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-5208688754206894058	Merry Clayton	Merry Clayton - wikipedia Merry Clayton Jump to : navigation , search Merry Clayton Clayton in December 2012 at a ceremony for Carole King to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Background information ( 1948 - 12 - 25 ) December 25 , 1948 ( age 68 ) Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana , United States Genres Soul , gospel Occupation ( s ) Singer , actress Years active 1962 -- present Associated acts The Raelettes The Rolling Stones Sisters Love Lynyrd Skynyrd Coldplay Jess Conrad Merry Clayton ( born December 25 , 1948 ) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress . She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s , most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter . '' Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom , the Oscar - winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry . In 2013 , she released The Best of Merry Clayton , a compilation of her favorite songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Singles ( selected ) 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Clayton was born in Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana . Clayton was born on Christmas Day , and earned her name due to the holiday . She is the Daughter of Eva B. Clayton and Reverend A.G. Williams Sr. Clayton was raised in New Orleans as a Christian , and spent much of her time in her father 's parish , New Zion Baptist Church . After moving to Los Angeles , she joined the now famous singer group `` The Blossoms . '' Career ( edit ) Clayton began her recording career in 1962 at the age of 14 , singing `` Who Can I Count On ? ( When I Ca n't Count on You ) '' as a duet with Bobby Darin on his album `` You 're the Reason I 'm Living . '' In 1963 she recorded the first version of `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) , '' the same year that Betty Everett 's version reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Early in her career Merry performed with Ray Charles ( as one of the Raelettes ) , who was the only artist her father allowed her to see live . Others include Pearl Bailey , Phil Ochs , Burt Bacharach , Tom Jones , Joe Cocker , Linda Ronstadt , Carole King , and on several tracks from Neil Young 's debut album . Clayton is often credited as having recorded with Elvis Presley but her name does not appear in Elvis sessionographies . Clayton is best known for her 1969 duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter , '' though on some releases her name is misspelled as `` Mary . '' According to Jagger , this collaboration came about due to partially to chance . Jagger states that they thought `` it 'd be great to have a woman come do the ... chorus . '' They called Clayton `` randomly '' in the middle of the night , and she showed up to the studio `` in curls '' and did the verse in a few takes , which Jagger remarks is `` pretty amazing . '' The Stones had asked Bonnie Bramlett to sing on the song , but Bramlett 's husband , Delaney , refused to let her perform with the Stones . Clayton also sang backing vocals on Lynyrd Skynyrd 's `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . In 1970 , Clayton recorded her own version of `` Gimme Shelter , '' and it became the title track of her debut solo album and peaked at # 73 , released that year . Her version would be the first of five singles under her name to crack the Billboard Hot 100 . That same year she performed a live version of `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' for the soundtrack for Robert Altman film Brewster McCloud and also contributed vocals to Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg 's film Performance . In 1971 she co-wrote the song `` Sho ' Nuff '' about her mother . She starred as the original Acid Queen in the first London production of The Who 's Tommy in 1972 . In 1973 , she featured prominently on Ringo Starr 's `` Oh My My '' , which reached Billboard 's Top 10 the following year . In the mid 1970s , Clayton sang on The Blackbyrds ' R&B hit `` Rock Creek Park '' and continued to release solo albums throughout the next decade , notching several minor R&B singles . Her soundtrack work continued into the 1980s , including `` You 're Always There When I Need You '' , the title track for the 1980 Get Smart film The Nude Bomb , and the song `` Yes '' from Dirty Dancing , which hit # 45 on the Hot 100 . In 1987 , Clayton co-starred with Ally Sheedy in the film Maid to Order and played Verna Dee Jordan in the final season of Cagney & Lacey . In 1989 , she recorded a cover of `` Almost Paradise '' with Eric Carmen . In 1994 Clayton recorded backing vocals for and sang the `` Man with the Golden Gun '' bridge on Tori Amos 's hit , `` Cornflake Girl '' . In 2006 , Clayton provided background vocals for Sparta 's album Threes on the songs `` Atlas '' and `` Translation '' . She was featured in the documentary film 20 Feet from Stardom ( 2013 ) , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and went on to win the Oscar for best documentary at the 86th Academy Awards . 20 Feet from Stardom also won the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Film , with the award being presented to the featured artists as well as the production crew . In 2014 , Clayton provided vocals for G. Love & Special Sauce 's album Sugar . In 2015 , Clayton was featured on two tracks on Coldplay 's album A Head Full of Dreams . Clayton has been sampled in various songs , most notably Watch for the Hook by Cool Breeze featuring Goodie Mobb and supergroup Outkast . Personal Life ( edit ) Clayton was married to jazz artist Curtis Amy from 1970 until his death in 2002 . Clayton 's brother is the Little Feat percussionist Sam Clayton . She had a miscarriage upon returning home from recording `` Gimme Shelter '' , according to the LA Times . On June 16 , 2014 , Clayton was severely injured in a car accident in Los Angeles , California . Both of Clayton 's legs were later amputated at the knees due to her suffering `` profound trauma to her lower extremities '' as a result of the accident . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album Label Peak chart positions US US R&B 1970 Gimme Shelter Ode -- -- 1971 Celebration Ode -- -- Merry Clayton Ode 180 36 Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow Ode 146 50 1979 Emotion Fontana -- -- Miracles A&M -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Singles ( selected ) ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album US US R&B UK 1970 `` Gimme Shelter '' 73 -- -- Gimme Shelter 1972 `` After All This Time '' 71 -- -- Merry Clayton 1973 `` Oh No Not My Baby '' 72 30 -- Non-album song `` Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow '' 45 -- -- Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow `` Yes '' 45 79 70 Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role 1984 Blame It on the Night Herself Maid to Order Audrey James 2013 20 Feet from Stardom Herself References ( edit ) Jump up ^ True , Rovi Christopher . `` Merry Clayton Biography '' . AOL Music . