starred Naira 's parents Hina Khan and Karan Mehra and Rohan Mehra as the lead characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Parallel story arcs 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.3 Special appearances 4 Crossover 5 Reception and impact 6 Popularity in Pakistan 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot This section may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is the story of a young couple , Akshara and Naitik Singhania . who live in a Marwari joint family in Udaipur . The story showcases their journey as a married couple going through adjustment issues , as parents of young children , and how they learn to love each other and their respective extended families while becoming mature members of their household . 4 years leap Naitik meant with an accident where he is in a coma . Naksh ( Akshara - Naitik 's son ) is now 5 and does n't know about his father . One day , Naitik comes back and a first Naksh does n't accept him but then he does . When events take place now . Soon the family travel and Gayatri ( Naitik 's mother ) dies . Now Rajsekhar ( Naitik 's dad ) is asked to marry someone , and he marries Devyani , who comes with her two children from a divorced marriage . Later , Bhabimaa 's husband died , and Bhabimaa ( Naitik 's aunt ) blames it on Akshara and kicks her out of the house , after Akshara 's daughter Naira is born . Akshara , Naitik , Naksh and Naira leave the house . 10 years leap Naksh as a now mature adult and Naira is a diva teenager . Akshara and Naitik , along with Naksh and Naira , live in Cape Town . Naksh returns to Udaipur . He tries to clear up the misunderstanding with Bhabima . After many days , Akshara is forgiven and is allowed to return . The story then focuses on Naksh . He falls in love with Tara , and preparations for their wedding are made . Just minutes before the ceremony , she breaks up with him . 7 years leap The show focuses on teenage Naira , who flees from her house and now lives in Rishikesh , nursing hatred for her mother . After finding Naira , the story takes a new twist : a love triangle that forms between Kartik ( Naitik 's employee ) , Naira and Gayu ( Naitik 's niece ) . Naira and Kartik have feelings for each other but do n't know that it 's love . Meanwhile , Gayu loves Kartik , unaware that Kartik does n't love her back . When Kartik proposes Naira , she initially rejects him , but by the time she realizes that Gayu also loves him , she thinks of sacrificing her happiness in favor of Gayu . When Mishti reveals that Kartik loves only Naira , Kartik and Naira confess their love for each other ; Gayatri understands . Kartik does n't want to talk about his family as he hates them . Meanwhile , on Akshara 's birthday , everyone goes for a veneration , but Akshara dies in a car accident . Singhanias blame Kartik for Akshara 's death as Kartik was found drunk and injured at the accident site . Kartik 's family shows up and supports Kartik . Later , Naira finds that Kartik is not the culprit . She proves Kartik 's innocence by finding the real culprit . Kartik does n't like his father and stepmother as he thinks they were responsible for his mother 's death . Seeing Kartik 's feelings towards a Singhanias , his family approves of their relationship in spite of not being much in favor of it . Several months later The two families ( Goenka and Singhania ) start making preparations for their wedding . Just before the wedding , Kartik discovers the real culprit who ran Akshara over and yearns to tell Naira , but his uncle convinces him that he will tell her . He reneges and tells Naira only that Kartik is missing his mother . Finally , the wedding takes place . Few days later , Naira meets the man whose brother is in jail for killing her mother and learns that Akshara 's accident was caused by Mansi , Kartik 's sister . The news reaches the Singhanias and they are heartbroken . The Goenkas come to apologize . Naira is initially very hurt and angry with Kartik , but she understands that it 's not his fault . She takes Akshara 's accident case back and forgives Mansi . On Karthik 's birthday , he comes to know that Aditya tortures Keerti and , along with Naira , decides to expose him . Eventually , Aditya 's truth comes out and Keerti and Aditya gets divorced . Suhasini Goenka wants to find a suitable match for Keerti and later forces Naira to get Naksh and Keerti married . Naksh accepts the proposal for the sake of Naira . Naksh and Keerti 's marriage functions starts . Another parallel story about Manish And Saumya Goenka ( Kartik 's mother ) gets revealed . Saumya was a mental patient and committed suicide long back . Manish kept the fact hidden keeping his promise to Saumya . Later , Kartik learns the truth and his misunderstandings regarding Manish gets cleared up . The grand wedding of Naksh and Keerti kickstarts . Parallel story arcs Parallel with Akshara and Naitik 's stories , the stories of their respective siblings also form significant story arcs in the series . Past plots have been built around the lives of Naitik 's sisters Nandini and Rashmi . The series has also focused on Naitik 's step - siblings . The series also paralleled the story of Akshara - Naitik with that of Varsha - Shaurya . Varsha is Akshara 's best friend , and Shaurya is Akshara 's older brother . The shows also focus on Naksh , Kartik , Naira , Gayatri `` Gayu '' Deora and Tara . Naksh is Naitik and Akshara 's son ; Gayu is Nikhil - Rashmi 's daughter ( Sameer 's stepdaughter ) . Naira , the youngest child and only daughter of Akshara and Naitik , is now the main female lead character of the show . Kartik , Naitik 's employee and Naira 's love interest , is the new male lead character of the show . Tara was Naksh 's fiancée until she leaves him . Cast This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Per WP : TVCAST , cast lists need to be reorganised chronologically , with newer members of the cast being added to the bottom of each list . Ex : Someone introduced in 2009 belongs above someone introduced in 2017 . Note also that `` Former cast '' is not a valid subsection of cast , as cast members do not cease being important just by leaving a TV series . Please help improve this section if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast Hina Khan as Akshara Naitik Singhania / Akshara Maheshwari , Vishambhar - Rajshri 's daughter , Naitik 's wife , Naksh - Naira 's mother ( former main female lead , dead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Mishka Jain as Baby Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 ) ( replaced ) Ashnoor Kaur as Young Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( replaced ) Shivangi Joshi as Naira Kartik Goenka / Naira Naitik Singhania Kartik 's wife , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2016 -- ) Mohsin Khan ( actor ) as Kartik Manish Goenka , Naira 's Husband ( 2016 -- ) Bani as Baby Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( replaced ) Shivansh Kotia as Young Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2012 -- 15 ) ( replaced ) Rohan Mehra as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Akshara - Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother , Naintara 's ex fiancé ( 2nd Main Male Lead ) ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Rishi ) Rishi Dev as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Kirti 's husband , Akshara and Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother ( 2017 - ) Umang Jain as Tara Singh Shekhawat , Naksh 's ex fiancé ( 2015 -- 16 ) Mohena Singh as Kirti Naksh Singhania , Naksh 's wife and Karthik 's sister ( 2016 - ) Kanchi Singh as Gayatri Nikhil Deora , Naira 's cousin , Rashmi - Nikhil 's daughter , Sameer 's step - daughter ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Recurring cast Karan Mehra as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Gaytri - Raj 's son , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( Former Main Male Lead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Vishal ) Neha Saroopa as Rashmi Sameer Desai / Rashmi Nikhil Deora ( née Singhania ) , Gaytri - Raj 's daughter , Naitik 's sister , Nikhil - Sameer 's wife , Gayu 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( dead ) Mazher Sayed as Sameer Desai , Rashmi 's second husband ( 2015 ) Vishal Singh as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( 2016 - ) Parul Chauhan as Suvarna Manish Goenka , Kirti 's & Kartik step - mother ( 2016 -- ) Sachin Tyagi as Manish Goenka , Kartik 's and Kirti father ( 2016 -- ) Romit Sharma as Aditya Bansal , Karthik 's brother - in - law , Kirti 's husband ( 2017 - ) Gaurav Wadhwa as Aryan , Suvarna 's son from her previous marriage ( 2017 - ) Swati Chitnis as Suhasini Goenka , Kartik 's paternal grandmother ( dadi ) ( 2017 -- ) Ali Hassan as Akhilesh Goenka , Kartik 's paternal uncle ( chachu ) ( 2016 -- ) Shilpa Raizada as Surekha Goenka , Akhilesh 's wife , Kartik 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2016 -- ) Sandeep Mehta as Raj Shekhar Singhania , Naitik 's father , Akshara 's father in law , Naira 's paternal grandfather ( dadaji ) ( 2009 -- ) Kshitee Jog as Devyani Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj Shekhar 's 2nd wife , Naira 's paternal grandmother ( choti dadi ) ( 2013 -- ) Medha Sambutkar as Kaveri Mahendra Pratap Singhania , Naitik 's bhabhi maa , Nandini 's mother , Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( badi dadi ) ( 2009 -- ) Kirti Sually as Baisa , Naitik 's dadi Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( bua dadi ) ( 2010 - ) Priyanka Udhwani as Karishma Naman Singhania , Naman 's wife , Naira 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2014 -- ) Aarna Sharma as Mishti Naman Singhania , Naira 's cousin , Naman - Karishma 's daughter ( 2015 -- ) Sanjeev Seth as Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's father , Naira 's maternal grandfather ( nanu ) ( 2009 -- ) Lata Sabharwal as Rajshri Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's mother , Naira 's maternal grandmother ( nani ) ( 2009 -- ) Shravan Mehta as Kiran , Naira 's dance partner and friend ( 2017 ) Harbandana Kaur as Young Kuhu ( 2016 ) Sonali Verma as Gayatri Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj 's 1st wife , Naitik - Rashmi 's mother , Akshara 's mother in law , Naksh - Naira 's grandmother ( 2009 -- 13 ) ( dead ) Sanjai Gandhi / Abhijeet Lahri as Mahendra Pratap Singhania ( Dadaji ) , Kaveri 's husband , Nandini 's father , Naitik 's uncle ( 2009 -- 15 ) ( dead ) Manu Malik as Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's uncle , Sunaina 's husband , Anshuman 's father ( 2009 -- 16 ) Neelima Taddepalli as Sunaina Omkarnath Maheshwari , Naira 's maternal grand aunt ( choti nani ) Akshara 's aunt , Omkar 's wife , Anshuman 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Aman Sharma / Dheeraj Gumbar as Anshuman Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's cousin brother , Jasmeet 's husband ( 2009 -- 16 ) Shirin Sewani as Jasmeet Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman 's wife ( 2014 -- 16 ) Anshul Pandey as Naman Raj Singhania , Suresh - Devyani 's son , Raj 's step son , Muskaan 's brother , Karishma 's husband , Mishti 's father ( 2014 -- 16 ) Vineeta Malik as Bhairavi Maheshwari , Vishambharnath - Omkarnath 's mother , Akshara 's grandmother , Naira 's maternal great grand mother ( badi nani ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Pooja Joshi as Varsha Shaurya Maheshwari , Akshara 's friend , Shaurya 's wife , Ananya - Kuhu 's mother , Naira 's maternal aunt ( mami ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Ather Habib / Yash Gera as Shaurya Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's brother , Varsha 's husband , Ananya - Kuhu 's father , Naira 's maternal uncle ( mamaji ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Yamini Makwana as Kuhu Shaurya Maheshwari , Naira 's cousin , Shaurya - Sneha 's daughter ( 2016 -- 17 ) Akshaya Naik as Ananya Ranveer Sharma , Naira 's cousin , Varsha - Shaurya 's daughter , Ranveer 's wife ( 2015 -- 16 ) Arjun Kohli as Ranveer Sharma , Ananya 's husband ( 2016 ) Nidhi Uttam as Nandini Mohit Agarwal , Kaveri - Mahendra Pratap 's daughter , Mohit 's wife , Yash - Anmol 's mother , Naira 's paternal aunt ( bua ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Ayush Agarwal / Shamik Abbas as Mohit Agarwal , Naitik 's best friend , Nandini 's husband , Naira 's uncle ( phupaji ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Sanchit Sharma as Yash Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's adopted son , Rose 's husband ( 2015 -- 16 ) Sippora Zoutewelle as Rose Yash Agarwal , Yash 's wife ( 2016 ) Karan Pahwa as Anmol Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's son ( 2016 ) Urmila Sharma / Sunita Rao as Rukmini Agarwal , Mohit 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Alok Nath as Chandrabhan Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's grandfather ( 2015 -- 16 ) Amal Sehrawat as Sangram Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Shivam Agarwal as Aditya Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Vaishali Takkar as Sanjana , Naksh 's friend ( 2015 -- 16 ) Khushmeet Gill as Nannu Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman - Jasmeet 's son ( 2015 -- 16 ) Navika Kotia as Prerna Singhania , Grown up Chikki ( 2013 ) Reem Sheikh as young Prerna Singhania ( chikki ) , Singhania 's adopted child ( 2012 ) Zarina Roshan Khan as Muskaan Alok Awasthi , Naman 's sister ( 2014 -- 15 ) Amit Dolawat as Alok Awasthi , Muskaan 's husband ( 2009 ; 2014 -- 15 ) Ashish Kapoor as Nikhil Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's ex-husband ( 2011 -- 12 ) Unknown as Rama Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's mother in law , Nikhil 's mother ( 2011 -- 16 ) Rakesh Deewana as Maharaj , Singhania 's ex chef ( 2009 -- 14 ) Roshan Khan as Gopi Dadi , Bhairvi 's friend ( 2009 -- 14 ) Ali Merchant as Rituraj , Naitik 's cousin brother ( 2009 ; 2011 -- 12 ) Preeti Sharma as Bindiya , Rituraj 's wife ( 2009 ) Amardeep Jha as Shankari , Akshara 's match - maker ( 2009 -- 16 ) Charu Asopa as Sneha : Naitik 's worker , Kuhu 's mother ( 2010 ) Anurag Nigam as Ankit ( 2013 ) Alpesh Gehlot as Samar , Akshara 's admirer ( 2012 ) Anand Mani as Bhajinder Singh , Maheshwari 's servant ( 2009 -- 12 ) Sunita Rajwar as Dhaniya Bhajinder Singh , Bajinder 's wife ( 2009 -- 12 ) Akanksha Kapil as Antara , Loves Naitik ( 2012 ) Bhuvan Chopra as Ratan Neha Sehgal as Payal Divya Bhatnagar as Gulaboo , Singhania 's maid ( 2009 -- 15 ) Sonal Shrivastava as Juhi Sheetal Tiwari as Sukanya , Naira 's friend ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Veena Jagtap as Nisha Singh Sekhawat ( 2016 ) Suzanne Bernert as Martha , Rose 's mother ( 2016 ) Fahad Ali as Vivaan , Gayu 's school friend ( 2016 ) Nupur Joshi as Soumya Manish Goenka , Kartik and Kirti 's mother , Manish 's 1st wife ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Tia Gandwani as Priyanka , Kartik 's maternal aunt ( masi ) ( 2017 ) Special appearances Shweta Tiwari ( 2009 ) Sara Khan ( 2009 ) Kinshuk Mahajan ( 2009 ) Anupriya Kapoor ( 2010 ) Neha Sargam ( 2010 ) Pooja Gor ( 2010 ) Sanaya Irani ( 2011 ) Soumya Seth ( 2011 ) Anas Rashid ( 2012 ) Neelu Vaghela ( 2012 ) Aamir Khan ( 2012 ) Preeti & Pinky ( 2014 ) Hiba Nawab ( 2015 ) Kamalika Guha Thakurta ( 2016 ) Deepika Singh ( 2012 , 2016 ) Badshah ( 2017 ) Shah Rukh Khan & Anushka Sharma ( 2017 ) Akshay Kumar & Bhumi Pednekar ( 2017 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2017 ) Crossover Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai had several crossover episodes with various shows . In 2009 , the show had a connection with Sapna Babul Ka ... Bidaai . In 2012 , the show had a crossover episode with Diya Aur Baati Hum . In 2016 , Diya Aur Baati Hum 's lead actress Deepika Singh made an entry . Reception and impact The show is one of the most often awarded shows of Indian Television and is India 's longest running television series by episode count. Hina Khan participated in the ' Power of 49 ' campaign in which soap opera actors used their influence to urge women to vote . Shoma Munshi said the show has `` simplicity and highly emotional content '' and was noted for placing female characters in the historical tradition of a large joint family . Popularity in Pakistan The show is also broadcast by Urdu 1 and Star Plus sister channel STAR Utsav . The show always maintained the top spot among Indian TV serials that aired in Pakistan . The show was beaten three to four times by Kumkum Bhagya that aired on Geo Kahani but recovered its leading position . The show also recorded one of the highest TRP in Pakistan . Awards Ye Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai awards and nominations ( hide ) Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations Star Parivaar Awards 30 43 Zee Gold Awards 15 16 Indian Telly Awards 6 Indian Television Academy Awards Big Star Entertainment Awards Lions Gold Awards 7 Garv Indian TV Awards 35 FICCI Excellence Awards and Frames Honours BIG Star Young Entertainers Awards Totals Awards won 101 Nominations 113 Star Parivaar Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Favourite Maa Sonali Verma Won Favourite Devrani Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Male ) Karan Mehra Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Female ) Hina Khan Favourite Yogya Jodi Hina Khan -- Karan Mehra Favourite Buzurg Vineeta Malik Favourite Saas Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi Favourite Jethani Medha Sambutkar SPL Honour Rajan Shahi Favourite Beti Hina Khan Won Favourite Patni Favourite Maa Lata Sabharwal Favourite Pita Sanjeev Seth Favourite Jethani Medha Sambutkar Favourite Family Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai SPL Honour Rajan Shahi 2011 Favourite Bhabhi Hina Khan Won Most Stylish Sadasya ( Female ) Favourite Pati Karan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sanjeev Seth Favourite Jodi Hina Khan -- Karan Mehra Favourite Serial Rajan Shahi 2012 Favourite Beti Hina Khan Won Most Stylish Actress ( Female ) Favourite Beta Karan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sanjeev Seth Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi 2013 Favourite Bhabhi Hina Khan Won Favourite Patni Favourite Pita Karan Mehra Favourite Chhota Sadasya Shivansh Kotia Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi SPL Mention for completing 1000 episodes Rajan Shahi 2014 Favourite Maa Hina Khan Won Favourite Family Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Favourite Pita Karan Mehra Favourite Chhota Sadasya Shivansh Kotia 2015 Favourite Maa Hina Khan Won Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi Favourite Pati Karan Mehra Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Male ) Rohan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sandeep Mehta SPL Mention for Longest Running Show Rajan Shahi 2016 Favourite Chhota Sadasya Ashnoor Kaur Won 2017 Favourite Jodi of the Year Mohsin Khan - Shivangi Joshi Won Favourite Pati Mohsin Khan Favourite Patni Shivangi Joshi Favourite Sasur Vishal Singh New Talent Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Actress Hina Khan Won Most Promising Actor Karan Mehra Most Promising New Show Rajan Shahi Indian Television Academy Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Actor - Drama ( Popular ) Karan Mehra Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi Best Costumes Ritu Deora Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Direction Neeraj Baliyan Best Serial - Drama ( Jury ) Rajan Shahi ITA Scroll Honour ' Yeh Rishta & Bidaai ' 2011 Best Direction ' Neeraj Baliyan Won GR8 ! Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Team 2012 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Direction Neeraj Baliyan Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi 2013 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Actress in Supporting Role ( Drama ) Sonali Verma Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi Best Child Artist Shivansh Kotia Best Music Composer Naveen 2015 Popular Choice Actress Hina Khan Won Popular Choice Actor Karan Mehra Indian Telly Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Fresh Face ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Most Popular Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Most Popular Drama Series Rajan Shahi Best Costumes Ritu Deora Most Popular Actress in a Lead Role Hina Khan Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Jury ) Sanjeev Seth Most Popular Daily Series Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Best Direction Jai Kalra & Ram Panday 2012 Most Popular Continuing TV Series Rajan Shahi Won Best Direction Jai Kalra 2013 Best Onscreen Couple ( Critics ) Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Critics ) Abhijeet Lahiri Best Television Show of the Year Rajan Shahi Most Popular Show with Social Message Most Popular Continuing TV Show Most Popular Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2014 Most Popular Child Artist Shivansh Kotia Won Most Popular Drama Series Rajan Shahi Most Popular Continuing TV Programme 2015 Best Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Won Most Popular Actor in Supporting Role Rohan Mehra Kalakar Awards Year Category Recipient Result Best Debutant ( Female ) Hina Khan Won Best Debutant ( Male ) Karan Mehra Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi 2013 Best TV Actor ( Female ) Hina Khan Won Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi 2014 Best Make - up Artist Pandhari Juker Won 2015 Best Actress Hina Khan Won Favourite Television Show Rajan Shahi 2016 Best Rising Star of Television Hina Khan Won Best TV Actor ( Male ) Karan Mehra Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Lions Gold Awards Year Category Recipient Result Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won 2013 Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won 2015 Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won Best TV Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2016 Best TV Actress in Supporting Role Lata Sabharwal Won Best Television Actor ( Popular ) Karan Mehra Best Television Serial ( Fiction ) Rajan Shahi Star Guild Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best TV Storyline ( Fiction ) Saba Mumtaz Won Best TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Won 2013 Best Direction Jai Kalra & Ram Panday Won 2015 Best TV Storyline ( Fiction ) Saba Mumtaz Won Best Ongoing TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Best TV Actress Hina Khan 2016 Best Ongoing TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Won Garv Indian TV Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2014 Best Music Lalit Sen Won Best Dialogues Rekkha Modi Child Artist ( Male ) -- Jury Shivansh Kotia Supporting Star ( Male ) -- Jury Abhijeet Lahiri SPL Mention by GITA ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Popular Choice Actress Hina Khan Favourite Ensemblance Cast ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Favourite Show with Social Message Rajan Shahi Favourite Longest Running Serial Favourite Serial Favourite Supporting Star Sonali Verma Favourite Jodi Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Favourite Actress Hina Khan Entertaining Star Shivansh Kotia 2015 Garv Scroll Honour for Successfully TRP gainning Best Series for consecutive 6 years Rajan Shahi Won Best Audiography Niranjan Chaturvedi Best Teleplay Anil V Kumar Best Chereographer Vaibhavi Merchant Best Fictional Director Ram Panday & Jai Kalra Best Actor in Supporting Role ( Jury ) Sanjeev Seth Most Popular Actress Hina Khan Most Popular Jodi Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Most Popular Serial Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ensemblance Cast ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Votice Choice Longest Running Serial Rajan Shahi Votice Choice Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2016 Best Lyrics Vivek Nain Won Best Child Artist ( Female ) -- Jury Ashnoor Kaur Best Actor in Negative Role -- Jury Alok Nath Best Onscreen Ongoing Jodi of the Year Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Most Popular New Comer Rohan Mehra Most Popular Supporting Star Rohan Mehra Most Popular Serial Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ongoing Serial Most Entertaining Ensemblance ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' BIG Star Young Entertainers Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2012 Super Hit Television Actress Hina Khan Won BIG Star Entertainment Awards Year Category Recipient Result BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won 2013 BIG Star Most Entertaining TV Actor ( Male ) Shivansh Kotia Won 2014 BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won FICCI Excellence Awards and Frames Honours Year Category Recipient Result Best Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won 2014 Best TV Actress Hina Khan Won Best Fiction Show Rajan Shahi References Jump up ^ `` Hina Khan aka Akshara will be missed . A look at her Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai journey , see pics '' . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivangi Joshi will play the grown - up Naira '' . Times of India . May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' leap : ' Dream Girl ' actor Mohsin Khan to romance grown - up Naira ? '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Desk ( New Delhi ) ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Rohan Mehra aka Naksh to Quit ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' for Salman Khan 's Bigg Boss 10 ? '' . IndiaTVnews.com . Independent News Service . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There wo n't be a surprise comeback , says Karan Mehra as he finally quits ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Parul Chauhan & Sandeep Rajora to enter Star Plus show ! '' . India.com. 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tyagi in ' Yeh Rishta ... ' '' . The Times of India . 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Naira to get kidnapped by Aditya in the show - Bollywoodlife '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YEH RISHTA KYA KEHLATA HAI : Meet ' NEW MAN ' in Naira 's life '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BALH fame Anshul Pandey bags YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Anshul Pandey talks about YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Yash Gera replaces Ather in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is a big leap for me , says Suzanne Bernert '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 's Akshara aka Hina Khan is very professional : Suzanne Bernett '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Kaartik and Naaira Marriage Sangeet Badshah Performance - Jansatta '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai '' . Weebly.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 12 Longest Running Shows Of Indian Television ! '' . Bollywood Papa . Be Code Websoft India Pvt Ltd. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ SUBHA J. RAO . `` The power of a vote '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television . google.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 46 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 35 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 1 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Parivaar Awards 2015 on 14th June 2015 -- Winners List and Event 's Snapshot '' . tellyreviews.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Parivaar Awards 2017 : Complete list of Winners '' . tv-fanclub.com . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Talent Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Television Academy Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Telly Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2012 : Winners '' . media247.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2014 -- And the winners are ... '' . pinkvilla.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Indian Telly Awards 2014 -- Winners List '' . indiantellytalkies.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2015 -- Winners List '' . indicine.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalakar Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalakar Awards : Radhika Madan , ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' actors bag prestigious awards ( PHOTO ) '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lions Gold Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apsara / Star Guild Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garv Indian TV Awards '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BIG STar Young Entertainer Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIG Star Entertainment Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . External links Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai on IMDb ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Ishqbaaz Rishton Ka Chakravyuh Meri Durga Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Historical fiction Chandra Nandni Weekend Dance Champions The Great Indian Laughter Challenge Lip Sing Battle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Rishta_Kya_Kehlata_Hai&oldid=807237822 '' Categories : Star Plus television series Indian television series 2009 Indian television series debuts Television shows set in Rajasthan Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2017 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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"Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (English: What Is This Relationship Called?) is a Hindi language television drama that premiered on January 12, 2009 in India and airs every Monday through Friday at 9:30 pm on Star Plus. The show, which focuses on the daily happenings within the household of an Udaipur based Rajasthani family, is produced by Rajan Shahi's Director's Kut Productions. It is the longest running Hindi series on Indian television by episode count, surpassing Balika Vadhu. The show stars Naira, played by Shivangi Joshi; Kartik, played by Mohsin Khan; and Naksh, played by Rishi Dev, as the lead characters. The series initially starred Naira's parents Hina Khan and Karan Mehra and Rohan Mehra as the lead characters."
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"Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai"
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Huguenots in South Africa
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Huguenots in South Africa - wikipedia Huguenots in South Africa Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Commemorating 300 years of Huguenot history in South Africa A large number of people of European heritage in South Africa are descended from Huguenots . Most of these originally settled in the Cape Colony , but were absorbed into the Afrikaner and Afrikaans population , because they had religious similarities to the Dutch colonists . Huguenots building their homesteads Even before the large - scale arrival of the Huguenots at the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century , a small number of individual Huguenot refugees settled there . They included Francois Villion , later known as Viljoen , and the Du Toit brothers . In fact , the first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was Maria de la Quellerie , the wife of governor Jan van Riebeeck , who started the settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 on behalf of the Dutch East India Company ; however , she and her husband left for Batavia after ten years . After a commissioner was sent out from the Cape Colony in 1685 to attract more settlers , a more dedicated group of immigrants began to arrive . A larger number of French refugees began to arrive in the Cape after leaving their country as a result of the Edict of Fontainebleau ( 1685 ) , which revoked the Edict of Nantes ( 1598 ) that had granted religious toleration to Protestants . On 31 December 1687 a group of Huguenots set sail from France as the first of the large scale emigration of Huguenots to the Cape of Good Hope , which took place during 1688 and 1689 . In total some 180 Huguenots from France , and 18 Walloons from the present - day Belgium , eventually settled at the Cape of Good Hope . A notable example of this is the emigration of Huguenots from La Motte d'Aigues in Provence , France . After this large scale emigration , individual Huguenot immigrant families arrived at the Cape of Good Hope as late as the first quarter of the 18th century , and the state - subsidised emigration of Huguenots was stopped in 1706 . This small body of immigrants had a marked influence on the character of the Dutch settlers . They were purposely spread out and given farms amongst the Dutch farmers . Owing to the policy instituted in 1701 of the Dutch East India Company which dictated that schools should teach exclusively in Dutch , that all official correspondence had to be done in Dutch , and strict laws of assembly , the Huguenots ceased by the middle of the 18th century to maintain a distinct identity , and the knowledge of French diminished and eventually disappeared as a home language . This assimilation into the colonial population was also due to the fact that many Huguenot descendants married individuals from the Dutch population . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franschhoek 2 Museum and monuments 3 Voortrekkers 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 Huguenot families Franschhoek ( edit ) Franschhoek Valley Many of these settlers were allocated farms in an area later called Franschhoek , Dutch for `` French corner '' , in the present - day Western Cape province of South Africa . The valley was originally known as Olifantshoek ( `` Elephant 's Corner '' ) , so named because of the vast herds of elephants that roamed the area . The name of the area soon changed to le Coin Français ( `` the French Corner '' ) , and later to Franschhoek , with many of the settlers naming their new farms after the areas in France from which they came . La Motte , La Cotte , Cabriere , Provence , Chamonix , Dieu Donne and La Dauphine were among some of the first established farms - -- most of which still retain their original farm houses today . Museum and monuments ( edit ) The Huguenot Museum in Franschhoek . The Huguenot Monument of Franschhoek . Main article : Huguenot Monument A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 17 April 1948 at Franschhoek . A museum dedicated to the Huguenot history in South Africa is located adjacent to the monument . A smaller monument commemorating the 300th anniversary of the arrival of the Huguenots is located in the Johannesburg Botanical Garden . Voortrekkers ( edit ) French Huguenot descendants were also included in the exodus of frontier farmers that was called the Great Trek . Voortrekker surnames who were of French Huguenot ancestry include : - ( Original french spelling in brackets ) Aucamp ( Auchamp ) Boshof ( Bossau ) Bruwer ( Bruere ) Buys ( Du Buis ) Cilliers ( Cellier ) Cronje ( Cronier ) De Klerk ( Le Clercq ) Delport ( Delporte ) De Villiers Du Plessis Du Preez ( Des Prez , Des Pres , Du Pre ) Du Toit Duvenage ( Duvinage ) Fouche ( Foucher ) Fourie Hugo ( Hugot , Hugod ) Jacobs ? ( Jacob ? ) Jordaan ( Jourdan ) Joubert ( Jaubert ) Labuschagne ( Labuscaigne ) Le Roux Lombard ( Lombaard ) Malan ( Mallan ) Marais Maartens / Martins ( Martin ) Minnaar ( Meinard , Mesnard ) Meyer Naude Nel ( Neel , Niel ) Nortier / Nortje ( Nourtier ) Pienaar ( Pinard ) Retief ( Retif ) Reyneke ? ( Reyne ? ) Riekert ? ( Richarde ? ) Rossouw ( Rousseau ) Roux Senekal ( Senecal , Senechal ) Terblanche ( Terreblanque ) Theron ( Therond ) Tredoux Viljoen ( Villion ) Legacy ( edit ) Surnames of Huguenot Families on the Huguenot Memorial in the Johannesburg Botanical Garden There are many families , today mostly Afrikaans speaking , whose surnames bear witness to their Huguenot ancestry . A comprehensive list of these surnames can be seen on the Huguenot Memorial in the Johannesburg Botanical Garden . Examples of the more common names are Blignaut ( Blignault ) , Cronje ( Cronier ) , de Klerk ( Le Clercq ) , Visagie ( Visage ) , de Villiers , du Preez , du Plessis , du Toit , Fourie , Fouche , Giliomee ( Guilliaume ) , Gous / Gouws ( Gauch ) , Hugo , Joubert , Jordaan ( Jourdan ) , Labuschagne ( la Buscagne ) , Lange , le Roux , Leonard , Lombard , Malan , Michel , Malherbe , Marais , Nel , Nortje ( Nourtier ) , Pienaar , Retief , Rossouw , Roux , Terreblanche , Taljard , Theron and Viljoen ( Villion ) . Some of the descendants of these original Huguenot families became prominent figures in South African society , most notably F.W. de Klerk , the last State President of apartheid - era South Africa . List of prominent South Africans of Huguenot descent ( show ) Some of the original forms of the surnames have been put in brackets . Aegidius Jean Blignaut , South African writer Jan F.E. Cilliers , Afrikaans - language poet , essayist , dramatist and reviewer . Sarel Cilliers , Voortrekker leader and a preacher . Hansie Cronje cricketer Piet Cronje leader of the Transvaal Republic 's military forces during the First and Second Anglo - Boer Wars F.W. de Klerk ( born 18 March 1936 ; `` Le Clerc '' ) , last State President of apartheid - era South Africa . Koos de la Rey , ( Jacobus Herculaas de la Rey ) ( 22 October 1847 -- 15 September 1914 ) was a Boer general during the Second Boer War Fanie de Villiers , a former South African cricket player Abraham de Villiers , a South African cricket player ( also known as AB de Villiers ) Rilee Rossouw Top class all rounder cricketer Jean de Villiers , Springboks rugby player Pieter de Villiers , South African athlete and Olympian ( 400m hurdles ) Morne du Plessis , Springboks rugby player I.D. du Plessis , poet Ampie du Preez , singer - songwriter Frik du Preez ( `` du Prez '' ) , Springboks rugby player , named as South Africa 's rugby player of the 20th century Max du Preez , journalist and author Alexander du Toit , geologist Daniel du Toit , South African astronomer Christiaan du Toit , South African military commander D.F. du Toit , co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners S.G. du Toit , co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners Wikus du Toit Stephanus Jacobus du Toit , co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners Abraham Faure , ( 29 August 1795 -- 28 March 1875 ) Cape clergyman and author Jacobus Johannes Fouché , ( 6 June 1898 , Wepener -- 23 September 1980 ( 1 ) Cape Town ) served as the second President of South Africa from 1968 to 1975 Johnny Fourie , famous jazz guitarist . Elsa Joubert , South African novelist in Afrikaans Gideon Joubert , South African author and journalist Afrikaans science non-fiction author Marius Joubert , Springboks rugby player Petrus Jacobus Joubert , boer commandant - general of the South African Republic from 1880 to 1900 Piet Joubert Ruda Landman Frederick Le Roux , South African cricketer Garth Le Roux , South African cricketer Adolph Malan ( 1910 -- 1963 ) , known as Sailor Malan , Royal Air Force fighter pilot in the Second World War Daniel François Malan , who was a Prime Minister of South Africa elected on apartheid platform Magnus Malan , former South African Minister of Defence ( in the cabinet of President P.W. Botha ) , Chief of the South African Defence Force ( SADF ) and Chief of the South African Army . Rian Malan , celebrated South African author , journalist and political activist . D.F. Malherbe , Afrikaans novelist Gideon Malherbe , co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners Ben Marais Eugene Marais Sarie Marais Beyers Naudé , Afrikaner anti apartheid cleric . Charle - Pierre Naudé , poet Jozua Naudé , acting President of South Africa from 1967 to 1968 Francois Pienaar , former Springboks rugby player ; captain of the first Springboks team to win the Rugby World Cup in 1995 Piet Retief , boer voortrekker Esta TerBlanche ( `` Terre - Blanche '' ) Eugène Terre'Blanche ( `` Terre - Blanche '' ) , South African political activist and leader of AWB Juan Theron , South African cricketer Charlize Theron , Hollywood actress Totius ( Jakob Daniël du Toit ) -- poet Constand Viljoen ( `` Villion '' ) , former leader of the South African Freedom Front ( 1994 -- 2001 ) and SADF general Gerrit Viljoen H.D Viljoen ( Former Inspector General SADF ) Marais Viljoen Paul Visagie , athlete and direct descendant of General Piet Joubert Various French - language first names have also gained popularity amongst Afrikaners , examples being Francois , Jacques , Pierre , Charles and Eugene . Some Afrikaans writers have Huguenot surnames , and were involved in setting up the Society of Real Afrikaners . The wine industry in South Africa was greatly influenced by the Huguenots , many of whose families had owned vineyards in France . Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names , such as Haute Cabrière , La Petite Provence , La Bourgogne , La Motte , La Bri , La Borie , La Chataigne and La Roche . See also ( edit ) Huguenot Foundation of South Africa Huguenot Huguenot Monument Hugenot Memorial Building History of Cape Colony Protestantism in South Africa White South Africans References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ History of the French Protestant Refugees , from the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to our own days . M. Charles Weiss ( Translated from the French by Henry William Herbert ) , 1854 . New York : Stringer & Townsend . Jump up ^ Bryer , Lynne and Theron , Francois . The Huguenot Heritage , The Story of the Huguenots at the Cape . Chameleon Press . Diep River . First Edition . 1987 . Page 47 . Jump up ^ Visagie , Jan C. Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845 . Protea Boekhuis . Pretoria . 2011 . Jump up ^ van der Bijl , Johannes . Die Familie Roux . ISBN 0 - 86965 - 464 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud . Translation : The French People Who Made South Africa . Bernard Lugan . January 1996 . ISBN 2 - 84100 - 086 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Genealogy '' . The Huguenot Memorial Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Watkinson , William Lonsdale ; Davison , William Theophilus , eds. ( 1875 ) . `` William Shaw and South Africa '' . The London Quarterly Review . 44 . J.A. Sharp . p. 274 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Koinange , Jeff ( 21 December 2006 ) . `` De Klerk told Mandela : Timing of release not negotiable '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The new South Africa : FW de Klerk 's long trek '' . The Independent . 18 March 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ De Savoye , Jaques . `` Carte Blanche on Ruda 's Family Tree '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Paths to Pluralism : South Africa 's Early History '' . Michigan State University . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Further reading ( edit ) Lugan , Bernard ( 1996 ) . Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud ( `` The French People Who Made South Africa '' ) . Bartillat . ISBN 2 - 84100 - 086 - 9 . Weiss , M. Charles ( 1854 ) . History of the French Protestant Refugees , from the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to our own days . ( Translated from the French by Henry William Herbert ) New York : Stringer & Townsend . Memory and Identity : The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora , Bertrand Van Ruymbeke & Randy J. Sparks , Published 2003 Univ of South Carolina Press , ISBN 1 - 57003 - 484 - 2 The Huguenots of South Africa 1688 -- 1988 , Pieter Coertzen & Charles Fensham , Published 1988 Tafelberg , ISBN 0 - 624 - 02623 - X The French refugees at the Cape ( 1921 ) , Botha , C. Graham , out of copyright on the Internet Archive External links ( edit ) The Huguenot Society of South Africa Huguenot families ( edit ) Du Preez Family Roux Family Viljoen Family ( hide ) French diaspora Africa Algeria Madagascar Mauritius Namibia ( Afrikaners ) Réunion Senegal Seychelles South Africa ( Afrikaners ) Asia Hong Kong India Israel Jews Japan Korea Lebanon Pakistan United Arab Emirates Europe Netherlands ( Huguenots ) United Kingdom ( Huguenots ) North America Canada Acadians Québécois Breton Cuba French Antilles Guatemala Haiti Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis United States Cajuns French Canadians Huguenots Breton Corsican Basque Oceania Australia New Caledonia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Peru Uruguay See also Basques Bretons Walloons Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico Overseas parts of France proper Migration of minorities in France ( i.e. Basques ) can be considered as separate ( ethnically ) or French migration ( by nationality ) . Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Langa Massacre Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Ethnic groups in South Africa Bantu - speaking Nguni Bhaca Bhele Fengu Hlubi Ndebele Pondo Ngcoya Swazi Ndwandwe Thembu Xhosa Gcaleka Gqunukhwebe Gaika Xesibe Zulu Fingo Khumalo Sotho - Tswana Basotho / S. Sotho Bakoena Bataung Batlokwa Pedi / N. Sotho Balobedu Mabelane Tswana Balete Tsonga Hlengwe Xika N'walungu Gwamba Tswha Rhonga Hlanganu Nhlave Bila Dzonga Copi Ndzawu Thonga Venda Ngona Lemba Khoi and San San ! Kung ǀXam Khoikhoi Nama Strandloper Whites Afrikaners Boer Cape Dutch Huguenots British Germans Greeks Irish Italians Jews Afrikaner - Jews Lebanese Portuguese Coloureds Cape Coloureds Cape Malay Griqua Oorlams Asians Chinese Indian Tamil Japanese Koreans Pakistanis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huguenots_in_South_Africa&oldid=809302988 '' Categories : History of South Africa South African people of Huguenot descent Ethnic groups in South Africa Huguenot history in South Africa French - South African culture Lists of South African people Dutch Cape Colony Religion in the Dutch Empire Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 08 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the french huguenots arrived in south africa
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"On 31 December 1687 a group of Huguenots set sail from France as the first of the large scale emigration of Huguenots to the Cape of Good Hope, which took place during 1688 and 1689. In total some 180 Huguenots from France, and 18 Walloons from the present-day Belgium, eventually settled at the Cape of Good Hope. A notable example of this is the emigration of Huguenots from La Motte d'Aigues in Provence, France. After this large scale emigration, individual Huguenot immigrant families arrived at the Cape of Good Hope as late as the first quarter of the 18th century, and the state-subsidised emigration of Huguenots was stopped in 1706."
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"31 December 1687"
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Geographic center of the contiguous United States
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Geographic center of the contiguous United States - wikipedia Geographic center of the contiguous United States Jump to : navigation , search Geographic center of the contiguous United States . The geographic center of the contiguous United States is the center of 48 U.S. states . It has been regarded as such by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) since the 1912 additions of New Mexico and Arizona to the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Marker 3 Method of measurement 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Its position as located in a 1918 survey is located at 39 ° 50 ′ N 98 ° 35 ′ W / 39.833 ° N 98.583 ° W / 39.833 ; - 98.583 ( Geographic Center of the Contiguous United States ) , about 2.6 miles ( 4.2 km ) northwest of the center of Lebanon , Kansas , approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of the Kansas - Nebraska border . While any measurement of the exact center of a land mass will always be imprecise due to changing shorelines and other factors , the NGS coordinates are recognized in a historical marker in a small park at the intersection of AA Road and K - 191 . It is accessible by a turn - off from U.S. Route 281 . It is distinct from the geographic center of the United States , which reflects the 1959 additions of the states of Alaska and Hawaii , which is located at a point northeast of Belle Fourche , South Dakota . In an unusual technical glitch , a farmstead northeast of Potwin , Kansas , became the default site of 600 million IP addresses ( due to their lack of fine granularity ) when the Massachusetts - based digital mapping company MaxMind changed the putative geographic center of the contiguous United States from 39.8333333 , - 98.585522 to 38.0000 , - 97.0000 . Marker ( edit ) The marker located near Lebanon , Kansas A close - up of the plaque on the historical marker A small chapel and picnic ground adjacent to the marker An additional monument adjacent to the marker In order to protect the privacy of the private land owner where the point identified by the 1918 survey falls , a proxy marker was erected in 1940 some half a mile away . Its inscription reads : The GEOGRAPHIC CENTER of the UNITED STATES LAT. 39 ° 50 ' LONG. - 98 ° 35 ' NE 1 / 4 - SE 1 / 4 - S32 - T2S - R11W Located by L.T. Hagadorn of Paulette & Wilson - Engineers and L.A. Beardslee - County Engineer . From data furnished by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey . Sponsored by Lebanon Hub Club . Lebanon , Kansas . April 25 , 1940 An American flag usually flies atop a pole placed on the monument . A covered picnic area and small four - pew chapel are nearby . Method of measurement ( edit ) In 1918 , the Coast and Geodetic Survey found this location by balancing on a point a cardboard cutout shaped like the U.S. This method was accurate to within 20 miles , but while the Geodetic Survey no longer endorses any location as the center of the U.S. , the identification of Lebanon , Kansas , has remained . See also ( edit ) Geographic center Geographic center of the United States Geographic centers of the United States Mean center of U.S. population Extreme points of the United States Centroid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Geographical Centers of the United States '' ( PDF ) . USGS Publications Warehouse . U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey . 1964 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Kashmir ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) . `` How an internet mapping glitch turned a random Kansas farm into a digital hell '' . Fusion . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The actual center is about a half mile away in the center of a former hog farm . '' ( kansastravel.org Archived August 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Walter H. Schoewe , `` Kansas and the geodetic datum of North America '' , Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 51 ( 1948 ) 117 -- 124 , www.jstor.org Jump up ^ `` Geographic Center of the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Geodetic Survey Publications . National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Includes a reprint of Adams , Oscar S. ( 1932 ) . `` Geographical Ceters '' . The Military Engineer. 24 ( 138 ) : 586 -- 587 . Describes cardboard method used `` a number of years ago '' . Jump up ^ Keith Stokes ( 2008 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Geographic Center of the United States '' . Kansastravel.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Geographical Center of the Lower 48 United States , at Lebanon , Kansas '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 1 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Smith County Map , KDOT Kansas Travel article In the Middle of Nowhere , a Nation 's Center , New York Times Center for Land Use Interpretation article about the origins and accuracy of the marker Roadside America article USGS information The Center of the United States article about applying mathematical methods to geography Coordinates : 39 ° 49 ′ 41 '' N 98 ° 34 ′ 46 '' W / 39.828175 ° N 98.579500 ° W / 39.828175 ; - 98.579500 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographic_center_of_the_contiguous_United_States&oldid=831936040 '' Categories : 1940 sculptures Geographical centres Geography of Smith County , Kansas Geography of the United States Landmarks in Kansas Monuments and memorials in Kansas Tourist attractions in Smith County , Kansas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what state is in the center of the united states
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"Its position as located in a 1918 survey is located at 39°50′N 98°35′W / 39.833°N 98.583°W / 39.833; -98.583 (Geographic Center of the Contiguous United States), about 2.6 miles (4.2 km) northwest of the center of Lebanon, Kansas, approximately 12 miles (19 km) south of the Kansas-Nebraska border.[1]"
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"Kansas"
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8502770843887293049
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Bridesmaid
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Bridesmaid - wikipedia Bridesmaid `` Maid of honor '' redirects here . For the UK royal court title , see maid of honour . For the Justice League episode , see Maid of Honor ( Justice League episode ) . `` Bridesmaids '' redirects here . For the 2011 film , see Bridesmaids ( 2011 film ) . For other uses , see Bridesmaid ( disambiguation ) . Seven bridesmaids in matching dresses , with the bride The bridesmaids are members of the bride 's party in a wedding . A bridesmaid is typically a young woman , and often a close friend or relative . She attends to the bride on the day of a wedding or marriage ceremony . Traditionally , bridesmaids were chosen from unwed young women of marriageable age . The principal bridesmaid , if one is so designated , may be called the chief bridesmaid or maid of honor if she is unmarried , or the matron of honor if she is married . A junior bridesmaid is a girl who is clearly too young to be married , but who is included as an honorary bridesmaid . In the United States , typically only the maid / matron of honor and the best man are the official witnesses for the wedding license . Often there is more than one bridesmaid : in modern times the bride chooses how many to ask . Historically , no person of status went out unattended , and the size of the retinue was closely calculated to be appropriate to the family 's social status . A large group of bridesmaids provided an opportunity for showing off the family 's social status and wealth . Today , the number of bridesmaids in a wedding party is dependent on many variables , including a bride 's preferences , the size of her family , and the number of attendants her partner would like to have as well . The male equivalent is the groomsman , also known in British English as an usher ; in the United States , the role of attending to the groom has diverged from that of escorting guests to their seats , and the two positions are no longer synonymous and are often if not usually filled by different persons . In some cultures , such as in Norway , the Netherlands and Victorian Britain , it has been customary for bridesmaids to be small girls rather than grown women . They may carry flowers during the wedding procession and pose with the married couple in bridal photos . In modern English - speaking countries , this role is separate from that of the bridesmaid , and the small child performing it is known as a flower girl . Contents 1 Duties 2 Maid of honor 3 Origin and history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Duties ( edit ) Four bridesmaids wearing gagra cholis , the traditional dress of northern India Although many exceed the minimum , the bridesmaids ' required duties are very limited . They are required to attend the wedding ceremony and to assist the bride on the day of the wedding . Bridesmaids in Europe and North America are often asked to assist the bride with planning the wedding and a wedding reception . In modern times , a bridesmaid often participates in planning wedding - related events , such as a bridal shower or bachelorette party , if there are any . These , however , are optional activities ; according to etiquette expert Judith Martin , `` Contrary to rumor , bridesmaids are not obliged to entertain in honor of the bride , nor to wear dresses they can not afford . '' If it is customary in the bride 's area to have a bridesmaids luncheon , then it is hosted , and therefore organized and paid for , by the bride . A junior bridesmaid has no responsibilities beyond attending the wedding . This junior bridesmaid , in North Carolina , USA , is dressed in white , just like the bride . The duties and costs of being a bridesmaid are parsed out between a bride and her attendants in a variety of ways . Since modern bridesmaids , unlike their historical counterparts , can no longer rely on having their clothes and travel expenses paid for by the bride 's family , and are sometimes even told they must pay for parties that the bride wants to have before the wedding , it has become customary for the bride to present the bridesmaids with gifts as a sign of gratitude for the support and financial commitment that comes with their roles . It has become equally customary for women who are invited to serve as bridesmaids to first ask about the amount of time , energy , and money that the bride expects from them before accepting this position , and to decline or resign if this is more than they will be able to give . In some American weddings , each bridesmaid may be asked to spend US $1,700 or more , with travel to destination weddings and pre-wedding parties usually being the biggest expense . Some bridesmaids have particular duties . For instance , the mead of honor is to provide a constant source of fortified honey drink , to keep the bridal party festive . And the made of on her has , diplomatically , important romantic duties vis - a-vis the bride 's friends and family . Maid of honor ( edit ) For the court title , see Maid of honour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The bride ( center ) with her maid of honor ( third from left ) and bridesmaids . The maid of honor can be distinguished by her dress , which differs somewhat from that of the other bridesmaids , as well as by her position in the traditional place of honor at the immediate right of the principal party . From 1929 , in Minnesota , USA . In the United Kingdom , the term `` maid of honour '' originally referred to the female attendant of a queen . The term bridesmaid is normally used for all bridal attendants in the UK . However , when the attendant is married , or is a mature woman , the term matron of honour is often used . The influence of American English has led to the chief bridesmaid sometimes being called the maid of honour . In North America , a wedding party might include several bridesmaids , but the maid of honor is the title and position held by the bride 's chief attendant , typically her closest friend or sister . In modern - day weddings some brides opt to choose a long - time male friend or brother as their head attendant , using the title best man or man of honor . The activities of the principal bridesmaid may be as many or as varied as she allows the bride to impose upon her . Her only required duty is to participate in the wedding ceremony . Typically , however , she is asked for help with the logistics of the wedding as an event , such as addressing invitations , and for her help as a friend , such as attending the bride as she shops for her wedding dress . On the day of the wedding , her principal duty is to provide practical and emotional support . She might assist the bride with dressing and , if needed , help the bride manage her veil , a bouquet , a prayer book , or the train of her wedding dress during the day . In a double - ring wedding , the chief bridesmaid is often entrusted with the groom 's wedding ring until it is needed during the ceremony . Many brides ask bridesmaids if they are adults , to be legal witnesses who sign the marriage license after the ceremony . If there is a reception after the wedding , the maid of honor may be asked to offer a toast to the newlywed . Origin and History ( edit ) The origin of the Western bridesmaid tradition likely arose from a combination of many factors . The most - likely factors include , but are n't limited to , socioeconomic class and status , family size , socialization standards of the day , and religion . Others cite the Biblical story of Jacob , and his two wives Leah and Rachel , who both literally came with their own maids as detailed in the Book of Genesis ( 29 : 24 , 46 : 18 ) as the origin of bridesmaids . These women were handmaidens ( servants or slaves ) instead of social peers . Some sources state that , in ancient times , originally the bride and all the bridesmaids wore the exact same dress and veiled their faces heavily , for the purpose of confusing jealous suitors and evil spirits . In China during the feudal era , the female womb was seen as precious for the production of an heir . Brides were susceptible to kidnapping at weddings by rival clans and hooligans . Shouldering the responsibility to protect the bride , bridesmaids were dressed up like the bride to lower the risk that she might be identified and robbed . As legal protections for marriage were established , this was no longer necessary , and the role of bridesmaid took a more symbolic turn . In the Victorian era , white was the official color for both male groomsmen and female bridesmaids . This trend originated with Queen Victoria when she married Prince Albert wearing a long white wedding dress , and her bridesmaids matched the color of her gown . See also ( edit ) Bridesman Groomsman Bridesmead Made of On Her References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior , Freshly Updated . Kamen , Gloria . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 383 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . ( I ) n polite society ... the bridesmaids ' only duties are to make a special fuss over the bride by gathering around her at the wedding and , in the weeks before , by pretending to be interested in all the wedding details . It is also nice , but not obligatory , for them to plan a girlishly informal gathering -- a luncheon or shower -- for her beforehand . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 1999 ) . Miss Manners on weddings . New York : Crown Publishers . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60431 - 7 . Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 1922 ) . Etiquette in Society , in Business , in Politics and at Home ' . Funk & Wagnalls Company . pp. 335 -- 337 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Stephanie ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` How much does it cost to be a bridesmaid ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Thompson , By Jenn . `` Bizarre origins of wedding traditions - CNN.com '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of Bridesmaids '' . oureverydaylife.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's so dangerous being a bridesmaid in China that some brides are hiring professionals instead - San Francisco Wedding Photography - SF Wedding Photographer '' . www.iqphoto.com . External links ( edit ) Media related to Bridesmaids at Wikimedia Commons A Salute to Bridesmaids - slideshow by Life magazine Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage license Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Western dress codes : Formal Morning dress White tie Semi-formal Black lounge suit Black tie Informal Dress clothes Lounge suit Wedding dress Contemporary Western wedding dress Ball gown / Evening gown Boutonnière Garter Hwarot Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lychgate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Hindu Bengali Muslim Brunei Malay Chinese Catholic Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Odia Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland India Pakistan Philippines Russia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Same - sex marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridesmaid&oldid=856124186 '' Categories : Wedding ceremony participants Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 01 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how old do you have to be to be a chief bridesmaid
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"The bridesmaids are members of the bride's party in a wedding. A bridesmaid is typically a young woman, and often a close friend or relative. She attends to the bride on the day of a wedding or marriage ceremony. Traditionally, bridesmaids were chosen from unwed young women of marriageable age.\n"
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"of marriageable age"
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Partition of Bengal (1905)
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Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) - wikipedia Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map showing the result of the partition of Bengal in 1905 . The western part ( Bengal ) gained parts of Orissa , the eastern part ( Eastern Bengal and Assam ) regained Assam that had been made a separate province in 1874 Map showing the modern day nation of Bangladesh and Indian states of Bihar , Jharkhand , Orissa , Assam , Meghalaya , Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Nagaland and Manipur within the Province before division into Bihar and Orissa and East Bengal and Assam Part of a series on the History of Bengal Ancient Geopolitical units ( show ) Pundravardhana Vanga Gangaridai Samatata Anga Suhma Harikela Kamarupa Ancient and Classical dynasties ( show ) Nanda dynasty Maurya dynasty Shunga dynasty Gupta dynasty Varman dynasty Gauda dynasty Mallabhum dynasty Khadga dynasty Pala dynasty Chandra dynasty Chola dynasty Sena dynasty Deva dynasty Medieval and Early Modern periods ( show ) Delhi Sultanate City states Sonargaon Lakhnauti Satgaon Bengal Sultanate Ilyas Shahi dynasty Hussain Shahi dynasty Karrani dynasty Sur Empire Twelve Bhuyan Confederacy Kingdom of Mrauk U Jaintia Kingdom Koch dynasty Kingdom of Tripura Kingdom of Bhurshut Mughal Empire Bengal Subah Burdwan Raj Rajshahi Raj Nadia Raj Bettiah Raj Nawabs of Bengal Zamindars Maratha expeditions in Bengal European colonisation ( show ) Portuguese Chittagong Dutch Bengal French Bengal Danish Bengal Austrian Bengal British India Company rule Bengal Presidency Bengal famine of 1770 Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Bengal famine of 1943 Direct Action Day Indian Mutiny of 1857 British Raj Bengal Renaissance Eastern Bengal and Assam Anti-colonial struggle Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) East Bengal ( show ) East Bengali refugees East Pakistan ( show ) 1964 East Pakistan riots Language Movement Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Liberation War 1971 Genocide Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Bangladesh ( show ) People 's Republic Military coups Bangladesh famine of 1974 Indian Bengal ( show ) West Bengal Tripura merger Left Front Naxalism Barak Valley Language Movement Gorkhaland Calendar ( show ) Bengali calendar Malla calendar Related ( show ) Bengali literary history Architecture of Bengal Bangamata Part of a series on the History of Bangladesh Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat Ancient ( show ) Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bronze Age , c. 3300 -- c. 1200 BCE Iron Age , c. 1200 -- c. 200 BCE Janapada , c. 1200 -- c. 600 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware , c. 700 -- c. 200 BCE Pundra Kingdom , c. 700 -- c. 200 BCE Bengal in Mahabharata , c. 400 -- c. 325 BCE Gangaridai Kingdom , c. 350 -- c. 325 BCE Mauryan Empire , c. 325 -- c. 185 BCE Samatata Kingdom , c. 232 BCE -- c. 800 AD Shunga - Kushan Period , c. 185 BCE -- c. 75 AD Southwestern Silk Road , c. 114 BCE -- c. 1450 AD Indo - Roman trade relations , c. 30 BCE -- c. 600 AD Classical ( show ) Gupta Empire , c. 240 -- c. 550 AD Sylhet - Assam Varmans , c. 350 -- c. 650 Gauda Kingdom , c. 590 -- c. 626 Khadga dynasty , c. 650 -- c. 750 Pala Empire , c. 750 -- c. 1100 Arrival of Islam , c. 800 -- c. 1050 Harikela Kingdom , c. 900 -- c. 1050 Candra dynasty , c. 900 -- c. 1050 Sena dynasty , c. 1070 -- c. 1320 Deva dynasty , c. 1100 -- c. 1250 Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1204 -- c. 1338 Mamluk Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sonargaon Sultanate , c. 1338 -- c. 1352 Bengal Sultanate , c. 1352 -- c. 1576 Ilyas Shahi dynasty Hussain Shahi dynasty Karrani dynasty Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 Twelve Bhuyans , c. 1550 -- c. 1620 Porto Grande de Bengala , c. 1528 -- c. 1666 Chittagong - Arakan Kingdom , c. 1530 -- c. 1666 Mughal Empire , c. 1576 -- c. 1717 Bengal Subah Modern ( show ) Nawabs of Bengal , c. 1717 -- c. 1757 Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 Faraizi Movement , c. 1818 -- c. 1884 The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 Bengal Renaissance Eastern Bengal and Assam Prime Minister of Bengal East Bengal , c. 1947 -- c. 1955 Bengali Language Movement East Pakistan , c. 1955 -- c. 1971 Six Point Movement 1969 uprising in East Pakistan Pakistani general election , 1970 Bangladesh Liberation War , c. 1971 Declaration of Independence Provisional Government of Bangladesh 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Bangladesh Forces Bangladeshi Republic , c. 1972 -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Bangladeshi history Bangladeshi art History of Bengali literature Bangladesh portal The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal ( Bengali : বঙ্গভঙ্গ ) was announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India , Lord Curzon . The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas . The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal 's business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa . Hindus were outraged at what they recognised as a `` divide and rule '' policy , where the colonisers turned the native population against itself in order to rule , even though Curzon stressed it would produce administrative efficiency . The partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization on communal lines . Bengal was reunited by Lord Hardinage in 1911 in an effort to appease Bengali sentiment . It was reunited for the following reasons : 1 . Swadeshi movement riots protested against it . 2 . Hindus thought the east Bengal would have their own courts and policies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Partition 3 Political crisis 4 Re-unification 5 Aftermath 6 Significance 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External resources Background ( edit ) The provincial state of Bengal had an area of 189,000 mi and a population of nearly 78.5 million . It comprised to West Bengal with a Hindu majority and East Bengal and Assam with a Muslim majority . It included the Hindi - speaking regions of Bihar , the Odia - speaking regions of Odisha as well as the Assamese - speaking region of Assam , making it a huge administrative entity . Moreover , the capital , Calcutta , was also the capital of the entire British India . With the growing efforts of the Indian freedom fighters to secure the independence of India , Lord Curzon decided to address both these problems by partitioning Bengal into two entities , which would result in a Muslim - majority in the eastern half , and a Hindu - majority in the western half . This he hoped would reduce the administrative pressures and divide the population on religious grounds , quelling the Indian Independence Movement . Partition ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The government announced the idea for partition in January 1904 . The idea was opposed by Henry John Stedman Cotton , Chief Commissioner of Assam ( 1896 -- 1902 ) . The partition was made on 16 October , by Viceroy Curzon . The former province of Bengal was divided into two new provinces `` Bengal '' ( comprising western Bengal as well as the province of Bihar and Orissa ) and Eastern Bengal and Assam with Dacca as the capital of the latter . Partition was promoted for administrative reasons since Bengal was geographically as large as France and had a significantly larger population . Curzon stated the eastern region was neglected and under - governed . By splitting the province , an improved administration could be established in the east , where subsequently , the population would benefit from new schools and employment opportunities . The partition was generally supported by the Muslims of East Bengal by both their poor economic conditions in East Bengal and the perceived dominance of the Hindu businessmen and landlords in West Bengal over the governance of Bengal . Most of the factories and mills in Bengal were established in and around Calcutta , while many sources of raw materials for these factories were in East Bengal . Furthermore , most of the educational institutions of the Province were in Calcutta , including the lone university in Bengal . The scars resulting from the partition of Bengal have never completely healed and can still be seen today . Given below is the proclamation of partition : `` The Governor - General is pleased to constitute the territories at present under the administration of the Chief Commissioner of Assam to be for the purposes of the Indian Councils Act 1861 ... a province to which the provisions of that Act touching the making of laws and regulations for the peace and good order of the presidencies of Fort St. George and Bombay shall be applicable and to direct that the said province shall be called and known as the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam ... The Governor - General in Council is pleased to specify the sixteenth day of October , 1905 as the period at which the said provisions shall take effect and 15th as the number of councilors whom the Lieutenant - Governor may nominate for his assistance in making laws and regulations . The Governor - General in Council is further pleased to declare and appoint that upon the constitution of the said province of Eastern Bengal and Assam , the districts of Dacca , Mymensingh , Faridpur , Backergunge , Tippera , Noakhali , Chittagong , the Chittagong Hill Tracts , Rajashahi , Dinajpur , Jalpaiguri , Rangpur , Bogra , Pabna , and Malda which now form part of the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort William shall cease to be subject to or included within the limits of that Division , and shall thenceforth be subject to and included within the limits of the Lieutenant - Governorship of the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam . '' The reason behind the partition that was officially announced was that the Bengal province was too large to be administered by a single governor and so it would be partitioned on administrative purpose . The real reason behind the partition was political and not administrative . East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus . Partition was yet another part of the divide and rule policy . The following excerpts from Curzon 's letter of 2 February 1905 to St. John Brodrick , Secretary of State for India , give an idea of his aims in partitioning Bengal : `` Calcutta is the centre from which the Congress Party is manipulated throughout the whole of Bengal , and indeed the whole of India . Its best wire pullers and its most frothy orators all reside here . The perfection of their machinery , and the tyranny which it enables them to exercise are truly remarkable . They dominate public opinion in Calcutta ; they affect the High Court ; they frighten the local Government , and they are sometimes not without serious influence on the Government of India . The whole of their activity is directed to creating an agency so powerful that they may one day be able to force a weak government to give them what they desire . Any measure in consequence that would divide the Bengali - speaking population ; that would permit independent centres of activity and influence to grow up ; that would dethrone Calcutta from its place as the center of successful intrigue , or that would weaken the influence of the lawyer class , who have the entire organisation in their hands , is intensely and hotly resented by them . The outcry will be loud and very fierce , but as a native gentleman said to me -- ' my countrymen always howl until a thing is settled ; then they accept it ' . '' Political crisis ( edit ) Partition sparked an extremely major political crisis along religious lines . Hindu resistance exploded as the Indian National Congress began the Swadeshi movement that included boycotting British goods and public institutions , meetings and processions , forming committees , propaganda through press , and diplomatic pressure . Hitherto untouched sections of Indian society participated in these movements , providing base for later movements . Richness of the movement extended to culture , science and literature . Masses were educated for a bolder form of politics and colonial hegemony was undermined . The Muslims in East Bengal hoped that a separate region would give them more control over education and employment , hence , they opposed those movements . Rabindranath Tagore wrote Banglar Mati Banglar Jol as a rallying cry for proponents of annulment of Partition . Opposition to the partition was supported by Henry John Stedman Cotton who had been Chief Commissioner of Assam , but Curzon was not to be moved . Later , Cotton , now Liberal MP for Nottingham East coordinated the successful campaign to oust the first lieutenant - governor of East Bengal , Sir Bampfylde Fuller . Re-unification ( edit ) Due to these political protests , the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911 . A new partition which divided the province on linguistic , rather than religious grounds followed , with the Hindi , Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units : Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west , and Assam Province to the east . The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well . Aftermath ( edit ) In 1909 , separate elections were established for Muslims and Hindus . Before this , many members of both communities had advocated national solidarity of all Bengalis . With separate electorates , distinctive political communities developed , with their own political agendas . Muslims , too , dominated the Legislature , due to their overall numerical strength of roughly twenty two to twenty eight million . Nationally , Hindus and Muslims began to demand the creation of two independent states , one to be formed in majority Hindu and one in majority Muslim areas . In 1947 , Bengal was partitioned for the second time , solely on religious grounds , as part of the Partition of India following the formation of the nations India and Pakistan . In 1955 , East Bengal became East Pakistan , and in 1971 became the independent state of Bangladesh after a successful war of independence with West Pakistan . Significance ( edit ) The partition left a significant impact on the people of Bengal as well as the political scene of the Indian subcontinent . This event also created a sense of political awareness among the Muslims of East Bengal . To mollify the people of East Bengal , Lord Curzon declared that a university as a center of excellence would be established in Dacca ( which would later be named as University of Dhaka ) and formed a committee in this regard consisting Khwaja Salimullah , A.K. Fazlul Huq and others . The decision was severely criticised by some Hindu leaders in West Bengal . The most significant impact of this event was greater communal dissonance between the Hindus and Muslims of Bengal . See also ( edit ) West Bengal Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` the creation of the barrier '' http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60754/partition-of-Bengal Jump up ^ Bipan Chandre Lal , `` History of Modern India '' , ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 3684 - 5 , pp. 248 -- 249 Jump up ^ David Gilmour , Curzon : Imperial Statesman ( 1994 ) , pp. 271 -- 3 Jump up ^ Gordon Johnson , `` Partition , Agitation and Congress : Bengal 1904 To 1908 , '' Modern Asian Studies , ( May 1973 ) 7 # 3 , pp. 533 -- 588 Jump up ^ The heritage of Bangla patriotic songs Jump up ^ Judith M. Brown , Modern India ( 1985 ) , pp. 184 , 366 Jump up ^ Haimanti Roy , `` Partition of Contingency ? Public Discourse in Bengal , 1946 -- 1947 , '' Modern Asian Studies , ( November 2009 ) , 43 # 6 , pp. 1355 -- 1384 Jump up ^ Judith M. Brown , Modern India ( 1985 ) , p. 366 Further reading ( edit ) Edwardes , Michael . High Noon of Empire : India under Curzon ( 1965 ) McLane , John R ... `` The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905 , '' Indian Economic and Social History Review , July 1965 , 2 # 3 , pp. 221 -- 237 External Resources ( edit ) Ahmed , Sufia ( 2012 ) . `` Partition of Bengal , 1905 '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . 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when did the unification of bengal took place
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"Due to these political protests, the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911. A new partition which divided the province on linguistic, rather than religious grounds followed, with the Hindi, Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east. The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well."
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"12 December 1911"
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Women's Rugby World Cup
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Women 's Rugby World Cup - wikipedia Women 's Rugby World Cup Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Women 's Rugby League World Cup . Women 's Rugby World Cup Current season or competition : : 2017 Women 's Rugby World Cup Sport Rugby union Instituted April 6 , 1991 ; 26 years ago ( 1991 - 04 - 06 ) Number of teams 12 Regions Worldwide ( World Rugby ) Holders New Zealand ( 5 Titles ) Most titles New Zealand ( 5 titles ) Website www.rwcwomens.com The Women 's Rugby World Cup is the premier international competition in rugby union for women . The tournament is organised by the sport 's governing body , World Rugby . The championships are currently held every four years ; the event was most recently held in France in August 2014 . World Rugby has chosen to reset the tournament on a new four - year cycle to avoid conflict with the Olympics and Women 's World Cup Sevens ; the next World Cup will thus be held in Dublin , Ireland and Belfast , Northern Ireland in 2017 and then every four years thereafter . The first Women 's Rugby World Cup was held in 1991 and won by the United States . The 1991 and 1994 competitions were not officially sanctioned by World Rugby , then known as the International Rugby Football Board , at the time - they later received retrospective endorsement in 2009 when the governing body included the 1991 and 1994 champions in its list of previous winners . It was not until the 1998 tournament held in the Netherlands that the tournament received official IRB backing . The most successful team , with five titles , is New Zealand . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Results 2.1 Tournaments 2.2 Performance of nations 3 Format 4 Media coverage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the first Women 's Rugby World Cup officially sanctioned by the International Rugby Board there had been three previous tournaments of a similar nature . The first of these was an event held in August 1990 in New Zealand . Though not considered a world cup , the tournament was referred to as the World Rugby Festival for Women . The competition included teams representing the United States , the Netherlands , Russia , and the hosts , New Zealand -- who emerged as winners after defeating the United States in the final . The first tournament referred to as the Women 's Rugby World Cup was held in 1991 and hosted by Wales . Twelve countries were divided into four groups of three . The United States , against expectations , took the first championship with a 19 -- 6 victory over England . In the Plate competition Canada prevailed over Spain 18 -- 4 . Following the first tournament it was decided to move the tournament schedule to the year prior to the next men 's world cup therefore reducing the quadrennial cycle to just three years . The next event was originally scheduled to take place in Amsterdam but ended up being moved to Scotland . Eleven countries competed in the tournament with the English meeting the United States in the final for the second time however , in this instance England emerged as winners . The 1998 tournament became the first women 's world cup officially sanctioned by the International Rugby Board . Amsterdam , who were originally scheduled to host the previous world cup , hosted the largest ever tournament with all matches played at the new National Rugby Centre in the city 's west end . The tournament also saw a record sixteen teams compete . New Zealand , who withdrew from the previous tournament , also competed . The final saw New Zealand defeat the United States and claim their first world cup title . The next event was taken to Spain in 2002 , where New Zealand , won the title for the second time . The 2006 world cup took place in Edmonton , Canada , and was the first major international rugby union tournament and women 's world cup held in North America . New Zealand defeated England in the final to win their third successive world cup title . In 2008 a record four countries expressed interest in hosting the 2010 world cup . After considering bids from the Rugby Football Union , the German Rugby Federation , the Kazakhstan Rugby Union and South African Rugby Union the IRB announced that the 2010 event would take place in England . The Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) then announced that the tournament was to be staged in west London , with the final to be played at the Twickenham Stoop . It was announced in May 2015 , by which time the IRB had adopted its current name of World Rugby , that the 2017 tournament would be hosted by the Irish Rugby Football Union , which governs the sport on an All - Ireland basis . Games will be held in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , specifically in Dublin and Belfast . Results ( edit ) Tournaments ( edit ) Year Host Final Third place match Number of teams Winner Score Runner - up 3rd place Score 4th place 1991 Details Wales United States 19 -- 6 England France Shared third New Zealand 12 1994 Details Scotland England 38 -- 23 United States France 27 -- 0 Wales 12 1998 Details Netherlands New Zealand 44 -- 12 United States England 31 -- 15 Canada 16 2002 Details Spain New Zealand 19 -- 9 England France 41 -- 7 Canada 16 2006 Details Canada New Zealand 25 -- 17 England France 17 -- 8 Canada 12 Details England New Zealand 13 -- 10 England Australia 22 -- 8 France 12 2014 Details France England 21 -- 9 Canada France 25 -- 18 Ireland 12 2017 Details Ireland New Zealand 41 -- 32 England France 31 -- 23 United States 12 Performance of nations ( edit ) Team Champion Runner - up Third Fourth New Zealand 5 ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2017 ) -- -- 1 ( 1991 ) England 2 ( 1994 , 2014 ) 5 ( 1991 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2017 ) 1 ( 1998 ) -- United States 1 ( 1991 ) 2 ( 1994 , 1998 ) -- 1 ( 2017 ) Canada -- 1 ( 2014 ) -- 3 ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) France -- -- 6 ( 1991 , 1994 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 , 2017 ) 1 ( 2010 ) Australia -- -- 1 ( 2010 ) -- Ireland -- -- -- 1 ( 2014 ) Wales -- -- -- 1 ( 1994 ) Women 's national rugby union teams Teams with World Cup appearances Australia Canada England France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Japan Kazakhstan Netherlands New Zealand Samoa Scotland South Africa Spain Sweden United States Wales Teams with no World Cup appearances Austria Bahamas Barbados Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Burundi Cayman Islands China Czech Republic Denmark Fiji Finland Guyana Jamaica Kenya Kyrgyzstan Laos Luxembourg Malaysia Norway Philippines Portugal Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Serbia Singapore Switzerland Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Uzbekistan Zambia Zimbabwe Defunct USSR Great Britain Format ( edit ) The format for the 2006 tournament split the 12 participating nations into four pools of three teams . Each nation played three games , after the completion of which a re-seeding process took place . Nations were moved into divisions dictated by their respective overall tournament ranking with the top teams proceeding to the knockout stages . The 2010 event maintained the number of teams participating at twelve , with regional qualifying tournaments . In previous tournaments teams were selected by the IRB based on international performances as opposed to qualification via regional tournaments . Media coverage ( edit ) The tournament has grown considerably in the past fifteen years although television audiences and event attendance still remain relatively low , especially in comparison to other women 's world cup events . The final of the 2006 event in Canada was broadcast in a number of countries and streamed live via the internet . On 29 July 2010 , Sky Sports confirmed that they would be broadcasting 13 live matches from the 2010 event , including the semi-finals , the third and fourth place play - off match and the final . The pool matches shown would include all of England 's matches while each of the home nations ' would feature live too . There would also be highlights shown from all other matches during the pool stages . In Ireland the Women 's Rugby World Cup was broadcast by TG4 in 2014 , the Irish language channel received praise for airing the tournament . TG4 provided coverage to All of the Irish matches as well as the final and semi-final . See also ( edit ) Rugby union portal Women 's sport portal Women 's rugby union Women 's international rugby Women 's Rugby League World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` France to Host 2014 Women 's Rugby World Cup '' . WRWC . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Rugby World Cup 2017 tender process opens '' ( Press release ) . World Rugby. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ IRB press release Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Rugby World Cup '' . RugbyFootballHistory.com . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Rugby World Cup -- History '' . BBC Sport. 2002 - 05 - 13 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Women 's Rugby World Cup -- results '' . Uniweb . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Femenino ( Women 's Rugby ) '' . Iespena.es . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand retain crown '' . International Rugby Board . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Woods , Penny ( 2008 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Women 's rugby looking to sidestep the doubters '' . The Guardian . London . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Women 's Rugby World Cup '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Padraic ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` Ireland to host 2017 Women 's World Cup '' . RTÉ Sport . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Womens Rugby World Cup to be held in Ireland '' . Jump up ^ A third place match was played -- won by France , probably by 3 -- 0 . However , the game can only be considered as `` unofficial '' as it was not part of the original tournament plan , and the result was not recorded in any official tournament reports . The game is also not included in NZRFU international records . Jump up ^ `` England to host Women 's Rugby World Cup '' . rugbyheaven.co.nz . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WRWC live on Sky ! '' . Sky Sports . 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) The official WRWC website Women 's Rugby World Cup from therugbyworldcup.co.uk Results for the previous tournaments at rugbyfootballhistory.com Women 's Rugby World Cup Tournaments Wales 1991 Scotland 1994 Netherlands 1998 Spain 2002 Canada 2006 England 2010 France 2014 Ireland 2017 Qualifying ... 2010 2014 2017 Finals ... 2010 2014 2017 Squads ... 2010 2014 2017 Related articles Women 's World Rugby Festival 1990 Rugby unions by best performance at the Women 's Rugby World Cup Winners England ( 2 Times ) New Zealand ( 4 Times ) United States ( Once ) Runners up Canada ( Once ) Third Australia ( Once ) France ( 5 Times ) Fourth Wales ( Once ) Ireland ( Once ) Group stages Germany ( 2 Times ) Hong Kong ( Once ) Italy ( 3 Times ) Japan ( 3 Times ) Kazakhstan ( 6 Times ) Netherlands ( 3 Times ) Russia ( 3 Times ) Samoa ( 3 Times ) Scotland ( 5 Times ) South Africa ( 3 Times ) Spain ( 5 Times ) Sweden ( 4 Times ) Without World Cup experience American Samoa Andorra Arabian Gulf Argentina Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Belgium Bermuda Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cayman Islands Chile China Colombia Cook Islands Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Fiji Finland Georgia Ghana Guam Guyana Hungary India Iran Israel Ivory Coast Jamaica Kenya Kyrgyzstan Lao Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Namibia Nigeria Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Rwanda St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Serbia Senegal Singapore Slovenia Solomon Islands South Korea Sri Lanka Swaziland Switzerland Tahiti Taiwan ( Chinese Taipei ) Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Uganda Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe International rugby union competitions World Rugby Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania Worldwide Men World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series U20 World Championship U20 Trophy Women World Cup Sevens World Cup Sevens Series Multi-sport events Olympic Games ( 7s ) Asian Games Commonwealth Games ( 7s ) Pacific Games Pan American Games Intercontinental Nations Cup Women 's Nations Cup Pacific Nations Cup Pacific Rugby Challenge The Rugby Championship Continental Africa Africa Cup African Development Trophy North African Tri Nations Rugby Africa Sevens African Rugby Under - 19 Cup Asia Asia Rugby Championship Asian Sevens Series Europe Six Nations Rugby Europe International Championships European Nations Cup Women 's Six Nations Under - 20 Six Nations Under - 19 Championship Under - 18 Championship Oceania Oceania Cup Oceania U20 Championship Americas South American Rugby Championship Americas Rugby Championship Rugby Americas North Championship South American U19 Championship Defunct Olympic Games ( 15s ) World Games ( 7s ) Churchill Cup Crescent Cup Four Nations Pacific Rim Championship Pan American Serendib International Cup Super Cup Tbilisi Cup U-19 World Championship U-21 World Championship IRB Women 's Sevens Challenge Cup Women 's international rugby World Rugby Rankings World Rugby Awards World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - 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cross mountain biking trials BMX Equestrianism Equestrian Games dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure speed short track Judo Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men women indoor Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football CP Football Ice sledge hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Cycling Track cycling Road cycling Powerlifting Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies amateurs seniors Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Motorsport Auto racing Alternative energy Solar car Electric car Formula One Formula Three Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 rally raid Rallycross Sports car endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Production Superbike Supersport Cross-country rally Motocross individual nation Supercross sidecar Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football 3x3 basketball Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball men women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Netball Padel tennis Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Canoeing marathon Cycling mountain bike marathon cyclo - cross Darts BDO PDC Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Inline speed skating Karate Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller skating artistic Swimming short course Triathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup&oldid=804865338 '' Categories : Women 's rugby union competitions for national teams Women 's Rugby World Cup World championships Recurring sporting events established in 1991 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the women's rugby world cup played
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[
"The Women's Rugby World Cup is the premier international competition in rugby union for women. The tournament is organised by the sport's governing body, World Rugby. The championships are currently held every four years; the event was most recently held in France in August 2014.[1] World Rugby has chosen to reset the tournament on a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the Olympics and Women's World Cup Sevens; the next World Cup will thus be held in Dublin, Ireland and Belfast, Northern Ireland in 2017 and then every four years thereafter.[2]",
"The Women's Rugby World Cup is the premier international competition in rugby union for women. The tournament is organised by the sport's governing body, World Rugby. The championships are currently held every four years; the event was most recently held in France in August 2014.[1] World Rugby has chosen to reset the tournament on a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the Olympics and Women's World Cup Sevens; the next World Cup will thus be held in Dublin, Ireland and Belfast, Northern Ireland in 2017 and then every four years thereafter.[2]"
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[
"Dublin, Ireland",
"Belfast, Northern Ireland"
] |
-5939437843245440640
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List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records
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List of best major League Baseball season win - loss records - wikipedia List of best major League Baseball season win - loss records Jump to : navigation , search Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams with the best season win - loss records in history , as determined by winning percentage (. 700 or better ) , minimum 120 games played . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season records 2 Other teams 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Season records ( edit ) The following teams finished the season with a . 700 winning percentage or higher . Since the season was expanded to 162 games in 1961 , only two teams have managed a winning percentage greater than . 700 ( which requires 114 wins ) . These two are the 1998 New York Yankees and the 2001 Seattle Mariners . Legend NL = National League AL = American League AA = American Association Season Franchise League Wins Losses Pct . Finish 1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36 . 763 Lost 1906 World Series 1902 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 103 36 . 741 National League Champions 1886 Chicago White Stockings NL 90 34 . 726 Lost 1886 World Series 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 110 42 . 724 Won 1909 World Series 1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43 . 721 Lost 1954 World Series Seattle Mariners AL 116 46 . 716 Lost 2001 ALCS 1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44 . 714 Won 1927 World Series 1886 Detroit Wolverines NL 87 36 . 707 2nd place in National League 1897 Boston Beaneaters NL 93 39 . 705 Lost 1897 Temple Cup 1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45 . 704 Won 1907 World Series 1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45 . 704 Lost 1931 World Series 1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48 . 704 Won 1998 World Series 1887 St. Louis Browns AA 95 40 . 704 Lost 1887 World Series 1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45 . 702 Won 1939 World Series Other teams ( edit ) Prior to 1886 , teams played . 700 ball or better over shorter schedules , where there is much less of the `` evening out '' effect of a lengthier season . For example , the Chicago White Stockings won the National League 's first pennant in 1876 with a 52 - 14 record (. 788 ) , and won the 1880 NL pennant with a 67 - 17 record (. 798 ) , which stands as the overall percentage record between the National or the American League . The White Stockings ' 1880 record would project to a record of 129 - 33 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the White Stockings ' results ( 538 runs scored , 317 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 120 - 42 . The all - time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings , who posted baseball 's only perfect record at 67 - 0 ( 57 - 0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs ) in 1869 . Their record would stretch to 81 - 0 across the 1870 season before losing 8 - 7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14 . The second - best record belongs to the 1875 Boston Red Stockings of the National Association , who finished with a record of 71 - 8 (. 899 ) , but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed . The Red Stockings record would project to 146 - 16 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Red Stockings results ( 831 runs scored , 343 runs allowed ) and the modern 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 138 - 24 . The National Association folded at the end of 1875 , and the Red Stockings , who had won the last four pennants , joined the National League for 1876 , being renamed the Red Caps . The team went 39 - 31 for a fourth - place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42 - 18 and 41 - 19 . The third - best record belongs to the St. Louis Maroons of the 1884 Union Association , who finished with a record of 94 - 19 (. 832 ) , but the Union Association was quite lopsided in talent distribution ( team owner Henry Lucas was also league president , an obvious conflict - of - interest situation which is now banned , and bought all the best available players for his franchise ) , generally disorganized ( six teams played close to full schedules , another four teams folded and one relocated during the course of the season ) , and poorly scheduled . The Maroons ' record would project to 135 - 27 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons ' results ( 887 runs scored , 429 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 131 - 31 , but these results are of questionable merit . The Union Association folded at the end of 1884 , and the Maroons joined the National League for 1885 . Playing against stiffer competition , they went 36 - 72 in 1885 , and 43 - 79 in 1886 , finishing in last and sixth in both seasons . In 1887 , the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers , playing three more seasons below . 500 before folding . See also ( edit ) List of worst Major League Baseball season records List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ^ History : Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings webpage. 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team website ( 2007 ) . Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Reds Timeline . Cincinnati Reds webpage . http://mlb.mlb.com/cin/history/timeline.jsp . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Records and statistics at Baseball Reference Baseball Almanac study of best teams of all time Excerpts from `` Baseball Dynasties '' by Neyer and Epstein Neyer , Rob , and Eddie Epstein . Baseball Dynasties : The Greatest Teams of All Time . Norton , 2000 , 384 p . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best_Major_League_Baseball_season_win-loss_records&oldid=843424958 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 23 . About Wikipedia
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what's the best record in major league baseball history
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[
"\n\nSeason\nFranchise\nLeague\nWins\nLosses\nPct.\nFinish\n\n\n1906\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n116\n36\n.763\nLost 1906 World Series\n\n\n1902\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNL\n103\n36\n.741\nNational League Champions\n\n\n1886\nChicago White Stockings\nNL\n90\n34\n.726\nLost 1886 World Series\n\n\n1909\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNL\n110\n42\n.724\nWon 1909 World Series\n\n\n1954\nCleveland Indians\nAL\n111\n43\n.721\nLost 1954 World Series\n\n\n2001\nSeattle Mariners\nAL\n116\n46\n.716\nLost 2001 ALCS\n\n\n1927\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n110\n44\n.714\nWon 1927 World Series\n\n\n1886\nDetroit Wolverines\nNL\n87\n36\n.707\n2nd place in National League\n\n\n1897\nBoston Beaneaters\nNL\n93\n39\n.705\nLost 1897 Temple Cup\n\n\n1907\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n107\n45\n.704\nWon 1907 World Series\n\n\n1931\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAL\n107\n45\n.704\nLost 1931 World Series\n\n\n1998\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n114\n48\n.704\nWon 1998 World Series\n\n\n1887\nSt. Louis Browns\nAA\n95\n40\n.704\nLost 1887 World Series\n\n\n1939\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n106\n45\n.702\nWon 1939 World Series\n\n"
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"Chicago Cubs"
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8749675678400547811
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Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)
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Davy Jones ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) - wikipedia Davy Jones ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) Jump to : navigation , search Davy Jones Pirates of the Caribbean character Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Portrayed by Bill Nighy Appearance ( s ) Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End Dead Men Tell No Tales Information Gender Male Occupation Captain , Flying Dutchman Flagship captain of Beckett 's E.I.T.C. Armada Guide for souls lost at sea ( abandoned ) Brethren status Involved in the 1st Court Ship ( s ) served on Flying Dutchman Weaponry Left hand claw Single - handed broadsword , DMC Norrington 's Smallsword , AWE . Ships attacked Edinburgh Trader Black Pearl Empress Endeavor Various unnamed ships Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , portrayed by Bill Nighy . He appears in the second and third films , Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , respectively , and cameos in the series ' fifth installment , Dead Men Tell No Tales . He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman ( based on the ghost ship of the same name ) . The computer - generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history , behind King Kong in 2007 . The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man 's Chest . The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones ' Locker . In contrast to the historical legends , the films 's Davy Jones is a villain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception and creation 1.1 Design and appearance 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Before the films 2.2 Dead Man 's Chest 2.3 At World 's End 2.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales 3 Characterization 3.1 Music 3.2 Powers and abilities 4 Merchandise 5 References 6 External links Conception and creation ( edit ) From real to reality : Davy Jones is brought to life . See also : Industrial Light & Magic , Motion capture , Computer - generated imagery , and photorealism Before officially casting Bill Nighy , producers also met with Jim Broadbent , Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role . Like the entire crew of the Flying Dutchman ( except `` Bootstrap Bill '' ) , Davy Jones 's physical appearance is completely 3 - D computer - generated . Nighy 's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set , with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face , rather than in a studio during post-production . Nighy also wore make - up around his eyes , since the original plan was to use his real eyes , if necessary to get the proper lighting , in the digital character ; he also wore make - up on his lips and around his mouth , to assist in the motion capture of his character 's Scottish accent . Briefly during the third film , Jones appears as a human for a single scene , played by Nighy in costume . Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup due to the computer - generated character 's photorealism . Design and appearance ( edit ) Davy Jones ' physique was designed by the films ' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features . Jones ' most striking feature is his cephalopod - like head , with octopus - like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard . The major features of the Davy Jones ' physique bear strong resemblance to the mythical Cthulhu created by H.P. Lovecraft . In Lovecraft 's short story `` The Call of Cthulhu '' he describes the creature as `` ... a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline , but with an octopus - like head whose face was a mass of feelers , a scaly , rubbery - looking body , prodigious claws on hind and fore feet ... '' It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face 's color was partly inspired by a coffee - stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM 's computers to be used as the skin . The character of Davy Jones has also a crustacean - style claw for his left arm , a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand , and the right leg of a crab ( resembling a pegleg ) . He also speaks with a clearly distinguishable , albeit thick , Scottish accent that 's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose , and presumably , a nasal cavity and / or sinuses . Originally , director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch , as he is the captain of the `` Dutch - man '' . Nighy however responded , `` I do n't do Dutch . So I decided on Scottish . '' Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom Still Game influenced his choice of accent , stating : `` I had to find an accent no one else had . Although Alex Norton is Scottish , mine was slightly different . We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative ... I have seen Still Game and I am a fan . The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area . '' Fictional character biography ( edit ) Before the films ( edit ) See also : Tia Dalma and Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Davy Jones , a human and a great sailor , fell in love with Calypso , a sea goddess . She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world . Calypso gave him the Flying Dutchman to accomplish this task . She swore that after ten years , she would meet him and they would spend one day together before he returned to his duties . However , when Jones returned to shore after ten years , Calypso failed to appear . Believing Calypso had betrayed him , a heartbroken and enraged Davy Jones turned the Pirate Brethren against her , saying that if she were removed from the world , they would be able to claim the seas for themselves . They assembled in the First Brethren Court and Jones taught them how to imprison her into her human form . Despite betraying her , Jones still loved Calypso , and in despair and guilt for what he had done , he carved out his own heart and placed it in the `` Dead Man 's Chest '' . The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest , along with Jones ' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her , except his matching musical locket . The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces . Jones kept the chest 's key with him at all times . With Calypso gone , Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas . As a result of this , Jones gradually became monstrous , his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna . Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death , for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel , with an insatiable taste for all things brutal . Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the Dutchman . He comes to command the Kraken , a feared mythological sea monster . In the book series about Jack Sparrow 's earlier adventures , Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes , also sought by Jack . He is a minor character , but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew encounter the Flying Dutchman . Jones also appears in the prequel book about Jack 's first years as a captain . He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them , who turns out to be Borya Palachnik , the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea . Before the events of the first film , Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal : Jones will raise the Black Pearl back from Davy Jones ' Locker , allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the Dutchman for 100 years . This event , referenced in the films , also appears in the book series . Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Davy Jones first appears in the second film ; Dead Man 's Chest he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow . Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before one of his crew members Hector Barbossa committed mutiny , but Jones rejects this explanation . Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself . Jack strikes a new deal with Jones ; Jack will be spared enslavement on the Dutchman if he brings Jones one hundred souls to replace his own within the next three days . Jones accepts , removes the black spot from Jack 's hand , and retains Will , keeping him as a `` good faith payment . '' Jones and some of the Flying Dutchman crew after Will challenges him to Liar 's Dice . While on the Dutchman , Will challenges Jones at a game of liar 's dice . They wager Will 's soul for an eternity of service against the key to the Dead Man 's Chest . Bootstrap Bill joins the game and purposefully loses to save Will . During the game , Will learns where Jones keeps the key . The next morning , Jones realizes the key is gone and summons the Kraken to destroy the ship carrying Turner , who actually survives . The Dutchman then sails to Isla Cruces to stop Sparrow from getting the Chest . Arriving , Jones sends his crew to retrieve the Chest ; they return to him with it . The Dutchman then chases after the Black Pearl , but is outrun . Jones summons the Kraken , which drags Jack Sparrow and the Pearl to Davy Jones 's Locker . He afterwards opens the Chest only to find his heart missing ; it having been taken by James Norrington , who gives it to Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company . At World 's End ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End See also : Cutler Beckett In the third film At World 's End , Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company . Beckett possesses the heart , and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys . Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships , but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors ; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court . Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken . Later , he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng ; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann , who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death . When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the Dutchman helping Elizabeth escape , Jones claims Norrington 's sword ( originally crafted by Will Turner ) . Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC . However , Mercer successfully defends the Chest , forcing Jones to continue under Beckett 's service . Beckett later summons Jones to his ship , the Endeavour . Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso , while learning of Jack Sparrow 's escape from the Locker . The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove . Human Davy Jones . Jones confronts Calypso , locked in the brig of the Black Pearl . The two former lovers discuss Calypso 's betrayal and Jones 's curse . Calypso temporarily lifts his curse , allowing him to be seen briefly in his original human form . Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her . Calypso , unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court , says that after her release , she will fully give her love to him . Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow . After Calypso is freed , Will reveals that Jones betrayed her . She escapes , refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones . Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom . The Dutchman and the Pearl enter it and battle . During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest . Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the Dutchman . Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth . Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth , and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will . Jones , unharmed , holds Will at sword - point . Jack threatens to stab the heart , and Jones cruelly stabs Will . Remembering Will as his son , Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones , but is quickly defeated . Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap , but Jack helps Will stab the heart . Jones then calls out for Calypso , before tumbling to his death in the maelstrom . Dead Men Tell no Tales ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales In the post-credits scene of the fifth film Dead Men Tell No Tales , Will ( no longer bounded to the Flying Dutchman after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon ) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together , when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones . Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple , Will awakens and the room is empty . Assuming Jones 's appearance to be a nightmare , Will goes back to sleep , oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater . Characterization ( edit ) Music ( edit ) In the films , Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody , and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ . This melody is also his character 's theme , and can be heard throughout the film 's score . It comes in two variations : The soundtrack version and the film version . The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in Dead Man 's Chest . The film version is played in both films multiple times , and is heard last during the climax of the film . Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets , Tia Dalma 's theme is similar to that of Davy Jones , albeit in a different arrangement . The theme is also heard briefly after Jones ' appearance in Dead Men Tell No Tales . Powers and abilities ( edit ) See also : Flying Dutchman ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) and Kraken ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities . Jones is capable of teleportation on board the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl , and he can pass through solid objects . Jones is immortal , capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals . However , he is not impervious to pain , as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle . Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him using the black spot , with which any member of his crew can mark a victim . Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken , a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command . In a physical confrontation , Jones ' physiology also gives him various advantages ; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free , such that he is able to restrain Mercer 's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles . His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal hand could , and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades . He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm . Merchandise ( edit ) Davy Jones was part of Series One of the Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest action figure set produced by NECA . Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man 's Chest and Jones ' heart , both props ( as well as the key ) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two . Jones also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler , Wheelback and Penrod . Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega 's `` Dead Man 's Chest '' plush assortment . Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for At World 's End . Davy Jones and his ship , the Flying Dutchman , were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies Dead Man 's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Although his minifigure counterpart in the Dead Man 's Chest set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in the At World 's End set , which has more greenish tentacles . He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011 , with 4184 Black Pearl . A children 's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007 . Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser , along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner . Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1 : 6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008 , and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 19 ( Seen after the Kraken Attack ) Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , crab claw for left hand Ch. 14 Jump up ^ `` Our 10 Favorite CG Characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Grant , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . The Wah - Wah Diaries : The Making of a Film . Chatham , Kent : Picador . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44197 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , second disc , `` Meet Davy Jones '' Jump up ^ `` An interview with Director Gore Verbinski '' . Post Magazine . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Various quotations and references '' . Never Been Typed . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Bill Nighy '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Review by Russ Breimeier '' . ChristianityToday.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` A review by Iloz Zoc '' . BlogCritics.org . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Davy / Nighy news update '' . BillNighy.info . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 8 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 15 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : The Price of Freedom , Ch. 8 The Devil in the Deep Blue Sea Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : The Price of Freedom , Ch. 19 The Freedom 's Price Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 5 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 12 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 14 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 19 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 21 through 24 Jump up ^ http://thekingdominsider.com/pirates-6-post-credits-scene-added-pirates-caribbean-dead-men-tell-no-tales/ Jump up ^ crawford . `` Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man 's Chest action figures -- Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford , Captain Toy '' . Mwctoys.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Davy Jones on IMDb ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)&oldid=799280519 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean characters CGI characters Fictional personifications of death Adventure film characters Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional ship captains Fictional mass murderers Fictional undead Fictional pirates Fictional swordsmen Fictional Scottish people Fictional demons and devils Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played davy jones in pirates of the caribbean
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[
"Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second and third films, Dead Man's Chest and At World's End, respectively, and cameos in the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."
] |
[
"Bill Nighy"
] |
-3697422255772473151
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Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2
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Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 - Wikipedia Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Jump to : navigation , search Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 DVD cover Directed by Alex Zamm Produced by Brad Krevoy Written by Dannah Feinglass Danielle Schneider Based on Characters by Jeff Bushell Starring George Lopez Odette Yustman Zachary Gordon Emily Osment Bridgit Mendler Music by Chris Hajian Cinematography Robert Brinkmann Edited by Marshall Harvey Heath Ryan Production company Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Release date February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) Running time 84 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $29.6 million ( DVD sales ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 is a 2011 direct - to - DVD sequel to the family comedy film Beverly Hills Chihuahua , the second film in the Beverly Hills Chihuahua series . Directed by Alex Zamm , and starring George Lopez , Odette Yustman and Zachary Gordon , the film focuses on Papi and Chloe , now married and had five puppies . The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 1 , 2011 , in a two - disc Blu - ray and DVD combo pack . Another sequel , Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3 : Viva la Fiesta ! , was released on September 18 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Music 3.1 This Is My Paradise 3.1. 1 Critical reception 3.1. 2 Track listing 3.1. 3 Music video 3.1. 4 Chart performance 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Just married , Papi ( voiced by George Lopez ) and Chloe ( voiced by Odette Yustman ) are trying to keep up with their five puppies Papi Jr , Lala , Rosa , Ali and Pep ( voiced by Zachary Gordon , Madison Pettis , Chantilly Spalan , Delaney Jones and Emily Osment ) running around the house , creating problem after problem . However , Papi shows a soft side for the pups and occasionally tells them of their ancient ancestors the Chihuahua Warriors often creating another problem . Aunt Viv ( Susan Blakely ) , Chloe 's owner , is in the rain forest for the next 6 months with her niece , Rachel ( Erin Cahill ) searching for plants for medical research . During this time Sam ( Marcus Coloma ) , Papi 's owner and Rachel 's boyfriend , is caring for the whole chihuahua family . Sam takes Chloe , Papi and the puppies back home to meet his parents , Mr. and Mrs. Cortez ( Castulo Guerra and Lupe Ontiveros ) . Sam finds out that his family is struggling to pay the mortgage on their house and the bank plans to take their home and sell it . Chloe and the rest of the dogs decide to compete in a dog show in order to win a large cash prize . Delgado , an old friend , also comes to the home and tells Chloe that he needs her help with a secret mission . The mission really is Delgado trying to tell his two sons the truth about why he left them as puppies , but he ca n't bring himself to do it . Later on , Papi had initially won the dog show , but because of the lack of breed papers , he is disqualified , and the dogs lose to an arrogant and vain French poodle named Appoline ( Bridgit Mendler ) . After hearing that Delgado has sons in Los Angeles , the puppies set off to find them . In trying to help , the puppies get caught up in a bank robbery . Meanwhile , Chloe , Papi , Pedro ( Papi 's adopted brother ) and Delgado are in a frenzy trying to find the puppies when they appear running across the television screen at the site of the bank robbery . They all run out to the bank to begin searching for the puppies . The puppies happen to crawl into the duffel bags of the crooks and end up at Hoffman 's Bread Factory . Pedro finds a mask with the scent of bread on it which leads them to the factory . They foil the robbery then return home to find that they have been awarded more than enough money to save their house and Rachel and Aunt Viv have returned . Delgado also goes back into the police force with his two sons , that now found out the truth on why Delgado left them as pups . Rachel accepts Sam 's marriage proposal and the family celebrates . Cast ( edit ) Phill Lewis as Mr. McKibble Marcus Coloma as Sam Cortez Erin Cahill as Rachel Ashe Susan Blakely as Vivian ' Viv ' Ashe Lupe Ontiveros as Mrs. Cortez ( Ontiveros ' last film role ) Castulo Guerra as Mr. Cortez Elaine Hendrix as Colleen Mansfield ( Appoline 's owner ) Brian Stepanek as the Banker French Stewart as Beverly Hills Dog Show Commentator / Dog Show Judge # 2 Voices ( edit ) George Lopez as Papi Odette Yustman as Chloe , Papi 's wife . Yustman replaced Drew Barrymore as the voice of Chloe . Miguel Ferrer as Delgado . Ferrer replaced Andy Garcia as the voice of Delgado Ernie Hudson as Pedro Zachary Gordon as Papi Jr . Chantilly Spalan as Rosa Emily Osment as Pep Madison Pettis as Lala Rachel Ramos as Ali Tom Kenny as Sebastian Loretta Devine as Delta Bridgit Mendler as Marie Appoline Bouvier Alyssa Milano as Biminy Music ( edit ) This is My Paradise ( edit ) `` This Is My Paradise '' Promotional single by Bridgit Mendler Released January 11 , 2011 Genre Pop Length 3 : 45 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Bridgit Mendler Producer ( s ) Chen Neeman `` This is My Paradise is a song performed by American pop recording artist Bridgit Mendler . The song was created by Mendler and producer by Chen Neeman and release as a promotional single on January 11 , 2011 . Critical reception ( edit ) Sweets Lyrics commented that the song is about summer and the beach , despite it being winter in the United States when it was released . Disney Dreaming said the song was light and fun . Track listing ( edit ) U.S. digital download `` This Is My Paradise '' -- 3 : 19 Music video ( edit ) The video of the song was recorded in Beverly Hills , California in November 2010 and directed by Alex Zamm . On December 17 , 2010 photos of the scenes , the recording , and the backstage were released . The video was released on December 19 by Disney Channel , and on December 20 , it was released on YouTube . The video begins with Mendler traveling in an old red and white kombi , leaving Beverly Hills and going to Baja California , Mexico . She sings and writes on the road . After finding her friends , Mendler walks on the beach and plays guitar . They camp by the sun . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Kid Digital Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2010/0BHCH-DVD.php Jump up ^ Plath , James ( 16 December 2010 ) . `` Aieee Chihuaha ! ( Part of the Beverly Hills Chihuahua film series ) BEVERLY HILLS CHIHUAHUA 2 is headed for Blu - ray combo pack '' . DVD Town . Archived from the original on 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McCue , Michelle ( 10 October 2010 ) . `` Disney 's Sequel BEVERLY HILLS CHIHUAHUA 2 Coming to DVD & Blu - ray '' . We Are Movie Geeks . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3 on Blu - ray , DVD and Direct Sept 18th '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` This is My Paradise -- Single by Bridgit Mendler '' . iTunes . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Video premiere : Bridgit Mendler ' This Is My Paradise ' '' . Sweets Lyrics . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridgit Mendler `` This Is My Paradise '' Music Video `` . Disney Dreaming . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bridgit Mendler - Kids Songs on Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 on IMDb Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 at AllMovie Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 at Box Office Mojo Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Beverly Hills Chihuahua Beverly Hills Chihuahua ( 2008 ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 ( 2011 ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3 : Viva la Fiesta ! ( 2012 ) Films directed by Alex Zamm Chairman of the Board ( 1998 ) My Date with the President 's Daughter ( 1998 ) Inspector Gadget 2 ( 2003 ) Snow ( 2004 ) The Haunting Hour : Do n't Think About It ( 2007 ) Dr. Dolittle : Million Dollar Mutts ( 2009 ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 ( 2011 ) Tooth Fairy 2 ( 2012 ) The Little Rascals Save the Day ( 2014 ) A Royal Christmas ( 2014 ) Jingle All the Way 2 ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Chihuahua_2&oldid=801944240 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2011 direct - to - video films American films 2010s comedy films American children 's comedy films Direct - to - video sequel films Disney direct - to - video films Films about animals Films about dogs Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 23 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays papi jr in beverly hills chihuahua 2
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[
"Zachary Gordon as Papi Jr."
] |
[
"Zachary Gordon"
] |
-353667838151637307
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Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)
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Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' , the first of which saw the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to deep space in the year 2091 . The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series , and will feature Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode , which was promoted with a special commemorative art program . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.2. 2 Second pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team is heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space , but through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess , who saves them during the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated about their whereabouts , including the assassination attempt on General Talbot , and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges that would hopefully allow him to locate the team but fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles from Spacetime , who can also tell the future but through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod . In the warehouse , they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Back in the secret bunker , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years and is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station , the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony . Flint , a friend of Tess , experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo . Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance . During a dinner with the other bidders , Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character , earning Kasius ' respect . The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May , resulting in May being sent to the surface , while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation . Meanwhile , Grill finds the team and holds them captive , until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill , killing him . The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition . During which , Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape . During the escape , Simmons proposes to Fitz . 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 2.31 Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium . Fitz is shot during the chase . Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team . Reunited , the team plot their escape to the Earth 's surface by using a trawler and Deke 's antigravity device . After learning about Tess ' death , Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants . Mack and Yo - Yo agree to stay behind and help him . Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke fly to the surface , but get caught in the gravity storm . Meanwhile , Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father 's acceptance by recapturing Johnson with help from Sinara . On the surface , Enoch finds May , but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm . A mysterious figure takes them to safety , where they are greeted by an elderly Robin . 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 2.41 Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr . They meet Samuel Voss , an acquaintance of Deke 's father . Up on the Lighthouse , Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources . Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels . They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants . On the surface , the team struggle to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr . While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Johnson 's inhibitor , May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss ' locker . Deke questions Voss about the shard , which belonged to his parents , and gets knocked out . Voss then tries to kill Johnson and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers . Before dying , Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world , which requires Flint . In the past , May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time . 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 2.27 As the gravity storm worsens , the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr . May reveals that using the shard , Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time . Similar to the Lighthouse , Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself . On the station , Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels . Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him , who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met . Mack and Yo - Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35 , the medical floor , which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans . During a standoff with Kasius , Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels , out of Kasius ' reach . Using the gravity storm to her advantage , May navigates the Zephyr into space as Johnson battles Sinara again , this time killing her . Johnson then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse . 98 10 `` Past Life '' Eric Laneuville DJ Doyle February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 2.22 While Enoch stays on the Zephyr , the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity . Distraught over Sinara 's death , Kasius infects Tye , the Inhuman trainer , with odium , a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team . During a fight with Tye , Coulson gets infected with the odium . Kasius ' seer is revealed to be Yo - Yo from the future , one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture . She reveals that the team 's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection . As Flint recreates the monolith , Mack leaves to find Yo - Yo and witnesses her future self 's death by Kasius , who consumes the remaining odium and fights him . With help from Simmons , Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo - Yo , who is still alive in their timeline . Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine , although at the cost of both of their lives , as the team returns to the present . 99 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' Kate Woods Drew Z . Greenberg March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) TBD 100 12 `` The Real Deal '' Kevin Tancharoen Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBD 101 13 `` Principia '' Brad Turner Craig Titley March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBD 102 14 `` The Devil Complex '' TBA TBA March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBD Salli Richardson - Whitfield directed an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Catherine Dent as Hale Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel Briana Venskus as Piper Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs , with each pod having a different emphases , but the whole season having an arc `` that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' The main characters eventually return home to their time period . Second pod ( edit ) The second pod of the season includes the series ' 100th episode , which Whedon and Tancharoen described as a `` game changer '' that would `` shake up '' the rest of the pod emotionally , to the point that `` nothing will be the same after '' it . Also , at the end of February 2018 , the writers were planning the end of the pod , and were planning for the final episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale , with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not . Whedon added , `` we 're ready for if this is the end . We 're definitely going to make it rewarding either way . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . In September 2017 , former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star in the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' : Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Brian Patrick Wade and Spencer Treat Clark return from earlier seasons as Carl Creel and Werner von Strucker , along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis , respectively , The characters Lash and Hive will return from earlier seasons for the series ' 100th episode . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . Other recurring guests include Dominic Rains as Kasius , Florence Faivre as Sinara , Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander , Tunisha Hubbard as Ava , and Catherine Dent as Hale . Design ( edit ) The title card for the season After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for `` Orientation '' is reminiscent of the sequence for `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen . The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name against a backdrop of a destroyed Earth . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which was the sixth of the season , `` Fun & Games '' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode . He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen , Billy Gierhart , and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do , ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory . They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me . '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience , just digging that stuff up . No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' The season features the Kree , an alien race that previously appeared in the first , second and third seasons , and in the film Guardians of the Galaxy . The fictional element Gravitonium also returns , having first appeared in the first season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes , with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between `` Past Life '' and `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The season is intended to conclude on May 18 , 2018 . The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . The cast and executive producers will appear at WonderCon 2018 on March 24 , to promote the rest of the season , and show a sneak peak of an upcoming episode . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . The second poster , highlighting season two , was created by Daniel Acuña . The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall ; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis ; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Bobbi Morse , Lance Hunter , and the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' logo ; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov . The third poster , highlighting season three , was created by Nick Bradshaw . The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive , along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster . Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth , Coulson killing Ward on Maveth , and the formation of the Secret Warriors . The fourth poster , highlighting season four , was created by Rahzzah . It highlighted the introduction of Ghost Rider , Life Model Decoys ( LMD ) and the Framework reality , Jeffrey Mace sacrificing himself in the Framework , and Coulson 's kiss with the May LMD . The fifth and final poster , highlighting this season , was created by Stonehouse . Flanked on either side are Kasius and Sinara , with the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Deke in the center in front of the destroyed Earth of the future as well as Fitz reuniting with Simmons . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Together or Not at All '' January 12 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.31 0.7 1.75 1.3 4.07 8 `` The Last Day '' January 19 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.41 0.8 1.82 1.4 4.23 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 26 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.27 0.6 1.72 1.2 4.00 10 `` Past Life '' February 2 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.74 1.2 3.96 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.67 out of 10 , based on 9 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what 's already worked , adding that `` it 's a testament to the show 's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier . '' He felt , however , that there was `` little room for pathos and seeds for character development '' and that `` we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale . '' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space , saying that `` if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders , especially during its stellar ' Agents of Hydra ' arc in the Framework , then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling , and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Last Day '' Ming - Na Wen Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack , Sabrina Arnold , David Rey , Kevin Yuille , Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation , Part 1 '' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Thomas ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Agents of SHIELD Will Become the World 's Most Wanted '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Bosses Talk Season 5 ( Possibly Series ) Finale : ' If This Is the End , We 're Ready ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ' Agents Of SHIELD ' Return '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` World 's End '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raymond , Nicholas ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Episode 100 Will Feature Hive & Lash '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ann Foley ( @ @ afoley24 ) ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm back for the first 2 eps & then @ whitney_hg who assisted me S3 & 4 will be taking over w / help from @ Christann -- They 're gon na do great ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Goes to Infinity and Beyond in Season 5 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rouben , David ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD season 5 , episode 3 recap : A Life Spent '' . FanSided . Time Inc . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wen , Ming - Na ( @ MingNa ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` First Day of school with these badass babes ! We 're back ! Season 5 # AgentsofSHIELD '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tancharoen , Maurissa ( @ MoTancharoen ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` # TBT to last year 's # comiccon . We 're on Day 1 of S5 of # agentsofshield but we 're with you in ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` This is Clark '' . Reddit ( / r / MarvelStudios subreddit ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . I may direct an episode in season 5 . if I do n't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( @ clarkgregg ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm directing my first one starting this week . # DaisyDatesanAlien '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Shares His Experience On ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Directorial Debut '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Directs His Own `` Mini-Marvel Movie '' In New Agents Of SHIELD Episode `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel 's Inhumans series '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Kree Will Return In ' Agents Of SHIELD ' Season 5 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Just Teased Earth 's Destruction Links Back to Season 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the first 17 minutes of the new season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. , CLOAK & DAGGER , Animated DEADPOOL Coming to WONDERCON '' . Newsarama . February 28 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road To 100 ' Art Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 2 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 3 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 4 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 5 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Review '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. brings the gravity in a thrilling outer - space season premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External Links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . 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Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Book Category Portal Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` 0 - 8 - 4 '' `` The Asset '' `` Eye Spy '' `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' `` FZZT '' `` The Hub '' `` The Well '' `` Repairs '' `` The Bridge '' `` The Magical Place '' `` Seeds '' `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' `` Yes Men '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' `` Providence `` The Only Light in the Darkness '' `` Nothing Personal `` Ragtag '' `` Beginning of the End '' Season 2 `` Shadows '' `` Heavy Is the Head '' `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' `` Face My Enemy '' `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' `` A Fractured House '' `` The Writing on the Wall '' `` The Things We Bury '' `` ... Ye Who Enter Here '' `` What They Become '' `` Aftershocks '' `` Who You Really Are '' `` One of Us '' `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' `` One Door Closes '' `` Afterlife '' `` Melinda '' `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' `` Scars '' `` S.O.S. '' Season 3 `` Laws of Nature '' `` Purpose in the Machine '' `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' `` Devils You Know '' `` 4,722 Hours '' `` Among Us Hide ... '' `` Chaos Theory '' `` Many Heads , One Tale '' `` Closure '' `` Maveth '' `` Bouncing Back '' `` The Inside Man '' `` Parting Shot '' `` Watchdogs '' `` Spacetime '' `` Paradise Lost '' `` The Team '' `` The Singularity '' `` Failed Experiments '' `` Emancipation '' `` Absolution '' `` Ascension '' Season 4 `` The Ghost '' `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Uprising '' `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' `` Lockup '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' `` Broken Promises '' `` Self Control '' Season 5 See also Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&oldid=828325691 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 22 : 16 . 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how many episodes of agents of shield are there in season 5
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"\n\nAgents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)\n\n\n\nPromotional poster\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nClark Gregg\nMing-Na Wen\nChloe Bennet\nIain De Caestecker\nElizabeth Henstridge\nHenry Simmons\nNatalia Cordova-Buckley\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n10\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC\n\n\nOriginal release\nDecember 1, 2017 (2017-12-01) – present (present)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 4\n\n\n\n\nList of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes\n\n"
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Back to the Future Part II
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Back to the Future Part II - Wikipedia Back to the Future Part II Jump to : navigation , search Back to the Future Part II Original theatrical poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Neil Canton Bob Gale Screenplay by Bob Gale Story by Robert Zemeckis Bob Gale Starring Michael J. Fox Christopher Lloyd Lea Thompson Thomas F. Wilson Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Harry Keramidas Arthur Schmidt Production company Amblin Entertainment Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 22 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 22 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $332 million Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science - fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale . It is the sequel to the 1985 film Back to the Future and the second installment in the Back to the Future trilogy . The film stars Michael J. Fox , Christopher Lloyd , Thomas F. Wilson , and Lea Thompson and continues immediately following the original film . After repairing the damage to history done by his previous time travel adventures , Marty McFly ( Fox ) and his friend Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown ( Lloyd ) travel to 2015 to prevent McFly 's future son from ending up imprisoned . However , their presence allows Biff Tannen ( Wilson ) to steal Doc 's DeLorean time machine and travel to 1955 , where he alters history by making his younger self wealthy . The film was produced on a $40 - million budget and was filmed back to back with its sequel , Part III . Filming began in February 1989 after two years were spent building the sets and writing the scripts . Two actors from the first film , Crispin Glover and Claudia Wells , did not return for the final two . While Elisabeth Shue was recast in the role of Wells ' character , Jennifer , Glover 's character , George McFly , was not only minimized in the plot , but also was obscured and recreated with another actor . Glover successfully sued both Zemeckis and Gale , changing how producers can deal with the departure and replacement of actors in a role . Back to the Future Part II was also a ground - breaking project for effects studio Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) : In addition to digital compositing , ILM used the VistaGlide motion control camera system , which allowed an actor to portray multiple characters simultaneously on - screen without sacrificing camera movement . Back to the Future Part II was released by Universal Pictures on November 22 , 1989 . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $331 million worldwide , making it the third - highest - grossing film of 1989 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Production 4.1 Replacement of Crispin Glover 4.2 Replacement of Claudia Wells 4.3 Hoverboard hoax 5 Depiction of the future 6 Release and reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Home media 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Intrada release 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On October 26 , 1985 , Dr. Emmett Brown arrives in the DeLorean time machine and persuades Marty McFly and his girlfriend , Jennifer Parker , to travel to the future with him , and help their future children . Biff Tannen witnesses their departure . They arrive on October 21 , 2015 , where Doc electronically knocks out Jennifer , and leaves her asleep in an alley , explaining that she should not have too much knowledge of future events . He has Marty pose as his own son and lookalike Marty Jr. to refuse an offer to participate in a robbery with Biff 's grandson Griff , thus saving both of Marty 's children from prison . Marty switches places with Marty Jr. and refuses Griff 's offer , but Griff goads Marty into a fight . Griff and his gang are arrested , saving Marty 's future children . Before rejoining Doc , Marty purchases an almanac , containing the results of major sporting events from 1950 to 2000 . Doc discovers it and warns Marty about attempting to profit from time travel , but before Doc can adequately dispose of it , they are interrupted by the police , who have found Jennifer incapacitated , and are taking her to her 2015 home . They pursue , as does Biff , who has overheard their conversation , and picked up the almanac that Doc discarded . Jennifer wakes up in her 2015 home and hides from the McFly family . She overhears that her future self 's life with Marty is not what she expected , due to his involvement in an automobile accident . She witnesses Marty being goaded by his co-worker , Douglas J. Needles , into a shady business deal , which leads to Marty 's firing . Attempting to escape the house , Jennifer encounters her 2015 self and they both faint . While Marty and Doc attend to her , Biff steals the time machine and uses it to travel back to 1955 and give the almanac to his younger self to get rich by betting , then returns to 2015 . Marty , Doc , and an unconscious Jennifer return to 1985 , unaware of Biff 's actions . The 1985 they return to has altered : Biff has become wealthy and corrupt , and has changed Hill Valley into a chaotic dystopia . Marty 's father , George , was killed in 1973 and Biff has forced Marty 's mother , Lorraine , to marry him . Doc has been committed to an insane asylum . Marty and Doc determine that the 2015 Biff took the time machine to change 1985 , and Marty learns from the alternate 1985 Biff that he got the almanac on November 12 , 1955 . Biff attempts to confront Marty , but Marty flees and returns to 1955 with Doc , leaving Jennifer on her own front porch . Marty secretly follows the 1955 Biff , and watches him receive the almanac from his 2015 self . Marty then follows him to the high school 's dance , being careful to avoid interrupting the events from his previous visit . Marty and the 1955 Biff steal the almanac back and forth , but Marty and Doc retrieve it , until Biff crashes into a manure truck . Marty burns the almanac , reversing Biff 's changes to the timeline , as Doc hovers above in the time machine . Before Marty can join him inside , the DeLorean is struck by lightning , and disappears . A Western Union courier immediately arrives and delivers a letter to Marty ; it is from Doc , who explains that he was transported back to 1885 . Marty races back into town to find the 1955 Doc , who had just helped the original Marty return to 1985 . Shocked by Marty 's sudden reappearance , Doc faints . Cast ( edit ) Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly , Marty McFly , Jr. , and Marlene McFly Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen and Griff Tannen Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines - McFly Elisabeth Shue as Jennifer Parker James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland Jeffrey Weissman as George McFly Crispin Glover as George McFly ( archival footage ) Flea as Douglas J. Needles Development ( edit ) Director Robert Zemeckis said that , initially , a sequel was not planned for the first film , but its huge box office success led to the conception of a second installment . He later agreed to do a sequel , but only if Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd returned as well . With Fox and Lloyd confirmed , Zemeckis met with screenwriting partner Bob Gale to create a story for the sequel . Zemeckis and Gale would later regret that they ended the first one with Jennifer in the car with Marty and Doc Brown , because it required them to come up with a story that fit her in , rather than a whole new adventure . Gale wrote most of the first draft by himself , as Zemeckis was busy making Who Framed Roger Rabbit . At first , the film was to take place in 1967 , but Zemeckis later stated that the time paradoxes of it provided a good opportunity to go back to 1955 and see the first one 's events in a different light . While most of the original cast agreed to return , a major stumbling block arose when negotiating Crispin Glover 's fee for reprising the role of George McFly . When it became clear that he would not be returning , the role was rewritten so that George is dead when the action takes place in the alternative version of 1985 . The greatest challenge was the creation of the futuristic vision of Marty 's home town in 2015 . Production designer Rick Carter wanted to create a very detailed image with a different tone from the film Blade Runner , wishing to get past the smoke and chrome . Carter and his most talented men spent months plotting , planning and preparing Hill Valley 's transformation into a city of the future . Visual effects art director John Bell stated they had no script to work with , only the indications that the setting would be 30 years into the future featuring `` something called hoverboards '' . When writing the script for the film , Gale wanted to push the first one 's ideas further for humorous effect . Zemeckis said he was somewhat concerned about portraying the future because of the risk of making wildly inaccurate predictions . According to Gale , they tried to make the future a nice place , `` where what 's wrong is due to who lives in the future as opposed to the technology '' in contrast to the pessimistic , Orwellian future seen in most science fiction . To keep production costs low and take advantage of an extended break Fox had from Family Ties ( which was ending its run when filming began ) , it was shot back - to - back with sequel Part III . Production ( edit ) It took two years to finish the set building and the writing on the script before shooting could finally begin . During the shooting , the creation of the appearance of the aged characters was a well - guarded secret , involving state - of - the - art make - up techniques . Michael J. Fox described the process as very time consuming . `` It took over four hours , although it could be worse '' . Principal photography began on February 20 , 1989 . For a three - week period nearing the conclusion of the film , the crew split and , while most remained shooting Part III , a few , including writer - producer Gale , focused on finishing its predecessor . Zemeckis himself slept only a few hours per day , supervising both films , having to fly between Burbank , where it was being finished , and other locations in California for Part III . The film was considered one of the most ground - breaking projects for Industrial Light & Magic . It was one of the effects house 's first forays into digital compositing , as well as the Vistaglide motion control camera system , which enabled them to shoot one of its most complex sequences , in which Fox played three separate characters ( Marty Sr. , Marty Jr. , and Marlene ) , all of whom interacted with each other . Although such scenes were not new , the VistaGlide allowed , for the first time , a completely dynamic scene in which camera movement could finally be incorporated . The technique was also used in scenes where Thomas F. Wilson , Christopher Lloyd , and Elisabeth Shue 's characters encounter and interact with their counterparts . It also includes a brief moment of computer - generated imagery in a holographic shark used to promote a fictional Jaws 19 , which wound up unaltered from the first test done by ILM 's digital department because effects supervisor Ken Ralston `` liked the fact that it was all messed up . '' Animation supervisor Wes Takahashi , who then was the head of ILM 's animation department , worked heavily on the film 's time travel sequences , as he had done in the original film and in Part III . As the film neared release , sufficient footage of Part III had been shot to allow a trailer to be assembled . It was added at the conclusion of Part II , before the closing credits , as a reassurance to moviegoers that there was more to follow . Replacement of Crispin Glover ( edit ) Crispin Glover was asked to reprise the role of George McFly . He expressed interest , but could not come to an agreement with the producers regarding his salary . He later stated in a 1992 interview on The Howard Stern Show that the producers ' highest offer was $125,000 , which was less than half of what the other returning cast members were offered . Gale has since asserted that Glover 's demands were excessive for an actor of his professional stature at that point in time . Later , in an interview on the Opie and Anthony show in 2013 , Glover stated that his primary reason for not doing Part II was a philosophical ( and ethical ) disagreement on the overall moral that the film was conveying . Rather than writing George McFly out of the film , Zemeckis used previously filmed footage of Glover from the first film as well as new footage of actor Jeffrey Weissman , who wore prosthetics including a false chin , nose , and cheekbones . Various techniques were used to obfuscate Weissman 's appearance , such as placing him in the background rather than the foreground , having him wear sunglasses , and even hanging him upside down . Glover filed a lawsuit against the producers of the film on the grounds that they neither owned his likeness nor had permission to use it . As a result of this suit , there are now clauses in the Screen Actors Guild collective bargaining agreements which state that producers and actors are not allowed to use such methods to reproduce the likeness of other actors . Replacement of Claudia Wells ( edit ) Claudia Wells ' scene at the end of Back to the Future ( top ) was reshot with Elisabeth Shue for the beginning of Part II ( bottom ) . Claudia Wells , who had played Marty McFly 's girlfriend Jennifer Parker in the first film , was to reprise her role , but turned it down due to her mother 's ill health . The producers cast Elisabeth Shue instead , which involved re-shooting the closing scenes of the first film for the beginning of Part II . The re-shot sequence is a near shot - for - shot match with the original , with only minor differences : for example , Doc noticeably hesitates before reassuring Marty that his future self is fine -- something he did not do in the first film . Marty is also wearing a watch in the second film whereas he was not in the first . Wells returned to Hollywood with a starring role in the 1996 independent film Still Waters Burn . She is one of the few cast members not to make an appearance within the bonus material on the Back to the Future Trilogy DVD set released in 2002 . However , she is interviewed for the Tales from the Future documentaries in the trilogy 's 25th anniversary issue on Blu - ray Disc in 2010 . In 2011 , she finally had the opportunity to reprise her role from the first film , 26 years after her last appearance in the series . She provided the voice of Jennifer Parker for Back to the Future : The Game by Telltale Games . Hoverboard hoax ( edit ) Zemeckis said on the film 's behind - the - scenes featurette that the hoverboards ( flying skateboards ) used in it were real , yet not released to the public , due to parental complaints regarding safety . Footage of `` real hoverboards '' was also featured in the extras of a DVD release of the trilogy . A number of people thought Zemeckis was telling the truth and requested them at toy stores . In an interview , Thomas F. Wilson said one of the most frequent questions he was asked was if they are real . Depiction of the Future ( edit ) According to Zemeckis , the 2015 depicted in the film was not meant to be an accurate depiction of the future . `` For me , filming the future scenes of the movie were the least enjoyable of making the whole trilogy , because I do n't really like films that try and predict the future . The only ones I 've actually enjoyed were the ones done by Stanley Kubrick , and not even he predicted the PC when he made A Clockwork Orange . So , rather than trying to make a scientifically sound prediction that we were probably going to get wrong anyway , we figured , let 's just make it funny . '' Despite this , the filmmakers did do some research into what scientists thought may occur in the year 2015 . Bob Gale said , `` We knew we were n't going to have flying cars by the year 2015 , but God we had to have those in our movie . '' However , the film did correctly predict a number of technological and sociological changes that occurred by 2015 , including : the rise of ubiquitous cameras ; use of unmanned flying drones for newsgathering ; widescreen flat - panel television sets mounted on walls with multiple channel viewing ; video chat systems ; hands - free video games ; talking hologram billboards ; wearable technology ; tablet computers with fingerprint scanners ; and head - mounted displays . Payment on personal portable devices is also depicted . Although payment by thumbprint is not widely used , fingerprint scanning is in use as security at places such as airports and schools , and electronic payment with fingerprint scanning as a security feature is deployed for Apple Pay . Cars and other vehicles have been able to be run using fuel generated from food wastes , though not through a fusion reactor as suggested in the film . The popularity of 3 - D film in the 2010s was also somewhat accurately predicted , although overlaid polarized imagery remains the standard format ( as it has been since the 1950s , since updated in modern times to digital ) and holography is still not in use for major films . Other aspects of the depiction of the future had not come to pass by 2015 , but efforts were made to replicate the technology advances . The film shows Marty putting on Nike `` Air Mag '' tennis shoes with automatic shoelaces . Nike released a version of their Hyperdunk Supreme shoes , which appear similar to Marty 's , in July 2008 . Fans dubbed them the Air McFly . In April 2009 , they filed the patent for self - lacing shoes , and their design bears a resemblance to those worn by Marty in the film . In 2010 , a fan named Blake Bevin created shoes that tie themselves . Though Nike had made very limited quantity of Air Mags in the same style as the movie , they stated in September 2011 that their consumer - line MAG line of shoes would not feature the self - lacing feature shown in it . Tinker Hatfield , one of the shoe 's designers , indicated in 2014 that they would introduce shoes with power - lacing technology the following year , 2015 . In March 2016 , Nike unveiled the HyperAdapt 1.0 shoe , which is a consumer - market model of the Air Mag and features the same self - lacing technology they used for the commemorative Air Mags , and are expected to start selling in late 2016 . The concept of the hoverboard -- a skateboard that can float off the ground -- has been explored by various groups since the release of the film . Attempts similar to hoverboats , which blast air at the ground , have been demonstrated , with a 2015 record distance of 275 meters . A different type is the MagBoard , developed by researchers at the Paris Diderot University . It uses a large superconductor plate on the bottom cooled with liquid nitrogen as to achieve the Meissner effect and allow it to float over a special track ; it was shown capable of carrying the weight of a human in its practical demonstration . However , the requirement to run the superconductor at higher , more ambient temperatures prevents this from becoming practical . In March 2014 , a company named HUVr Tech purportedly demonstrated a working hoverboard along with several celebrities including Lloyd , though this shortly was revealed as a hoax created by the website Funny or Die . Self - balancing ' hoverboards ' became popular in 2015 even though they do not hover above the ground . In the 2015 scene , the film imagines the Chicago Cubs winning the 2015 World Series against the fictional Miami - based Gators , referencing the Cubs ' longstanding failure to win a championship . In the actual 2015 season , the Cubs qualified for the postseason , their first postseason appearance since 2008 , but the Cubs lost the National League Championship Series ( not the World Series ) to the New York Mets on October 21 , 2015 , which coincidentally was the same day as `` Back to the Future Day , '' the day Marty McFly arrived in 2015 in the film . Despite losing in 2015 , one year later the Cubs did win the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians . In the real 2015 World Series , the Kansas City Royals defeated the Mets to win their first World Series championship since 1985 , the same year from which Marty and Doc time traveled in the film . As for the fictional Miami Gators , when the film was made Florida did not yet have a Major League Baseball team , but the state has since gained two franchises : the Florida Marlins ( now the Miami Marlins ) in 1993 and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays ( now the Tampa Bay Rays ) in 1998 . Neither qualified for the postseason in 2015 . Release and reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film was released to theaters in North America on Wednesday , November 22 , 1989 , the day before Thanksgiving . It grossed a total of $27.8 million over Friday to Sunday , and $43 million across the five - day holiday opening . On the following weekend , it had a drop of 56 percent , earning $12.1 million , but remained at # 1 . Its total gross was $118.5 million in the United States and $213 million overseas , for a total of $331 million worldwide , ranking as 1989 's sixth-most successful film domestically and the third-most worldwide -- behind Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Batman . However , this was still short of the first film 's gross . Part III , which Universal released only six months later , experienced a similar drop . Critical response ( edit ) As of March 2016 , the film received a 63 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 60 reviews with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 , with the critical consensus reading , `` Back to the Future II is far more uneven than its predecessor , but its madcap highs outweigh the occasionally cluttered machinations of an overstuffed plot '' . The film has a score of 57 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 17 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three out of four stars . Ebert criticized it for lacking the `` genuine power of the original , '' but praised it for its slapstick humor and the hoverboard in its chase sequence . Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film is `` ready for bigger and better things . '' Maslin later said that it `` manages to be giddily and merrily mind - boggling , rather than confusing . '' Tom Tunney of Empire magazine wrote that the film was well - directed , `` high - energy escapism '' , and called it `` solidly entertaining '' , though noting it as being inferior to the other two films in the franchise . Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader gave the film a negative review , criticizing Zemeckis and Gale for turning the characters into `` strident geeks '' and for making the `` frenetic action strictly formulaic . '' He believed that it contained `` rampant misogyny , '' because the character of Jennifer Parker `` is knocked unconscious early on so she wo n't interfere with the little - boy games . '' He cited , as well , Michael J. Fox dressing in drag . Variety said , `` ( Director Robert ) Zemeckis ' fascination with having characters interact at different ages of their lives hurts it visually , and strains credibility past the breaking point , by forcing him to rely on some very cheesy makeup designs . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film won the Saturn Award for Best Special Effects ( for Ken Ralston , the special effects supervisor ) , the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects ( Ken Ralston , Michael Lantieri , John Bell and Steve Gawley ) , an Internet - voted 2003 AOL Movies DVD Premiere Award for the trilogy DVDs , a Golden Screen Award , a Young Artist Award , and the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie Actor ( Michael J. Fox ) , and Favorite Movie Actress ( Lea Thompson ) at the 1990 Kids ' Choice Awards . It was nominated in 1990 for an Academy Award for Visual Effects ( John Bell , Steve Gawley , Michael Lantieri and Ken Ralston ) . Most visual effects nominations were due to the development of a new computer - controlled camera system , called VistaGlide , which was invented specifically for the film -- it enables one actor to play two or even three characters in the same scene while the boundary between the sections of the split screen and the camera itself can be moving . The film ranks 498 on Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc on May 22 , 1990 . Universal reissued it on VHS , LaserDisc , and compact disc in 1991 , 1995 , and 1998 . On December 17 , 2002 , Universal released it on DVD in a boxed trilogy set , although widescreen framing problems led to a product recall . The trilogy was released on Blu - ray Disc in October 2010 . Universal re-released the trilogy alongside new features on DVD and Blu - ray on October 21 , 2015 , coinciding with Back to the Future Day . The new set included a featurette called `` Doc Brown Saves the World '' , where Lloyd , reprising his role as Doc Brown , explains the reasons for the differences between the future of 2015 as depicted in Back to the Future Part II and in real life . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack was released by MCA Records on November 22 , 1989 . AllMusic rated it four - and - a-half stars out of five . Unlike the previous soundtrack , it contains only a musical score by composer Alan Silvestri . None of the vocal songs featured throughout the film are featured . Intrada release ( edit ) On October 12 , 2015 , Intrada Records released the complete score of Back to the Future Part II in a 2 - disc set including early scoring sessions and alternate takes . See also ( edit ) List of 1989 box office number - one films in the United States List of films featuring drones Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Science fiction portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future Part II '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Back To The Future Part II ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 22 , 1989 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future II ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II '' . CBS Interactive Inc . ^ Jump up to : Robert Zemeckis , Bob Gale ( 2005 ) . `` Back to the Future Feature : Making the Trilogy Part 2 '' . Back to the Future Part II ( DVD ) . Los Angeles : Universal Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Robert Zemeckis , Bob Gale ( 2005 ) . Back to the Future Part II : Featurette ( DVD ) . Los Angeles : Universal Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Schildhause , Chloe ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Back To The Future II 's Art Director Tells Us How They Developed The Film 's Somewhat Misguided Predictions '' . Uproxx . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Steve ( February 4 , 1989 ) . `` Back - to - Back Sequels for ' Back to Future ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Robert Zemeckis , Bob Gale ( 2005 ) . `` Back to the Future Feature : Making the Trilogy Part 3 '' . Back to the Future Part III DVD . Los Angeles : Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` The future is today : how ILM made time travel possible '' . FXGuide . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Arts Faculty '' . International Technological University . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tales from the Future : Time Flies documentary , Back to the Future Trilogy Blu - ray , 2010 Jump up ^ `` '' Back To The Future '' Conspiracies , Alternate Endings , & Lawsuits with Crispin Glover `` . YouTube . June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glover , Crispin ( February 2011 ) . `` Crispin Glover on Back to the Future 2 '' . Kermode & Mayo ( Interview ) . Interview with Simon Mayo , Mark Kermode . London : BBC Radio 5 Live . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future CED Web Page '' . Cedmagic.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future -- Comparison '' . YouTube . April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Behind the Scenes Part IV : How We Got Jennifer '' . gametrailers.com . March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas F. Wilson 's `` Biff 's Question Song '' `` . YouTube . September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Q&A Commentary with Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale , Back to the Future Part II Blu - Ray , 2010 Jump up ^ Tales from the Future : Time Flies , Back to the Future Part II Blu - Ray , 2010 Jump up ^ Leopald , Todd ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` What did ' Back to the Future II ' get right ? '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Poppick , Susie ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Back to the Future Predictions That Came True '' . Time . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelion , Leo ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Back to the Future II : What did it get right and wrong ? '' . BBC . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frucci , Adam ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Nike Finally Releasing Back to the Future Part II McFly Sneakers , Sort Of '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US2009042072 AUTOMATIC LACING SYSTEM '' . wipo.int . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Terrence ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Back to the Future ' Inspired Shoes Really Tie Themselves '' . Switched.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Nike finally making Back to the Future II 's self - lacing shoes for real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Casey ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Nike Air Mag -- AKA the Back to the Future Shoes -- Are Real , and They 're Glorious '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Billington , James ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Nike is actually making Marty McFly 's self - lacing shoes '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Nike will sell actual self - lacing sneakers , just like Back to the Future '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Kevin ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Why Do n't We Have Hoverboards ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian inventor tests new prototype of record - setting hoverboard '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oremus , Will ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Let 's Face It , We 're Never Getting Our Hoverboards '' . Slate . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solon , Olivia ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Video : French researchers build hoverboard '' . Wired UK . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aamoth , Doug ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Funny Or Die : Fake HUVr Hoverboard Video Was Our Fake '' . Time . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ New words notes September 2015 Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jonathan Dent . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Cubs ' premature surge to playoffs defies all expectations , reasoning '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : New York vs. Chicago , Game 4 '' . MLB.com . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Day - Wednesday 2nd November 2016 '' . m.mlb.com Jump up ^ Oz , Mike ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Reminder : The Cubs won the 2015 World Series in ' Back to the Future 2 ' '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHORT TAKES : ' Back to Future ' Falls Off ; Still Leads Box Office Pack '' . Los Angeles Times . December 4 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 22 , 1989 ) . `` Back to the Future : Part II '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 22 , 1989 ) . `` Back to the Future II '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tunney , Tom ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Back To The Future : Part II Review '' . Empire . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( November 22 , 1989 ) . `` Back to the Future Part II '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II '' . Variety . November 22 , 1989 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Film : Achievement in Special Visual Effects in 1990 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 62nd Academy Awards ( 1990 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . AMPAS . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Empire : Features '' . Empire . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Description of DVD framing fiasco '' . Various . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Gale 's Guide to ' Back to the Future ' Celebration Events Coming in October '' . Slash Film . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . allmusic.com Jump up ^ Intrada soundtrack release . store.intrada.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Back to the Future Part II . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Back to the Future Part II Official website Back to the Future Part II on IMDb Back to the Future Part II at Box Office Mojo Back to the Future Part II at Rotten Tomatoes Back to the Future Part II at Metacritic Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Elmer , the Great Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident 1998 NFL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series Rivalries Milwaukee Brewers St. Louis Cardinals Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Central ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 Wild Card ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) Arizona League Cubs ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Radio Radio network WSCR Broadcasters Len Kasper Jim Deshaies Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Seasons ( 145 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 VIAF : 197688994 GND : 7528983 - 0 SUDOC : 183642457 BNF : cb169189396 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_the_Future_Part_II&oldid=826233170 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films American films 1980s science fiction films 1980s comedy films American comedy science fiction films American high school films American sequel films American teen comedy films American buddy films American alternate history films Alternate timeline films Back to the Future films Films set in 1955 Films set in 1985 Films set in 2015 Films set in California Films set in the future Films shot in Los Angeles Flying cars in fiction Science fiction adventure films Time travel films Amblin Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Films scored by Alan Silvestri Screenplays by Robert Zemeckis Screenplays by Bob Gale Sequel films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 00 : 12 . 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what year was the future in back to the future
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"Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science-fiction adventure comedy film[4] directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It is the sequel to the 1985 film Back to the Future and the second installment in the Back to the Future trilogy. The film stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Thomas F. Wilson, and Lea Thompson and continues immediately following the original film. After repairing the damage to history done by his previous time travel adventures, Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr. Emmett \"Doc\" Brown (Lloyd) travel to 2015 to prevent McFly's future son from ending up imprisoned. However, their presence allows Biff Tannen (Wilson) to steal Doc's DeLorean time machine and travel to 1955, where he alters history by making his younger self wealthy."
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"2015"
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United States one hundred-dollar bill
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United States one hundred - dollar bill - wikipedia United States one hundred - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search One Hundred dollars ( United States ) Value $100 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight c. 1.0 g Security features Security fibers , watermark , 3D security ribbon , optically variable ink , microprinting , raised printing , EURion constellation Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Benjamin Franklin , Declaration of Independence , quill pen , inkwell Design date 2009 Reverse Design Independence Hall Design date 2009 The United States one hundred - dollar bill ( $100 ) is a denomination of United States currency . Statesman , inventor , diplomat , and American founding father Benjamin Franklin is featured on the obverse of the bill . On the reverse of the banknote is an image of Independence Hall . The $100 bill is the largest denomination that has been printed since July 13 , 1969 , when the denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , and $10,000 were retired . The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $100 bill in circulation is 90 months ( 7.5 years ) before it is replaced due to wear and tear . The bills are also commonly referred to as `` Bens '' , `` Benjamins '' or `` Franklins '' , in reference to the use of Benjamin Franklin 's portrait on the denomination , or as `` C - Notes '' , based on the Roman numeral for 100 . The bill is one of two denominations printed today that does not feature a President of the United States ; the other is the $10 bill , featuring Alexander Hamilton . It is also the only denomination today to feature a building not located in Washington , D.C. , that being Independence Hall located in Philadelphia on the reverse . The time on the clock of Independence Hall on the reverse , according to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing , showed approximately 4 : 10 on the older contemporary notes and 10 : 30 on the series 2009A notes released in 2013 . One hundred hundred - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in mustard - colored straps ( $10,000 ) . The Series 2009 $100 bill redesign was unveiled on April 21 , 2010 , and was issued to the public on October 8 , 2013 . The new bill costs 12.6 cents to produce and has a blue ribbon woven into the center of the currency with `` 100 '' and Liberty Bells , alternating , that appear when the bill is tilted . The $100 bill comprises 77 % of all US currency in circulation , although according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke , more than two - thirds of all $100 notes are held outside the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Large size note history 2 Small size note history 3 Removal of large denomination bills ( $500 and up ) 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Large size note History ( edit ) ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) 1863 $100 Legal Tender note Series 1878 $100 silver certificate 1880 $100 Legal Tender 1914 $100 Federal Reserve Note 1922 $100 Gold Certificate 1861 : Three - year 100 - dollar Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 7.3 % interest per year . These notes were not primarily designed to circulate and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill . The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General Winfield Scott . 1862 : The first $100 United States Note was issued . Variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording ( obligations ) on the reverse ; the note was issued again in Series of 1863 . 1863 : Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5 % interest . The one - year Interest Bearing Notes featured a vignette of George Washington in the center , and allegorical figures representing `` The Guardian '' to the right and `` Justice '' to the left . The two - year notes featured a vignette of the U.S. treasury building in the center , a farmer and mechanic to the left , and sailors firing a cannon to the right . 1863 : The first $100 Gold Certificates were issued with a bald eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse . The reverse was distinctly printed in orange instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time . 1864 : Compound Interest Treasury Notes were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6 % interest compounded semi-annually . The obverse is similar to the 1863 one - year Interest Bearing Note . 1869 : A new $100 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right . Although this note is technically a United States Note , TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE . 1870 : A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Thomas Hart Benton on the left side of the obverse was issued . The note was one - sided . 1870 : One hundred dollar National Gold Bank Notes were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks . The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the USS St. Lawrence and an allegorical figure to the right ; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins . 1875 : The reverse of the Series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned . Also , TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse . This note was issued again in Series of 1878 and Series of 1880 . 1878 : The first $100 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of James Monroe on the left side of the obverse . The reverse was printed in black ink , unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued bill . 1882 : A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued . The obverse was partially the same as the Series 1870 gold certificate ; the border design , portrait of Thomas H. Benton , and large word GOLD , and gold - colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained . The reverse featured a perched bald eagle and the Roman numeral for 100 , C . 1890 : One hundred dollar Treasury or `` Coin Notes '' were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry . The note featured a portrait of Admiral David G. Farragut . The note was also nicknamed a `` watermelon note '' because of the watermelon - shaped 0 's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse ; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . 1891 : The reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the Treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . More open space was incorporated into the new design . 1891 : The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed . The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink . 1914 : The first $100 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor , plenty , America , peace , and commerce on the reverse . 1922 : The Series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom - left serial number on the obverse . Small size note History ( edit ) ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 157 × 66 mm ) 1929 : Under the Series of 1928 , all U.S. currency was changed to its current size and began to carry a standardized design . All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin , same border design on the obverse , and the same reverse with a vignette of Independence Hall . The $100 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a Gold Certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers . 1933 : As an emergency response to the Great Depression , additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under Series of 1929 . This was the only small - sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse . The serial numbers and seal on it were brown . 1934 : The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard . 1934 : Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public , Federal Reserve bank - to - bank transactions . These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small - sized notes . The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW . 1950 : Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed . Most noticeably , the treasury seal , gray numeral 100 , and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller ; also , the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it . 1963 : Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver , beginning with Series 1963A , WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note and the obligation was shortened to its current wording , THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS , PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . Also , IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse . 1966 : The first and only small - sized $100 United States Note was issued with a red seal and serial numbers . It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. treasury seal with wording in English instead of Latin . Like the Series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes , it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse . The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation . Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued , the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop , thus warranting the issuing of this note . 1990 : The first new - age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under Series 1990 with microscopic printing around Franklin 's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill . March 25 , 1996 : The first major design change since 1929 took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout . The main intent of the new design was to deter counterfeiting . New security features included a watermark of Franklin to the right side of the bill , optically variable ink ( OVI ) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles , a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin , and hard - to - reproduce fine line printing around Franklin 's portrait and Independence Hall . Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers , microprinting , and a plastic security thread ( which now glows pink ( nominally red ) under a black light ) were kept . The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number , w . The first of the Series 1996 bills were produced in October 1995 . February 2007 : The first $100 bills ( a shipment of 128,000 star notes from the San Francisco FRB ) from the Western Currency Facility in Fort Worth , Texas are produced , almost 16 years after the first notes from the facility were produced . The shipment makes the $100 bill the most recently added production to the facility 's lineup . 4.6 billion notes were produced at the facility with series 2006 and Cabral and Paulson signatures , including about 4.15 million star notes . October 8 , 2013 : The newest $100 bill was announced on April 21 , 2010 , and entered circulation on October 8 , 2013 . In addition to design changes introduced in 1996 , the obverse features the brown quill that was used to sign the Declaration of Independence ; faint phrases from the Declaration of Independence ; a bell in the inkwell that appears and disappears depending on the angle at which the bill is viewed ; teal background color ; a borderless portrait of Benjamin Franklin ; a blue `` 3D security ribbon '' ( trademarked `` Motion '' by Crane Currency ) on which images of Liberty Bells shift into numerical designations of `` 100 '' as the note is tilted ; and to the left of Franklin , small yellow 100s whose zeros form the EURion constellation . The reverse features small yellow EURion 100s and has the fine lines removed from around the vignette of Independence Hall . These notes were issued as Series 2009A with Rios - Geithner signatures . Many of these changes are intended not only to thwart counterfeiting but to also make it easier to quickly check authenticity and help vision impaired people . Both views ( obverse and reverse ) of the Series 1934 $100 Gold Certificate . Front of a Series 1966 $100 United States note . Obverse of a Series 2006A $100 note . Joseph - Siffred Duplessis portrait of Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill from 1929 until 1996 . H.B. Hall engraving of Joseph - Siffred Duplessis portrait of an older Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill 1996 onward . Comparison between a Series 1990 note with a 2013 note ( 1996 design not shown ) . Removal of large denomination bills ( $500 and up ) ( edit ) The Federal Reserve announced the removal of large denominations of United States currency from circulation on July 14 , 1969 . The one - hundred - dollar bill was the largest denomination left in circulation . All the Federal Reserve Notes produced from Series 1928 up to before Series 1969 ( i.e. 1928 , 1928A , 1934 , 1934A , 1934B , 1934C , 1934D , 1950 , 1950A , 1950B , 1950C , 1950D , 1950E , 1963 , 1966 , 1966A ) of the $100 denomination added up to $23.1708 billion . Since some banknotes had been destroyed , and the population was 200 million at the time , there was less than one $100 banknote per capita circulating . As of June 30 , 1969 , the U.S. coins and banknotes in circulation of all denominations were worth $50.936 billion of which $4.929 billion was circulating overseas . So the currency and coin circulating within the United States was $230 per capita . Since 1969 , the demand for U.S. currency has greatly increased . The total amount of circulating currency and coin passed one trillion dollars in March 2011 . Despite the degradation in the value of the U.S. $100 banknote ( which was worth more in 1969 than a U.S. $500 note would be worth today ) , and despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes ( most notably , the 500 euro banknote ) , there are no plans to re-issue banknotes above $100 . The widespread use of electronic means to conduct high - value transactions today has made large - scale physical cash transactions obsolete and therefore , from the government 's point of view , unnecessary for the conduct of legitimate business . Quoting T. Allison , Assistant to the Board of the Federal Reserve System in his October 8 , 1998 testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives , Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy , Committee on Banking and Financial Services : There are public policies against reissuing the $500 note , mainly because many of those efficiency gains , such as lower shipment and storage costs , would accrue not only to legitimate users of bank notes but also to money launderers , tax evaders and a variety of other lawbreakers who use currency in their criminal activity . While it is not at all clear that the volume of illegal drugs sold or the amount of tax evasion would necessarily increase just as a consequence of the availability of a larger dollar denomination bill , it no doubt is the case that if wrongdoers were provided with an easier mechanism to launder their funds and hide their profits , enforcement authorities could have a harder time detecting certain illicit transactions occurring in cash . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` For Collectors : Large Denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Redesigned $100 Note '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing. April 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt . `` Why the share of $100 bills in circulation has been going up for over 40 years '' . Quartz . The Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mishap At The Money Factory Delays $100 Bill Release '' . CBSMiami / CNN . CBS Local Media . 2013 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $100 July 1999 Jump up ^ USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2006 $100 April 2012 Jump up ^ Crane Currency . `` MOTION Micro-Optics Banknote Security '' . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ uscurrency . `` $100 Note Podcast Episode : 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` US Paper Money information : Serial Number Ranges '' . USPaperMoney.Info . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Some Tables of Historical U.S. Currency and Monetary Aggregates Data '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Will Jumbo Euro Notes Threaten the Greenback ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . October 8 , 1998 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Friedberg , Arthur ; Ira Friedberg ; David Bowers ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money : Complete Source for History , Grading , and Prices ( Official Red Book ) . Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Hudgeons , Thomas ( 2005 ) . The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006 ( 38th ed . ) . House of Collectibles . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4845 - 1 . OCLC 244167611 . Wilhite , Robert ( 1998 ) . Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money ( 17th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 653 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 100 United States dollar banknotes . Interactive Note - English Evolution of the $100 Dollar Bill - Landmark Cash United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_one_hundred-dollar_bill&oldid=835558975 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1861 Works about Benjamin Franklin One - hundred - base - unit banknotes Banknotes of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Русский Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who's face is on the hundred dollar bill
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"The United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100) is a denomination of United States currency. Statesman, inventor, diplomat, and American founding father Benjamin Franklin is featured on the obverse of the bill. On the reverse of the banknote is an image of Independence Hall. The $100 bill is the largest denomination that has been printed since July 13, 1969, when the denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000 were retired.[2] The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $100 bill in circulation is 90 months (7.5 years) before it is replaced due to wear and tear."