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 in May 1991 an excerpt from The Best of 1000 UK No. 1 Hits '' . Omnibus Press . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 20 Feet from Stardom . Dir . Morgan Neville . Perf . Darlene Love , Merry Clayton , Judith Hill , Jo Lawry . N.p. , n.d. Web . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1998 ) . Elvis Presley : A Life in Music : The Complete Recording Sessions . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0312185723 . Jump up ^ Springer , Mike . `` Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind ' Gimme Shelter ' and Merry Clayton 's Haunting Background Vocals '' . Jump up ^ Paytress , Mark ( 2003 ) . The Rolling Stones : Off the Record . Omnibus Press . p. 181 . ISBN 9780711988699 . Jump up ^ Dupree , Tom ( October 24 , 1974 ) . `` Lynyrd Skynyrd in Sweet Home Atlanta '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Clayton - Gimme Shelter '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heckman , Don ( July 16 , 1972 ) . `` Merry Clayton from ' Newahlins . ' '' . The New York Times . pp. D11 , D22 , D24 . Jump up ^ http://streamd.hitparade.ch/cdimages/eric_carmen_with_merry_clayton-almost_paradise_s.jpg Jump up ^ `` WhoSampled . '' WhoSampled . N.p. , n.d. Web . 4 June 2017 . < http://www.whosampled.com/Merry-Clayton/sampled/?ob=2 > . Jump up ^ Voce , Steve ( June 11 , 2002 ) . `` Obituary : Curtis Amy '' . The Independent . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Crazy Horse , Kandia ( 2004 ) . Rip It Up : The Black Experience in Rock N Roll ( First ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 205 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6243 - X . Jump up ^ Snowden , Don ( March 13 , 1986 ) . `` For Clayton , The Gloom Is Gone '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary Singer Merry Clayton Seriously Injured in Car Accident '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://ultimateclassicrock.com/merry-clayton-legs-amputated/ Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merry Clayton . Merry Clayton on IMDb Merry Clayton at AllMusic Merry Clayton discography at Discogs VIAF : 76505898 LCCN : n94117817 ISNI : 0000 0000 5519 6726 GND : 134601882 MusicBrainz : f086b523 - e6eb - 4159 - 8705 - e408cae53170 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merry_Clayton&oldid=798965833 '' Categories : 1948 births African - American female singers African - American musicians American female singers American gospel singers American soul singers Backing vocalists Grammy Award winners Living people R&B musicians from New Orleans Singers from Louisiana Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings backup vocals on gimme shelter	[ "Merry Clayton (born December 25, 1948) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress. She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s, most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song \"Gimme Shelter.\"[1] Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom, the Oscar-winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry. In 2013, she released The Best of Merry Clayton, a compilation of her favorite songs." ]	[ "Merry Clayton" ]
-2414129183704991500	List of Philadelphia Flyers seasons	List of Philadelphia Flyers seasons - wikipedia List of Philadelphia Flyers seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Wells Fargo Center prior to a game . Banners representing the Flyers first eight division titles are visible at the top . The Philadelphia Flyers are an American ice hockey team based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Eastern Conference 's Metropolitan Division . Since their inaugural season in 1967 , the team has played its home games on Broad Street in South Philadelphia , first at the Spectrum from 1967 to 1996 and currently at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . In 50 completed seasons , the team has won the Stanley Cup as NHL champions twice and has qualified for the playoffs thirty - nine times . They have played more than 400 playoff games , winning 221 . As of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season , Philadelphia has won more than 1,900 regular season games , the 7th - highest victory total among NHL teams and the most among non-Original Six teams . The Flyers also possess an all - time . 576 points percentage , the second highest among NHL teams . The Flyers were founded in 1967 and won consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 1974 and 1975 , the first expansion team to do so . The team has since lost in six return trips to the Stanley Cup Finals in 1976 , 1980 , 1985 , 1987 , 1997 and 2010 . The Flyers have never won the Presidents ' Trophy , although they led the NHL in regular - season points in 1974 -- 75 , 1979 -- 80 and 1984 -- 85 , before the league began awarding the trophy . The Flyers last qualified for the playoffs in 2017 -- 18 ; their most recent playoff series victory was the 2012 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table key 2 Year by year 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Table key ( edit ) Key of colors and symbols Color / symbol Explanation Stanley Cup champions Conference champions Division champions Led league in points Key of terms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition Finish Final position in division standings GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Flyers ' opponents ) GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Flyers ) GP Number of games played Number of losses OT Number of losses in overtime ( since the 1999 -- 2000 season ) Pts Number of points ROW Regulation + OT Wins ( since the 2010 -- 11 season ) Number of ties Number of wins -- Does not apply Year by year ( edit ) Year by year listing of all seasons played by the Philadelphia Flyers Season Conference Division Regular season Postseason Finish GP OT Pts ROW GF GA GP GF GA Result 1967 -- 68 -- West 1st 74 31 32 11 -- 73 -- 173 179 7 17 17 Lost Quarterfinals to St. Louis Blues , 3 -- 4 1968 -- 69 -- West 3rd 76 20 35 21 -- 61 -- 174 225 0 17 Lost Quarterfinals to St. Louis Blues , 0 -- 4 1969 -- 70 -- West 5th 76 17 35 24 -- 58 -- 197 225 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1970 -- 71 -- West 3rd 78 28 33 17 -- 73 -- 207 225 0 8 20 Lost Quarterfinals to Chicago Black Hawks , 0 -- 4 1971 -- 72 -- West 5th 78 26 38 14 -- 66 -- 200 236 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1972 -- 73 -- West 2nd 78 37 30 11 -- 85 -- 296 256 11 5 6 27 31 Won Quarterfinals vs. Minnesota North Stars , 4 -- 2 Lost Semifinals to Montreal Canadiens , 1 -- 4 1973 -- 74 -- West 1st 78 50 16 12 -- 112 -- 273 164 17 12 5 54 36 Won Quarterfinals vs. Atlanta Flames , 4 -- 0 Won Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 2 1974 -- 75 Campbell Patrick 1st 80 51 18 11 -- 113 -- 293 181 17 12 5 53 34 Won Quarterfinals vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 0 Won Semifinals vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 2 1975 -- 76 Campbell Patrick 1st 80 51 13 16 -- 118 -- 348 209 16 8 8 56 52 Won Quarterfinals vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 3 Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 1 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Montreal Canadiens , 0 -- 4 1976 -- 77 Campbell Patrick 1st 80 48 16 16 -- 112 -- 323 213 10 6 27 32 Won Quarterfinals vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 2 Lost Semifinals to Boston Bruins , 0 -- 4 1977 -- 78 Campbell Patrick 2nd 80 45 20 15 -- 105 -- 296 200 12 7 5 37 35 Won Preliminary Round vs. Colorado Rockies , 2 -- 0 Won Quarterfinals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 1 Lost Semifinals to Boston Bruins , 1 -- 4 1978 -- 79 Campbell Patrick 2nd 80 40 25 15 -- 95 -- 281 248 8 5 23 37 Won Preliminary Round vs. Vancouver Canucks , 2 -- 1 Lost Quarterfinals to New York Rangers , 1 -- 4 1979 -- 80 Campbell Patrick 1st 80 48 12 20 -- 116 -- 327 254 19 13 6 78 53 Won Preliminary Round vs. Edmonton Oilers , 3 -- 0 Won Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Won Semifinals vs. Minnesota North Stars , 4 -- 1 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 4 1980 -- 81 Campbell Patrick 2nd 80 41 24 15 -- 97 -- 313 249 12 6 6 48 39 Won Preliminary Round vs. Quebec Nordiques , 3 -- 2 Lost Quarterfinals to Calgary Flames , 3 -- 4 1981 -- 82 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 38 31 11 -- 87 -- 325 313 15 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Rangers , 1 -- 3 1982 -- 83 Wales Patrick 1st 80 49 23 8 -- 106 -- 326 240 0 9 18 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Rangers , 0 -- 3 1983 -- 84 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 44 26 10 -- 98 -- 350 290 0 5 15 Lost Division Semifinals to Washington Capitals , 0 -- 3 1984 -- 85 Wales Patrick 1st 80 53 20 7 -- 113 -- 348 241 19 12 7 60 54 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 3 -- 0 Won Division Finals vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. Quebec Nordiques , 4 -- 2 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Edmonton Oilers , 1 -- 4 1985 -- 86 Wales Patrick 1st 80 53 23 -- 110 -- 335 241 5 15 18 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Rangers , 2 -- 3 1986 -- 87 Wales Patrick 1st 80 46 26 8 -- 100 -- 310 245 26 15 11 85 73 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals vs. Montreal Canadiens , 4 -- 2 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Edmonton Oilers , 3 -- 4 1987 -- 88 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 38 33 9 -- 85 -- 292 292 7 25 31 Lost Division Semifinals to Washington Capitals , 3 -- 4 1988 -- 89 Wales Patrick 4th 80 36 36 8 -- 80 -- 307 285 19 10 9 64 60 Won Division Semifinals vs. Washington Capitals , 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals to Montreal Canadiens , 2 -- 4 1989 -- 90 Wales Patrick 6th 80 30 39 11 -- 71 -- 290 297 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1990 -- 91 Wales Patrick 5th 80 33 37 10 -- 76 -- 252 267 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1991 -- 92 Wales Patrick 6th 80 32 37 11 -- 75 -- 252 273 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1992 -- 93 Wales Patrick 5th 84 36 37 11 -- 83 -- 319 319 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1993 -- 94 Eastern Atlantic 6th 84 35 39 10 -- 80 -- 294 314 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1994 -- 95 Eastern Atlantic 1st 48 28 16 -- 60 -- 150 132 15 10 5 50 43 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 0 Lost Conference Finals to New Jersey Devils , 2 -- 4 1995 -- 96 Eastern Atlantic 1st 82 45 24 13 -- 103 -- 282 208 12 6 6 37 28 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Tampa Bay Lightning , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to Florida Panthers , 2 -- 4 1996 -- 97 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 45 24 13 -- 103 -- 274 217 19 12 7 67 49 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings , 0 -- 4 1997 -- 98 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 42 29 11 -- 95 -- 242 193 5 9 18 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Buffalo Sabres , 1 -- 4 1998 -- 99 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 37 26 19 -- 93 -- 231 196 6 11 9 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Toronto Maple Leafs , 2 -- 4 1999 -- 2000 Eastern Atlantic 1st 82 45 22 12 105 -- 237 179 18 11 7 44 40 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals to New Jersey Devils , 3 -- 4 2000 -- 01 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 43 25 11 100 -- 240 207 6 13 21 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Buffalo Sabres , 2 -- 4 2001 -- 02 Eastern Atlantic 1st 82 42 27 10 97 -- 234 192 5 11 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Ottawa Senators , 1 -- 4 2002 -- 03 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 45 20 13 107 -- 211 166 13 6 7 34 33 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to Ottawa Senators , 2 -- 4 2003 -- 04 Eastern Atlantic 1st 82 40 21 15 6 101 -- 229 186 18 11 7 50 43 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 3 -- 4 2004 -- 05 Eastern Atlantic -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- No playoffs due to lockout 2005 -- 06 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 82 45 26 -- 11 101 -- 267 259 6 14 27 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Buffalo Sabres , 2 -- 4 2006 -- 07 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 22 48 -- 12 56 -- 214 303 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 Eastern Atlantic 4th 82 42 29 -- 11 95 -- 248 233 17 9 8 52 52 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Washington Capitals , 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Montreal Canadiens , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 2008 -- 09 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 44 27 -- 11 99 -- 264 238 6 16 16 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2009 -- 10 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 41 35 -- 6 88 -- 235 225 23 14 9 76 61 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals vs. Montreal Canadiens , 4 -- 1 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Chicago Blackhawks , 2 -- 4 2010 -- 11 Eastern Atlantic 1st 82 47 23 -- 12 106 44 259 223 11 7 29 38 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to Boston Bruins , 0 -- 4 2011 -- 12 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 47 26 -- 9 103 43 264 232 11 5 6 41 44 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to New Jersey Devils , 1 -- 4 2012 -- 13 Eastern Atlantic 4th 48 23 22 -- 49 22 133 141 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 Eastern Metropolitan 3rd 82 42 30 -- 10 94 39 236 235 7 16 19 Lost First Round to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2014 -- 15 Eastern Metropolitan 6th 82 33 31 -- 18 84 30 215 234 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 Eastern Metropolitan 5th 82 41 27 -- 14 96 38 214 218 6 6 14 Lost First Round to Washington Capitals , 2 -- 4 2016 -- 17 Eastern Metropolitan 6th 82 39 33 -- 10 88 32 219 236 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 Eastern Metropolitan 3rd 82 42 26 -- 14 98 40 251 243 6 15 28 Lost First Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 Totals 3,964 1,976 1,371 457 160 4,569 288 13,045 11,574 433 221 212 1,291 1,285 43 -- 37 series record See also ( edit ) List of NHL seasons Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The NHL realigned before the 1974 -- 75 season . The Flyers were placed in the Clarence Campbell Conference 's Patrick Division . Jump up ^ Before the 1981 -- 82 season , the NHL moved the Patrick Division to the Prince of Wales Conference . Jump up ^ The NHL realigned into Eastern and Western conferences prior to the 1993 -- 94 season . Philadelphia was placed in the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division . Jump up ^ The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . Jump up ^ Beginning with the 1999 -- 2000 season , teams received one point for losing a regular season game in overtime . Jump up ^ The season was cancelled because of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Jump up ^ Before the 2005 -- 06 season , the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five - minute overtime period , which eliminated ties . Jump up ^ The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout . Jump up ^ The NHL realigned prior to the 2013 -- 14 season . Philadelphia was placed in the Eastern Conference 's Metropolitan Division . References ( edit ) General `` Philadelphia Flyers : History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . `` Philadelphia Flyers '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . `` Philadelphia Flyers Statistics '' . Hockey Database . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Teams -- NHL.com '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Brian ( 1990 ) . 100 Years of Hockey . Summerhill Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 929091 - 26 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Brian ( 1990 ) . 100 Years of Hockey . Summerhill Press . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 929091 - 26 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( April 1 , 1993 ) . `` Hockey ; N.H.L. Redraws Map In Realignment Plan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( January 23 , 1995 ) . `` Drop Those Pucks ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( September 30 , 1999 ) . `` Hockey : Preview ' 99 - ' 00 ; Overtime Is Now Five Minutes in Hockey Heaven '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lockout over salary cap shuts down NHL '' . Associated Press . ESPN . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shootouts are fan - friendly '' . The Washington Times . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hackel , Stu ( January 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tentative deal reached to end lockout '' . Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHL slate , division names revealed '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . 2013 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Philadelphia Flyers Founded in 1967 Based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History 1967 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Comcast Spectacor President Paul Holmgren General manager Ron Hextall Head coach Dave Hakstol Team captain Claude Giroux Current roster Arenas Spectrum Wells Fargo Center Rivalries Boston Bruins New Jersey Devils New York Rangers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Affiliates AHL Lehigh Valley Phantoms ECHL Reading Royals Affiliate history Media Networks TV NBC Sports Philadelphia NBC Sports Philadelphia Plus Radio 97.5 The Fanatic Broadcasters TV Jim Jackson Keith Jones Bill Clement Chris Therien Radio Tim Saunders Steve Coates Culture and lore `` Big Orange '' ( The Goldbergs episode ) Broad Street Bullies Curse of Billy Penn Ed Snider The Eric Lindros Trade Flyers -- Senators brawl Gene Hart `` God Bless America '' `` For a case of Tastykake ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time philly won the stanley cup	[ "The Flyers were founded in 1967 and won consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 1974 and 1975, the first expansion team to do so. The team has since lost in six return trips to the Stanley Cup Finals in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997 and 2010. The Flyers have never won the Presidents' Trophy, although they led the NHL in regular-season points in 1974–75, 1979–80 and 1984–85, before the league began awarding the trophy. The Flyers last qualified for the playoffs in 2017–18; their most recent playoff series victory was the 2012 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals." ]	[ "1975" ]
-1878203531722195734	Ed Sheeran	Ed Sheeran - wikipedia Ed Sheeran Jump to : navigation , search Ed Sheeran MBE Sheeran performing in Sydney , Australia , February 2013 Background information Birth name Edward Christopher Sheeran ( 1991 - 02 - 17 ) 17 February 1991 ( age 26 ) Halifax , West Yorkshire , England Origin Framlingham , Suffolk , England Genres Pop folk pop acoustic pop Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter record producer guitarist Instruments Vocals acoustic guitar Years active 2004 -- present Labels Asylum Atlantic Elektra Associated acts Rudimental Yelawolf Zeph Ellis Website edsheeran.com Edward Christopher Sheeran , MBE ( born 17 February 1991 ) is an English singer - songwriter , guitarist , and record producer . He was born in Halifax , West Yorkshire , and raised in Framlingham , Suffolk . He attended the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford , Surrey , as an undergraduate from the age of 18 in 2009 . In early 2011 , Sheeran independently released the extended play , No. 5 Collaborations Project . After signing with Asylum Records , his debut album , + ( read as `` plus '' ) , was released on 9 September 