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"Benjamin Franklin"
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List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders
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List of major league Baseball single - game strikeout Leaders - wikipedia List of major league Baseball single - game strikeout Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Roger Clemens ( left ) and Randy Johnson ( right ) are the only pitchers to strike out 18 or more batters in a nine - inning game on three separate occasions . In baseball , a strikeout occurs when a pitcher throws three strikes to a batter during his time at bat . Twenty different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in a single nine - inning Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game as of 2016 , the most recent being Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals on May 11 , 2016 . Four players have accomplished the feat more than once in their career ; no player has ever struck out more than 20 batters in a game . Charlie Sweeney was the first player to strike out 18 batters in a single game , doing so for the Providence Grays against the Boston Beaneaters on June 7 , 1884 . In spite of this , Bob Feller is viewed as the first pitcher to accomplish the feat , since his then - record 18 strikeouts was the first to occur during the 20th century and the live - ball era . Out of the twenty pitchers who have accomplished the feat , fifteen were right - handed and five pitched left - handed . Five of these players have played for only one major league team . Five pitchers -- Steve Carlton , Roger Clemens , Randy Johnson , Nolan Ryan and Tom Seaver -- are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club . Sweeney has the fewest career strikeouts in the group with 505 , while Nolan Ryan , with 5,714 , struck out more batters than any other pitcher in major league history . Bill Gullickson and Kerry Wood are the only rookies to have achieved the feat . Tom Seaver concluded his milestone game by striking out the final ten batters he faced , setting a new major league record for most consecutive strikeouts . Of the eleven players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have struck out 18 batters in a game , six have been elected ; all six were elected on the first ballot . Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons , and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months . These requirements leave two players ineligible who are active , two players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons , and five who did not play in 10 major league seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players 1.1 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Players ( edit ) Kerry Wood tied Roger Clemens ' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine - inning game on May 6 , 1998 . Sandy Koufax is one of six pitchers who have 18 strikeouts in a game to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Bob Feller was the first player to achieve 18 strikeouts in a game during the live - ball era . Max Scherzer tied Kerry Wood and Roger Clemens ' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine - inning game on May 11 , 2016 . Nolan Ryan amassed 18 or more strikeouts in a nine - inning game twice , as well as 19 strikeouts in extra-inning games three times . Key Pitcher Name of the pitcher Date Date of the game Team The player 's team at the time of the game Opposing team The team against whom the pitcher struck out 18 players Score Final score of the game , with the player 's team score listed first Strikeouts Number of strikeouts the pitcher recorded Career Ks Career strikeouts Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame * Player is active Indicates the player 's team lost the game MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in a nine - inning game Pitcher Date Team Opposing team Score Strikeouts Career Ks Refs Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer 000000002016 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2016 Washington Nationals Detroit Tigers 3 -- 2 20 1,881 Wood , Kerry Kerry Wood 000000001998 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1998 Chicago Cubs Houston Astros 2 -- 0 20 1,582 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 000000001996 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1996 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 4 -- 0 20 4,672 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 000000001986 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1986 Boston Red Sox Seattle Mariners 3 -- 1 20 4,672 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000001997 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1997 Seattle Mariners Chicago White Sox 5 -- 0 19 4,875 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000001997 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1997 Seattle Mariners Oakland Athletics 1 -- 4 19 4,875 Cone , David David Cone 000000001991 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1991 New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies 7 -- 0 19 2,668 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001974 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4 -- 2 19 5,714 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver 000000001970 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1970 New York Mets San Diego Padres 2 -- 1 19 3,640 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton 000000001969 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1969 St. Louis Cardinals New York Mets 3 -- 4 19 4,136 Daily , Hugh Hugh Daily 000000001884 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1884 Chicago Browns Boston Reds 10 -- 4 19 846 Sweeney , Charlie Charlie Sweeney 000000001884 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1884 Providence Grays Boston Beaneaters 2 -- 1 19 505 Kluber , Corey Corey Kluber 000000002015 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2015 Cleveland Indians St. Louis Cardinals 2 -- 0 18 630 Sheets , Ben Ben Sheets 000000002004 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers Atlanta Braves 4 -- 1 18 1,325 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 000000001998 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1998 Toronto Blue Jays Kansas City Royals 3 -- 0 18 4,672 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000001992 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1992 Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers 2 -- 3 18 4,875 Martínez , Ramón Ramón Martínez 000000001990 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves 6 -- 0 18 1,427 Gullickson , Bill Bill Gullickson 000000001980 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1980 Montreal Expos Chicago Cubs 4 -- 2 18 1,279 Guidry , Ron Ron Guidry 000000001978 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1978 New York Yankees California Angels 4 -- 0 18 1,778 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001976 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1976 California Angels Chicago White Sox 3 -- 2 18 5,714 Wilson , Don Don Wilson 000000001968 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1968 Houston Astros Cincinnati Reds 6 -- 1 18 1,283 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax 000000001962 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago Cubs 10 -- 2 18 2,396 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax 000000001959 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants 5 -- 2 18 2,396 Feller , Bob Bob Feller 000000001938 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1938 Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers 1 -- 4 18 2,581 Porter , Henry Henry Porter 000000001884 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1884 Milwaukee Brewers Boston Reds 4 -- 5 18 659 Shaw , Dupee Dupee Shaw 000000001884 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 1884 Boston Reds St. Louis Maroons 0 -- 1 18 950 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games ( edit ) Seven different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in an extra-inning Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game to date . Only Nolan Ryan accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever struck out more than 21 batters in a game . The following list is kept separate from the above list of pitchers who have struck out 18 or more batters in a nine - inning game . This is due to the differing number of innings pitched during an extra-inning game , the lack of a definitive endpoint to the game that would otherwise allow for a fair comparison to be made , and the advantage of having more opportunities to strike out players during an extra-inning game as opposed to one lasting nine innings . Key IP Innings pitched by the pitcher in the game MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in an extra-inning game Pitcher Date Team Opposing team Score Strikeouts IP Career Ks Refs Cheney , Tom Tom Cheney 000000001962 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1962 Washington Senators Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 1 21 16 345 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000002001 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 3 20 9 4,875 Tiant , Luis Luis Tiant 000000001968 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1968 Cleveland Indians Minnesota Twins 1 -- 0 19 10 2,416 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001974 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4 -- 3 19 13 5,714 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001974 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1974 California Angels Detroit Tigers 0 -- 1 19 11 5,714 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001977 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1977 California Angels Toronto Blue Jays 2 -- 1 19 10 5,714 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn 000000001952 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1952 Boston Braves Chicago Cubs 1 -- 3 18 15 2,583 Short , Chris Chris Short 000000001965 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1965 Philadelphia Phillies New York Mets 0 -- 0 18 15 1,629 Maloney , Jim Jim Maloney 000000001965 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1965 Cincinnati Reds New York Mets 0 -- 1 18 11 1,605 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 3,000 strikeout club Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 18 strikeouts is utilized as the benchmark because it signifies approximately ⁄ of a nine - inning game 's 27 outs were made by a single pitcher via a strikeout ( `` approximately '' due to the fact that a pitcher can record more than three strikeouts in an inning with the uncaught third strike rule ) . Jump up ^ Although the game went into extra innings ( 11 total ) , Johnson was relieved by Byung - hyun Kim after nine innings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guide to baseball '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Baseball Rules '' ( PDF ) . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules : 6.00 -- The Batter '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Roaring 20 ! Max Ties K Mark , Mauls Tigers '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caruso , Gary ( October 25 , 1995 ) . The Braves Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9781566393843 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Bob Feller , Whose Fastball Dazzled , Dies at 92 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blevins , Dave ( December 23 , 2011 ) . The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia : Baseball , Basketball , Football , Hockey , Soccer . Scarecrow Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9781461673705 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen , Maury ( May 8 , 1961 ) . `` The 18 Strikeouts Of Bob Feller '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Gullickson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kerry Wood Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bock , Hal ( April 23 , 1970 ) . `` Seaver Fans 19 '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . p. 2B . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Terr - whiff - ic ! Seaver Ties Record With 19 Strikeouts '' . New York Post . p. 87 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` May 11 , 2016 Detroit Tigers at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Max Scherzer Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` May 6 , 1998 Houston Astros at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 6 , 1998 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 18 , 1996 Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 18 , 1996 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 29 , 1986 Seattle Mariners at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 29 , 1986 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` August 8 , 1997 Chicago White Sox at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 8 , 1997 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June 24 , 1997 Oakland Athletics at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 24 , 1997 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 6 , 1991 New York Mets at Philadelphia Phillies Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 6 , 1991 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Cone Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 12 , 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 12 , 1974 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 22 , 1970 San Diego Padres at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 22 , 1970 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 15 , 1969 New York Mets at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 15 , 1969 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Frank . `` Hugh Daily '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Daily Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Charlie Sweeney '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Baseball Library . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Sweeney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` May 13 , 2015 St. Louis Cardinals at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Kluber Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` May 16 , 2004 Atlanta Braves at Milwaukee Brewers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 16 , 2004 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Sheets Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 25 , 1998 Kansas City Royals at Toronto Blue Jays Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 25 , 1998 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` September 27 , 1992 Seattle Mariners at Texas Rangers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 27 , 1992 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` June 4 , 1990 Atlanta Braves at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . 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External links ( edit ) Top Individual Performances -- List Retrosheet ( scroll down ) ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_strikeout_leaders&oldid=801792197 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Major League Baseball lists Baseball pitching Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 21 : 55 . 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who has the most strike outs in mlb
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"Out of the twenty pitchers who have accomplished the feat, fifteen were right-handed and five pitched left-handed. Five of these players have played for only one major league team. Five pitchers—Steve Carlton, Roger Clemens, Randy Johnson, Nolan Ryan and Tom Seaver—are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club. Sweeney has the fewest career strikeouts in the group with 505, while Nolan Ryan, with 5,714, struck out more batters than any other pitcher in major league history.[9] Bill Gullickson and Kerry Wood are the only rookies to have achieved the feat.[10][11] Tom Seaver concluded his milestone game by striking out the final ten batters he faced, setting a new major league record for most consecutive strikeouts.[12][13]"
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Golden Temple
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Golden Temple - Wikipedia Golden Temple For other uses , see Golden Temple ( disambiguation ) . Harmandir Sahib Golden Temple ਸ੍ਰੀ ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ The Harmandir Sahib ( Golden Temple ) Location within Punjab Golden Temple ( India ) Show map of Punjab Show map of India Show all Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Alternative names Darbar Sahib Golden Temple of Amritsar ( Harmandir Sahib ) General information Town or city Amritsar Coordinates 31 ° 37 ′ 12 '' N 74 ° 52 ′ 37 '' E / 31.62000 ° N 74.87694 ° E / 31.62000 ; 74.87694 Coordinates : 31 ° 37 ′ 12 '' N 74 ° 52 ′ 37 '' E / 31.62000 ° N 74.87694 ° E / 31.62000 ; 74.87694 Construction started December 1581 Completed 1589 ( Temple ) , 1604 ( with Adi Granth ) Website Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee Official Website The Golden Temple , also known as Sri Harmandir Sahib ( `` abode of God '' ) or Darbar Sahib , ( Punjabi pronunciation : ( dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb ) , `` exalted holy court '' ) is a Gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar , Punjab , India . It is the holiest Gurdwara and the most important pilgrimage site of Sikhism . The temple is built around a man - made pool ( sarovar ) that was completed by Guru Ram Das in 1577 . Guru Arjan , the fifth Guru of Sikhism , requested Sai Mian Mir , a Muslim Pir of Lahore to lay its foundation stone in 1589 . In 1604 , Guru Arjan placed a copy of the Adi Granth in Harmandir Sahib , calling the site Ath Sath Tirath ( lit . `` shrine of 68 pilgrimages '' ) . The temple was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of persecution and was destroyed several times by the Muslim armies from Afghanistan and the Mughal Empire . The army led by Ahmad Shah Abdali , for example , demolished it in 1757 and again in 1762 , then filled the pool with garbage . Maharaja Ranjit Singh after founding the Sikh Empire , rebuilt it in marble and copper in 1809 , overlaid the sanctum with gold foil in 1830 . This has led to the name the Golden Temple . The temple is spiritually the most significant shrine in Sikhism . It became a center of the Singh Sabha Movement between 1883 and 1920s . In the early 1980s , the temple became a center of conflict between the Indian government led by Indira Gandhi , some Sikh groups and a militant movement led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale seeking to create a new nation named Khalistan . In 1984 , Gandhi sent in the Indian Army as part of Operation Blue Star , leading to deaths of over 1,000 militants , soldiers and civilians , as well as causing much damage to the temple and the destruction of Akal Takht . The temple complex was rebuilt again after the 1984 damage . The Harmandir Sahib is an open house of worship for all men and women , from all walks of life and faith . It has a square plan with four entrances , has a circumambulation path around the pool . The temple is a collection of buildings around the sanctum and the pool . One of these is Akal Takht , the chief center of religious authority of Sikhism . Additional buildings include a clock tower , the offices of Gurdwara Committee , a Museum and a langar -- a free Sikh community run kitchen that serves a simple vegetarian meal to all visitors without discrimination . Over 100,000 people visit the holy shrine daily for worship . The temple complex has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO . Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 History 2.1 Construction 2.2 Mughal Empire era destruction and rebuilding 2.3 Ranjit Singh era reconstruction 3 Description 3.1 Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall 3.2 Clock Tower 3.3 Ber trees 3.4 Sikh history museums 3.5 Guru Ram Das Langar 3.6 Daily ceremonies 4 Influence on contemporary era Sikhism 4.1 Singh Sabha movement 4.2 Jallianwala Bagh massacre 4.3 Operation Blue Star 5 Celebrations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) The Harmandir Sahib is also spelled as Harimandar , Harimandir or Harmandar Sahib . It is also called the Darbar Sahib ( Punjabi pronunciation : ( dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb ) ) which means `` sacred audience '' , as well as the Golden Temple for its gold foil covered sanctum center . The word `` Harmandir '' is composed of two words , `` Hari '' which scholars variously translate as `` God '' , and `` mandir '' which means temple or house . The Sikh tradition has several Gurdwaras named `` Harmandir Sahib '' such as those in Kiratpur and Patna . Of these , the one in Amritsar is most revered . History ( edit ) A moment at Golden Temple According to the Sikh historical records , the land that became Amritsar and houses the Harimandar Sahib was chosen by Guru Amar Das -- the third Guru of the Sikh tradition . It was then called Guru Da Chakk , after he had asked his disciple Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man made pool as its central point . After Ram Das succeeded Guru Amar Das in 1574 , and given the hostile opposition he faced from the sons of Guru Amar Das , Guru Ram Das founded the town that came to be known as `` Ramdaspur '' . He started by completing the pool with the help of Baba Buddha ( not to be confused with the Buddha of Buddhism ) . Guru Ram Das built his new official centre and home next to it . He invited merchants and artisans from other parts of India to settle into the new town with him . Ramdaspur town expanded during the time of Guru Arjan financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work . The town grew to become the city of Amritsar , and the pool area grew into the Golden Temple complex . The construction activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in Mahima Prakash Vartak , a semi-historical Sikh hagiography text likely composed in 1741 , and the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus . Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple in 1604 . Continuing the efforts of Guru Ram Das , Guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination . He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular Sukhmani Sahib . Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to Guru Granth Sahib being recited near the Akal Takht and Golden Temple , Amritsar , Punjab , India . Construction ( edit ) Guru Ram Das acquired the land for the site . The Great Emperor Akbar is stated to have donated the land to the wife of Guru Ram Das . In 1581 , Guru Arjan initiated the construction of the Gurdwara . During the construction the pool was kept empty and dry . It took 8 years to complete the first version of the Harmandir Sahib . Guru Arjan planned a temple at a level lower than the city to emphasize humility and the need to efface one 's ego before entering the premises to meet the Guru . He also demanded that the temple compound be open on all sides to emphasize that it was open to all . The sanctum inside the pool where his Guru seat was had only one bridge to emphasize that the end goal was one , states Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair . In 1589 , the temple made with bricks was complete . Guru Arjan is believed by some later sources to have invited Sufi saint Mian Mir of Lahore to lay its foundation stone , signaling pluralism and that the Sikh tradition welcomed all . This belief is however unsubstantiated According to Sikh traditional sources such as Sri Gur Suraj Parkash Granth it was laid by Guru Arjan himself . After the inauguration , the pool was filled with water . On August 16 , 1604 , Guru Arjan completed expanding and compiling the first version of the Sikh scripture and placed a copy of the Adi Granth in the temple . He appointed Baba Buddha as the first Granthi . Guru Arjan called the site Ath Sath Tirath which means `` shrine of 68 pilgrimages '' . The temple complex marks the place of this announcement with a raised canopy on the parkarma ( circumambulation marble path around the pool ) . The name , state W. Owen Cole and other scholars , reflects the belief that visiting this temple is equivalent to 68 Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Indian subcontinent , or that a Tirath to the Golden Temple has the efficacy of all 68 Tiraths combined . The completion of the first version of the Golden Temple was a major milestone for Sikhism , states Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair , because it provided a central pilgrimage place and a rallying point for the Sikh community , set within a hub of trade and activity . Mughal Empire era destruction and rebuilding ( edit ) The growing influence and success of Guru Arjan drew the attention of the Mughal Empire . Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and asked to convert to Islam . He refused , was tortured and executed in 1606 CE . Guru Arjan 's son and successor Guru Hargobind left Amritsar and moved into the Shivalik Hills to avoid persecution and to save the Sikh panth . For about a century after Guru Arjan martyrdom , state Louis E. Fenech and W.H. McLeod , the Golden Temple was not occupied by the actual Sikh Gurus and it remained in hostile sectarian hands . In 18th century , Guru Gobind Singh and his newly founded Khalsa Sikhs came back and fought to liberate it . The Golden Temple was viewed by the Mughal rulers and Afghan Sultans as the center of Sikh faith and it remained the main target of persecution . The Golden Temple was the center of historic events in Sikh history : In 1709 , the governor of Lahore sent in his army to suppress and prevent the Sikhs from gathering for their festivals of Baisakhi and Divali . But the Sikhs defied by gathering in the Golden Temple . In 1716 , Banda Singh and numerous Sikhs were arrested and executed . In 1737 , the Mughal governor ordered the capture of the custodian of the Golden Temple named Mani Singh and executed him . He appointed Masse Khan as the police commissioner who then occupied the Temple and converted it into his entertainment center with dancing girls . He befouled the pool . Sikhs avenged the sacrilege of the Golden Temple by assassinating Masse Khan inside the Temple in August 1740 . In 1746 , another Lahore official Diwan Lakhpat Rai working for Yahiya Khan , and seeking revenge for the death of his brother , filled the pool with sand . In 1749 , Sikhs restored the pool when Muin ul - Mulk slackened Mughal operations against Sikhs and sought their help during his operations in Multan . In 1757 , the Afghani ruler Ahmad Shah Durrani , also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali , attacked Amritsar and desecrated the Golden Temple . He had waste poured into the pool along with entrails of slaughtered cows , before departing for Afghanistan . The Sikhs restored it again . In 1762 , Ahmad Shah Durrani returned and had the Golden Temple blown up with gunpowder . Sikhs returned and celebrated Divali in its premises . In 1764 , Jassa Singh Ahluvalia collected donations to rebuild the Golden Temple . A new main gateway ( Darshani Deorhi ) , causeway and sanctum were completed in 1776 , while the floor around the pool was completed in 1784 . The Sikhs also completed a canal to bring in fresh water from Ravi River for the pool . Ranjit Singh era reconstruction ( edit ) A 1880 photograph of the Golden Temple , sacred pool and the nearby buildings . The walled courtyard and entrances were added later . Ranjit Singh founded the nucleus of the Sikh Empire at the age of 21 with help of Sukerchakia Misl forces he inherited and those of his mother - in - law Rani Sada Kaur . In 1802 , at age 22 , he took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh misl , paid homage at the Golden Temple and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold . The Temple was renovated in marble and copper in 1809 , and in 1830 Ranjit Singh donated gold to overlay the sanctum with gold foil . The management and operation of Darbar Sahib , a term that refers to the entire Golden Temple complex of buildings , was taken over by Ranjit Singh . He appointed Desa Singh Majithia to manage it , and made land grants whose collected revenue was assigned to pay for the Temple 's maintenance and operation . Ranjit Singh also made the position of Temple officials hereditary . Description ( edit ) The Golden temple complex map The Golden Temple 's architecture reflects different architectural practices prevalent in the Indian subcontinent , as various iterations of temple were rebuilt and restored . The Temple is described by Ian Kerr , and other scholars , as a mixture of the Indo - Islamic Mughal and the Hindu Rajput architecture . The sanctum is a 12.25 x 12.25 metre square with two - storeys and a gold foil dome . This sanctum has a marble platform that is a 19.7 x 19.7 metre square . It sits inside an almost square ( 154.5 x 148.5 m2 ) pool called amritsar or amritsarovar ( amrit means nectar , sar is short form of sarovar and means pool ) . The pool is 5.1 metre deep and is surrounded by a 3.7 metre wide circumambulatory marble passage that is circled clockwise . The sanctum is connected to the platform by a causeway and the gateway into the causeway is called the Darshani Ḍeorhi ( from Darshana Dvara ) . For those who wish to take a dip in the pool , the Temple provides a half hexagonal shelter and holy steps to Har ki Pauri . Bathing in the pool is believed by many Sikhs to have restorative powers , purifying one 's karma . Some carry bottles of the pool water home particularly for sick friends and relatives . The pool is maintained by volunteers who perform kar seva ( community service ) by draining and desilting it periodically . Left : Causeway to the sanctum with people , behind the pool is Ath Sath Tirath ; Right : Entrance view The sanctum has two floors . The Sikh Scripture Guru Granth Sahib is seated on the lower square floor for about 20 hours everyday , and for 4 hours it is taken to its bedroom inside Akal Takht with elaborate ceremonies in a palki , for sukhasana and prakash . The floor with the seated scripture is raised a few steps above the entrance causeway level . The upper floor in the sanctum is a gallery and connected by stairs . The ground floor is lined with white marble , as is the path surrounding the sanctum . The sanctum 's exterior has gilded copper plates . The doors are gold foil covered copper sheets with nature motifs such as birds and flowers . The ceiling of the upper floor is gilded , embossed and decorated with jewels . The sanctum dome is semi-spherical with a pinnacle ornament . The sides are embellished with arched copings and small solid domes , the corners adorning cupolas , all of which are covered with gold foil covered gilded copper . The floral designs on the marble panels of the walls around the sanctum are Arabesque . The arches include verses from the Sikh scripture in gold letters . The frescoes follow the Indian tradition and include animal , bird and nature motifs rather than being purely geometrical . The stair walls have murals of Sikh Gurus such as the falcon carrying Guru Gobind Singh riding a horse . The Darshani Deorhi is a two - storey structure that houses the temple management offices and treasury . At the exit of path leading away from the sanctum is the prasada facility , where volunteers serve a flour - based sweet offering called karah prasad . Typically , the pilgrims to the Golden Temple enter and make a clockwise circumambulation around the pool before entering the sanctum . There are four entrances to the gurdwara complex signifying the openness to all sides , but a single entrance to the sanctum of the temple through a causeway . Left : Akal Takht illuminated ; Right : One of the entrance gates Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall ( edit ) Main article : Akal Takht In front of the sanctum and the causeway is the Akal Takht building . It is the chief Takht , a center of authority in Sikhism . It is also the headquarters of the main political party of the Indian state of Punjab , Shiromani Akali Dal ( Supreme Akali Party ) . The Akal Takht issues edicts or writs ( hukam ) on matters related to Sikhism and the solidarity of the Sikh community . Its name Akal Takht means `` throne of the Timeless ( God ) '' . The institution was established by Guru Hargobind after the martyrdom of his father Guru Arjan , as a place to conduct ceremonial , spiritual and secular affairs , issuing binding writs on Sikh Gurdwaras far from his own location . A building was later constructed over the Takht founded by Guru Hargobind , and this came to be known as Akal Bunga . The Akal Takht is also known as Takht Sri Akal Bunga . The Sikh tradition has five Takhts , all of which are major pilgrimage sites in Sikhism . These are in Anandpur , Patna , Nanded , Talwandi Sabo and Amritsar . The Akal Takht in the Golden Temple complex is the primary seat and chief . The Teja Singh Samundri Hall is the office of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee ( Supreme Committee of Temple Management ) . It is located in a building near the Langar - kitchen and Assembly Hall . This office coordinates and oversees the operations of major Sikh temples . Clock tower ( edit ) A 1860s photo of the Golden Temple with the Gothic clock tower under construction during the colonial British era . This clock tower was demolished later . The Clock Tower did not exist in the original version of the temple . In its location was a building , now called the `` lost palace '' . The officials of the British India wanted to demolish the building after the Second Anglo - Sikh war and once they had annexed the Sikh Empire . The Sikhs opposed the demolition , but this opposition was ignored . In its place , the clock tower was added . The clock tower was designed by John Gordon in a Gothic cathedral style with red bricks . The clock tower construction started in 1862 and was completed in 1874 . The tower was demolished by the Sikh community about 70 years later . In its place , a new entrance was constructed with a design more harmonious with the Temple . This entrance on the north side has a clock , houses a museum on its upper floor , and it continues to be called ghanta ghar deori . The historic Dukh Bhanjani Ber tree inside the courtyard , next to Ath Sath Tirath . Ber trees ( edit ) The Golden Temple complex originally was open and had numerous trees around the pool . It is now a walled , two storey courtyard with four entrances , that preserve three Ber trees ( jujube ) . One of them is to the right of the main ghanta ghar deori entrance with the clock , and it is called the Ber Baba Buddha . It is believed in the Sikh tradition to be the tree where Baba Buddha sat to supervise the construction of the pool and first temple . A second tree is called Laachi Ber , believed to the one under which Guru Arjan rested while the temple was being built . The third one is called Dukh Bhanjani Ber , located on the other side of the sanctum , across the pool . It is believed in the Sikh tradition that this tree was the location where a Sikh was cured of his leprosy after taking a dip in the pool , giving the tree the epithet of `` suffering remover '' . There is a small Gurdwara underneath the tree . The Ath Sath Tirath , or the spot equivalent to 68 pilgrimages , is in the shade underneath the Dukh Bhanjani Ber tree . Sikh devotees , states Charles Townsend , believe that bathing in the pool near this spot delivers the same fruits as a visit to 68 pilgrimage places in India . Sikh history Museums ( edit ) The ceiling of Harmandir Sahib is covered with gold foil and studded with precious stones . The main ghanta ghar deori north entrance has a Sikh history museum on the first floor , according to the Sikh tradition . The display shows various paintings , of gurus and martyrs , many narrating the persecution of Sikhs over their history , as well as historical items such as swords , kartar , comb , chakkars . A new underground museum near the clock tower , but outside the temple courtyard also shows Sikh history . According to Louis E. Fenech , the display does not present the parallel traditions of Sikhism and is partly ahistorical such as a headless body continuing to fight , but a significant artwork and reflects the general trend in Sikhism of presenting their history to be one of persecution , martyrdoms and bravery in wars . The main entrance to the Gurdwara has many memorial plaques that commemorate past Sikh historical events , saints and martyrs , contributions of Ranjit Singh , as well as commemorative inscriptions of all the Sikh soldiers who died fighting in the two World Wars and the various Indo - Pakistan wars . Guru Ram Das Langar ( edit ) Harmandir Sahib complex has a Langar , a community - run free kitchen and dining hall . It is attached to the east side of the courtyard near the Dukh Bhanjani Ber , outside of the entrance . Food is served here to all visitors who want it , regardless of faith , gender or economic background . Vegetarian food is served and all people eat together as equals . Everyone sits on the floor in rows , which is called pangat . The meal is served by volunteers as part of their kar seva ethos . A simple meal is served round the clock . Daily ceremonies ( edit ) Left : A palanquin being prepared for the daily sukhasan ritual to carry the scripture to a bedroom ; Right : A Sikh pilgrim . Some Sikh take a dip in the pool . There are several rituals performed everyday in the Golden Temple as per the historic Sikh tradition . These rituals treat the scripture as a living person , a Guru out of respect . The rituals include : Closing ritual called sukhasan ( sukh means `` comfort or rest '' , asan means `` position '' ) . At night , after a series of devotional kirtans and three part ardās , the Guru Granth Sahib is closed , carried on the head , placed into and then carried in a flower decorated , pillow - bed palki ( palanquin ) , with chanting . Its bedroom is in the Akal Takht , on the first floor . Once it arrives there , the scripture is tucked into a bed . Opening ritual called prakash which means `` light '' . About dawn everyday , the Guru Granth Sahib is taken out its bedroom , carried on the head , placed and carried in a flower decorated palki with chanting and bugle sounding across the causeway . It is brought to the sanctum . Then after ritual singing of a series of Var Asa kirtans and ardas , a random page is opened . This is the mukhwak of the day , it is read out loud , and then written out for the pilgrims to read over that day . Influence on contemporary era Sikhism ( edit ) Singh Sabha movement ( edit ) The Singh Sabha movement was a late - 19th century movement within the Sikh community to rejuvenate and reform Sikhism at a time when Christian , Hindu and Muslim proselytizers were actively campaigning to convert Sikhs to their religion . The movement was triggered by the conversion of Ranjit Singh 's son Duleep Singh and other well known people to Christianity . Started in 1870s , the Singh Sabha movement 's aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion , restore and reform Sikhism to bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had left Sikhism . There were three main groups with different viewpoints and approaches , of which the Tat Khalsa group prevailed by early 1900s . Before 1905 , the Golden Temple had idols and images for at least a century . In 1905 , with the campaign of the Tat Khalsa , these idols and images were removed from the Golden Temple . Jallianwala Bagh massacre ( edit ) Main article : Jallianwala Bagh massacre As per tradition , the Sikhs gathered in the Golden Temple to celebrate the festival of Baisakhi in 1919 . After their visit , many walked over to the Jallianwala Bagh next to it to listen to speakers protesting Rowlatt Act and other policies of the colonial British government . A large crowd had gathered , when the British general Reginald Dyer ordered his soldiers to surround the Jallianwala Bagh , then open fire into the civilian crowd . Hundreds died and thousands were wounded . The massacre strengthened the opposition to the colonial rule throughout India , and particularly Sikhs . It triggered massive non-violent protests . The protests pressured the British government to transfer the control over the management and treasury of the Golden Temple to an elected organization called Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee ( SGPC ) . The SGPC continues to manage the Golden Temple . Operation Blue Star ( edit ) Main article : Operation Blue Star The Golden Temple and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in early 1980s . These included the Dharam Yudh Morcha led by sikh fundamentalist Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale , the Babbar Khalsa , the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan . In December 1983 , the Sikh political party Akali Dal 's President Harcharan Singh Longowal had invited Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex . The Bhindranwale led group under military leadership of General Shabeg Singh had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the Golden Temple . They organised the armed militants present at the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar in June 1984 The Golden Temple became a place for weapons training for the militants . Shabeg Singh 's military expertise is credited with the creation of effective defences of the Temple Complex that made the possibility of a commando operation on foot impossible . Supporters of this militant movement circulated maps showing parts of northwest India , north Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan as historic and future boundaries of the Khalsa Sikhs , with varying claims in different maps . In June 1984 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered Indian Army to begin Operation Blue Star against the militants . The operation caused severe damaged and destroyed Akal Takht . Numerous soldiers , civilians and militants died in the cross fire . Within days of the Operation Bluestar , some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the Golden Temple . Within six months , on 31 October 1984 , Indira Gandhi 's Sikh bodyguards assassinated her . In 1986 , Indira Gandhi 's son and the next Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi ordered repairs of the Akal Takht Sahib . These repairs were removed and Sikhs rebuilt the Akal Takht Sahib in 1999 . Celebrations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One of the most important festivals is Vaisakhi , which is celebrated in the second week of April ( usually the 13th ) . Sikhs celebrate the founding of the Khalsa on this day and it is celebrated with fervour in the Harmandir Sahib . Other important Sikh religious days such as the birth of Guru Ram Das , martyrdom day of Guru Teg Bahadur , the birthday of the Sikh founder Guru Nanak , etc. , are also celebrated with religious piety . Similarly Diwali is one of the festivals which sees the Harmandir Sahib beautifully illuminated with Diyas ( lamps ) ; lights and fireworks are discharged . See also ( edit ) South Asia portal Punjab portal Sikhism portal 100292 Harmandir , asteroid Golden Temple , Sripuram Hazur Sahib Nanded List of Gurudwaras Most sacred sites Sikhism Mazhabi sikh Egalitarianism Freeganism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair 2013 , pp. 41 - 42 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Ian J. `` Harimandar '' . Encyclopaedia of Sikhism . Punjabi University Patiala . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2005 ) . Sikhism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 67 -- 69 , 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280601 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Louis E. Fenech & W.H. McLeod 2014 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 , pp. 5 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : W. Owen Cole 2004 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : M.L. Runion ( 2017 ) . The History of Afghanistan , 2nd Edition . Greenwood . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33798 - 7 . , Quote : `` Ahmad Durani was forced to return to India and ( he ) declared a jihad , known as an Islamic holy war , against the Marathas . A multitude of tribes heralded the call of the holy war , which included the various Pashtun tribes , the Balochs , the Tajiks , and also the Muslim population residing in India . Led by Ahmad Durrani , the tribes joined the religious quest and returned to India ( ... ) The domination and control of the ( Afghan ) empire began to loosen in 1762 when Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed Afghanistan to subdue the Sikhs , followers of an indigenous monotheistic religion of India found in the 16th century by Guru Nanak . ( ... ) Ahmad Shah greatly desired to subdue the Sikhs , and his army attacked and gained control of the Sikh 's holy city of Amritsar , where he brutally massacred thousands of Sikh followers . Not only did he viciously demolish the sacred temples and buildings , but he ordered these holy places to be covered with cow 's blood as an insult and desecration of their religion ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 , pp. 431 - 432 . ^ Jump up to : Trudy Ring , Noelle Watson & Paul Schellinger 2012 , pp. 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2016 ) . Sikhism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874557 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jean Marie Lafont ( 2002 ) . Maharaja Ranjit Singh : Lord of the Five Rivers . Oxford University Press . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566111 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 , pp. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Soon , Golden Temple to use phone jammers . Over Two lakh people visit the holy shrine per day for worship . In festivals over six lakh to eight lakh visit the holy shrine '' . The Times Of India . 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sri Harimandir Sahib , Amritsar , Punjab , UNESCO ^ Jump up to : Louis E. Fenech & W.H. McLeod 2014 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Henry Walker 2002 , pp. 95 - 98 . Jump up ^ H.S. Singha ( 2000 ) . The Encyclopedia of Sikhism ( over 1000 Entries ) . Hemkunt Press . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7010 - 301 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : G.S. Mansukhani . `` Encyclopaedia of Sikhism '' . Punjab University Patiala . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair 2013 , pp. 38 - 40 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Shackle & Arvind Mandair 2013 , pp. xv - xvi . Jump up ^ W.H. McLeod ( 1990 ) . Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism . University of Chicago Press . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 56085 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mahindara Siṅgha Joshī ( 1994 ) . Guru Arjan Dev . Sahitya Akademi . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7201 - 769 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Louis E. Fenech & W.H. McLeod 2014 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Sikhism by Louis E. Fenech , W.H. McLeod , p. 205 , ISBN 9781442236011 Jump up ^ State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony : Post-Mughal 19th - century Punjab , by Rishi Singh , 2015 ISBN 9789351505044 . It is however possible that Mian Mir , who had close links to Guru Arjan , was invited and present at the time of the laying of the foundation stone , even if he did not lay the foundation stone himself . Jump up ^ State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony : Post-Mughal 19th - century Punjab , by Rishi Singh , 2015 ISBN 9789351505044 Jump up ^ Singh 2011 , pp. 34 - 35 . Jump up ^ Dr. Madanjit Kaur `` The Golden Temple : Past and Present '' Dept. of Guru Nanak Studies , Guru Nanak Dev University Press , 1983 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : W. Owen Cole 2004 , pp. 6 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 , pp. 435 - 436 . ^ Jump up to : Pashaura Singh ( 2005 ) , Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan , Journal of Punjab Studies , 12 ( 1 ) , pages 29 - 62 Jump up ^ W.H. McLeod ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of Sikhism . Scarecrow Press . p. 20 ( Arjan 's Death ) . ISBN 9780810863446 . The Mughal rulers of the Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth , and in 1605 the Emperor Jahangir made an entry in his memoirs , the Tuzuk - i - Jahāṅgīrī , concerning Guru Arjan 's support for his rebellious son Khusrau Mirza . Too many people , he wrote , were being persuaded by his teachings , and if the Guru would not become a Muslim the Panth had to be extinguished . Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint , and that he had been thinking of forcing Guru Arjan to convert to Islam or his false trade should be eliminated , for a long time . Mughal authorities seem plainly to have been responsible for Arjan 's death in custody in Lahore , and this may be accepted as an established fact . Whether death was by execution , the result of torture , or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved . For Sikhs , Arjan is the first martyr Guru . Jump up ^ Louis E. Fenech , Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition , Oxford University Press , pp. 118 - 121 ^ Jump up to : Louis E. Fenech & W.H. McLeod 2014 , pp. 146 - 147 . Jump up ^ Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 , pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Patwant Singh ( 2008 ) . Empire of the Sikhs : The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh . Peter Owen . pp. 18 , 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1323 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2016 ) . Sikhism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874557 - 0 . , Quote : `` The Golden Temple ( ... ) By 1776 , the present structure , a harmonious blending of Mughal and Rajput ( Islamic and Hindu ) architectural styles was complete . '' Jump up ^ Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 , pp. 97 -- 116 . ^ Jump up to : Gene R. Thursby ( 1992 ) . The Sikhs . BRILL . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09554 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nikky - Guninder Kaur Singh ( 2004 ) . Sikhism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1779 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 , pp. 68 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ; Geoffrey William Bromiley ( 1999 ) . The encyclopedia of Christianity ( Reprint ed . ) . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Singh 2011 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh ; Norman Gerald Barrier ; W.H. McLeod ( 2004 ) . Sikhism and History . Oxford University Press . pp. 201 -- 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566708 - 0 . Jump up ^ W. Owen Cole 2004 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Talbot ( 2016 ) . A History of Modern South Asia : Politics , States , Diasporas . Yale University Press . pp. 80 -- 81 with Figure 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 19694 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shikha Jain ( 2015 ) . Yamini Narayanan , ed . Religion and Urbanism : Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia . Routledge . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 75542 - 5 . Jump up ^ H.S. Singha ( 2000 ) . The Encyclopedia of Sikhism ( over 1000 Entries ) . Hemkunt Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7010 - 301 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bruce M. Sullivan ( 2015 ) . Sacred Objects in Secular Spaces : Exhibiting Asian Religions in Museums . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 76 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4725 - 9083 - 1 . Jump up ^ Golden temple 's hi - tech basement info center Jump up ^ Golden temple story comes alive Jump up ^ Louis E. Fenech ( 2000 ) . Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition : Playing the `` game of Love '' . Oxford University Press . pp. 44 -- 45 , 57 -- 61 , 114 -- 115 , 157 with notes . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564947 - 5 . Jump up ^ K Singh ( 1984 ) . The Sikh Review , Volume 32 , Issues 361 - 372 . Sikh Cultural Centre . p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Singh 2011 , pp. 81 - 82 . ^ Jump up to : Kristina Myrvold ( 2016 ) . The Death of Sacred Texts : Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions . Routledge . pp. 125 -- 144 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 03640 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : NG Barrier and Nazar Singh ( 2015 ) , Singh Sabha Movement , Encyclopedia of Sikhism , Harbans Singh ( Editor in Chief ) , Punjab University Jump up ^ Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair 2013 , pp. 85 - 86 . Jump up ^ Louis E. Fenech & W.H. McLeod 2014 , pp. 273 - 274 . Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 , pp. 28 -- 29 , 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Harjot Oberoi ( 1994 ) . The Construction of Religious Boundaries : Culture , Identity , and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition . University of Chicago Press . pp. 382 -- 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 61593 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kenneth W. Jones ( 1976 ) . Arya Dharm : Hindu Consciousness in 19th - century Punjab . University of California Press . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02920 - 0 . , Quote : `` Brahmin priests and their idols had been associated with the Golden Temple for at least a century and had over these years received the patronage of pious Hindus and Sikhs . In the 1890s these practices came under increasing attack by reformist Sikhs . '' Jump up ^ W.H. McLeod ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of Sikhism . Scarecrow . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6344 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harjot Oberoi ( 1994 ) . The Construction of Religious Boundaries : Culture , Identity , and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition . University of Chicago Press . pp. 320 -- 327 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 61593 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kristen Haar ; Sewa Singh Kalsi ( 2009 ) . Sikhism . Infobase Publishing . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0647 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 , pp. 433 - 434 . ^ Jump up to : Jugdep S Chima ( 2008 ) . The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India : Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements . SAGE Publications . pp. 85 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 321 - 0538 - 1 . Jump up ^ Khushwant Singh , A History of the Sikhs , Volume II : 1839 - 2004 , New Delhi , Oxford University Press , 2004 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Tully , Mark ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Wounds heal but another time bomb ticks away '' . Gunfire Over the Golden Temple . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Brian Keith Axel ( 2001 ) . The Nation 's Tortured Body : Violence , Representation , and the Formation of a Sikh `` Diaspora '' . Duke University Press . pp. 96 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2615 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Know facts about Harmandir Sahib , The Golden Temple '' . India TV . 22 June 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia Britannica . Kerr , Ian J. ( 2015 ) . `` Harimandar '' . Encyclopaedia of Sikhism . Punjabi University Patiala . Pardeep Singh Arshi ( 1989 ) . The Golden Temple : history , art , and architecture . Harman . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85151 - 25 - 0 . W. Owen Cole ( 2004 ) . Understanding Sikhism . Dunedin Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906716 - 91 - 2 . Louis E. Fenech ; W.H. McLeod ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of Sikhism . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 3601 - 1 . W.H. McLeod ( 1990 ) . Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 56085 - 4 . Trudy Ring ; Noelle Watson ; Paul Schellinger ( 2012 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 63979 - 1 . Christopher Shackle ; Arvind Mandair ( 2013 ) . Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : Selections from the Sikh Scriptures . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 45101 - 0 . Pashaura Singh ; Louis E. Fenech ( 2014 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 100411 - 7 . Arvind - Pal Singh Mandair ( 2013 ) . Sikhism : A Guide for the Perplexed . Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 0231 - 7 . Singh , Nikky - Guninder Kaur ( 2011 ) . Sikhism : An Introduction . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 962 - 1 . Henry Walker ( 2002 ) . Kerry Brown , ed . Sikh Art and Literature . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 63136 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harmandir Sahib . Website of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee Official Website ☬ Sikh topics ☬ Gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib ( Sikh holy book ) Philosophy Beliefs and principles Guru Maneyo Granth Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Cannabis and Sikhism Diet in Sikhism Practices Khalsa Ardās Kirtan Langar Naam Karan Anand Karaj Amrit Sanchar Amrit Velā Antam Sanskar Three Pillars Kirat Karo Naam Japo Vand Chhako Sikh practices The Five Ks Simran Sewa Charhdi Kala Dasvand Jhatka Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Dasam Granth Gurbani Mul Mantar Japji Sahib Chaupai Jaap Sahib Rehras Sukhmani Sahib Tav - Prasad Savaiye By country Australia Afghanistan Belgium Canada Vancouver Fiji France Germany India Indonesia Iraq Italy Malaysia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Singapore Switzerland Thailand United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Other topics History Gurmukhi script Ik Onkar Waheguru Khanda Gurdwara ( Harmandir Sahib ) Panj Pyare Literature Music Names Places Politics Nanakshahi calendar Ramananda Fariduddin Ganjshakar Kabir History of the Punjab Sardar Dastar Islam Jainism Hinduism Sikh Empire Mela Maghi Maghi Vaisakhi Hola Mohalla Sikhs Women in Sikhism Sikhism and sexual orientation Idolatry in Sikhism Criticism Punjab Punjabis Punjabi language ( Gurmukhī ) Takht Akal Takht Damdama Sahib Kesgarh Sahib Hazur Sahib Patna Sahib ☬ Sikhism portal ☬ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&oldid=855693620 '' Categories : Religious buildings completed in 1604 Gurdwaras in Punjab , India Buildings and structures in Amritsar Tourist attractions in Amritsar Religious buildings with domes Indian architecture Rebuilt buildings and structures in India Religious tourism in India 1604 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 05 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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golden temple is made up of which type of rock
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"The temple is built around a man-made pool (sarovar) that was completed by Guru Ram Das in 1577.[5][6] Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru of Sikhism, requested Sai Mian Mir, a Muslim Pir of Lahore to lay its foundation stone in 1589.[1] In 1604, Guru Arjan placed a copy of the Adi Granth in Harmandir Sahib, calling the site Ath Sath Tirath (lit. \"shrine of 68 pilgrimages\").[2][7] The temple was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of persecution and was destroyed several times by the Muslim armies from Afghanistan and the Mughal Empire.[2][4][8] The army led by Ahmad Shah Abdali, for example, demolished it in 1757 and again in 1762, then filled the pool with garbage.[2][9] Maharaja Ranjit Singh after founding the Sikh Empire, rebuilt it in marble and copper in 1809, overlaid the sanctum with gold foil in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple.[10][11][12]\n"
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Yuri on Ice
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Yuri on Ice - Wikipedia Yuri on Ice Jump to : navigation , search Yuri on Ice Main visual ユーリ ! ! ! on ICE Genre Sports ( figure skating ) Anime television series Directed by Sayo Yamamoto Written by Mitsurō Kubo Music by Taro Umebayashi Taku Matsushiba Studio MAPPA Licensed by Crunchyroll Original network TV Asahi , BS Asahi , STS , NCC , Sun TV , AT - X Original run October 6 , 2016 -- December 22 , 2016 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal Yuri ! ! ! on Ice ( Japanese : ユーリ ! ! ! on ICE ) is a sports anime television series about figure skating . The anime was produced by MAPPA , directed by Sayo Yamamoto and written by Mitsurō Kubo . Character design was by Tadashi Hiramatsu , and its music was composed by Taro Umebayashi and Taku Matsushiba . The figure skating was choreographed by Kenji Miyamoto , who also performed routines himself which were recorded and used as skating sound effects . The series premiered on October 6 , 2016 and ended on December 22 , with a total of 12 episodes . A Yuri on Ice feature film is currently in production . The series revolves around the relationships between Japanese figure skater Yuri Katsuki ; his idol , Russian figure - skating champion Victor Nikiforov , and up - and - coming Russian skater Yuri Plisetsky ; as Yuri K. and Yuri P. take part in the Figure Skating Grand Prix , with Victor acting as coach to Yuri K . Released to critical acclaim , Yuri on Ice has been well received in Japan . It won three awards at the Tokyo Anime Award Festival , a Japan Character Award and seven awards in Crunchyroll 's inaugural Anime Awards . In Japan , the series was released in six parts on Blu - Ray and DVD , with all the releases coming No. 1 on the Oricon Animation Blu - Ray disc and Animation DVD disc rankings respectively . It was the second-most successful media franchise in Japan for the first half of 2017 . It was popular on social media outlets such as Tumblr , Sina Weibo and Twitter , where it received over a million more tweets that the next most - talked about anime series in the season it was broadcast . It also attracted praise from professional figure skaters . Yuri on Ice has raised discussion concerning its depiction of a same - sex relationship between its protagonists , with some critics praising it for covering homosexuality in a way that differs from most anime and manga such as yaoi , and for dealing with homosexuality in a country and sport that has present - day issues with homophobia ; others criticised its depiction for being unrealistic and ambiguous . The series has also been praised for its depiction of anxiety , and also raised a brief controversy concerning a similar figure skating - based title to be released in the United States in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Related media 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards 4.3 Popularity 4.4 Sales 4.5 Depiction of same - sex relationship 4.5. 1 Praise 4.5. 2 Criticism 5 Love on Ice controversy 6 References 6.1 Works cited 6.2 Other references 7 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Yuri on Ice characters and List of Yuri on Ice episodes After a crushing defeat in the Grand Prix Final and other competition losses , 23 - year - old Japanese figure skater Yuri Katsuki develops mixed feelings about skating and puts his career on hold ; returning to his hometown of Hasetsu in Kyushu . Yuri visits his childhood friend , Yuko , at an ice rink ( Ice Castle Hasetsu ) and perfectly mimics an advanced skating routine performed by his idol : Russian figure skating champion Victor Nikiforov . When secretly - recorded footage of Yuri 's performance is uploaded to the internet , it catches Victor 's attention , and he travels to Kyushu with an offer to coach Yuri and revive his figure - skating career . Later , it is revealed that Victor was already familiar with Yuri , having met him before at a banquet where Yuri got drunk and asked Victor to be his coach . After learning when about Victor 's career decision , Yuri Plisetsky , a rising 15 - year - old Russian prodigy skater , travels to Hasetsu to make Victor keep a promise made prior to the beginning of the series . Victor had promised he would choreograph a routine specifically for Yuri P. if he won the Junior World Championships , which Yuri P. presumably did . Victor , having forgotten about his promise to Yuri P. , makes the two Yuris compete against each other to decide who he will coach . Yuri K. ends up winning , and thus Victor becomes Yuri K. 's coach . Yuri P. returns to Russia , and both Yuris vow to win the Grand Prix championship . Both Yuri K. and Yuri P. qualify to represent their countries in the Grand Prix series , and then later qualify for the Grand Prix Final in Barcelona . Over the course of the Grand Prix , Yuri K. and Victor become increasingly close , with Yuri K. buying them both gold rings in Barcelona which leads to remarks by Victor about them being `` engaged . '' On the eve the final , Yuri K. plans to quit skating so that Victor can return to the sport and tells Victor , but Victor tearfully rejects the idea , and they agree to choose their paths after the tournament has finished . The tournament ends with Yuri P. winning the gold medal and Yuri K. winning silver . As a result , Yuri K. decides to continue skating and moves to St. Petersburg so that he can continue training alongside Yuri P. and Victor . Production ( edit ) Kenji Miyamoto ( right ) provided the choreography for the series . The original TV series of Yuri on Ice aired on TV Asahi from October 6 to December 22 , 2016 . The anime was produced by MAPPA , directed by Sayo Yamamoto and written by Mitsurō Kubo , with character design by Tadashi Hiramatsu , music by Taro Umebayashi and Taku Matsushiba and figure - skating choreography by Kenji Miyamoto . The episodes were made available for streaming by Crunchyroll , and Funimation began streaming an English dub on October 24 , 2016 , at 10 : 00 p.m. ET . Yuri on Ice will have six Blu - ray and DVD sets released in Japan . The first set , containing the first two episodes , was released on December 30 , 2016 . Each set will include bonus content such as booklets , production audio commentary and costume - design and choreography videos . Yuri Katsuki 's hometown of Hasetsu , Kyushu is based on Karatsu , Saga . In December 2016 , Saga Prefecture 's Sagaprise project announced plans to use Yuri on Ice to promote tourism in the area . According to Akinori Kawakami , president of the Association to Connect Hasetsu and Karatsu , 20 to 30 people visit Karatsu every day on anime pilgrimages . By May 2017 , Yuri on Ice helped to attract 20,000 tourists from 27 countries to Karatsu . On February 22 , 2017 , the Nikkan Sports newspaper featured a collaborative illustration depicting Yuri K. , Yuri P. and Victor supporting Sagan Tosu football club , which is based in Saga Prefecture . According to a Sakura Blog study , Yuri on Ice used more key animators than any other anime series during the fall 2016 season : an average of 48.5 key animators per episode , five more than Flip Flappers ( which had the second - highest number of key animators ) . In the early episodes of the series , each character was handled by a different key animator , meaning that skating style of the characters differed from each other . In the skating scenes , the sound effects were changed to match each venue , according to the building 's capacity and crowd size . The skating sounds for each sequence were recorded separately . No stock sounds were used for the sequences because each part sounds different , and no footage of professional skaters was used because the music in the programmes normally muffles the sounds . Thus the sounds used were recorded and performed by series choreographer Miyamoto , and each skating sequence is unique to the program . Related media ( edit ) The anime 's opening theme , `` History Maker '' by Dean Fujioka , and ending theme , `` You Only Live Once '' by Wataru Hatano , were both released as singles . A compilation CD entitled Oh ! SkaTra ! ! ! Yuri ! ! ! on ICE ( Oh ! スケトラ ! ! ! ユーリ ! ! ! on ICE ) , with the anime 's 24 original songs , was released on December 21 , 2016 . The insert song `` Yuri On Ice '' was included in Piano Solo Chū Jōkyū Figure Skate Meikyoku - shū ~ Hyōyō ni Hibiku Melody ~ 2016 - 2017 , a piano book released on January 21 , 2017 with music used by figure skaters ( including Mao Asada and Yuzuru Hanyu ) . It was the only anime song in the music book release . An album of the TV soundtrack is to be released on June 28 , 2017 . At a event celebrating the series called Yuri ! ! ! on Stage , it was announced that production of a film had been commissioned . This movie will not be a compilation film of the TV series . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The series received positive reviews from critics and professional figure skaters . Among critics , in Anime News Network 's `` Best and Worst Anime of Fall 2016 '' , five out of nine reviewers called Yuri on Ice the season 's best show . In July 2017 , the series was named by Eleanor Bley Griffiths of the Radio Times as one of the best anime TV series available to watch in the UK . From professionals , Yuri on Ice was well - received by figure skaters , including Johnny Weir , Evgenia Medvedeva , Denis Ten , Evgeni Plushenko , Masato Kimura , Ryuichi Kihara and Miu Suzaki. and included cameo appearances by skaters Nobunari Oda and Stéphane Lambiel . Weir said in an interview that : `` I broke my rule about one episode per day because I physically could n't stop watching . '' The closing scene of the tenth episode , when Yuri K. drunkenly pole dances , was also commended by professional pole dancers for its accuracy . Yuri on Ice has also been praised for its direction . Critics have commented on Sayo Yamamoto 's diverse range of characters . Brandon Teteruck of Crunchyroll commented : `` Yamamoto is subtly crafting a work that embraces diversity and cultural acceptance . Yamamoto does not characterize the foreign skaters as ethnic stereotypes , but rather allows them to act and behave as their own people . '' Teteruck also claims that Yamamoto subverts traditional representations of gender , sexuality , and nationality . He highlights a scene in the sixth episode in which the Thai skater Phichit Chulanont skaters to a piece of music referencing The King and I , of which the 1956 and 1999 film version are both banned in Thailand . However , the plot was criticised for being repeative . The characters have received positive comment , primarily over the same - sex relationship between Yuri K. and Victor . Critics have praised the character of Yuri K. for being a realistic depiction of someone suffering from anxiety and as , `` a textbook example of an unreliable narrator '' . Other characters were also praised , with James Beckett of Anime News Network calling Yuri P. one of 2016 's best anime characters . The quality of the animation received a mixed reception . The quality of the animation in early episodes was lauded Clover Harker of the UK Anime Network , who said it was , `` impressive '' . Kevin Cirugeda of Anime News Network commented that character designer Tadashi Hiramatsu was able to , `` make it feel fresh , but also weirdly reminiscent of the past '' , comparing the series to FLCL . In later episodes however , there was criticism of the animation skating routines , with one describing it as , `` at times painful , or perhaps embarrassing to watch '' , while another said that the poor animation was the fault of Yamamoto 's over-ambition . The music gained positive comment , especially the opening theme tune to the series , `` History Maker '' . Ian Wolf of Anime UK News commented on its rousing theme ; the use of English connecting to the show 's international feel ; and the use of both unusual musical instruments such a xylophone in the introduction and of a 6 8 time signature , arguably make the song a fast waltz and thus a dance akin to ballet . Awards ( edit ) In Crunchyroll 's inaugural The Anime Awards , which are based on an online popular vote , Yuri on Ice received awards in all of its seven nomination categories : Best Boy ( Yuri K . ) , Best Animation , Most Heartwarming Scene ( `` The Kiss '' , episode seven ) , Best Couple ( Yuri K. and Victor ) , Best Opening , Best Closing , and Anime of the Year . Although some Crunchyroll users complained that the show won awards it did not deserve , notably the award for Best Animation , and accused fans of Yuri on Ice of rigging the vote , others defended the awards , writing that there was no conclusive evidence to prove this , while Crunchyroll stated on Twitter that they had used strong anti-cheating methods . Kun Gao , the general manager and founder of Crunchyroll , wrote `` We are thrilled that Yuri ! ! ! on Ice has both captivated passionate anime fans and introduced new viewers to anime , and we are privileged to have had the opportunity to distribute this amazing property to its many viewers outside Japan '' . At the Tokyo Anime Award Festival in 2017 , Yuri on Ice won Animation of the Year : Television Category and the fan - polled Anime Fan Award . Character designer Tadashi Hiramatsu won the award for Best Animator . In the 2017 Japan Character Awards presented by the Character Brand Licensing Association ( CBLA ) , Yuri on Ice won the Japan Character Grand Prize New Face Award . The CBLA gave the show the prize for taking an unusual subject like figure skating and making it appeal to audiences , especially women , and predicted the show , `` can continue to grow on a global level . '' Popularity ( edit ) The anime has attracted a large online following . According to the Kadokawa Ascii Research Laboratories content and information trend - analytics company , Yuri on Ice was the most - tweeted anime of the season ( collecting 1,440,596 tweets ) . It had over a million tweets more than its closest rival , the volleyball - based anime Haikyū ! ! ( which had 348,109 tweets ) . In China , the social media website Sina Weibo recorded 130,000 posts of the Yuri on Ice hashtag , collecting 2 billion views . Since it started to include anime and manga in their statistics , Tumblr Fandometrics revealed that Yuri on Ice is the most talked about anime on their website starting as of May 1 , 2017 . It was also the fourth most talked about anime on Tumblr in 2016 . Yuri on Ice was listed as the top 2016 anime on Crunchyroll for Poland , the Czech Republic , Sierra Leone , Burkina Faso , Malawi , Botswana , Taiwan , the Philippines , Vietnam , Laos , and Singapore ; the most popular 2016 anime series for all countries via Crunchyroll was Re : Zero . Yuri on Ice was one of the three most watched anime on Crunchyroll , the others being JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Diamond is Unbreakable and the third season of Sailor Moon Crystal , and was also named the series `` Most likely to be watched within an hour of release '' . A poll of 306,568 viewers by the video - hosting service Nico Nico Douga found that Yuri on Ice was the fourth-most - popular TV anime series of the year and the most popular series overall with women , who made up 34 percent of those polled . At the Tokyo Anime Award Festival , an online poll was conducted to construct a list of top 100 anime ( 10 films and 90 TV anime series ) for the year , in which Yuri on Ice topped the TV list with 64,774 out of 480,004 votes . It would later win the festival 's Anime Fan Award from a second fan polling based off the 100 nominees . In a `` mega poll '' of 19,560 readers for Best Anime of 2016 by Anime News Network , Yuri on Ice finished first with 7,400 votes ( 37.8 percent of the total ) . A top - 100 poll of users of the Japanese website 2chan named Yuri on Ice the tenth - best anime of 2016 . A poll by mobile phone operator NTT DoCoMo of 4,800 users named Yuri on Ice `` Most Favourite TV Anime of 2016 '' and the `` Most Moe '' series , while another poll by the same company revealed the tenth episode was the eighth most popular `` Swimsuit '' episode of anime as chosen by women . A poll of 941 voters on the Japanese anime news aggregator AnimeAnime named Yuri on Ice the best anime of the fall 2016 season . Receiving 20 percent of the female vote , it was the eighth-most - popular show among men . An Akiba Souken poll named the series the most satisfactory anime of fall 2016 . A poll by Animage magazine of the top 100 anime characters of 2016 ranked Victor first , Yuri K. second and Yuri P. sixth . According to a Charapedia poll , Victor was 2016 's fourth-most - attractive anime character ; Yuri K. finished 12th and Yuri P. 19th in the poll . In a Anime News Network poll asking people which male anime characters they would most like to give Valentine 's Day chocolates to , Victor came top and Yuri K. came second . Another poll reported that women considered the first and fourth episodes of the series to be the best anime epsidoes set at hot springs , while a different Anime News Network poll said that the first episode was the best anime episode set in a hot spring . In 2017 , there are over 20 dedicated Yuri on Ice dōjinshi events planned in Japan . An all - night screening of the series and a talk show with writer Mitsurou Kubo and voice actors Toshiyuki Toyonaga , Junichi Suwabe , and Kouki Uchiyama ( the voices of Yuri K. , Victor and Yuri P. , respectively ) was held on February 11 at the TOHO cinema in Roppongi Hills , and was relayed live to 47 cinemas in Japan . A screening of the first three episodes was held by the Tokyo Anime Award Festival on March 11 , 2017 at Cinema Sunshine in Ikebukuro , Tokyo . The anime contains references to , and has been referenced by , western animation and comics . In the animated series South Park , the episode `` The End of Serialization as We Know It '' , Ike Broflovski 's browser history indicates that he searched for the show . The twelfth episode of Yuri on Ice includes a flashback in which a young J.J. Leroy is dressed to resemble South Park 's Eric Cartman . Yuri on Ice is also referenced in the Steven Universe comic by Melanie Gillman and Katy Farina : in the fourth volume , Yuri K. , Yuri P. , Victor and minor character Otabek Altin are depicted visiting a renaissance faire in Beach City . Two cafés themed around the series have been established in Tokyo : The first was created in December 2016 in Ikebukuro , and the second was established in May 2017 in Shibuya , and is planned to run until July 2 , 2017 . Sales ( edit ) Yuri on Ice sales have been high . In the first half of 2017 it was the second-most successful media franchise in Japan , taking ¥ 3,262,936,824 from sales in home video and music releases . It was released in Japan on Blu - Ray and DVD across six volumes , with each release topping that Oricon Animation Blu - Ray disc ranking and the Oricon Animation DVD disc ranking respectively . The first Blu - Ray edition of Yuri on Ice topped the Oricon Animation Blu - Ray disc ranking for two weeks , and was number two in the Oricon general Blu - Ray disc ranking , behind SMAP 's Clip ! SMAP ! Complete Singles . The first DVD edition topped the Oricon DVD Animation ranking , above limited and standard editions of One Piece Film : Gold , and was number two in the Oricon general DVD ranking . The second Blu - Ray and DVD sets also topped the Oricon charts for two weeks . The third Blu - Ray and DVD collections also topped of the Oricon charts , with the DVD topping the chart for two weeks and Blu - Ray for one week . The fourth Blu - Ray and DVD collections topped the Oricon Blu - Ray and DVD charts of a week . The fifth Blu - Ray collection stayed at No. 1 the Oricon Blu - Ray chart for two weeks and the DVD chart for one week . The sixth DVD and Blu - Ray release was promoted with a deleted scene from the series featuring Yuri P. and Otabek skating in the Barcelona exhibition event , which in the broadcast version of the series only shows Yuri K. and Victor skating at the event . The sixth Blu - Ray and DVD releases also topped the Oricon charts . For the first half of 2017 , Yuri on Ice had the highest combined DVD and Blu - Ray sales of an any animated series in Japan . The anime 's opening song , `` History Maker '' by Dean Fujioka , reached number 43 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart . It was named the best opening theme by four of eight Anime News Network critics , and received the Best Opening award at the 2016 The Anime Awards . The ending song , `` You Only Live Once '' by Wataru Hatano , peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 and received the Best Ending award at the 2016 The Anime Awards . The Oh ! SkaTra ! ! ! Yuri ! ! ! on ICE soundtrack was number three on Oricon 's CD chart in its first week of sales , and topped Oricon 's digital - album chart . The album also became the top selling anime CD album on the Oricon charts for the first half of 2017 . Depiction of same - sex relationship ( edit ) Praise ( edit ) The `` kiss '' in episode 7 between Victor Nikiforov ( left ) and Yuri Katsuki ( right ) ; although critics and fans accept it as a kiss , its ambiguity leaves the decision up to the viewer . In the official fanbook , director Sayo Yamamoto stated that she faced censorship in regards to the kiss . Yuri on Ice was praised for including a same - sex romantic relationship between Yuri K. and Victor . Among moments highlighted by critics are an apparent kiss in the seventh episode , an exchange of gold rings ( indicating a marriage or engagement ) in the tenth episode , and Victor 's tears when Yuri suggests ending their partnership in the twelfth episode . The kiss won the 2016 The Anime Awards for Most Heartwarming Scene . The exchange of rings between Yuri K. and Victor in the tenth episode is considered the first time such a relationship has been depicted in anime . Gabriella Ekens wrote for Anime News Network , `` Yuri on Ice , in depicting a sincere and uncomplicated engagement between two dudes , is unprecedented in anime . There has n't even been a for real gay marriage in Japan , so this show is depicting something that is n't legally possible in its country of origin '' . For Anime UK News , Ian Wolf called the exchange of rings `` the best scene in the series '' . According to Wolf , the anime is an example of the Odagiri effect . Yuri on Ice has highlighted homophobia in figure skating and other areas ; the seventh episode features a flashback in which a younger Victor performs in a costume based on those worn by openly - gay figure skater Johnny Weir , who was subject to homophobic comments throughout his career . Weir said in an interview with The Geekiary , `` I think all positive imagery of LGBT themes in sport are good . Unfortunately , the majority of people that rule the skating world are conservative and more business minded . I think many of them , while they may love and appreciate the art and the sport , are more interested in the business side of things or power trips . I do n't know if Yuri on Ice will be able to change the perception of gay athletes to a 60 year old businessman , but I am of the school of thought that every little bit helps '' . The series finale features a scene in which Yuri K. and Victor skate together at an exhibition event ; something which has not yet occurred in actual competition . Critics have noted that the series depicts two characters from countries with problems concerning LGBT rights . Yuri on Ice differs from other anime covering same - sex relationships , such as yaoi and yuri . Carli Velocci of Geek.com wrote , `` Their relationship exists somewhere beyond any sexuality , meaning it does n't fall into the same traps that a lot of yuri and yaoi relationships do ... While this is n't the first anime with a same - sex couple at the forefront , it 's one of the first to present a story that is n't strictly sexual and is mutual . Yuri and Victor complement each other , but both also admit that they 've grown as people because of the presence of the other . The equality in their relationship is revolutionary , even if it was n't the first to depict one . You can assign the `` seme '' or `` uke '' label to Victor and Yuri , but when it comes to their psychological bond , it 's more equal ... Yuri and Victor are n't just another gay anime couple . They 're almost real . '' A review in Otaku USA has argued that the skaters take on an androgynous appearance when they are performing , saying : `` While on ice in the series proper , the main performers often take on an androgynous appearance to feed the show 's substance . Yuri 's evolution in terms of confidence and capabilities is at the core of the plot , but the heart lies in Yuri 's exploration of his feminine side via emotional expression ... Gender roles are further addressed via Viktor 's ( sic ) lines of encouragement to Yuri that , at least as translated , imply both skating direction and romantic suggestion . '' Criticism ( edit ) The relationship has also been criticized as unrealistic , with Yuri K. and Victor not receiving the homophobic abuse they would experience in real life . Others have said that some viewers refused to acknowledge the relationship because the homosexuality was not explicit . Although the `` kiss '' is obscured by Victor 's arm , it is implicit . Cecilia D'Anastasio of Kotaku wondered why the `` kiss '' was blocked when other anime , such as Shin Sekai Yori , had depicted gay kisses . Wolf of Anime UK News originally said of the scene that : `` I 'm 99.999 % sure the kiss did occur , but that 0.001 % is horribly getting to me . I do n't want to go by what everyone else sees -- I want to see what is actually going on , and share in the reaction of the characters at the same time as them '' . However , by the twelfth episode , he said that the scene in which Victor cries was the proof he wanted : `` If the kiss is the initial spark , and the rings the visible sign of love , then the tears are proof that you do n't want it to end . I have been saying all the time that what I wanted was text rather than subtext -- but in end , I think the subtext did actually pay off . '' Love on Ice controversy ( edit ) In January 2017 the Hallmark Channel announced the release of a TV movie , Love on Ice , about the relationship between a female figure skater in a career slump and her new male coach . It was seen by some fans of Yuri on Ice as plagiarism due to plot similarities , and Hallmark was accused of trying to `` straightwash '' the relationship between Yuri Katsuki and Victor Nikiforov . Fans of Yuri on Ice responded to Love on Ice by posting a Change.org petition demanding an explanation of the similarities between the two stories and hijacking Love on Ice 's IMDb page to contain the plot summary of Yuri on Ice . The similarity between the stories is apparently coincidental , since Love on Ice began filming in early November 2016 ( about a month after Yuri on Ice began broadcasting ) . According to Hallmark , no one involved in the making of Love on Ice had heard of Yuri on Ice . Mitsurō Kubo posted on Twitter that she believed the similarities to be a coincidence , and the creator of the Change.org petition acknowledged that Love on Ice was not plagiarism . References ( edit ) Works cited ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto and Jun Shishido ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Nan no Piroshiki ! ! Namida no Guranpuri Fainaru '' なん の ピロシキ ! ! 涙 の グランプリ ファイナル ( Easy as Pirozhki ! ! The Grand Prix Final of Tears ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 1 . ^ Jump up to : Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto , Kunihiro Mori and Norihito Takahashi ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Chō ganbaranba ! ! Guranpurifainaru chokuzen supesharu '' 超 がんばらんば ! ! グランプリ ファイナル 直前 スペシャル ( Gotta Supercharge it ! Pre-Grand Prix Final Special ! ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 10 . Jump up ^ Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto and Takashi Igari ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Futari no Yūri ! ? Yūtopia no Ran '' 2 人 の ユーリ ! ? ゆ ~ と ぴあ の 乱 ( Two Yuris ? ! Drama at Yu - topia ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 2 . Jump up ^ Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto and Akitsugu Hisagi ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Boku ga Erosu de Erosu ga Boku de ! ? Taiketsu ! Onsen on Ice '' 僕 が エロス で エロス が 僕 で ! ? 対決 ! 温泉 on ice ( I Am Eros , and Eros is Me ? ! Face - Off ! Hot Springs on Ice ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 3 . ^ Jump up to : Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto and Yasuhiro Geshi ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chō chō ganbaranba ! ! Guranpurifainaru SP '' 超 超 がんばらんば ! ! グランプリ ファイナル SP ( Gotta Super-Supercharge it ! Grand Prix Final Short Program ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 11 . ^ Jump up to : Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto , Norikei Arai and Kaori Makita ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Chō chō chō ganbaranba ! ! ! Guranpurifainaru FS '' 超 超 超 がんばらんば ! ! ! グランプリ ファイナル FS ( Gotta Super-Super - Supercharge it ! Grand Prix Final Free Skate ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 12 . Jump up ^ Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto and Yasuhiro Geshi ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Guranpurishirīzu kaimaku ! Yatchaina Chūgoku taikai ! '' グランプリ シリーズ 開幕 ! やっ チャイナ 中国 大会 ! ショート プログラム ( China 's On ! The Grand Prix Series Opening Event ! ! The Cup of China Short Program ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 6 . ^ Jump up to : Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto and Hirokazu Yamada ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Guranpurishirīzu kaimaku ! Yatchaina Chūgoku taikai ! Furī puroguramu '' グランプリ シリーズ 開幕 ! やっ チャイナ 中国 大会 ! フリー プログラム ( China 's On ! The Grand Prix Series Opening Event ! ! The Cup of China Free Skate ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 7 . Jump up ^ Written by Mitsurō Kubo . Directed by Sayo Yamamoto and Norikei Arai ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Jibun o suki ni natte ... kansei ! ! Furī puroguramu '' '' 自分 を 好き に なっ て ... 完成 ! ! フリー プログラム ( Like Yourself ... And Complete The Free Program ! ! ) . Yuri on Ice . Episode 4 . Other references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Announces Winter 2017 Anime Lineup '' . Crunchyroll . January 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV アニメ 「 ユーリ ! ! ! on ICE 」 公式 サイト language = Japanese '' . yurionice.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri on Ice TV Anime 's 1st Teaser Reveals Staff , Cast '' . Anime News Network . March 27 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Adds `` Drifters '' and `` Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' to Fall Anime Lineup `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FUNIMATION UNVEILS SIMULDUB SCHEDULE FOR FALL 2016 SEASON '' . Funimation . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Blu - ray & DVD '' . yurionice.com ( in Japanese ) . October 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donko , Wilhelm ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` FEATURE : Anime vs. Real Life -- `` Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Promotes Main Character 's Home Prefecture '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Co-Creator Visits Main Character 's Hometown '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Campaign Brings 20,000 People From 27 Countries to Setting City '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Yuri ! ! on Ice 's Futon Covers , Calendar , Soccer Collaboration Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Charts Illustrate Who Is Making The Most Anime - Plus How Many Artists It Takes '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morrisey , Kim ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` FEATURE : Found in Translation - Why I Love `` Yuri ! ! ! on ICE '' `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan Hot 100 '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan Hot 100 '' . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice BD / DVD / CD '' . yurionice.com ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! On Ice 's Title Song Features in Figure Skating Music Book '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ユートラ ♨ 」 ユーリ ! ! ! on ICE / オリジナル サウンド トラック '' ( in Japanese ) . Yuri on Ice . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lynzee ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Victor 's Butt Steals the Spotlight on Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Soundtrack Cover '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Anime Gets Brand - New Film '' . Anime News Network . April 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Anime News Network Editorial Team ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Best and Worst Anime of Fall 2016 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bley Griffiths , Eleanor ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` The best Japanese anime TV series and movies available in the UK now '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medlna , ND ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Yuri On Ice ' Season 1 Episode 12 Finale : Winter 2016 's Best Anime Hastily Sets Up For Season 2 '' . iDigitalTimes . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stimson , Eric ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Real Figure Skaters Endorse Yuri ! ! ! on ICE '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lynzee ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Figure Skating Pair Ryuichi Kihara , Miu Suzaki Perform to Yuri ! ! on Ice '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Anime Casts Swiss Skater Stéphane Lambiel as Himself '' . Anime News Network . December 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Stéphane Lambiel Guest Stars in Final Episode of `` Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Lois ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yuri ! ! ! on Ice ' continues to build anime ice storm '' . IceNetwork . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angel ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` An Interview with Johnny Weir : His Thoughts on ' Yuri on Ice ' '' . The Geekiary . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stimson , Eric ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Pole Dancers React to Ending Sequence of Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Episode 10 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Ian ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Streaming review of Yuri ! ! ! On Ice , Episodes 1 - 8 ( Crunchyroll ) '' . Anime UK News . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Teteruck , Brandon ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` FEATURE : `` Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' and the Ambition of Sayo Yamamoto `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Anastasio , Cecilia ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Yuri On Ice : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Jacob ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` What 's So Gay About Yuri ! ! ! on Ice ? '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Amelia ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Straight guys ! ! ! on ICE '' . Anime Feminist . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` How anxiety and mental health shape the story of ' Yuri on Ice ' '' . The Daily Dot . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightray , Leby ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Yuri On Ice ' Spoilers , News & Updates : Episode 11 Spoilers , Yuri In Grand Prix Finals ; How Is He Dealing With His Anxiety ? '' . News Everyday . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Anime News Network Editorial Team ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Best Characters of 2016 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harker , Clover ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ANIME REVIEW : Yuri ! ! ! On Ice - Eps. 1 - 3 '' . UK Anime Network . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cirugeda , Kevin ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Biggest Animation Highlights of Fall 2016 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! On Ice - Mid Season Review '' . AllYourAnime.net . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Ian ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Feature : The Soundtrack of Yuri ! ! ! On Ice '' . Anime UK News . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yuri ! ! ! on Ice - Piano Solo Music Collection - Score Book . Yamaha Music Media Corporation . p. 10 - 13 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 636 - 94394 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` FEATURE : Crunchyroll Anime Awards - The Results are In ! See Who Won ! '' . crunchyroll.com . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Ian ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! On Ice wins Crunchyroll 's Anime of the Year Award - Angering Crunchyroll users '' . Anime UK News . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on ICE Wins Anime of the Year in Crunchyroll 's First - Ever Anime Awards '' . Market Wired . January 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TAAF2017 アニメ オブ ザ イヤー 部門 グランプリ は 『 映画 『 聲 の 形 』 』 と 『 ユーリ ! ! ! on ICE 』 に 決定 ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo Anime Award Festival . February 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Tokyo Anime Award Festival Chooses `` Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' and `` A Silent Voice '' as Best TV / Film of 2016 `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lynzee ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon , Yuri ! ! ! on Ice , Detective Conan Top Japan Character Awards '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pineda , Rafael Antonio ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Dominates Fall Anime on Twitter Rankings '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lu , Yin ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Anime featuring figure skating inspires fans to bring elements of animation to life '' . Global Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` '' Yuri ! ! ! On Ice '' Tops Anime Ranking In New Tumblr Measurement `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Miles ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` FEATURE : Crunchyroll 's Most Popular Anime of 2016 by Country ! '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Crunchyroll reveals most binged anime of 2016 and more data '' . IGN . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Nico Nico Research : 306,000 Japanese Fans Pick Best TV Anime of 2016 '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tokyo Anime Award Festival Announced Top 100 Anime of 2016 '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Komatsu , Mikikazu ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) . `` '' Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' Receives Anime Fan Award at Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2017 `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Voted as Tokyo Anime Awards ' Animation of the Year '' . Anime News Network . February 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Anime of 2016 MEGA POLL '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` 2chan Rates Its Top 100 Anime of 2016 '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Research : NTT Docomo Announces Rankings for TV Anime of 2016 '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Research : Japanese Anime Fans Pick Their Favorite `` Swimsuit '' Episodes `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ユーリ ! ! ! on ICE 」 が 1 位 「 2016 年秋 アニメ 素晴らしかっ た 作品 は ? 」 アンケート 結果 '' ( in Japanese ) . AnimeAnime . January 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Akiba Souken : Fall 2016 TV Anime Satisfaction Ranking Top 20 '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best 100 Anime Characters 2016 '' . Animage . Japan : Tokuma Shoten . January 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Japanese Fans Pick 2016 's Most Magnetic Anime Characters '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lynzee ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` The List : 7 Horror Manga Authors to Keep You Up at Night '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lynzee ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Poll Answers the Question : Which Hot Spring Episodes Bring the Goods ? '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lynzee ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` The List : 7 Questionable Anime - Original Endings '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Dedicated `` Yuri ! ! ! On Ice '' Event Gives `` Yurikuma Arashi '' Manga Author Opportunity To Offer Her Take `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Cinemas Across Japan to Host `` Yuri ! ! ! on ICE '' Marathon Viewing Night `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` South Park Name - Checks Crunchyroll And `` Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` South Park 's Ike Watches Naruto on Crunchyroll , Googles Yuri ! ! ! on Ice '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice 's JJ Flashback Responds to South Park 's Reference '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loverdige , Lynzee ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Characters Cameo in Steven Universe Comic '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrissy , Kim ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Adventures in the Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Café '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Media Franchises in Japan : 2017 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . June 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , January 2 - 8 '' . Anime News Network . January 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , December 26 - January 1 '' . Anime News Network . January 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Anime 's 1st BD Volume Ranks # 2 on Overall Weekly BD Chart '' . Anime News Network . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , December 26 - January 1 '' . Anime News Network . January 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` '' Yuri ! ! ! On ICE '' Blu - ray 1st Volume Sells 25,000 Units , Topping Anime Sales Chart `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , January 30 - February 5 '' . Anime News Network . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , January 30 - February 5 '' . Anime News Network . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , February 20 - 26 '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , February 27 - March 5 '' . Anime News Network . March 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , March 27 - April 2 '' . Anime News Network . April 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , March 27 - April 2 '' . Anime News Network . April 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , May 1 - 7 '' . Anime News Network . May 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Disc Ranking , May 1 - 7 '' . Anime News Network . May 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Anime Volume Adds New Yuri Exhibition Video '' . Anime News Network . April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Ian ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Feature : The Soundtrack of Yuri ! ! ! On Ice '' . Anime UK News . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , May 22 - 28 '' . Anime News Network . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Disc Ranking , May 22 - 28 '' . Anime News Network . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Animation in Japan on Blu - ray Disc / DVD by Series : 2017 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . June 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Openings of 2016 '' . Anime News Network . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` QUARTET NIGHT , SMAP , and Yuri ! ! ! on ICE Top the Oricon Charts for the Week of 12 / 19 -- 12 / 25 '' . Arama Japan . December 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice Anime 's 1st BD Volume Sells 35,453 to Rank # 2 on Overall Weekly BD Chart ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . 2017 - 01 - 06 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . referring to : `` オリコン 週間 CD アルバム ランキング 2016 年 12 月 19 日 ~ 2016 年 12 月 25 日 '' . Oricon Style ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . `` オリコン 週間 デジタル アルバム ランキング 2016 年 12 月 19 日 〜 2016 年 12 月 25 日 - ORICON STYLE '' . Oricon Style ( in Japanese ) . December 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Anime CD Albums : 2017 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . June 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamamoto , Sayo ( June 19 , 2017 ) . Go Yuri Go ! ! ! . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 4391640397 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ekens , Gabriella ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice : Episode 7 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Ian ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Streaming review of Yuri ! ! ! On Ice , Episodes 9 - 12 ( Crunchyroll ) '' . Anime UK News . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ekens , Gabriella ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice : Episode 10 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Ian ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Feature : A Guide to the Odagiri effect '' . Anime UK News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Yuri on Ice ' is a Non-Traditional Gay Anime Romance '' . Geek.com . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ink ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yuri ! ! ! on Ice is chockfull of memorable characters and masterful choreography . '' . Otaku USA . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Anime fans accuse Hallmark Channel of copying ' Yuri on Ice ' '' . The Daily Dot . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Anastasio , Cecilla ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Hallmark Says They Did Not Copy Yuri On Ice , Had No Idea What It Is '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Yuri on Ice ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Yuri on Ice on IMDb Yuri on Ice by MAPPA Episodes Characters MAPPA Television series Kids on the Slope ( 2012 ) Teekyu ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Hajime no Ippo : Rising ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Terror in Resonance ( 2014 ) Garo : The Animation ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Rage of Bahamut : Genesis ( 2014 ) Punch Line ( 2015 ) Ushio and Tora ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Garo : Crimson Moon ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Days ( 2016 ) Yuri on Ice ( 2016 ) Idol Incidents ( 2017 ) Rage of Bahamut : Virgin Soul ( 2017 ) Altair : A Record of Battles ( 2017 ) Kakegurui - Compulsive Gambler ( 2017 ) Inuyashiki ( 2017 ) Garo : Vanishing Line ( 2017 ) Feature films Garo : Divine Flame ( 2016 ) In This Corner of the World ( 2016 ) Tokyo Anime Award for Animation of the Year Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( 2004 ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2005 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2006 ) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2007 ) Evangelion : 1.0 You Are ( Not ) Alone ( 2008 ) Ponyo ( 2009 ) Summer Wars ( 2010 ) The Secret World of Arrietty ( 2011 ) From Up on Poppy Hill ( 2012 ) Wolf Children ( 2013 ) The Wind Rises / Attack on Titan ( 2014 ) Ping Pong the Animation ( 2015 ) Love Live ! The School Idol Movie / Shirobako ( 2016 ) A Silent Voice / Yuri on Ice ( 2016 ) Anime and manga portal Figure skating portal LGBT portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuri_on_Ice&oldid=804778919 '' Categories : 2016 anime television series Anime with original screenplays The Anime Awards winners Figure skating anime and manga Funimation Japanese LGBT - related television shows MAPPA TV Asahi shows Yuri on Ice Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from December 2016 Good articles Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 02 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the first episode of yuri on ice air
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"Yuri!!! on Ice (Japanese: ユーリ!!! on ICE) is a sports anime television series about figure skating. The anime was produced by MAPPA, directed by Sayo Yamamoto and written by Mitsurō Kubo. Character design was by Tadashi Hiramatsu, and its music was composed by Taro Umebayashi and Taku Matsushiba. The figure skating was choreographed by Kenji Miyamoto, who also performed routines himself which were recorded and used as skating sound effects. The series premiered on October 6, 2016 and ended on December 22, with a total of 12 episodes. A Yuri on Ice feature film is currently in production. The series revolves around the relationships between Japanese figure skater Yuri Katsuki; his idol, Russian figure-skating champion Victor Nikiforov, and up-and-coming Russian skater Yuri Plisetsky; as Yuri K. and Yuri P. take part in the Figure Skating Grand Prix, with Victor acting as coach to Yuri K."
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"October 6, 2016"
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Los Angeles bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics
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Los Angeles bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia Los Angeles bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Bids for the 2024 ( 2024 ) Summer Olympics and Paralympics Overview Games of the XXXIII Olympiad XVII Paralympic Games Details City Los Angeles , California , United States Chair Casey Wasserman NOC United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) Previous Games hosted 1932 Summer Olympics 1984 Summer Olympics Decision Result Paris selected as host Los Angeles awarded 2028 Summer Olympics Part of a series on 2024 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC CNOSF POCOG The Los Angeles bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics and Summer Paralympics was the attempt to bring the Summer Olympic Games to the city of Los Angeles , California in 2024 ; the games were ultimately awarded to the city for 2028 . Following withdrawals by other bidding cities during the 2024 Summer Olympics bidding process that led to just two candidate cities ( Los Angeles and Paris ) , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced that the 2028 Summer Olympics would be awarded at the same time as 2024 . After extended negotiations , Los Angeles agreed to bid for the 2028 Games if certain conditions were met . On July 31 , 2017 , the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 games , with $ 1.8 billion of additional funding to support local sports and the Games program . Los Angeles was chosen by the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) on August 28 , 2015 , after the Los Angeles City Council voted unanimously to back the bid . Los Angeles was the second city submitted by the USOC for the 2024 Summer Olympics . Boston was originally chosen to be the American bid , but withdrew on July 27 , 2015 . Los Angeles also originally bid for the USOC 's nomination in late 2014 , when Boston was chosen over Los Angeles , Washington , D.C. , and San Francisco . This was the third United States summer bid since hosting the Centennial Olympic Games ( 1996 ) in Atlanta , previously losing in 2012 and 2016 to London and Rio de Janeiro . Los Angeles previously hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics , and will become the third city -- after London and Paris in 2024 -- to host the Summer Games three times . Los Angeles will become the first American city to host the Olympic games since the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . It will be the fifth time a US city has hosted the Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bid history 2 Bid process 2.1 IOC 3 Budget 3.1 Revenues 4 Transportation and infrastructure 5 LA 2024 Bid Committee 5.1 Leadership 6 Legacy of the Games 6.1 Sport legacy 6.2 Social and economic and benefit 7 Proposed venues 7.1 Downtown Los Angeles Sports Park 7.2 Valley Sports Park 7.3 South Bay Sports Park 7.4 Long Beach Sports Park 7.5 Other Venues 7.5. 1 Olympic ceremonies 8 Football ( soccer ) stadia 8.1 Changed venues 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11.1 Candidature documents 11.2 IOC Documents Bid history ( edit ) Initial campaign logo In 2006 , Los Angeles entered the bidding to become the US applicant city for the 2016 Summer Olympics ; the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) selected Chicago instead that year . In September 2011 , Los Angeles was awarded the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games . In March 2013 , Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa sent a letter to the USOC stating that the city was interested in bidding to host the 2024 Olympic Games . On September 17 , 2013 , the LA County Board of Supervisors unanimously approved a resolution seeking interest in the games . On 26 April 2014 , the Southern California Committee for the Olympic Games announced its bid proposal for the 2024 Olympics . On 28 July 2015 , the USOC contacted Los Angeles about stepping in as a replacement bidder for the 2024 Summer Games after Boston dropped its bid . On 1 September 2015 , the LA City Council voted 15 -- 0 to support a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games . The U.S. Olympic Committee finalised its selection moments after the LA City Council 's vote . On 13 January 2016 , Los Angeles 2024 committee officials said they were `` thrilled to welcome '' the construction of a $2 - billion - plus , state - of - the - art football stadium in Inglewood , California and believed the arrival of one -- and perhaps two -- NFL teams would bolster its chances . On 25 January 2016 , the Los Angeles 2024 committee announced that it planned to place its Olympic Village on the UCLA campus . LA 2024 also announced that media members and some Olympic officials would be housed in a 15 - acre residential complex USC planned to build . On 16 February 2016 , LA 2024 unveiled a new logo and its slogan , `` Follow the sun . '' On 23 February 2016 , more than 88 % of Angelenos were in favor of the city 's hosting the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games bid , according to a survey conducted by Loyola Marymount University . On 10 March 2016 , Los Angeles officials bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics turned their focus to temporary facilities that might be needed . Current plans include an elevated track built over the football field at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and a proposal to temporarily convert Figueroa Street into a miles - long promenade for pedestrians and bicyclists . On 2 June 2016 , the IOC confirmed that Los Angeles would proceed to the second stage of bidding for the 2024 Summer Games . On 29 July 2016 , LA 2024 officials released artist renderings of an updated Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and temporary swim stadium that would be used if Los Angeles is awarded the 2024 Summer Olympics . On 31 July 2016 , Mayor Eric Garcetti led a 25 - person contingent from Los Angeles to Rio de Janeiro to promote their city 's bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics . On 7 September 2016 , LA 2024 planned to send a 16 - person delegation to the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro as part of its ongoing campaign to bring the Olympics back to Southern California . On 13 September 2016 , the LA 2024 bid committee released a two - minute video featuring a montage of local scenes narrated by children talking about their `` dream city '' . On 23 September 2016 , LA 2024 agreed to terms with the U.S. Olympic Committee on a required but controversial marketing arrangement . The Joint Marketing Program Agreement outlines shared responsibilities -- and shared income -- between Los Angeles and the USOC . On 7 October 2016 , LA 2024 officials again made adjustments to their proposal for the 2024 Summer Olympics , moving half of a large and potentially expensive media center to the USC campus . On 21 October 2016 , the LA 2024 bid committee again enlisted U.S. Olympians to help make the case for bringing the Summer Olympics back to Los Angeles . On 9 November 2016 , LA 2024 issued a statement noting `` LA 2024 congratulates President - elect Donald J. Trump and appreciates his longstanding support of the Olympic movement in the United States . We strongly believe the Olympics and LA 2024 transcend politics and can help unify our diverse communities and our world . '' On 12 November 2016 , Mayor Eric Garcetti and six - time gold medalist sprinter Allyson Felix led an LA 2024 presentation to an array of Olympic leaders and sports officials at a general assembly for the Assn. of National Olympic Committees in Doha , Qatar . On 23 November 2016 , President - elect Trump expressed his support for Los Angeles 's 2024 Olympic bid during a phone call with Mayor Garcetti . On 2 December 2016 , LA 2024 released a new budget estimating it would spend $5.3 billion to stage the Games . On 2 January 2017 , Angeleno Olympians and Paralympians rode on the Rose Parade float titled `` Follow the Sun '' to promote the city 's bid . On 9 January 2017 , LA 2024 issued a report predicting that the mega-sporting event would boost the local economy by $11.2 billion . On 25 January 2017 , the Los Angeles City Council gave unanimous final approval for a privately run bid . On 28 February 2017 , it was announced that four Hollywood film studios ( Disney , Fox , NBCUniversal and Warner Bros ) would be helping promote the Los Angeles bid . On 20 April 2017 , the private committee trying to bring the Summer Olympics back to Los Angeles has issued a new set of renderings and videos showing what those Games might look like . Following the decision to award the 2024 and 2028 games simultaneously , Los Angeles announced that it would consider a bid for the 2028 Games , if certain conditions were met . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 games , with $ 1.8 billion of additional funding to support local sport and the Games programme . Bid process ( edit ) Main article : 2024 Summer Olympics IOC ( edit ) 2024 Olympic Bid Evaluation Commission : Patrick Baumann : Chair Marisol Casado : Member Mikaela Cojuangco Jaworski : Member Kirsty Coventry : Member Nawal El Moutawakel : Member Ugur Erdener : Member Habu Gumel : Member Poul - Erik Hoyer : Member Duane Kale : Member Gunilla Lindberg : Member Bernard Rajzman : Member Kereyn Smith : Member Tsunekazu Takeda : Member Budget ( edit ) Revenues ( edit ) Revenue description OCOG revenue ( million $ 2024 ) % of revenue IOC contribution $855.0 13.8 % Broadcast of TOP sponsorships $453.5 7.3 % Domestic sponsorships $2246.5 36.3 % Sports ticketing revenue $1788.1 28.9 % Licensing and merchandise $262.4 4.2 % Government contribution or grants $11.6 0.2 % Lotteries and licensing royalties $8.1 0.1 % Other revenues $570.9 9.2 % Total revenues $6,196.3 100 % UCLA , University of Southern California ( USC ) , NBC Universal , Los Angeles Rams and the City of Los Angeles are modernizing or building infrastructure to future Olympic venues totaling over $3 billion . Not listed as non-OCOG ( Organizing Committee for Olympic Games ) . The City of Los Angeles has guaranteed to sign the required Olympic City Charter and be the sole entity responsible for the games and cost surplus or overruns . The City has pledged to contribute $250 million to cover any cost overruns . The State of California has created an Olympic Games Trust Fund that would pay for potential budget overruns up to $250 million . Both government guaranty payments would take place only if LA 2024 's private insurance proves inadequate to cover cost overruns . The theme and bid embodies Agenda 2020 reforms of Olympics in Los Angeles , A surplus of $161 million is predicted . On January 9 , 2017 , the LA 2024 committee issued a report predicting that the Olympics would boost the local economy by $11.2 billion . Transportation and infrastructure ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Los Angeles LAX , the city 's main airport , is investing more than USD 1.9 billion into an expansion of the Tom Bradley International Terminal . The new Midfield Concourse Terminal is scheduled to add 11 gates for 2019 , and many other improvements are planned with an expected completion date of 2023 . The Los Angeles Metro passed a county - wide measure expanding the county of Los Angeles ' transportation tax for modernization of its infrastructure in 2008 . This measure provides funding for many of the highest priority projects , including the Crenshaw / LAX Line connecting to LAX , Regional Connector light rail subway line corridor thru Downtown LA to Santa Monica and Long Beach , Purple Line Extension subway to UCLA , the Los Angeles Streetcar through downtown LA and five other transit lines and projects in the draft stages . The Purple Line and Crenshaw / LAX connectors are to be completed in time for 2024 . The transportation plans are already fully funded by LA County voters . A second measure , Measure M , which passed in November 2016 elections , will extend the transportation tax funds indefinitely and speed many other projects with $120 billion in highway and transit projects over forty years , including a Sepulveda Subway line from the Valley to the Los Angeles westside thru the Sepulveda Pass . LA 2024 bid leaders are touting these measures and infrastructure improvements as indicators of the new Los Angeles and a car - free Olympics in a city known for its car culture . 158.5 km ( 98 miles ) of new rails , 93 stations and 350,000 daily average boardings . Los Angeles had no rail lines in 1984 . Bid leaders indicate public rail transportation lines will be available to all of the clusters : Downtown Long Beach , San Fernando Valley Sports Park , Downtown L.A. , and the Santa Monica beach cluster . LA 2024 bid Committee ( edit ) Jerry Brown : Governor of California Leadership ( edit ) Eric Garcetti : Mayor of Los Angeles Casey Wasserman : Chair , LA 2024 Gene Sykes : Chief Executive Officer Maria Elena Durazo : Vice Chair Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson : Vice Chair Janet Evans : Vice Chair , Director , Athlete Relations Larry Probst : Chairman USOC Anita Defrantz : US IOC Member , Senior Advisor for Legacy Angela Ruggiero : US IOC Member Terrance Burns : Chief Marketing Officer John Harper : Chief Operations Officer Jeff Millman : Chief Communications Officer Brence Culp : Executive Director , Housing Carla Garcia : Director , Administrative Operations Brian Nelson : General Counsel Peter Tomozawa : Executive Director , Partnerships and Board Relations Tanja Olando : Deputy General Counsel Jared Schott : Director of International Relations and Assistant General Counsel In addition , the 2024 Bid Committee includes a 108 - member athletes ' advisory committee , which includes Andre Agassi , Allyson Felix , Michelle Kwan , Katie Ledecky , Greg Louganis , Carl Lewis , Apolo Ohno , Landon Donovan , Kobe Bryant and Michael Phelps . Legacy of the Games ( edit ) Sport legacy ( edit ) The Los Angeles Olympic bid committee has stated that its legacy will be delivering a sustainable model for the bidding process and delivery of a cost - effective Olympic Games . Los Angeles bid leaders are focusing on delivering an Olympic Games for the best athlete experience and not a centerpiece for a city revitalization project , as was recently the case for Sochi , Russia and Beijing , China . Bid leaders have indicated Los Angeles is transforming itself , does not need a city showcase , and has the ability to showcase the athletes instead . Social and economic and benefit ( edit ) The theme and bid embodies Agenda 2020 reforms of Olympics in Los Angeles , A surplus of $161 million is predicted . On January 9 , 2017 , the LA 2024 committee issued a report predicting that the Olympics would boost the local economy by $11.2 billion . Proposed venues ( edit ) The 2024 Los Angeles Olympic bid uses existing venues , venues under construction and new temporary venues in and around the City of Los Angeles . Approximately half of the venues are outside the City of Los Angeles . Many of the proposed venues are facilities constructed after the 1984 games . Staples Center opened in 1999 . Stub Hub Center was opened in 2003 . Galen Center was opened in 2006 . Microsoft Theater opened in 2007 . UCLA proposed the Olympic Village on their campus with dorms built in 2015 . Rose Bowl was renovated in 2013 . The Forum was recently renovated in 2014 . USC `` University Village '' is currently under construction and set to open in 2017 . The `` MyFigueroa '' street redevelopment project is currently under construction . Banc of California soccer Stadium and the American Football L.A. Stadium at Hollywood Park are currently under construction with completion dates of 2018 and 2020 respectively . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum renovations are scheduled to begin in mid-2017 by USC . The Los Angeles Convention Center ( LACOEX ) remodel and additions are to begin in 2018 . The NBC / IBC proposed center is set to be completed in 2019 . All of these proposed venues will be renovated or completed with or without the Olympic Games being awarded . Downtown Los Angeles Sports Park ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Figueroa Street Live site : `` Olympic Way '' N / A Existing Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Athletics 70,000 Existing Closing Ceremonies Dodger Stadium Baseball and softball ( preliminaries , finals ) 56,000 Existing Banc of California Stadium Football ( preliminaries ) 22,000 Under construction Dedeaux Field ( USC ) Swimming , diving , synchronized swimming 20,000 Existing Galen Center ( USC ) Badminton 10,300 Existing Karate Los Angeles Convention Center Basketball ( women 's preliminaries ) 8,000 Existing Boxing 8,000 Fencing Taekwondo 7,000 Table tennis 5,000 BMX freestyle Staples Center Basketball ( preliminaries , finals ) 18,000 Existing Microsoft Theater Weightlifting 7,000 Existing University Village ( USC ) Media Village N / A Existing City Hall Marathon 5,000 Existing Race walk Road cycling Valley Sports Park ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Sepulveda Basin Park , Los Angeles , CA Canoe slalom 8,000 Planned construction Equestrian 15,000 Temporary structure Shooting 3,000 Temporary structure South Bay Sports Park ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status StubHub Center , Carson , CA Rugby 30,000 Existing Modern pentathlon 30,000 Existing Tennis 10,000 ( center court ) Existing Field hockey 15,000 ( primary field ; secondary field 5,000 ) Existing VELO Sports Center , Carson , CA Track cycling 6,000 Existing Modern pentathlon fencing 6,000 Existing Long Beach Sports Park ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Long Beach Waterfront , Long Beach , CA BMX cycling 6,000 Temporary Water polo 8,000 Existing Triathlon 2,000 Existing Open water swimming 2,000 Existing Long Beach Arena , Long Beach , CA Handball 12,000 Existing Long Beach Convention Center , Long Beach , CA Sports climbing 10,000 Existing Belmont Veterans Memorial Pier , Long Beach , CA Sailing 6,000 Existing Other venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Rose Bowl , Pasadena , CA Football 92,000 Existing Angel Stadium , Anaheim , CA Baseball and softball 45,457 Existing Lake Perris , Perris , CA Canoe sprint 12,000 Existing Rowing 12,000 Existing Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park , San Dimas , CA Mountain biking 3,000 Temporary Honda Center , Anaheim , CA Indoor volleyball 18,000 Existing Universal Studios , Hollywood , CA International Broadcast Center / MPC -- Existing Los Angeles Westside Area Santa Monica State Beach , Santa Monica , CA Beach volleyball 12,000 Temporary Skateboarding 10,000 Existing Surfing 8,000 Existing 3 × 3 Basketball -- Existing Riviera Country Club , Los Angeles , CA Golf 30,000 Existing Pauley Pavilion ( UCLA ) , Westwood , CA Olympic Village , Olympic Village Training Center -- Existing Wrestling 12,500 Existing Judo 12,500 Existing LA Stadium at Hollywood Park , Inglewood , CA Opening and Closing Ceremonies 100,000 Under construction Football 100,000 Under construction Archery 8,000 ( Stadium Lake ) Under construction The Forum , Inglewood , CA Gymnastics 17,000 Existing Olympic ceremonies ( edit ) Olympic ceremonies could be held in two venues simultaneously ; the ceremony would begin at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Exposition Park to honor the legacy of the Olympics in Los Angeles and then transfer to the new Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood to proceed with the parade of athletes , oaths , traditional Olympic protocol and the lighting of a cauldron . LA 2024 bid leaders wish to use the new LA stadium to dispel negative thought about using the LA Memorial Coliseum for a third Olympics . They also cite ticket sales at both sites as extra cash flow for the committee . The LA 2024 team also stated they would reverse the closing ceremony with a start at LA Stadium and close the show at the LA Coliseum if chosen . Football ( soccer ) stadia ( edit ) Football venues will be situated within Los Angeles and in other parts of California , to be determined . Potential venues : Rose Bowl , Pasadena ( 92,542 capacity ) -- 3 group matches , quarterfinals , semifinals and women 's final Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , Inglewood ( 80,000 ) -- 3 group matches , quarterfinals , semifinals and men 's final Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California ( 68,500 ) -- 5 group matches , quarterfinals , and men 's bronze medal match California Memorial Stadium , Berkeley , California ( 63,000 ) - 8 group matches Stanford Stadium , Stanford ( 50,000 ) -- 5 group matches , quarterfinals and women 's bronze medal match New MLS Stadium , San Diego ( 32,000 ) -- 8 group matches Banc of California Stadium , Exposition Park ( 22,000 ) -- 8 group matches Avaya Stadium , San Jose ( 20,000 ) -- 8 group matches According to LA2024.org there will be eight venues in the borders of State of California ( probably eight venues in four municipalities ) . Changed venues ( edit ) Piggyback Yard , a rail yard along the LA River , was the original proposed location for the Olympic Village . It would have been an entirely new residential development that would be permanent housing after the games . The plan was abandoned and UCLA was chosen as the new proposed location . See also ( edit ) 1932 Summer Olympics 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Press , Associated ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` LA may consider 2028 Olympics if 2024 bid falls through '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los Angeles Declares Candidature for Oylmpic Games 2028 - IOC to Contribute USD 1.8 Billion to the Local Organizing Committee '' . IOC . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USOC names Los Angeles the official U.S. bidder for the 2024 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angelenos have mixed opinions about 2024 Olympic bid '' . ABC 7 Los Angeles . September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Adam ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Boston 's Olympic Bid is Dead '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston will bid to host 2024 Olympic Games : USOC '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Reuters . January 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 2015 '' . Special Olympics . September 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2024 Olympic Games ? '' . March 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Board Formally States Interest In Hosting 2024 Olympics '' . CBS Los Angeles . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southern California Committee for the Olympic Games '' . sccog.org. 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` U.S. Olympic Committee contacts Los Angeles about 2024 Summer Games '' . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USOC endorses Los Angeles for 2024 Olympics bid '' . ABC 7 Los Angeles . 1 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USOC names Los Angeles the official U.S. bidder for the 2024 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angelenos have mixed opinions about 2024 Olympic bid '' . ABC 7 Los Angeles . 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL stadium could boost L.A. 's Olympic bid '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2016 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where would L.A. put all those Olympic athletes ? Panel looks at UCLA '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 unveils logo for Olympic bid '' . Los Angeles Times . February 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 Olympic bid receives wide public support in new poll '' . Los Angeles Times . February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 mulls temporary Olympic facilities -- a raised Coliseum track , maybe ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 2016 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. advances to next stage of 2024 Olympic bidding process '' . Los Angeles Times . June 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 releases renderings of updated Coliseum , temporary swim stadium '' . Los Angeles Times . July 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 brings large crew to Rio Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . July 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 will send a delegation of 16 people to 2016 Paralympics in Rio '' . Los Angeles Times . September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 video marks one year until Olympic leaders select host for 2024 Summer Games '' . Los Angeles Times . September 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 and U.S. Olympic leaders come to terms on marketing agreement '' . Los Angeles Times . September 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 relocates Summer Olympics press center to USC in latest bid documents '' . Los Angeles Times . October 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Olympians make video pitches for Los Angeles ' 2024 bid '' . Los Angeles Times . October 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 is about to find out how a Donald Trump presidency will affect Los Angeles ' Olympic bid '' . Los Angeles Times . November 2016 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA Committee Lobbies For 2024 Olympics In Qatar '' . Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump supports L.A. 's Olympic bid , Mayor Garcetti 's office says '' . Los Angeles Times . November 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 releases revised budget for Olympics , revenue to equal $5.3 billion in costs '' . Los Angeles Times . December 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Olympians and Paralympians to Ride the City of Los Angeles and LA 2024 `` Follow the Sun '' Float in 128th Rose Parade '' ( Press release ) . LA 2024 . 18 November 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Olympic bid report forecasts $11 - billion impact on local economy '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City Council unanimous in final approval for L.A. to host 2024 Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood studios help L.A. with 2024 Olympics bid '' . Los Angeles Times . February 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LA 2024 releases new visuals of potential Olympic Games '' . Los Angeles Times . April 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2024 Olympics Bid Evaluation Commission '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Baumann '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marisol Casado '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mikaela Cojuangco Jaworski '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kirsty Coventry '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nawal El Moutawakel '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ugur Erdener '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Habu Gumel '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poul - Erik Høyer '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunilla Lindberg '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard Rajzman '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kereyn Smith '' . Jump up ^ `` Tsunekazu Takeda '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LA2024 Games Delivery , Experience and Venue Legacy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 2024 Olympic projected ticket prices , venue map in bid book '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . February 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Scott M. `` Los Angeles City Council approves Stage II documents for 2024 Olympic Games '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Olympic bid report forecasts $11 - billion impact on local economy '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2017 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAYOR GARCETTI BREAKS GROUND ON NEW $1.6 BILLION LAX TERMINAL '' . LA Mayor . February 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stage 1 Vision , Games Concept and Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sepulveda Pass Corridor '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Facts at a Glance '' . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority : It Is Too Early to Predict Service Sector Success , but Opportunities for Improved Analysis and Communication Exist ( PDF ) ( Report ) . California State Auditor . December 2003 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Olympic bid report forecasts $11 - billion impact on local economy '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2017 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newsroom , UCLA . `` UCLA selected as site of Olympic Village for 2024 bid '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Universal to Build New Soundstage Complex , Expand Theme Park in 5 - Year Plan ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. organizers propose linked , simultaneous Olympic ceremonies for Coliseum , Inglewood stadium '' . Los Angeles Times . January 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kudler , Adrian Glick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Los Angeles Abandons Plans to Rehabilitate Prime LA River Site For 2024 Olympics '' . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) LA 2024 LA 2024 on Twitter LA 2024 on Facebook LA 2024 on Instagram Candidature documents ( edit ) Stage 1 : Vision , Games Concept and Strategy Stage 2 : Governance , Legal and Venue Funding Budget released December 2 , 2016 Stage 3 : Games Delivery , Experience and Venue Legacy Sustainability Vision IOC documents ( edit ) Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission 2024 Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission 2028 United States bids for the Olympic Games Summer Atlanta 1920 Chicago 1952 1956 2016 Cleveland 1916 1920 Detroit 1944 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 Los Angeles 1924 1928 1932 1948 1952 1956 1976 1984 2024 2028 Minneapolis 1948 1952 1956 Philadelphia 1920 1948 1952 1956 Other St. Louis 1904 Baltimore 1948 San Francisco 1956 New York City 2012 Boston 2024 Winter Anchorage Denver 1932 1976 Lake Placid 1932 1948 1952 1956 1968 1980 Salt Lake City 1972 1998 2002 Other Bear Mountain 1932 Duluth 1932 Lake Tahoe 1932 Minneapolis 1932 Yosemite Valley 1932 Colorado Springs 1956 Squaw Valley 1960 Successful bids marked in italics . Cancelled bids marked by asterics ( * ) Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympic Games 131st Session of the International Olympic Committee ( Lima , Peru ) Elected cities Paris ( 2024 ) Los Angeles ( 2028 ) Cancelled bids Budapest Hamburg Rome Non-selected bids Berlin Boston Washington , D.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_bid_for_the_2024_Summer_Olympics&oldid=829665807 '' Categories : 2024 Summer Olympics bids Sports competitions in Los Angeles Summer Olympics bids of the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when is la going to host the olympics
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"The Los Angeles bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics and Summer Paralympics was the attempt to bring the Summer Olympic Games to the city of Los Angeles, California in 2024; the games were ultimately awarded to the city for 2028. Following withdrawals by other bidding cities during the 2024 Summer Olympics bidding process that led to just two candidate cities (Los Angeles and Paris), the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that the 2028 Summer Olympics would be awarded at the same time as 2024. After extended negotiations, Los Angeles agreed to bid for the 2028 Games if certain conditions were met.[1] On July 31, 2017, the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 games, with $1.8 billion of additional funding to support local sports and the Games program.[2]"
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24 Sussex Drive
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24 Sussex Drive - wikipedia 24 Sussex Drive 24 Sussex Drive 24 , promenade Sussex ( French ) North - east façade of 24 Sussex Drive Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap General information Architectural style Norman Revival Town or city Ottawa , Ontario Country Canada Coordinates 45 ° 26 ′ 40 '' N 75 ° 41 ′ 38 '' W / 45.444348 ° N 75.693934 ° W / 45.444348 ; - 75.693934 Coordinates : 45 ° 26 ′ 40 '' N 75 ° 41 ′ 38 '' W / 45.444348 ° N 75.693934 ° W / 45.444348 ; - 75.693934 Current tenants None Construction started 1866 Completed 1868 Renovated 1950 Client Joseph Merrill Currier Owner The Queen in Right of Canada Landlord National Capital Commission Design and construction Architect Joseph Merrill Currier 24 Sussex Drive , originally called Gorffwysfa and usually referred to simply as 24 Sussex , is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada , located in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa , Ontario . Built between 1866 and 1868 by Joseph Merrill Currier , it has been the official home of the Prime Minister of Canada since 1951 . It is one of two official residences made available to the prime minister , the Harrington Lake estate in nearby Gatineau Park being the other . Contents 1 History 2 Use 3 Architecture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The house at 24 Sussex Drive was originally commissioned in 1866 by lumberman and Member of Parliament Joseph Merrill Currier as a wedding gift for his wife - to - be . It was completed in 1868 and Currier named it Gorffwysfa , Welsh for `` place of rest '' . It was sold for $30,000 in 1901 , after Currier 's wife , Hannah , died , to William Edwards . In 1943 , the federal Crown - in - Council used its power of expropriation to divest Gordon Edwards , nephew of William Edwards , of his title to the house , to consolidate public ownership of the lands along the Ottawa River . Edwards had fought the action , but eventually lost the dispute with the Canadian government in 1946 and died at the house later that year . After several years of uncertainty , in 1950 the government decided to refurbish the property as a residence for the prime minister , the renovations costing just over $500,000 . Louis St. Laurent was the first to take up residence in 1951 . Since then , every prime minister -- except for Kim Campbell ( who resided at Harrington Lake ) and , to date , Justin Trudeau ( who has opted to reside at Rideau Cottage pending a review of work needed to repair the house ) -- has resided at 24 Sussex Drive for the duration of their mandates . Previous prime ministers lived at a variety of locations around Ottawa : Sir Wilfrid Laurier and William Lyon Mackenzie King , for instance , lived at Laurier House in Sandy Hill . Laurier House was willed to the Crown upon Mackenzie King 's death in 1950 and was thus also available for designation as the prime minister 's official residence at the time . Security at 24 Sussex was overhauled following a November 1995 attempted assassination by André Dallaire , who wandered around the house and grounds for nearly an hour before being confronted outside Jean Chrétien 's bedroom by the Prime Minister 's wife , Aline ; she locked the door to the bedroom while Jean guarded it with an Inuit stone carving . Ultimately , Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers arrested Dallaire . Measures put in place after the attempted assassination include the addition of several more guards and security cameras to the house 's attaché , and the installation of crash - proof barriers within the main gates . As of January 2016 , the residence is unoccupied as the National Capital Commission is drafting plans for major renovations . Use ( edit ) Unlike 10 Downing Street or the White House , 24 Sussex is used almost exclusively as a place of residence ; the prime minister 's work is carried out by the Office of the Prime Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building , near Parliament Hill , though informal meetings between the prime minister and other government or foreign officials may take place in the residence ( foreign heads of state on state visits are officially hosted by the monarch or Governor General of Canada at Rideau Hall ) . One consequence of the building 's lack of official bureaucratic functions is that 24 Sussex Drive has never been widely used as a metonym for the Office of the Prime Minister . Despite the building not having any bureaucratic function , it has been the location of protests , such as when farmers drove their tractors in a convoy past the front of the property in 2006 and when Greenpeace activists chained themselves to the front gates in March 2007 . Due to the poor state of repair , Justin Trudeau , who grew up in 24 Sussex Drive when his father was prime minister , has instead resided at Rideau Cottage since 2015 when he became prime minister himself . Architecture ( edit ) 24 Sussex is a large limestone structure set on 1.6 hectares ( 4.0 acres ) on the south bank of the Ottawa River , next to the French embassy and opposite the main entrance to Rideau Hall . The residence consists of 35 rooms spread on four floors , including the basement , connected by an elevator and many staircases . The latter consists of support rooms , while the main floor holds the dining room , living room , kitchen ( which is staffed by a head chef and support staff ) , main stair hall , prime minister 's library , and a sun room . The second floor is primarily bedrooms , including the master bedroom , as well as a family room ( described by Margaret Trudeau as her `` freedom room '' ) and the office of prime minister 's spouse . The third floor contains additional bedrooms and a private study for the prime minister . The front of 24 Sussex Drive The exterior of the house is a mid-century modern take on Norman Revival architecture . When originally built , it was very much of the Victorian ( Queen Anne ) style ; it had high gables , extensive verandahs , and a liberal use of gingerbread trim . A turret was added by the Edwards family in 1907 . After it was decided in 1950 the house would become the official residence of the prime minister , the turret , widow 's walk , trim , main gable at the front , verandahs , and porte - cochère were removed and an extension added to the east . The interior was gutted , save for part of the dining room . The National Capital Commission ( NCC ) maintains the house , its property , and a selection of historic furnishings from the Crown Collection for use in the public rooms of the mansion , ranging from musical instruments to chairs , tables , and paintings by famous Canadians . However , due to the lack of restraints on the prime minister of the day to do what he or she pleases with the home , several have left their own marks on the building . For example , the rear patio was enclosed and winterised while Lester B. Pearson was prime minister and inside , Pearson 's wife , Maryon , created in the basement the Canadiana Room , where she collected Canadian antiques and craft - work . While Joe Clark and his family were resident at 24 Sussex , the interiors were redecorated , the dining room ceiling receiving gold leaf re-purposed from another project and unnamed business associates of Pierre Trudeau installed a swimming pool for his frequent workouts . The pool , designed by government architect Stig Harvor , reportedly cost C $ 275,000 due to an underground access increasing the expense . This was raised in a `` public fund '' headed by Keith Davey , the donors to which were never made public . Brian Mulroney was the first prime minister to have the costs of renovations publicly revealed . The high tab for his and his wife 's alterations to the building caused political controversy , especially as some of the costs were paid for from the PC Canada Fund , which raised money from individual donations to fund the Progressive Conservative Party . The security structure at the entrance to 24 Sussex Since the renovation of the house in 1950 , very little has been spent on upkeep of 24 Sussex Drive , leaving parts of it worn and outdated , including the heating and cooling systems , wiring , and roofing . On May 6 , 2008 , the Auditor General had reported that the house is in poor condition and needs about $10 million in repairs and upgrades , which would require at least 12 to 15 months of `` full access '' to complete . In October 2015 , Bryan Baeumler estimated $15 million might be necessary to properly renovate the residence . The NCC is devising a plan for major renovations , asserting such a project will require approximately 18 months . There have been occasional calls to demolish the entire structure and rebuild . Maureen McTeer , wife of former Prime Minister Joe Clark , said the building is `` completely lacking '' in architectural value and is not worth saving . The idea of removing part of the structure and replacing it with a modern section has also been proposed . The designation as a federal heritage building , though not legally binding , would probably protect it against such a measure . See also ( edit ) Canadian politics portal Ottawa portal Harrington Lake Stornoway The Farm References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Capital Commission . `` 24 Sussex Drive '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christie - Luff , Catherine ; Clark , Catherine ( 2014 ) . Rideau Hall -- Inside Canada 's House ( Digital video ) . Ottawa : CPAC . Jump up ^ Wells , Paul ( 2013 ) . The Longer I 'm Prime Minister : Stephen Harper and Canada , 2006 - . Random House of Canada ( Maclean 's ) . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 36134 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Trudeau wo n't move in to 24 Sussex , says Margaret Trudeau '' . CBC News . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Topley , William James ( 2015 ) . `` Laurier House National Historic Site - The History of Laurier House '' . Library and Archives Canada PA - 008979 . Parks Canada . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A break in at 24 Sussex Drive '' . CBC News . November 6 , 1995 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Kevin ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Ministers to discuss dollar at 24 Sussex Drive '' . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tractors bring farmers ' protest to 24 Sussex Drive '' . CBC News . April 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greenpeace targets 24 Sussex Drive '' . CBC News . March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tunney , Catharine ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` Trudeau says he does n't see himself ever returning to live at 24 Sussex '' . CBC News . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Curry , Bill ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sink or swim : What to do about the dilapidated pool at 24 Sussex '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plamondon , Bill ( May 20 , 2013 ) . The Truth about Trudeau . Great River Media , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 98 - 682421 - 0 . Jump up ^ McParland , Kelly ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Pierre Trudeau 's disastrous record is finally laid out for all to see '' . National Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marquis , Melanie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Decision soon on whether Trudeau will move into 24 Sussex Drive '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deportation failures , costly passports focus of AG 's report '' . CBC News . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morales , Steve ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Crumbling 24 Sussex an ' embarrassment ' says HGTV 's Bryan Baeumler '' . Global News . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Don ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` NCC working on plan to conserve 24 Sussex , other official residences '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kingston , Anne ( 21 November 2015 ) . `` How the PM 's residence became a nightmare at 24 Sussex '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wells , Paul ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` It 's time to tear down 24 Sussex '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tasker , John Paul ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` 24 Sussex Drive should be torn down , says Maureen McTeer '' . CBC News . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baeumler , Bryan ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Rebuilding 24 Sussex should be a national project of pride '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spurr , Ben ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Fixing 24 Sussex Drive : Preserving Canada 's history or a heap ? '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage Ottawa 's Leslie Maitland Discusses 24 Sussex and Rideau Cottage With CBC Television '' . Heritage Ottawa . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Willing , John ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Trudeaus moving into Rideau Cottage , instead of 24 Sussex '' . Ottawa Sun . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 24 Sussex Drive . 24 Sussex Drive Prime Minister of Canada website -- History of 24 Sussex Prime Minister of Canada website -- Virtual tour of 24 Sussex Property Record for 24 Sussex in the Directory of Federal Real Property Official residences of Canada Federal Monarch and Governor General Rideau Hall , Ottawa La Citadelle , Quebec City Prime Minister 24 Sussex Drive , Ottawa Harrington Lake , Gatineau Park Rideau Cottage , Ottawa ( temporary ) Leader of the Opposition Stornoway , Ottawa Speaker of the House The Farm , Gatineau Park Guest house 7 Rideau Gate , Ottawa Provincial Residences of the lieutenant governors British Columbia Government House , Victoria Manitoba Government House , Winnipeg Newfoundland and Labrador Government House , St. John 's New Brunswick Old Government House , Fredericton Nova Scotia Government House , Halifax Prince Edward Island Government House , Charlottetown Former Government House , Edmonton Government House , Regina Government House , Toronto Government House , Quebec City The Monklands , Montreal See : Government Houses in Canada Landmarks in Ottawa Infrastructure Architecture Ottawa Convention Centre Capital Pathway Ottawa Macdonald - Cartier International Airport Ottawa Train Station Rideau Canal Tallest buildings Wellington Street Sport in Ottawa Britannia Yacht Club Canadian Tire Centre Nepean Sailing Club Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park TD Place Arena TD Place Stadium Wesley Clover Parks Entertainment and festivals Byward Market Canadian Tulip Festival Gladstone Theatre Great Canadian Theatre Company National Arts Centre Ottawa Bluesfest Winterlude Museums Bank of Canada Museum Billings Estate Museum Bytown Museum Canada Agriculture and Food Museum Canada Aviation and Space Museum Canada Science and Technology Museum Canadian Museum of History Canadian Museum of Nature Canadian War Museum Pinhey 's Point Historic Site Laurier House National Gallery of Canada Nepean Museum Portrait Gallery of Canada Royal Canadian Mint Parks , squares , and natural landmarks Bank Street Central Experimental Farm Chaudière Falls Confederation Park Dominion Arboretum Green Island ( Rideau River ) Hog 's Back Falls Ottawa Greenbelt Lansdowne Park ( redevelopment ) Major 's Hill Park Nepean Point Petrie Island Rideau Falls Historical 24 Sussex Drive Chateau Laurier Diefenbunker Laurier House National War Memorial Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Parliament Hill Rideau Hall Supreme Court of Canada - ( National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa Designated heritage properties ) Demolished structures Capitol Cinema First City Hall Daly Building Dey 's Arena Ottawa Auditorium Rideau Skating Rink Russell House Second City Hall The Arena Victoria Tower Shopping Bayshore Shopping Centre Byward Market Rideau Centre Place d'Orléans St. Laurent Centre Sparks Street Mall Neighbourhoods Britannia Centretown The Glebe New Edinburgh Rockcliffe Park Sandy Hill Vanier Westboro Portal WikiProject Official government residences in North America Antigua and Barbuda : Government House ( GG ) Bahamas : Government House ( GG ) Barbados : Government House ( GG ) Ilaro Court ( PM ) Canada : Rideau Hall ( Mon & GG ) Citadelle of Quebec ( GG ) 24 Sussex Drive ( PM ) Harrington Lake ( PM ) Rideau Cottage ( PM - temporary ) Cuba : Presidential Palace ( former ) Dominica : Government House Dominican Republic : National Palace Grenada : Government House ( GG ) Haiti : National Palace Jamaica : King 's House ( GG ) Vale Royal ( PM ) Mexico : National Palace Los Pinos Puerto Rico : La Fortaleza Saint Kitts and Nevis : Government House ( GG ) Saint Lucia : Government House ( GG ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines : Government House ( GG ) Trinidad and Tobago : President 's House St. Anns Diplomatic Residence ( PM ) United States : White House 42nd Floor Apartment Camp David One Observatory Circle Presidential Emergency Facility President 's Guest House Presidential Townhouse Tingey House Trowbridge House Notes Monarch ( Mon ) Governor - general ( GG ) Lieutenant - governor ( LG ) Prime minister ( PM ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=24_Sussex_Drive&oldid=851011746 '' Categories : Houses completed in 1866 1866 establishments in Canada Federal government buildings in Ottawa Official residences in Canada Prime ministerial residences Houses in Ottawa Neo-Norman architecture in Canada Hidden categories : Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where does the prime minister of canada live
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[
"24 Sussex Drive, originally called Gorffwysfa and usually referred to simply as 24 Sussex, is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada, located in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario. Built between 1866 and 1868 by Joseph Merrill Currier, it has been the official home of the Prime Minister of Canada since 1951. It is one of two official residences made available to the prime minister, the Harrington Lake estate in nearby Gatineau Park being the other.\n",
"24 Sussex Drive, originally called Gorffwysfa and usually referred to simply as 24 Sussex, is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada, located in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario. Built between 1866 and 1868 by Joseph Merrill Currier, it has been the official home of the Prime Minister of Canada since 1951. It is one of two official residences made available to the prime minister, the Harrington Lake estate in nearby Gatineau Park being the other.\n"
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[
"24 Sussex Drive",
"in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario"
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-7539637033553385375
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Ring finger
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Ring finger - wikipedia Ring finger Ring finger . The ring finger on this hand is extended ( left hand ) . Details Artery Proper palmar digital arteries , dorsal digital arteries Vein Palmar digital veins , dorsal digital veins Nerve Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve , Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve , Proper palmar digital nerves of median nerve Identifiers Latin Digitus IV manus , digitus quartus manus , digitus annularis manus , digitus medicinalis TA A01. 1.00. 056 FMA 24948 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The ring finger is the finger on which it is the custom in a particular culture for a wedding ring to be placed during a wedding ceremony and on which the wedding ring is subsequently worn to indicate the status of the wearer as a married person . It is commonly the finger between the middle finger and the little finger , and is so named because in some cultures it is the finger on which one usually wears a wedding ring after marriage . In some cultures the wedding ring is worn on the `` ring finger '' of the left hand and in others it is on the right hand . Traditionally , a wedding ring was worn only by the bride / wife , but in recent times more men also wear a wedding ring . It is also the custom in some cultures to wear an engagement ring on the ring finger . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Contemporary customs 3.1 Western customs 3.2 Non-Western customs 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the selection of the fourth finger as the ring finger is not definitively known . According to László A. Magyar , the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger . It is named after magic or rings , or called nameless ( for example , in Chinese : 無名指 , unnamed finger ) . In Sanskrit and other languages like Finnish or Russian , the ring finger is called respectively - `` Anamika '' , `` Nimetön '' and `` Безымянный '' ( `` nameless '' ) . In Arabic and Hebrew , the ring finger is called respectively - bansur ( meaning `` victory '' ) - and kmitsa ( meaning `` taking a handful '' ) . In anatomy , the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis , the fourth finger , digitus annularis , digitus quartus , or digitus IV . It may also be referred to as the third finger , excluding the thumb . In Latin , the word anulus means `` ring '' , digitus means `` finger '' , and quartus means `` fourth '' . History ( edit ) Main article : Wedding ring Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned , people believed that a vein ran directly from the fourth finger on the left hand to the heart . Because of the hand -- heart connection , they chose the descriptive name vena amoris , Latin for the vein of love , for this particular vein . Based upon this name , their contemporaries , purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette , wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger . By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand , a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other . In Britain , only women tended to wear a wedding ring until the 1st and 2nd World Wars , when married male soldiers started to wear rings to remind them of their partner . Contemporary customs ( edit ) Western customs ( edit ) In Western cultures , a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the fourth finger , commonly called the ring finger in western culture . This developed from the Roman `` anulus pronubis '' when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony . Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride 's finger dates from the 11th century . In medieval Europe , during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb , index , middle , and ring fingers of the left hand . The ring was then left on the ring finger . In a few European countries , the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage , then transferred to the right during the ceremony . For example , a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony , then moves it to the right hand after the wedding . In England , the 1549 Prayer Book declared `` the ring shall be placed on the left hand '' . By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony -- even on the thumb . The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire , certain parts of Western Europe , certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe ( and some not so ) , Mexico and Bolivia . These include : Australia , Botswana , Canada , Egypt , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , the UK , and the US ; France , Italy , Portugal , Sweden , Finland , Catalonia and Valencia ( not the rest of Spain ) ; Czech Republic , Slovakia , Switzerland , Croatia , Slovenia , and Romania . The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries , some Protestant Western European , as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries . In Eastern Europe , these include : Bulgaria , Greece , Georgia , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Russia , Serbia and Ukraine . In Central or Western Europe , these include : Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , Hungary , Poland , Netherlands ( if not Catholic ) , Norway , and ( Catholic ) Spain ( except in Catalonia and Valencia ) . In Central or South America , these include : Colombia , Cuba , Peru , Venezuela . The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day , when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey , Lebanon , and Syria as well as in Romania and Brazil . Non-western customs ( edit ) In Sinhala and Tamil culture , the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger . This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society . A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries , However , if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country , it may be worn on either the left ( such is the custom in Iran ) or the right ring finger ( as in Jordan ) . As opposed to the wedding ring , use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries , especially those in West and South Asia . Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men , and the left finger by women . In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony , the wedding ring is placed on the bride 's righthand index finger , but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb , most commonly in recent times . Today , the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony . Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring . Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding . However , in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage . Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities , a ring ( not to be called wedding ring ) is still worn on the left hand . Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands . See also ( edit ) Digit ratio , comparative lengths of the index finger and ring finger and androgen levels in utero References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magyar , László A. `` Digitus Medicinalis -- the Etymology of the Name '' Actes du Congr . Intern . d'Hist . de Med . XXXII. , Antwerpen. 175 - 179. , 1990 , retrieved September 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Third finger '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ George Frederick Kunz ( 1917 ) . Rings for the finger : from the earliest known times , to the present , with full descriptions of the origin , early making , materials , the archaeology , history , for affection , for love , for engagement , for wedding , commemorative , mourning , etc . J.B. Lippincott company . pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Mukherji , Subha ( 2006 ) , Law and Representation in Early Modern Drama , Cambridge University Press , pp. 35 − 36 , ISBN 0521850355 Jump up ^ Why in the Orthodox tradition do we wear the wedding ring on the left hand ? , antiochian.org Jump up ^ `` A Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu Wedding '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Jewish Wedding '' . aish.com . Jump up ^ David Sperber , in : Daniel Sperber , Minhagei Yisrael Vol. 4 , Jerusalem 1995 , pp. 92 - 93 ( Hebrew ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ring fingers . Look up ring finger in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Archive of a 1998 article in a Flemish newspaper about the place of the wedding ring in the Low Countries Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_finger&oldid=856439592 '' Categories : Fingers Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Latina Lumbaart मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 06 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what hand does the groom wear his ring
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[
"The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe (and some not so), Mexico and Bolivia. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US; France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, Catalonia and Valencia (not the rest of Spain); Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia, and Romania.\n"
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[
"on the ring finger of the left hand"
] |
-3913960448893839703
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Tonsillolith
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Tonsillolith - wikipedia Tonsillolith Jump to : navigation , search Tonsillolith Synonyms Tonsil stones A tonsillolith lodged in the tonsillar crypt Specialty Otorhinolaryngology ( edit on Wikidata ) Tonsilloliths , also known as tonsil stones , are soft aggregates of bacterial and cellular debris that form in the tonsillar crypts , the crevices of the tonsils . While they occur most commonly in the palatine tonsils , they may also occur in the lingual tonsils . Tonsil stones are very common . Tonsilloliths have been recorded weighing from 0.3 g to 42g . Protruding tonsilloliths may feel like foreign objects lodged in the tonsil crypt . They may be a nuisance and difficult to remove , but are usually not harmful . They are one of the causes of halitosis ( bad breath ) and always give off a putrid smell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Classification 2.1 Giant 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 5.1 Anti-inflammatory 5.2 Curettage 5.3 Laser 5.4 Surgery 5.5 At - home remedies 6 Epidemiology 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Tonsilloliths may produce no symptoms , or they may be associated with bad breath , or produce pain when swallowing . Tonsilloliths occur more frequently in teens than in adults or young children . Many small tonsil stones do not cause any noticeable symptoms . Even when they are large , some tonsil stones are only discovered incidentally on X-rays or CAT scans . Other symptoms include a metallic taste , throat closing or tightening , coughing fits , and choking . Larger tonsilloliths may cause multiple symptoms , including recurrent halitosis , which frequently accompanies a tonsil infection , sore throat , white debris , a bad taste in the back of the throat , difficulty swallowing , ear ache , and tonsil swelling . A medical study conducted in 2007 found an association between tonsilloliths and bad breath in patients with a certain type of recurrent tonsillitis . Among those with bad breath , 75 % of the subjects had tonsilloliths , while only 6 % of subjects with normal halitometry values ( normal breath ) had tonsilloliths . A foreign body sensation may also exist in the back of the throat . The condition may also be an asymptomatic condition , with detection upon palpating a hard intratonsillar or submucosal mass . A tonsillolith protrudes from the tonsil Large tonsillolith half exposed on tonsil Closeup of a tonsillolith Classification ( edit ) Tonsilloliths or tonsil stones are calcifications that form in the crypts of the palatal tonsils . They are also known to form in the throat and on the roof of the mouth . Tonsils are filled with crevices where bacteria and other materials , including dead cells and mucus , can become trapped . When this occurs , the debris can become concentrated in white formations that occur in the pockets . Tonsilloliths are formed when this trapped debris accumulates and are expressed from the tonsil . They are generally soft , sometimes rubbery . This tends to occur most often in people who suffer from chronic inflammation in their tonsils or repeated bouts of tonsillitis . They are often associated with post-nasal drip . Giant ( edit ) Much rarer than the typical tonsil stones are giant tonsilloliths . Giant tonsilloliths may often be mistaken for other oral maladies , including peritonsillar abscess , and tumours of the tonsil . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Low - power microscope magnification of a cross-section through one of the tonsillar crypts ( running diagonally ) as it opens onto the surface of the throat ( at the top ) . Stratified epithelium ( e ) covers the throat 's surface and continues as a lining of the crypt . Beneath the surface are numerous nodules ( f ) of lymphoid tissue . Many lymph cells ( dark - colored region ) pass from the nodules toward the surface and will eventually mix with the saliva as salivary corpuscles ( s ) . The mechanism by which these calculi form is subject to debate , though they appear to result from the accumulation of material retained within the crypts , along with the growth of bacteria and fungi -- sometimes in association with persistent chronic purulent tonsillitis . Recently , an association between biofilms and tonsilloliths was shown . Central to the biofilm concept is the assumption that bacteria form a three dimensional structure , dormant bacteria being in the center to serve as a constant nidus of infection . This impermeable structure renders the biofilm immune to antibiotic treatment . By use of confocal microscopy and microelectrodes , biofilms similar to dental biofilms were shown to be present in the tonsillolith , with oxygen respiration at the outer layer of tonsillolith , denitrification toward the middle , and acidification toward the bottom . Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosis is usually made upon inspection . Differential diagnosis of tonsilloliths includes foreign body , calcified granuloma , malignancy , an enlarged temporal styloid process or rarely , isolated bone which is usually derived from embryonic rests originating from the branchial arches . Tonsilloliths are difficult to diagnose in the absence of clear manifestations , and often constitute casual findings of routine radiological studies . Imaging diagnostic techniques can identify a radiopaque mass that may be mistaken for foreign bodies , displaced teeth or calcified blood vessels . Computed tomography ( CT ) may reveal nonspecific calcified images in the tonsillar zone . The differential diagnosis must be established with acute and chronic tonsillitis , tonsillar hypertrophy , peritonsillar abscesses , foreign bodies , phlebolites , ectopic bone or cartilage , lymph nodes , granulomatous lesions or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament in the context of Eagle syndrome ( elongated styloid process ) . Treatment ( edit ) Often , no treatment is needed , as few stones produce symptoms . Some people are able to remove tonsil stones using the tip of the tongue . Oral irrigators are also simple yet effective and will thoroughly clean the tonsil crypts . Most electric oral irrigators are unsuitable for tonsil stone removal because they are too powerful and are likely to cause discomfort and rupture the tonsils , which could result in further complications such as infection . Irrigators that connect directly to the sink tap via a threaded attachment or otherwise are suitable for tonsil stone removal and everyday washing of the tonsils because they can jet water at low pressure levels that the user can adjust by simply turning the sink tap , allowing for a continuous range of pressures to suit each user 's specific requirements . More simply still , gargling with warm , salty water may help alleviate the discomfort of tonsillitis , which often accompanies tonsil stones . Vigorous gargling each morning can also keep the tonsil crypts clear of all but the most persistent tonsilloliths . Anti-inflammatory ( edit ) Nimesulide is prescribed as an oral mouthwash . Curettage ( edit ) Larger tonsil stones may require removal by curettage ( scooping ) or otherwise , although thorough irrigation will still be required afterwards to effectively wash out smaller pieces . Larger lesions may require local excision , although these treatments may not completely help the bad breath issues that are often associated with this condition . Laser ( edit ) Another option is to decrease the surface area ( crypts , crevices , etc . ) of the tonsils via laser resurfacing . The procedure is called laser cryptolysis . It can be performed using a local anesthetic . A scanned carbon dioxide laser selectively vaporizes and smooths the surface of the tonsils . This technique flattens the edges of the crypts and crevices that collect the debris , preventing trapped material from forming stones . Surgery ( edit ) Tonsillectomy may be indicated if bad breath due to tonsillar stones persists despite other measures . At - home remedies ( edit ) Home intervention may be used to help dislodge or remove the stones and provide temporary comfort . Several methods have been used , including using a toothbrush or spoon to gently probe and squeeze the tonsil , or small flashlight , Q - tip , chopstick with tapered end , oral irrigator , gargling with warm salt water , and even specialized devices for the sole purpose of removing the invasive stones . Epidemiology ( edit ) Tonsilloliths or tonsillar concretions occur in up to 10 % of the population , frequently due to episodes of tonsillitis . While small concretions in the tonsils are common , true tonsilloliths or stones are rare . They commonly occur in young adults and are rare in children . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ram S , Siar CH , Ismail SM , Prepageran N ( July 2004 ) . `` Pseudo bilateral tonsilloliths : a case report and review of the literature '' . Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 98 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 4 . PMID 15243480 . doi : 10.1016 / S1079210403007042 . Jump up ^ Tsuneishi M , Yamamoto T , Kokeguchi S , Tamaki N , Fukui K , Watanabe T ( 2006 ) . `` Composition of the bacterial flora in tonsilloliths '' . Microbes Infect. 8 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 2384 -- 9 . PMID 16859950 . doi : 10.1016 / j. micinf. 2006.04. 023 . Jump up ^ Svoboda , Elizabeth ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) . `` In Tonsils , a Problem the Size of a Pea '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Giudice M , Cristofaro MG , Fava MG , Giudice A ( July 2005 ) . `` An unusual tonsillolithiasis in a patient with chronic obstructive sialoadenitis '' . Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 34 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 50 . PMID 15961601 . doi : 10.1259 / dmfr / 19689789 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tonsil Stones ( Tonsilloliths ) '' . WebMD.com . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Padmanabhan TK , Chandra Dutt GS , Vasudevan DM , Vijayakumar ( May -- Jun 1984 ) . `` Giant tonsillolith simulating tumour of the tonsil -- a case report '' . Indian J Cancer . 21 ( 2 ) : 90 -- 1 . PMID 6530236 . Jump up ^ Stoodley , P ; Debeer , D ; Longwell , M ; Nistico , L ; Hall - Stoodley , L ; Wenig , B ; Krespi , YP ( September 2009 ) . `` Tonsillolith : not just a stone but a living biofilm . '' . Otolaryngology -- head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 141 ( 3 ) : 316 -- 21 . PMID 19716006 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otohns. 2009.05. 019 . Jump up ^ Images Jump up ^ Silvestre - Donat F , Pla - Mocholi A , Estelles - Ferriol E , Martinez - Mihi V ( 2005 ) . `` Giant tonsillolith : report of a case '' ( PDF ) . Medicina oral , patología oral y cirugía bucal. 10 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 42 . PMID 15876967 . Jump up ^ Darrow DH , Siemens C ( August 2002 ) . `` Indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy '' . Laryngoscope. 112 ( 8 Pt 2 Suppl 100 ) : 6 -- 10 . PMID 12172229 . doi : 10.1002 / lary. 5541121404 . Jump up ^ S.G. Nour ; Mafee , Mahmood F. ; Valvassori , Galdino E. ; Galdino E. Valbasson ; Minerva Becker ( 2005 ) . Imaging of the head and neck . Stuttgart : Thieme . p. 716 . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 009 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : J35. 8 ICD - 9 - CM : 474.8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonsillolith&oldid=800595360 '' Categories : Medical signs Oral hygiene Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 14 : 26 . About Wikipedia
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why does white stuff come out of my throat
|
[
"Larger tonsilloliths may cause multiple symptoms, including recurrent halitosis, which frequently accompanies a tonsil infection, sore throat, white debris, a bad taste in the back of the throat, difficulty swallowing, ear ache, and tonsil swelling.[5] A medical study conducted in 2007 found an association between tonsilloliths and bad breath in patients with a certain type of recurrent tonsillitis. Among those with bad breath, 75% of the subjects had tonsilloliths, while only 6% of subjects with normal halitometry values (normal breath) had tonsilloliths. A foreign body sensation may also exist in the back of the throat. The condition may also be an asymptomatic condition, with detection upon palpating a hard intratonsillar or submucosal mass."
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[
"tonsilloliths"
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-1083680136327211056
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List of countries by total renewable water resources
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List of countries by total renewable water resources - wikipedia List of countries by total renewable water resources Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of countries by total renewable water resources mostly based on The World Factbook . This entry provides the long - term average water availability for a country in cubic kilometers of precipitation , recharged ground water , and surface inflows from surrounding countries . According to the Index Mundi 's data Greenland ranked number 1 and Iceland ranked number 2 in renewable internal freshwater resources per capita with 10,662,190.00 cubic meters and 519,264.70 cubic meters , respectively . Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources ( internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall ) in the country . Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank 's population estimates . SN Country Total renewable water resources ( km3 ) Date of Information Brazil 8,233 2011 Russia 4,508 2011 United States 3,069 2011 Canada 2,902 2011 China 2,840 2011 6 Colombia 2,132 2011 -- European Union 2,057.76 2011 7 Indonesia 2,019 2011 8 Peru 1,913 2011 9 India 1,911 2011 10 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 1,283 2011 11 Venezuela 1,233 2011 12 Bangladesh 1,227 2011 13 Myanmar 1,168 2011 14 Chile 922 2011 15 Vietnam 884.1 2011 16 Congo , Republic of the 832 2011 17 Argentina 814 2011 18 Papua New Guinea 801 2011 19 Malaysia 622.5 2011 20 Bolivia 580 2011 21 Australia 492 2011 22 Philippines 479 2011 23 Cambodia 476.1 2011 24 Thailand 457.2 2011 25 Mexico 438.6 2011 26 Japan 430 2011 27 Norway 424.4 2011 28 Ecuador 382 2011 29 Paraguay 337 2011 30 Madagascar 336 2011 31 New Zealand 333.5 2011 32 Laos 327 2011 33 Nigeria 286.2 2011 34 Cameroon 285.5 2011 35 Pakistan 246.8 2011 36 Guyana 241 2011 37 Guinea 232 2011 38 Mozambique 226 2011 39 Romania 217.1 2011 40 Liberia 211.9 2011 41 Turkey 211.6 2011 42 France 211 2011 43 Nepal 210.2 2011 44 Nicaragua 196.6 2011 45 Italy 191.3 2011 46 Sweden 174 2011 47 Iceland 170 2011 48 Gabon 164 2011 49 Serbia 162.2 2011 * 50 Sierra Leone 160 2011 51 Germany 154 2011 52 Angola 148 2011 53 Panama 148 2011 54 United Kingdom 147 2011 55 Central African Republic 144.4 2011 56 Ukraine 139.6 2011 57 Ethiopia 139 2011 58 Iran 137 2011 59 Uruguay 122 2011 60 Suriname 122 2011 61 Costa Rica 112.4 2011 62 Spain 111.5 2011 63 Guatemala 111.3 2011 64 Finland 110 2011 65 Zambia 107.5 2011 66 Turkmenistan 105.5 2011 67 Croatia 105.2 2011 68 Hungary 104 2011 69 Mali 100 2011 70 Tanzania 96.27 2011 71 Honduras 95.93 2011 72 Netherlands 91 2011 73 Iraq 89.86 2011 74 Cote d'Ivoire 81.14 2011 75 Austria 78 2011 76 Azerbaijan 77.7 2011 77 Korea , North 77.15 2011 78 Greece 74.25 2011 79 Portugal 69.7 2011 80 Korea , South 68.7 2011 81 Taiwan 67 2011 82 Kazakhstan 66 2011 83 Uganda 65.33 2011 84 Sudan 64.5 2011 85 Poland 63.33 2011 86 Georgia 61.6 2011 87 Belarus 58 2011 88 Egypt 57.3 2011 89 Switzerland 53.5 2011 90 Ghana 53.2 2011 91 Sri Lanka 52.8 2011 92 Ireland 52 2011 93 South Africa 51.4 2011 94 Slovakia 50.1 2011 95 Uzbekistan 48.87 2011 96 Solomon Islands 44.7 2011 97 Albania 43 2011 98 Chad 41.7 2011 99 Senegal 38.8 2011 100 Cuba 38.12 2011 101 Bosnia and Herzegovina 37.5 2011 102 Latvia 35.45 2011 103 Mongolia 34.8 2011 104 Bhutan 34.68 2011 105 Niger 33.65 2011 106 Slovenia 31.87 2011 107 Guinea - Bissau 31 2011 108 Morocco 30.7 2011 109 Kenya 29 2011 110 Fiji 28.55 2011 111 Benin 26.39 2011 112 Equatorial Guinea 26 2011 113 El Salvador 25.23 2011 114 Lithuania 24.9 2011 115 Afghanistan 24.77 2011 116 Kyrgyzstan 23.62 2011 117 Tajikistan 21.91 2011 118 Bulgaria 21.3 2011 119 Dominican Republic 21 2011 120 Zimbabwe 20 2011 121 Belize 18.55 2011 122 Belgium 18.3 2011 123 Namibia 17.72 2011 124 Somalia 17.28 2011 125 Malawi 16.8 2011 126 Syria 14.7 2011 127 Togo 14.7 2011 128 Haiti 14.03 2011 129 Czech Republic 13.15 2011 130 Estonia 12.81 2011 131 Burundi 12.54 2011 132 Burkina Faso 12.5 2011 133 Botswana 12.24 2011 134 Algeria 11.67 2011 135 Moldova 11.65 2011 136 Mauritania 11.4 2011 137 Rwanda 9.5 2011 138 Jamaica 9.4 2011 139 Brunei 8.5 2011 140 Gambia 8 2011 141 Armenia 7.77 2011 142 Macedonia 6.4 2011 143 Eritrea 6.3 2011 144 Denmark 6 2011 145 Tunisia 4.6 2011 146 Lebanon 4.51 2011 147 Swaziland 4.5 2011 148 Trinidad and Tobago 3.84 2011 149 Luxembourg 3.1 2011 150 Lesotho 3.02 2011 151 Mauritius 2.75 2011 152 Saudi Arabia 2.4 2011 153 Yemen 2011 154 Israel 1.78 2011 155 Oman 1.4 2011 156 Comoros 2011 157 Jordan 0.94 2011 158 Cyprus 0.78 2011 159 Libya 0.7 2011 160 Singapore 0.6 2011 161 Cape Verde 0.3 2011 162 Djibouti 0.3 2011 163 United Arab Emirates 0.15 2011 164 Bahrain 0.12 2011 165 Barbados 0.08 2011 166 Qatar 0.06 2011 167 Antigua and Barbuda 0.05 2011 168 Malta 0.05 2011 169 Maldives 0.03 2011 170 Bahamas 0.02 2011 171 Kuwait 0.02 2011 172 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.02 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Factbook , The World . `` Total Renewable Water Resources '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Factbook , The World . `` Total Renewable Water Resources '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mundi , Index . `` Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita '' . IndexMundi . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Also read ( edit ) Water Resources Of Nepal : Misconception And Reality - I Understanding Nepal 's Hydropower Potential Lists of countries by geographical rankings Area Total Exclusive Economic Zone Forest Irrigated Extreme points Elevation highest average lowest Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Westernmost Perimeter Coastline length Land border length Number of bordering countries land - only land and maritime maritime - only List of countries and territories by border / area ratio Other Freshwater resources withdrawal Time zones List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Jump up ^ Shrestha , Rabindra B. `` Water Resources Of Nepal : Misconception And Reality - I '' . http://trn.gorkhapatraonline.com/index.php/op-ed/7026-water-resources-of-nepal-misconception-and-reality-i-rabindra-b-shrestha.html . Gorkhapatra . External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ KC , Arjun Bahadur . `` Understanding Nepal 's Hydropower Potential '' . http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2013/others/guestcolumn/apr/guest_columns_09.php . Nepal News . External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources&oldid=791500476 '' Categories : Lists of countries Water resources management Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Русский தமிழ் اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 17 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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who has the most water in the world
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[
"\n\nSN\nCountry\nTotal renewable\nwater resources\n(km³)\nDate of\nInformation\n\n\n1\n Brazil\n8,233\n2011\n\n\n2\n Russia\n4,508\n2011\n\n\n3\n United States\n3,069\n2011\n\n\n4\n Canada\n2,902\n2011\n\n\n5\n China\n2,840\n2011\n\n\n6\n Colombia\n2,132\n2011\n\n\n—\n European Union\n2,057.76\n2011\n\n\n7\n Indonesia\n2,019\n2011\n\n\n8\n Peru\n1,913\n2011\n\n\n9\n India\n1,911\n2011\n\n\n10\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n1,283\n2011\n\n\n11\n Venezuela\n1,233\n2011\n\n\n12\n Bangladesh\n1,227\n2011\n\n\n13\n Myanmar\n1,168\n2011\n\n\n14\n Chile\n922\n2011\n\n\n15\n Vietnam\n884.1\n2011\n\n\n16\n Congo, Republic of the\n832\n2011\n\n\n17\n Argentina\n814\n2011\n\n\n18\n Papua New Guinea\n801\n2011\n\n\n19\n Malaysia\n622.5\n2011\n\n\n20\n Bolivia\n580\n2011\n\n\n21\n Australia\n492\n2011\n\n\n22\n Philippines\n479\n2011\n\n\n23\n Cambodia\n476.1\n2011\n\n\n24\n Thailand\n457.2\n2011\n\n\n25\n Mexico\n438.6\n2011\n\n\n26\n Japan\n430\n2011\n\n\n27\n Norway\n424.4\n2011\n\n\n28\n Ecuador\n382\n2011\n\n\n29\n Paraguay\n337\n2011\n\n\n30\n Madagascar\n336\n2011\n\n\n31\n New Zealand\n333.5\n2011\n\n\n32\n Laos\n327\n2011\n\n\n33\n Nigeria\n286.2\n2011\n\n\n34\n Cameroon\n285.5\n2011\n\n\n35\n Pakistan\n246.8\n2011\n\n\n36\n Guyana\n241\n2011\n\n\n37\n Guinea\n232\n2011\n\n\n38\n Mozambique\n226\n2011\n\n\n39\n Romania\n217.1\n2011\n\n\n40\n Liberia\n211.9\n2011\n\n\n41\n Turkey\n211.6\n2011\n\n\n42\n France\n211\n2011\n\n\n43\n Nepal\n210.2\n2011\n\n\n44\n Nicaragua\n196.6\n2011\n\n\n45\n Italy\n191.3\n2011\n\n\n46\n Sweden\n174\n2011\n\n\n47\n Iceland\n170\n2011\n\n\n48\n Gabon\n164\n2011\n\n\n49\n Serbia\n162.2\n2011*\n\n\n50\n Sierra Leone\n160\n2011\n\n\n51\n Germany\n154\n2011\n\n\n52\n Angola\n148\n2011\n\n\n53\n Panama\n148\n2011\n\n\n54\n United Kingdom\n147\n2011\n\n\n55\n Central African Republic\n144.4\n2011\n\n\n56\n Ukraine\n139.6\n2011\n\n\n57\n Ethiopia\n139\n2011\n\n\n58\n Iran\n137\n2011\n\n\n59\n Uruguay\n122\n2011\n\n\n60\n Suriname\n122\n2011\n\n\n61\n Costa Rica\n112.4\n2011\n\n\n62\n Spain\n111.5\n2011\n\n\n63\n Guatemala\n111.3\n2011\n\n\n64\n Finland\n110\n2011\n\n\n65\n Zambia\n107.5\n2011\n\n\n66\n Turkmenistan\n105.5\n2011\n\n\n67\n Croatia\n105.2\n2011\n\n\n68\n Hungary\n104\n2011\n\n\n69\n Mali\n100\n2011\n\n\n70\n Tanzania\n96.27\n2011\n\n\n71\n Honduras\n95.93\n2011\n\n\n72\n Netherlands\n91\n2011\n\n\n73\n Iraq\n89.86\n2011\n\n\n74\n Cote d'Ivoire\n81.14\n2011\n\n\n75\n Austria\n78\n2011\n\n\n76\n Azerbaijan\n77.7\n2011\n\n\n77\n Korea, North\n77.15\n2011\n\n\n78\n Greece\n74.25\n2011\n\n\n79\n Portugal\n69.7\n2011\n\n\n80\n Korea, South\n68.7\n2011\n\n\n81\n Taiwan\n67\n2011\n\n\n82\n Kazakhstan\n66\n2011\n\n\n83\n Uganda\n65.33\n2011\n\n\n84\n Sudan\n64.5\n2011\n\n\n85\n Poland\n63.33\n2011\n\n\n86\n Georgia\n61.6\n2011\n\n\n87\n Belarus\n58\n2011\n\n\n88\n Egypt\n57.3\n2011\n\n\n89\n Switzerland\n53.5\n2011\n\n\n90\n Ghana\n53.2\n2011\n\n\n91\n Sri Lanka\n52.8\n2011\n\n\n92\n Ireland\n52\n2011\n\n\n93\n South Africa\n51.4\n2011\n\n\n94\n Slovakia\n50.1\n2011\n\n\n95\n Uzbekistan\n48.87\n2011\n\n\n96\n Solomon Islands\n44.7\n2011\n\n\n97\n Albania\n43\n2011\n\n\n98\n Chad\n41.7\n2011\n\n\n99\n Senegal\n38.8\n2011\n\n\n100\n Cuba\n38.12\n2011\n\n\n101\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n37.5\n2011\n\n\n102\n Latvia\n35.45\n2011\n\n\n103\n Mongolia\n34.8\n2011\n\n\n104\n Bhutan\n34.68\n2011\n\n\n105\n Niger\n33.65\n2011\n\n\n106\n Slovenia\n31.87\n2011\n\n\n107\n Guinea-Bissau\n31\n2011\n\n\n108\n Morocco\n30.7\n2011\n\n\n109\n Kenya\n29\n2011\n\n\n110\n Fiji\n28.55\n2011\n\n\n111\n Benin\n26.39\n2011\n\n\n112\n Equatorial Guinea\n26\n2011\n\n\n113\n El Salvador\n25.23\n2011\n\n\n114\n Lithuania\n24.9\n2011\n\n\n115\n Afghanistan\n24.77\n2011\n\n\n116\n Kyrgyzstan\n23.62\n2011\n\n\n117\n Tajikistan\n21.91\n2011\n\n\n118\n Bulgaria\n21.3\n2011\n\n\n119\n Dominican Republic\n21\n2011\n\n\n120\n Zimbabwe\n20\n2011\n\n\n121\n Belize\n18.55\n2011\n\n\n122\n Belgium\n18.3\n2011\n\n\n123\n Namibia\n17.72\n2011\n\n\n124\n Somalia\n17.28\n2011\n\n\n125\n Malawi\n16.8\n2011\n\n\n126\n Syria\n14.7\n2011\n\n\n127\n Togo\n14.7\n2011\n\n\n128\n Haiti\n14.03\n2011\n\n\n129\n Czech Republic\n13.15\n2011\n\n\n130\n Estonia\n12.81\n2011\n\n\n131\n Burundi\n12.54\n2011\n\n\n132\n Burkina Faso\n12.5\n2011\n\n\n133\n Botswana\n12.24\n2011\n\n\n134\n Algeria\n11.67\n2011\n\n\n135\n Moldova\n11.65\n2011\n\n\n136\n Mauritania\n11.4\n2011\n\n\n137\n Rwanda\n9.5\n2011\n\n\n138\n Jamaica\n9.4\n2011\n\n\n139\n Brunei\n8.5\n2011\n\n\n140\n Gambia\n8\n2011\n\n\n141\n Armenia\n7.77\n2011\n\n\n142\n Macedonia\n6.4\n2011\n\n\n143\n Eritrea\n6.3\n2011\n\n\n144\n Denmark\n6\n2011\n\n\n145\n Tunisia\n4.6\n2011\n\n\n146\n Lebanon\n4.51\n2011\n\n\n147\n Swaziland\n4.5\n2011\n\n\n148\n Trinidad and Tobago\n3.84\n2011\n\n\n149\n Luxembourg\n3.1\n2011\n\n\n150\n Lesotho\n3.02\n2011\n\n\n151\n Mauritius\n2.75\n2011\n\n\n152\n Saudi Arabia\n2.4\n2011\n\n\n153\n Yemen\n2.1\n2011\n\n\n154\n Israel\n1.78\n2011\n\n\n155\n Oman\n1.4\n2011\n\n\n156\n Comoros\n1.2\n2011\n\n\n157\n Jordan\n0.94\n2011\n\n\n158\n Cyprus\n0.78\n2011\n\n\n159\n Libya\n0.7\n2011\n\n\n160\n Singapore\n0.6\n2011\n\n\n161\n Cape Verde\n0.3\n2011\n\n\n162\n Djibouti\n0.3\n2011\n\n\n163\n United Arab Emirates\n0.15\n2011\n\n\n164\n Bahrain\n0.12\n2011\n\n\n165\n Barbados\n0.08\n2011\n\n\n166\n Qatar\n0.06\n2011\n\n\n167\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0.05\n2011\n\n\n168\n Malta\n0.05\n2011\n\n\n169\n Maldives\n0.03\n2011\n\n\n170\n Bahamas\n0.02\n2011\n\n\n171\n Kuwait\n0.02\n2011\n\n\n172\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0.02\n2011\n\n"
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[
"Brazil"
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-846321928275937158
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Barkana Falls
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Barkana falls - Wikipedia Barkana falls Barkana Falls Location Agumbe , Shimoga District , Karnataka Type Tiered Total height 850 feet / 259 meters Watercourse Sita River World height ranking 353 The Barkana Falls , formed by Seetha River , is a water falls located near Agumbe in Shimoga district of state of Karnataka , India and the water falls is among the ten highest waterfalls in India . The water falls is filled with water only during rainy season . Contents 1 The falls 2 See also 3 References 4 External links The falls ( edit ) Barkana falls is located at a distance of 10 km from Agumbe and has a height of about 500 feet and the area is surrounded by thick forest of Western Ghats . See also ( edit ) List of waterfalls in India List of waterfalls in India by height Mangalore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Showing all Waterfalls in India '' . World Waterfalls Database . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Astounding Agumbe '' . Deccan Herald . 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) World waterfalls database entry Hydrography of Karnataka Rivers Amarga Amarja Arkavathy Bhadra Chakra Chitrvathi Chulki Nala Dandavathi Gangavalli Ghataprabha Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Kabini Kali Karanja Kaveri Kedaka Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Lakshmana Tirtha Malaprabha Manjira River Netravati Palar Panchagangavalli Papagni Penna Ponnaiyar Shambavi Sharavathi Shimsha Souparnika Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Varahi Vedavathi Vrishabhavathi Waterfalls Abbey Bandaje Barkana Chunchanakatte Devaragundi Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti Kuchikal Magod Mallalli Muthyalamaduvu Sathodi Shivanasamudra or Cauvery Shivganga Unchalli Vajrapoha Varapoha Lakes Harangi Hebbal Hesaraghatta Honnamana Kere Karanji Krishna Raja Sagara Kukkarahalli Lingambudhi Pampa Sarovar Shanti Sagara Thippagondanahalli Vibhutipura Beaches Gokarna Murudeshwara Karwar Kapu Kudle Maravanthe NITK Beach Panambur Someshwar St. Mary 's Islands Tannirbhavi Trasi Dams Almatti Basava Sagar Bhadra Dam Harangi Kadra Kanva Kodasalli Krishna Raja Sagara / KRS Linganamakki Raja Lakhamagowda Renuka Sagara Shanti Sagara Supa Tungabhadra Mari Kanive See also Kerala Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Shimoga district topics History Hoysala Empire Keladi Nayaka Western Chalukya Balligavi Ikkeri Keladi Towns and villages Bhadravati Hosanagara Sagara Shikaripur Shimoga Agumbe Soraba Thirthahalli Rivers Tunga Bhadra Tungabhadra Sharavathi Tourist Places Barkana Falls Kodachadri Koodli Kuppalli Gajanur Gudavi Bird Sanctuary Honnemaradu Jog Falls Linganamakki Dam This article related to a location in Shimoga district , Karnataka , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barkana_Falls&oldid=804240631 '' Categories : Waterfalls of Karnataka Geography of Shimoga district Shimoga district geography stubs Hidden categories : Karnataka articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی ગુજરાતી ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी مازِرونی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 17 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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the barkana waterfalls is located in which state
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[
"The Barkana Falls, formed by Seetha River, is a water falls located near Agumbe in Shimoga district of state of Karnataka, India and the water falls is among the ten highest waterfalls in India.[1] The water falls is filled with water only during rainy season.\n"
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"state of Karnataka, India"
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4575764478313065017
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Blood pressure
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Blood pressure - wikipedia Blood pressure Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Blood pressure ( disambiguation ) . Blood pressure Medical diagnostics A sphygmomanometer , a device used for measuring arterial pressure MeSH D001795 MedlinePlus 007490 LOINC 35094 - 2 ( edit on Wikidata ) Blood pressure ( BP ) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels . When used without further specification , `` blood pressure '' usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation . Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure ( maximum during one heart beat ) over diastolic pressure ( minimum in between two heart beats ) and is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmHg ) , above the surrounding atmospheric pressure ( considered to be zero for convenience ) . It is one of the vital signs , along with respiratory rate , heart rate , oxygen saturation , and body temperature . Normal resting blood pressure in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury ( 16 kPa ) systolic , and 80 millimetres of mercury ( 11 kPa ) diastolic , abbreviated `` 120 / 80 mmHg '' . Traditionally , blood pressure was measured non-invasively using a mercury manometer and this is still generally considered the gold standard . More recently other semi-automated methods have become common , largely due to concerns about potential mercury toxicity , although cost and ease of use have also influenced this trend . Early alternatives to mercury sphygmomanometers were often inaccurate , but more modern validated devices have similar accuracy to mercury devices . Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output , total peripheral resistance and arterial stiffness and varies depending on situation , emotional state , activity , and relative health / disease states . In the short term it is regulated by baroreceptors which act via the brain to influence nervous and endocrine systems . Blood pressure that is low due to a disease state is called hypotension , and pressure that is consistently high is hypertension . Both have many causes and may be of sudden onset or of long duration . Long term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases , including heart disease , stroke and kidney failure . Long term hypertension is more common than long term hypotension . Long term hypertension often goes undetected because of infrequent monitoring and the absence of symptoms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 1.1 Systemic arterial pressure 1.2 Mean arterial pressure 1.3 Pulse pressure 1.4 Systemic venous pressure 1.5 Pulmonary pressure 2 Disorders 2.1 High 2.2 Low 2.3 Fluctuating blood pressure 3 Physiology 3.1 Hemodynamics 3.2 Regulation 4 Measurement 5 Fetal blood pressure 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Classification ( edit ) Systemic arterial pressure ( edit ) Classification of blood pressure for adults systolic , mmHg diastolic , mmHg Hypotension < 90 < 60 Desired 90 -- 119 90 -- 129 60 -- 79 60 -- 84 Prehypertension ( high normal ) 120 -- 139 130 -- 139 80 -- 89 85 -- 89 Stage 1 hypertension 140 -- 159 90 -- 99 Stage 2 hypertension 160 -- 179 100 -- 109 Hypertensive urgency ≥ 180 ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 160 < 90 The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115 / 75 mmHg . In practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present . Observational studies demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long term cardiovascular health . There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood pressure with hypertension , particularly in older people . The table shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older . It assumes the values are a result of averaging resting blood pressure readings measured at two or more visits to the doctor . In the UK , clinic blood pressures are usually categorized into three groups ; low ( 90 / 60 or lower ) , normal ( between 90 / 60 and 139 / 89 ) , and high ( 140 / 90 or higher ) . Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24 - hour period , with highest readings in the early morning and evenings and lowest readings at night . Loss of the normal fall in blood pressure at night is associated with a greater future risk of cardiovascular disease and there is evidence that night - time blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than day - time blood pressure . Also , an individual 's blood pressure varies with exercise , emotional reactions , sleep , digestion and time of day ( circadian rhythm ) . Various other factors , such as age and sex , also influence a person 's blood pressure . In children , the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height . Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children in different countries , based on the distribution of blood pressure in children of these countries . As adults age , systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic pressure tends to fall . Consequently , in the elderly , systolic blood pressure often exceeds the normal adult range , this is thought to be due to increased stiffness of the arteries . Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be small . However , occasionally there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation , e.g. for obstructive arterial disease . Reference ranges for blood pressure in children Stage Approximate age Systolic Diastolic Infants 1 to 12 months 75 -- 100 50 -- 70 Toddlers and preschoolers 1 to 5 years 80 -- 110 50 -- 80 School age 6 to 12 years 85 -- 120 50 -- 80 Adolescents 13 to 18 years 95 -- 140 60 -- 90 Mean arterial pressure ( edit ) The mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) is the average over a cardiac cycle and is determined by the cardiac output ( CO ) , systemic vascular resistance ( SVR ) , and central venous pressure ( CVP ) : MAP = ( CO ⋅ SVR ) + CVP ( \ displaystyle \ ! ( \ text ( MAP ) ) = ( ( \ text ( CO ) ) \ cdot ( \ text ( SVR ) ) ) + ( \ text ( CVP ) ) ) In practice the contribution of CVP ( which is small ) is generally ignored and so MAP = CO ⋅ SVR ( \ displaystyle \ ! ( \ text ( MAP ) ) = ( \ text ( CO ) ) \ cdot ( \ text ( SVR ) ) ) MAP can be estimated from measurements of the systolic pressure P sys ( \ displaystyle \ ! P_ ( \ text ( sys ) ) ) and the diastolic pressure P dias ( \ displaystyle \ ! P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) ) MAP ≊ P dias + 1 3 ( P sys − P dias ) ( \ displaystyle \ ! ( \ text ( MAP ) ) \ approxeq P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ( P_ ( \ text ( sys ) ) - P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) ) ) Pulse pressure ( edit ) Curve of the arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle . The closing of the aortic valve causes the notch in the curve . The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures , P pulse = P sys − P dias . ( \ displaystyle \ ! P_ ( \ text ( pulse ) ) = P_ ( \ text ( sys ) ) - P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) . ) The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of the cardiac output , i.e. the heartbeat . Pulse pressure is determined by the interaction of the stroke volume of the heart , the compliance ( ability to expand ) of the arterial system -- largely attributable to the aorta and large elastic arteries -- and the resistance to flow in the arterial tree . By expanding under pressure , the aorta absorbs some of the force of the blood surge from the heart during a heartbeat . In this way , the pulse pressure is reduced from what it would be if the aorta were not compliant . The loss of arterial compliance that occurs with aging explains the elevated pulse pressures found in elderly patients . Systemic venous pressure ( edit ) Site Normal pressure range ( in mmHg ) Central venous pressure 3 -- 8 Right ventricular pressure systolic 15 -- 30 diastolic 3 -- 8 Pulmonary artery pressure systolic 15 -- 30 diastolic 4 -- 12 Pulmonary vein / Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 2 -- 15 Left ventricular pressure systolic 100 -- 140 diastolic 3 - 12 Blood pressure generally refers to the arterial pressure in the systemic circulation . However , measurement of pressures in the venous system and the pulmonary vessels plays an important role in intensive care medicine but requires invasive measurement of pressure using a catheter . Venous pressure is the vascular pressure in a vein or in the atria of the heart . It is much less than arterial pressure , with common values of 5 mmHg in the right atrium and 8 mmHg in the left atrium . Variants of venous pressure include : Central venous pressure , which is a good approximation of right atrial pressure , which is a major determinant of right ventricular end diastolic volume . ( However , there can be exceptions in some cases . ) The jugular venous pressure ( JVP ) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system . It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease . The portal venous pressure is the blood pressure in the portal vein . It is normally 5 -- 10 mmHg Pulmonary pressure ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery pressure Normally , the pressure in the pulmonary artery is about 15 mmHg at rest . Increased blood pressure in the capillaries of the lung cause pulmonary hypertension , leading to interstitial edema if the pressure increases to above 20 mmHg , and to pulmonary edema at pressures above 25 mmHg . Disorders ( edit ) Disorders of blood pressure control include : high blood pressure , low blood pressure , and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation . High ( edit ) Main article : Hypertension Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure . Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long - term adverse effects . Sometimes it can be an acute problem , for example hypertensive emergency . Levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls . Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth ( atheroma ) that develops within the walls of arteries . The higher the pressure , the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken , enlarge and become weaker over time . Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes , heart attacks , heart failure and arterial aneurysms , and is the leading cause of chronic kidney failure . Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy . At severely high pressures , mean arterial pressures 50 % or more above average , a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated . In the past , most attention was paid to diastolic pressure ; but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure ( the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures ) are also risk factors . In some cases , it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk , due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures ( see the article on pulse pressure ) . If systolic blood pressure is elevated ( > 140 mmHg ) with a normal diastolic blood pressure ( < 90 mmHg ) , it is called `` isolated systolic hypertension '' and may present a health concern . For those with heart valve regurgitation , a change in its severity may be associated with a change in diastolic pressure . In a study of people with heart valve regurgitation that compared measurements 2 weeks apart for each person , there was an increased severity of aortic and mitral regurgitation when diastolic blood pressure increased , whereas when diastolic blood pressure decreased , there was a decreased severity . Low ( edit ) Main article : Hypotension Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypotension . Hypotension is a medical concern if it causes signs or symptoms , such as dizziness , fainting , or in extreme cases , shock . When arterial pressure and blood flow decrease beyond a certain point , the perfusion of the brain becomes critically decreased ( i.e. , the blood supply is not sufficient ) , causing lightheadedness , dizziness , weakness or fainting . Sometimes the arterial pressure drops significantly when a patient stands up from sitting . This is known as orthostatic hypotension ( postural hypotension ) ; gravity reduces the rate of blood return from the body veins below the heart back to the heart , thus reducing stroke volume and cardiac output . When people are healthy , the veins below their heart quickly constrict and the heart rate increases to minimize and compensate for the gravity effect . This is carried out involuntarily by the autonomic nervous system . The system usually requires a few seconds to fully adjust and if the compensations are too slow or inadequate , the individual will suffer reduced blood flow to the brain , dizziness and potential blackout . Increases in G - loading , such as routinely experienced by aerobatic or combat pilots ' pulling Gs ' , greatly increases this effect . Repositioning the body horizontally largely eliminates the problem . Other causes of low arterial pressure include : Sepsis Hemorrhage -- blood loss Toxins including toxic doses of blood pressure medicine Hormonal abnormalities , such as Addison 's disease Eating disorders , particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia Shock is a complex condition which leads to critically decreased perfusion . The usual mechanisms are loss of blood volume , pooling of blood within the veins reducing adequate return to the heart and / or low effective heart pumping . Low arterial pressure , especially low pulse pressure , is a sign of shock and contributes to and reflects decreased perfusion . If there is a significant difference in the pressure from one arm to the other , that may indicate a narrowing ( for example , due to aortic coarctation , aortic dissection , thrombosis or embolism ) of an artery . Fluctuating blood pressure ( edit ) Normal fluctuation in blood pressure is adaptive and necessary . Fluctuations in pressure that are significantly greater than the norm are associated with greater white matter hyperintensity , a finding consistent with reduced local cerebral blood flow and a heightened risk of cerebrovascular disease . Within both high and low blood pressure groups , a greater degree of fluctuation was found to correlate with an increase in cerebrovascular disease compared to those with less variability , suggesting the consideration of the clinical management of blood pressure fluctuations , even among normotensive older adults . Older individuals and those who had received blood pressure medications were more likely to exhibit larger fluctuations in pressure . Physiology ( edit ) Systole on the left and diastole on the right During each heartbeat , blood pressure varies between a maximum ( systolic ) and a minimum ( diastolic ) pressure . The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart . Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation . The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels . Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy . Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation , although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles . Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces ( e.g. , during standing ) , and valves in veins , breathing , and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins . Hemodynamics ( edit ) Main article : Hemodynamics Most influences on blood pressure can be understood in terms of their effect on cardiac output and resistance ( the determinants of mean arterial pressure ) . Some factors are : Blood volume : the greater the blood volume , the higher the cardiac output . There is some relationship between dietary salt intake and increased blood volume , potentially resulting in higher arterial pressure , though this varies with the individual and is highly dependent on autonomic nervous system response and the renin -- angiotensin system . Cardiac output : the pumping action of the heart is ultimately responsible for blood pressure . Increases or decreases in cardiac output can result in increases or decreases respectively in blood pressure . Systemic vascular resistance : the higher the resistance to blood flow , the higher the arterial pressure upstream needs to be to maintain flow . In simple terms , resistance is related to vessel radius by the Hagen - Poiseuille 's equation ( resistance ∝ 1 / radius , so the smaller the radius , the very much higher the resistance ) . Other physical factors that affect resistance include : vessel length ( the longer the vessel , the higher the resistance ) , blood viscosity ( the higher the viscosity , the higher the resistance ) and the presence of an arterial stenosis ( a narrow stenosis increases resistance to flow , however this increase in resistance rarely if ever increases systemic blood pressure , it decreases downstream flow ) . Substances called vasoconstrictors can reduce the calibre of blood vessels , thereby increasing blood pressure . Vasodilators ( such as nitroglycerin ) increase the calibre of blood vessels , thereby decreasing arterial pressure . In practice , each individual 's autonomic nervous system and other systems regulating blood pressure respond to and regulate all these factors so that , although the above issues are important , they rarely act in isolation and the actual arterial pressure response of a given individual can vary widely in the short and long - term . Regulation ( edit ) Main article : Homeostasis The endogenous regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood , but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well - characterized : Baroreceptor reflex : Baroreceptors in the high pressure receptor zones detect changes in arterial pressure . These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the medulla of the brain stem , specifically to the rostral ventrolateral medulla ( RVLM ) . The medulla , by way of the autonomic nervous system , adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart 's contractions , as well as the systemic vascular resistance . The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and right carotid sinuses and in the aortic arch . Renin - angiotensin system ( RAS ) : This system is generally known for its long - term adjustment of arterial pressure . This system allows the kidney to compensate for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous vasoconstrictor known as angiotensin II . Aldosterone release : This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassium levels . Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys . Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis , aldosterone will increase fluid retention , and indirectly , arterial pressure . Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones ( mainly in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins , and in the atria ) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH / Vasopressin ) , renin and aldosterone . The resultant increase in blood volume results in an increased cardiac output by the Frank -- Starling law of the heart , in turn increasing arterial blood pressure . These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other , as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release . When blood pressure falls many physiological cascades commence in order to return the blood pressure to a more appropriate level . The blood pressure fall is detected by a decrease in blood flow and thus a decrease in Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) . Decrease in GFR is sensed as a decrease in Na levels by the macula densa . The macula densa cause an increase in Na reabsorption , which causes water to follow in via osmosis and leads to an ultimate increase in plasma volume . Further , the macula densa releases adenosine which causes constriction of the afferent arterioles . At the same time , the juxtaglomerular cells sense the decrease in blood pressure and release renin . Renin converts angiotensinogen ( inactive form ) to angiotensin I ( active form ) . Angiotensin I flows in the bloodstream until it reaches the capillaries of the lungs where angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) acts on it to convert it into angiotensin II . Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor which will increase bloodflow to the heart and subsequently the preload , ultimately increasing the cardiac output . Angiotensin II also causes an increase in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands . Aldosterone further increases the Na and H O reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron . Currently , the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists . The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone , an aldosterone antagonist . The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics ; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume . Generally , the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in hypertension because if blocked , individuals may suffer from orthostatic hypotension and fainting . Measurement ( edit ) Taking another persons blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer Main article : Blood pressure measurement Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer , which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure . The most common automated blood pressure measurement technique is based on the so - called `` oscillometric '' method . Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury ( mmHg ) , though aneroid and electronic devices do not contain mercury . For each heartbeat , blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures . Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries , which occurs near the end of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting . Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries , which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood . An example of normal measured values for a resting , healthy adult human is 120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic ( written as 120 / 80 mmHg , and spoken as `` one - twenty over eighty '' ) . Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day ( in a circadian rhythm ) . They also change in response to stress , nutritional factors , drugs , disease , exercise , and momentarily from standing up . Sometimes the variations are large . Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high , as opposed to hypotension , when it is abnormally low . Along with body temperature , respiratory rate , and pulse rate , blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers . Measuring pressure invasively , by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement , is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting . Fetal blood pressure ( edit ) Further information : Fetal circulation § Blood pressure In pregnancy , it is the fetal heart and not the mother 's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive blood through the fetal circulation . The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation , and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation . The average blood pressure for full - term infants : Systolic 65 -- 95 mmHg Diastolic 30 -- 60 mmHg References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ogedegbe , Gbenga ; Pickering , Thomas ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement '' . Cardiology Clinics . 28 ( 4 ) : 571 -- 586 . ISSN 1558 - 2264 . PMC 3639494 . PMID 20937442 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccl. 2010.07. 006 . Jump up ^ O'brien , Eoin ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Blood pressure measurement is changing ! '' . Heart . 85 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 5 . ISSN 1468 - 201X . PMC 1729570 . PMID 11119446 . doi : 10.1136 / heart. 85.1. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding blood pressure readings '' . American Heart Association . 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mayo Clinic staff ( 2009 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Low blood pressure ( hypotension ) -- Causes '' . MayoClinic.com . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guideline for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults '' ( PDF ) . Heart Foundation . 2016 . p. 12 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel LJ , Brands MW , Daniels SR , Karanja N , Elmer PJ , Sacks FM ( February 2006 ) . `` Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension : a scientific statement from the American Heart Association '' . Hypertension. 47 ( 2 ) : 296 -- 308 . PMID 16434724 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000202568.01167. B6 . Jump up ^ Yusuf , Salim ; Lonn , Eva ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The SPRINT and the HOPE - 3 Trial in the Context of Other Blood Pressure - Lowering Trials '' . JAMA cardiology. 1 ( 8 ) : 857 -- 858 . ISSN 2380 - 6591 . PMID 27602555 . doi : 10.1001 / jamacardio. 2016.2169 . Jump up ^ Chobanian AV , Bakris GL , Black HR , Cushman WC , Green LA , Izzo JL , Jones DW , Materson BJ , Oparil S , Wright JT , Roccella EJ ( December 2003 ) . `` Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention , Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Pressure '' . Hypertension. 42 ( 6 ) : 1206 -- 52 . PMID 14656957 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000107251.49515. c2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diseases and conditions index -- hypotension '' . National Heart Lung and Blood Institute . September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ NHS choices : What is blood pressure ? Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 Jump up ^ NHS choices : High blood pressure ( hypertension ) Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 Jump up ^ Table : Comparison of ambulatory blood pressures and urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion measured at work , home , and during sleep between European -- American ( n = 110 ) and African -- American ( n = 51 ) women Jump up ^ van Berge - Landry HM , Bovbjerg DH , James GD ( October 2008 ) . `` Relationship between waking - sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African - American and European - American women '' . Blood Press Monit. 13 ( 5 ) : 257 -- 62 . PMC 2655229 . PMID 18799950 . doi : 10.1097 / MBP. 0b013e3283078f45 . NIHMS90092 . Jump up ^ Hansen , T.W. ; Li , Y. ; Boggia , J. ; Thijs , L. ; Richart , T. ; Staessen , J.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Predictive Role of the Nighttime Blood Pressure '' . Hypertension. 57 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 10 . ISSN 0194 - 911X . doi : 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA. 109.133900 . Jump up ^ National Heart , Lung and Blood Institute . `` Blood pressure tables for children and adolescents '' . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ( Note that the median blood pressure is given by the 50th percentile and hypertension is defined by the 95th percentile for a given age , height , and sex . ) Jump up ^ Chiolero A ( Mar 2014 ) . `` The quest for blood pressure reference values in children . '' . Journal of Hypertension. 32 ( 3 ) : 477 -- 79 . PMID 24477093 . doi : 10.1097 / HJH. 0000000000000109 . Jump up ^ ( Pickering et al. 2005 , p. 145 ) See Isolated Systolic Hypertension . Jump up ^ `` ... more than half of all Americans aged 65 or older have hypertension . '' ( Pickering et al. 2005 , p. 144 ) Jump up ^ Franklin , Stanley S. ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Beyond blood pressure : Arterial stiffness as a new biomarker of cardiovascular disease '' . Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH. 2 ( 3 ) : 140 -- 151 . ISSN 1933 - 1711 . PMID 20409896 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jash. 2007.09. 002 . Jump up ^ Eguchi K , Yacoub M , Jhalani J , Gerin W , Schwartz JE , Pickering TG ( February 2007 ) . `` Consistency of blood pressure differences between the left and right arms '' . Arch Intern Med. 167 ( 4 ) : 388 -- 93 . PMID 17325301 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 167.4. 388 . Jump up ^ Agarwal R , Bunaye Z , Bekele DM ( March 2008 ) . `` Prognostic significance of between - arm blood pressure differences '' . Hypertension. 51 ( 3 ) : 657 -- 62 . PMID 18212263 . doi : 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA. 107.104943 . Jump up ^ PEDIATRIC AGE SPECIFIC , p. 6 . Revised 6 / 10 . By Theresa Kirkpatrick and Kateri Tobias . UCLA Health System ^ Jump up to : Klabunde , RE ( 2007 ) . `` Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts -- Mean Arterial Pressure '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Klabunde , RE ( 2007 ) . `` Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts -- Pulse Pressure '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Table 30 - 1 in : Trudie A Goers ; Washington University School of Medicine Department of Surgery ; Klingensmith , Mary E ; Li Ern Chen ; Sean C Glasgow ( 2008 ) . The Washington manual of surgery . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7447 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Central Venous Catheter Physiology '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tkachenko BI , Evlakhov VI , Poyasov IZ ( 2002 ) . `` Independence of changes in right atrial pressure and central venous pressure '' . Bull . Exp. Biol. Med. 134 ( 4 ) : 318 -- 20 . PMID 12533747 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1021931508946 . Jump up ^ `` Esophageal Varices : Article Excerpt by : Samy A Azer '' . eMedicine . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ What Is Pulmonary Hypertension ? From Diseases and Conditions Index ( DCI ) . National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute . Last updated September 2008 . Retrieved on 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Chapter 41 , p. 210 in : Cardiology secrets By Olivia Vynn Adair Edition : 2 , illustrated Published by Elsevier Health Sciences , 2001 ISBN 1 - 56053 - 420 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56053 - 420 - 4 Jump up ^ Textbook of Medical Physiology , 7th Ed. , Guyton & Hall , Elsevier - Saunders , ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 1 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Isolated systolic hypertension : A health concern ? -- MayoClinic.com '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Clinical Management of Isolated Systolic Hypertension '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gottdiener JS , Panza JA , St John Sutton M , Bannon P , Kushner H , Weissman NJ ( July 2002 ) . `` Testing the test : The reliability of echocardiography in the sequential assessment of valvular regurgitation '' . American Heart Journal . 144 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 21 . PMID 12094197 . doi : 10.1067 / mhj. 2002.123139 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Franco Folino A ( 2007 ) . `` Cerebral autoregulation and syncope '' . Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 50 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . PMID 17631437 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pcad. 2007.01. 001 . Jump up ^ Thomas AJ , Perry R , Barber R , Kalaria RN , O'Brien JT ( 2002 ) . `` Pathologies and Pathological Mechanisms for White Matter Hyperintensities in Depression '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 977 : 333 -- 339 . PMID 12480770 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2002. tb04835. x . ^ Jump up to : Brickman AM , Reitz C , Luchsinger JA , Manly JJ , Schupf N , Muraskin J , DeCarli C , Brown TR , Mayeux R ( 2010 ) . `` Long - term Blood Pressure Fluctuation and Cerebrovascular Disease in an Elderly Cohort '' . Archives of Neurology . 67 ( 5 ) : 564 -- 569 . PMC 2917204 . PMID 20457955 . doi : 10.1001 / archneurol. 2010.70 . Jump up ^ `` Normal Blood Pressure Range Adults '' . Health and Life . ^ Jump up to : Caro , Colin G. ( 1978 ) . The Mechanics of The Circulation . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 263323 - 6 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , Richard ( 2005 ) . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 93 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5030 - 1 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Freis ED ( 1976 ) . `` Salt , volume and the prevention of hypertension '' . Circulation. 53 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 95 . PMID 767020 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 53.4. 589 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Caplea A , Seachrist D , Dunphy G , Ely D ( April 2001 ) . `` Sodium - induced rise in blood pressure is suppressed by androgen receptor blockade '' . AJP : Heart . 4 . 280 ( 4 ) : H1793 -- 801 . PMID 11247793 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Houston , Mark ( January 1986 ) . `` Sodium and Hypertension : A Review '' . Archives of Intern Medicine . 1 . 146 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 85 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 1986.00360130217028 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Guyton , A.C. ( 1981 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The relationship of cardiac output and arterial pressure control '' . Circulation. 64 ( 6 ) : 1079 -- 1088 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 6794930 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. cir. 64.6. 1079 . Jump up ^ Lee , A.J. ( 1997 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The role of rheological and haemostatic factors in hypertension '' . Journal of Human Hypertension. 11 ( 12 ) : 767 -- 776 . ISSN 0950 - 9240 . PMID 9468002 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. jhh. 1000556 . Jump up ^ Coffman , J.D. ( 1988 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Pathophysiology of obstructive arterial disease '' . Herz. 13 ( 6 ) : 343 -- 350 . ISSN 0340 - 9937 . PMID 3061915 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2007 ) . `` Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts -- Arterial Baroreceptors '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Archived version 2009 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ Booth J ( 1977 ) . `` A short history of blood pressure measurement '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine . 70 ( 11 ) : 793 -- 9 . PMC 1543468 . PMID 341169 . Jump up ^ Forouzanfar , M. ; Dajani , H.R. ; Groza , V.Z. ; Bolic , M. ; Rajan , S. ; Batkin , I. ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation : Past , Present , and Future '' . IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering . 8 : 44 -- 63 . ISSN 1937 - 3333 . doi : 10.1109 / RBME. 2015.2434215 . Jump up ^ `` Vital Signs ( Body Temperature , Pulse Rate , Respiration Rate , Blood Pressure ) '' . OHSU Health Information . Oregon Health & Science University . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Struijk PC , Mathews VJ , Loupas T , Stewart PA , Clark EB , Steegers EA , Wladimiroff JW ( October 2008 ) . `` Blood pressure estimation in the human fetal descending aorta '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 32 ( 5 ) : 673 -- 81 . PMID 18816497 . doi : 10.1002 / uog. 6137 . Jump up ^ Sharon , S.M. & Emily , S.M. ( 2006 ) . Foundations of Maternal - Newborn Nursing . ( 4th ed p. 476 ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier . Further reading ( edit ) Pickering TG , Hall JE , Appel LJ , et al. ( 2005 ) . Subcommittee of Professional Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research . `` Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals : Part 1 : blood pressure measurement in humans : a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research '' . Hypertension. 45 ( 5 ) : 142 -- 61 . PMID 15611362 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000150859.47929. 8e . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blood pressure . Blood Pressure Association ( UK ) About High Blood Pressure , American Heart Association Control of Blood Pressure , Toronto General Hospital Blood Pressure Chart , Vaughn 's Summaries ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell GND : 4007263 - 0 NDL : 00565670 NKC : ph121951 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_pressure&oldid=802650885 '' Categories : Blood pressure Mathematics in medicine Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . 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what is systolic blood pressure a measure of
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"Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. When used without further specification, \"blood pressure\" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum during one heart beat) over diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heart beats) and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure (considered to be zero for convenience)."