2011 and has since been certified seven - times platinum in the UK . The album contains the single `` The A Team '' , which earned him the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . In 2012 , Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act . Sheeran 's popularity abroad began in 2012 . In the US , he made a guest appearance on Taylor Swift 's fourth studio album , Red . `` The A Team '' was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards , where he performed the song with Elton John . He spent much of 2013 opening for Swift 's The Red Tour in North America dates . His second studio album , x ( read as `` multiply '' ) , was released on 23 June 2014 . It peaked at number one in the UK and the US . In 2015 , x won the Brit Award for Album of the Year , and he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year . His single from x , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . Sheeran 's third album , ÷ ( read as `` divide '' ) , was released in March 2017 . The album debuted at number one in the UK , the US and other major markets . The first two singles from the album , `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' , were released in January 2017 and broke records in a number of countries , including the UK , Australia and Germany , by debuting in the top two positions of the charts . He also became the first artist to have two songs debut in the US top 10 in the same week . Sheeran appeared on Debrett 's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 2004 -- 2010 : Career beginnings 2.2 2011 -- 2013 : + and international success 2.3 2014 -- 2015 : x 2.4 2016 -- present : Hiatus and ÷ 3 Other ventures 3.1 Gingerbread Man Records 3.2 Charity 3.3 Acting 4 Personal life 5 Awards and honours 6 Discography 7 Filmography 8 Tours 8.1 Headlining act 8.2 Opening act 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Books 12 External links Early life Sheeran was born in Halifax , West Yorkshire , and moved with his family to Framlingham in Suffolk when he was a child . He has an older brother named Matthew , who works as a composer . Their parents , John and Imogen , are London - born . His paternal grandparents are Irish , and Sheeran has stated his father hailed from a `` very large '' Catholic family . John is an art curator and lecturer , and Imogen is a culture publicist turned jewellery designer . His parents ran Sheeran Lock , an independent art consultancy , from 1990 to 2010 . Their work usually took them to London , and they spent their weekends travelling with their children , while playing music . Sheeran 's early childhood memories include listening to the records of Bob Dylan and Eric Clapton . According to Sheeran , the album that first introduced him to music was Van Morrison 's Irish Heartbeat . During his childhood , John took him to a number of live concerts that would later inspire his musical creations . These included seeing Eric Clapton at the Royal Albert Hall , Paul McCartney in Birmingham , and Bob Dylan . Sheeran sang in a local church choir from the age of four , learned to play the guitar at a very young age during his time at Rishworth School , and began writing songs while at Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham . When he was eleven , he went with his father to a Damien Rice show in Ireland . In addition to Rice , he has also cited The Beatles , Dylan , Clapton , Nizlopi and Eminem as his biggest musical influences . He is a patron of the Youth Music Theatre UK and of Access to Music , where he studied Artist Development course . He was accepted at the National Youth Theatre in London as a teenager . Sheeran is a second cousin of broadcaster Gordon Burns , who hosted the British game show The Krypton Factor . Music career 2004 -- 2010 : career beginnings Sheeran performing at the Ipswich Arts Festival in July 2010 Sheeran began recording music in 2004 , and independently released his first collection of work , Spinning Man . He has been friends with fellow English singer , Passenger , since he was 15 , with the two playing on the same gig in Cambridge . He moved to London in 2008 , and began playing in small venues . In 2008 , he auditioned for the ITV series , Britannia High . He also opened for Nizlopi in Norwich in April 2008 , after being one of their guitar technicians . He released another EP in 2009 , You Need Me , just before going on tour with Just Jack . He also did a few collaborations with Essex singer , Leddra Chapman , including CeeLo Green 's `` Fuck You '' . In February 2010 , Sheeran posted a video through SB.TV , and rapper Example invited Sheeran to tour with him . In the same month , he also released his critically acclaimed Loose Change EP , which featured his future debut single , `` The A Team '' . In the autumn of 2009 , Sheeran began studying music at the Academy of Contemporary Music ( ACM ) in Guildford , Surrey as an undergraduate , though it is not clear how long he remained at the college . Sheeran began to be seen by more people over the internet through YouTube and his fan - base grew , with him also getting credit from The Independent newspaper , England football captain Rio Ferdinand and Elton John . He played a Station Session in St. Pancras International in June 2010 . The episode is unavailable from the official Station Sessions channel . Sheeran also self - released two other EPs in 2010 , Ed Sheeran : Live at the Bedford and Songs I Wrote with Amy , which is a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with singer , Amy Wadge . On 8 January 2011 , Sheeran released another independent EP , No. 5 Collaborations Project , featuring grime artists such as Wiley , Jme , Devlin , Sway and Ghetts . With this EP , Sheeran gained mainstream attention for reaching number 2 in the iTunes chart without any promotion or label , selling over 7,000 copies in its first week . Three months later , Sheeran put on a free show to fans at the Barfly in Camden Town . Over 1,000 fans turned up , so Sheeran played four different shows to ensure everyone saw a gig , including a gig outside on the street after the venue had closed . Later that month , Sheeran was signed to Asylum Records . 