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"systolic pressure (maximum during one heart beat)"
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Kevin McNally
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Kevin McNally - wikipedia Kevin McNally Jump to : navigation , search Kevin McNally McNally in November 2017 Kevin Robert McNally ( 1956 - 04 - 27 ) 27 April 1956 ( age 61 ) Bristol , England Nationality British Other names Kevin R. McNally Occupation Actor Years active 1976 -- present Spouse ( s ) Phyllis Logan ( m . 2011 ) Children Kevin Robert McNally ( born 27 April 1956 ) is an English actor who has worked in theatre and radio as well as in film and television . He is best known for portraying Joshamee Gibbs in Disney 's Pirates of the Caribbean film series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Selected stage roles 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Bristol , McNally spent his early years in Birmingham , attending Redhill Junior School on Redhill Road in Hay Mills and Mapledene Junior School ( now Mapledene Primary School ) on Mapledene Road in Sheldon . He went to Central Grammar School for Boys on Gressel Lane in Tile Cross . Career ( edit ) His first professional job , at the age of 16 , was at the Birmingham Rep. In 1973 he was awarded a scholarship to attend the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where , in 1975 , he won the Best Actor Bancroft Gold Medal . In 1977 he was a regular in the second series of Poldark ( 1975 TV series ) playing Drake Carne , younger brother of Demelza Poldark . From 1991 to 1994 , he wrote nine episodes of Minder under the pseudonym Kevin Sperring with writing partner Bernard Dempsey . He played Joshamee Gibbs in the Pirates of the Caribbean films , and is one of three actors to have appeared in all five films . In 2011 , he was cast in the American television series Supernatural , as Frank . In 2012 , he performed as a voice actor for the best selling video game Assassin 's Creed III , providing the likeness and voice of the character of Robert Faulkner . In 2013 , he began working on a science fiction animation project called Sam Sweetmilk . Personal life ( edit ) McNally met actress Phyllis Logan in 1994 , and they married on 15 August 2011 . Their son David was born in 1996 . The family lives in Chiswick . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) McNally at the MagicCity Comic Con in January 2015 . Year Title Role 1977 The Spy Who Loved Me HMS Ranger Crewman 1980 The Long Good Friday Irish Youth 1982 Enigma Bruno 1985 Not Quite Paradise Pete 1985 The Berlin Affair Heinz von Hollendorf Cry Freedom Ken Jekyll & Hyde Sergeant Hornby 1992 Stalin Sergey Kirov 1997 Spice World Policeman 1998 Sliding Doors Paul 1999 Entrapment Haas 2000 When the Sky Falls 2001 Conspiracy Martin Luther 2001 High Heels and Low Lifes Mason 2003 Johnny English Prime Minister 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Joshamee Gibbs De-Lovely Gerald Murphy The Phantom of the Opera Joseph Buquet 2005 Irish Jam Lord Hailstock 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Joshamee Gibbs 2006 Scoop Mike Tinsley 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Joshamee Gibbs 2008 Tuesday Jerry 2008 Valkyrie Carl Goerdeler 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Joshamee Gibbs 2012 Hamilton : In the Interest of the Nation Harold Smith 2012 The Raven Henry Maddux 2013 Bounty Killer Daft Willy 2015 Legend Harold Wilson 2015 The Man Who Knew Infinity Percy Alexander MacMahon 2017 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Joshamee Gibbs Along with fellow British actors Ian McNeice and Kenneth Branagh , McNally appeared in two Second World War films , Valkyrie and Conspiracy that depict behind the scenes activities of high ranking officials in Nazi Germany . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role 1976 I , Claudius Castor 1976 Survivors ( Parasites ) Kane 1977 The Duchess of Duke Street ( A Lesson in Manners ) Tom Prince 1977 Poldark series II Drake Carne 1978 The Devil 's Crown Henry the Young King 1981 Masada Norbanus 1984 Diana Jan 1984 Doctor Who ( The Twin Dilemma ) Hugo Lang 1991 Bottom ( Smells ) Sex shop owner 1992 The Common Pursuit Stuart Thorne Full Stretch Baz Levick 1995 A Bit of Fry & Laurie Himself / Various 1995 Ghosts Craig Byatt 1997 Underworld Mr Jezzard 1997 -- 1999 Dad Alan Hook 1999 Rab C. Nesbitt ( Commons ) MP Tony Welthorpe 1999 Midsomer Murders ( Blood Will Out ) Orville Tudway 2000 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles Walter Burton Harris 2002 Shackleton Captain Frank Worsley 2002 Spooks Robert Osborne 2002 Bedtime Simon 2005 Bloodlines James Hopkin 2007 Life on Mars Supt . Harry Woolf 2007 The Minister of Divine Wesley 2009 Demons Mr Tibbs 2009 Margaret Kenneth Clarke 2009 Wuthering Heights Mr Earnshaw 2009 Law & Order : UK Harry Morgan New Tricks ( Left Field ) Fred Blackledge Marple ( The Blue Geranium ) Inspector Sumerset Midsomer Murders ( The Noble Art ) Gerald Farquaharson 2011 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( Freaks & Geeks ) Major Willie 2011 - 2012 Supernatural ( Slash Fiction ) ( Adventures in Babysitting ) ( The Girl with the Dungeons and Dragons Tattoo ) Frank Devereaux 2011 - 2012 Downton Abbey Horace Bryant 2012 Burn Notice ( `` Odd Man Out '' ) James Vanek 2013 The Challenger Lawrence Mulloy 2013 The Mill Mr. Timperley 2014 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies Richard Woodhull 2014 24 : Live Another Day ( Day 9 : 10 : 00PM - 11 : 00AM ) Russian agent 2015 Count Arthur Strong Ernest 2016 Lost Sitcoms : Hancock 's Half Hour Tony Hancock 2016 Designated Survivor Harris Cochrane 2017 Maigret 's Night at the Crossroads Inspector Grandjean Other television credits include : Z - Cars , The Bill , Casualty , The New Statesman and Murder Most Horrid . McNally also co wrote several episodes of the television series Minder and Boon in the 1980s . Selected stage roles ( edit ) Title Role Theatre Notes King Lear King Lear Shakespeare 's Globe opposite Saskia Reeves , Burt Caesar Hamlet Claudius Donmar at Wyndham 's Theatre opposite Jude Law , Ron Cook and Penelope Wilton Ivanov Lebedev Donmar at Wyndham 's Theatre opposite Kenneth Branagh , Malcolm Sinclair and Gina McKee Nominated -- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role Boeing Boeing Bernard Comedy Theatre The Lady in the Van Alan Bennett 2 Queen 's Theatre opposite Maggie Smith and Alan Bennett Naked Grotti Almeida Theatre opposite Juliette Binoche Dead Funny Richard Savoy Theatre The Iceman Cometh Paritt National Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Profile , debretts.com ; accessed 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin R McNally '' . findmypast.co.uk . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McNally - Questions and Answers - Interview '' . Londontheatre.co.uk. 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Timperly ( Kevin McNally ) '' . The Mill . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Profile , joshgill.wordpress.com ; accessed 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kevin McNally cast in Supernatural , digitalspy.co.uk ; accessed 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Boshoff , Alison ( 2 October 2015 ) . `` How Downton 's unlikely lovebird proved you 're never too old for marriage ! Actress , 55 , who plays Mrs Hughes in drama married her own Carson in real life '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on 14 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Records kept by Clark County , Nevada , reveal that she married Kevin McNally , a fellow actor , on August 15 , 2011 ... ( The two met ) Tin 1994 . Two years later , they had a baby , David . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Janie ( 29 October 2012 ) . `` I 'll stay in Downton Abbey as long as I can says Phyllis Logan '' . Daily Express . UK . Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filmography '' . An Acclamation for Kevin R. McNally ( official site ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Telly '' . An Acclamation for Kevin R. McNally ( official site ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 January 2008 . Jump up ^ IMDB : http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214950/ Jump up ^ Michael Billington ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` King Lear review -- poverty - stricken Shakespeare puts spotlight on homeless '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kevin McNally . Kevin McNally on IMDb VIAF : 85849681 LCCN : no97011138 ISNI : 0000 0001 1476 7382 GND : 1045801208 BNF : cb140714564 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_McNally&oldid=824947508 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Male actors from Bristol English male Shakespearean actors People from Bristol People from Chiswick 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 15 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played gibbs in pirates of the caribbean
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"Kevin Robert McNally (born 27 April 1956)[1] is an English actor who has worked in theatre and radio as well as in film and television. He is best known for portraying Joshamee Gibbs in Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean film series."
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"Kevin Robert McNally"
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United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota
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United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota - wikipedia United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota Jump to : navigation , search Department of Justice U.S. Attorney for the District of South Dakota Seal of the United States Department of Justice Department overview Department executive Ron A. Parsons Jr. , United States Attorney Website www.justice.gov/usao-sd The United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota is the United States Attorney responsible for representing the federal government in the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota . By statute , the U.S. Attorney is responsible for prosecuting both federal crimes and all serious crimes committed by adults in the District of South Dakota . Therefore , the U.S. Attorney for the South Dakota serves as both the federal prosecutor ( as in the other 92 U.S. Attorneys ' offices ) and as the local district attorney . The United States Attorney is Ron A. Parsons Jr . List of U.S. Attorneys for the District of South Dakota ( edit ) No . Name Term of Office Political Party Law school graduated from President 31 William F. Clayton 1969 - 1977 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law Richard Nixon 32 David V. Vrooman 1977 - 1980 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Jimmy Carter 33 James H. Reynolds 1980 - 1981 Democrat University of Iowa College of Law Jimmy Carter 34 Philip N. Hogen 1981 - 1991 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law Ronald Reagan 35 Kevin Schieffer ( Not confirmed by Senate ) 1991 - 1993 Republican Georgetown Law Center George H.W. Bush 36 Karen Schreier 1993 - 1999 Democrat St. Louis University School of Law Bill Clinton 37 Ted McBride 1999 - 2001 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Bill Clinton 38 James E. McMahon 2002 - 2005 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law George W. Bush 39 Marty Jackley 2006 - 2009 Republican University of South Dakota School of Law George W. Bush 40 Brendan Johnson 2009 - 2015 Democrat University of Virginia School of Law Barack Obama 41 Randy Seiler 2015 - 2017 Democrat University of South Dakota School of Law Barack Obama 42 Ron A. Parsons Jr . 2018 - present Republican University of South Dakota School of Law Donald Trump See also ( edit ) University of South Dakota School of Law Attorney General of South Dakota South Dakota Supreme Court References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hayworth , Bret . `` Top federal attorney in S. Dakota draws Siouxland roots '' . siouxcityjournal.com . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_South_Dakota&oldid=820013076 '' Categories : United States district courts South Dakota law Sioux Falls , South Dakota Rapid City , South Dakota Pierre , South Dakota Brown County , South Dakota 1889 establishments in South Dakota Courthouses in South Dakota Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 16 : 01 . About Wikipedia
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united states attorney for the district of south dakota
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"\nDepartment of Justice\nU.S. Attorney for the\nDistrict of South Dakota\n\n\nSeal of the United States Department of Justice\n\n\n\nDepartment overview\n\n\nDepartment executive\n\n\n\nRon A. Parsons Jr., United States Attorney\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.justice.gov/usao-sd\n\n"
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Zihuatanejo
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Zihuatanejo - wikipedia Zihuatanejo Jump to : navigation , search Zihuatanejo Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo Town Zihuatanejo de Azueta Playa Principal with docks in background Seal Zihuatanejo Location in Mexico Coordinates : 17 ° 38 ′ 40 '' N 101 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W / 17.64444 ° N 101.55111 ° W / 17.64444 ; - 101.55111 Coordinates : 17 ° 38 ′ 40 '' N 101 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W / 17.64444 ° N 101.55111 ° W / 17.64444 ; - 101.55111 Country Mexico State Guerrero Founded 1520s Municipal Status 1953 Government Municipal President ( Mayor ) Gustavo García Bello ( 2015 - 2018 ) Area Municipality 1,468 km ( 567 sq mi ) Town 10 km ( 4 sq mi ) Elevation of seat 20 m ( 70 ft ) Population ( 2005 ) Municipality Municipality 104,609 Density 71 / km ( 180 / sq mi ) Town 62,376 Town density 6,200 / km ( 16,000 / sq mi ) Time zone CST ( UTC − 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Postal code ( of seat ) 40880 Area code ( s ) 755 Zihuatanejo ( Spanish pronunciation : ( siwataˈnexo ) ) , or Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo , is the fourth - largest city in the Mexican state of Guerrero . Politically the city belongs to the municipality of Zihuatanejo de Azueta in the western part of Guerrero , but both are commonly referred to as Zihuatanejo . It is on the Pacific Coast , about 240 km ( 150 miles ) northwest of Acapulco , and belongs to a section of the Mexican Pacific Coast known as the Costa Grande . This town has been developed as a tourist attraction along with the modern tourist resort of Ixtapa , 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) away . However , Zihuatanejo has kept its traditional town feel . The town is located on a well - protected bay which is popular with private boat owners during the winter months . There are two possible origins for the name Zihuatanejo . One origin might be from the Purépecha language meaning `` water of the yellow mountain ; '' another possible origin might be from Nahuatl ( Cihuatlán ) meaning `` place of women . '' Cihuatlán , or `` place of women , '' refers to the western paradise of the Nahuatl universe , the home of the `` goddess women . '' According to tradition , these women arose in the afternoon to lead the sun at dusk to the realm of the dead , Mictlan , to give a dim light to the dead . `` De Azueta '' is in honor of José Azueta , who died fighting a U.S. incursion into the country in Veracruz in 1914 . Zihuatanejo spent most of its history until recently as a sleepy fishing village . The federal government 's decision to develop the nearby resort in the 1970s has had major implications for both the city and municipality of Zihuatanejo . The area is now the third most - visited area in Mexico , after Cancún and Puerto Vallarta , and the most popular for sports fishermen . Zihuatanejo 's population jumped from 6,887 to 37,328 by the early 1990s . Recently , a new highway called the `` Maxipista Siglo XXI '' was built to connect Zihuatanejo with Morelia , cutting the travel time from Mexico City to about six hours . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-colonial era 1.2 Colonial era 1.3 Independence and post-colonial era 1.4 20th century 2 The town and its bay 2.1 Town center 2.2 The port 2.2. 1 Cruises 2.3 Museum of Archeology 2.4 The bay and its beaches 3 The municipality 4 Food 5 Climate 6 Transportation 7 In popular culture 8 Sister cities 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Aztec glyph for the area Pre-colonial era ( edit ) The first human inhabitants of the region were nomadic tribes with a hunting and gathering culture . By the 15th century , the area was inhabited by groups called the Chumbia , the Panteca and the Coixcas . These groups mined salt in what is now Ixtapa . The two main settlements in the area were Cihuatlán , which is near the modern Zihuatanejo , and Petatlán . These two settlements along with much of the surrounding area was part of a pre-Hispanic dominion called Cuitlatepan . It extended from the Atoyac River along the coast and inland to the borders of what are now the states of Michoacán and Mexico State . Little remains of these two settlements , mostly because they were abandoned by most of the local inhabitants after being conquered by the Aztecs . The area had always been sparsely populated before the colonial era . There are some myths and legends related to the place . There is a story that states that Zihuatanejo was a sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Cihuatéotl , who was of Olmec origin . She was considered to be the mother of the human race and the goddess of women who died in childbirth and of warriors who died in battle . In modern Zihuatanejo , there is an area called `` La Madera '' to the east of the port that may have been a shrine or sanctuary due to the significant number of pre-Hispanic clay figures that have been found . It is thought that this was dedicated to her . The area also appears to have been a sanctuary for the burial of important persons . In pre-Hispanic times , Purépecha kings used this area as a recreational area . Just south of the Zihuatanejo Airport there is a large archeological site at La Soledad De Maciel and the small town of La Chole . While artifacts have been found there since the 1930s , excavations were only started between 2000 and 2010 . The site was occupied from 3000 BCE to the early 600s CE when it was destroyed by a tsunami . It was occupied by three different cultures and was an important trading city for both Teotihuacan and the Olmec . At its height it had a large population with the site possibly covering a 10 km2 area . Only a small part of the site has been excavated because most of it is owned by the local farmers who grow fruit trees , vegetables , coconuts for copra and tobacco that they roll into cigars . The Mexican government is in the process of buying back the site but it will be a slow process . Still , what has been uncovered is worth seeing . Cuitlatepan was conquered by the Aztecs under Ahuizotl in 1497 . It was renamed Cihuatlán and turned into a tributary province . Colonial era ( edit ) The Spanish arrived in the 1520s . The first Spaniard to arrive here is said to have been Gonzalo de Umbria , sent by Hernán Cortés to explore the area to see if there was any gold . The conquest caused the native peoples to mostly abandon the area , and it is not known where they went . Those left to provide tribute were known in the Mexican highlands for their cotton shawls and decorated conch shells . The oldest document with Zihuatanejo 's name is called the Matricula de Tributos ( Record of Tribute ) . Today the local dialect has been lost and the only trace of the native population is a small archaeological site that was explored by INAH in the 1990s . The Spanish used the bay as a point of departure to explore the Pacific coast as well as a port for the first ships to sail to the Philippines , the Florida , the Espiritu Santo and the Santiago . These ships were ordered built by Hernán Cortés and offered to the Spanish king Carlos V . According to the chronicles written by Bernal Díaz del Castillo , the ships were constructed here using Spanish carpenters and local wood . They left Zihuatanejo Bay on 31 October 1527 with Captain Alvaro de Saavedra y Cerón . Only the Florida made it to the Asian islands , and neither the captain nor crew ever returned to Mexico . The Ixtapa area was given to Anton Sanchez as an encomienda , with nearby Pochutla and Tamaloca as part of this arrangement . With the disappearance of the native population , fields and forests were worked by Spaniards , leaving little in the way of the colonial system which was prevalent in other parts of Mexico . The Spanish raised chocolate , cotton , vanilla and corn here ; however the main export was tropical woods such as cedar , oak , walnut and others . Much of this was exported to Europe . Some gold was found here , mostly in an area in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains in an area called Real de Guadalupe and areas north of the current municipality . During the colonial period , the Spanish galleons of Manila brought coconut trees to the area , which still flourish . They were the basis of the economy of the coast for some time . Few , if any , vestiges of the haciendas of the area remain , mostly because lasting constructions such as stone mansions or aqueducts were never built , as they were in other parts of Mexico . These haciendas were generally owned by foreigners , such as the Inguarán company of France or by creoles . View of the town in 1748 The town now known as Zihuatanejo was a fishing village , surrounded by large haciendas . Between 1680 and 1740 there are indications that the port was used for contraband trade ; that is , for trade of arriving Asian products between New Spain and Peru , an interregional trade which had been forbidden . In the second half of the 16th century , the original Spanish shipyards at Zacatula burned . Unable to reconstruct them , new ones were built at Zihuatanejo . The surrounding haciendas occasionally used the bay as a port to ship wood and minerals . The bay was visited during the colonial period by many pirates . Independence and post-colonial era ( edit ) The municipality was spared involvement in the Mexican War of Independence , except for its use by José María Morelos y Pavón as a logistic port in 1811 . Morelos created the province of Tecpan , which included Zihuatanejo . However , the municipality did suffer consequences during the Mexican Revolution . Generally , it was sympathetic to the rebel cause and many joined , such as brothers Alfredo , Leonel , Hector and Homero Lopez . Because of its sympathies , various bands associated with the different forces fighting against the Porfirio Diaz government ( and each other ) came through here , as well as federal forces . These led to a certain amount of sacking , pillaging and vandalism . In 1823 , with the first republic , Zihuatanejo was separated from Tecpan and became part of the district of Acapulco . When the state of Guerrero was created , Zihuatanejo was part of the municipality of La Unión and Petatlán . 20th century ( edit ) In 1926 , a group called the `` vidalistas '' attacked the town which led to a secret agreement with the government to free a number of the compatriots . In 1952 , there was a strike by workers on coconut plantations from Acapulco to Zihuatanejo . Strikers blocked the highways of the town . In 1953 , the town gained municipality status . In the 1970s , the area changed radically when the federal government decided to develop the Zihuatanejo - Ixtapa area into a tourist attraction . This caused the population to increase dramatically , especially in the 1980s and today the main economic base is tourism . Tourism in Zihuatanejo was negatively impacted by some events in the 2000s . In May 2008 , bull sharks gathered in large numbers along the coast for unknown reasons ; two surfers were killed and a third was injured . The attacks occurred during a three - week period causing a `` Jaws - like mania '' and the construction of lifeguard towers and the establishment of a shark patrol for the beaches of Zihuatanejo and north . It was a rare phenomenon that subsided after the sharks dispersed . On 20 February 2009 , a group of men in a pickup truck threw explosive devices at the installations of the Secretariat of Public Safety of the municipality of Zihuatanejo , resulting in five persons injured . The attack occurred at 7 : 45 pm near the municipal docks . At the time of the attack , the 56th Infantry Battalion had been stationed in Zihuatanejo , mostly to interdict the traffic in arms , drugs and stolen vehicles . The grenade attack on the security headquarters was followed by a highway ambush that killed four policemen . Kidnapping of Mexican citizens has been a problem here as well . In one instance four kidnapping victims were rescued by elements of the Mexican military and police , killing one suspect in the process . The town and its bay ( edit ) Town center ( edit ) Part of Paseo del Pescador or boardwalk The fishing town and resort of Zihuatanejo spreads out around the Bay of Zihuatanejo and inland toward the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains . The town is the seat of government for the municipality and the principal community in the region . Since the 1970s , it has been developed in conjunction with nearby Ixtapa , but conserving its traditional Mexican feel . The downtown is called `` El Centro '' and is located on the north end of the bay . The centro still has its narrow streets paved with stones or bricks . The town also has a long - standing community of Swiss and Italian immigrants . The heart of Zihuatanejo is the waterfront walkway Paseo del Pescador ( Fisherman 's Path ) , also called the malecón . This tree - lined pedestrian walkway goes along the municipal beach between the archeological museum and the fishing pier . It is lined with restaurants offering seafood and many other dishes , as well as a variety of stores selling rugs , arts and crafts and souvenirs , and a small shell market . In the evening , this area fills with people socializing . Plaza with basketball court Instead of a traditional plaza , the center is a basketball court which is in front of the beach and serves as a point of reference . It is surrounded by benches and shade trees . Next to this are the gazebo and the Casa de la Cultura . These venues host music , concerts , cultural presentations , art shows . The main thoroughfare for cars is Juan Alvarez , a block behind the malecón . Sections of several of the main streets are designated pedestrian zones . The main church of the town , the Parish of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe , is located nearby . Zihuatanejo 's oldest building was part of the Ingrana family hacienda , which was a coconut plantation . Today , the building houses `` Restaurant Coconuts '' , but was the storage facility for the plantation when it was built about 150 years ago . The plantation remained in the family until the Mexican Revolution , when this particular building was confiscated and turned into a field hospital and the rest of the plantation was divided into smaller units . The current restaurant opened in 1979 after restoring this building . Much of the timber in the bar area is original . The gallery of Restaurant Coconuts has a collection of Works done by Guerrero native Nicolás de Jesús . The Mercado de Artesanías ( Crafts Market ) has 250 shops , which sell a wide variety of crafts . These include those local work done with seashells , coral and snailshells . The market also has silver from Taxco and lacquered objects from Olinalá , Guerrero , and ceramics and bark paper paintings from the central valleys region of Oaxaca . The town center has its own beach , called the `` municipal beach '' , but it is not recommended for swimming . Due to its proximity to the port , there is constant maritime traffic in this part of the bay . `` The Parthenon '' , a luxury residence built and once owned by Arturo Durazo Moreno `` El Negro '' , nowadays managed by the Fideicomiso Bahía de Zihuatanejo ( Fibazi ) , Bay of Zihuatanejo Trust The town hosts an annual festival called the Annual Zihua Sail Fest , which raises funds for the education of disadvantaged children in Zihuatanejo . The five - day event takes place in February with more than 100 boats , some from as far away as Alaska coming into the bay . Events include cocktail parties , concerts , auctions and sailboat races , chili cook offs and street fairs . In 2009 , the event raised $640,000 pesos , along with a matching grant and a donation of $20,000 USD by the Rotary Club . Another festival is the Zihuatanejo International Guitar Festival which is held in March ; it is a week - long event held at multiple locations every night , with a children 's show as well as a free public show at the main plaza . The Zihua Guitar Fest brings guitarists from all over the world such as Canadian artist Adrian Raso , South Africa 's Margarets Daughter , Nashville 's Eric McFadden and Texas based Los Pistoleros to name a few . This festival prides itself in drawing tourism to the area which helps support the many small family - owned businesses . This festival began in 2004 and has been a big hit for locals as well as tourists . The port ( edit ) Fish market area The port is mainly used by fishermen who arrive to the docks every morning with their catch , `` pangas '' and other boats that ferry passengers to places like Las Gatas beach , and fishing charters . There is also a cruise ship greet and rest area for passenger who visit the town . Sport fishing is a major draw to this part of Zihuatanejo . In February 2001 , Sport Fishing Magazine rated the Zihuatanejo area second worldwide for sailfishing , based on the number of strikes per day and other factors . Yearly , on the first weekend of May , Zihuatanejo hosts the International Sailfish Tournament . The event brings hundreds of fishermen and boats into town in the hopes of winning one of the many prizes offered for largest sailfish , marlin and dorado . Fish that can be caught here include roosterfish , jacks , snook , grouper and small tuna close to shore between Wamaluli Point and Morro de Pampanoa , but they are not the main attraction here . Most of the sport fishing occurs offshore , about five miles out . Billfish of one of the major attractions . Sport fishing operations exists here using boats such as super pangas and luxury cruisers . Sailfish and marlin can be had , catch and release . The seas can be very choppy near the shore but calm farther out . Most visitors come for these two fish , which are available year round . Blue and black marlin are available much of the year , with February and March being the best months . Several huge fish have been caught here such as the 1,100 - pound ( 500 kg ) black marlin caught just a ⁄ - mile ( 0.4 km ) offshore . Other fish include skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna . Cruises ( edit ) Norwegian Star docked in Zihuatanejo , 2008 . Cruises often stop at Zihuatanejo , the city having become a major cruise stop and a major attraction for its beaches . The city is also famous for its catamaran tours of both Zihuatanejo and Ixtapa bay where snorkeling , spinnaker flying , and sunset cruises are offered . Museum of archeology ( edit ) Archeological museum The Museo Arqueológico de la Costa Grande ( Archeological Museum of the Costa Grande ) is located at the southern end of the municipal beach and the Paseo de los Pescadores . It has six rooms that document the history , archeology and culture of this part of the Guerrero coast . Many of the artifacts are from as far away as the Olmec and Toltec civilizations , as both explored this area . Room one of the museum displays artifacts from settlements established on the coasts of Jalisco , Nayarit , Colima and Guerrero . Room two houses ceramics and carvings from the area of Cerro de la Madera , in Zihuatanejo , among others . Room three features the Tierras Prietas site , the cultivation of food plants and use of natural resources such as the bajareque technique of walls made of interwoven branches and clay . Room 4 covers aspects of village life and cultural exchange from 200 to 750 A.C. ; the introduction of ball games and new pottery techniques . Room five contains pieces from the Aztec period from 1487 to the 1520s , when the province of Cihuatlan was established , and tribute was paid to the Aztecs by the local population in shells , chocolate , basketry and textiles . Room six covers the colonial period and search for a maritime route to the west during the 16th and 17th centuries . During this time the ports of Zihuatanejo and Acapulco were important points of reference for Spanish and other navigators . The bay and its beaches ( edit ) View of Playa Madera The town of Zihuatanejo 's main attraction is its bay , which is well - protected from open ocean . It is a favorite place to moor boats from small private ones to large yachts during the winter months . The bay 's width varies from between 950 to 1,750 meters ( 1,040 to 1,910 yards ) in width and averages 18 meters ( 59 feet ) deep . It is mostly surrounded by beaches , most of which have gentle waves . On land the bay is surrounded by the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountains . Development of this area has caused some environmental problems . The town 's five water treatment plants can no longer keep up with demand , with some untreated wastewater and sediment flowing into the bay . There has also been some wholesale destruction of the hills right on the bay to create development space , and there is concern about damage to the local coral reef . Some development projects , such as a dock for cruise ships and Punta del Mar ( a complex of hotels , villas , pools and a marina ) have been delayed due to the need for environmental impact studies . The ring of beaches of Zihuatanejo Bay begins with the Municipal Beach which is in front of the town center and next to the port . From there , there is a cement and sand walkway that leads to Playa Madera ( Wood Beach ) . It is a 2 - kilometer ( 1.2 mi ) stretch of light - colored sand between the municipal beach and Playa La Ropa . The waves here are gentle with the occasional wave . This beach contains a number of bay - view restaurants , bungalows , condominiums and hotels , as well as a walkway that extends the length of the beach . Part of the beach is covered in pebbles . View over Playa La Ropa Moving away from the town center along the bay , the next beach is called Playa La Ropa ( Clothes Beach ) . The name Playa La Ropa ( Clothes Beach ) refers to the sinking of a merchant ship near the bay during colonial times . Its cargo of fine silks , belts , cloaks and fabrics from Bombay washed up in this beach . This beach is about 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) long and considered the best for swimming as there is little wave action . During the winter months , many sailboats moor here . Just behind the beach , the land rises suddenly into cliffs , which are dotted with hotels , large residences and guest houses . A number of these hotels sponsor the local turtle conservation campaign , setting up fenced - off areas in which turtle eggs found along the beach are gathered and protected during incubation from August through December . After hatching , the baby turtles are kept in tubs and released periodically into the ocean at sunset . These hotels invites guest to help with the release . The beach contains a very small fenced estuary which is home to several crocodiles . They have lived here for years and are well - fed by the local restaurants , although they are still wild creatures . In a parking lot at the end of La Ropa Beach , one of the parking spaces has become a place of reverence for the Virgin of Guadalupe . According to local reports , an image of the virgin appeared on the bole of a plum tree on 27 November 2006 . This is considered by many to be a miracle , especially as it occurred shortly before the Virgin 's feast day of 12 December . The tree has a base constructed around it with stairs allowing visitors to see the image more easily . There are places to deposit candles and offerings and flowers have been planted around the tree . On 12 December , a mass and candlelit vigil is held here . Playa Las Gatas ( Cats Beach ) is on the opposite side of the bay from town , is accessible only by boat as there are no paved roads that lead to here and a small , poorly defined , rocky footpath leading from Playa La Ropa . Las Gatas was originally named for a small cat shark that used to inhabit these waters . It is located at the entrance to the bay at a place called Punta del Rey ( King 's Point ) . This leaves the area open to ocean breezes . Wave action is stronger , but not as strong as those beaches that face the open ocean as there is a coral reef and a man - made stone barrier in front of it . According to legend , Purépecha chief Calzontzin had a stone barrier built here to keep the waves down and the sea creatures out , creating a kind of swimming pool . Las Gatas is the most popular snorkeling beach in Zihuatanejo . Gear can be rented at Carlo Scuba , along with PADI instruction and certification . Colorful tropical fish can be seen along the man - made breakwater , as well as the abundant coral and sea urchins . At the far end of the beach surfing is possible and a path leads to the lighthouse on the point of the bay . The municipality ( edit ) Location of the municipality in Guerrero state The town of Zihuatanejo is the seat of the municipality of Zihuatanejo de Azueta and as such is the governmental authority for approximately 416 communities , with a total population of 104,609 as of 2005 , and an area of 1,921.5 km ( 741.9 sq mi ) . There are small indigenous communities in the municipality which speak Nahuatl and Tlapaneco . Population increase for the period of 1995 - 2000 was 1.85 percent , with a population density of just under fifty people per square km . The greatest population increase was seen in the 1980s when the municipality jumped from 25,751 to 63,366 residents . The municipality borders the municipalities of Coyuca de Catalán , Coahuayutla de José María Izazaga , Petatlán and La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca , as well as the Pacific Ocean . Altitude varies from between 0 and 1,000 meters ( 0 and 3,281 feet ) above sea level . Much of the municipality ( 70 % ) is rugged terrain with the rest being semi-flat or flat . Major peaks here are the Sierra de la Cuchara and the Cumbre de la Peatada . Major rivers here include the Verde and the Ixtapa . There are also a number of small streams such as the Real , Pantla , Zapote and Lagunillas . The climate is warm and mostly moist , with an average temperature of 26 ° C ( 78.8 ° F ) . The rainy season is from June to September . Land wildlife mostly consists of small mammals , bats , and lizards . The bay contains fish such as red snapper , bass other fish and sea turtles . Because of the climate 's temperature and humidity , the beaches of Zihuatanejo are apt for the incubation of various sea turtles eggs such as the leatherback , hawksbill and Olive Ridley . The annual program for the collection and protection of turtle eggs starts at the beginning of June and lasts until the end of December . 31 December is celebrated with a massive baby turtle release along the coasts north and south of Zihuatanejo bay . The program consists of twenty one incubation corrals , along thirty - two kilometers ( 20 mi ) of beaches . These corrals protect the dozens of turtle eggs collected each day during this time period by government staff and trained volunteers . After birth , they are kept here until they grow large enough to avoid most natural predators and increase their chances of survival . The most important economic activity for the municipality is tourism , with the major attractions being the beaches . Most international visitors come between November and December and most Mexican tourists come in December , April , July and August . Seventy - one percent of the municipality 's population is engaged in the commercial and tourism sector of the economy . Outside of Zihuatanejo Bay , some of most important beaches include Quieta Beach , Majahua Beach , Playa Larga and others . Prior to the 1970s , economic activity was based on fishing and agriculture . At that time , the federal government decided to make a planned resort at Ixtapa , just north of the municipal seat of Zihuatanejo , constructed on what was once a coconut plantation and mangrove estuary . It is a complete tourist center with a hotel strip three kilometers ( 1.9 mi ) long , white sands , shopping centers , restaurants , nightclubs , golf courses , residences . To the south of Zihuatanejo Bay , there are a number of beaches and a lagoon on the way to the regional airport . Playa Larga ( Long Beach ) , Playa Blanca ( White Beach ) and Las Pozas ( The Wells ) are parts of the same long stretch of white sand that runs from Zihuatanejo Bay , past the airport and down to Barra de Potosí . Total length of these beaches in about fifteen kilometers ( 9.3 mi ) . Swimming is strongly not encouraged off any of these beaches as they face open ocean and have heavy undertows riptides and current . Behind the beaches are coconut groves , small huts and mango trees . Cacti grow on the hillsides , sometimes down to the beach itself . Actitivies that are recommended for this area include whale watching from December to February and dolphin watching all year round , both of which can be done from the beach . There is horseback riding on the beaches and into the adjoining hills . The beach is dotted with open - air restaurants with roofs thatched with palm fronds , tree branches and flower . Volleyball net and soccer posts are set up in front of many of the restaurants as well . On the southern end of these beaches is the village of Barra de Potosí . There is a lagoon here , called Laguna de Potosí and islets called Morros de Potosí . The lagoon area has a large mangrove estuary filled with bird wildlife . Birdwatching , kayaking and fishing are popular here . The lagoon opens to the ocean and the beaches contain many `` enramadas , '' palm - thatched outdoor restaurants . Many of these enramadas are decorated with colorful paper or plastic cutouts , especially during the Christmas season . The Morros de Potosí are offshore and is a popular place for snorkeling , with Redbilled Tropicbirds , Brown Boobies and Brown Pelicans nesting on the rocks . In the winter season the bay hosts humpback whales , mother / calf pairs and some males are seen leaping from the water . There is a Whale Study Project , Whales of Mexico , that takes place in the winter as well . Inland there are a couple of attractions . La Vainilla is an ecological park located 8 km ( 5 mi ) from the town of Zihuatanejo on the hilly terrain of the foothills of the Sierra Madre . It covers approximately 344 hectares ( 850 acres ) , and contains 428 species of plants . These are distributed in three plant communities ; bosque tropical subcaducifolio ( semi-evergreen seasonal forest ) , bosque tropical caducifolio ( deciduous seasonal forest ) and bosque en galleria ( gallery forest ) , with the first type most prevalent . There is also one small archeological site named Tierras Prietas . Aside from tourism , fishing continues to be a way of life for a large number of families , bringing in seafood such as shark , clams , oysters , red snapper , bass and mugil . The increasing popularity of the area as a sportfishing destination has given new impetus to their livelihood , and traditional fishing is being supplemented with fish farms . The fish caught and produced mainly goes to local , regional and state markets . As in the past , much of the forest area here is still exploited for timber . Timber area covers 13,835 hectares ( 34,190 acres ) of the municipality and woods obtained include pine , cedar , mahogany and oak . There is also some livestock - raising , mostly in the south of the municipality , and coffee - growing in the north . Crops are planted on only seven percent of the territory , but include corn , beans , sorghum and sesame seed . Food ( edit ) The local specialty is Huachinango or whole red snapper , usually prepared Veracruzana ( with savory tomato sauce ) or al mojo de ajo ( with garlic sauce ) . Climate ( edit ) The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is `` Aw '' ( Tropical Savanna Climate ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo ( 1951 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 42.0 ( 107.6 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 42.0 ( 107.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 31.9 ( 89.4 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 22.8 ( 0.898 ) 7.5 ( 0.295 ) 4.2 ( 0.165 ) 0.6 ( 0.024 ) 16.8 ( 0.661 ) 185.5 ( 7.303 ) 157.9 ( 6.217 ) 196.0 ( 7.717 ) 327.0 ( 12.874 ) 111.0 ( 4.37 ) 16.9 ( 0.665 ) 7.3 ( 0.287 ) 1,053.5 ( 41.476 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.4 9.9 10.6 11.6 14.4 6.2 1.4 0.6 57.6 Source : Servicio Meteorologico Nacional Average sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 77 ° F 25 ° C 77 ° F 25 ° C 77 ° F 25 ° C 79 ° F 26 ° C 81 ° F 27 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 84 ° F 29 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 81 ° F 27 ° C 79 ° F 26 ° C Transportation ( edit ) Zihuatanejo can be reached by air , bus and highway and has its own airport , Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo International . Flights are available from Mexico City , several provincial cities , and various places in the United States and Canada . Airlines : Aeromexico , Interjet , Air Canada ( seasonal ) , Alaska Airlines , American Airlines ( seasonal ) , Delta Air Lines ( seasonal ) , Frontier Airlines , United Airlines , WestJet . Charter Lines : Apple Vacations , Champion Air , Funjet Vacations , MLT Vacations , Ryan International , Sunwing Vacations , and others . Bus Lines : Autovias , Costa Line , Estrella de Oro , Estrella Blanca , La Linea Plus , Parhikuni , Primera Plus and Tap . In popular culture ( edit ) Zihuatanejo was featured in The Shawshank Redemption , a 1994 American drama film based on the novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption . Andy dreams of living freely in Zihuatanejo while he is being held in Shawshank Prison , and in the final scene of the movie , Andy and Red are finally reunited there on the beach . Although based in Zihuatanejo , the final scenes were actually shot in the Caribbean on the island of St. Croix , one of the U.S. Virgin Islands . The TV series `` Family Guy '' , season 7 Episode 15 which originally aired May 10 , 2009 parodied The Shawshank Redemption . In it , Peter Griffin , playing Andy Dufresne , refers to Zihuatanejo as a `` Filthy Mexican Village '' . In the TV series The Last Man on Earth , the character Todd was planning to travel to Zihuatanejo , due to his love of The Shawshank Redemption , before discovering the survivors in Tucson . In the 2014 film Two Step , the antagonist , Webb , remarks that he plans to travel to Zihuatanejo . In the 2017 television series , The Arrangement , Kyle tells Megan that he is buying an island in Zihuatenejo . In the 2016 Television series , `` The Night Shift '' , Hannah tells Dr. Jordan Alexander that she bought a house on a beach of Zihuatenejo Sister cities ( edit ) Bensenville , DuPage County , Illinois , USA McAllen , Hidalgo County , Texas , USA Palm Desert , Riverside County , California , USA Collingwood , Ontario , Canada See also ( edit ) Arturo Durazo Moreno Isla Ixtapa Ixtapa Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo International Airport References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal ( 2005 ) . `` Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ESTADO DE GUERRERO TENIENTE JOSÉ AZUETA '' ( Encyclopedia of the Municipalities of Mexico State of Guerrero Teniento José Azueta ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Juárez Cortés , Eduardo . `` Zihuatanejo : Bahia que resguarda yates e historia por igual '' ( Zihuatanejo : Bay that guards history and yachts equally ) ( in Spanish ) . Revista Buen Viaje . Archived from the original on 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ixtapa and Zihuatanejo Travel Tips '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : INEGI . `` Archivo Historico de las Localidades - Zihuatanejo '' ( Historical Archive of the Communities - Zihuatanejo ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : INEGI . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zihuatanejo Archaeological Museum '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Pérez , Elia . `` Fin de Semana en Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo '' ( Weekend in Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Mexico Desconocido . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Solana , Jose Luis . `` La Costa del Sol . Acapulco e Ixtapa Zihuatanejo ( Guerrero ) '' ( The Coast of the Sun . Acapulco and Ixtapa Zihuatanejo ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Mexico Desconocido . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mariano Ardash Bonialian , El Pacifico hispanoamericano ( Mexico D.F. , 2012 ) , 279 - 280 infra Jump up ^ `` Zihuatanejo surfers hope last May 's deadly shark - attack spree was a fluke '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California . 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Pete ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Zihuatanejo : sleepy for tourists , not for drug cartels or police '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ EXonline ( 2009 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Estallan granadas en Zihuatanejo '' ( Grenades explode in Zihuatanejo ) . Excelsior Online ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Excelsior . Archived from the original on 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rescatan a cuatro secuestrados en Zihuatanejo '' ( Rescued four hostages in Zihuatanejo ) . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Zihuatanejo , Gro . Notimez. 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` ZihuaRob 's '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atractivos Turisticos '' ( Tourist Attractions ) ( in Spanish ) . Zihuatanejo , Mexico : Municipality of Zihuatanejo. 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cristiano , Juan ( 2007 ) . Frommer 's Portable Acapulco , Ixtapa & Zihuatanejo . Hoboken N.J. : Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 14577 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zihuatanejo 's Municipal Beach and Fisherman 's Walk '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Restaurant Coconuts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Zihuatanejo Sail Fest '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Zihuatanejo International Guitar Festival a week of guitar music in paradise '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsfishing and fishing in Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tom ( 2002 - 03 - 01 ) . `` From A to Zihuatanejo '' . Salt Water Sportsman . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , John ; Sandra Bao ; Susan Forsyth ( 2004 ) . Lonely Planet Mexico . Oakland , Calif. : Lonely Planet Publications . pp. 475 -- 476 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 686 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Miriam . `` Avaricia daña medio ambiente en Zihuatanejo '' ( Greed damages environment in Zihuatanejo ) . Cima Noticias ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Cimac . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Madera Beach '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playa La Ropa '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Virgin of La Ropa '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playa Las Gatas '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Principales resultados por localidad 2005 ( ITER ) '' ( Principle results by community 2005 ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : INEGI . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morán F , Ana Luisa . `` Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo : Santuario de tortugas marinas '' . La Jornada . Mexico City . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playa Larga , Playa Blanca and Las Pozas '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . in japanese ? ^ Jump up to : `` Barra and Laguna de Potosi '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . In Japanese ? Jump up ^ Gallardo , Claudia ( 1996 ) . Parque ecologico `` La Vainilla '' Zihuatanejo , Guerrero ( Ecological Park La Vainilla in Zihuatanejo , Guerrero ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Servicios Editoriales de la Facultad de Ciencias de UNAM . pp. 5 -- 8 . ISBN 968 - 36 - 5624 - 2 . Jump up ^ Climate Summary for Zihuatanejo , Mexico Jump up ^ `` Estado de Guerrero - Estacion : Zihuatanejo ( DGE ) '' . Normales Climatologicas 1951 -- 2010 ( in Spanish ) . Servicio Meteorologico Nacional . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zihuatanejo de Azueta . State of Guerrero Chilpancingo ( capital ) Municipalities / ( seats ) Acapulco de Juárez ( Acapulco ) Acatepec ( Acatepec ) Ajuchitlán del Progreso ( Ajuchitlán ) Ahuacuotzingo ( Ahuacuotzingo ) Alcozauca de Guerrero ( Alcozauca de Guerrero ) Alpoyeca ( Alpoyeca ) Apaxtla ( Apaxtla de Castrejón ) Arcelia ( Arcelia ) Atenango del Río ( Atenango del Río ) Atlamajalcingo del Monte ( Atlamajalcingo del Monte ) Atlixtac ( Atlixtac ) Atoyac de Álvarez ( Atoyac de Álvarez ) Ayutla de los Libres ( Ayutla de los Libres ) Azoyú ( Azoyú ) Benito Juárez ( San Jerónimo de Juárez ) Buenavista de Cuéllar ( Buenavista de Cuéllar ) Chilapa de Álvarez ( Chilapa de Álvarez ) Chilpancingo de los Bravo ( Chilpancingo de los Bravo ) Coahuayutla de José María Izazaga ( Coahuayutla de Guerrero ) Cochoapa el Grande ( Cochoapa el Grande ) Cocula ( Cocula ) Copala ( Copala ) Copalillo ( Copalillo ) Copanatoyac ( Copanatoyac ) Coyuca de Benítez ( Coyuca de Benítez ) Coyuca de Catalán ( Coyuca de Catalán ) Cuajinicuilapa ( Cuajinicuilapa ) Cualac ( Cualac ) Cuautepec ( Cuautepec ) Cuetzala del Progreso ( Cuetzala del Progreso ) Cutzamala de Pinzón ( Cutzamala de Pinzón ) Eduardo Neri ( Zumpango del Río ) Florencio Villarreal ( Cruz Grande ) General Canuto A. Neri ( Acapetlahuaya ) General Heliodoro Castillo ( Tlacotepec ) Huamuxtitlán ( Huamuxtitlán ) Huitzuco de los Figueroa ( Huitzuco ) Iguala de la Independencia ( Iguala de la Independencia ) Igualapa ( Igualapa ) Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc ( Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc ) Iliatenco ( Iliatenco ) José Joaquín de Herrera ( Hueycantenango ) Juan R. Escudero ( Tierra Colorada ) Juchitán ( Juchitán ) La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca ( La Unión ) Leonardo Bravo ( Chichihualco ) Malinaltepec ( Malinaltepec ) Marquelia ( Marquelia ) Mártir de Cuilapán ( Apango ) Metlatónoc ( Metlatónoc ) Mochitlán ( Mochitlán ) Olinalá ( Olinalá ) Ometepec ( Ometepec ) Pedro Ascencio Alquisiras ( Ixcapuzalco ) Petatlán ( Petatlán ) Pilcaya ( Pilcaya ) Pungarabato ( Ciudad Altamirano ) Quechultenango ( Quechultenango ) San Luis Acatlán ( San Luis Acatlán ) San Marcos ( San Marcos ) San Miguel Totolapan ( San Miguel Totolapan ) Taxco de Alarcón ( Taxco de Alarcón ) Tecoanapa ( Tecoanapa ) Tecpán de Galeana ( Tecpán de Galeana ) Teloloapan ( Teloloapan ) Tepecoacuilco de Trujano ( Tepecoacuilco de Trujano ) Tetipac ( Tetipac ) Tixtla de Guerrero ( Tixtla de Guerrero ) Tlacoachistlahuaca ( Tlacoachistlahuaca ) Tlacoapa ( Tlacoapa ) Tlalchapa ( Tlalchapa ) Tlalixtaquilla de Maldonado ( Tlalixtaquilla ) Tlapa de Comonfort ( Tlapa de Comonfort ) Tlapehuala ( Tlapehuala ) Xalpatlahuac ( Xalpatlahuac ) Xochihuehuetlan ( Xochihuehuetlan ) Xochistlahuaca ( Xochistlahuaca ) Zapotitlán Tablas ( Zapotitlán Tablas ) Zihuatanejo de Azueta ( Zihuatanejo ) Zirándaro ( Zirándaro de los Chávez ) Zitlala ( Zitlala ) VIAF : 143109230 GND : 4542142 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zihuatanejo&oldid=803222001 '' Categories : Beaches of Guerrero Populated places in Guerrero Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from February 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 06 : 22 . 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where did red meat andy in shawshank redemption
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"Zihuatanejo was featured in The Shawshank Redemption, a 1994 American drama film based on the novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. Andy dreams of living freely in Zihuatanejo while he is being held in Shawshank Prison, and in the final scene of the movie, Andy and Red are finally reunited there on the beach. Although based in Zihuatanejo, the final scenes were actually shot in the Caribbean on the island of St. Croix, one of the U.S. Virgin Islands."
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"Zihuatanejo"
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Six Pack (film)
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Six Pack ( film ) - wikipedia Six Pack ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Sixpack ( film ) . Six Pack Theatrical release poster Directed by Daniel Petrie Produced by Michael Trikilis Written by Mike Marvin Alex Matter Starring Kenny Rogers Diane Lane Erin Gray Music by Charles Cochran Roger Cook Charles Fox Cinematography Mario Tosi Edited by Rita Roland Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 16 , 1982 Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20,225,989 Six Pack is a 1982 American comedy - drama film directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Kenny Rogers , Diane Lane , Erin Gray , Anthony Michael Hall and Barry Corbin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Box office 5 Reception 6 Filming Locations 7 Television show 8 Home media releases 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) When race car driver Brewster Baker ( Kenny Rogers ) stops at a gas station , parts are stolen from his race car . Then while in a diner in a small Texas town , he sees some people stealing parts from another car , and chases the thieves . When the thieves ' van goes into a river , Brewster rescues them and discovers that they are orphaned children . The kids were stealing auto parts for `` Big John '' the corrupt county sheriff , who jails Brewster for breaking and entering , larceny , resisting arrest and speeding . After the kids help break Brewster out of jail , Brewster reluctantly takes the children with him . Eventually , they form a friendship and bond . The end of the movie features real race footage from the 1982 NASCAR Coca - Cola 500 , held at Atlanta Motor Speedway and won that year by Darrell Waltrip . Cast ( edit ) Kenny Rogers as Brewster Baker Diane Lane as Heather `` Breezy '' Aikens Erin Gray as Lilah Barry Corbin as `` Big John '' the corrupt County Sheriff Terry Kiser as Terk Logan Bob Hannah as Diddler Tom Aberathy as Louis Robbie Fleming as Little Harry Anthony Michael Hall as Doc Robby Still as Swifty Benji Wilhoite as Steven Buddy Baker as Himself Chuck Woolery as Race Narrator Melanie Patton as Pit Girl Music ( edit ) The theme song to the film is `` Love Will Turn You Around '' , a song performed and co-written by Rogers that was a # 1 country and adult contemporary hit . It peaked at # 13 on the pop chart . Miles Goodman served as an orchestrator for the film 's score . Box Office ( edit ) The film had a limited release on July 16 , 1982 and went wide on July 23 , 1982 . It grossed over $20 million during its theatrical run . Reception ( edit ) Janet Maslin of The New York Times in her review , called Six Pack `` good - natured but none - too - interesting '' as a typical fable where `` orphans find a father , a lonely man finds a good woman , an unsuccessful racer makes good on the comeback trail , and everybody lives unreasonably happily ever after . '' Filming locations ( edit ) Parts of the movie was filmed in Jefferson , Georgia at Jefco Speedway also known as Georgia International Speedway and Peach State Speedway now known as Gresham Motorsports Park . Some local Jefferson teens were used as extras in the film . Notable NASCAR racing legends raced at the track such as Bobby Isaac , ' ( Tiger Tom ) ' Tom Pistone , Jody Ridley , LeeRoy Yarbrough , Wendell Scott , Mark Martin , Freddy Fryar , Darrell Waltrip , Alan Kulwicki , Larry Pearson and Rusty Wallace . ' Alabama Gang ' racing legends Neil Bonnett , Bobby Allison , Donnie Allison and Davey Allison . The film crew worked from the Holiday Inn Powers Ferry in Atlanta , Georgia . At least one scene was filmed in a guest room there . Another scene was filmed at a pub located in a strip mall up the hill from the Holiday Inn . Television show ( edit ) In 1983 , there was a spin - off television show of the same name which featured Don Johnson as Brewster Baker and Markie Post as Sally Leadbetter . This show also featured Joaquin Phoenix ( billed as Leaf Phoenix ) in his second role . Home media releases ( edit ) VHS Release date : May 19 , 1993 1st DVD Release date : April 4 , 2006 2nd DVD Release date : July 3 , 2012 As of 2012 , the feature has not been released on Blu - ray Disc . In popular culture ( edit ) Six Pack is mentioned prominently in `` Breakfast in Dubbo '' , the ninth chapter of New Zealand - Australian comedian Tony Martin 's collection of autobiographical essays , Lolly Scramble : A Memoir of Little Consequence ( 2005 ) . In `` Breakfast in Dubbo , '' Martin recounts a lengthy bus trip in New South Wales that took place in 1986 , during which the passengers were given the opportunity to vote for a movie to watch on video . Passengers were invited to vote for either Excalibur , Beverly Hills Cop , This is Spinal Tap , or Six Pack . Despite Martin 's attempts to drum up support for This is Spinal Tap , the majority of passengers voted to watch Six Pack , to Martin 's dismay . Martin recorded a spoken - word version of `` Breakfast in Dubbo '' which appears as track 27 on the CD Get This : Illegal Download ( 2006 ) . Six Pack is mentioned in the tv show `` Squidbillies '' Season 2 Episode 11 `` Terminus Trouble '' . In the episode , Early Cuyler his son Rusty and the Sheriff make a trip to Atlanta , Georgia and visit a location used in the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SIX PACK '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Six Pack ( 1982 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1982 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Movie Review Six Pack ( 1982 ) KENNY ROGERS 'S ' SIX PACK '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0938335/ Jump up ^ Six Pack ( DVD ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Six Pack ( film ) Six Pack on IMDb Six Pack at AllMovie Six Pack at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Daniel Petrie The Bramble Bush ( 1960 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 ) The Main Attraction ( 1962 ) Stolen Hours ( 1963 ) The Idol ( 1966 ) The Spy with a Cold Nose ( 1966 ) Moon of the Wolf ( 1973 ) The Neptune Factor ( 1973 ) The Gun and the Pulpit ( 1974 ) Buster and Billie ( 1974 ) Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 ) Lifeguard ( 1976 ) Sybil ( 1976 ) Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 ) The Betsy ( 1978 ) Resurrection ( 1980 ) Fort Apache , The Bronx ( 1981 ) Six Pack ( 1982 ) The Dollmaker ( 1984 ) The Bay Boy ( 1984 ) Square Dance ( 1987 ) Rocket Gibraltar ( 1988 ) Cocoon : The Return ( 1988 ) My Name Is Bill W. ( 1989 ) Lassie ( 1994 ) Kissinger and Nixon ( 1995 ) The Assistant ( 1998 ) Inherit the Wind ( 1999 ) Wild Iris ( 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_Pack_(film)&oldid=831623663 '' Categories : English - language films 1982 films 1980s comedy - drama films American comedy - drama films American sports comedy films American films Auto racing films Country music films Films directed by Daniel Petrie Films set in Texas Films set in Atlanta 20th Century Fox films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català 한국어 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 13 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played swifty in the movie six pack
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"Robby Still as Swifty"
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Led Zeppelin (album)
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Led Zeppelin ( album ) - wikipedia Led Zeppelin ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search For the boxed set of the same name , see Led Zeppelin Boxed Set . Led Zeppelin Studio album by Led Zeppelin Released 12 January 1969 Recorded September -- October 1968 Studio Olympic Studios , London Genre Hard rock blues rock heavy metal Length 44 : 52 Label Atlantic Producer Jimmy Page Led Zeppelin chronology Led Zeppelin ( 1969 ) Led Zeppelin II ( 1969 ) Singles from Led Zeppelin `` Good Times Bad Times / Communication Breakdown '' Released : 10 March 1969 Led Zeppelin is the eponymous debut studio album by English rock band Led Zeppelin , released on 12 January 1969 in the United States and on 31 March 1969 in the United Kingdom by Atlantic Records . Featuring integral contributions from each of the group 's four members , the album was recorded in October 1968 at Olympic Studios in London and established their fusion style of both blues and rock music . It also attracted a large and devoted following to the band ; Zeppelin 's take on the emerging hard rock sound endeared them to parts of the counterculture on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean . Although the album was not critically well - received when first released , it was commercially successful , and critics have since come to view it in a more favourable light . In 2003 , Led Zeppelin was ranked at # 29 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time , and keeping that position after the list was updated in 2012 . In 2004 , the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 2.1 Production 3 Artwork 4 Composition 5 Critical reception 6 Legacy 6.1 Accolades 7 2014 reissue 8 Track listing 8.1 2014 Deluxe edition bonus disc 9 Personnel 10 Chart positions 10.1 Singles 11 Certifications 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) In August 1968 , the English rock band The Yardbirds completely disbanded . Guitarist Jimmy Page , The Yardbirds ' sole remaining member , was left with rights to the group 's name and contractual obligations for a series of concerts in Scandinavia . Page recruited bassist John Paul Jones , vocalist Robert Plant and drummer John Bonham . During September 1968 , the group toured Scandinavia as `` The New Yardbirds '' , performing some old Yardbirds material as well as new songs such as `` Communication Breakdown '' , `` I Ca n't Quit You Baby '' , `` You Shook Me '' , `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' and `` How Many More Times '' . The month after they returned to England , October 1968 , Page changed the band 's name to Led Zeppelin , and the group entered Olympic Studios in London to record their debut album . Recording ( edit ) In a 1990 interview , Page said that the album took only about 36 hours of studio time ( over a span of a few weeks ) to create ( including mixing ) , adding that he knew this because of the amount charged on the studio bill . One of the primary reasons for the short recording time was that the material selected for the album had been well - rehearsed and pre-arranged by the band on Led Zeppelin 's tour of Scandinavia in September 1968 . As Page explained , `` ( the band ) had begun developing the arrangements on the Scandinavian tour and I knew what sound I was looking for . It just came together incredibly quickly . '' In addition , since the band had not yet signed their deal with Atlantic Records , Page and Zeppelin 's manager Peter Grant paid for the sessions entirely themselves , meaning there was no record company money to waste on excessive studio time . In another interview , Page revealed that the self - funding was to ensure artistic freedom : `` I wanted artistic control in a vise grip , because I knew exactly what I wanted to do with these fellows . In fact , I financed and completely recorded the first album before going to Atlantic ... It was n't your typical story where you get an advance to make an album -- we arrived at Atlantic with tapes in hand ... Atlantic 's reaction was very positive -- I mean they signed us , did n't they ? '' The group reportedly recorded their songs for £ 1,782 . Led Zeppelin archivist Dave Lewis noted that `` ( w ) ith the possible exception of the 12 hours that the Beatles took to record their first album at Abbey Road , rarely has studio time been used so economically . Led Zeppelin 's debut album went on to gross more than £ 3.5 million , just short of 2,000 times more than they invested ! '' For the recordings , Page played a psychedelically painted Fender Telecaster , a gift from Jeff Beck after Page recommended his boyhood friend to the Yardbirds in 1965 as a potential replacement for Eric Clapton on lead guitar . This was a different guitar from those he favoured for later albums ( most notably a Gibson Les Paul ) . Page played the Telecaster through a Supro amplifier . He also used a Gibson J - 200 , borrowed from Big Jim Sullivan , for the album 's acoustic tracks . For `` Your Time Is Gonna Come '' he used an out - of - tune Fender 10 - string steel guitar . Two other songs from the sessions , `` Baby Come on Home '' and `` Sugar Mama '' both appeared on the 2015 Coda reissue ( although `` Baby Come on Home '' was first released on the 1993 compilation Boxed Set 2 . ) Production ( edit ) Led Zeppelin was produced by Jimmy Page and engineered by Glyn Johns , both of whom had known each other since teenagers in the suburb of Epsom . According to Page , `` The first album is a live album , it really is , and it 's done intentionally in that way . It 's got overdubs on it , but the original tracks are live . '' Page reportedly used natural room ambience to enhance the reverb and recording texture on the record , demonstrating the innovations in sound recording he had learned during his session days . Up until the late 1960s , most music producers placed microphones directly in front of the amplifiers and drums . For Led Zeppelin , Page developed the idea of placing an additional microphone some distance from the amplifier ( as far as twenty feet ) and then recording the balance between the two . By adopting this `` distance equals depth '' technique , Page became one of the first producers to record a band 's `` ambient sound '' : the distance of a note 's time - lag from one end of the room to the other . Another notable feature of the album was the `` leakage '' on the recordings of Plant 's vocals . In a 1998 Guitar World interview , Page stated that `` Robert 's voice was extremely powerful and , as a result , would get on some of the other tracks . But oddly , the leakage sounds intentional . '' On `` You Shook Me '' , Page used the `` backward echo '' technique . It involves hearing the echo before the main sound ( instead of after it ) , and is achieved by turning the tape over and recording the echo on a spare track , then turning the tape back over again to get the echo preceding the signal . The album was one of the first albums to be released in stereo - only form ; at the time , the practice of releasing both mono and stereo versions was the norm . Artwork ( edit ) The image of the Hindenburg airship seconds after catching fire used as the Led Zeppelin album cover . Led Zeppelin 's front cover , which was chosen by Page , features a black - and - white image of the burning Hindenburg airship , photographed by Sam Shere . The image refers to the origin of the band 's name itself : When Page , Beck and The Who 's Keith Moon and John Entwistle were discussing the idea of forming a group , Moon joked , `` It would probably go over like a lead balloon '' , and Entwistle allegedly replied , `` a lead zeppelin ! '' The album 's back cover features a photograph of the band taken by former Yardbird Chris Dreja . The entire design of the album 's sleeve was coordinated by George Hardie , with whom the band would continue to collaborate for future sleeves . Hardie himself also created the front cover illustration , rendering the famous original black - and - white photograph in ink using a Rapidograph technical pen and a mezzotint technique . Hardie recalled that he originally offered the band a design based on an old club sign in San Francisco -- a multi-sequential image of a phallic zeppelin airship up in the clouds . Page declined but it was retained as the logo for the back cover of Led Zeppelin 's first two albums and a number of early press advertisements . Most prints of the album have the band name and the Atlantic Records logo on the cover in red , but on some prints such as the iTunes Store release of the album they can be found in orange instead . During the first few weeks of the album 's availability in the UK , some prints of the album sleeve featured the band name and the Atlantic logo in turquoise . When it was switched to the orange print later that year , the turquoise - printed sleeve became a collector 's item . The album cover received widespread attention when , at a February 1970 gig in Copenhagen , the band were billed as `` The Nobs '' as the result of a legal threat from aristocrat Eva von Zeppelin ( a relative of the creator of the Zeppelin aircraft ) . Von Zeppelin , upon seeing the logo of the Hindenburg crashing in flames , threatened to have the show pulled off the air . In 2001 , Greg Kot wrote in Rolling Stone that `` The cover of Led Zeppelin ... shows the Hindenburg airship , in all its phallic glory , going down in flames . The image did a pretty good job of encapsulating the music inside : sex , catastrophe and things blowing up . '' Composition ( edit ) See also : List of Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others It has been said that Plant participated in songwriting but was not given credit because of unexpired contractual obligations resulting from his association with CBS Records . This claim is disputed by Mick Wall , author of the Led Zeppelin biography When Giants Walked the Earth . Tracks such as `` Good Times Bad Times '' , `` Dazed and Confused '' and `` Communication Breakdown '' displayed a distinctively heavy sound that was uncommon in the late 1960s . Led Zeppelin also featured steel - string acoustic guitar by Page on `` Black Mountain Side '' , and a combination of acoustic and electric approaches on their adaptation of `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' . Page 's credit for writing `` Black Mountain Side '' has generated some controversy over the years , as it is very similar to the Bert Jansch version of the traditional folk song `` Black Water Side '' . `` Dazed and Confused '' , based on the 1967 Jake Holmes song of the same name , is considered by some to be the album 's centrepiece ; its arrangement features a descending bass line from Jones , heavy drumming from Bonham and distorted guitar riffs and soloing from Page . It also showcased Page playing guitar with a violin bow ( an idea suggested by David McCallum Sr. , whom Page had met while doing studio session work ) . This technique was also employed on `` How Many More Times '' , a song that features a `` Bolero '' riff and an improvised shift in cadence . Holmes sued for copyright infringement in 2010 and an out - of - court settlement was made . Many of Led Zeppelin 's earliest songs were based on blues standards , and the album also included three songs composed by others : `` You Shook Me '' and `` I Ca n't Quit You Baby '' , both by blues artist Willie Dixon , and `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' . Regarding the last of these , at the time Page mistakenly believed he was adapting a traditional folk song he had heard on a Joan Baez record , but this was corrected on subsequent rereleases after it was revealed that the song was composed by Anne Bredon in the 1950s . Bredon eventually received royalties for the song . On `` You Shook Me '' , Plant vocally mimics Page 's guitar effects , a metallicised version of the call - and - response blues technique . Jeff Beck had previously recorded `` You Shook Me '' for his album Truth , and accused Page of stealing his idea . With John Paul Jones and Keith Moon , Page had played on `` Beck 's Bolero '' , an instrumental on Truth that would be fused into the mix of the Led Zeppelin jam `` How Many More Times '' . Beck and Page both claim they wrote the majority of the song , while Page also claims he produced it . These cross-pollinations led to a rift between Beck and Page , who had played in the Yardbirds together and been friends since childhood . `` How Many More Times '' includes passages ( uncredited ) from `` The Hunter '' , written by Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Duck Dunn , Al Jackson , Jr. and Carl Wells in 1967 and popularised by Albert King ; Howlin Wolf 's `` How Many More Years '' ( 1951 ) ; and a passage from `` Beck 's Bolero '' . In an interview he gave in 1975 , Page offered his own perspective on the album 's music : For material , we obviously went right down to our blues roots . I still had plenty of Yardbirds riffs left over . By the time Jeff ( Beck ) did go , it was up to me to come up with a lot of new stuff . It was this thing where ( Eric ) Clapton set a heavy precedent in the Yardbirds which Beck had to follow and then it was even harder for me , in a way , because the second lead guitarist had suddenly become the first . And I was under pressure to come up with my own riffs . On the first LP I was still heavily influenced by the earlier days . I think it tells a bit , too ... It was obvious that somebody had to take the lead , otherwise we 'd have all sat around jamming for six months . But after that , on the second LP , you can really hear the group identity coming together . Plant is credited on the album with `` occasional bass '' . In an interview he gave to Rolling Stone magazine in 2005 , Plant made reference to this : In truth , I was an occasional bass player . It says so on Zeppelin I , next to my name : vocals , harmonica and occasional bass . Very occasionally -- once , I think , since 1968 . How in God 's name that ended up on the cover is so funny . I 'm sure Jonesy ( John Paul Jones ) did n't like it ( laughs ) . But I suppose every time he fucked up he could say it was me . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 97 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blender Entertainment Weekly A -- Oz ( favourable ) Pitchfork Media 9.2 / 10 Q Rolling Stone ( 1969 ) ( unfavourable ) Rolling Stone ( 2001 ) The Rolling Stone Album Guide Sputnikmusic 3 / 5 The album was advertised in selected music papers under the slogan `` Led Zeppelin -- the only way to fly '' . It initially received poor reviews . In a stinging assessment , Rolling Stone magazine asserted that the band offered `` little that its twin , the Jeff Beck Group , did n't say as well or better three months ago ... It would seem that if they are to fill the void created by the demise of Cream , they will have to find a producer , editor and some material worthy of their collective talents . '' It also called Plant `` as foppish as Rod Stewart , but nowhere near so exciting '' . John Paul Jones later recalled : We had appalling press at the time . Nobody seemed to want to know us for one reason or another . We got to America and read the Rolling Stone review of the very first album , which was going on about us as another hyped British band . We could n't believe it . In our naivety we thought we 'd done a good album and were doing all right , and then this venom comes flying out . We could n't understand why or what we 'd done to them . After that we were very wary of the press , which became a chicken - and - egg situation . We avoided them and so they avoided us . It was only because we did a lot of shows that our reputation got around as a good live band . As was noted by rock journalist Cameron Crowe years later : `` It was a time of ' super-groups ' , of furiously hyped bands who could barely cut it , and Led Zeppelin initially found themselves fighting upstream to prove their authenticity . '' However , press reaction to the album was not entirely negative . In Britain the album received a glowing review in Melody Maker . Chris Welch wrote , in a review titled `` Jimmy Page triumphs -- Led Zeppelin is a gas ! '' : `` their material does not rely on obvious blues riffs , although when they do play them , they avoid the emaciated feebleness of most so - called British blues bands '' . In comparing the record to their follow - up Led Zeppelin II , Robert Christgau wrote in The Village Voice that the debut was `` subtler and more ambitious musically '' , and not as good , `` because subtlety defeated the effect . Musicianship , in other words , was really incidental to such music , but the music did have real strength and validity : a combination of showmanship and overwhelming physical force . '' The album was very successful commercially . It was initially released in the US on 12 January 1969 to capitalise on the band 's first North American concert tour . Before that , Atlantic Records had distributed a few hundred advance white label copies to key radio stations and reviewers . A positive reaction to its contents , coupled with a good reaction to the band 's opening concerts , resulted in the album generating 50,000 advance orders . Within two months of its release the album had reached Billboard 's top ten , peaking at number 10 . The album earned its first US gold certification on 22 July 1969 . Page remarked : A lot of it you think , ' Well , this might happen , that might possibly happen . ' But I 'd say as far as the manifestation of it went , ( the most surprising moment ) was getting the first gold disc for Led Zeppelin I ... Suddenly everything we 'd done , all the work , etcetera etcetera ... we 'd broken America , I know , but the fact is that gold disc was so symbolic of everything for me . A major thing . Led Zeppelin stayed on the Billboard chart for 73 weeks and held a 79 - week run on the British charts . By 1975 it had grossed $7,000,000 . The 2014 reissue of the album helped it return to the Billboard top ten , peaking at number 7 . Legacy ( edit ) The success and influence of the album is today widely acknowledged , even amongst publications that were initially sceptical . In 2006 , Rolling Stone stated : ( The album ) was pretty much unlike anything else . The arrangements were more sculpted than those of Cream or Jimi Hendrix , and the musicianship was n't cumbersome like Iron Butterfly 's or bombastic like Vanilla Fudge 's . The closest comparisons might be to MC5 or the Stooges -- both from Michigan -- yet neither had the polish or prowess of Led Zeppelin , nor did Led Zeppelin have the political , social or die - hard sensibility of those landmark bands . What they did have , though , was the potential for a mass audience . According to Lewis : Time has done nothing to diminish the quality of one of the finest debut albums ever recorded . There 's an urgency and enthusiasm about their performance that retains timeless charm . The nine cuts offer a tour de force of powerful yet often subtle dynamics ... And let 's not forget the fact that with this album , Page virtually invents the guitar riff as a key songwriting component . In 2003 , VH1 named Led Zeppelin the 44th greatest album of all time , while Rolling Stone ranked it 29th on the magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . It is widely regarded as marking a significant turning point in the evolution of hard rock and heavy metal . Accolades ( edit ) Publication Country Accolade Year Rank The Times United Kingdom `` The 100 Best Albums of All Time '' 41 Rolling Stone United States The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2003 29 Grammy Awards United States Grammy Hall of Fame Award * Q United Kingdom `` The Music That Changed the World '' 7 Robert Dimery United States 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die 2006 * Classic Rock United Kingdom `` 100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever '' 2006 81 Uncut United Kingdom 100 Greatest Debut Albums 2006 7 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame United States The Definitive 200 2007 165 Q United Kingdom 21 Albums That Changed Music 2007 6 Rolling Stone United States Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2012 29 * denotes an unordered list 2014 reissue ( edit ) Along with the group 's next two albums -- Led Zeppelin II and Led Zeppelin III -- the album was remastered and reissued on 2 June 2014 . The reissue comes in six formats : a standard CD edition , a deluxe two - CD edition , a standard LP version , a deluxe three - LP version , a super deluxe two CD plus three LP version with a hardback book , and as high - resolution , 96k / 24 - bit digital downloads . The deluxe and super deluxe editions feature bonus material from a concert in Paris recorded in October 1969 . The reissue was released with an inverted black and white ( technically inverted color ) version of the original album 's artwork as its bonus disc 's cover . Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Good Times Bad Times '' Jimmy Page John Paul Jones John Bonham Robert Plant 2 : 46 2 . `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' Anne Bredon Page Plant 6 : 42 3 . `` You Shook Me '' Willie Dixon J.B. Lenoir 6 : 28 4 . `` Dazed and Confused '' Page , inspired by Jake Holmes 6 : 28 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 5 . `` Your Time Is Gonna Come '' Page Jones Plant 4 : 34 6 . `` Black Mountain Side '' ( instrumental ) Page 2 : 12 7 . `` Communication Breakdown '' Page Jones Bonham Plant 2 : 30 8 . `` I Ca n't Quit You Baby '' Dixon 4 : 42 9 . `` How Many More Times '' Page Jones Bonham Plant 8 : 27 Notes Some cassette versions of the album reversed the order of the sides . For these versions , side one began with `` Your Time Is Gonna Come '' and ended with `` How Many More Times '' , while side two began with `` Good Times Bad Times '' and ended with `` Dazed and Confused '' . 2014 deluxe edition bonus disc ( edit ) Live -- Olympia , Paris , France , 10 October 1969 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Good Times Bad Times / Communication Breakdown '' '' Page Jones Bonham Plant 3 : 52 ( CD ) * 2 . `` I Ca n't Quit You Baby '' Dixon 6 : 41 3 . `` Heartbreaker '' Page Plant Jones Bonham 3 : 50 4 . `` Dazed and Confused '' Page , inspired by Jake Holmes 15 : 01 5 . `` White Summer / Black Mountain Side '' Page 9 : 19 6 . `` You Shook Me '' Dixon Lenoir 11 : 56 7 . `` Moby Dick '' Bonham Jones Page 9 : 51 8 . `` How Many More Times '' Page Jones Bonham 10 : 43 Total length : 1 : 11 : 12 Track 1 was 4 : 05 on the high - resolution and iTunes downloads , before the album was released , and is now 3 : 52 . Personnel ( edit ) Jimmy Page -- acoustic , electric and pedal steel guitars , production Robert Plant -- lead vocals , harmonica , bass John Bonham -- drums , timpani , backing vocals John Paul Jones -- bass guitar , Hammond organ , backing vocals Viram Jasani -- tabla on `` Black Mountain Side '' Barry Diament -- original 1986 CD mastering Chris Dreja -- back cover photography Peter Grant -- executive production George Hardie -- cover design Glyn Johns -- engineering , mixing George Marino -- CD remastering Jimmy Page -- 2014 Reissue Remastering Chart positions ( edit ) Original release Chart ( 1969 -- 70 ) Peak position Australian Go - Set Top 20 Albums Chart 9 German Albums Chart 32 Canadian RPM Top 100 Chart 11 Danish Albums Chart 8 French Albums Chart 19 Japanese Albums Chart 36 Norwegian Albums Chart 16 Spanish Albums Chart UK Albums Chart 6 US Billboard 200 10 2014 reissue Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 10 US Billboard 200 7 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Position 1969 `` Good Times Bad Times '' US Billboard Hot 100 80 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Argentina ( CAPIF ) Gold 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 1,000,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 50,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 50,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 100,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 8,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Led Zeppelin , Led Zeppelin , Atlantic Records , R2 - 536179 , Super Deluxe Edition Box , 2014 Liner Notes , page 3 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time ( 2012 ) '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Archived 22 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Grammy.org Retrieved 30 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Concert on 7 September 1968 at Teen - Clubs , Denmark '' . Led Zeppelin official website . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Led Zeppelin Biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin Profiled radio promo CD , 1990 ^ Jump up to : Welch , Chris ( 1994 ) Led Zeppelin , London : Orion Books . ISBN 1 - 85797 - 930 - 3 , pp. 28 , 37 . Jump up ^ Dave Schulps , Interview with Jimmy Page , Trouser Press , October 1977 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave and Pallett , Simon ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin : The Concert File , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 4 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Lewis ( 1994 ) , The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , Omnibus Press , Omnibus Press , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 Jump up ^ Interview with Jimmy Page , Guitar World magazine , 1993 Jump up ^ Mick Wall ( 2008 ) , When Giants Walked the Earth : A Biography of Led Zeppelin , London : Orion , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Rosen , 1977 Jimmy Page Interview , Modern Guitars , 25 May 2007 ( originally published in the July 1977 , issue of Guitar Player magazine ) . Jump up ^ Boyle , Jules . `` Legendary producer Glyn Johns reveals missed opportunity for unique collaboration '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I first met Jimmy on Tolworth Broadway , holding a bag of exotic fish ... '' , Uncut , January 2009 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Tolinski , Brad ; Di Bendetto , Greg ( January 1998 ) . `` Light and Shade '' . Guitar World . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Mikal ( 10 August 2001 ) . `` The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Archived 4 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin > FAQ '' . Ledzeppelin.alexreisner.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Keith Shadwick Led Zeppelin 1968 -- 1980 : The Story of a Band and Their Music ( excerpt posted on Billboard.com ) Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( 13 September 2001 ) . `` Led Zeppelin review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( ed . ) Led Zeppelin : Dazed and Confused , the Stories Behind Every Song . ( Page 23 ) Thunder 's Mouth Press , 1998 ISBN 1 - 56025 - 188 - 3 Jump up ^ Bream , Jon ( 2010 ) . Whole Lotta Led Zeppelin : The Illustrated History of the Heaviest Band of ... Voyageur Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780760339558 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Davis ( 1995 ) . Hammer of the Gods ( LPC ) . pp. 44 , 57 64 , 190 , 225 , 277 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43859 - X . Jump up ^ Wynn , Neil ( 2007 ) . Cross the Water Blues : African American Music in Europe . University Press of Mississippi . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 960 - 6 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Crowe interview Led Zeppelin '' . 18 March 1975 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Austin Scaggs , Q&A : Robert Plant , Rolling Stone , 5 May 2005 . Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Allmusic Review Jump up ^ Blender Review Archived 22 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tom Sinclair ( 20 June 2003 ) . `` Houses of the Holy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oz Review '' . Rocksbackpages.com . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pitchfork Review '' . Pitchfork.com. 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Q Review '' . Tower.com. 6 May 1994 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Mendelsohn ( 15 March 1969 ) . `` Led Zeppelin I '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Artists - Led Zeppelin '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sputnikmusic Review '' . Sputnikmusic.com. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Led Zeppelin I ( Remastered ) by Led Zeppelin '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mat Snow , `` Apocalypse Then '' , Q magazine , December 1990 , pp. 74 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The Complete Studio Recordings Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 12 February 1970 ) . `` Delaney & Bonnie & Friends Featuring Eric Clapton '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . Riaa.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Michael ( January 2015 ) . `` An Audience with Jimmy Page '' . Uncut : 16 . Jump up ^ Billboard discography Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Mikal ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin '' . Rolling Stone ( 1006 ) . Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave Lewis ( 1994 ) , The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , Omnibus Press , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 Jump up ^ Review by AllMusic Jump up ^ `` The Times : The 100 Best Albums of All Time -- December 1993 '' . The Times . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Grammy Hall of Fame Award '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Music That Changed The World ( Part One : 1954 -- 1969 ) '' . Q Magazine special edition . UK . January 2004 . Jump up ^ Dimery , Robert ( 7 February 2006 ) . `` 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die '' . Universe . New York , NY ( ISBN 0 - 7893 - 1371 - 5 ) . p. 910 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Rock -- 100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever -- April 2006 '' . Classic Rock . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Debut Albums '' . Uncut Magazine . UK . August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Definitive 200 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Albums That Changed Music '' . Q Magazine 21st anniversary issue . UK . November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Remasters Arrive At Last '' . Mojo. 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Robert Plant '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Albums -- 23 May 1970 '' . Go Set . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- February 1970 '' . charts-surfer.de . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Albums Chart -- 21 April 1969 '' . RPM . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 1969 '' . infodisc.fr . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 1969 '' . Oricon . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Albums -- 8 February 1970 '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums -- 21 February 1970 '' . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 -- 17 May 1969 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Watch : His & Hers # 1s For Blake , Miranda '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles -- 19 April 1969 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1969 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin '' . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Led Zeppelin '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Led Zeppelin '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Led Zeppelin '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Led Zeppelin '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` Spanish album certifications -- Led Zeppelin '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select album under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' Led Zeppelin ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Led Zeppelin '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Led Zeppelin in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Led Zeppelin '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Led Zeppelin at MusicBrainz Led Zeppelin track listing Songs Side one `` Good Times Bad Times '' `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' `` You Shook Me '' `` Dazed and Confused '' Side two `` Your Time Is Gonna Come '' `` Black Mountain Side '' `` Communication Breakdown '' `` I Ca n't Quit You Baby '' `` How Many More Times '' Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Led Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled The Best of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Led_Zeppelin_(album)&oldid=804726253 '' Categories : 1969 debut albums Albums produced by Jimmy Page Atlantic Records albums English - language albums Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Led Zeppelin albums LZ 129 Hindenburg Polydor Records albums Warner Music Group albums Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from June 2014 EngvarB from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles with MusicBrainz release links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was led zeppelin's first album released
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"Led Zeppelin is the eponymous debut studio album by English rock band Led Zeppelin, released on 12 January 1969 in the United States and on 31 March 1969 in the United Kingdom by Atlantic Records. Featuring integral contributions from each of the group's four members, the album was recorded in October 1968 at Olympic Studios in London and established their fusion style of both blues and rock music. It also attracted a large and devoted following to the band; Zeppelin's take on the emerging hard rock sound endeared them to parts of the counterculture on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean."