2011 -- 2013 : + and International success Sheeran at Academy 1 , Dot to Dot Festival , Manchester , June 2011 On 26 April 2011 , Sheeran appeared on the TV music show Later ... with Jools Holland , where he performed his debut single `` The A Team '' . Six weeks later , `` The A Team '' was released as a digital download in the UK . The release served as the lead single from Sheeran 's debut studio album , + ( read as `` plus '' ) . `` The A Team '' entered the UK Singles Chart at number three , selling over 58,000 copies in the first week . It was the best selling debut single and the overall eighth - best selling single of 2011 , selling 801,000 copies . The lead single also became a top ten hit in Australia , Germany , Ireland , Japan , Luxembourg , New Zealand , Norway and the Netherlands . During a headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at Glastonbury Festival 2011 , Sheeran announced that `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' would be released on 26 August as the second single from the album . The second single peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart . `` Lego House '' was released as the third single , reaching the top ten on Australian , Irish , Scottish , New Zealand Singles Charts , Flemish Ultratop 50 and the Wallonian Ultratip . `` Drunk '' , released on 19 February 2012 , became Sheeran 's fourth consecutive top ten single in the UK , peaking at number nine . Sheeran released + on 12 September 2011 . The album received generally favourable reviews from music critics . + debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart for sales of 102,000 copies . By end of 2011 , sales of the album in the UK stand at 791,000 ; it became the second best - selling debut album and the ninth biggest - selling album there . The album has been certified platinum six times by the British Phonographic Industry , denoting shipments of 1,800,000 copies . As of March 2012 , the album had sold 1,021,072 copies in the UK . The album also reached the top five in Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand and the US . Sheeran at the Frequency Festival in Austria , August 2012 The song , `` Moments '' , on the debut album by boy band One Direction , released in November 2011 , was co-written by Sheeran . On 21 February , at the 2012 Brit Awards , Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist , and British Breakthrough Act of the Year . On 10 January 2012 , it was announced that Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their US tour from late March until May . His song , `` Give Me Love '' , was featured in the episode `` Dangerous Liaisons '' of The Vampire Diaries . At the Ivor Novello Awards in May 2012 , Sheeran 's `` The A Team '' bested Adele 's `` Rolling in the Deep '' and Florence and the Machine 's `` Shake It Out '' for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Sheeran performed `` The A Team '' at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II concert held on The Mall outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012 and a cover of Pink Floyd 's `` Wish You Were Here '' at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics on 12 August 2012 . Sheeran on stage in Sydney , Australia , February 2013 Taylor Swift contacted Sheeran after hearing his music while touring Australia in March 2012 . He later co-wrote and provided vocals for `` Everything Has Changed '' , a single featured on Swift 's fourth studio album , Red . Sheeran also contributed two songs to One Direction 's second studio album , Take Me Home , released in November 2012 ; the single `` Little Things '' became the group 's second number - one in the UK . Sheeran 's album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 , while `` The A Team '' reached No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . In late 2012 and early 2013 , he headlined a US tour of 6,000 -- 9,000 capacity venues . `` The A Team '' received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards . Elton John , who runs Sheeran 's management company , canvassed the award organisers to get Sheeran a performance slot at the ceremony but was told that Sheeran alone was not high - profile enough . John decided to appear with Sheeran to circumvent this problem . From March to September 2013 , Sheeran played at arenas and stadiums across North America as the opening act for Swift 's The Red Tour . According to Sheeran , it was then his biggest tour and he added a scarlet RED tattoo to commemorate it . In October 2013 , Sheeran headlined three sold - out shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden , which has a capacity of 18,200 . At the concert , Sheeran debuted new songs including `` Tenerife Sea '' , a future track on his second studio album . Sheeran released `` I See Fire '' on 5 November 2013 . The song is featured in the end credits of the film The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , the film 's soundtrack , and on the deluxe version of his second album . Sheeran was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2014 Grammy Awards . 2014 -- 2015 : x Sheeran performing at the Royal Albert Hall in London , March 2014 On 24 March 2014 , Sheeran performed at the Teenage Cancer Trust charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London where he unveiled `` Take It Back '' , a track that would appear on the deluxe version of the second album . `` Sing '' , the lead single , was released on 7 April 2014 . Sonically , the song is a departure from Sheeran 's previous recordings . `` Sing '' was intended to create hype over the album release , but from concern that this might alienate Sheeran 's fan base , `` One '' , an acoustic ballad , was released on 16 May 2014 ; `` One '' also marked the first of several promotional singles released leading to the album release . By early June 2014 , `` Sing '' had earned Sheeran his first number - one single in the UK . Sheeran 's second studio album , x ( read as `` multiply '' ) , was released worldwide on 23 June 2014 . In a span of three years , Sheeran wrote more than 120 songs for the album , the earliest of which was composed shortly after + was released . The album features tracks produced by Rick Rubin , Pharrell Williams and Benny Blanco , as well as that of Gosling 's . x peaked at number one in both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . To support the album , Sheeran embarked on a world tour starting on 6 August 2014 at Osaka , Japan . On 27 September 2014 , Sheeran was one of the headline acts at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the 2014 AFL Grand Final . Sheeran on stage at the Southside Festival in Germany , June 2014 Following `` Do n't '' , `` Thinking Out Loud '' was released on 24 September 2014 as the album 's third single . Unlike his previous music videos , Sheeran took the lead role in the single 's accompaniment , where he performed a ballroom dance . It became his second single to reach number one in the UK , and spent eight weeks at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 ( with only `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars keeping it from top spot ) . In 2014 , combined streams on Sheeran 's catalogue in Spotify reached 860 million ; Spotify named him the most - streamed artist and x the most - streamed album . In the same year , the album made Sheeran iTunes ' best - selling artist in the UK , Ireland and New Zealand . x was nominated for Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards . On 25 February , Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for x at the 2015 Brit Awards . On 21 May 2015 , at the Ivor Novello Awards , Sheeran received the award for Songwriter of the Year . On 21 June , Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto , where he performed the singles , `` Thinking Out Loud '' and `` Photograph '' ; he also won two awards , Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group . On 27 June , Sheeran performed as the opening act for The Rolling Stones in their Zip Code Tour date in Kansas City 's Arrowhead Stadium . On 10 -- 12 July 2015 , Sheeran performed sold - out shows at London 's Wembley Stadium . The shows , which were announced in November 2014 , were part of his world tour . The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC ; the one - hour special Ed Sheeran -- Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind - the - scenes footage . In September 2015 , Sheeran wrote `` Love Yourself '' for Justin Bieber 's fourth album . Sheeran had initially planned to put the song on his third album ÷ and added that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song . On 26 September , Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park 's Great Lawn in New York , an event organised by Coldplay lead singer , Chris Martin , that advocates an end to extreme global poverty . Sheeran headlined the festival along with Beyoncé , Coldplay , and Pearl Jam . The festival was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September . Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on 25 October in Milan , Italy . He won the awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage ; the latter was in recognition for his performance at the 2014 V Festival in England . Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards . His single from x , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . In May 2016 , x was named the second best selling album worldwide in 2015 , behind 25 by Adele . 2016 -- present : hiatus and ÷ On 13 December 2016 , after a year long hiatus and social media break , Sheeran tweeted a picture and changed his Twitter , Facebook and Instagram to a light blue , implying the release of a new album -- each of Sheeran 's previous albums were a single coloured background with a solid mathematical symbol . On 1 January 2017 , Sheeran uploaded a video on social media websites which shows him holding a piece of paper with the words `` New Music Coming Friday '' written on it . On 2 January 2017 , he posted a 10 - second video on Twitter and other social media showing what is assumed to be the cover design of his forthcoming album entitled ÷ ( read as `` divide '' ) which was released 3 March 2017 . The album debuted at number one in the UK , the US , Germany , Australia , Canada and other major markets . With first week sales of 672,000 it is the fastest selling album by a male solo artist in the UK , and third fastest in UK chart history behind 25 by Adele and Be Here Now by Oasis . It also had the biggest first week sales of 2017 in the US . Framlingham Castle in Sheeran 's home town , the castle referred to in the single `` Castle on the Hill '' On 6 January , Sheeran released two singles , `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' ; the theme of the latter single is about Sheeran 's upbringing in his home town of Framlingham in Suffolk , with the castle referring to Framlingham Castle . Following the release of these singles , Sheeran went on to co-host the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Scott Mills where it was inferred that he would possibly make an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2017 . It was also during this show that Sheeran used a new Martin guitar that featured the ÷ logo ( of his new album ) on both the headstock and body of the acoustic guitar . Both singles went on to break the Spotify day one streaming record , with a combined total of over 13 million streams in 24 hours . On 13 January , `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and number two , the first time in history an artist has taken the top two UK chart positions with new songs . The same day he also became the first artist to debut at number one and number two on the official German Single Charts . On 15 January , the songs debuted at number one and number two on the ARIA Singles Chart , the first time this has been achieved in the history of the Australian chart . On 17 January , `` Shape of You '' debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at number six ; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10 . On 26 January , Sheeran announced tour dates for the album ÷ in Europe , South America and North America from 17 March until 14 June 2017 . On 17 February 2017 , Sheeran released `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' . Though not an official single , the song peaked at number two in the UK . By 11 March 2017 Sheeran had accumulated 10 top ten singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart , breaking Scottish DJ Calvin Harris 's record of nine top 10 singles from one album . On hearing the news Harris stated `` Congrats Ed but also f * * k you I love you but also f * * k you . '' Other ventures Gingerbread Man Records In March 2015 , Sheeran revealed he was setting up a record label , Gingerbread Man Records , which is a deal with Warner Music Group . The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel . Jamie Lawson , the label 's first signee , met Sheeran while they were both in London 's folk circuit . Lawson released his self - titled debut album on 9 October 2015 , which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart . Sheeran signed his second artist , Foy Vance , in November 2015 . Charity Sheeran performed a gig in Bristol , which raised £ 40,000 for a charity that reaches out to street sex workers . `` It 's good to show insight that these people are real people with real emotions and they deserve the same charity work as anyone else , '' Sheeran said . `` There 's a lot more popular charities that get a lot of attention . And with certain subjects like this they 're often washed over and people do n't necessarily give them the attention they deserve . '' Tickets were available to those taking part in the charity 's Give it up for One25 campaign by giving something up for 125 hours and hitting the £ 40,000 fundraising mark . Sheeran frequently gives away his clothes to charity shops around Suffolk , his home county . An ambassador for East Anglia 's Children 's Hospice , he has donated clothes to the St Elizabeth Hospice charity shop in Framlingham , including eight bags