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"12 January 1969"
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Lamborghini Sesto Elemento
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Lamborghini Sesto Elemento - wikipedia Lamborghini Sesto Elemento Jump to : navigation , search Lamborghini Sesto Elemento Overview Manufacturer Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A Production 2011 -- 2012 ( 20 produced ) Assembly Sant'Agata Bolognese , Italy Designer Filippo Perini Body and chassis Class Track day car / Sports car ( S ) Body style 2 - door coupé Layout Mid-engine , all - wheel - drive Related Audi R8 Lamborghini Gallardo Powertrain Engine Odd - firing 5.2 L FSI V10 Transmission 6 - speed E Gear automated manual Wheelbase 2,560 mm ( 101 in ) Curb weight 999 kg ( 2,202 lb ) The Sesto Elemento ( `` Sixth Element '' in English ) is a high - performance limited edition lightweight automobile produced by Italian automaker Lamborghini , which debuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show . The Sesto Elemento 's name is a reference to the atomic number of carbon , in recognition of the car 's extensive use of carbon fibre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and Specifications 2 Production 3 References 4 External links Design and specifications ( edit ) The Sesto Elemento is equipped with a 6 - speed semi-automatic transmission and an all wheel drive system , mated to a 5.2 litre V10 engine borrowed from the Gallardo Superleggera , generating 570 PS ( 419 kW ; 562 hp ) and 540 N ⋅ m ( 400 lbf ⋅ ft ) of torque . The chassis , body , drive shaft and suspension components are made of carbon fibre , reducing the overall weight to a mere 2,202 lb ( 999 kg ) , a weight comparable to subcompact cars . The engine is cooled through 10 distinctive hexagonal holes in the engine cover , while two intakes funnel cool air into the mid-mounted engine compartment while the exhaust pipes are positioned in the rear wing . Lamborghini claims a 0 -- 62 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) acceleration time of just 2.5 seconds , and a top speed in excess of 210 mph ( 338 km / h ) . The Lamborghini Sesto Elemento has a power to weight ratio of 1.75 kg ( 3.86 lb ) per horsepower , which is currently the best power to weight ratio achieved by a production Lamborghini . The interior of the Sesto Elemento is generally bare without vehicle comforts such as air - conditioning and stereo . The seats are made of carbon fibre and foam and bolted directly onto the chassis of the vehicle , reducing weight and production costs . Production ( edit ) The Sesto Elemento concept on display at the 2010 Paris Motor Show . Lamborghini announced plans to make 20 Sesto Elementos for track use only in mid-2011 with each car costing US $ 2.92 million . All 20 cars were already sold upon the confirmation of production . At that time , the Sesto Elemento was the most expensive Lamborghini ever created , until the Lamborghini Veneno was launched , with the price of the car as high as US $4.5 million ( £ 3,162,150.00 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Valdes - Dapena , Peter ( 17 August 2012 ) . `` Lamborghini 's $2.2 million Sesto Elemento super car '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sesto Elemento : Overview '' . Lamborghini . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Pattni , Vijay ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Lamborghini to build Sesto Elemento '' . Top Gear . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lamborghini Sesto Elemento is sold out '' . Lambocars.com . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lamborghini Sesto Elemento . Official website `` previous Lamborghini road car timeline , 1990 to date 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Owner Chrysler Corp . Megatech V'Power Audi AG Mid-engine V10 Gallardo Huracán SE V12 Diablo Murciélago Aventador Reventón Veneno Centenario Front / 4WD V12 LM002 Urus Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. -- a wholly owned subsidiary of Audi AG Current production vehicles Aventador Huracán Future production vehicles Urus Production engines V8 V10 V12 Past production vehicles 350 GT 400 GT Centenario Countach Diablo Espada Gallardo Islero Jalpa Jarama LM002 Miura Murciélago Reventón Sesto Elemento Silhouette Terzo Millennio Urraco Veneno Concept vehicles Bertone Genesis 350 GTV 400 GT Monza Alar Asterion Athon Bravo Calà Cheetah Concept S Estoque Egoista Faena Flying Star II LM001 LMA002 LM003 LM004 Marco Polo Marzal Miura concept Portofino Urus Zagato Raptor Terzo Millennio Motorsport Lamborghini Super Trofeo People Ferruccio Lamborghini ( Founder ) Gian Paolo Dallara ( Technical director 1963 -- 1968 ) Giotto Bizzarrini ( Engine designer 1960s ) Bob Wallace ( Test driver 1963 -- 1975 ) Valentino Balboni ( Test driver 1968 -- 2008 ) Other History of Lamborghini Lamborghini ( video game ) Automobili Lamborghini ( video game ) Lamborghini American Challenge ( video game ) Museo Lamborghini Italdesign Giugiaro Forged composite Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamborghini_Sesto_Elemento&oldid=833667412 '' Categories : Lamborghini custom and concept cars Rear mid-engine , all - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2010 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 21 : 31 . About Wikipedia
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how many lamborghini sesto elemento's are in the world
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"\n\nLamborghini Sesto Elemento\n\n\n\n\n\nOverview\n\n\nManufacturer\nAutomobili Lamborghini S.p.A\n\n\nProduction\n2011–2012 (20 produced)\n\n\nAssembly\nSant'Agata Bolognese, Italy\n\n\nDesigner\nFilippo Perini\n\n\nBody and chassis\n\n\nClass\nTrack day car / Sports car (S)\n\n\nBody style\n2-door coupé\n\n\nLayout\nMid-engine, all-wheel-drive\n\n\nRelated\nAudi R8\nLamborghini Gallardo\n\n\nPowertrain\n\n\nEngine\nOdd-firing 5.2 L FSI V10\n\n\nTransmission\n6-speed E Gear automated manual\n\n\nDimensions\n\n\nWheelbase\n2,560 mm (101 in)\n\n\nCurb weight\n999 kg (2,202 lb)\n\n"
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Jennifer Ehle
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Jennifer Ehle - wikipedia Jennifer Ehle Jennifer Ehle Ehle in 2016 Jennifer Anne Ehle ( 1969 - 12 - 29 ) December 29 , 1969 ( age 48 ) Winston - Salem , North Carolina , United States Occupation Actress Years active 1991 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michael Ryan ( m . 2001 ) Children Parent ( s ) John Ehle Rosemary Harris Jennifer Anne Ehle ( / ˈiːliː / ; born December 29 , 1969 ) is an American actress . She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries Pride and Prejudice . For her work on Broadway , she won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Real Thing , and the 2007 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Coast of Utopia . She is the daughter of English actress Rosemary Harris and American author John Ehle . Ehle made her West End debut in Peter Hall 's 1991 production of Tartuffe , and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1995 . Other television credits include The Camomile Lawn ( 1992 ) , A Gifted Man ( 2011 -- 2012 ) and The Looming Tower ( 2018 ) . She has also appeared in supporting roles in such films as Wilde ( 1997 ) , Sunshine ( 1999 ) , The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) , Contagion ( 2011 ) , Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) , RoboCop ( 2014 ) , and Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) . Ehle also portrayed Lydia Marsh in The Miseducation of Cameron Post ( 2018 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Work 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Theatre 5 Honors 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Ehle was born in Winston - Salem , North Carolina , to English actress Rosemary Harris and American author John Ehle . Aside from English , her ancestry includes Romanian ( from a maternal great - grandmother ) and paternaly German . Ehle appeared as a toddler in a 1973 Broadway revival of A Streetcar Named Desire , in which her mother played Blanche DuBois . She spent her childhood in both the UK and the US , attending several different schools , including Interlochen Arts Academy . She was raised largely in Asheville , North Carolina . Her drama training was split between the North Carolina School of the Arts and the Central School of Speech and Drama in London . Career ( edit ) Ehle made her West End debut as Orgon 's wife in the 1991 Peter Hall Company production of Tartuffe , for which she won second prize at the Ian Charleson Awards . Hall then cast her as Calypso in a 1992 television adaptation of Mary Wesley 's novel The Camomile Lawn , in which she and her mother played the same character at different ages . This story , produced by UK 's Channel 4 , was a five - part miniseries about the lives and loves of a family of cousins from 1939 to the present . The two would later reprise this different age portrayal of a character as Valerie in István Szabó 's 1999 movie Sunshine . Her performance as Elizabeth Bennet in the BBC 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen 's classic Pride and Prejudice earned her a British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) award . After a stint with the Royal Shakespeare Company , she gained her first major feature film role in Paradise Road . She continued her career on both stage and screen . In 2000 , she received further critical acclaim for her Broadway debut as Annie in Tom Stoppard 's The Real Thing , winning both a Theatre World Award and the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play . Her mother was also nominated for the same award that year for Waiting in the Wings . After a hiatus , Ehle returned to the stage in 2005 in The Philadelphia Story at the Old Vic opposite Kevin Spacey . The following year , she played Lady Macbeth in Macbeth as part of the Shakespeare in the Park , and won her second Tony award for portraying three characters in Stoppard 's The Coast of Utopia triptych , which ran from October 2006 until May 2007 . Her more recent film work includes Before the Rains , an Indian - U.S. co-production directed by Santosh Sivan , and Pride and Glory with Edward Norton and Colin Farrell . In 2008 , she was featured in the CBS telefilm The Russell Girl . In August 2009 , it was announced that Ehle would play the character of Catelyn Stark in the pilot of HBO 's Game of Thrones , an adaptation of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy book series . Ehle filmed the pilot episode , but decided it was too soon to return to work after the birth of her daughter . She was replaced by Northern Irish actress Michelle Fairley . In 2010 , Ehle starred alongside John Lithgow in the production of Mr. & Mrs. Fitch presented by Second Stage Theatre . She played Myrtle Logue , wife of King George VI 's speech therapist Lionel Logue , in The King 's Speech . George was played by her Pride and Prejudice costar Colin Firth . In 2011 , Ehle played Dr. Ally Hextall in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed Contagion . In the autumn of 2011 , Ehle began a costarring role in the American television series A Gifted Man . Her character is a ghost who visits with her ex-husband and asks him to assist with her low - income clinic . In 2012 , Ehle played CIA officer Jessica in Zero Dark Thirty . In 2014 , Ehle played Liz Kline in the remake , Robocop , also starring alongside James Spader as Madeline Pratt in the American TV series The Blacklist . She played Anastasia Steele 's mother in the 2015 Fifty Shades of Grey film , and also appeared in Spooks : The Greater Good . Personal life ( edit ) Ehle married writer Michael Ryan on November 29 , 2001 , and they have two children . Work ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 The Camomile Lawn Young Calypso Miniseries , 5 episodes 1993 The Maitlands Phyllis BBC TV production of Ronald Mackenzie 's 1930s play 1993 Rik Mayall Presents : Micky Love Tamsin Miniseries , 6 Episodes 1995 Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet Miniseries , 6 episodes 1997 Melissa Melissa Miniseries , 5 episodes 2008 The Russell Girl Lorraine Morrissey TV movie 2011 Game of Thrones Catelyn Stark Unaired pilot episode 2011 A Gifted Man Anna Paul 16 episodes 2013 Low Winter Sun Susan Episode : `` Ann Arbor '' 2014 , 2015 The Blacklist Madeline Pratt 2 episodes 2018 The Looming Tower Ambassador Barbara Bodine Episode : `` The General '' Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Backbeat Cynthia Powell 1997 Paradise Road Rosemary Leighton - Jones 1997 Wilde Constance Lloyd Wilde 1998 Bedrooms and Hallways Sally 1999 Sunshine Valerie Sonnenschein 1999 This Year 's Love Sophie 2002 Possession Christabel LaMotte 2006 Alpha Male Alice Ferris 2005 The River King Betsy Chase 2008 Pride and Glory Abby Tierney 2008 Before the Rains Laura Malayalam - language film 2009 The Greatest Joan The King 's Speech Myrtle Logue 2011 The Ides of March Cindy Morris 2011 Contagion Ally Hextall 2011 The Adjustment Bureau Brooklyn Ice House Bartender 2012 Zero Dark Thirty Jessica 2014 RoboCop Liz Kline 2014 Black or White Carol Anderson 2014 The Forger Kim Cutter 2014 A Little Chaos Madame De Montespan 2015 Advantageous Isa Cryer 2015 Fifty Shades of Grey Carla Wilks 2015 Spooks : The Greater Good Geraldine Maltby 2016 Little Men Kathy Jardine 2016 The Fundamentals of Caring Elsa 2016 A Quiet Passion Vinnie Dickinson 2017 Fifty Shades Darker Carla Wilks Unrated edition 2017 Detroit Morgue Doctor 2017 I Kill Giants Mrs. Thorson 2018 The Miseducation of Cameron Post Dr. Lydia Marsh 2018 Monster Katherine O'Brien 2018 Fifty Shades Freed Carla Wilks 2018 Vox Lux Josie In post-production 2018 The Professor and the Madman Ada Murray In post-production Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Company Venue 1959 Pink Thunderbird Edinburgh Festival Laundry and Bourbon Edinburgh Festival 1991 Tartuffe Elmire Peter Hall Company 1992 Breaking the Code Pat Green Triumph Productions Tour 1995 -- 1996 Richard III Lady Anne Royal Shakespeare Company 1995 -- 1996 Painter of Dishonour Serafina Royal Shakespeare Company 1995 -- 1996 The Relapse Amanda Royal Shakespeare Company 1999 The Real Thing Annie Donmar Warehouse 1999 Summerfolk Varvara Mikhailovna National Theatre 2000 The Real Thing Annie Albery Theatre and Barrymore Theatre Design for Living Gilda Roundabout Theatre Company American Airlines Theater 2005 The Philadelphia Story Tracy Lord The Old Vic , London 2006 Macbeth Lady Macbeth Shakespeare in the Park Delacorte Theater 2006 The Coast of Utopia : Voyage Liubov Bakunin Vivian Beaumont Theater 2006 The Coast of Utopia : Shipwrecked Natalie Herzen Vivian Beaumont Theater 2007 The Coast of Utopia : Salvage Malwida von Meysenbug Vivian Beaumont Theater Mr. and Mrs. Fitch Mrs. Fitch Second Stage Theatre 2017 Oslo Mona Juul Vivian Beaumont Theatre Honors ( edit ) Awards 1991 : Ian Charleson Award , Second Prize -- as Orgon 's wife in Tartuffe with the Peter Hall Company 1992 : Radio Times Award Best Newcomer -- The Camomile Lawn ( TV ) 1996 : BAFTA TV Award -- Pride and Prejudice 2000 : Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play -- The Real Thing ( play ) 2000 : Variety Club Award -- The Real Thing ( play ) 2001 : Golden Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Drama -- Sunshine 2007 : Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play -- The Coast of Utopia ( play ) 2010 : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture -- The King 's Speech Nominations 1997 : BAFTA Film Award -- Wilde 2000 : Outer Critics Circle Award -- The Real Thing ( play ) 2000 : Genie Award nomination -- Sunshine 2000 : Laurence Olivier Theatre Award -- The Real Thing ( play ) 2007 : Outer Critics Circle -- The Coast of Utopia ( play ) 2012 : Georgia Film Critics Assoc Best Supporting Actress -- Zero Dark Thirty 2017 : Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play -- Oslo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Authors , 1980 -- 1985 '' . google.ca . Jump up ^ `` Performing Arts '' . google.ca . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Ehle to play mum in 50 Shades of Grey . 3 News NZ. 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Harris and the Picture : Madonna of the Slaughtered Jews . Nmia.com . Retrieved on February 8 , 2013 . Archived July 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ehle '' . ancestry.com . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Ehle '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Drama -- Home Page '' . uncsa.edu . Jump up ^ `` High Profile Alumni '' . cssd.ac.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.geocities.ws.dwan_y/tartuffe.html ^ Jump up to : Lees , Caroline . `` Classic recipes for success '' . Sunday Times . 9 February 1992 Jump up ^ Dave Kehr ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` AT THE MOVIES ; A Resemblance ? It 's Only Natural '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Lizzie did next '' . The Age . Melbourne . April 23 , 2005 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doug Feiden ( June 5 , 2000 ) . `` ' Kiss Me Kate ' is big Tony winner ' Copenhagen ' and ' Contact ' also honored '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Utopian win for Jennifer Ehle and Tom Stoppard at Tony Awards '' . Daily Mail . London . June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fairley to replace Ehle in HBO 's ' Thrones ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jace Lacob ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` A Gifted Man 's Leading Lady '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ `` Tony Winners Lithgow and Ehle Are ' MR . & MRS . FITCH ' For Second Stage Theatre '' August 19 , 2009 , Broadway World Jump up ^ Stuart Kemp ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` AFM : Kit Harington , Jennifer Ehle Sign on for ' Spooks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Ehle -- Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Suzanne ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Celebrities ' Christmas memories '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Jennifer Ehle on IMDb Awards for Jennifer Ehle BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress Googie Withers ( 1955 ) Virginia McKenna ( 1956 ) Rosalie Crutchley ( 1957 ) Gwen Watford ( 1959 ) Catherine Lacey ( 1960 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1961 ) Ruth Dunning ( 1962 ) Brenda Bruce ( 1963 ) Vivien Merchant ( 1964 ) Katharine Blake ( 1965 ) Gwen Watford ( 1966 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1967 ) Judi Dench ( 1968 ) Wendy Craig ( 1969 ) Margaret Tyzack ( 1970 ) Annette Crosbie ( 1971 ) Patricia Hayes ( 1972 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1973 ) Celia Johnson ( 1974 ) Lee Remick ( 1975 ) Annette Crosbie ( 1976 ) Siân Phillips ( 1977 ) Penelope Keith ( 1978 ) Francesca Annis ( 1979 ) Cheryl Campbell ( 1980 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1981 ) Judi Dench ( 1982 ) Beryl Reid ( 1983 ) Coral Browne ( 1984 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1985 ) Claire Bloom ( 1986 ) Anna Massey ( 1987 ) Emma Thompson ( 1988 ) Thora Hird ( 1989 ) Diana Rigg ( 1990 ) Geraldine McEwan ( 1991 ) Helen Mirren ( 1992 ) Helen Mirren ( 1993 ) Helen Mirren ( 1994 ) Juliet Aubrey ( 1995 ) Jennifer Ehle ( 1996 ) Gina McKee ( 1997 ) Daniela Nardini ( 1998 ) Thora Hird ( 1999 ) Thora Hird ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Julie Walters ( 2002 ) Julie Walters ( 2003 ) Julie Walters ( 2004 ) Anamaria Marinca ( 2005 ) Anna Maxwell Martin ( 2006 ) Victoria Wood ( 2007 ) Eileen Atkins ( 2008 ) Anna Maxwell Martin ( 2009 ) Julie Walters ( 2010 ) Vicky McClure ( 2011 ) Emily Watson ( 2012 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2013 ) Olivia Colman ( 2014 ) Georgina Campbell ( 2015 ) Suranne Jones ( 2016 ) Sarah Lancashire ( 2017 ) Molly Windsor ( 2018 ) Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2005 , retired ) Debbie Reynolds ( 1996 ) Joan Cusack ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Catherine Keener ( 1999 ) Kate Hudson ( 2000 ) Maggie Smith ( 2001 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Regina King ( 2004 ) Rosario Dawson ( 2005 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2005 , retired ) Courtney Love ( 1996 ) Julianne Moore ( 1997 ) Kimberly Elise ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) Jennifer Ehle / Rosemary Harris ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Edie Falco ( 2002 ) Maria Bello ( 2003 ) Gena Rowlands ( 2004 ) Laura Linney ( 2005 ) Motion Picture ( 2006 -- present ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Rosemarie DeWitt ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) June Squibb ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Naomie Harris ( 2016 ) Lois Smith ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Ingrid Bergman / Helen Hayes ( 1947 ) Judith Anderson / Katharine Cornell / Jessica Tandy ( 1948 ) Martita Hunt ( 1949 ) Shirley Booth ( 1950 ) Uta Hagen ( 1951 ) Julie Harris ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1954 ) Nancy Kelly ( 1955 ) Julie Harris ( 1956 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1957 ) Helen Hayes ( 1958 ) Gertrude Berg ( 1959 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1960 ) Joan Plowright ( 1961 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1962 ) Uta Hagen ( 1963 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1964 ) Irene Worth ( 1965 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1966 ) Beryl Reid ( 1967 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1968 ) Julie Harris ( 1969 ) Tammy Grimes ( 1970 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1971 ) Sada Thompson ( 1972 ) Julie Harris ( 1973 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1974 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Irene Worth ( 1976 ) Julie Harris ( 1977 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1978 ) Constance Cummings / Carole Shelley ( 1979 ) Phyllis Frelich ( 1980 ) Jane Lapotaire ( 1981 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1982 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1983 ) Glenn Close ( 1984 ) Stockard Channing ( 1985 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1986 ) Linda Lavin ( 1987 ) Joan Allen ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Maggie Smith ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Madeline Kahn ( 1993 ) Diana Rigg ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1996 ) Janet McTeer ( 1997 ) Marie Mullen ( 1998 ) Judi Dench ( 1999 ) Jennifer Ehle ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker ( 2001 ) Lindsay Duncan ( 2002 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2003 ) Phylicia Rashad ( 2004 ) Cherry Jones ( 2005 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2006 ) Julie White ( 2007 ) Deanna Dunagan ( 2008 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2009 ) Viola Davis ( 2010 ) Frances McDormand ( 2011 ) Nina Arianda ( 2012 ) Cicely Tyson ( 2013 ) Audra McDonald ( 2014 ) Helen Mirren ( 2015 ) Jessica Lange ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) Glenda Jackson ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Patricia Neal ( 1947 ) Shirley Booth ( 1949 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1951 ) Marian Winters ( 1952 ) Beatrice Straight ( 1953 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1954 ) Patricia Jessel ( 1955 ) Una Merkel ( 1956 ) Peggy Cass ( 1957 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1958 ) Julie Newmar ( 1959 ) Anne Revere ( 1960 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1961 ) Elizabeth Ashley ( 1962 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1963 ) Barbara Loden ( 1964 ) Alice Ghostley ( 1965 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1966 ) Marian Seldes ( 1967 ) Zena Walker ( 1968 ) Jane Alexander ( 1969 ) Blythe Danner ( 1970 ) Rae Allen ( 1971 ) Elizabeth Wilson ( 1972 ) Leora Dana ( 1973 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1974 ) Rita Moreno ( 1975 ) Shirley Knight ( 1976 ) Trazana Beverley ( 1977 ) Ann Wedgeworth ( 1978 ) Joan Hickson ( 1979 ) Dinah Manoff ( 1980 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1981 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1982 ) Judith Ivey ( 1983 ) Christine Baranski ( 1984 ) Judith Ivey ( 1985 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1986 ) Mary Alice ( 1987 ) L. Scott Caldwell ( 1988 ) Christine Baranski ( 1989 ) Margaret Tyzack ( 1990 ) Irene Worth ( 1991 ) Bríd Brennan ( 1992 ) Debra Monk ( 1993 ) Jane Adams ( 1994 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1995 ) Audra McDonald ( 1996 ) Lynne Thigpen ( 1997 ) Anna Manahan ( 1998 ) Elizabeth Franz ( 1999 ) Blair Brown ( 2000 ) Viola Davis ( 2001 ) Katie Finneran ( 2002 ) Michele Pawk ( 2003 ) Audra McDonald ( 2004 ) Adriane Lenox ( 2005 ) Frances de la Tour ( 2006 ) Jennifer Ehle ( 2007 ) Rondi Reed ( 2008 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2009 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2010 ) Ellen Barkin ( 2011 ) Judith Light ( 2012 ) Judith Light ( 2013 ) Sophie Okonedo ( 2014 ) Annaleigh Ashford ( 2015 ) Jayne Houdyshell ( 2016 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2017 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2018 ) BNE : XX1542207 BNF : cb14071391c ( data ) GND : 137827326 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 5302 LCCN : no96029978 SNAC : w6n303cx SUDOC : 103668543 VIAF : 85119681 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Ehle&oldid=854539491 '' Categories : 1969 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama American film actresses American people of German descent American people of Romanian descent American people of English descent American stage actresses American television actresses BAFTA winners ( people ) Living people Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Actors from Winston - Salem , North Carolina Theatre World Award winners Tony Award winners Actresses from North Carolina People from Asheville , North Carolina American expatriates in the United Kingdom American Shakespearean actresses Alumni of the British American Drama Academy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 03 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played elizabeth bennet in bbc pride and prejudice
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[
"Jennifer Anne Ehle (/ˈiːliː/; born December 29, 1969) is an American actress. She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries Pride and Prejudice. For her work on Broadway, she won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Real Thing, and the 2007 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Coast of Utopia. She is the daughter of English actress Rosemary Harris and American author John Ehle.\n"
] |
[
"Jennifer Anne Ehle"
] |
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Sarah & Duck
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Sarah & Duck - wikipedia Sarah & Duck Jump to : navigation , search Sarah & Duck Sarah ( left ) , Duck ( right ) Genre Children 's television series Created by Sarah Gomes Harris Tim O'Sullivan Written by Sarah Gomes Harris Benjamin Cook Tim O'Sullivan Ilana Darrant John Randolph Davies Alex Howley Eddie Robson Matilda Tristram Directed by Tim O'Sullivan ( Series Director ) Tim Fehrenbach ( Animation Director , series 1 ) Martyn Jones ( Animation Director , series 2 ) Alastair Park ( Animation Director , series 3 ) Voices of Tasha Lawrence Roger Allam Lesley Nicol Andy Nyman Pete Gallagher David Carling Tim O'Sullivan Composer ( s ) Tanera Dawkins & Tim O'Sullivan Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 120 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chris White Alison Stewart Producer ( s ) Jamie Badminton Editor ( s ) Graham Silcock ( series 1 ) Sophie Weller ( Assistant Editor , series 1 ) Mark Edwards ( series 2 ) Florence Kennard ( Assistant Editor , series 2 ) Michele Chiappa ( series 3 ) Running time 7 minutes Production company ( s ) Karrot Entertainment Distributor BBC Worldwide Release Original network CBeebies First shown in United Kingdom Original release 18 February 2013 -- 15 December 2017 External links Sprout Online : Sarah & Duck www.sarahandduck.com Sarah & Duck is a British animated children 's television series created by Sarah Gomes Harris and Tim O'Sullivan , and produced by Karrot Animation for the BBC . Though designed as a story - driven animation primarily targeted at 4 - 6 - year - old children since premiering at MIPCOM , the series has a huge adult audience . It was first broadcast on the UK CBeebies channel on 18 February 2013 . A total of 120 episodes have been commissioned with 40 each for Series 1 , 2 and 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Other characters 3 Production 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 6 Series overview 7 DVD Releases 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows the adventures of Sarah , a very kind , polite seven - year - old girl , with big eyes , rosy cheeks and a green hat , and her best friend Duck , a mallard . The central theme is the relationship between these two characters and the adventures they have together . CBeebies state that the show has two learning themes : ' Friendship and imagination ' and ' Problem Solving ' . Cast and characters ( edit ) Name Voice cast About Sarah Tasha Lawrence She is a very kind , polite and somewhat eccentric seven - year - old girl . She is best friends with Duck . She plays the tuba , likes sea cows ( manatees ) , and drinks `` lemon water '' . Duck N / A He is Sarah 's quacky , flappy best friend . Duck wants to be a penguin and has a toy robot . He turns two years old in series 1 . Narrator Roger Allam He talks to Sarah & Duck , asks them questions and gives them suggestions . There is a possibility that the Narrator is Sarah 's father , given the reference made in ' Old Toys ' . Scarf Lady Lesley Nicol She is a forgetful old lady who loves knitting . She lives in a house full of woollen items . She has a talking knitting bag and a pet donkey . Bag Andy Nyman He is Scarf Lady 's knitting bag . He corrects Scarf Lady when she gets confused . Donkey N / A He is Scarf Lady 's pet . He looks sad but is n't really . Other characters ( edit ) John is Sarah 's Japanese friend voiced by Luca Pilkington Massey . Flamingo is John 's pet voiced by Tim O'Sullivan . The Shallots are planted by Sarah & Duck in the first episode . There are three similar - sized and one tiny one . The three repeat the same phrase when spoken to while the tiny one says a variation thereof . They live in Sarah 's front garden by the door , and are voiced by Tim O'Sullivan and Tony Clarke . Rainbow makes friends with Sarah & Duck after a rain shower . He is very tickly , and voiced by David Carling . Moon first meets Sarah & Duck at the Big Shop when he is heading to work at night . He is voiced by Pete Gallagher . Venus is a good friend of Moon and normally Sarah only sees her at night . Mars , a bruff Sargent Major type character , joins Moon & Venus from time to time . Hat Lady ( or Hattie ) is Scarf Lady 's old sporting rival and runs the local hat museum . Like her arch - nemesis Scarf Lady , she is voiced by Lesley Nicol . Umbrella is scared of the rain and voiced by Jamie Oram . Bug is a large ladybird that lives in Sarah & Duck 's house plant and collects buttons . The Cloud Captain is a French engineer who operates the weather system from Sarah 's local park , voiced by Derek Griffiths . The Ribbon Sisters are Sarah & Duck 's quiet next - door neighbours wearing differently - coloured large sunglasses . They like to play with ribbons and are voiced by Kiki Brooks . Scooter Boy has a scooter and wears a helmet . He has been seen riding his scooter only once , and walks it everywhere he goes . He is voiced by Dylan Issberner . Plate Girl carries a plate with her at most times and is voiced by Yaeli Miller . Cake helps bake and is voiced by Andy Nyman . Bread Man runs the local bakery , which Sarah and especially Duck like to visit . Tortoise is slow and easily scared when he retreats into his shell which has windows he can look out . Tortoise does n't speak . Spare Wool sits patiently in Scarf Lady 's wool room , and is voiced by Andy Nyman . Poetry Pete is first featured on one of Scarf Lady 's LPs and is voiced by Simon Callow Production ( edit ) The series is produced using computer - assisted animation techniques and the Adobe After Effects and CelAction2D packages . A second series began airing on 11 August 2014 . On 17 June 2015 it was renewed for a third series which aired starting the 18 October 2016 on CBeebies . Broadcast ( edit ) BBC Worldwide have secured global distribution and merchandising rights for the new show and will air it to BBC Worldwide 's network of channels . On 19 August 2013 , Sarah & Duck was first broadcast in the U.S. , on Universal Kids . The first series of Sarah & Duck has also aired in Japan ( NHK ) , Norway ( NRK ) , Sweden ( SVT ) , Denmark ( DR ) , Finland ( YLE ) , Germany ( KiKa ) , Portugal ( RTP ) , Iceland ( RUV ) , the Netherlands ( NPO ) and Israel ( HOP ) . In Canada it is broadcast on the Family Jr. channel . In Australia , it broadcasts on ABC Kids . On 12 February 2016 Sarah & Duck was made available in the U.S. on Netflix . Reception ( edit ) A pilot for Sarah & Duck was first aired at the Cartoon Forum 2010 where it was warmly received . The series was an immediate hit in the UK , and the first four episodes were the most popular pre-school programmes of their week on the BBC catch - up TV service , iPlayer . The first episode ' Lots of Shallots ' was part of the official selection for the 2013 Annecy International Animated Film Festival . In October 2013 Sarah & Duck was nominated for a Children 's British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) award in the pre-school animation category . The BAFTA was awarded to Timmy Time . In January 2014 Sarah & Duck was nominated in the pre-school category of the British Animation Awards . In November 2014 , with a second nomination , Sarah & Duck won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) award in the pre-school animation category . In February 2017 , it was tied in the Kidscreen Award for best animated series with Doc McStuffins . Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 40 18 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) 19 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) 40 11 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 15 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) 40 18 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 15 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) DVD Releases ( edit ) Release No . Release Name Episodes Number and duration R2 release date Lots of Shallots and other stories Lots of Shallots , Sarah Duck & the Penguin , Cheer Up Donkey , Cake Bake , Scarf Lady 's House , Robot Juice , Bouncy Ball , Rainbow Lemon , Sit Shop , Kite Flight 70 mins 17 February 2014 Doubles and other stories Doubles , Umbrella and the Rain , Big Shop , Woollen Music , Fairground , Sarah Gets a Cold , Ribbon Sisters , Stargazing , Coloured Light , Strawberry Souffle 70 mins 8 September 2014 Balloon Race and other stories Balloon Race , Camera , Tapping Shoes , Fireworks Dance , Fancy Park , Pipe Conductor , Slow Quest , World Bread Day , Pond Princess , Puncture Pump 70 mins 16 February 2015 Petal Light Picking and other stories Petal Light Picking , Bobsleigh , Plate Fog , Scared of Stairs , Moon Paint , The Play , Bread Bike , Bug 's Button Bank , No More Wool , Octogon Club 70 mins 19 October 2015 5 Cloud Tower and other stories Cloud Tower , Outside Outside , Umbrella Bubbles , Sound Jumble , The Mouse 's Birthday , Tortoise Snooze , Fast Slow Bungalow , Bags of Bags , Ribbon Fall , Garden Gaming 70 mins 15 February 2016 6 Duck Hotel and other stories Duck Hotel , Origami Overload , Shallot Circus , Toy Tidy , Plate Escape , The Big Sleepover , Paisley Sea , Duck 's Quack , Rainbow 's Niece , Decorating Donkey 70 mins 16 May 2016 7 Beach Break and other stories Beach Break , Parasol Show , Extra Bounce , Cake Relocate , Lost Librarian , Scooter Stand Still , Music Fixer , Wool on Wheels , Lemon Cafe , Star Renovation 70 mins 25 July 2016 8 Duck Flies and other stories Duck Flies , Seacow Snowtrail , Woolly Memories , Bubble Bumbling , Toggle Tangle , Tummy Talk , Moon 's Exhibition , Pond Prose , The Art of Pink , Bug Bop 70 mins 17 October 2016 9 Train Fudge and other stories Train Fudge , Picture Planes , Hat Fuss , Dewy Morning , Sticker Swap , Magic Panic , Birthday Buoy , Alarm Clock , Twang Ball , Auto Cat 70 mins 20 February 2017 10 Constable Quack and other stories Constable Quack , Fluff Bread , Moonbow , Bench Blocked , Planetarium Aquarium , Shallot Boat , Cake Decorate , Balloon Barnacles , Basking Shark , Old Toys 70 mins 2 October 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sarah and Duck official site '' . Karrot Entertainment . 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Skwigly - Sarah & Duck CBeebies latest hit ! '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Siti Syameen Md Khalili ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` TRENDS : Connecting through humour '' . New Straits Times . Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC Media Centre ( 2013 ) . `` Roger Allam and Lesley Nicol provide voice talent as Sarah & Duck waddles onto CBeebies '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Scarborough . `` Sarah & Duck Series Two commissioned by BBC Worldwide for CBeebies international network '' . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Karrot Animation . `` Sarah & Duck Series Three commissioned '' . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Henderson ( 2013 ) . `` Sarah & Duck -- CBeebies latest hit ! '' . Skwigly . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - CBeebies - Grown - ups - Sarah & Duck '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toonhound - Sarah and Duck '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mid Sussex Times - Haywards Heath 's Tasha voices new CBeebies animation '' . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Seven - year - old schoolgirl Tasha Lawrence is getting ready for vocal stardom as she breathes life into the lead character of Sarah from brand new CBeebies ' animation Sarah & Duck ... It features the adventures of a seven - year old girl , Sarah Jump up ^ `` Cake Bake '' . Sarah & Duck . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Media Centre - Roger Allam and Lesley Nicol provide voice talent as Sarah & Duck waddles onto CBeebies '' . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lesley Nicol - Curriculum Vitae '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karrot Animation expands 2D possibilities '' . Adobe Systems . 2014 . Retrieved 4 Nov 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah and Duck premieres on CBeebies UK '' . Karrot Animation. 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Patrick Callan . `` Sarah & Duck gets third season '' . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Press Office - BBC Worldwide commissions Sarah & Duck for CBeebies around the world '' . Jump up ^ `` On Screen Asia : BBC Worldwide commissions `` Sarah & Duck '' S2 for CBeebies `` . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah and Duck '' . FamilyJr.Ca . Jump up ^ MaFt.co.uk . `` Sarah & Duck ( 2014 ) on Netflix USA : : New on Netflix USA '' . New on Netflix USA . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Karrot Annimation - Sarah and Duck launches at cartoon forum '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karrot Animation - Sarah & Duck make the top four slots on BBC iPlayer '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annecy - Official Selection '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Academy Children 's Awards listing '' . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News : Bill Nighy nominated for British Animation Award '' . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British Academy Children 's Awards listing '' . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2017/02/14/and-the-2017-kidscreen-awards-winners-are/# Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck - Twitter '' . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Our NEW DVD ( Vol. 2 ) ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Check out our new DVD 's Packaging ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Our new ' Balloon Race ' DVD is out TODAY ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck : Petal Light Picking and Other Stories - HMV '' . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Our 4th DVD is out NOW ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Our latest DVD is back in stock '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Hurrah , It 's New DVD Day ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` UNBOXING ! This is out in UK on Monday ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Our Duck Hotel UK DVD is out NEXT WEEK ! ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Here 's the packaging for our new ' Beach Break ' DVD ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` It 's New DVD day ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck : Duck Flies and Other Stories - HMV '' . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` It 's new DVD day ! ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Look what just arrived at Sarah & Duck HQ - our 9th DVD ... '' `` . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck : Constable Quack and Other Stories - HMV '' . Retrieved 20 Nov 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah & Duck on Twitter : `` Our 10th DVD is OUT NOW ... '' `` . Retrieved 20 Nov 2017 . External links ( edit ) Sarah & Duck - The Official Website of Sarah & Duck Sarah & Duck on IMDb Sarah & Duck at the BBC Karrot Entertainment Sarah & Duck series Launch trailer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_%26_Duck&oldid=816058444 '' Categories : BBC children 's television programmes 2010s British animated television series 2010s British children 's television series 2013 British television programme debuts 2017 British television programme endings English - language television programs Animated duos Preschool education television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from December 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 59 . About Wikipedia
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who is the narrator in sarah and duck
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[
"\n\nName\nVoice cast[9]\nAbout\n\n\nSarah\nTasha Lawrence[10]\nShe is a very kind, polite and somewhat eccentric seven-year-old[10] girl. She is best friends with Duck. She plays the tuba, likes sea cows (manatees), and drinks \"lemon water\".\n\n\nDuck\nN/A\nHe is Sarah's quacky, flappy best friend. Duck wants to be a penguin and has a toy robot. He turns two years old in series 1.[11]\n\n\nNarrator\nRoger Allam[12]\nHe talks to Sarah & Duck, asks them questions and gives them suggestions. There is a possibility that the Narrator is Sarah's father, given the reference made in 'Old Toys'.\n\n\nScarf Lady\nLesley Nicol[13]\nShe is a forgetful old lady who loves knitting. She lives in a house full of woollen items. She has a talking knitting bag and a pet donkey.\n\n\nBag\nAndy Nyman\nHe is Scarf Lady's knitting bag. He corrects Scarf Lady when she gets confused.\n\n\nDonkey\nN/A\nHe is Scarf Lady's pet. He looks sad but isn't really.\n\n"
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[
"Roger Allam"
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-8150825393730738658
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16th Street Baptist Church bombing
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16th Street Baptist Church bombing - wikipedia 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Jump to : navigation , search 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing Part of the civil rights movement The four girls killed in the bombing ( Clockwise from top left , Addie Mae Collins , Cynthia Wesley , Carole Robertson and Carol Denise McNair ) Location Birmingham , Alabama Coordinates 33 ° 31 ′ 0 '' N 86 ° 48 ′ 54 '' W / 33.51667 ° N 86.81500 ° W / 33.51667 ; - 86.81500 Coordinates : 33 ° 31 ′ 0 '' N 86 ° 48 ′ 54 '' W / 33.51667 ° N 86.81500 ° W / 33.51667 ; - 86.81500 Date September 15 , 1963 10 : 22 a.m. ( UTC - 5 ) Target 16th Street Baptist Church Attack type Church bombing , terrorism , hate crime , mass murder Deaths Non-fatal injuries 22 Perpetrators Thomas Blanton ( convicted ) Robert Chambliss ( convicted ) Bobby Cherry ( convicted ) Herman Cash ( alleged ) Motive Racism Racial segregation Civil rights movement in Alabama Montgomery bus boycott Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Birmingham campaign Birmingham riot of 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Bloody Tuesday Selma to Montgomery marches The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was an act of white supremacist terrorism which occurred at the African American 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , on Sunday , September 15 , 1963 , when four members of the Ku Klux Klan planted at least 15 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the steps located on the east side of the church . Described by Martin Luther King Jr. as `` one of the most vicious and tragic crimes ever perpetrated against humanity '' the explosion at the church killed four girls and injured 22 others . Although the FBI had concluded in 1965 that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four known Ku Klux Klansmen and segregationists -- Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Edward Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry -- no prosecutions ensued until 1977 , when Robert Chambliss was tried and convicted of the first degree murder of one of the victims , 11 - year - old Carol Denise McNair . Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. and Bobby Cherry were each convicted of four counts of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 and 2002 respectively , whereas Herman Cash , who died in 1994 , was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing . The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing marked a turning point in the United States during the civil rights movement and contributed to support for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Birmingham Campaign and the 16th Street Baptist Church 2 Bombing 3 Reactions and condemnation 3.1 Funerals 4 Initial investigation 4.1 FBI closure of case 5 Resulting legislation 6 Formal reopening of investigation 6.1 Prosecution of Robert Chambliss 7 Later prosecutions 7.1 Thomas Edwin Blanton 7.2 Bobby Frank Cherry 8 Possible fifth conspirator 9 Aftermath 10 Media and memorials 10.1 Music 10.2 Film 10.3 Television 10.4 Books ( non-fiction ) 10.5 Books ( fiction ) 10.6 In sculpture and symbolism 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited works and further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) In the years leading up to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , Birmingham had earned a national reputation as a tense , violent and racially segregated city , in which even tentative racial integration of any form was met with violent resistance . Martin Luther King described Birmingham as `` probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States '' . The city had no black police officers or firefighters , and few of the city 's black residents were registered to vote . Bombings at black institutions were a regular occurrence : Birmingham had seen at least 21 separate explosions at black properties and churches in the eight years before 1963 , although none of these explosions had resulted in fatalities . These attacks had earned the city the nickname `` Bombingham '' . The 16th Street Baptist Church in 2005 . The steps beneath which the bomb was planted can be seen in the foreground Birmingham campaign and the 16th Street Baptist Church ( edit ) Main article : Birmingham campaign The three - story 16th Street Baptist Church had become a rallying point for civil rights activities through the spring of 1963 , and became the location where students who were arrested during the 1963 Birmingham campaign 's Children 's Crusade had been organized and trained by Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Director of Direct Action , James Bevel . The church was also used as a meeting - place for other civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and Fred Shuttlesworth . Tensions further escalated when the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Congress on Racial Equality became involved in a campaign to register African - Americans to vote in Birmingham . On May 2 , more than 1,000 students , some reportedly as young as eight , opted to leave school and gather at the 16th Street Baptist Church . Demonstrators present were given instructions to march to downtown Birmingham and discuss with the mayor their concerns about racial segregation in Birmingham , then to integrate buildings and businesses currently segregated . Although this march was met with fierce resistance and criticism , and saw up to 600 arrests on the first day alone , the Birmingham campaign and its Children 's Crusade continued until May 5 . These demonstrations led to an agreement , on May 8 , between the city 's business leaders and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , to integrate public facilities , including schools , in the city within 90 days . ( The first three schools in Birmingham to become integrated would do so on September 4 . ) These demonstrations , and the concessions from city leaders to the majority of demonstrators ' demands , were met with fierce resistance in Birmingham . In the weeks following the September 4 integration of public schools , three further bombs had been detonated in Birmingham . Other acts of violence followed the settlement , and several staunch Ku Klux Klansmen were known to have expressed frustration at what they saw as a lack of effective resistance to integration . The 16th Street Baptist Church was a known and popular rallying point for civil rights activists , and had become an obvious target . Bombing ( edit ) In the early morning of Sunday , September 15 , 1963 , four members of the United Klans of America -- Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Edward Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry -- planted a minimum of 15 sticks of dynamite with a time delay under the steps of the church , close to the basement . At approximately 10 : 22 a.m. , an anonymous man phoned the 16th Street Baptist Church . The call was answered by the acting Sunday School secretary : a 14 - year - old girl named Carolyn Maull . To Maull , the anonymous caller simply said the words , `` Three minutes '' , before terminating the call . Less than one minute later , the bomb exploded as five children were present within the basement assembly , changing into their choir robes in preparation for a sermon entitled `` A Love That Forgives '' . According to one survivor , the explosion shook the entire building and propelled the girls ' bodies through the air `` like rag dolls '' . The explosion blew a hole measuring seven feet in diameter in the church 's rear wall , and a crater five feet wide and two feet deep in the ladies ' basement lounge , destroying the rear steps to the church and blowing one passing motorist out of his car . Several other cars parked near the site of the blast were destroyed , and windows of properties located more than two blocks from the church were also damaged . All but one of the church 's stained - glass windows were destroyed in the explosion . The sole stained - glass window largely undamaged in the explosion depicted Christ leading a group of young children . Hundreds of individuals , some of them lightly wounded , converged on the church to search the debris for survivors as police erected barricades around the church and several outraged men scuffled with police . An estimated 2,000 black people , many of them hysterical , converged on the scene in the hours following the explosion as the church 's pastor , the Reverend John Cross Jr. , attempted to placate the crowd by loudly reciting the 23rd Psalm through a bullhorn . One individual who converged on the scene to help search for survivors , Charles Vann , later recollected that he had observed a solitary white man whom he recognized as Robert Edward Chambliss ( a known member of the Ku Klux Klan ) standing alone and motionless at a barricade . According to Vann 's later testimony , Chambliss was standing `` looking down toward the church , like a firebug watching his fire '' . Four girls , Addie Mae Collins ( age 14 , born April 18 , 1949 ) , Carol Denise McNair ( age 11 , born November 17 , 1951 ) , Carole Robertson ( age 14 , born April 24 , 1949 ) , and Cynthia Wesley ( age 14 , born April 30 , 1949 ) , were killed in the attack . The explosion was so intense that one of the girls ' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring , whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull . The then - pastor of the church , the Reverend John Cross , would recollect in 2001 that the girls ' bodies were found `` stacked on top of each other , clung together '' . All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic . More than 20 additional people were injured in the explosion , one of whom was Addie Mae 's younger sister , 12 - year - old Sarah Collins , who had 21 pieces of glass embedded in her face and was blinded in one eye . In her later recollections of the bombing , Collins would recall that in the moments immediately before the explosion , she had observed her sister , Addie , tying her dress sash . Another sister of Addie Mae Collins , 16 - year - old Junie Collins , would later recall that shortly before the explosion , she had been sitting in the basement of the church reading the Bible and had observed Addie Mae Collins tying the dress sash of Carol Denise McNair before she had herself returned upstairs to the ground floor of the church . Reactions and condemnation ( edit ) As violence escalated in Birmingham in the hours following the bombing , police urged parents of black and white youths to keep their children indoors , as the Governor of Alabama , George Wallace , ordered an additional 300 state police to assist in quelling unrest . Birmingham City Council convened an emergency meeting to propose safety measures for the city , although proposals for a curfew were rejected . Within 24 hours of the bombing , a minimum of five businesses and properties had been firebombed and numerous cars -- most of which were driven by whites -- had been stoned by rioting youths . In response to the church bombing , described by the Mayor of Birmingham , Albert Boutwell , as `` just sickening '' , the Attorney General dispatched 25 FBI agents , including explosives experts , to Birmingham to conduct a thorough forensic investigation . Congress of Racial Equality and members of the All Souls Church march in memory of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing victims on September 22 , 1963 Although reports of the bombing and the loss of four children 's lives were glorified by white supremacists , who in many instances chose to celebrate the loss as `` four less niggers '' , as news of the church bombing and the fact that four young girls had been killed in the explosion reached the national and international press , many felt that they had not taken the civil rights struggle seriously enough . The day following the bombing , a young white lawyer named Charles Morgan Jr. addressed a meeting of businessmen , condemning the acquiescence of white people in Birmingham towards the oppression of blacks . In this speech , Morgan addressed his audience with a speech in which he lamented : `` Who did it ( the bombing ) ? We all did it ! The ' who ' is every little individual who talks about the ' niggers ' and spreads the seeds of his hate to his neighbor and his son ... What 's it like living in Birmingham ? No one ever really has known and no one will until this city becomes part of the United States . '' A Milwaukee Sentinel editorial opined , `` For the rest of the nation , the Birmingham church bombing should serve to goad the conscience . The deaths ... in a sense , are on the hands of each of us . '' Two more black youths , Johnny Robinson and Virgil Ware , were shot to death in Birmingham within seven hours of the Sunday morning bombing . Robinson , aged 16 , was shot in the back by a policeman as he fled down an alley , after ignoring police orders to halt . The police were reportedly responding to black youths throwing rocks at cars driven by white people . Robinson died before reaching the hospital . Ware , aged 13 , was shot in the cheek and chest with a revolver in a residential suburb 15 miles north of the city . A 16 - year - old white youth named Larry Sims fired the gun ( given to him by another youth named Michael Farley ) at Ware , who was sitting on the handlebars of a bicycle ridden by his brother . Sims and Farley had been riding home from an anti-integration rally which had denounced the church bombing . When he spotted Ware and his brother , Sims fired twice , reportedly with his eyes closed . ( Sims and Farley were later convicted of second - degree manslaughter , although the judge suspended their sentences and imposed two years ' probation upon each youth . ) Some civil rights activists blamed George Wallace , the Governor of Alabama and an outspoken segregationist , for creating the climate that had led to the killings . One week before the bombing , Wallace granted an interview with a The New York Times journalist in which he said he believed Alabama needed a `` few first - class funerals '' to stop racial integration . The city of Birmingham initially offered a $52,000 reward for the arrest of the bombers . Governor George Wallace himself offered an additional $5,000 on behalf of the state of Alabama . Although this donation was accepted , Martin Luther King Jr. is known to have informed Wallace via telegram of his belief that `` the blood of four little children ... is on your hands . Your irresponsible and misguided actions have created in Birmingham and Alabama the atmosphere that has induced continued violence and now murder . '' Funerals ( edit ) Carole Rosamond Robertson was laid to rest in a private family funeral held on September 17 , 1963 . Reportedly , Carole 's mother , Alpha , had expressly requested her daughter be buried separately from the other victims due to her distress at a remark Martin Luther King had made in which he ( King ) said the mindset that had allowed the murder of the four girls was the `` apathy and complacency '' of black people in Alabama . The service for Carole Rosamond Robertson was held at St. John 's African Methodist Episcopal Church . In attendance were 1,600 people . At this service , the Reverend C.E. Thomas addressed the congregation , informing them : `` The greatest tribute you can pay to Carole is to be calm , be lovely , be kind , be innocent . '' Carole Robertson was buried in a blue casket at Shadow Lawn Cemetery . On September 18 , the funeral of the three other girls killed in the bombing was held at the Sixth Avenue Baptist Church . Although no city officials attended this service , present at the girls ' funerals were an estimated 800 clergymen of all races . Also present was Martin Luther King Jr . In a speech conducted before the burial of the girls , King addressed an estimated 3,300 mourners -- including numerous white people -- with a speech which included : `` This tragic day may cause the white side to come to terms with its conscience . In spite of the darkness of this hour , we must not become bitter ... We must not lose faith in our white brothers . Life is hard . At times as hard as crucible steel , but , today , you do not walk alone . '' As the girls ' coffins were led to their graves , King ordered that those present remain solemn and forbid any singing , shouting or demonstrations . These instructions were relayed to the crowd present by a single youth with a bullhorn . At the time of the funerals , two of those critically injured in the bombing were still hospitalized , as was a 16 - year - old white teenager named Dennis Robertson , who had been hit on the head with a brick thrown by a black youth as Robertson cycled home from his job . Initial investigation ( edit ) Initially , investigators theorized that a bomb thrown from a passing car had caused the explosion at the 16th Street Baptist church ; however , by September 20 , the FBI was able to confirm that the explosion had been caused by a device which had been purposely planted beneath the steps to the church , close to the women 's lounge , where a section of wire and remnants of red plastic which could have been part of a timing device were discovered . ( The plastic remnants were later lost by investigators . ) Within days of the bombing , investigators began to focus their attention upon a Ku Klux Klan splinter group known as the `` Cahaba Boys '' . The Cahaba Boys had formed earlier in 1963 due to a mutual feeling the Ku Klux Klan was becoming restrained and impotent in response to concessions granted to blacks aimed at ending racial segregation , and had previously been linked to several bomb attacks at black - owned businesses and the homes of black community leaders throughout the spring and summer of 1963 . Although the Cahaba Boys consisted of fewer than 30 active members , this splinter group included Thomas Blanton Jr. , Herman Cash , Robert Chambliss , and Bobby Cherry . Investigators also gathered numerous witness statements attesting to a group of white men in a turquoise 1957 Chevrolet who had been seen near the church in the early hours of the morning of September 15 . These witness statements specifically indicated that a white man had exited the car and walked towards the steps of the church . ( The physical description of the individual who had exited the car varied , and could have matched either Bobby Cherry or Robert Chambliss . ) Chambliss was questioned by the FBI on September 26 . On September 29 , Chambliss was indicted solely upon charges of illegally purchasing and transporting dynamite on September 4 , 1963 . He and two acquaintances , John Hall and Charles Cagle , were each convicted upon a charge of illegally possessing and transporting dynamite on October 8 -- each receiving a $100 fine and a suspended 180 - day jail sentence . At the time , no federal charges were filed against Chambliss or any of his fellow conspirators in relation to the bombing . FBI closure of case ( edit ) The FBI did encounter difficulties in their initial investigation into the bombing . One later report stated : `` By 1965 , we had ( four ) serious suspects -- namely Thomas Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry , all Klan members -- but witnesses were reluctant to talk and physical evidence was lacking . Also , at that time , information from our surveillance was not admissible in court . As a result , no federal charges were filed in the ' 60s . '' On May 13 , 1965 , local investigators and the FBI formally named Blanton , Cash , Chambliss , and Cherry as the perpetrators of the bombing , with Robert Chambliss the likely ringleader of the four . This information was relayed to the Director of the FBI , J. Edgar Hoover ; however , no prosecutions of the four suspects ensued , reportedly on the basis of mistrust between local and federal investigators . Later the same year , J. Edgar Hoover formally blocked any impending prosecutions against the suspects , and refused to disclose any evidence his agents had obtained with state or federal prosecutors . In 1968 , the FBI formally closed their investigation into the bombing without filing charges against any of their named suspects . The files were sealed by order of J. Edgar Hoover . Resulting legislation ( edit ) President Lyndon Johnson signs into effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . July 2 , 1964 The Birmingham campaign , the March on Washington , the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist church , and the later assassination of John F. Kennedy -- an ardent supporter of the civil rights cause who had proposed a Civil Rights Act of 1963 on national television -- increased worldwide awareness of and sympathy towards the civil rights cause . Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 , newly - inaugurated President Lyndon Johnson continued to press for the passage of the civil rights bill sought by his predecessor . On July 2 , 1964 , President Lyndon Johnson signed into effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . In attendance were various leaders of the Civil Rights Movement including Martin Luther King Jr . This resulting legislation outlawed any discrimination based on race , color , religion , gender , or national origin ; thus ensuring full , equal rights of African - Americans before the law . Formal reopening of investigation ( edit ) Officially , the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing remained unsolved until William Baxley was elected Attorney General of Alabama in January 1971 . Baxley had been a student at the University of Alabama when he heard about the bombing in 1963 , and later recollected : `` I wanted to do something , but I did n't know what . '' Within one week of being sworn into office , Baxley had researched original police files into the bombing , discovering that most of the original police documents were lackluster and inefficient . Nonetheless , Baxley formally reopened the case into the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in 1971 . Baxley was able to corroborate with and build trust with key witnesses , some of whom had been reluctant to testify in the first trial . Other witnesses obtained were able to identify Chambliss as the individual who had placed the bomb beneath the church . Baxley also gathered evidence proving Chambliss had purchased dynamite from a store in Jefferson County less than two weeks before the bomb was planted , upon the pretext the dynamite was to be used to clear land the Ku Klux Klan had purchased near Highway 101 . In addition , he also obtained testimony from witnesses who were able to place Robert Chambliss and his car in the vicinity of the church on the day of the bombing . This testimony and evidence was used to formally construct a case against Robert Chambliss . Baxley then requested access to the original FBI files on the case and discovered that evidence accumulated by the FBI against the named suspects between 1963 and 1965 had not been revealed to the prosecutors in Birmingham . Although he met with initial resistance from the FBI , Baxley was formally presented with some of the evidence which had been compiled by the FBI in 1976 , after he publicly threatened to expose the Department of Justice for withholding evidence which could result in the prosecution of the perpetrators of the bombing . Prosecution of Robert Chambliss ( edit ) On November 14 , 1977 , Robert Chambliss , then aged 73 , stood trial in Birmingham 's Jefferson County Courthouse . Chambliss was initially indicted on September 24 , 1977 , charged with four counts of murder relating to each victim of the 1963 church bombing ; however , at an initial court hearing scheduled October 18 , Judge Wallace Gibson ruled that the defendant would be tried upon one count of murder -- that of Carol Denise McNair -- and that the remaining three counts of murder would remain , but that he would not be charged in relation to these three deaths . Before his trial , Chambliss remained free upon a $200,000 bond raised by family and supporters and posted October 18 . Chambliss pleaded not guilty to the charges , insisting that although he had indeed purchased a case of dynamite less than two weeks before the bombing , he had given the dynamite to a known Klan member named Gary Thomas Rowe Jr . To discredit Chambliss 's claims that Rowe had committed the bombing , prosecuting attorney William Baxley introduced two law enforcement officers to testify as to Chambliss 's inconsistent claims of innocence . The first of these witnesses was a retired Birmingham police officer named Tom Cook , who testified on November 15 as to a conversation he had had with Chambliss in 1975 . Cook testified that Chambliss had acknowledged his guilt regarding his 1963 arrest for possession of dynamite , but that he ( Chambliss ) was insistent he had given the dynamite to Rowe prior to the bombing . Following the testimony of Tom Cook , Baxley then introduced a police sergeant named Ernie Cantrell , who testified that Chambliss had visited his headquarters in 1976 , where he had attempted to affix the blame for the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing upon an altogether different member of the Ku Klux Klan . Cantrell also stated that Chambliss had boasted of his knowledge of how to construct a `` drip - method bomb '' using a fishing float and leaking bucket of water . ( Upon cross examination by defense attorney Art Hanes Jr. , Cantrell did concede that Chambliss had emphatically denied actually bombing the church . ) One of the key witnesses to testify on behalf of the prosecution was the Reverend Elizabeth Cobbs -- Chambliss 's own niece . Reverend Cobbs stated that her uncle had repeatedly informed her he had been engaged in what he referred to as a `` one - man battle '' against blacks since the 1940s . Moreover , Cobbs testified on November 16 that , on the day before the bombing , Chambliss had informed her he had in his possession enough dynamite to `` flatten half of Birmingham '' . Cobbs also testified that , approximately one week after the bombing , she had observed Chambliss watching a news article relating to the four girls killed in the bombing . According to Cobbs , Chambliss had informed her : `` It ( the bomb ) was n't meant to hurt anybody ... it did n't go off when it was supposed to . '' Another witness to testify was a man named William Jackson , who testified as to his joining the Ku Klux Klan in 1963 and his becoming acquainted with Chambliss shortly thereafter . Jackson testified that Chambliss had expressed frustration as to his ( Chambliss 's ) belief that the Klan was `` dragging its feet '' on the issue of racial integration , and of his eagerness to form a more virulent splinter group . In his closing argument before the jury on November 17 , Baxley acknowledged that Chambliss was not the sole perpetrator in the bombing , before informing the jury of his regret that the state was unable to request the death penalty in this case , owing to the fact the death penalty in Alabama which had been in effect in 1963 had been repealed , and that the current death penalty within the state was only applicable in relation to crimes committed after its reinstatement . Noting that the day of the closing argument fell upon what would have been Carol Denise McNair 's 26th birthday , and that she would have likely been a mother by this date , Baxley harked towards the testimony earlier delivered by Carol 's father , Chris McNair , and requested that the jury return a verdict of guilty . In his rebuttal closing argument , defense attorney Art Hanes Jr. attacked the evidence presented by the prosecution as being purely circumstantial , adding that similar circumstantial evidence had earlier seen Chambliss acquitted of the church bombing in 1963 . Hanes also harked towards the testimony of several of the 12 witnesses the defense had called to testify as to Chambliss 's whereabouts on the day of the bombing , including a policeman and a neighbor who had each testified as to Chambliss being at the home of a man named Clarence Dill on the day of the bombing . Following the closing arguments , the jury retired to begin their deliberations , which lasted for over six hours and continued into the following day . On November 18 , 1977 , Robert Chambliss was found guilty of the murder of Carol Denise McNair and sentenced to life imprisonment for her murder . At his sentencing , Chambliss stood before the judge and stated : `` Judge , your honor , all I can say is God knows I have never killed anybody , never have bombed anything in my life ... I did n't bomb that church . '' The same afternoon Chambliss was convicted , William Baxley issued a subpoena to Thomas Blanton to appear in court in relation to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Although Baxley knew he had insufficient evidence to charge Blanton at this stage , this subpoena was issued in the hope of frightening Blanton into confessing his involvement and negotiating a deal to turn state evidence against his co-conspirators . Blanton , however , simply hired a lawyer and refused to answer any questions . Chambliss did appeal his conviction , citing that much of the evidence presented at his trial -- including testimony relating to his activities within the Ku Klux Klan -- was circumstantial ; that the 14 - year delay between the crime and his eventual trial violated his constitutional right to a speedy trial ; and that this delay was a tactic used by the prosecution to gain an advantage over his own defense attorneys . This appeal was dismissed on May 22 , 1979 . Robert Chambliss died in the Lloyd Noland Hospital and Health Center on October 29 , 1985 , at the age of 81 . In the years since his incarceration , Chambliss had been confined to a solitary cell to protect him from attacks by fellow inmates . He had repeatedly proclaimed his innocence -- repeatedly insisting Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. was the actual perpetrator . Later prosecutions ( edit ) Ten years after Chambliss had died , the FBI discreetly reopened their investigation into the bombing , resulting in the unsealing of 9,000 pieces of evidence previously gathered by the FBI in the 1960s ( many of these documents relating to the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing had been unavailable to William Baxley in the 1970s ) . In May 2000 , the FBI publicly announced their findings that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four members of the Ku Klux Klan splinter group known as the Cahaba Boys . The four individuals named in the FBI report were Blanton , Cash , Chambliss , and Cherry . At the time of the announcement , Herman Cash was deceased ; however , Thomas Blanton and Bobby Cherry were still alive . Both were arrested . On May 16 , 2000 , a grand jury in Alabama indicted Thomas Edwin Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry with eight counts each of first - degree murder in relation to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Both named individuals were charged with four counts of first - degree murder , and four counts of universal malice . The following day , both men surrendered to police . The prosecution had originally intended to try both defendants together ; however , the trial of Bobby Cherry was delayed due to the findings of a court - ordered psychiatric evaluation , which had concluded that vascular dementia had impaired his mind , therefore making Cherry mentally incompetent to stand trial or assist in his own defense . On April 10 , 2001 , Judge James Garrett indefinitely postponed Cherry 's trial , pending further medical analysis . In January 2002 , Judge Garrett ruled Cherry mentally competent to stand trial and set an initial trial date for April 29 . Thomas Edwin Blanton ( edit ) Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. was brought to trial in Birmingham , Alabama , before Judge James Garrett on April 24 , 2001 . Blanton pleaded not guilty to the charges , and opted not to testify on his own behalf throughout the trial . In his opening statement to the jurors , defense attorney John Robbins acknowledged his client 's affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan and his views on racial segregation , but warned the jury : `` Just because you do n't like him , that does n't make him responsible for the bombing . '' The prosecution called a total of seven witnesses to testify in their case against Blanton , including relatives of the victims , the former reverend of the 16th Street Baptist Church , John Cross , an FBI agent named William Fleming , and a former Klansman who became a paid FBI informant , Mitchell Burns . Burns had secretly recorded several conversations with Blanton in which he ( Blanton ) had gloated when talking about the bombing , and had boasted the police would not catch him when he bombed another church . The most crucial piece of evidence presented at Blanton 's trial was an audio recording secretly taped by the FBI in June , 1964 , in which Blanton was recorded discussing his involvement in the bombing with his wife , who can be heard accusing her husband of conducting an affair with a woman named Waylene Vaughn two nights before the bombing . Although sections of the recording -- presented in evidence on April 27 -- are unintelligible , Blanton can twice be heard mentioning the phrase `` plan a bomb '' or `` plan the bomb '' . Most crucially , Blanton can also be heard describing his not being with Miss Vaughn , but at a meeting with other Ku Klux Klansmen on a bridge above the Cahaba River two nights before the bombing , adding : `` You 've got to have a meeting to plan a bomb . '' In addition to calling attention to flaws in the prosecution 's case , the defense was able to expose inconsistencies in the memories of some prosecution witnesses who had testified . Blanton 's attorneys also criticized the validity and quality of the 16 tape recordings introduced as evidence , arguing that the prosecution had deliberately spliced the sections of the audio recording secretly obtained within Blanton 's kitchen , reducing the entirety of the tape by 26 minutes , and that the sections presented were of a poor audio quality , requiring the prosecution to present questionable text transcripts to the jury . In reference to the recordings made as Blanton conversed with Burns , Robbins emphasized that Burns had earlier testified that Blanton had never expressly stated he had made or planted the bomb , and portrayed the audio tapes introduced into evidence as the statements of `` two rednecks driving around , drinking '' and making false , ego - inflating claims to one another . The trial lasted for one week , and saw seven witnesses testify on behalf of the prosecution , as opposed to just two witnesses for the defense . One of the defense witnesses was a retired chef named Eddie Mauldin , who was called to testify in an effort to discredit prosecution witnesses ' statements that they had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church prior to the bombing . Mauldin testified on April 30 that he had observed two men in a Rambler station wagon adorned with a confederate flag repeatedly drive past the church immediately before the blast , and that , seconds after the bomb had exploded , the car had `` burned rubber '' as it drove away . ( Thomas Blanton had owned a Chevrolet in 1963 , and neither Chambliss , Cash nor Cherry had owned such a vehicle . ) Both counsels delivered their closing arguments before the jury on May 1 . In his closing argument , prosecuting attorney Doug Jones first pointed to the fact that the trial was conducted 38 years after the bombing made the trial no less important , adding : `` It 's never too late for the truth to be told ... It 's never too late for a man to be held accountable for his crimes . '' Jones then recited Blanton 's extensive history with the Ku Klux Klan , before referring to the audio recordings presented earlier in the trial . Jones then recited the most damning statements Blanton had made in these recordings , before pointing at Blanton and stating : `` That is a confession out of this man 's mouth . '' Defense attorney John Robbins reminded the jury in his closing argument that his client was an admitted segregationist and a `` loudmouth '' , but that that was all that could be proven , and that his past was not the evidence upon which they should return their verdicts . Stressing that Blanton should not be judged for his beliefs , Robbins again vehemently criticized the validity and poor quality of the audio recordings presented , and the selectivity of the sections which had been introduced into evidence . Robbins also discredited the testimony of FBI agent William Fleming , who had earlier testified as to a government witness claiming he had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church shortly before the bombing . The jury deliberated for just two and a half hours before returning with a verdict finding Thomas Edwin Blanton guilty of four counts of first - degree murder . When asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed , Blanton simply said : `` I guess the Lord will settle it on Judgment Day . '' Blanton was sentenced to serve a sentence of life imprisonment , and remains the sole perpetrator of the 1963 Birmingham Church bombing still alive . His first parole hearing was held on August 3 , 2016 . Relatives of the slain girls , prosecutor Doug Jones , Alabama Chief Deputy Attorney General Alice Martin , and Jefferson County district attorney Brandon Falls each spoke at the hearing to oppose Blanton 's parole , with Martin addressing the hearing by stating : `` The cold blooded callousness of this hate crime has not diminished by the passage of time . '' The Board of Pardons and Paroles debated for less than 90 seconds before opting to deny parole to Blanton . He is next eligible for parole in 2021 . Bobby Frank Cherry ( edit ) Bobby Frank Cherry was tried in Birmingham , Alabama , before Judge James Garrett , on May 6 , 2002 . Cherry also pleaded not guilty to the charges , and did not testify on his own behalf during the trial . In his opening statement for the prosecution , Don Cochran outlined that he expected the evidence to be presented to show that Cherry had participated in a conspiracy to commit the bombing and conceal evidence linking him to the crime , and that he had later gloated over the deaths of the victims . Cochran also added that although the evidence to be presented would not conclusively show that Cherry had actually planted or ignited the bomb , the combined evidence would illustrate that he had aided and abetted in the commission of the act . Cherry 's defense attorney , Mickey Johnson , protested his client 's innocence , citing that much of the evidence presented was circumstantial , and that Cherry had initially been linked to the bombing by the FBI via an informant who had claimed , fifteen months after the bombing , that she had seen Cherry place the bomb at the church shortly before the bombing . Johnson then warned the jurors they would have to draw a distinction between evidence and proof . Following the opening statements , the prosecution began presenting witnesses . Crucial testimony at Cherry 's trial was delivered by his former wife , Willadean Brogdon , whom Cherry had married in 1970 . Brogdon testified on May 16 that Cherry had boasted to her that he had been the individual who planted the bomb beneath the steps to the church , then returned hours later to light the fuse upon the dynamite . Brogdon also testified that Cherry had informed her of his regret that children had died in the bombing , before adding his contentment that they would never reproduce . Although the credibility of Brogdon 's testimony was called into dispute at the trial , forensic experts did concede that , although her account of the planting of the bombing differed from that which had been discussed in the previous perpetrators ' trials , Brogdon 's recollection of Cherry 's account of the planting and subsequent lighting of the bomb could explain why no conclusive remnants of a timing device were subsequently discovered after the bombing . ( A fishing float attached to a section of wire which may have been part of a timing device was found 20 feet from the explosion crater following the bombing , although one of several vehicles heavily damaged in the explosion was found to have carried fishing tackle . ) Another witness to testify on behalf of the prosecution was Barbara Ann Cross , the daughter of the Reverend John Cross , who was aged 13 in 1963 . Cross had been slightly wounded in the bombing , and had attended the same Sunday School class as the four victims on the day of the bombing . On May 15 , Cross testified that prior to the explosion , she and the four girls killed had each attended a Youth Day Sunday School lesson in which the theme taught was how to react to a physical injustice . Cross testified that each girl present had been taught to contemplate how Jesus would react to affliction or injustice , with the message taught being to consider , `` What Would Jesus Do ? '' Cross testified that she would herself have accompanied her friends into the basement lounge to change into robes for the forthcoming sermon , but she had been given an assignment . Shortly thereafter , she had heard `` the most horrible noise '' , before being struck on the head by debris . Throughout the trial , Cherry 's defense attorney , Mickey Johnson , repeatedly observed that many of the prosecution 's witnesses were either circumstantial or `` inherently unreliable '' . Many of the same audio tapes presented in Blanton 's trial were also introduced into evidence in the trial of Bobby Cherry . A key point contested as to the validity of the audio tapes being introduced into evidence , outside the hearing of the jury , was the fact that Cherry had no grounds to contest the introduction of the tapes into evidence , as , under the Fourth Amendment , neither his home or property had been subject to discreet recording by the FBI . This was disputed by Don Cochran , who argued that Alabama law allows conspiracies to conceal evidence to be proven by both inference and circumstantial evidence . In spite of a rebuttal argument by the defense , Judge Garrett ruled that some sections were too prejudicial , but also that portions of some audio recordings could be introduced as evidence . Through these rulings , Mitchell Burns was also called to testify on behalf of the prosecution , although his testimony was restricted to the areas of the recordings permitted into evidence . Prosecutor Doug Jones points toward Bobby Cherry as he delivers his closing argument to the jury . May 21 , 2002 On May 21 , 2002 , both prosecution and defense attorneys delivered their closing arguments to the jury . In his closing argument for the prosecution , Don Cochran gave attention to the fact the victims ' `` Youth Sunday ( sermon ) never happened ... because it was destroyed by this defendant 's hate . '' Cochran then outlined Cherry 's extensive record of racial violence dating back to the 1950s , also noting his knowledge of constructing and installing bombs obtained in his days as a Marine demolition expert . Cochran also reminded the jury of a secretly - obtained FBI recording which had earlier been introduced into evidence in which Cherry had informed his first wife , Jean , that he and other Klansmen had constructed the bomb within the premises of a business the Friday before the bombing , and that Cherry had signed an affidavit in the presence of the FBI on October 9 , 1963 , confirming that he , Chambliss and Blanton were at these premises on this date . In the closing argument for the defense , attorney Mickey Johnson argued that Cherry had nothing to do with the bombing , and reminded the jurors that his client was not on trial for his beliefs , stating : `` It seems like more time has been spent here throwing around the n - word than proving what happened in September 1963 . '' Johnson then reiterated that there was no hard evidence linking Cherry to the bombing , but only evidence attesting to his racist beliefs dating from that era , and that the family members who had testified against him were all estranged and therefore unreliable witnesses . Johnson then urged the jury not to convict his client via guilt by association . Following these closing arguments , the jury retired to consider their verdicts . These deliberations continued until the following day . On the afternoon of May 22 , after deliberating for almost seven hours , the forewoman of the jury announced they had reached their verdicts : Bobby Frank Cherry was convicted of four counts of first - degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment . Cherry remained stoic as the sentence was read aloud , although relatives of the four victims openly wept in relief . When asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed , Cherry motioned to the prosecutors and stated : `` This whole bunch lied all the way through this thing ( the trial ) . I told the truth . I do n't know why I 'm going to jail for nothing . I have n't done anything ! '' Bobby Frank Cherry died of cancer on November 18 , 2004 , at age 74 , while incarcerated at the Kilby Correctional Facility . Following the convictions of Blanton and Cherry , Alabama 's former Attorney General , William Baxley , expressed his frustration at his never being informed of the existence of these audio recordings before their emergence at the 2001 and 2002 trials . Baxley acknowledged that the social circumstances in 1960s Alabama would likely have leaned in favor of both defendants even with the FBI recordings presented in evidence , but added that he could have prosecuted Thomas Blanton -- and likely Bobby Cherry -- in 1977 , had he been granted access to the secretly recorded tapes of Blanton conversing with his wife and with FBI informant Mitchell Burns . ( A 1980 Justice Department report had concluded that J. Edgar Hoover had blocked prosecution of the four suspects of the bombing in 1965 , and had officially closed the investigation in 1968 . ) Possible fifth conspirator ( edit ) Although both Blanton and Cherry denied their involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , until his death in 1985 , Robert Chambliss repeatedly insisted that the bombing had been committed by Gary Thomas Rowe Jr . Rowe had been encouraged to join the Klan by acquaintances in 1960 before becoming a paid FBI informant just two months after the bombing . In this role , Rowe acted as an agent provocateur between 1961 and 1965 . Although informative to the FBI , Rowe participated in violence against blacks and white civil rights activists . By Rowe 's own later admission , in his role as an FBI informant , he had shot and killed an unidentified black man and had been an accessory to the murder of Viola Liuzzo . Investigative records show that Rowe had twice failed polygraph tests when questioned as to his possible involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing and two separate , non-fatal explosions . These polygraph results had convinced some FBI agents of Rowe 's culpability in the bombing . Prosecutors at Chambliss 's 1977 trial had initially intended to call Rowe as a witness ; however , William Baxley had opted not to call Rowe as a witness after being informed of the results of these polygraph tests . Although never formally named as one of the conspirators by the FBI , Rowe 's record of deception on the polygraph tests leaves open the possibility that Chambliss 's claims may have held a degree of truth . Nonetheless , a 1979 investigation cleared Rowe of any involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Aftermath ( edit ) They forever changed the face of this state and the history of this state . Their deaths made all of us focus upon the ugliness of those who would punish people because of the color of their skin . -- State Senator Roger Bedford at the unveiling of a state historic marker to the victims . September 15 , 1990 Following the bombing , the 16th Street Baptist Church remained closed for over eight months , as assessments and , later , repairs were conducted upon the property . Both the church and the bereaved families received an estimated $23,000 in cash donations from members of the public . Gifts totalling over $186,000 were donated from around the world . The church reopened to members of the public on June 7 , 1964 , and continues to remain an active place of worship today , with an average weekly attendance of nearly 2,000 worshippers . The current pastor of the church is the Reverend Arthur Price Jr . The most seriously injured survivor of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , Sarah Jean Collins , remained hospitalized for more than two months following the bombing . Collins ' injuries were so extensive that medical personnel did initially fear she would lose the sight in both eyes , although by October , they were able to inform Collins she would regain the sight in her left eye . When asked her feelings towards the bombers on October 15 , 1963 , Collins first thanked those who had cared for her and sent messages of condolence , flowers and toys , then said : `` As for the bomber , people are praying for him . We wonder what he would be thinking today , if he had children ... He will face God . We turn this problem over to God , because no one else can solve Birmingham 's problems . We leave it up to God to solve them . '' Charles Morgan Jr. , the young white lawyer who had delivered an impassioned speech on September 16 , 1963 , deploring the tolerance and complacency of much of the white population of Birmingham towards the suppression and intimidation of blacks -- thereby contributing to the climate of hatred in the city -- himself received death threats directed against him and his family in the days following his speech . Within three months , Morgan and his family were forced to flee Birmingham . James Bevel , a prominent figure within the Civil Rights Movement and organizer of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , was galvanized to create what became known as the Alabama Project for Voting Rights as a direct result of the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing . Following the bombing , Bevel and his then - wife , Diane , relocated to Alabama , where they tirelessly worked upon the Alabama Project for Voting Rights , which aimed to extend full voting rights for all eligible citizens of Alabama regardless of race . This initiative subsequently contributed to the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches , which themselves resulted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , thus prohibiting any form of racial discrimination within the process of voting . The Welsh Window . Designed by artist John Petts , the stained - glass window depicts a black Christ with his arms outstretched ; his right arm pushing away hatred and injustice , the left extended in an offering of forgiveness . Within the 16th Street Baptist Church , there still stands the Welsh Window . Sculpted by Carmarthenshire - based artist John Petts , who had initiated a campaign in Wales to raise money to fund a replacement stained - glass window which had been destroyed in the bombing . Petts had opted to construct a stained - glass image of a black Christ to replace one of the windows destroyed in the bombing . Within two days of the church bombing , Petts had contacted then - pastor of the church , the Reverend John Cross , announcing he had launched a fundraising campaign to create this sculpture via an appeal conducted through the Western Mail , requesting funds from the Welsh public to pay for the construction of the structure in Wales , and its delivery and installation at the 16th Street Baptist Church . John Petts died in 1991 at the age of 77 . In a 1987 interview focusing upon his recollections of the bombing , Petts recollected : `` Naturally , as a father , I was horrified by the deaths of those children . '' Petts then elaborated that the inspiration for the stained - glass image was a verse from the Gospel of Matthew : `` Truly , I say to you , as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers , you did it to me . '' The Welsh Window bears the inscription , `` Given by The People of Wales '' . On the 27th anniversary of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , a state historic marker was unveiled at Greenwood Cemetery , the final resting place of three of the four victims of the bombing ( Carole Robertson 's body had been reburied in Greenwood Cemetery in 1974 , following the death of her father ) . Several dozen people were present at the unveiling , presided over by state Senator Roger Bedford . At the service , the four girls were described as martyrs who `` died so freedom could live '' . Herman Frank Cash died of cancer in February 1994 . He was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing , and did maintain his innocence . Although Cash is known to have passed a polygraph test in which he was questioned as to his potential involvement in the bombing , the FBI had concluded in May 1965 that Cash was one of the four conspirators . Cash is interred at Northview Cemetery in Polk County , Georgia . The Reverend John Cross , who had been the pastor of the 16th Street Baptist Church at the time of the 1963 bombing , died of natural causes on November 15 , 2007 . He was 82 years old . The Reverend Cross is interred at Hillandale Memorial Gardens in DeKalb County , Georgia . Thomas Edwin Blanton , the sole perpetrator of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing still alive , is currently incarcerated at the St. Clair Correctional Facility in Springville , Alabama . Since his 2001 conviction , Blanton has been confined in a one - man cell under tight security . He has seldom spoken of his involvement in the bombing , shuns social activity and rarely receives visitors . Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was eight years old at the time of the bombing and both a classmate and friend of Carol Denise McNair . On the day of the bombing , Rice was at her father 's church , located a few blocks from the 16th Street Baptist Church . In 2004 , Rice recalled her memories of the bombing : I remembered the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963 . I did not see it happen , but I heard it happen and I felt it happen , just a few blocks away at my father 's church . It is a sound that I will never forget , that will forever reverberate in my ears . That bomb took the lives of four young girls , including my friend and playmate ( Carol ) Denise McNair . The crime was calculated , not random . It was meant to suck the hope out of young lives , bury their aspirations , and ensure that old fears would be propelled forward into the next generation . On May 24 , 2013 , President Barack Obama posthumously awarded a Congressional Gold Medal to the four girls killed in the 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing . This medal was awarded through signing into effect Public Law 113 -- 11 ; a bill which awarded one Congressional Gold Medal to be created in recognition of the fact the girls ' deaths served as a major catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , and invigorated a momentum ensuring the signing into passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The gold medal was presented to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute to display or temporarily loan to other museums . Media and memorials ( edit ) Music ( edit ) The song `` Birmingham Sunday '' is directly inspired by the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Written in 1964 by Richard Fariña and recorded by Fariña 's sister - in - law , Joan Baez , the song was included on Baez 's 1964 album Joan Baez / 5 . The song would also be covered by Rhiannon Giddens , and is included on her 2017 album Freedom Highway . The 1964 album track upon jazz musician John Coltrane 's album Live at Birdland includes the track `` Alabama '' . This song was written as a direct musical tribute to the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . African - American composer Adolphus Hailstork 's 1982 work for wind ensemble titled American Guernica was composed in memory of the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Film ( edit ) A 1997 documentary , 4 Little Girls , focuses exclusively upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Directed by Spike Lee , this documentary includes interviews with family and friends of the victims and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary . The 2002 docudrama , Sins of the Father , directly focuses upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Directed by Robert Dornhelm , the film casts Richard Jenkins as Bobby Cherry and Bruce McFee as Robert Chambliss . The 2014 American historical drama , Selma , which focuses upon the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches , also includes a scene depicting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . This film was directed by Ava DuVernay . Television ( edit ) The 1993 documentary , Angels of Change , focuses upon both the events leading to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing and its aftermath . This documentary was produced by Birmingham - based TV station WVTM - TV , and subsequently received a Peabody Award . The History Channel has broadcast a documentary entitled Remembering the Birmingham Church Bombing . Broadcast to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the bombing , this documentary includes interviews with the Head of Education at the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute . Books ( non-fiction ) ( edit ) Anderson , Susan ( 2008 ) . The Past on Trial : The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing , Civil Rights Memory and the Remaking of Birmingham . Chapel Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 54988 - 141 - 4 . Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years , 1954 -- 1963 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 . Chalmers , David ( 2005 ) . Backfire : How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement . Chapel Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2311 - 1 . Cobbs , Elizabeth H. ; Smith , Petric J. ( 1994 ) . Long Time Coming : An Insider 's Story of the Birmingham Church Bombing that Rocked the World . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 881548 - 10 - 4 . Hamlin , Christopher M. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Stained Glass : A History of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57587 - 083 - 5 . Klobuchar , Lisa ( 2009 ) . 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror . Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4092 - 0 . McKinstry , Carolyn ; George , Denise ( 2011 ) . While the World Watched : A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age During the Civil Rights Movement . Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3636 - 7 . McWhorter , Diane ( 2001 ) . Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama , the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 0951 - 2 . Sikora , Frank ( 1991 ) . Until Justice Rolls Down : The Birmingham Church Bombing Case . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0520 - 3 . Thorne , T.K. ( 2013 ) . Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers . Lawrence Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61374 - 864 - 0 . Books ( fiction ) ( edit ) Christopher Paul Curtis 's 1995 novel The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 conveys the events of the bombing . This fictional account of the bombing was later converted into a movie . The 2001 novel Bombingham , written by Anthony Grooms , is set in Birmingham in 1963 . This novel portrays a fictional account of the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church and the shootings of Virgil Ware and Johnny Robinson . The American Girl book No Ordinary Sound , set in 1963 and featuring the character of Melody Ellison , has the bombing as a major plot point . In sculpture and symbolism ( edit ) The Four Spirits sculpture , unveiled at Kelly Ingram Park , September 2013 Welsh craftsman and artist John Petts was inspired to construct and deliver the iconic stained - glass Welsh Window to the 16th Street Baptist Church in 1965 . The Welsh Window is a large stained - glass edifice depicting a black Jesus , with arms outstretched , reminiscent of the Crucifixion of Jesus . Erected at the church in 1965 , the Welsh Window stands over the front door of the sanctuary . The American sculptor John Henry Waddell has created a memorial symbolizing those killed in the bombing . Entitled That Which Might Have Been : Birmingham 1963 , the sculpture -- depicting four adult women in differing postures -- was created over a period of 15 months . The four women in the sculpture are each depicted in symbolic terms ; representing the four victims of the bombing , had they been allowed to mature to womanhood . The sculpture was originally displayed at the First Unitarian Universalist Church in Phoenix in 1969 . A second casting of the sculpture was intended for display in Birmingham ; however , due to controversy over the nudity of the women in the sculpture , this second casting is now on display at the George Washington Carver Museum . The names of the four girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing are engraved upon the Civil Rights Memorial . Erected in Montgomery , Alabama in 1989 . The Civil Rights Memorial is an inverted , conical granite fountain and is dedicated to 41 people who died in the struggle for the equal rights and integrated treatment of all people between the years 1954 and 1968 . The names of the 41 individuals themselves are chronologically engrained upon the surface of this fountain . Creator Maya Lin has described this sculpture as a `` contemplative area ; a place to remember the Civil Rights Movement , to honor those killed during the struggle , to appreciate how far the country has come in its quest for equality '' . The Four Spirits sculpture was unveiled at Birmingham 's Kelly Ingram Park in September 2013 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the bombing . Crafted in Berkeley , California by Birmingham - born sculptor Elizabeth MacQueen and designed as a memorial to the four children killed on September 15 , 1963 , the bronze and steel life - size sculpture depicts the four girls in preparation for the church sermon at the 16th Street Baptist Church in the moments immediately before the explosion . The youngest girl killed in the explosion ( Carol Denise McNair ) is depicted releasing six doves into the air as she stands tiptoed and barefooted upon a bench as another barefooted girl ( Addie Mae Collins ) is depicted kneeling upon the bench , affixing a dress sash to McNair ; a third girl ( Cynthia Wesley ) is sat upon the bench alongside McNair and Collins with a Bible in her lap . The fourth girl ( Carole Robertson ) is depicted standing and smiling as she motions the other three girls to attend their church sermon . At the base of the sculpture is an inscription of the name of the sermon the four girls were to attend prior to the bombing -- `` A Love That Forgives '' . Oval photographs and brief biographies of the four girls killed in the explosion , the most seriously injured survivor ( Sarah Collins ) , and the two teenage boys shot to death later that day also adorn the base of the sculpture . More than 1,000 people were present at the unveiling of the memorial , including survivors of the bombing , friends of the victims and the parents of Denise McNair , Johnny Robinson and Virgil Ware . Among those to speak at the unveiling was the Reverend Joseph Lowery , who informed those present : `` Do n't let anybody tell you these children died in vain . We would n't be here right now , had they not gone home before our eyes . '' See also ( edit ) African - American history Mass racial violence in the United States Timeline of the civil rights movement 1960s portal African American portal Alabama portal Christianity portal Criminal justice portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 16th Street Baptist Church bombing '' , from Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Fifty Years After Bombing , Birmingham is Resurrected '' , by John Meacham , Time . September 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Today in 1963 : The Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church '' . ajccenter.wfu.edu. 2013 - 09 - 15 . 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Jump up ^ CNN.com Jun. 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers p. 162 Jump up ^ Sack , Kevin ( 2001 - 04 - 25 ) . `` As Church Bombing Trial Begins in Birmingham , the City 's Past Is Very Much Present '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Toledo Blade Apr. 26 , 2001 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Jun. 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Tuscaloose News Nov. 23 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Star - News Apr. 28 , 2001 Jump up ^ Herald - Journal Apr. 29 , 2001 Jump up ^ Southeast Missourian Apr. 29 , 2001 Jump up ^ CNN.com May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The New York Times May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Dispatch May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Argus - Press May 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Telegraph May 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ AlabamaCivilRights.edu Jump up ^ `` Former Klansman faces prison in 1963 Killings '' . The Vindicator. 2001 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Faulk , Kent ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bomber up for parole next month '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faulk , Kent ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` 16th Street Baptist Church bomber Thomas Blanton denied parole '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Race , Law and Public Policy p. 426 ^ Jump up to : Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers ch. 35 Jump up ^ N.Y , Times.com May 17 , 2002 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Apr. 20 , 2001 Jump up ^ Nevada Daily Mail May 15 , 2002 Jump up ^ Washington Times May 22 , 2002 Jump up ^ N.Y. Times May 22 , 2002 Jump up ^ Washington Times May 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Michelle ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Bobby Frank Cherry , 74 , Klansman in Bombing , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Reading Eagle May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ N.Y. Times Nov. 19 , 2004 Jump up ^ Baltimore Sun May 7 , 2002 Jump up ^ The Spokesman Review Feb. 18 , 1980 Jump up ^ The New York Times Oct. 4 , 1998 Jump up ^ The Times - News Oct. 3 , 1978 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Jul. 11 , 1978 p. 1 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Jul. 11 , 1978 p. 10a Jump up ^ encyclopediaofalabama.org ^ Jump up to : Gadsden Times Sept. 16 , 1990 Jump up ^ 16thstreetbaptist.org Jump up ^ CNN.com Sept. 14 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : The Owosso Argus - Press Oct. 16 , 1963 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune Apr. 26 , 1964 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement p. 401 Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Mar. 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ BBC Mar. 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Tuscaloose News Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ The Guardian . Mar. 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gary Younge . `` The Wales Window of Alabama '' . BBC4 radio . Nicola Swords . Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 7 , 1997 Archived May 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ L.A. Times.com Apr. 14 , 2001 Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald - Tribune Nov. 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Alabama Dept. of Corrections . Blanton , Thomas Edwin Jump up ^ Daily Mail Sept. 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Scott W Johnson . `` Birmingham 's New Legacy '' . The Weekly Standard . Jump up ^ gpo.gov ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 360 -- Summary '' . beta.congress.gov . United States Congress . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Guernica , LKM Music - Hal Leonard Online '' . www.halleonard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ History.com Jump up ^ Younge , Gary ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` American civil rights : the Welsh connection '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of African - American History p. 1029 Jump up ^ Huffington Post Sept. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` That which might have been '' . Artbyjohnwaddell.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Martyrs Southern Poverty Law Center '' . Splcenter.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ slpcenter.org Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ WeldBirmingham.com Sept. 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ MyFoxLocal.com Sep. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ MyFoxLocal.com Sept. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ wbhm.org Sep. 15 , 2013 Cited works and further reading ( edit ) Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years , 1954 -- 1963 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 . Cobbs , Elizabeth H. ; Smith , Petric J. ( 1994 ) . Long Time Coming : An Insider 's Story of the Birmingham Church Bombing that Rocked the World . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 881548 - 10 - 4 . Hamlin , Christopher M. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Stained Glass : A History of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57587 - 083 - 5 . Klobuchar , Lisa ( 2009 ) . 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror . Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4092 - 0 . McKinstry , Carolyn ; George , Denise ( 2011 ) . While the World Watched : A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age During the Civil Rights Movement . Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3636 - 7 . Sikora , Frank ( 1991 ) . Until Justice Rolls Down : The Birmingham Church Bombing Case . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0520 - 3 . Thorne , T.K. ( 2013 ) . Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers . Lawrence Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61374 - 864 - 0 . Wade , Wyn C. ( 1998 ) . The Fiery Cross : The Ku Klux Klan in America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512357 - 3 . External links ( edit ) 16th Street Baptist Church bombing at CrimeLibrary.com Official website of the 16th Street Baptist Church Transcript of Martin Luther King 's eulogy , delivered at the funerals of Addie Mae Collins , Carol Denise McNair and Cynthia Wesley , September 18 , 1963 FBI article documenting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing FBI.gov archive of newspaper clippings relating to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing October 1963 Jet magazine article focusing upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Online archives available at the Birmingham Public Library . These archives include photographic and newspaper archives About the Birmingham Church Bombing and 1963 Civil Rights Movement at Illinois.edu Chambliss vs. State : Details of Robert Chambliss 's 1979 appeal against his conviction Contemporary news article detailing Robert Chambliss 's 1977 conviction Audio interview with 16th Street Baptist Church bombing survivor Sarah Collins Rudolph WHBM news article detailing the 2013 unveiling of the Four Spirits Statue at Kelly Ingram Park FourSpirits1963.com -- A website devoted to the construction and preservation of the Four Spirits memorial sculpture at Kelly Ingram Park Civil Rights Memorial In memoriam Louis Allen Willie Brewster Benjamin Brown Johnnie Mae Chappell James Chaney Addie Mae Collins Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Henry Hezekiah Dee Roman Ducksworth Jr . Willie Edwards Medgar Evers Andrew Goodman Paul Guihard Samuel Hammond Jr . Jimmie Lee Jackson Wharlest Jackson Martin Luther King Jr . Bruce W. Klunder George W. Lee Herbert Lee Viola Liuzzo Carol Denise McNair Delano Herman Middleton Charles Eddie Moore Oneal Moore William Lewis Moore Mack Charles Parker Lemuel Penn James Reeb John Earl Reese Carole Robertson Michael Schwerner Henry Ezekial Smith Lamar Smith Emmett Till Clarence Triggs Virgil Lamar Ware Cynthia Wesley Ben Chester White Sammy Younge Jr . Contributors Southern Poverty Law Center Maya Lin Related Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore Civil rights movement Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing&oldid=843088008 '' Categories : 1963 in Alabama 1963 murders in the United States African - American history in Birmingham , Alabama Anti-black racism in the United States Attacks on churches Attacks on places of worship in the United States Conflicts in 1963 Explosions in the United States History of African - American civil rights History of Alabama History of Birmingham , Alabama Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama Mass murder in 1963 Massacres in places of worship Murder in Alabama Murdered American children Murdered African - American people People murdered in Alabama Racially motivated violence against African Americans September 1963 events in the United States Terrorist incidents in 1963 Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was involved in the 16th street church bombing
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"Although the FBI had concluded in 1965 that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four known Ku Klux Klansmen and segregationists—Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr., Herman Frank Cash, Robert Edward Chambliss, and Bobby Frank Cherry[6]—no prosecutions ensued until 1977, when Robert Chambliss was tried and convicted of the first degree murder of one of the victims, 11-year-old Carol Denise McNair. Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. and Bobby Cherry were each convicted of four counts of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 and 2002 respectively,[7] whereas Herman Cash, who died in 1994, was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing."
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"four known Ku Klux Klansmen and segregationists—Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr., Herman Frank Cash, Robert Edward Chambliss, and Bobby Frank Cherry"
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Arleen Sorkin
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Arleen Sorkin - wikipedia Arleen Sorkin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Aaron Sorkin . Arleen Sorkin ( 1955 - 10 - 14 ) October 14 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Occupation Actress , screenwriter , comedian , presenter Years active 1983 -- 2012 Spouse ( s ) Christopher Lloyd ( m . 1995 ) Children Arleen Sorkin ( born October 14 , 1955 ) is an American actress , screenwriter , presenter , comedian and Walker Talker . Sorkin is known for portraying Calliope Jones on the NBC daytime serial Days of Our Lives and for inspiring and voicing the DC Comics villain Harley Quinn in Batman : The Animated Series and the many animated series and video games that followed it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 3.4 Writer 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Born in Washington , D.C. , Sorkin began her career in cabaret in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a member of the comedy group The High - Heeled Women , alongside Mary Fulham , Tracey Berg , and Cassandra Danz . From 1987 to 1989 , Sorkin had the role of Geneva , a sexy maid to yuppie couple Richard and Linda Phillips , on the Fox dramedy series Duet . She would reprise this role on one episode of Open House , the sequel series to Duet . In 1990 , she went on to be the original female co-host on America 's Funniest People . She also wrote for Tiny Toon Adventures . In 1992 , Sorkin was dismissed from America 's Funniest People by Vin Di Bona . In response , Sorkin filed a lawsuit against Di Bona , claiming she was dismissed from the show due to her race , after ABC Chairman Dan Burke had suggested to Di Bona that Sorkin be replaced by an African - American or a person of another ethnic minority . Sorkin sought $ 450,000 for lost earnings , and an additional unspecified amount for harm to her professional reputation and emotional injury . She additionally claimed that after she denounced the move as being racially motivated . Di Bona changed plans and hired new cohost Tawny Kitaen , who is also white . One of her more prominent roles was the wacky but lovable Calliope Jones , as seen on Days of Our Lives . She played this part from 1984 to 1990 and made return visits in 1992 and 2001 . She reprised her role on the soap for the fourth time on February 24 , 2006 . She returned to Days for a limited run beginning on May 5 , 2010 . She provided inspiration and does the voice of the animated character Harley Quinn , the Joker 's ditzy sidekick and lover , created by Paul Dini , a college friend of Sorkin 's who created Harley for the DC Comics TV series Batman : The Animated Series . Harley went on to appear in DC comic books and in further animated TV series including The New Batman Adventures , Static Shock , and Justice League , as well as Gotham Girls , an internet cartoon series . Sorkin has also voiced Harley in feature films and video games . Sorkin did not reprise her role in 2011 's Batman : Arkham City and was succeeded by Tara Strong , one of her fellow DCAU voice actors . For the series Frasier , produced by her husband Christopher Lloyd , Sorkin would perform as a caller to Frasier Crane 's radio show ; the lines would later be dubbed over by a celebrity caller . In the final episode of Frasier , Sorkin had an onscreen part as the owner of a monkey . Personal life ( edit ) Since 1995 , Sorkin ( who is unrelated to writer - producer Aaron Sorkin ) , is married to television writer - producer Christopher Lloyd ( with whom she has two sons , Eli and Owen ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Trading Places Woman at Party Uncredited 1985 From Here to Maternity Judy Television film 1986 Odd Jobs Diner Waitress Paul Reiser Out on a Whim 1991 Oscar Vendetti 's Manicurist 1991 Ted & Venus Marcia 1991 I Do n't Buy Kisses Amymore Monica 1993 Perry Mason : The Case of the Killer Kiss Peg Ferman Television film 1993 Batman : Mask of the Phantasm Ms. Bambi ( voice ) 1994 It 's Pat Herself 2000 Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel ( voice ) Direct - to - video Comic Book : The Movie Ms. Q ( Studio Secretary ) Direct - to - video Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 -- 1990 , 1992 , 2006 , 2010 Days of Our Lives Calliope Jones 1986 -- 1989 The New Hollywood Squares Panelist The New Mike Hammer Traci Baskin Episode : `` The Last Laugh '' 1987 -- 1989 Duet Geneva 50 episodes 1989 Open House Geneva Episode : `` Parade of Homes '' 1989 Family Feud Herself 1990 Dream On Donna di Angelo Episode : `` Angst for the Memories '' 1990 Room for Romance Episode : `` Fool 's Good '' 1990 -- 1992 America 's Funniest People Co-host 1991 Taz - Mania Veronica ( voice ) Episode : `` Bewitched Bob '' 1992 -- 1994 Batman : The Animated Series Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel ( voice ) 9 episodes 1997 -- 1999 The New Batman Adventures Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel ( voice ) 6 episodes 1997 Superman : The Animated Series Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel ( voice ) 3 episodes 2000 -- 2002 Gotham Girls Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel ( voice ) 25 episodes 2003 Static Shock Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel ( voice ) Episode : `` Hard as Nails '' 2003 Justice League Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel ( voice ) 2 episodes Frasier Rachel Episode : `` Goodnight , Seattle : Part 2 '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 The Adventures of Batman & Robin Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel Sega CD version Batman Vengeance Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel 2009 Batman : Arkham Asylum Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel 2011 DC Universe Online Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel 2012 DC Universe Online : The Last Laugh Harley Quinn / Harleen Quinzel Writer ( edit ) Year Title Notes 1997 Picture Perfect Screenplay , story References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arleen Sorkin '' . BehindTheVoiceActors.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former TV Co-Host Suing Producer '' . Buffalo News . 1993 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Hidden Story of Harley Quinn and How She Became the Superhero World 's Most Successful Woman '' . Vulture.com ( New York ) . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jankiewicz , Pat ( n.d. ) . `` Quinn - tessentials : Interview with Arleen Sorkin '' . Starlog via Harley-Quinn.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sorkin in Kevin Smith podcast `` Fatman on Batman '' , July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Christopher Lloyd 's award - winning funny bones '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The art of writing and making films : Flushed Away '' . `` About the Filmmakers '' , Flushed Away press kit , via The Writing Studio . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Family Feud ( 1989 ) : Funny Men vs Funny Women on YouTube Jump up ^ The character also appears in Batman : Arkham City but is instead voiced by Tara Strong , who played Batgirl in the animated series External links ( edit ) Arleen Sorkin on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arleen_Sorkin&oldid=804210260 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses American soap opera actresses American television personalities American video game actresses American voice actresses American television writers Women television writers Actresses from Washington , D.C. 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 13 . About Wikipedia
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who played calliope on days of our lives
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"Arleen Sorkin (born October 14, 1955)[1] is an American actress, screenwriter, presenter, comedian and Walker Talker. Sorkin is known for portraying Calliope Jones on the NBC daytime serial Days of Our Lives and for inspiring and voicing the DC Comics villain Harley Quinn in Batman: The Animated Series and the many animated series and video games that followed it."
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"Arleen Sorkin"
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The West Wing (season 3)
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The West Wing ( season 3 ) - wikipedia The West Wing ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search The West Wing ( season 3 ) DVD box cover . Cast from top to bottom and left to right : Charlie , Sam , C.J. , Jed , Toby , Donna , Josh , Abbey and Leo Country of origin United States No. of episodes 21 + 2 specials Release Original network NBC Original release October 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 03 ) -- May 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of The West Wing episodes The third season of the American political drama television series The West Wing aired in the United States on NBC from October 3 , 2001 to May 22 , 2002 and consisted of 21 episodes and 2 special episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 3 Plot 4 Episodes 5 Specials 5.1 `` Isaac and Ishmael '' 5.2 `` Documentary Special '' 6 Reception 7 References Production ( edit ) The season premiere was delayed by the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States . When the season did return , the first episode was a special episode titled `` Isaac and Ishmael '' , in which the main cast paid tribute to those affected by the attacks and informed viewers about what to expect from the delayed premiere . Series creator Aaron Sorkin acknowledged in October 2002 that the terrorism - related plots designed to keep the series relevant after the real - life attacks were awkward at times , saying `` from week to week , you felt like you were writing the show handcuffed , a little bit . I did n't know how to write it anymore . It was a constant search for what I was n't doing that used to make the show work . Maybe there was a way to make it work . There probably was . I was n't able to find it in twenty - two episodes . '' Cast ( edit ) The third season had star billing for nine major roles . Eight of these were filled by returning main cast members from the second season . Rob Lowe received star billing , while Martin Sheen received the final credit for his role as President Josiah Bartlet . The rest of the ensemble , now including previously recurring Stockard Channing , were credited alphabetically . Channing was only credited for the episodes in which she appears . Main cast ( edit ) Rob Lowe as Sam Seaborn , the Deputy Communications Director Stockard Channing as Abbey Bartlet , the First Lady Dulé Hill as Charlie Young , the Personal Aide to the President Allison Janney as C.J. Cregg , the White House Press Secretary Janel Moloney as Donna Moss , the Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff Richard Schiff as Toby Ziegler , the Communications Director John Spencer as Leo McGarry , the White House Chief of Staff Bradley Whitford as Josh Lyman , the Deputy Chief of Staff Martin Sheen as Josiah Bartlet , the President of the United States Plot ( edit ) The third season , covering the administration 's third and fourth years in office , begins with Bartlet announcing his intention to run for re-election and is dominated by the subsequent campaign . Other prominent story lines include a Congressional investigation into allegations Bartlet committed electoral fraud by concealing his MS , a death threat against C.J. and the ensuing relationship she develops with the Secret Service agent assigned to protect her , and Qumari defense minister Abdul Shareef 's planning of terrorist attacks against the US . The season finale resolves several of these story lines when Bartlet meets his electoral opponent and reaffirms his commitment to defeat him , finally decides to order Shareef 's assassination , and , just minutes after the man who threatened her is arrested , C.J. 's Secret Service agent interrupts a convenience store robbery and is killed . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 45 `` Manchester ( Part I ) '' Thomas Schlamme Aaron Sorkin October 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 10 ) 227201 Surprising everyone , President Bartlet announces his intentions to run for re-election , angering Abbey . Meanwhile , Haiti 's obstreperous dictator is giving National Security Advisor Nancy McNally fits . The staff scrambles to work the news cycle in their favor in the wake of the President 's announcement . C.J. makes a critical error in a statement to the press . 46 `` Manchester ( Part II ) '' Thomas Schlamme Aaron Sorkin October 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 17 ) 227202 Senior staffers clash with newly hired political operative Bruno Gianelli and his aides Connie and Doug . Josh is upset because Leo wo n't let him `` wave off the FDA '' on RU - 486 . C.J. contemplates her future at the White House . President Bartlet makes it clear he values both Bruno 's team and his senior staff and gets them focused on running a successful re-election campaign as allies rather than adversaries . 47 `` Ways and Means '' Alex Graves Story by : Eli Attie & Gene Sperling Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin October 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 24 ) 227203 The special prosecutor begins his probe and the White House feels his objective , unbiased approach may hurt them politically . C.J. begins maneuvering within the press to persuade Congress to start their own investigation , believing it will be easier to win a battle with bloodthirsty Republicans . Meanwhile , Sam and Bruno are concerned about a powerful California labor leader and Toby and Josh are preoccupied with a congressional battle over the estate tax . Donna meets a young Republican lawyer . 48 `` On the Day Before '' Christopher Misiano Story by : Paul Redford & Nanda Chitre Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin October 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 31 ) 227204 The President vetoes his first bill -- the repeal of the estate tax -- and staffers scramble to counter the GOP 's override threat , first having to deal with an opportunistic Democratic Congressman before Sam has an idea that leads them to a surprising ally . An international crisis erupts when Palestinian terrorists kill two Americans in Israel . Meanwhile , Charlie has been offered legal immunity and everyone urges him to take it , and an incompetent reporter mocks C.J. and finds out that was a stupid thing to do . 49 5 `` War Crimes '' Alex Graves Story by : Allison Abner Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin November 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 07 ) 227205 The President asks a reluctant Vice President ( Tim Matheson ) to speak at an anti-gun rally in Texas after a church shooting , while Donna goes before a Congressional committee investigating Bartlet 's lack of disclosure and lies under oath when her new boyfriend asks her a personal question . Toby deals with a leaked quote that is embarrassing to the President , while C.J. meets up with a gutsy reporter and Sam ponders a plan to eliminate the penny . 50 6 `` Gone Quiet '' Jon Hutman Story by : Julia Dahl & Laura Glasser Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin November 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 14 ) 227207 An American spy submarine suddenly goes silent in hostile waters outside North Korea , and Bartlet must decide whether he should notify the enemy or attempt a risky , secret rescue . Meanwhile , a top Republican contender ca n't articulate why he wants to be President , but C.J. is disappointed with President Bartlet 's own answer to that question . Toby clashes with a Congresswoman over funding the National Endowment for the Arts . This episode guest stars Hal Holbrook as Deputy Secretary of State Albie Duncan , marking the first of several appearances for his character . 51 7 `` The Indians in the Lobby '' Paris Barclay Story by : Allison Abner Teleplay by : Allison Abner & Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin November 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 21 ) 227208 On the day before Thanksgiving , the President is talking turkey to whoever will listen ( and everyone must ) . Meanwhile , C.J. deals with two Native Americans who have encamped in the lobby . Toby annoys the President when he finds out polls involving the First Family increase his popularity . Sam is dismayed by a new formula for poverty and Josh goes diplomatic on a case involving a Georgia teen who killed his teacher and fled to Italy . 52 8 `` The Women of Qumar '' Alex Graves Story by : Felicia Wilson & Laura Glasser & Julia Dahl Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin November 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 28 ) 227209 C.J. argues with senior staff over whether to make public the possibility of an outbreak of mad cow disease , as well as the renewal of a lease on a Qumari military base despite her horror with that nation 's treatment of women . Toby meets with veterans upset about the content of a Smithsonian Pearl Harbor exhibition , and Josh finds some sparks when he meets with a woman 's group director named Amy Gardner . 53 9 `` Bartlet for America '' Thomas Schlamme Aaron Sorkin December 12 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 12 ) 227210 It 's Christmas , and the most pressing matter is a threat to firebomb black churches in Tennessee on Christmas Eve . Leo testifies before a Congressional committee on the MS matter , recalling several critical moments from the Bartlet campaign and a personal slip - up that could end his career and badly damage the President . 54 10 `` H. Con - 172 '' Vincent Misiano Story by : Eli Attie Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin January 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 09 ) 227211 Leo defiantly rejects the Congressional committee 's offer of a public censure of Bartlet that would end the investigation into Bartlet 's concealment of his illness and spare Leo of any possible personal repercussions , while the President continues to weigh his options . In other stories , Josh puts his foot in his mouth over his courtship of Amy , Sam is angry over a White House tell - all book , and Charlie 's heartfelt purchase of an old Middle East map for the President leads to some political problems . 55 11 `` 100,000 Airplanes '' David Nutter Aaron Sorkin January 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 16 ) 227212 While the White House staff works intensely on the President 's State of the Union speech , Bartlet and the First Lady have dinner with a group of her scientist friends who speculate that sphingosine kinase could lead to a cure for cancer . As a result , Bartlet demands that a passage ambitiously promising a crusade to cure cancer within 10 years be included . Sam is the point man for this speech , which is billed as the most important of the President 's career and one whose failure will end his hopes for re-election . As Sam is very reluctantly interviewed for a Vanity Fair profile by Lisa Sherborne , who was once his fiancée , he lays out the process by which a State of the Union address comes about . Sam knows that the pledge to cure cancer is noble and the kind of over-reaching government should do , but also that for political reasons it ca n't be included in the final speech and removes it , taking out most of his frustrations on Lisa , who finally tells Sam she 's taking herself off the story , and then reminds him that it was he and not her who ended their engagement . Attracted to Amy Gardner , a prominent women 's rights leader , Josh tries to persuade her that her burgeoning romance with a Congressman is solely a result of political machinations . 56 12 `` The Two Bartlets '' Alex Graves Story by : Gene Sperling Teleplay by : Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin January 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 30 ) 227213 The staff debates whether to counter a fast - rising Republican presidential candidate 's verbal assault on affirmative action at the Iowa caucuses and Josh postpones his tropical vacation with women 's rights advocate Amy Gardner to defuse a risky situation in Vieques , Puerto Rico . C.J. surprises Toby with her lack of enthusiasm for affirmative action , while Sam has to meet with a UFO crackpot per Leo 's orders . Toby and President Bartlet clash over the President 's mental state and relationship with his father . 57 13 `` Night Five '' Christopher Misiano Aaron Sorkin February 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 06 ) 227214 Bartlet consults a psychiatrist , Dr. Stanley Keyworth , for a troubling sleep disorder and receives a sobering personal assessment . C.J. lobbies vigorously to help secure the release of a White House reporter who has been taken hostage while on assignment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Toby clashes again with his ex-wife over a speech for the UN that takes radical Islam to task . Sam is accused of sexism by a young intern but Ainsley comes to his defense . 58 14 `` Hartsfield 's Landing '' Vincent Misiano Aaron Sorkin February 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 27 ) 227215 Bartlet engages both Sam and Toby in intricate chess matches that mirror the wily game of brinksmanship that Bartlet is playing with the Chinese , who are conducting war games in the Taiwan Strait . The small New England town of Hartsfield 's Landing kicks off voting in the New Hampshire primary , and Josh is lobbying for every vote he can get . A prank war between C.J. and Charlie turns somewhat destructive . 59 15 `` Dead Irish Writers '' Alex Graves Story by : Paul Redford Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin March 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 06 ) 227216 As Abbey contemplates the possible loss of her medical license , she grudgingly attends a big White House party for her birthday . Toby discusses the inclusion of a Sinn Féin member in the guest list of a White House event with British Ambassador Lord John Marbury . Sam gets another visit from someone who wants to give him orders on what to do , this time from a respected former teacher of his who wants the U.S. to fund a major scientific research effort . Donna 's US citizenship is called into question . 60 16 `` The U.S. Poet Laureate '' Christopher Misiano Story by : Laura Glasser Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin March 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 27 ) 227217 Bartlet makes a disparaging comment about a potential Republican nominee after a television interview , apparently not realizing that he is still being recorded . Meanwhile , Toby tries to dissuade the newly named U.S. poet laureate , Tabatha Fortis ( played by Laura Dern ) , from publicly objecting to the government 's lack of support for a treaty on land mines . Sam offers Ainsley Hayes a big promotion and Josh discovers he has an Internet message board following that turns into a fictionalized version of Aaron Sorkin 's real - life flame wars at Television Without Pity . 61 17 `` Stirred '' Jeremy Kagan Story by : Dee Dee Myers Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin & Eli Attie April 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 03 ) 227218 When a truck carrying uranium fuel rods crashes in a remote Idaho tunnel , Bartlet 's staff prepares for a potential environmental or terrorist crisis . Donna seeks a presidential proclamation honoring the retirement of her favorite teacher . The staff considers eliminating Vice President John Hoynes from the election ticket but for different reasons , Sam and the President are not going to let that happen . 62 18 `` Enemies Foreign and Domestic '' Alex Graves Paul Redford and Aaron Sorkin May 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) 227219 As Sam is finalizing the details of Bartlet 's upcoming summit with the Russian president , satellite photographs reveal an Iranian nuclear bomb facility being built using Russian technology . During a press briefing , C.J. voices her personal indignation that a group of schoolgirls in Saudi Arabia were prevented from escaping a burning building by religious police because they were not dressed properly according to Sharia law . After receiving death threats , C.J. is assigned Secret Service Special Agent Simon Donovan ( Mark Harmon ) for personal protection , and he tells her that the individual who is targeting her has no connection to jihadists . Toby tries to help a Russian journalist he thinks is being suppressed by her government , and Charlie unravels a mystery involving a long - lost letter to FDR . 63 19 `` The Black Vera Wang '' Christopher Misiano Aaron Sorkin May 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 08 ) 227220 While C.J. gets used to being tailed by Special Agent Donovan , the President must deal with a terrorist threat on a military installation that gets closer and closer to home and leads to a frightening revelation . Meanwhile , Toby plays hardball with network TV executives who want to cut national convention coverage , and Sam 's plan to keep dirty tricks out of the Presidential campaign blows up in his face . 64 20 `` We Killed Yamamoto '' Thomas Schlamme Aaron Sorkin May 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 15 ) 227221 Bartlet agonizes over whether to disregard the principle of diplomatic immunity for an important Middle Eastern official who is known to be plotting terrorist acts . Bartlet is advised not to attend a fundraiser for a politically sensitive cause because his Republican opponent will also be attending . Josh and Amy clash over a welfare renewal bill , while Sam is gun - shy after the tape disclosure from earlier . 65 21 `` Posse Comitatus '' Alex Graves Aaron Sorkin May 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 22 ) 227222 Bartlet makes a life - or - death decision regarding the defense minister of Qumar who is a known terrorist . The flirtation between C.J. and her Secret Service bodyguard , Simon Donovan , is limited by their professional relationship and then cut short by tragedy . Josh defeats Amy in the welfare bill battle and their relationship is left with an uncertain future . Bartlet encounters his opponent , Governor Ritchie , at a performance of War of the Roses . Specials ( edit ) Two special episodes , not part of the official continuity , were produced to complement the series and were broadcast on NBC . Both episodes ran within the third season and were included on the season 's DVD . `` Isaac and Ishmael '' ( edit ) Written by series creator Aaron Sorkin and directed by Christopher Misiano , this episode was a terrorism - themed episode produced in the wake of the September 11 attacks . The episode pushed the scheduled season premiere back a week and encouraged viewers to donate to charity -- profits from the episode and cast members ' weekly pay were also donated . The episode `` was written and produced in record time '' -- less than three weeks -- and aired on October 3 , 2001 . Although timely and well - intentioned , the episode was criticized for being condescending and preachy . `` Documentary special '' ( edit ) The second special interspersed the characters ' fictional lives with interviews of real West Wing personnel , including Presidents Ford , Carter , and Clinton ; press secretaries Marlin Fitzwater and Dee Dee Myers ; presidential advisors David Gergen , Paul Begala , and incumbent Karl Rove ; Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ; Chief of Staff Leon Panetta ; presidential personal secretary Betty Currie ; and speechwriter Peggy Noonan . The documentary won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2002 for `` Outstanding Special Class Program '' . Reception ( edit ) The third season received 21 Emmy Award nominations for the 54th Primetime Emmy Awards , the most - nominated season , winning a total of 4 awards . The series won its third consecutive award for Outstanding Drama Series and Allison Janney also won her third consecutive award , this time in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category . John Spencer and Stockard Channing each won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , respectively , after being nominated twice before . The season received several acting nominations , which included Martin Sheen for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ; Dulé Hill , Richard Schiff , and Bradley Whitford for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ; Janel Moloney and Mary - Louise Parker for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ; Mark Harmon , Tim Matheson , and Ron Silver for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . Paris Barclay ( for `` The Indians in the Lobby '' ) and Alex Graves ( for `` Posse Comitatus '' ) were each nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series , and Aaron Sorkin was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ( for `` Posse Comitatus '' ) . Thomas Del Ruth won an award from the American Society of Cinematographers for the episode `` Bartlet for America '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Rose October 2002 , Ep. 2 '' . Amazon.com . October 2 , 2002 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The West Wing : The Complete Third Season '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Wing airs attacks show '' . BBC News . October 4 , 2001 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( October 4 , 2001 ) . `` ' West Wing ' : Terrorism 101 '' . Time . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cox News Service ( April 22 , 2002 ) . `` ' West Wing ' Episode Acts As Documentary With Real - life Politicos In The Mix '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zarchy , Bill ( March 2003 ) . `` The West Wing documentary special '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The West Wing '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . General references `` The West Wing Episodes on NBC '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . `` Shows A-Z - west wing , the on nbc '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . `` The West Wing - Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . `` The West Wing : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . `` The West Wing Episode Guides '' . NBC . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2006 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . The West Wing List of characters List of politicians Main characters Josiah Bartlet Leo McGarry Josh Lyman Toby Ziegler Sam Seaborn C.J. Cregg Charlie Young Donna Moss Abbey Bartlet Will Bailey Matt Santos Arnold Vinick Mandy Hampton Annabeth Schott Recurring characters Ellie Bartlet Zoey Bartlet Debbie Fiderer Amy Gardner John Hoynes Dolores Landingham Joey Lucas Robert Ritchie Bob Russell Andrea Wyatt Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Five Votes Down '' `` The Crackpots and These Women '' `` In Excelsis Deo '' `` He Shall , from Time to Time ... '' `` Let Bartlet Be Bartlet '' `` What Kind of Day Has It Been '' Season 2 `` The Lame Duck Congress '' `` Noël '' `` Two Cathedrals '' Season 3 `` Manchester , Part I '' `` Manchester , Part II '' `` Ways and Means '' `` On the Day Before '' Season 4 `` 20 Hours in America '' `` Twenty Five '' Season 5 `` The Warfare of Genghis Khan '' `` An Khe '' `` Full Disclosure '' `` Eppur Si Muove '' Season 6 Season 7 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_West_Wing_(season_3)&oldid=800939647 '' Categories : The West Wing ( season 3 ) episodes 2001 American television seasons 2002 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Íslenska Italiano Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 17 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did season 3 episode 1 of west wing air
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[
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\n\n\n45\n1\n\"Manchester (Part I)\"\nThomas Schlamme\nAaron Sorkin\nOctober 10, 2001 (2001-10-10)\n227201\n\n\nSurprising everyone, President Bartlet announces his intentions to run for re-election, angering Abbey. Meanwhile, Haiti's obstreperous dictator is giving National Security Advisor Nancy McNally fits. The staff scrambles to work the news cycle in their favor in the wake of the President's announcement. C.J. makes a critical error in a statement to the press.\n\n\n46\n2\n\"Manchester (Part II)\"\nThomas Schlamme\nAaron Sorkin\nOctober 17, 2001 (2001-10-17)\n227202\n\n\nSenior staffers clash with newly hired political operative Bruno Gianelli and his aides Connie and Doug. Josh is upset because Leo won't let him \"wave off the FDA\" on RU-486. C.J. contemplates her future at the White House. President Bartlet makes it clear he values both Bruno's team and his senior staff and gets them focused on running a successful re-election campaign as allies rather than adversaries.\n\n\n47\n3\n\"Ways and Means\"\nAlex Graves\nStory by : Eli Attie & Gene Sperling\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nOctober 24, 2001 (2001-10-24)\n227203\n\n\nThe special prosecutor begins his probe and the White House feels his objective, unbiased approach may hurt them politically. C.J. begins maneuvering within the press to persuade Congress to start their own investigation, believing it will be easier to win a battle with bloodthirsty Republicans. Meanwhile, Sam and Bruno are concerned about a powerful California labor leader and Toby and Josh are preoccupied with a congressional battle over the estate tax. Donna meets a young Republican lawyer.\n\n\n48\n4\n\"On the Day Before\"\nChristopher Misiano\nStory by : Paul Redford & Nanda Chitre\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nOctober 31, 2001 (2001-10-31)\n227204\n\n\nThe President vetoes his first bill—the repeal of the estate tax—and staffers scramble to counter the GOP's override threat, first having to deal with an opportunistic Democratic Congressman before Sam has an idea that leads them to a surprising ally. An international crisis erupts when Palestinian terrorists kill two Americans in Israel. Meanwhile, Charlie has been offered legal immunity and everyone urges him to take it, and an incompetent reporter mocks C.J. and finds out that was a stupid thing to do.\n\n\n49\n5\n\"War Crimes\"\nAlex Graves\nStory by : Allison Abner\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nNovember 7, 2001 (2001-11-07)\n227205\n\n\nThe President asks a reluctant Vice President (Tim Matheson) to speak at an anti-gun rally in Texas after a church shooting, while Donna goes before a Congressional committee investigating Bartlet's lack of disclosure and lies under oath when her new boyfriend asks her a personal question. Toby deals with a leaked quote that is embarrassing to the President, while C.J. meets up with a gutsy reporter and Sam ponders a plan to eliminate the penny.\n\n\n50\n6\n\"Gone Quiet\"\nJon Hutman\nStory by : Julia Dahl & Laura Glasser\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nNovember 14, 2001 (2001-11-14)\n227207\n\n\nAn American spy submarine suddenly goes silent in hostile waters outside North Korea, and Bartlet must decide whether he should notify the enemy or attempt a risky, secret rescue. Meanwhile, a top Republican contender can't articulate why he wants to be President, but C.J. is disappointed with President Bartlet's own answer to that question. Toby clashes with a Congresswoman over funding the National Endowment for the Arts. This episode guest stars Hal Holbrook as Deputy Secretary of State Albie Duncan, marking the first of several appearances for his character.\n\n\n51\n7\n\"The Indians in the Lobby\"\nParis Barclay\nStory by : Allison Abner\nTeleplay by : Allison Abner & Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin\nNovember 21, 2001 (2001-11-21)\n227208\n\n\nOn the day before Thanksgiving, the President is talking turkey to whoever will listen (and everyone must). Meanwhile, C.J. deals with two Native Americans who have encamped in the lobby. Toby annoys the President when he finds out polls involving the First Family increase his popularity. Sam is dismayed by a new formula for poverty and Josh goes diplomatic on a case involving a Georgia teen who killed his teacher and fled to Italy.\n\n\n52\n8\n\"The Women of Qumar\"\nAlex Graves\nStory by : Felicia Wilson & Laura Glasser & Julia Dahl\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nNovember 28, 2001 (2001-11-28)\n227209\n\n\nC.J. argues with senior staff over whether to make public the possibility of an outbreak of mad cow disease, as well as the renewal of a lease on a Qumari military base despite her horror with that nation's treatment of women. Toby meets with veterans upset about the content of a Smithsonian Pearl Harbor exhibition, and Josh finds some sparks when he meets with a woman's group director named Amy Gardner.\n\n\n53\n9\n\"Bartlet for America\"\nThomas Schlamme\nAaron Sorkin\nDecember 12, 2001 (2001-12-12)\n227210\n\n\nIt's Christmas, and the most pressing matter is a threat to firebomb black churches in Tennessee on Christmas Eve. Leo testifies before a Congressional committee on the MS matter, recalling several critical moments from the Bartlet campaign and a personal slip-up that could end his career and badly damage the President.\n\n\n54\n10\n\"H. Con-172\"\nVincent Misiano\nStory by : Eli Attie\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nJanuary 9, 2002 (2002-01-09)\n227211\n\n\nLeo defiantly rejects the Congressional committee's offer of a public censure of Bartlet that would end the investigation into Bartlet's concealment of his illness and spare Leo of any possible personal repercussions, while the President continues to weigh his options. In other stories, Josh puts his foot in his mouth over his courtship of Amy, Sam is angry over a White House tell-all book, and Charlie's heartfelt purchase of an old Middle East map for the President leads to some political problems.\n\n\n55\n11\n\"100,000 Airplanes\"\nDavid Nutter\nAaron Sorkin\nJanuary 16, 2002 (2002-01-16)\n227212\n\n\nWhile the White House staff works intensely on the President's State of the Union speech, Bartlet and the First Lady have dinner with a group of her scientist friends who speculate that sphingosine kinase could lead to a cure for cancer. As a result, Bartlet demands that a passage ambitiously promising a crusade to cure cancer within 10 years be included. Sam is the point man for this speech, which is billed as the most important of the President's career and one whose failure will end his hopes for re-election. As Sam is very reluctantly interviewed for a Vanity Fair profile by Lisa Sherborne, who was once his fiancée, he lays out the process by which a State of the Union address comes about. Sam knows that the pledge to cure cancer is noble and the kind of over-reaching government should do, but also that for political reasons it can't be included in the final speech and removes it, taking out most of his frustrations on Lisa, who finally tells Sam she's taking herself off the story, and then reminds him that it was he and not her who ended their engagement. Attracted to Amy Gardner, a prominent women's rights leader, Josh tries to persuade her that her burgeoning romance with a Congressman is solely a result of political machinations.\n\n\n56\n12\n\"The Two Bartlets\"\nAlex Graves\nStory by : Gene Sperling\nTeleplay by : Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin\nJanuary 30, 2002 (2002-01-30)\n227213\n\n\nThe staff debates whether to counter a fast-rising Republican presidential candidate's verbal assault on affirmative action at the Iowa caucuses and Josh postpones his tropical vacation with women's rights advocate Amy Gardner to defuse a risky situation in Vieques, Puerto Rico. C.J. surprises Toby with her lack of enthusiasm for affirmative action, while Sam has to meet with a UFO crackpot per Leo's orders. Toby and President Bartlet clash over the President's mental state and relationship with his father.\n\n\n57\n13\n\"Night Five\"\nChristopher Misiano\nAaron Sorkin\nFebruary 6, 2002 (2002-02-06)\n227214\n\n\nBartlet consults a psychiatrist, Dr. Stanley Keyworth, for a troubling sleep disorder and receives a sobering personal assessment. C.J. lobbies vigorously to help secure the release of a White House reporter who has been taken hostage while on assignment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Toby clashes again with his ex-wife over a speech for the UN that takes radical Islam to task. Sam is accused of sexism by a young intern but Ainsley comes to his defense.\n\n\n58\n14\n\"Hartsfield's Landing\"\nVincent Misiano\nAaron Sorkin\nFebruary 27, 2002 (2002-02-27)\n227215\n\n\nBartlet engages both Sam and Toby in intricate chess matches that mirror the wily game of brinksmanship that Bartlet is playing with the Chinese, who are conducting war games in the Taiwan Strait. The small New England town of Hartsfield's Landing kicks off voting in the New Hampshire primary, and Josh is lobbying for every vote he can get. A prank war between C.J. and Charlie turns somewhat destructive.\n\n\n59\n15\n\"Dead Irish Writers\"\nAlex Graves\nStory by : Paul Redford\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nMarch 6, 2002 (2002-03-06)\n227216\n\n\nAs Abbey contemplates the possible loss of her medical license, she grudgingly attends a big White House party for her birthday. Toby discusses the inclusion of a Sinn Féin member in the guest list of a White House event with British Ambassador Lord John Marbury. Sam gets another visit from someone who wants to give him orders on what to do, this time from a respected former teacher of his who wants the U.S. to fund a major scientific research effort. Donna's US citizenship is called into question.\n\n\n60\n16\n\"The U.S. Poet Laureate\"\nChristopher Misiano\nStory by : Laura Glasser\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin\nMarch 27, 2002 (2002-03-27)\n227217\n\n\nBartlet makes a disparaging comment about a potential Republican nominee after a television interview, apparently not realizing that he is still being recorded. Meanwhile, Toby tries to dissuade the newly named U.S. poet laureate, Tabatha Fortis (played by Laura Dern), from publicly objecting to the government's lack of support for a treaty on land mines. Sam offers Ainsley Hayes a big promotion and Josh discovers he has an Internet message board following that turns into a fictionalized version of Aaron Sorkin's real-life flame wars at Television Without Pity.\n\n\n61\n17\n\"Stirred\"\nJeremy Kagan\nStory by : Dee Dee Myers\nTeleplay by : Aaron Sorkin & Eli Attie\nApril 3, 2002 (2002-04-03)\n227218\n\n\nWhen a truck carrying uranium fuel rods crashes in a remote Idaho tunnel, Bartlet's staff prepares for a potential environmental or terrorist crisis. Donna seeks a presidential proclamation honoring the retirement of her favorite teacher. The staff considers eliminating Vice President John Hoynes from the election ticket but for different reasons, Sam and the President are not going to let that happen.\n\n\n62\n18\n\"Enemies Foreign and Domestic\"\nAlex Graves\nPaul Redford and Aaron Sorkin\nMay 1, 2002 (2002-05-01)\n227219\n\n\nAs Sam is finalizing the details of Bartlet's upcoming summit with the Russian president, satellite photographs reveal an Iranian nuclear bomb facility being built using Russian technology. During a press briefing, C.J. voices her personal indignation that a group of schoolgirls in Saudi Arabia were prevented from escaping a burning building by religious police because they were not dressed properly according to Sharia law. After receiving death threats, C.J. is assigned Secret Service Special Agent Simon Donovan (Mark Harmon) for personal protection, and he tells her that the individual who is targeting her has no connection to jihadists. Toby tries to help a Russian journalist he thinks is being suppressed by her government, and Charlie unravels a mystery involving a long-lost letter to FDR.\n\n\n63\n19\n\"The Black Vera Wang\"\nChristopher Misiano\nAaron Sorkin\nMay 8, 2002 (2002-05-08)\n227220\n\n\nWhile C.J. gets used to being tailed by Special Agent Donovan, the President must deal with a terrorist threat on a military installation that gets closer and closer to home and leads to a frightening revelation. Meanwhile, Toby plays hardball with network TV executives who want to cut national convention coverage, and Sam's plan to keep dirty tricks out of the Presidential campaign blows up in his face.\n\n\n64\n20\n\"We Killed Yamamoto\"\nThomas Schlamme\nAaron Sorkin\nMay 15, 2002 (2002-05-15)\n227221\n\n\nBartlet agonizes over whether to disregard the principle of diplomatic immunity for an important Middle Eastern official who is known to be plotting terrorist acts. Bartlet is advised not to attend a fundraiser for a politically sensitive cause because his Republican opponent will also be attending. Josh and Amy clash over a welfare renewal bill, while Sam is gun-shy after the tape disclosure from earlier.\n\n\n65\n21\n\"Posse Comitatus\"\nAlex Graves\nAaron Sorkin\nMay 22, 2002 (2002-05-22)\n227222\n\n\nBartlet makes a life-or-death decision regarding the defense minister of Qumar who is a known terrorist. The flirtation between C.J. and her Secret Service bodyguard, Simon Donovan, is limited by their professional relationship and then cut short by tragedy. Josh defeats Amy in the welfare bill battle and their relationship is left with an uncertain future. Bartlet encounters his opponent, Governor Ritchie, at a performance of War of the Roses.\n\n"
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"October 10, 2001"
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Kenny Smith
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Kenny Smith - wikipedia Kenny Smith For people with a similar name , see Kenneth Smith ( disambiguation ) . Kenny Smith Smith in 2015 ( 1965 - 03 - 08 ) March 8 , 1965 ( age 53 ) Queens , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 170 lb ( 77 kg ) Career information High school Archbishop Molloy ( Queens , New York ) College North Carolina ( 1983 -- 1987 ) NBA draft 1987 / Round : 1 / Pick : 6th overall Selected by the Sacramento Kings Playing career 1987 -- 1997 Position Point guard Number 30 , 31 Career history 1987 -- 1990 Sacramento Kings 1990 Atlanta Hawks 1990 -- 1996 Houston Rockets Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 1997 Orlando Magic 1997 Denver Nuggets Career highlights and awards 2 × NBA champion ( 1994 , 1995 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 1988 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 1987 ) First - team All - ACC ( 1987 ) 2 × Second - team All - ACC ( 1985 , 1986 ) McDonald 's All - American ( 1983 ) Career NBA statistics Points 9,397 ( 12.8 ppg ) Rebounds 1,454 ( 2.0 rpg ) Assists 4,073 ( 5.5 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States FIBA World Championship 1986 Spain National team Kenny `` The Jet '' Smith ( born March 8 , 1965 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played in the NBA from 1987 to 1997 as a member of the Sacramento Kings , Atlanta Hawks , Houston Rockets , Detroit Pistons , Orlando Magic , and Denver Nuggets . Nicknamed `` The Jet '' , Smith was an All - American at the University of North Carolina and a two - time NBA Champion with the Houston Rockets. Smith is currently a basketball analyst , and has won several Emmys for his work on Inside the NBA on TNT . He also works as an analyst for CBS / Turner during the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 International career 3 NBA playing career 3.1 Early career 3.2 Houston Rockets 3.3 Final year 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 5 Broadcasting career 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Smith was born in Jamaica , Queens , New York and grew up in LeFrak City . He played some of his earliest basketball at New York 's Riverside Church . Smith attended Archbishop Molloy High School , where he was coached by Jack Curran , the winningest high school coach in New York City and New York State history . Smith was named a McDonald 's All - American in 1983 , then played basketball at the University of North Carolina for Dean Smith . Smith credits former South Carolina State star Bobby Lewis with his development as a shooter and ballhandler . Lewis averaged 30.9 points per game and was a First Team Division II All - American as a senior at South Carolina State . He later developed the Bobby Lewis Basketball Skills Development Program , a training regimen that he presented at basketball camps around the country . Smith attended several of his lectures while in high school , and continued to use Lewis 's drills throughout his basketball career , and teaches them at his own basketball camps . Of Lewis , Smith said , `` He 's the best lecturer ever . He had the best influence in terms of my workout regimen without question . '' College career ( edit ) Kenny Smith joined Michael Jordan as a freshman on a North Carolina team that was a Pre-season # 1 and finished the season ranked # 1 with a 28 - 3 record . Smith averaged 9.1 points and 5.0 assists per game , and the Tar Heels lost to the Indiana University in the Regional Semifinals of the 1984 NCAA Tournament . He led North Carolina to the Elite Eight in 1985 , losing to eventual National Champion Villanova Wildcats. Smith was named a Consensus All - American ( 1st Team ) as senior in 1987 , averaging 16.9 points , 6.1 assists per game while helping North Carolina to return to the Elite Eight . Playing in a game that featured eleven future NBA players , Smith led the Tar Heels with 25 points and 7 assists but they lost to Syracuse University , 79 - 75 . During his career at North Carolina , Smith averaged 12.9 points and 6.0 assists per game , while shooting . 512 from the field , and . 823 from the free throw line . In 1986 -- 87 , the first season the NCAA added three - point field goals , Smith shot . 408 . As of 2016 , he ranks second in school history in total assists ( 768 ) , fourth in total steals ( 195 ) , and fifth in assists per game . Smith helped North Carolina to a record of 115 - 22 from the 1983 -- 84 to 1986 -- 87 seasons , including two Elite Eight appearances ( 1985 and 1987 ) and a Sweet Sixteen appearance in 1986 . They won the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) regular season conference championships in 1984 and 1987 , and tied for first in 1985 . North Carolina never finished lower than 8th in the national polls during Smith 's four years at the school . International career ( edit ) Smith represented the United States in the 1986 FIBA World Championship , on a team that included players such as David Robinson , Muggsy Bogues and Steve Kerr . He was second on the team in scoring behind Charles Smith with 14.7 points per game . Smith scored 23 points to lead the USA to an 87 - 85 win and the Gold Medal over a Soviet Union team that featured Arvydas Sabonis . NBA playing career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Smith was selected as a 6'3 '' 170 lb point guard by the Sacramento Kings with the sixth pick of the 1987 NBA draft . He was named to the NBA All - Rookie Team ( 1st Team ) after averaging 13.8 points and 7.1 assists per game for the Kings. Smith began his NBA career playing for Hall of Famer Bill Russell , who was head coach for Kings until he was fired 58 games into the ' 87 - 88 season . Smith was traded to the Atlanta Hawks midway through the 1989 -- 90 season , where he was a reserve player for the first time in his career , averaging 7.7 points per game while only starting five of thirty - games he played for the Hawks . Houston Rockets ( edit ) After the 1989 -- 90 season , Smith was traded to the Houston Rockets , where he would spend the next six seasons . In 1990 -- 91 Smith averaged 17.7 points per game while leading the Rockets in assists per game ( 7.1 ) and free throw percentage (. 844 ) . He helped the Rockets to a 52 - 30 record , the best regular season in franchise history at the time . They were swept by the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs. Smith finished 17th in voting for the NBA Most Valuable Player Award , just ahead of teammate Hakeem Olajuwon . Head Coach Don Chaney was fired after posting a record of only 26 - 26 in the 1991 -- 92 season . He was replaced by former Rocket player Rudy Tomjanovich , who went 16 - 14 to close out the season , missing the playoffs by one game . The Rockets then went 55 - 27 in 1992 -- 93 , losing to Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the playoffs in seven games . Smith helped to force a game seven against Seattle by scoring 30 points , shooting 4 - 6 from three point range , in a Game 6 victory for Houston . The Rockets won back - to - back championships in 1993 -- 94 and 1994 -- 95 . From the 1992 - 93 to 1994 - 95 seasons , Kenny Smith averaged 11.7 points and 4.5 assists per game , with a three - point percentage of . 425 . In 57 playoff games during the same period , Smith had nearly identical averages of 11.6 points and 4.3 assists , shooting . 456 from three - point range . In the first game of the 1995 Finals against the Orlando Magic , Smith had 23 points , 9 assists and made seven three - pointers , including the game - tying shot which sent the game into overtime . The Rockets won the game 120 -- 118 , and went on to sweep the Magic in four games . Smith had been gradually losing playing time to Sam Cassell , but he continued to be the Rockets ' starting point guard through the 1995 -- 96 season . Although Smith 's points , assists , steals and minutes per game declined for the fifth straight season , he was still productive in 1995 - 96 . He averaged 8.5 points and 3.6 assists per game , and shot . 382 from three - point range and . 821 from the free throw line . The Rockets finished fifth in the NBA Western Conference with a 48 - 34 record , upsetting the fourth - seeded Los Angeles Lakers in the first round before being swept in the second round by eventual Finals runner - up Seattle SuperSonics . In game four of the series against the Lakers , Smith had 17 points , 6 assists and was 4 - 4 from three point range to help the Rockets win the series clincher 102 - 94 . The win against the Lakers also marked the final NBA game for Magic Johnson , who returned to the NBA that season after a five - year absence . Final year ( edit ) The Rockets released Smith after the 1995 - 96 season , and he signed with the Detroit Pistons . He played only nine games with the Pistons before he was waived and signed by the Orlando Magic , who released Smith after only six games . Smith then signed with the Denver Nuggets , where he would remain for the rest of the season . Smith played sparingly for the playoff - bound Pistons and the Magic , but got the last meaningful playing time of his career with the Nuggets , a team that won only 21 games that season . Smith averaged 7.9 points and 3.1 assists while playing just under twenty minutes per game . Overall , Smith averaged 6.3 points and 2.4 assists per game , the lowest averages of his career , while his three - point percentage of . 437 ( 59 / 135 ) was the second highest of his career , and the fourth season in which he shot better than 40 percent on three - pointers . In his professional career , Smith scored 9,397 points ( 12.8 avg . ) , recorded 4,073 assists ( 5.5 avg ) while shooting . 480 from the field , . 399 from three - point range , and . 829 from the free throw line . He finished in the NBA top ten in three - point percentage three times ( 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 ) , and top ten in free throw percentage twice ( 1992 -- 93 and 1993 -- 94 ) . In the 1988 -- 89 season Smith was fifth in the league in minutes played , seventh in minutes per game , and tenth in total assists. Smith 's career three - point percentage of . 399 still ranks 42nd in NBA history . Smith holds the Denver Nuggets franchise record for career three - point percentage (. 425 ) , and he continues to rank among the all - time leaders in several categories for the Sacramento Kings and the Houston Rockets . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Smith won an NBA championship Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1987 -- 88 Sacramento 61 60 35.6 . 477 . 308 . 819 2.3 7.1 1.5 . 1 13.8 1988 -- 89 Sacramento 81 81 38.8 . 462 . 359 . 737 2.8 7.7 1.3 . 1 17.3 1989 -- 90 Sacramento 46 46 38.0 . 461 . 373 . 809 2.6 6.6 . 2 15.0 1989 -- 90 Atlanta 33 5 20.4 . 480 . 167 . 846 1.1 4.3 0.7 . 0 7.7 1990 -- 91 Houston 78 78 34.6 . 520 . 363 . 844 2.1 7.1 1.4 . 1 17.7 1991 -- 92 Houston 81 80 33.8 . 475 . 394 . 866 2.2 6.9 1.3 . 1 14.0 1992 -- 93 Houston 82 82 29.5 . 520 . 438 . 878 2.0 5.4 1.0 . 1 13.0 1993 -- 94 † Houston 78 78 28.3 . 480 . 405 . 871 1.8 4.2 0.8 . 1 11.6 1994 -- 95 † Houston 81 81 25.1 . 484 . 429 . 851 1.9 4.0 0.9 . 1 10.4 1995 -- 96 Houston 68 56 23.8 . 433 . 382 . 821 1.4 3.6 0.7 . 0 8.5 1996 -- 97 Detroit 9 0 7.1 . 400 . 500 1.000 0.6 1.1 0.1 . 0 2.6 1996 -- 97 Orlando 6 0 7.8 . 462 . 600 1.000 0.3 0.7 0.0 . 0 2.8 1996 -- 97 Denver 33 19.8 . 422 . 425 . 854 1.1 3.1 0.5 . 0 7.9 Career 737 650 30.1 . 480 . 399 . 829 2.0 5.5 1.0 . 1 12.8 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1991 Houston 37.7 . 474 . 500 . 889 2.7 8.0 1.3 . 3 15.3 1993 Houston 12 12 32.6 . 492 . 500 . 778 2.0 4.2 0.8 . 1 14.8 1994 † Houston 23 23 30.3 . 455 . 447 . 808 2.3 9.0 . 96 . 17 10.8 1995 † Houston 22 22 29.6 . 438 . 442 . 900 2.2 4.5 . 64 . 14 10.8 Houston 8 8 23.9 . 434 . 387 1.000 1.5 4.8 0.6 . 0 8.9 Career 68 68 30.0 . 457 . 448 . 847 2.2 4.5 0.8 . 1 11.5 Broadcasting career ( edit ) The Inside the NBA on TNT crew in 2015 Smith joined Turner Sports in 1998 , working as a studio analyst for end of the NBA regular season and the playoffs. Smith works with Ernie Johnson Jr. , Charles Barkley , and Shaquille O'Neal on Inside the NBA , a winner of the Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Studio Show . Smith covered basketball for the 2001 Goodwill Games , and he occasionally appears on NBA TV as an analyst . Smith provided commentary for the MSG Network 's broadcasts of New York Knicks games from 2005 -- 08 , and works as an analyst for CBS / Turner during the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . During the 2010 NBA All - Star Weekend , Smith was a member of the Texas team that won the Shooting Stars Competition . While on the Scoop B Radio Podcast in 2017 , Smith told Brandon Scoop B Robinson that the 1994 Houston Rockets would have beaten Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls had they faced each other in the NBA Finals . Personal life ( edit ) Smith has four children - Kayla Brianna , Kenneth Jr ( K.J. ) , Malloy Adrian and London Olivia as well as a step - daughter Monique . His first marriage to Dawn Reavis resulted in two children . Daughter Kayla is an R&B singer and son K.J. is a walk - on basketball player at the University of North Carolina , his father 's alma mater . After his divorce from Reavis , Smith met English model Gwendolyn Osborne in 2004 at a charity event . They married in September 8 , 2006 . They have two children together , a son Malloy in 2008 and a daughter London in 2012 . Smith is also step - father to Osborne 's daughter Monique from a previous marriage . Osborne is a former model on The Price Is Right . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kenny Smith '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved on January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Stanners : Kenny Smith , Class of 1983 '' . www.molloyhs.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Jack Curran , a Mentor in Two Sports , Dies at 82 '' . New York Times , March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Alumni : Kenny Smith ( 1983 ) '' . www.mcdonaldsallamerican.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Donald . `` Kenny Smith recognizes former Bartram High star Bobby Lewis '' . The Philadelphia Tribune , April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` College Basketball : Kenny Smith '' . www.sports-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 - 84 UNC Tar Heels Roster and Stats '' . www.sports-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse vs North Carolina , March 21 , 1987 '' . www.sports-reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carolina Basketball : 2015 - 16 Fact & Records Book '' . www.goheels.com. 37 - 52 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Tim W. Gone Pro : North Carolina : Tar Heel Stars Who Became Pros . Covington , Kentucky : Clerisy , 2014 . ISBN 1578605458 . Google Books . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Championship for Men . July 20 , 1986 '' . www.fiba.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poindexter , Bill . `` Sacramento Fans Have No Problem With Dumping Bill Russell '' . Los Angeles Times , December 24 , 1989 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 - 91 Houston Rockets Roster and Stats '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Franchise Index '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 - 91 Awards Voting '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle SuperSonics at Houston Rockets Box Score , May 20 , 1993 '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smith Lifts Rockets Into Game 7 : NBA playoffs : Guard scores 30 points as Houston pulls away from Seattle in third quarter for a 103 - 90 victory '' . Los Angeles Times , May 21 , 1993 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 60 Greatest Playoff Moments : Honorable Mention '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved on January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Orlando Magic Box Score , June 7 , 1995 '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howard , Johnette . `` SAM I AM WITH TEAMMATES , FOES AND REFS , HOUSTON ROCKET POINT GUARD SAM CASSELL LIKES TO TALK THE TALK -- AND HE 'S HAPPY TO BACK IT UP COME CRUNCH TIME . Sports Illustrated , November 13 , 1995 . SI Vault . Retrieved June 28 , 0216 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Paul . `` History in Hindsight : The Houston Rockets , The Seattle SuperSonics , and Hakeem Olajuwon 's greatest foe '' . www.red94.net , July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Houston Rockets Box Score , May 2 , 1996 '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansford , Corey . `` Throwback Thursday : Magic Johnson Makes A Comeback In 1996 '' . www.lakersnation.com , December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Career Leaders '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings Career Leaders '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Season Leaders '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Career Leaders '' . www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenny Smith : Inside the NBA Analyst '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved on January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cherner , Reid . `` Chemistry , characters carry NBA show above pack '' . USA Today , April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved on January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Shooting Stars Winners '' . NBA.com . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Timothy . `` Kenny Smith Says His Rockets Team Would 've Beaten ' 94 Bulls with Michael Jordan '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://goheels.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=13530 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/sold_by_dawn Jump up ^ Minnis , Glenn . `` Daddy 's Little Girl : Kenny Smith and Daughter Kayla Brianna Look to Rock Music Industry '' . Vibe , February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved on March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://goheels.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=13530 Jump up ^ http://liverampup.com/sports/basket-player-kenny-smith-divorce-wife-kids-salary-net-worth.html Jump up ^ http://liverampup.com/sports/basket-player-kenny-smith-divorce-wife-kids-salary-net-worth.html Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` TBS 's ' Meet the Smiths ' gives NBA analyst Kenny Smith the spotlight '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Gwendolyn Osborne , a Barker beauty on the Price is Right , wed former NBA Star Kenny `` the Jet '' Smith . ' www.prweb.com , September 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kenny Smith . KennyTheJetSmith.com Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Links to related articles United States squad -- 1986 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson United States men 's basketball squad -- 1986 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson 1987 NBA draft First round David Robinson Armon Gilliam Dennis Hopson Reggie Williams Scottie Pippen Kenny Smith Kevin Johnson Olden Polynice Derrick McKey Horace Grant Reggie Miller Muggsy Bogues Joe Wolf Tellis Frank José Ortiz Christian Welp Ronnie Murphy Mark Jackson Ken Norman Jim Farmer Dallas Comegys Reggie Lewis Greg Anderson Second round Freddie Banks Ron Moore Steve Alford Nate Blackwell Rickie Winslow Lester Fonville Nikita Wilson Andre Moore Bob McCann Tony White Brian Rowsom Doug Lee Duane Washington Derrick Dowell Norris Coleman Vincent Askew Winston Garland Kannard Johnson Terrance Bailey Andrew Kennedy Terry Coner Brad Lohaus Bruce Dalrymple 1987 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Steve Alford Danny Manning David Robinson Kenny Smith Reggie Williams Second Team Armon Gilliam Horace Grant Dennis Hopson Mark Jackson Ken Norman Houston Rockets 1993 -- 94 NBA champions 1 Brooks 3 Petruška 7 Herrera 10 Cassell 11 Maxwell 17 Elie 20 Robinson 21 Jent 25 Horry 30 K. Smith 33 Thorpe 34 Olajuwon ( Finals MVP ) 35 Cureton 42 Riley 50 Bullard Head coach Tomjanovich Assistant coaches Berry Boylen Dawson L. Smith Regular season Playoffs Houston Rockets 1994 -- 95 NBA champions 7 Herrera 10 Cassell 11 Maxwell 15 Breaux 17 Elie 22 Drexler 25 Horry 27 Jones 30 K. Smith 31 Murray 32 Chilcutt 34 Olajuwon ( Finals MVP ) 52 Brown 55 Tabak Head coach Tomjanovich Assistant coaches Berry Boylen Dawson L. Smith Regular season Playoffs NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. Carlesimo Rex Chapman Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . Mike Fratello Jack Givens Grant Hill Steve Kerr Kevin McHale Reggie Miller Doc Rivers Steve Smith John Thompson Jeff Van Gundy Dick Versace Chris Webber Sideline reporters David Aldridge Rosalyn Gold - Onwude Lewis Johnson Allie LaForce Kristen Ledlow Cheryl Miller Pam Oliver Craig Sager Marty Snider Tracy Wolfson Studio hosts Vince Cellini Marc Fein Ernie Johnson Jr . Bob Lorenz Casey Stern Matt Winer Studio analysts Charles Barkley Magic Johnson Lisa Leslie Kevin McHale Shaquille O'Neal Gary Payton Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Isiah Thomas NBA Drafts 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 All - Star Game 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 NBA Awards 2017 2018 Lore Music Christmas Day NBA outdoor games Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen NBA on TBS Related programs NBA on TNT NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Related articles Ratings Atlanta Hawks broadcasters Key figures Marv Albert Tim Brando Kevin Calabro Chip Caray Skip Caray Jim Durham Mike Gorman Kevin Harlan Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Ron Thulin Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge John Andariese Rick Barry Hubie Brown Quinn Buckner Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Fratello Walt Frazier Jack Givens Mike Glenn Rod Hundley Steve Jones John MacLeod Don Nelson Bill Raftery Doc Rivers Oscar Robertson Bill Russell John Thompson Dick Versace Bill Walton Studio hosts Vince Cellini Fred Hickman Ernie Johnson Jr . Studio analysts Scott Hastings Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Peter Vecsey Sideline reporters Kevin Kiley Cheryl Miller Craig Sager Contributors Bryan Burwell Jim Huber NBA Drafts 1985 1986 1988 Music `` The Payback '' `` Catch Us If You Can '' `` Takin ' Care of Business '' `` Bad '' `` Higher Ground '' Lore Christmas Day Celtics -- Pistons rivalry LCCN : n96044891 SNAC : w6kd9npg VIAF : 21403394 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_Smith&oldid=855590842 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American sports journalists African - American television personalities All - American college men 's basketball players American men 's basketball players American sports journalists Archbishop Molloy High School alumni Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players from New York ( state ) College basketball announcers in the United States Denver Nuggets players Detroit Pistons players Houston Rockets players McDonald 's High School All - Americans National Basketball Association broadcasters North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball players Orlando Magic players Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Point guards Sacramento Kings draft picks Sacramento Kings players Sportspeople from Queens , New York United States men 's national basketball team players Hidden categories : Pages using infobox basketball biography with unsupported parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 12 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many rings does kenny the jet smith have
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"Kenny Smith\nSmith in 2015Personal informationBorn\n (1965-03-08) March 8, 1965 (age 53)Queens, New YorkNationality\nAmericanListed height\n6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Listed weight\n170 lb (77 kg)Career informationHigh school\nArchbishop Molloy(Queens, New York)College\nNorth Carolina (1983–1987)NBA draft\n1987 / Round: 1 / Pick: 6th overall\nSelected by the Sacramento KingsPlaying career\n1987–1997Position\nPoint guardNumber\n30, 31Career history1987–1990\nSacramento Kings1990\nAtlanta Hawks1990–1996\nHouston Rockets1996\nDetroit Pistons1996–1997\nOrlando Magic1997\nDenver Nuggets\nCareer highlights and awards\n2× NBA champion (1994, 1995)\nNBA All-Rookie First Team (1988)\nConsensus first-team All-American (1987)\nFirst-team All-ACC (1987)\n2× Second-team All-ACC (1985, 1986)\nMcDonald's All-American (1983)\n\nCareer NBA statisticsPoints\n9,397 (12.8 ppg)Rebounds\n1,454 (2.0 rpg)Assists\n4,073 (5.5 apg)\n\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\n Medals[hide]\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nMen's basketball\n\n\nRepresenting United States\n\n\nFIBA World Championship\n\n\n\n 1986 Spain \nNational team\n\n"
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Extended periodic table
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Extended periodic table - wikipedia Extended periodic table Jump to : navigation , search Extended periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ununennium Unbinilium Unbiunium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium Unquadtrium Element 119 in period 8 ( row 8 ; highlighted ) marks the start of theorizations Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( hide ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal An extended periodic table theorizes about elements beyond oganesson ( beyond period 7 , or row 7 ) . Currently seven periods in the periodic table of chemical elements are known and proven , culminating with atomic number 118 , which completes the seventh row . If further elements with higher atomic numbers than this are discovered , they will be placed in additional periods , laid out ( as with the existing periods ) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the elements concerned . Any additional periods are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the seventh period , as they are calculated to have an additional so - called g - block , containing at least 18 elements with partially filled g - orbitals in each period . An eight - period table containing this block was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969 . IUPAC defines an element to exist if its lifetime is longer than 10 seconds , which is the time it takes for the nucleus to form an electron cloud . No elements in this region have been synthesized or discovered in nature . The first element of the g - block may have atomic number 121 , and thus would have the systematic name unbiunium . Elements in this region are likely to be highly unstable with respect to radioactive decay , and have extremely short half lives , although element 126 is hypothesized to be within an island of stability that is resistant to fission but not to alpha decay . It is not clear how many elements beyond the expected island of stability are physically possible , whether period 8 is complete , or if there is a period 9 . According to the orbital approximation in quantum mechanical descriptions of atomic structure , the g - block would correspond to elements with partially filled g - orbitals , but spin - orbit coupling effects reduce the validity of the orbital approximation substantially for elements of high atomic number . While Seaborg 's version of the extended period had the heavier elements following the pattern set by lighter elements , as it did not take into account relativistic effects , models that take relativistic effects into account do not . Pekka Pyykkö and Burkhard Fricke used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to Z = 172 , and found that several were displaced from the Madelung rule . Richard Feynman noted that a simplistic interpretation of the relativistic Dirac equation runs into problems with electron orbitals at Z > 1 / α ≈ 137 as described in the sections below , suggesting that neutral atoms can not exist beyond element 137 , and that a periodic table of elements based on electron orbitals therefore breaks down at this point . On the other hand , a more rigorous analysis calculates the limit to be Z ≈ 173 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Predicted properties of eighth - period elements 2.1 Chemical and physical properties 2.1. 1 8s elements 2.1. 2 Superactinides 2.1. 3 7d transition metals 2.1. 4 Elements 167 to 172 2.1. 5 Beyond element 172 2.2 End of the periodic table 2.2. 1 Feynmanium and elements above the atomic number 137 2.2. 1.1 Bohr model 2.2. 1.2 Relativistic Dirac equation 2.3 Nuclear properties 2.4 Electron configurations 3 Attempts to synthesize still undiscovered elements 3.1 Ununennium 3.2 Unbinilium 3.3 Unbibium 3.4 Unbiquadium 3.5 Unbihexium 3.6 Unbiseptium 4 Possible natural occurrence 5 Extended periodic table 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) It is unknown how far the periodic table might extend beyond the known 118 elements . Glenn T. Seaborg suggested that the highest possible element may be under Z = 130 , while Walter Greiner predicted that there may not be a highest possible element . The table below shows one possibility for the appearance of the eighth period , with placement of elements primarily based on their predicted chemistry . Extended periodic table ( Large version ) v t e 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 8 119 120 121 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Superactinide Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted All of these hypothetical undiscovered elements are named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) systematic element name standard which creates a generic name for use until the element has been discovered , confirmed , and an official name approved . These names are typically not used in the literature , and are referred to by their atomic numbers ; hence , element 164 would usually not be called `` unhexquadium '' ( the IUPAC systematic name ) , but rather `` element 164 '' with symbol `` 164 '' , `` ( 164 ) '' , or `` E164 '' . As of April 2011 , synthesis has been attempted for only ununennium , unbinilium , unbibium , unbiquadium , unbihexium , and unbiseptium . ( Z = 119 , 120 , 122 , 124 , 126 , and 127 ) At element 118 , the orbitals 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s , 4p , 4d , 4f , 5s , 5p , 5d , 5f , 6s , 6p , 6d , 7s and 7p are assumed to be filled , with the remaining orbitals unfilled . A simple extrapolation from the Aufbau principle would predict the eighth row to fill orbitals in the order 8s , 5g , 6f , 7d , 8p ; but after element 120 , the proximity of the electron shells makes placement in a simple table problematic . Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table , following Seaborg 's original concept , would put the elements after 120 as follows : 121 - 138 form the g - block superactinides ; 139 - 152 form the f - block superactinides , 153 - 161 would be transition metals ; 162 - 166 post-transition metals ; 167 = halogen ; 168 = noble gas ; 169 = alkali metal ; 170 = alkaline earth metal , Dirac - Fock calculations predict that it will most likely go : 121 - 142 form the g - block superactinides ; 143 - 156 form the f - block superactinides ; 157 - 165 form the transition metals ; 166 - 170 post-transition metals ; 171 = halogen ; 172 = noble gas . This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . Consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( December 2011 ) Not all models show the higher elements following the pattern established by lighter elements . Pekka Pyykkö , for example , used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to Z = 172 , and found that several were displaced from the Madelung energy - ordering rule . He predicts that the orbital shells will fill up in this order : 8s , 5g , the first two spaces of 8p , 6f , 7d , 9s , the first two spaces of 9p , the rest of 8p . He also suggests that period 8 be split into three parts : 8a , containing 8s , 8b , containing the first two elements of 8p , 8c , containing 7d and the rest of 8p . Fricke et al. also predicted the extended periodic table up to 184 . This model has been more widely used among scientists and is shown above as the main form of the extended periodic table . Predicted properties of eighth - period elements ( edit ) Element 118 , oganesson , is the last element that has been synthesized . The next two elements , elements 119 and 120 , should form an 8s series and be an alkali and alkaline earth metal respectively . Beyond element 120 , the superactinide series is expected to begin , when the 8s electrons and the filling 8p , 7d , 6f , and 5g subshells determine the chemistry of these elements . Complete and accurate CCSD calculations are not available for elements beyond 122 because of the extreme complexity of the situation : the 5g , 6f , and 7d orbitals should have about the same energy level , and in the region of element 160 the 9s , 8p , and 9p orbitals should also be about equal in energy . This will cause the electron shells to mix so that the block concept no longer applies very well , and will also result in novel chemical properties that will make positioning these elements in a periodic table very difficult . For example , element 164 is expected to mix characteristics of the elements of group 10 , 12 , 14 , and 18 . Chemical and Physical properties ( edit ) 8s elements ( edit ) Main articles : Ununennium and Unbinilium Some predicted properties of elements 119 and 120 Property 119 120 Standard atomic weight ( 322 ) ( 325 ) Group Valence electron configuration 8s 8s Stable oxidation states 1 , 3 2 , 4 First ionization energy 437.1 kJ / mol 578.9 kJ / mol Metallic radius 260 pm 200 pm Density 3 g / cm 7 g / cm Melting point 0 -- 30 ° C 680 ° C Boiling point 630 ° C 1700 ° C The first two elements of period 8 are expected to be ununennium and unbinilium , elements 119 and 120 . Their electron configurations should have the 8s orbital being filled . This orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted and thus , elements 119 and 120 should be more like rubidium and strontium than their immediate neighbours above , francium and radium . Another effect of the relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital is that the atomic radii of these two elements should be about the same of those of francium and radium . They should behave like normal alkali and alkaline earth metals , normally forming + 1 and + 2 oxidation states respectively , but the relativistic destabilization of the 7p subshell and the relatively low ionization energies of the 7p electrons should make higher oxidation states like + 3 and + 4 ( respectively ) possible as well . Superactinides ( edit ) The superactinide series is expected to contain elements 121 to 157 . In the superactinide series , the 7d , 8p , 6f and 5g shells should all fill simultaneously : this creates very complicated situations , so much so that complete and accurate CCSD calculations have been done only for elements 121 and 122 . The first superactinide , unbiunium ( element 121 ) , should be a congener of lanthanum and actinium and should have similar properties to them : its main oxidation state should be + 3 , although the closeness of the valence subshells ' energy levels may permit higher oxidation states , just as in elements 119 and 120 . Relativistic stabilization of the 8p subshell should result in a ground - state 8s 8p valence electron configuration for element 121 , in contrast to the ds configurations of lanthanum and actinium . Its first ionization energy is predicted to be 429.4 kJ / mol , which would be lower than those of all known elements except for the alkali metals potassium , rubidium , caesium , and francium : this value is even lower than that of the period 8 alkali metal ununennium ( 463.1 kJ / mol ) . Similarly , the next superactinide , unbibium ( element 122 ) , may be a congener of cerium and thorium , with a main oxidation state of + 4 , but would have a ground - state 7d 8s 8p valence electron configuration , unlike thorium 's 6d 7s configuration . Hence , its first ionization energy would be smaller than thorium 's ( Th : 6.3 eV ; Ubb : 5.6 eV ) because of the greater ease of ionizing unbibium 's 8p electron than thorium 's 6d electron . In the first few superactinides , the binding energies of the added electrons are predicted to be small enough that they can lose all their valence electrons ; for example , unbihexium ( element 126 ) could easily form a + 8 oxidation state , and even higher oxidation states for the next few elements may be possible . Unbihexium is also predicted to display a variety of other oxidation states : recent calculations have suggested a stable monofluoride UbhF may be possible , resulting from a bonding interaction between the 5g orbital on unbihexium and the 2 p orbital on fluorine . Other predicted oxidation states include + 2 , + 4 , and + 6 ; + 4 is expected to be the most usual oxidation state of unbihexium . The presence of electrons in g - orbitals , which do not exist in the ground state electron configuration of any currently known element , should allow presently unknown hybrid orbitals to form and influence the chemistry of the superactinides in new ways , although the absence of g electrons in known elements makes predicting their chemistry more difficult . Some predicted compounds of the superactinides ( X = a halogen ) 121 122 123 124 125 126 132 142 143 144 145 146 148 153 154 155 156 157 Compound UbuX UbbX UbtX UbqX UbpX UbpO 2 + UbhF UbhF UbhO UqbX UqbX UqtF UqqX UqqO 2 + UqqF UqqO UqpF UqoO Analogs La X Ac X Ce X Th X Np O2 + ThF UF UO 2 + Pu F PuO UO Oxidation states 5 6 6 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 6 4 , 6 6 , 8 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 6 8 12 0 , 2 3 , 5 In the later superactinides , the oxidation states should become lower . By element 132 , the predominant most stable oxidation state will be only + 6 ; this is further reduced to + 3 and + 4 by element 144 , and at the end of the superactinide series it will be only + 2 ( and possibly even 0 ) because the 6f shell , which is being filled at that point , is deep inside the electron cloud and the 8s and 8p electrons are bound too strongly to be chemically active . The 5g shell should be filled at element 144 and the 6f shell at around element 154 , and at this region of the superactinides the 8p electrons are bound so strongly that they are no longer active chemically , so that only a few electrons can participate in chemical reactions . Calculations by Fricke et al. predict that at element 154 , the 6f shell is full and there are no d - or other electron wave functions outside the chemically inactive 8s and 8p shells . This would cause element 154 to be very unreactive , so that it may exhibit properties similar to those of the noble gases . Similarly to the lanthanide and actinide contractions , there should be a superactinide contraction in the superactinide series where the ionic radii of the superactinides are smaller than expected . In the lanthanides , the contraction is about 4.4 pm per element ; in the actinides , it is about 3 pm per element . The contraction is larger in the lanthanides than in the actinides due to the greater localization of the 4f wave function as compared to the 5f wave function . Comparisons with the wave functions of the outer electrons of the lanthanides , actinides , and superactinides lead to a prediction of a contraction of about 2 pm per element in the superactinides ; although this is smaller than the contractions in the lanthanides and actinides , its total effect is larger due to the fact that 32 electrons are filled in the deeply buried 5g and 6f shells , instead of just 14 electrons being filled in the 4f and 5f shells in the lanthanides and actinides respectively . Pekka Pyykkö divides these superactinides into three series : a 5g series ( elements 121 to 138 ) , an 8p series ( elements 139 to 140 ) , and a 6f series ( elements 141 to 155 ) , although noting that there would be a great deal of overlapping between energy levels and that the 6f , 7d , or 8p orbitals could well also be occupied in the early superactinide atoms or ions . He also expects that they would behave more like `` super lanthanides '' , in the sense that the 5g electrons would mostly be chemically inactive , similarly to how only one or two 4f electrons in each lanthanide are ever ionized in chemical compounds . He also predicted that the possible oxidation states of the superactinides might rise very high in the 6f series , to values such as + 12 in element 148 . As an example from the late superactinides , element 156 is expected to exhibit mainly the + 2 oxidation state . Its first ionization energy should be about 395.6 kJ / mol and its metallic radius should be about 170 picometers . It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 26 g / cm . Its relative atomic mass should be around 445 u . 7d transition metals ( edit ) The transition metals in period 8 are expected to be elements 157 to 165 ; to these element 166 may be added to complete the 7d subshell . Although the 8s and 8p electrons are bound so strongly in these elements that they should not be able to take part in any chemical reactions , the 9s and 9p levels are expected to be readily available for hybridization such that these elements will still behave chemically like their lighter homologues in the periodic table , showing the same oxidation states as they do , in contrast to earlier predictions which predicted the period 8 transition metals to have main oxidation states two less than those of their lighter congeners . The noble metals of this series of transition metals are not expected to be as noble as their lighter homologues , due to the absence of an outer s shell for shielding and also because the 7d shell is strongly split into two subshells due to relativistic effects . This causes the first ionization energies of the 7d transition metals to be smaller than those of their lighter congeners . Calculations predict that the 7d electrons of element 164 ( unhexquadium ) should participate very readily in chemical reactions , so that unhexquadium should be able to show stable + 6 and + 4 oxidation states in addition to the normal + 2 state in aqueous solutions with strong ligands . Unhexquadium should thus be able to form compounds like Uhq ( CO ) , Uhq ( PF ) ( both tetrahedral ) , and Uhq ( CN ) 2 − 2 ( linear ) , which is very different behavior from that of lead , which unhexquadium would be a heavier homologue of if not for relativistic effects . Nevertheless , the divalent state would be the main one in aqueous solution , and unhexquadium ( II ) should behave more similarly to lead than unhexquadium ( IV ) and unhexquadium ( VI ) . Unhexquadium should be a soft metal like mercury , and metallic unhexquadium should have a high melting point as it is predicted to bond covalently . It is also expected to be a soft Lewis acid and have Ahrlands softness parameter close to 4 eV . It should also have some similarities to oganesson as well as to the other group 12 elements . Unhexquadium should be at most moderately reactive , having a first ionization energy that should be around 685 kJ / mol , comparable to that of molybdenum . Due to the lanthanide , actinide , and superactinide contractions , unhexquadium should have a metallic radius of only 158 pm , very close to that of the much lighter magnesium , despite its being expected to have an atomic weight of around 474 u , about 19.5 times as much as that of magnesium . This small radius and high weight cause it to be expected to have an extremely high density of around 46 g cm , over twice that of osmium , currently the most dense element known , at 22.61 g cm ; unhexquadium should be the second most dense element in the first 172 elements in the periodic table , with only its neighbor unhextrium ( element 163 ) being more dense ( at 47 g cm ) . Metallic unhexquadium should be quite stable , as the 8s and 8p electrons are very deeply buried in the electron core and only the 7d electrons are available for bonding . Metallic unhexquadium should have a very large cohesive energy ( enthalpy of crystallization ) due to its covalent bonds , most probably resulting in a high melting point . Theoretical interest in the chemistry of unhexquadium is largely motivated by theoretical predictions that it , especially the isotope Uhq ( with 164 protons and 318 neutrons ) , would be at the center of a hypothetical second island of stability ( the first being centered on copernicium , particularly the isotopes Cn , Cn , and Cn which are expected to have half - lives of centuries or millennia ) . Elements 165 ( unhexpentium ) and 166 ( unhexhexium ) , the last two 7d metals , should behave similarly to alkali and alkaline earth metals when in the + 1 and + 2 oxidation states respectively . The 9s electrons should have ionization energies comparable to those of the 3s electrons of sodium and magnesium , due to relativistic effects causing the 9s electrons to be much more strongly bound than non-relativistic calculations would predict . Elements 165 and 166 should normally exhibit the + 1 and + 2 oxidation states respectively , although the ionization energies of the 7d electrons are low enough to allow higher oxidation states like + 3 for element 165 . The oxidation state + 4 for element 166 is less likely , creating a situation similar to the lighter elements in groups 11 and 12 ( particularly gold and mercury ) . Some predicted properties of the 7d transition metals . The metallic radii and densities are first approximations . X represents a halogen . Most analogous group is given first , followed by other similar groups . Property 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 Standard atomic weight ( 448 ) ( 452 ) ( 456 ) ( 459 ) ( 463 ) ( 466 ) ( 470 ) ( 474 ) ( 477 ) ( 481 ) Group ( 5 ) ( 6 ) 5 ( 7 ) 6 ( 8 ) 7 ( 9 ) 8 ( 10 ) 9 ( 11 ) 10 ( 12 , 14 , 18 ) 11 ( 1 , 13 ) 12 ( 2 , 14 ) Valence electron configuration 7d 7d 7d 9s 7d 9s 7d 9s 7d 9s 7d 9s 7d 7d 9s 7d 9s Stable oxidation states 5 2 , 4 , 6 1 , 3 First ionization energy 453.5 kJ / mol 521.0 kJ / mol 337.7 kJ / mol 424.5 kJ / mol 472.8 kJ / mol 559.6 kJ / mol 617.5 kJ / mol 685.0 kJ / mol 521.0 kJ / mol 627.2 kJ / mol Metallic radius 163 pm 157 pm 152 pm 148 pm 148 pm 149 pm 152 pm 158 pm 250 pm 200 pm Density 28 g / cm 30 g / cm 33 g / cm 36 g / cm 40 g / cm 45 g / cm 47 g / cm 46 g / cm 7 g / cm 11 g / cm Elements 167 to 172 ( edit ) The next six elements on the periodic table should be the last six main - group elements before the end of the periodic table at Z = 173 . In elements 167 to 172 , the 9p and 8p shells will be filled . Their energy eigenvalues are so close together that they behave as one combined p shell , similar to the non-relativistic 2p and 3p shells . Thus , the inert pair effect does not occur and the most common oxidation states of elements 167 to 170 should be + 3 , + 4 , + 5 , and + 6 respectively . Element 171 ( unseptunium ) is expected to show some similarities to the halogens , showing various oxidation states ranging from − 1 to + 7 , although its physical properties should be closer to that of a metal . Its electron affinity should be 3.0 eV , allowing it to form HUsu , analogous to a hydrogen halide . The Usu ion is expected to be a soft base , comparable to iodide ( I ) . Element 172 ( unseptbium ) should be a noble gas with chemical behaviour similar to that of xenon , as their ionization energies should be very similar ( Xe , 1170.4 kJ / mol ; Usb , 1090.3 kJ / mol ) . The only main difference between them is that element 172 , unlike xenon , is expected to be a liquid or a solid at standard temperature and pressure due to its much higher atomic weight . Unseptbium should be a strong Lewis acid , forming fluorides and oxides , similarly to its lighter congener xenon . Because of this analogy of elements 165 -- 172 to periods 2 and 3 , Fricke et al. considered them to form a ninth period of the periodic table , while the eighth period was taken by them to end at the noble metal element 164 . This ninth and final period would be similar to the second and third period in that it should have no transition metals . Some predicted properties of elements 167 -- 172 , the last main - group elements on the periodic table . The metallic or covalent radii and densities are first approximations . Most analogous group is given first , followed by other similar groups . Property 167 168 169 170 171 172 Standard atomic weight ( 485 ) ( 489 ) ( 493 ) ( 496 ) ( 500 ) ( 504 ) Group 13 14 15 16 17 18 Valence electron configuration 9s 9p 9s 9p 9s 9p 8p 9s 9p 8p 9s 9p 8p 9s 9p 8p Stable oxidation states 5 6 − 1 , 3 , 7 0 , 4 , 6 , 8 First ionization energy 617.5 kJ / mol 723.6 kJ / mol 800.8 kJ / mol 887.7 kJ / mol 984.2 kJ / mol 1090.3 kJ / mol Metallic or covalent radius 190 pm 180 pm 175 pm 170 pm 165 pm 220 pm Density 17 g / cm 19 g / cm 18 g / cm 17 g / cm 16 g / cm 9 g / cm Beyond element 172 ( edit ) Immediately after element 172 ( unseptbium , the last period 8 element ) , the first noble gas after oganesson ( the last period 7 element ) , it was originally expected that another long transition series like the superactinides should begin , filling the 6g , 7f , 8d , and perhaps 6h shells . These electrons would be very loosely bound , rendering extremely high oxidation states possibly easy to reach . Element 184 ( unoctquadium ) was significantly targeted in early predictions , as it was originally speculated that 184 would be a proton magic number . However , these extrapolations are unlikely to be fulfilled , due to the impending end of the periodic table at Z = 173 . In element 173 ( unsepttrium ) , the last electron would enter the 6g subshell . End of the periodic table ( edit ) The number of physically possible elements is unknown . A low estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to center on Z = 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by the proton and the neutron drip lines ; some , such as Walter Greiner , predicted that there may not be an end to the periodic table . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include Z = 128 ( John Emsley ) and Z = 155 ( Albert Khazan ) . Feynmanium and elements above the atomic number 137 ( edit ) It is a `` folk legend '' among physicists that Richard Feynman suggested that neutral atoms could not exist for atomic numbers greater than Z = 137 , on the grounds that the relativistic Dirac equation predicts that the ground - state energy of the innermost electron in such an atom would be an imaginary number . Here , the number 137 arises as the inverse of the fine - structure constant . By this argument , neutral atoms can not exist beyond untriseptium ( alternatively called `` feynmanium '' ) , and therefore a periodic table of elements based on electron orbitals breaks down at this point . However , this argument presumes that the atomic nucleus is pointlike . A more accurate calculation must take into account the small , but nonzero , size of the nucleus , which is predicted to push the limit further to Z ≈ 173 . Bohr model ( edit ) The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , for the speed of an electron in a 1s electron orbital , v , is given by v = Z α c ≈ Z c 137.036 ( \ displaystyle v = Z \ alpha c \ approx ( \ frac ( Zc ) ( 137.036 ) ) ) where Z is the atomic number , and α is the fine structure constant , a measure of the strength of electromagnetic interactions . Under this approximation , any element with an atomic number of greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be traveling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is clearly inaccurate when applied to such an element . Relativistic Dirac equation ( edit ) The relativistic Dirac equation gives the ground state energy as E = m c 2 1 + Z 2 α 2 n − ( j + 1 2 ) + ( j + 1 2 ) 2 − Z 2 α 2 , ( \ displaystyle E = ( \ frac ( mc ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ dfrac ( Z ^ ( 2 ) \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ( n - \ left ( j+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) + ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( j+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) - Z ^ ( 2 ) \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) where m is the rest mass of the electron . For Z > 137 , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory , rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds 2mc for Z > Z ≈ 173 . For Z > Z , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron . The precise details of what happens to atoms with Z > 173 are not known yet , but they probably should not survive long enough as such to be considered elements . Nuclear properties ( edit ) The first island of stability is expected to be centered on unbibium - 306 ( with 122 protons and 184 neutrons ) , and the second is expected to be centered on unhexquadium - 482 ( with 164 protons and 318 neutrons ) . This second island of stability should confer additional stability on elements 152 -- 168 ; on the other hand , due to the enormously greater forces of electromagnetic repulsion that must be overcome by the strong force at this second island , it is possible that nuclei around this region only exist as resonances and can not stay together for a meaningful amount of time . It is also possible that some of the superactinides between these series may not actually exist because they are too far from both islands , in which case the periodic table would quite possibly end around Z = 130 instead of 173 , with nuclear properties imposing an end earlier than the electronic properties . Calculations according to the Hartree -- Fock -- Bogoliubov Method using the non-relativistic Skyrme interaction have proposed Z = 126 as a closed proton shell . In this region of the periodic table , N = 184 and N = 196 have been suggested as closed neutron shells . Therefore , the isotopes of most interest are Ubh and Ubh , for these might be considerably longer - lived than other isotopes . Element 126 , having a magic number of protons , is predicted to be more stable than other elements in this region , and may have nuclear isomers with very long half - lives . Electron configurations ( edit ) The following are the expected electron configurations of elements 118 -- 173 . Beyond element 122 , no complete calculations are available and hence the data in this table must be taken as tentative . Chemical element Chemical series Predicted electron configuration 118 Og Oganesson Noble gas ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p 119 Uue Ununennium Alkali metal ( Og ) 8s 120 Ubn Unbinilium Alkaline earth metal ( Og ) 8s 121 Ubu Unbiunium Superactinide ( Og ) 8s 8p 1 1 / 2 122 Ubb Unbibium Superactinide ( Og ) 7d 8s 8p 1 1 / 2 123 Ubt Unbitrium Superactinide ( Og ) 6f 8s 8p 1 1 / 2 124 Ubq Unbiquadium Superactinide ( Og ) 6f 8s 8p 1 1 / 2 125 Ubp Unbipentium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 126 Ubh Unbihexium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1 1 / 2 127 Ubs Unbiseptium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 128 Ubo Unbioctium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 129 Ube Unbiennium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1 1 / 2 130 Utn Untrinilium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1 1 / 2 131 Utu Untriunium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 132 Utb Untribium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 133 Utt Untritrium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 134 Utq Untriquadium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 135 Utp Untripentium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 136 Uth Untrihexium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 137 Uts Untriseptium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 138 Uto Untrioctium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 139 Ute Untriennium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 140 Uqn Unquadnilium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 141 Uqu Unquadunium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 142 Uqb Unquadbium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 143 Uqt Unquadtrium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 144 Uqq Unquadquadium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 145 Uqp Unquadpentium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 146 Uqh Unquadhexium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 147 Uqs Unquadseptium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 148 Uqo Unquadoctium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 149 Uqe Unquadennium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 150 Upn Unpentnilium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 151 Upu Unpentunium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 152 Upb Unpentbium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 153 Upt Unpenttrium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 154 Upq Unpentquadium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 155 Upp Unpentpentium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 156 Uph Unpenthexium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 157 Ups Unpentseptium Superactinide ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 158 Upo Unpentoctium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 159 Upe Unpentennium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 160 Uhn Unhexnilium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 161 Uhu Unhexunium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 162 Uhb Unhexbium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 163 Uht Unhextrium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 164 Uhq Unhexquadium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 165 Uhp Unhexpentium Transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 166 Uhh Unhexhexium Post-transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 167 Uhs Unhexseptium Post-transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 9p 1 1 / 2 168 Uho Unhexoctium Post-transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 9s 9p 2 1 / 2 169 Uhe Unhexennium Post-transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 8p 1 3 / 2 9s 9p 2 1 / 2 170 Usn Unseptnilium Post-transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 8p 2 3 / 2 9s 9p 2 1 / 2 171 Usu Unseptunium Post-transition metal ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 8p 3 3 / 2 9s 9p 2 1 / 2 172 Usb Unseptbium Noble gas ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 2 1 / 2 8p 4 3 / 2 9s 9p 2 1 / 2 173 Ust Unsepttrium -- ( Usb ) 6g Attempts to synthesize still undiscovered elements ( edit ) Projects to build period 8 elements that have had synthesis attempts were elements 119 , 120 , 122 , 124 , 126 , and 127 . So far , none of these synthesis attempts were successful . Ununennium ( edit ) The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium - 254 with calcium - 48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley , California : 254 99 Es + 48 20 Ca → 302 119 Uue * → no atoms No atoms were identified , leading to a limiting cross section of 300 nb . Later calculations suggest that the cross section of the 3n reaction ( which would result in Uue and three neutrons as products ) would actually be six hundred thousand times lower than this upper bound , at 0.5 pb . As ununennium is the lightest undiscovered element , it has been the target of synthesis experiments by both German and Russian teams in recent years . The Russian experiments were conducted in 2011 , and no results were released , strongly implying that no ununennium atoms were identified . From April to September 2012 , an attempt to synthesize the isotopes Uue and Uue was made by bombarding a target of berkelium - 249 with titanium - 50 at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt , Germany . Based on the theoretically predicted cross-section , it was expected that an ununennium atom would be synthesized within five months of the beginning of the experiment . 249 97 Bk + 50 22 Ti → 299 119 Uue * → 296 119 Uue + 3 1 0 n 249 97 Bk + 50 22 Ti → 299 119 Uue * → 295 119 Uue + 4 1 0 n The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012 , but was stopped early to make use of the Bk target to confirm the synthesis of tennessine ( thus changing the projectiles to Ca ) . This reaction between Bk and Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for formation of ununennium , as it is rather asymmetrical , though also somewhat cold . ( The reaction between Es and Ca would be superior , but preparing milligram quantities of Es for a target is difficult . ) Nevertheless , the necessary change from the `` silver bullet '' Ca to Ti divides the expected yield of ununennium by about twenty , as the yield is strongly dependent on the asymmetry of the fusion reaction . Due to the predicted short half - lives , the GSI team used new `` fast '' electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds . No ununennium atoms were identified , implying a limiting cross-section of 70 fb . The predicted actual cross-section is around 40 fb , which is at the limits of current technology . The team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna , Russia , is planning to begin new experiments on the synthesis of ununennium and unbinilium using the Bk+ Ti and Cf+ Ti reactions in 2019 using a new experimental complex . The team at RIKEN in Japan also plans to make attempts on these elements around the same time with Cm targets using the Cm+ V and Cm+ Cr reactions . Unbinilium ( edit ) Following their success in obtaining oganesson by the reaction between Cf and Ca in 2006 , the team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ( JINR ) in Dubna started similar experiments in hope of creating unbinilium ( element 120 ) from nuclei of Fe and Pu . Isotopes of unbinilium are predicted to have alpha decay half - lives of the order of microseconds . In March -- April 2007 , the synthesis of unbinilium was attempted at the JINR by bombarding a plutonium - 244 target with iron - 58 ions . Initial analysis revealed that no atoms of element 120 were produced providing a limit of 400 fb for the cross section at the energy studied . 244 94 Pu + 58 26 Fe → 302 120 Ubn * → no atoms The Russian team planned to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again . In April 2007 , the team at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt , Germany attempted to create unbinilium using uranium - 238 and nickel - 64 : 238 92 U + 64 28 Ni → 302 120 Ubn * → no atoms No atoms were detected providing a limit of 1.6 pb on the cross section at the energy provided . The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs from April -- May 2007 , January -- March 2008 , and September -- Oct 2008 , all with negative results and providing a cross section limit of 90 fb . In June -- July 2010 , and again in 2011 , after upgrading their equipment to allow the use of more radioactive targets , scientists at the GSI attempted the more asymmetrical fusion reaction : 248 96 Cm + 54 24 Cr → 302 120 Ubn * → no atoms It was expected that the change in reaction would quintuple the probability of synthesizing unbinilium , as the yield of such reactions is strongly dependent on their asymmetry . Three correlated signals were observed that matched the predicted alpha decay energies of Ubn and its daughter Og , as well as the experimentally known decay energy of its granddaughter Lv . However , the lifetimes of these possible decays were much longer than expected , and the results could not be confirmed . In August -- October 2011 , a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried a new , even more asymmetrical reaction : 249 98 Cf + 50 22 Ti → 299 120 Ubn * → no atoms Because of its asymmetry , the reaction between Cf and Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for synthesizing unbinilium , although it is also somewhat cold . No unbinilium atoms were identified , implying a limiting cross-section of 200 fb . Jens Volker Kratz predicted the actual maximum cross-section for producing unbinilium by any of these reactions to be around 0.1 fb ; in comparison , the world record for the smallest cross section of a successful reaction was 30 fb for the reaction Bi ( Zn , n ) Nh , and Kratz predicted a maximum cross-section of 20 fb for producing the neighbouring ununennium . If these predictions are accurate , then synthesizing ununennium would be at the limits of current technology , and synthesizing unbinilium would require new methods . The team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna , Russia , is planning to begin new experiments on the synthesis of ununennium and unbinilium using the Bk+ Ti and Cf+ Ti reactions in 2019 using a new experimental complex . The team at RIKEN in Japan also plans to make attempts on these elements around the same time with Cm targets using the Cm+ V and Cm+ Cr reactions . Unbibium ( edit ) The first attempt to synthesize unbibium was performed in 1972 by Flerov et al. at JINR ( Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ) , using the hot fusion reaction : 238 92 U + 66 30 Zn → 304 122 Ubb * → no atoms No atoms were detected and a yield limit of 5 mb ( 5,000,000,000 pb ) was measured . Current results ( see flerovium ) have shown that the sensitivity of this experiment was too low by at least 6 orders of magnitude . In 2000 , the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ( GSI ) performed a very similar experiment with much higher sensitivity : 238 92 U + 70 30 Zn → 308 122 Ubb * → no atoms These results indicate that the synthesis of such heavier elements remains a significant challenge and further improvements of beam intensity and experimental efficiency is required . The sensitivity should be increased to 1 fb . Another unsuccessful attempt to synthesize unbibium was carried out in 1978 at the GSI , where a natural erbium target was bombarded with xenon - 136 ions : nat 68 Er + 136 54 Xe → 298,300,302,303,304,306 Ubb * → no atoms The two attempts in the 1970s to synthesize unbibium were caused by research investigating whether superheavy elements could potentially be naturally occurring . Several experiments have been performed between 2000 - 2004 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus Ubb . Two nuclear reactions have been used , namely Cm + Fe and Pu + Ni . The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as Sn ( Z = 50 , N = 82 ) . It was also found that the yield for the fusion - fission pathway was similar between Ca and Fe projectiles , indicating a possible future use of Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation . Unbiquadium ( edit ) In a series of experiments , scientists at GANIL ( Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds ) have attempted to measure the direct and delayed fission of compound nuclei of elements with Z = 114 , 120 , and 124 in order to probe shell effects in this region and to pinpoint the next spherical proton shell . This is because having complete nuclear shells ( or , equivalently , having a magic number of protons or neutrons ) would confer more stability on the nuclei of such superheavy elements , thus moving closer to the island of stability . In 2006 , with full results published in 2008 , the team provided results from a reaction involving the bombardment of a natural germanium target with uranium ions : 238 92 U + nat 32 Ge → 308,310,311,312,314 Ubq * → fission The team reported that they had been able to identify compound nuclei fissioning with half - lives > 10 s . This result suggests a strong stabilizing effect at Z = 124 and points to the next proton shell at Z > 120 , not at Z = 114 as previously thought . A compound nucleus is a loose combination of nucleons that have not arranged themselves into nuclear shells yet . It has no internal structure and is held together only by the collision forces between the target and projectile nuclei . It is estimated that it requires around 10 s for the nucleons to arrange themselves into nuclear shells , at which point the compound nucleus becomes a nuclide , and this number is used by IUPAC as the minimum half - life a claimed isotope must have to potentially be recognised as being discovered . Thus , the GANIL experiments do not count as a discovery of element 124 . Unbihexium ( edit ) The first and only attempt to synthesize unbihexium , which was unsuccessful , was performed in 1971 at CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research ) by René Bimbot and John M. Alexander using the hot fusion reaction : 232 90 Th + 84 36 Kr → 316 126 Ubh * → no atoms A high - energy alpha particle was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium . Recent research suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding . Unbiseptium ( edit ) Unbiseptium has had one failed attempt at synthesis in 1978 at the Darmstadt UNILAC accelerator by bombarding a natural tantalum target with xenon ions : nat 73 Ta + 136 54 Xe → 316,317 Ubs * → no atoms Possible natural occurrence ( edit ) On April 24 , 2008 , a group led by Amnon Marinov at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem claimed to have found single atoms of unbibium - 292 in naturally occurring thorium deposits at an abundance of between 10 and 10 , relative to thorium . The claim of Marinov et al. was criticized by a part of the scientific community , and Marinov says he has submitted the article to the journals Nature and Nature Physics but both turned it down without sending it for peer review . The unbibium - 292 atoms were claimed to be superdeformed or hyperdeformed isomers , with a half - life of at least 100 million years . A criticism of the technique , previously used in purportedly identifying lighter thorium isotopes by mass spectrometry , was published in Physical Review C in 2008 . A rebuttal by the Marinov group was published in Physical Review C after the published comment . A repeat of the thorium - experiment using the superior method of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ( AMS ) failed to confirm the results , despite a 100-fold better sensitivity . This result throws considerable doubt on the results of the Marinov collaboration with regard to their claims of long - lived isotopes of thorium , roentgenium and unbibium . It is still possible that traces of unbibium might only exist in some thorium samples , although this is unlikely . It was suggested in 1976 that primordial superheavy elements ( mainly livermorium , unbiquadium , unbihexium , and unbiseptium ) could be a cause of unexplained radiation damage in minerals . This prompted many researchers to search for them in nature from 1976 to 1983 . Some claimed that they had detected alpha particles with the right energies to cause the damage observed , supporting the presence of these elements , while some claimed that none had been detected . The possible extent of primordial superheavy elements on Earth today is uncertain . Even if they are confirmed to have caused the radiation damage long ago , they might now have decayed to mere traces , or even be completely gone . Extended periodic table ( edit ) Extended periodic table Superheavy elements may not exist , and may not follow the order of this table even if they do exist . He Li Be 5 6 7 8 O 9 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 16 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 5 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 54 Xe 6 55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 7 87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og 8 119 Uue 120 Ubn 121 Ubu 122 Ubb 123 Ubt 124 Ubq 125 Ubp 126 Ubh 127 Ubs 128 Ubo 129 Ube 130 Utn 131 Utu 132 Utb 133 Utt 134 Utq 135 Utp 136 Uth 137 Uts 138 Uto 139 Ute 140 Uqn 141 Uqu 142 Uqb 143 Uqt 144 Uqq 145 Uqp 146 Uqh 147 Uqs 148 Uqo 149 Uqe 150 Upn 151 Upu 152 Upb 153 Upt 154 Upq 155 Upp 156 Uph 157 Ups 158 Upo 159 Upe 160 Uhn 161 Uhu 162 Uhb 163 Uht 164 Uhq 165 Uhp 166 Uhh 167 Uhs 168 Uho Legend s - block p - block d - block f - block Background color shows the block of the periodic table s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Predicted elements are colored in a lighter shade See also ( edit ) Table of nuclides ( combined ) Hypernucleus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seaborg , Glenn T. 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Jump up ^ `` Scientists will begin experiments on the synthesis of element 119 in 2019 '' . www.jinr.ru . JINR. 28 September 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . `` The discovery of elements 115 , 117 and 118 is an accomplished fact ; they were placed in the periodic table , though still unnamed and will be confirmed only at the end of the year . The D.I. Mendeleev Periodic Table is not infinite . In 2019 , scientists will begin the synthesis of elements 119 and 120 which are the first in the 8th period , '' said S.N. Dmitriev . Jump up ^ Dmitriev , Sergey ; Itkis , Mikhail ; Oganessian , Yuri ( 2016 ) . Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory ( PDF ) . Nobel Symposium NS160 -- Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements . doi : 10.1051 / epjconf / 201613108001 . ^ Jump up to : `` What it takes to make a new element '' . Chemistry World . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A New Block on the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . April 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , P. Roy ; Samanta , C. ; Basu , D.N. ( 2008 ) . `` Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability '' . Physical Review C. 77 ( 4 ) : 044603 . arXiv : 0802.3837 . Bibcode : 2008PhRvC ... 77d4603C . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 77.044603 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , R.P. ; Samanta , C. ; Basu , D.N. ( 2008 ) . `` Nuclear half - lives for α - radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 '' . Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. 94 ( 6 ) : 781 -- 806 . arXiv : 0802.4161 . Bibcode : 2008ADNDT ... 94 ... 781C . doi : 10.1016 / j. adt. 2008.01. 003 . Jump up ^ Itkis , M.G. ; Oganessian , Yu . Ts. ( 2007 ) . `` Synthesis of New Nuclei and Study of Nuclear Properties and Heavy - Ion Reaction Mechanisms '' . jinr.ru . Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Oganessian , Yu . Ts. ; Utyonkov , V. ; Lobanov , Yu. ; Abdullin , F. ; Polyakov , A. ; Sagaidak , R. ; Shirokovsky , I. ; Tsyganov , Yu. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Attempt to produce element 120 in the Pu+ Fe reaction '' . Phys. Rev. C. 79 ( 2 ) : 024603 . Bibcode : 2009PhRvC ... 79b4603O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 79.024603 . ^ Jump up to : http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf Jump up ^ GSI . `` Searching for the island of stability '' . www.gsi.de . GSI . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Adcock , Colin ( 2 October 2015 ) . `` Weighty matters : Sigurd Hofmann on the heaviest of nuclei '' . JPhys+ . Journal of Physics G : Nuclear and Particle Physics . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hofmann , Sigurd ( August 2015 ) . `` Search for Isotopes of Element 120 on the Island of SHN '' . Exotic Nuclei : 213 -- 224 . doi : 10.1142 / 9789814699464_0023 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4699 - 45 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hofmann , S. ; Heinz , S. ; Mann , R. ; Maurer , J. ; Münzenberg , G. ; Antalic , S. ; Barth , W. ; Burkhard , H.G. ; Dahl , L. ; Eberhardt , K. ; Grzywacz , R. ; Hamilton , J.H. ; Henderson , R.A. ; Kenneally , J.M. ; Kindler , B. ; Kojouharov , I. ; Lang , R. ; Lommel , B. ; Miernik , K. ; Miller , D. ; Moody , K.J. ; Morita , K. ; Nishio , K. ; Popeko , A.G. ; Roberto , J.B. ; Runke , J. ; Rykaczewski , K.P. ; Saro , S. ; Scheidenberger , C. ; Schött , H.J. ; Shaughnessy , D.A. ; Stoyer , M.A. ; Thörle - Popiesch , P. ; Tinschert , K. ; Trautmann , N. ; Uusitalo , J. ; Yeremin , A.V. ( 2016 ) . `` Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 '' . The European Physics Journal A. 2016 ( 52 ) . Bibcode : 2016EPJA ... 52 ... 180H . doi : 10.1140 / epja / i2016 - 16180 - 4 . Jump up ^ Siwek - Wilczyńska , K. ; Cap , T. ; Wilczyński , J. ( April 2010 ) . `` How can one synthesize the element Z = 120 ? '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 19 ( 4 ) : 500 . Bibcode : 2010IJMPE ... 19 ... 500S . doi : 10.1142 / S021830131001490X . Jump up ^ `` Scientists will begin experiments on the synthesis of element 119 in 2019 '' . www.jinr.ru . JINR. 28 September 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . ' The discovery of elements 115 , 117 and 118 is an accomplished fact ; they were placed in the periodic table , though still unnamed and will be confirmed only at the end of the year . The D.I. Mendeleev Periodic Table is not infinite . In 2019 , scientists will begin the synthesis of elements 119 and 120 which are the first in the 8th period , ' said S.N. Dmitriev . Jump up ^ Dmitriev , Sergey ; Itkis , Mikhail ; Oganessian , Yuri ( 2016 ) . Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory ( PDF ) . Nobel Symposium NS160 -- Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements . doi : 10.1051 / epjconf / 201613108001 . Jump up ^ see Flerov lab annual reports 2000 -- 2004 inclusive http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html ^ Jump up to : Marinov , A. ; Rodushkin , I. ; Kolb , D. ; Pape , A. ; Kashiv , Y. ; Brandt , R. ; Gentry , R.V. ; Miller , H.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Evidence for a long - lived superheavy nucleus with atomic mass number A = 292 and atomic number Z = ~ 122 in natural Th '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 19 : 131 -- 140 . arXiv : 0804.3869 . Bibcode : 2010IJMPE ... 19 ... 131M . doi : 10.1142 / S0218301310014662 . Jump up ^ Royal Society of Chemistry , `` Heaviest element claim criticised '' , Chemical World . ^ Jump up to : Marinov , A. ; Rodushkin , I. ; Kashiv , Y. ; Halicz , L. ; Segal , I. ; Pape , A. ; Gentry , R.V. ; Miller , H.W. ; Kolb , D. ; Brandt , R. ( 2007 ) . `` Existence of long - lived isomeric states in naturally - occurring neutron - deficient Th isotopes '' . Phys. Rev. C. 76 ( 2 ) : 021303 ( R ) . arXiv : nucl - ex / 0605008 . Bibcode : 2007PhRvC ... 76b1303M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 76.021303 . Jump up ^ R.C. Barber ; J.R. De Laeter ( 2009 ) . `` Comment on ' Existence of long - lived isomeric states in naturally - occurring neutron - deficient Th isotopes ' '' . Phys. Rev. C. 79 ( 4 ) : 049801 . Bibcode : 2009PhRvC ... 79d9801B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 79.049801 . Jump up ^ A. Marinov ; I. Rodushkin ; Y . Kashiv ; L. Halicz ; I. Segal ; A. Pape ; R.V. Gentry ; H.W. Miller ; D. Kolb ; R. Brandt ( 2009 ) . `` Reply to `` Comment on ' Existence of long - lived isomeric states in naturally - occurring neutron - deficient Th isotopes ' '' `` . Phys. Rev. C. 79 ( 4 ) : 049802 . Bibcode : 2009PhRvC ... 79d9802M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 79.049802 . Jump up ^ J. Lachner ; I. Dillmann ; T. Faestermann ; G. Korschinek ; M. Poutivtsev ; G. Rugel ( 2008 ) . `` Search for long - lived isomeric states in neutron - deficient thorium isotopes '' . Phys. Rev. C. 78 ( 6 ) : 064313 . arXiv : 0907.0126 . Bibcode : 2008PhRvC ... 78f4313L . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 78.064313 . Jump up ^ Marinov , A. ; Rodushkin , I. ; Pape , A. ; Kashiv , Y. ; Kolb , D. ; Brandt , R. ; Gentry , R.V. ; Miller , H.W. ; Halicz , L. ; Segal , I. ( 2009 ) . `` Existence of Long - Lived Isotopes of a Superheavy Element in Natural Au '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Modern Physics E. World Scientific Publishing Company . 18 ( 3 ) : 621 -- 629 . arXiv : nucl - ex / 0702051 . Bibcode : 2009IJMPE ... 18 ... 621M . doi : 10.1142 / S021830130901280X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Kaldor , U. ( 2005 ) . `` Superheavy Elements -- Chemistry and Spectroscopy '' . Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry . doi : 10.1002 / 0470845015. cu0044 . ISBN 0470845015 . Seaborg , G.T. ( 1968 ) . `` Elements Beyond 100 , Present Status and Future Prospects '' . Annual Review of Nuclear Science . 18 : 53 -- 152 . Bibcode : 1968ARNPS ... 18 ... 53S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ns. 18.120168. 000413 . Scerri , Eric . ( 2011 ) . A Very Short Introduction to the Periodic Table , Oxford University Press , Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Holler , Jim . `` Images of g - orbitals '' . University of Kentucky . Rihani , Jeries A . `` The extended periodic table of the elements '' . Scerri , Eric . `` Eric Scerri 's website for the elements and the periodic table '' . Extended periodic table ( Large version ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 8 119 120 121 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Superactinide Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extended_periodic_table&oldid=808882073 '' Categories : Hypothetical chemical elements Periodic table Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from December 2011 All articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the atomic number of the yet undiscovered element directly below ra in the periodic table
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[
"The first two elements of period 8 are expected to be ununennium and unbinilium, elements 119 and 120. Their electron configurations should have the 8s orbital being filled. This orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted and thus, elements 119 and 120 should be more like rubidium and strontium than their immediate neighbours above, francium and radium. Another effect of the relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital is that the atomic radii of these two elements should be about the same of those of francium and radium. They should behave like normal alkali and alkaline earth metals, normally forming +1 and +2 oxidation states respectively, but the relativistic destabilization of the 7p3/2 subshell and the relatively low ionization energies of the 7p3/2 electrons should make higher oxidation states like +3 and +4 (respectively) possible as well.[5][11]"
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"120"
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-2774148252446485937
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Maudie Hopkins
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Maudie Hopkins - Wikipedia Maudie Hopkins Jump to : navigation , search Maudie Hopkins Maudie Hopkins Maudie Cecilia Acklin ( 1914 - 12 - 07 ) December 7 , 1914 Baxter County , Arkansas , U.S. August 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 17 ) ( aged 93 ) Lexa , Arkansas , U.S. Nationality American Known for Last publicly identified Civil War widow This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maudie Hopkins ( December 7 , 1914 -- August 17 , 2008 ) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Life ( edit ) Born as Maudie Cecilia Acklin in Baxter County , Arkansas , she married William M. Cantrell ( aged 86 ) on February 2 , 1934 , when she was 19 . Cantrell had enlisted in the Confederate States Army at age 16 in Pikeville , Kentucky , and served in General Samuel G. French 's Battalion of Virginia Infantry . He was captured in 1863 , and was part of a prisoner exchange . He had a previous wife , who had died in 1929 . Cantrell supported her with a pension of US $25 every two or three months , and she inherited his home in 1937 . She received no further pension benefits after his death . She remarried later in 1937 , and twice thereafter , and had three children . It was not especially uncommon for young women in Arkansas to marry Confederate pensioners ; in 1937 the state passed a law stating that women who married Civil War veterans would not be eligible for a widow 's pension . The law was later changed in 1939 to state that widows born after 1870 were not eligible for pensions . Hopkins generally kept her first marriage a secret , fearing that the resulting gossip ( of marrying a much older man ) would damage her reputation . After researching records from Arkansas and United States Census Bureau data , Hopkins was certified by various historical organizations , most notably the United Daughters of the Confederacy . A spokeswoman for the UDC , Martha Boltz , has said that there may be two other widows , one in Tennessee and another in North Carolina , but if they are still alive , they choose to remain in anonymity . Maudie Hopkins died on August 17 , 2008 , in a nursing home in Lexa , Arkansas , aged 93 . See also ( edit ) Alberta Martin , one of the last known Confederate war widows and the last widow whose marriage to a Confederate soldier produced offspring . She died May 31 , 2004 . Gertrude Janeway , last known widow of a Union veteran of the Civil War . She died January 17 , 2003 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barron , James . `` The ' Last Civil War Widow ' Has a Successor , It Would Seem '' , The New York Times , June 16 , 2004 ; retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopkins ' obituary , WashingtonTimes.com ; accessed September 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Meet Maudie Hopkins CivilWarNews.com Infoplease article : Last Civil War Widows This article about a person of the American Civil War is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maudie_Hopkins&oldid=802521968 '' Categories : American Civil War biography stubs 1914 births 2008 deaths People from Baxter County , Arkansas People from Phillips County , Arkansas Disease - related deaths in Arkansas Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 18 : 04 . About Wikipedia
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when did the last civil war widow die
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"Maudie Hopkins (December 7, 1914 – August 17, 2008) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran."
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"August 17, 2008"
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9030025659463653204
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Dheeraj Dhoopar
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Dheeraj Dhoopar - Wikipedia Dheeraj Dhoopar Jump to : navigation , search Dheeraj Dhoopar ( 1984 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1984 ( age 33 ) Bareilly , India Residence Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Occupation Actor , Model , Fashion Designer Years active 2009 -- present Height 5ft 9in ( 1.75 m ) Spouse ( s ) Vinny Arora ( m . 2016 ) Dheeraj Dhoopar ( born ; 20 December 1984 in Delhi ) is a popular Indian television actor , model . He is best known for playing the lead role of Prem Bharadwaj in the TV serial Sasural Simar Ka on Colors TV . He currently plays the main lead role of Karan Luthra in Ekta Kapoor 's Balaji Telefilms producing popular television show Kundali Bhagya , on Zee TV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Television 3 Other Appearances 4 Awards 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References Career ( edit ) Dheeraj is a well - known face in entertainment industry , he is one of the most popular among the leading men of Indian television industry right now . Dheeraj started his career as a model and featured in over 100 commercials for brands like Maruti Suzuki , Parker , DaburHoney , Samsung galaxy , Videocon Mobile , TATA AIG etc . He made his television debut with Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg as Ansh on Colors TV . After that he appeared in Star Plus 's show Behenein as Bhavesh Patil and as Sushant in Mrs. Tendulkar on SAB TV . He also gave a cameo appearance in Kuch Toh Log Kahenge on Sony TV . He was portraying a very famous lead character : Prem Bharadwaj in Sasural Simar Ka , a highly rated and one of the most - watched shows of Colors TV . As Prem , he has gained huge popularity among the audience , and now , Prem ( besides Salman Khan of course ) is also synonymous with Dheeraj Dhoopar . Sasural Simar Ka on Colors TV . Dheeraj was also featured in one of its kind web series Aur Dikhao - SOAPHOLICS , a parody of the Indian Television shows . The series is based on how people are addicted to TV shows and few of their characters . He also appeared in a short film titled Yellow in 2016 which was critically acclaimed . Currently , he is portraying the popular lead character Karan Luthra , a charming star cricketer , in Ekta Kapoor 's successful television show Kundali Bhagya , on Zee TV . The show is a spin - off to drama series Kumkum Bhagya . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Channel 2009 -- 2010 Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg Ansh Colors TV 2010 -- 2011 Behenein Bhavesh Patel Star Plus 2011 Mrs. Tendulkar Sushant SAB TV 2011 -- 2012 Zindagi Kahe -- Smile Please Shikhar Life OK 2012 Kuch Toh Log Kahenge Amar Sony TV 2013 -- 2017 Sasural Simar Ka Prem Bhardwaj ( Main Male Lead ) Colors TV 2016 Comedy Nights Bachao Himself ( as guest ) Colors TV 2017 -- present Kundali Bhagya Karan Luthra ( Main male Protagonist ) Zee TV 2017 -- present Kumkum Bhagya Karan Luthra ( rarely recurring , mainly on Mahasangams ) Zee TV 2017 Entertainment Ki Raat Himself ( as guest ) with Shraddha Arya Colors TV 2018 Juzz Baatt Himself ( as guest ) with Vinny Arora and Sudeep Sahir Colors TV Other Appearances ( edit ) Year Title Roles Notes 2016 Aur Dikhao - SOAPHOLICS Himself A web series Parody on Indian Daily Soaps 2017 Yellow Akash A short film 2017 Mannequin Challenge with a twist - Yellow Himself A video by Cheapflix 2017 Love Talkies with Pinkvilla Himself With Vinny Arora 2018 Most Googled Questions with Pinkvilla Himself 2018 What I Eat In A Day with Pinkvilla Himself Awards ( edit ) Year Show Award Result 2015 Sasural Simar Ka ITA Rishtey Naate Award Won 2017 Kundali Bhagya Zee Rishtey Award - Favourite Naya Sadasya - Male Won Zee Rishtey Award - Favourite Popular Face - Male Nominated Zee Rishtey Award - Best Jodi Award ( with Shraddha Arya ) Nominated Personal life ( edit ) Dheeraj Dhoopar married TV actress Vinny Arora on 16 November 2016 in Delhi . They first met on the sets of Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg in 2009 . They had a courtship of 7 years before their marriage . See also ( edit ) List of Indian television actors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dheeraj Dhoopar 's love for his dad - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Actor Dheeraj Dhoopar is a fashion designer - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Big challenge to replace Shoaib in ` Sasural ... ` : Dheeraj Dhoopar '' . 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian TV shows , TV Stars , News and Gossip - MSN India '' . entertainment.in.msn.com . Jump up ^ `` Kumkum Bhagya Spin - off ' Kundali Bhagya ' : Dheeraj Dhoopar Roped In ! '' . 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dheeraj Dhoopar elated to bag ad with Vidya Balan - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I am not single anymore : Dheeraj Dhoopar - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Dheeraj Dhoopar to enter ' Behenein ' '' . 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dheeraj to fall in love with Dr Nidhi - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Emotional scenes tough for Dheeraj Dhoopar '' . 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Prem in Sasural Simar Ka '' . Jump up ^ `` Zee Rishtey Awards 2017 Winners : Sriti Jha , Dheeraj Dhoopar , Shraddha Arya flaunt their trophies -- view pics ! '' . Bollywood Bubble . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dheeraj_Dhoopar&oldid=842409320 '' Categories : Living people 1984 births Male actors from Delhi Male actors in Hindi television Indian male television actors Indian male soap opera actors Indian male fashion designers Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 07 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the real name of karan in kundali bhagya
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"Dheeraj Dhoopar (born; 20 December 1984 in Delhi) is a popular Indian television actor, model. He is best known for playing the lead role of Prem Bharadwaj in the TV serial Sasural Simar Ka on Colors TV.[3][4] He currently plays the main lead role of Karan Luthra in Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Telefilms producing popular television show Kundali Bhagya, on Zee TV.[5]"
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"Dheeraj Dhoopar"
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4769789480786576898
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Peaches (The Presidents of the United States of America song)
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Peaches ( the Presidents of the United States of America song ) - wikipedia Peaches ( the Presidents of the United States of America song ) `` Peaches '' Single by The Presidents of the United States of America from the album The Presidents of the United States of America Released February 27 , 1996 Format CD 7 '' cassette Recorded Sony Music Studios ( New York City , New York ) Genre Alternative rock grunge Length 2 : 51 ( Album version ) 2 : 34 ( Single version ) 3 : 11 ( Music video version ) Label PopLlama Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Chris Ballew Producer ( s ) Conrad Uno The Presidents of the United States of America singles chronology `` Lump '' ( 1995 ) `` Peaches '' ( 1996 ) `` Ça Plane Pour Moi '' ( 1996 ) `` Peaches '' is a song by American alternative rock band The Presidents of the United States of America for their self - titled debut studio album . The track was produced by American producer Conrad Uno . The song was released worldwide as the third single from The Presidents of the United States of America . It peaked at # 29 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 8 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart . The band members have acknowledged that `` Peaches '' borrows riffs from Bad Company 's 1975 song `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' . In 1996 , `` Peaches '' was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Contents 1 Song meaning 2 Music video 3 Formats and track listings 4 Charts 5 References 6 External links Song meaning ( edit ) Lead singer Chris Ballew has stated that he wrote `` Peaches '' about a girl he once had a crush on . He allegedly wrote this song after sitting under a peach tree she had in her yard while waiting for her to arrive , to finally let her know that he liked her . Music video ( edit ) The music video features the band performing the song in an orchard filled with trees growing peach cans . During the song 's instrumental break , the band is attacked by a group of ninjas attempting to capture them , whom they fight for the remainder of the video and eventually defeat . Formats and track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Peaches '' -- 2 : 52 `` Peaches '' -- 2 : 17 CD maxi single `` Peaches '' -- 2 : 34 `` Candy Cigarette '' -- 2 : 00 `` Carolyn 's Booty '' -- 2 : 15 `` Confusion '' -- 2 : 45 `` Wake Up '' -- 2 : 37 Cassette single A. `` Peaches '' -- 2 : 34 B. `` Candy Cigarette '' 7 '' single A. `` Peaches '' -- 2 : 34 B. `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' 7 '' single , picture disc A. `` Peaches '' -- 2 : 34 B. `` Confusion '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 37 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 24 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stovall , Natasha : `` UP AND COMING : The Presidents of the United States of America ; At Home in Seattle , Cheerfully Singing Against the Current '' , The New York Times , April 21 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Neil : `` Simplicity and Also Crunch '' , The New York Times , November 21 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` ALBUMS , SOUNDTRACKS : PRESIDENTS ON THE RECORD '' , The Seattle Times , January 30 , 1998 . Jump up ^ VH1 : `` Greatest Songs of the 90 's '' , December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Presidents of the United States of America -- Peaches '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2926 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Rock / Alternative Tracks : Issue 2899 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Presidents of the United States of America -- Peaches '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Peaches '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Presidents of the United States of America '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Presidents of the United States of America -- Peaches '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Presidents of the United States of America -- Peaches '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents of the United States of America Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents of the United States of America Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents of the United States of America Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents of the United States of America Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) `` Peaches '' music video on YouTube The Presidents of the United States of America Chris Ballew Dave Dederer Jason Finn Andrew McKeag Studio albums The Presidents of the United States of America II Freaked Out and Small Love Everybody These Are the Good Times People Kudos to You ! Compilations Rarities Pure Frosting Lump Live albums Thanks for the Feedback Demos & EPs Froggystyle Peaches & Live Munky River Singles `` Fuck California '' `` Naked and Famous '' `` Kitty '' `` Lump '' `` Peaches '' `` Ça Plane Pour Moi '' `` Dune Buggy '' `` Mach 5 '' `` Supersonics '' `` Volcano '' `` Tiki God '' `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' `` Jupiter '' `` Tiny Explosions '' `` Last Girl on Earth '' `` Some Postman '' `` Zero Friction '' `` Mixed Up S.O.B. '' `` Ladybug '' `` Rot in the Sun '' `` More Bad Times '' `` Moving In '' `` This is a Blitz '' `` Poor Little Me '' Related articles Discography Skin Yard Love Battery The Lonesome Death of Buck McCoy The Giraffes The Gentlemen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peaches_(The_Presidents_of_the_United_States_of_America_song)&oldid=853219104 '' Categories : 1996 singles The Presidents of the United States of America ( band ) songs Songs written by Chris Ballew Music videos directed by Roman Coppola 1995 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadarock Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 06 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who sings moving to the country going to eat a lot of peaches
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"\"Peaches\" is a song by American alternative rock band The Presidents of the United States of America for their self-titled debut studio album. The track was produced by American producer Conrad Uno. \n"
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"The Presidents of the United States of America"
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The Notebook
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The Notebook - wikipedia The Notebook Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Notebook ( disambiguation ) . The Notebook Theatrical release poster Directed by Nick Cassavetes Produced by Lynn Harris Mark Johnson Screenplay by Jeremy Leven Story by Jan Sardi ( adaptation ) Based on The Notebook by Nicholas Sparks Starring Ryan Gosling Rachel McAdams James Garner Gena Rowlands Joan Allen James Marsden Narrated by James Garner Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography Robert Fraisse Edited by Alan Heim Production company Avery Pix Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date May 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 20 ) ( SIFF ) June 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $29 million Box office $115.6 million The Notebook is a 2004 American romantic drama film directed by Nick Cassavetes and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Nicholas Sparks . The film stars Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams as a young couple who fall in love in the 1940s . Their story is narrated from the present day by an elderly man ( portrayed by James Garner ) telling the tale to a fellow nursing home resident ( played by Gena Rowlands , who is Cassavetes 's mother ) . The Notebook received mixed reviews but performed well at the box office and received several award nominations , winning eight Teen Choice Awards , a Satellite Award and an MTV Movie Award . The film became a sleeper hit and has gained a cult following . On November 11 , 2012 , ABC Family premiered an extended version with deleted scenes added back into the original storyline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Television series 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) At a modern - day nursing home , an elderly man , Duke , reads a romantic story from his notebook to a fellow patient . In 1940 , Seabrook Island , South Carolina , Noah Calhoun is smitten with 17 year old heiress Allison `` Allie '' Hamilton after seeing her at a carnival , and they have a summer love affair . Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house that he intends to buy for them . They try to make love , but are interrupted by Noah 's friend Fin with the news that Allie 's parents have the police looking for her . When Allie and Noah return to her parents ' mansion , Allie 's mother Anne calls Noah trash and they ban her from seeing Noah . Noah walks out and Allie chases after him . The ensuing argument between the two ends in a break up and the next morning , Anne announces that the family is returning home to Charleston . Allie attempts to contact Noah , but is unable to find him , so she asks Fin to tell Noah that she loves him . When Noah gets the message he rushes to Allie 's home , only to find the house empty . Noah writes to Allie every day for a year but Anne intercepts the letters and they never reach Allie . Noah enlists with Fin to fight in World War II , where Fin is killed in battle . Allie volunteers in a hospital for wounded soldiers , where she meets officer Lon Hammond Jr. , a young lawyer who comes from old Southern money . The two become engaged , to the delight of Allie 's parents . When Noah returns from the war , his father has sold their home so that Noah can buy the abandoned house . While visiting Charleston , Noah witnesses Allie and Lon kissing at a restaurant ; he convinces himself that if he restores the house , Allie will come back to him . Allie is startled to read in the newspaper that Noah has completed the house to the specifications she made years before . Allie returns to Seabrook to find Noah living in the restored house . The two renew their relationship and make love . In the morning , Anne appears on Noah 's doorstep , warning Allie that Lon has followed her to Seabrook . Anne reveals that in her youth she had been in love with a lower - class young man and still thinks of him . He admits that he has often thought of her as well . She then gives Allie the letters that Noah wrote to her , admitting that she hid them from Allie . Allie confesses to Lon that she has been spending time with Noah , and tells him she knows she should be with him , but she remains indecisive . Ultimately , she goes back to her relationship with Noah . In the present , it is revealed that the elderly woman is Allie , who is suffering from dementia . Duke is actually Noah , and was told by Allie during the onset of her illness to reread their journals to help her remember . She briefly remembers who he is and they reconcile , but soon forgets and panics , forcing medical personnel to sedate her . Noah has a heart attack and is sent to the hospital while Allie is sent to a dementia ward in the hospital . He visits her room in the middle of the night , and she remembers him again , expressing that she may forget again . Noah reassures her that they can do anything with the love they share , and fall asleep together in Allie 's bed , dying in their sleep with a nurse discovering them in the morning . Cast ( edit ) Rachel McAdams as Allison `` Allie '' Hamilton Ryan Gosling as Noah Calhoun James Garner as Old Noah Calhoun / `` Duke '' Gena Rowlands as Old Allie Calhoun ( née Hamilton ) Joan Allen as Anne Hamilton James Marsden as Lon Hammond , Jr . Jamie Brown as Martha Shaw Sam Shepard as Frank Calhoun David Thornton as John Hamilton Kevin Connolly as Fin Heather Wahlquist as Sara Tuffington Ed Grady as Harry Obba Babatunde as Bandleader Mark Johnson as Photographer Starletta DuPois as Nurse Esther William Sattelberg as Ryan Gosling 's stunt double Production ( edit ) The film rights to Nicholas Sparks 's novel were acquired by New Line Cinema in 1996 , represented by producer Mark Johnson . Jeremy Leven was hired to write the script , which caught the attention of director Steven Spielberg in 1998 , who wished to film it with Tom Cruise as Noah Calhoun . Spielberg 's commitment to other projects led to Jim Sheridan becoming attached to direct the following year . Filming was to start in 1999 but pushed back over rewrites . Sheridan eventually backed out by October 2000 to work on In America . Martin Campbell entered negotiations to direct in March 2001 , before he was replaced by Nick Cassavetes a year later . Casting ( edit ) Cassavetes wanted someone unknown and `` not handsome '' to portray Noah ; he therefore cast Ryan Gosling in the role . Gosling was initially surprised by this : `` I read ( the script ) and I thought , ' He 's crazy . I could n't be more wrong for this movie . ' '' `` It gave me an opportunity to play a character over a period of time - from 1940 to 1946 - that was quite profound and formative . '' To prepare for the part , Gosling temporarily moved to Charleston , South Carolina prior to filming . During two months , he rowed the Ashley River and made furniture . A nationwide search was conducted to find the right actress to play Allie . Actresses who auditioned for the role included Jessica Biel , Britney Spears , Ashley Judd , and Reese Witherspoon , and Rachel McAdams was ultimately cast . On casting her , Cassavetes said : `` When Rachel McAdams came in and read , it was apparent that she was the one . She and Ryan had great chemistry between them . '' She commented : `` I thought it would be a dream to be able to do it . I read the script and went into the audition just two days later . It was a good way to do it , because I was very full of the story . '' Gosling commented that , `` I think that it 's pretty fair to say that we probably would n't have made the film if we had n't found Rachel ... Really , Allie drives the movie . It 's her movie and we 're in it . It all kind of depended on an actress . '' In comparison to the book , the role was extended . McAdams spent time in Charleston before filming to familiarize herself with the surroundings , and took ballet and etiquette classes . She had a dialect coach to learn the southern accent . Filming ( edit ) The Notebook was filmed mostly on location in South Carolina , in late 2002 and early 2003 , as well as the wintery battlefield just outside Montreal , Quebec . Production offices for the film were set up at the old Charleston Naval Base in North Charleston . Much of the film 's plot takes place in and around Seabrook Island , an actual town which is one of the South Carolina `` sea islands . '' It is located 20 miles southwest of Charleston , South Carolina . However , none of the filming took place in the Seabrook area . The house that Noah is seen fixing up is a private residence at Wadmalaw Island , South Carolina , which is another `` sea island '' locality situated 10 miles closer to Charleston . The house was not actually in a dilapidated state at any time , but it was made to look that way by special effects in the first half of the film . Contrary to the suggestion in the film 's dialogue , neither the house nor the Seabrook area was home to South Carolina Revolutionary hero Francis Marion , whose plantation was actually located some distance northwest of Charleston . The Boone Hall Plantation served as Allie 's summer house . Many of the scenes set in Seabrook were filmed in the town of Mt . Pleasant , ( a suburb of Charleston ) . Others were filmed in Charleston and in Edisto Island . The lake scenes were filmed at Cypress Gardens ( in Moncks Corner , South Carolina ) with trained birds that were brought in from elsewhere . The nursing home scenes were filmed at Rice Hope Plantation , located in Georgetown County , South Carolina . The college depicted briefly in the film is identified in the film as Sarah Lawrence College , but the campus that is seen is actually the College of Charleston . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film premiered June 25 , 2004 , in the United States and Canada and grossed $13,464,745 in 2,303 theaters its opening weekend , ranking number 4 at the box office . The film grossed a total of $115,603,229 worldwide , $81,001,787 in Canada and the United States and $34,601,442 in other countries . It is the 15th highest - grossing romantic drama film of all time . Critical reception ( edit ) The performances of Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams , as well as their on - screen chemistry , were particularly praised by most film critics The Notebook received a mixed reaction from film critics . Based on 155 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 52 % of critics gave the film a positive review , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 and the website 's consensus stating `` It 's hard not to admire its unabashed sentimentality , but The Notebook is too clumsily manipulative to rise above its melodramatic clichés . '' At Metacritic , which assigns an average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film currently holds an average score of 53 , based on 34 reviews , which indicates `` mixed or average reviews . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the film , awarding it three - and - a-half stars out of four , calling the photography `` striking in its rich , saturated effects '' and stating that the `` actors are blessed by good material . '' Peter Lowry of Film Threat gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of five ; praising the performances of both Gosling and McAdams , he wrote : `` Gosling and especially McAdams give all - star performances , doing just enough to hand the reins over to the pros , who take what 's left of the film and finish the audience off with some touching scenes that do n't leave a dry eye in the house . '' About the film itself he added : `` Overall , The Notebook is a surprisingly good film that manages to succeed where many other `` chick flick '' like romances fail . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , stating that `` the scenes between the young lovers confronting adult authority have the same seething tension and lurking hysteria that the young Warren Beatty and Natalie Wood brought more than 40 years ago to their roles in Splendor in the Grass . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post also gave the film a positive review , she also praised the performances of Gosling and McAdams , stating : `` Never mind that McAdams and Gosling do n't for a minute call to mind 1940s America ; they 're both suitably attractive and appealing . Gosling , who delivered a searing and largely unseen screen debut performance in the 2001 drama The Believer , is particularly convincing as a young man who charms his way past a girl 's strongest defenses . '' About the film , she added : `` Audiences craving big , gooey over-the - top romance have their must - see summer movie in The Notebook . '' William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised the performance of McAdams but criticized the performance of Gosling , stating that he `` just does n't have the kind of star power or chemistry with McAdams to anchor this kind of minor - league Gone with the Wind . '' He also added about the film that it `` does n't completely work on its own terms , mainly because its romantic casting just does n't spark : It does n't make us fall in love with its lovers . '' Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe gave the film two - and - a-half stars , praising the performances of its cast members , writing about McAdams that `` she 's soulfully committed to the suds in the story and fiercely attentive to the other actors '' . He added about Gosling : `` Gosling is adept at playing sociopaths and intense brooders , and there 's reason to think , early on , that Noah might be similarly off , as when he threatens to drop from a Ferris wheel unless Allie agrees to go on a date with him . '' About the film , he wrote : `` Considering the sunny , relatively pleasurable romantic business that precedes it , the elderly stuff seems dark , morbid , and forced upon us . '' Jessica Winter of The Village Voice gave the film a mixed review , stating : `` Amid the sticky - sweet swamp of Jeremy Leven 's script , Rowlands and Garner emerge spotless and beatific , lending a magnanimous credibility to their scenes together . These two old pros slice cleanly through the thicket of sap - weeping dialogue and contrivance , locating the terror and desolation wrought by the cruel betrayals of a failing mind . '' Robert Koehler of Variety magazine also gave the film a mixed review , he however , praised the performances , writing that `` already one of the most intriguing young thesps , Gosling extends his range to pure romance without sacrificing a bit of his naturally subversive qualities , and even seems comfortable looking beautiful in a manly American way . The head - turner is McAdams , doing such a different perf from her top bitch in Mean Girls that it 's hard to tell it 's the same actor . She skillfully carries much of the film 's emotional weight with a free and easy manner . '' In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly included Allie and Noah in its list of the `` 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years . '' The periodical listed The Notebook in their 25 Sexiest Movies Ever . Us Weekly included the film in their list of the 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time . Boston.com ranked the film the third Top Romantic Movie . The Notebook appeared on Moviefone 's list of the 25 Best Romance Movies of All Time . Marie Claire also put the film on its list of the 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time . In 2011 , The Notebook was named the best chick - flick during ABC News and People 's television special Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time . The scene where Noah climbs the Ferris Wheel because he wants a date with Allie made the list of Total Film 's 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments of All Time . The kiss in the rain was ranked no . 4 in Total Film 's 50 Best Movie Kisses list. 154 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Trailer Awards Best Romance Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie of the Summer Nominated Choice Breakout Movie Star Rachel McAdams Nominated 2005 Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Feature Film , Drama Matthew Barry and Nancy Green - Keyes Nominated Golden Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Gena Rowlands Won MTV Movie Awards Best Female Performance Rachel McAdams Nominated Best Kiss Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role James Garner Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Drama Won Choice Date Movie Won Choice Movie Actor -- Drama Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Actress -- Drama Rachel McAdams Won Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Male Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Chemistry Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Liplock Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Love Scene Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Home media ( edit ) The Notebook was released on DVD on February 8 , 2005 and Blu - ray on May 4 , 2010 . By February 2010 , the film had sold over 11 million copies on DVD . Music ( edit ) The soundtrack to The Notebook was released on June 8 , 2004 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Main Title '' Aaron Zigman 2 : 49 2 . `` Overture '' Aaron Zigman 6 : 16 3 . `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' Billie Holiday 3 : 33 4 . `` Alabamy Home '' Duke Ellington 3 : 02 5 . `` Allie Returns '' Aaron Zigman 5 : 07 6 . `` House Blues / The Porch Dance / The Proposal / The Carnival '' Aaron Zigman 8 : 04 7 . `` Noah 's Journey '' Aaron Zigman 6 : 03 8 . `` Always And Always '' Benny Goodman & His Orchestra 3 : 17 9 . `` A String of Pearls '' Glenn Miller & His Orchestra 3 : 16 10 . `` On The Lake '' Aaron Zigman 5 : 39 11 . `` Diga Diga Doo '' Rex Stewart And The Ellingtonians 4 : 16 12 . `` One O'Clock Jump '' Benny Goodman & His Orchestra 3 : 15 13 . `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' Jimmy Durante 3 : 13 14 . `` Noah 's Last Letter '' Aaron Zigman 4 : 32 15 . `` Our Love Can Do Miracles '' Aaron Zigman 4 : 31 Total length : 66 : 53 Television series ( edit ) On August 11 , 2015 , it was reported that a television series is in development by The CW . The series will follow Noah and Allie 's courtship following the events of the film , and in a post-WWII world . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE NOTEBOOK ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2004 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Notebook ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Sparks adaptation is ' Dear ' to Tatum '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyttelton , Oliver ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` 4 Ways ' The Notebook ' Rewrote the Weepie and Changed Hollywood '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greve , Joan E. ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Best Quotes from The Notebook '' . Time . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Notebook ' director claims Ryan Gosling tried to have Rachel McAdams removed from film '' . NME . July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook Special Edition on ABC Family This Sunday '' . Nicholas Sparks : The Official Website . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 13 , 1997 ) . `` Jacobson goes to London by the book '' . Variety . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` Spielberg scans ' Notebook ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` ' Zorro ' marks sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 10 , 1999 ) . `` Sheridan may open Sparks ' ' Notebook ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( May 19 , 2000 ) . `` Inside Moves '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dana Harris ( March 6 , 2002 ) . `` Cassavetes opens ' Notebook ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ravitz , Justin ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Gosling : Notebook Director Told Me I Was n't `` Handsome '' or `` Cool '' `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pickle , Betsy ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` ' NOTEBOOK ' LOVE SCENES WERE ' EMBARRASSING , ' SAYS ACTOR '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Notebook Production Notes '' . Movies Central . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook Trivia '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . August 26 , 2004 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Biel : ' The Notebook ' Is The Film That Got Away '' . The Huffington Post . November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valentine 's Flashback : ' The Notebook ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ten things you never knew about The Notebook '' . News.com.au . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( June 24 , 2004 ) . `` Hot off ' The Notebook ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( 2004 ) . `` Ryan Gosling Talks about `` The Notebook '' `` . About.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bill ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` ' Notebook ' pivotal for McAdams . '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The gossip 's now over Rachel '' . Thefreelibrary.com . June 18 , 2004 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deziel , Shanda ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Rachel 's all the rage '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IGN INTERVIEWS RACHEL MCADAMS '' . IGN . June 23 , 2004 . p. 3 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Jump up ^ `` Movies Filmed in South Carolina -- The Notebook '' . South Carolina 's Information HighWAY . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , Judy ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Romance , Movie Style - Love on Location - The Notebook '' . Time . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Marion Foils the British '' . historynet.com . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily . `` Ryan Gosling Wanted To Kick Rachel McAdams Off The Notebook Set And More You Did n't Know About The Film '' . vh1.com . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rice Hope Plantation -- Oatland -- Georgetown County '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook ( 2004 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Drama Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Notebook '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Peter ( June 28 , 2004 ) . `` The Notebook '' . Film Threat . Hamster Stampede LLC . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` When Love Is Madness and Life a Straitjacket '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` A Tear - Stained ' Notebook ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( June 24 , 2004 ) . `` Touching ' Notebook ' overcomes flaws to satisfy romance fans in need of a good cry '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` Love shows its age in ' Notebook ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jessica ( June 15 , 2004 ) . `` Old Pros Lend Credibility to Young Lovebirds ' Magical Hysteria Tour '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Koehler , Robert ( May 20 , 2004 ) . `` The Notebook '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam B. Vary ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years : Here 's our full list ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Sexiest Movies Ever ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time - The Notebook '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 romantic movies '' . Boston.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Romance Movies of All Time '' . Moviefone . February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time Read more : The Most Romantic Scene from The Notebook - Marie Claire '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Corporation . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cox , Carmen ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time '' . ABC News Radio . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinnear , Simon ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments Of All Time '' . Jump up ^ Kinnear , Simon ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` 50 Best Movie Kisses '' . Total Film . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Golden Trailer Award Winner and Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com. 2004 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CA The Notebook. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Horizon High School Drama . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Artis Award Winners -- 2005 '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . SAGAwards.org . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Notebook ' Wins Eight Teen Choice Awards '' . Fox News . Associated Press . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Nicholas Sparks is a master of romance '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Notebook Soundtrack TheOST . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Notebook TV Series In Works At The CW '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Notebook ( film ) Official website The Notebook on IMDb The Notebook at Box Office Mojo The Notebook at Rotten Tomatoes The Notebook at Metacritic Films directed by Nick Cassavetes Unhook the Stars ( 1996 ) She 's So Lovely ( 1997 ) John Q. ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Alpha Dog ( 2006 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2009 ) Yellow ( 2012 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Nicholas Sparks Novels The Notebook ( 1996 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1998 ) A Walk to Remember ( 1999 ) The Rescue ( 2000 ) A Bend in the Road ( 2001 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2002 ) The Guardian ( 2003 ) The Wedding ( 2003 ) True Believer ( 2005 ) At First Sight ( 2006 ) Dear John ( 2006 ) The Choice ( 2007 ) The Lucky One ( 2008 ) The Last Song ( 2009 ) Safe Haven ( 2010 ) The Best of Me ( 2011 ) The Longest Ride ( 2013 ) See Me ( 2015 ) Two by Two ( 2016 ) Non-fiction Wokini : A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self - Understanding ( 1990 ) Three Weeks with My Brother ( 2004 ) Film adaptations Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) The Last Song ( 2010 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Best of Me ( 2014 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Choice ( 2016 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Drama Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Sixth Sense ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) None ( 2003 ) None ( 2004 ) The Notebook ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Blind Side ( 2010 ) Black Swan ( 2011 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) If I Stay ( 2015 ) Miracles from Heaven ( 2016 ) Everything , Everything ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Romance The Notebook ( 2005 ) Just like Heaven ( 2006 ) The Holiday ( 2007 ) 27 Dresses and What Happens in Vegas ( 2008 ) Marley & Me and Twilight ( 2009 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) Easy A ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2013 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts , Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Notebook&oldid=804333951 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s coming - of - age films 2000s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic drama films Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films based on romance novels Films based on works by Nicholas Sparks Films directed by Nick Cassavetes Films set in Charleston , South Carolina Films set in South Carolina Films set in the 1940s Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Montreal Films shot in South Carolina Historical romance films New Line Cinema films Hidden categories : Track listings with input errors Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 08 : 50 . 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where is the notebook supposed to take place
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[
"In 1940, Seabrook Island, South Carolina, Noah Calhoun is smitten with 17 year old heiress Allison \"Allie\" Hamilton after seeing her at a carnival, and they have a summer love affair. Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house that he intends to buy for them. They try to make love, but are interrupted by Noah's friend Fin with the news that Allie's parents have the police looking for her."
] |
[
"Seabrook Island, South Carolina"
] |
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