of clothes to the shop in February 2014 , and eight items of clothing he wore at the 2015 Grammy Awards . On 15 November 2014 , Sheeran joined the charity supergroup Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts , recording the latest version of the track `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill , London , to raise money for the West African Ebola virus epidemic . In November 2015 , Sheeran supported the No Cold Homes campaign by the UK charity , Turn2us . Sheeran was one of nearly thirty celebrities , which included Helen Mirren , Jeremy Irons and Hugh Laurie , to donate items of winter clothing to the campaign , with the proceeds used to help people in the country struggling to keep their home warm in winter . Acting Sheeran made his acting debut in 2014 , a cameo role as himself on New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street , filmed while he was in the country for a one - off performance . In May 2015 , he appeared as himself and performed on a live episode of the NBC sitcom Undateable . Later that year , while in Australia , he recorded scenes for the soap Home and Away , as a character based on himself . After recording a cover version of Foy Vance 's `` Make It Rain '' for Sons of Anarchy , Sheeran was cast by creator Kurt Sutter to play Sir Cormac in the medieval drama The Bastard Executioner on FX . He said of his role `` It 's gruesome and it 's going to be fine because my friend wrote it ... I feel like people would expect me to be in a rom - com or something , so I wanted to be in something people do n't expect me to '' . Sheeran also appeared as himself in the 2016 film Bridget Jones 's Baby in a scene where Bridget Jones , played by Renée Zellweger , encounters the singer at the Glastonbury Festival where he is performing . In July 2017 , Sheeran appeared in a longer cameo on Game of Thrones in a scene together with actress Maisie Williams , who plays the character Arya Stark . David Benioff explained that since Williams was a big fan of the singer , they wanted to have Sheeran appear on the show to surprise Williams , and that they had tried to get him on for years . It received a mix of positive and very critical reviews . Personal life In early 2011 , after securing recording and publishing deals , Sheeran purchased a farm near Framlingham , Suffolk , and had it renovated . He has stated that he hopes to raise a family there . He also bought a house in south London in 2014 . Sheeran lived between Hendersonville , Tennessee and Los Angeles for the duration of 2013 . Sheeran was in a relationship with Scottish singer - songwriter Nina Nesbitt ( who was in his music video for `` Drunk '' ) in 2012 , before breaking up . Nesbitt is the subject of Sheeran 's songs , `` Nina '' and `` Photograph '' , while most of Nesbitt 's album , Peroxide , is about Sheeran . In January 2014 , Sheeran was in a relationship with Athina Andrelos , who works for British chef Jamie Oliver . She is the inspiration of Sheeran 's song , `` Thinking Out Loud '' . They broke up in February 2015 . In June 2015 , Forbes listed his earnings at $57 million for the previous 12 months , and ranked him the 27th - highest - earning celebrity in the world . On 19 October 2015 , Sheeran received an honorary degree from the University of Suffolk in Ipswich for his `` outstanding contribution to music '' . Sheeran commented : `` Suffolk is very much where I call home . Receiving this recognition is a real privilege . '' In November 2016 , it was reported that Sheeran had to have stitches on his right cheek after an accident at a party held at the home of Princess Beatrice of York at Royal Lodge , in Windsor , Berkshire . According to this account , singer - songwriter James Blunt was also at the party and joked that he would love a knighthood , at which point Beatrice jokingly said she could arrange it and fetched a ceremonial sword . Blunt got down on one knee while Beatrice held the sword above him and said ' arise Sir James ' , before she swung the sword over her shoulder unaware that Sheeran was standing behind her . However , Blunt later said that the story was made up , and that Sheeran had cut himself while drunk . On 16 October 2017 Sheeran suffered a broken wrist , elbow and rib in a cycling accident , although he was able to cycle to the pub afterwards . Awards and Honours Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Ed Sheeran Sheeran was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity . Discography Main article : Ed Sheeran discography Studio albums + ( 2011 ) × ( 2014 ) ÷ ( 2017 ) Filmography Year Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) 2014 Shortland Street Himself 2015 Undateable Himself 2015 Home and Away Teddy 2015 The Bastard Executioner Sir Cormac 5 episodes 2015 Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Himself Concert Film 2016 Bridget Jones 's Baby Himself 2017 Game of Thrones Lannister soldier Episode : `` Dragonstone '' Tours Headlining act + Tour ( 2011 -- 2013 ) × Tour ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ÷ Tour ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Opening act Snow Patrol 's Fallen Empires Tour ( North American select dates ) ( 2012 ) Taylor Swift 's The Red Tour ( all North American dates ) ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones 's Zip Code Tour ( Kansas City only ) See also List of awards and nominations received by Ed Sheeran List of Official Subscription Plays Chart number - one songs of the 2010s Notes Jump up ^ `` In 2004 , I made my very first album , Spinning Man , named after a picture that my dad had . I burnt the CDs myself and made the covers . There were 14 songs and they were all songs that rhymed . One lyric went : ' I 'm a typical average teen , if you know what I mean . ' There are probably 20 copies of Spinning Man in existence and I have 19 of them . I do n't want anyone else to get hold of a copy . Most of the songs were about a girl called Claire . She was my first love when I was 13 . It was a very innocent love and we only ever held hands , but it lasted a fair amount of time . Then came my first devastating break - up . Looking back , it really was n't that bad , but at the time it was soul - shattering . When she left me , I wrote a lot of songs off the back of it -- my first love songs . '' References Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' More Life ' Playlist Is Redefining Borders of Blackness in Pop '' . Rolling Stone . 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Maura Johnston ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Review : Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' '' . Rolling Stone ... Ed Sheeran who is exclusively recognized as `` pop . '' Jump up ^ `` British folk pop star Ed Sheeran plays the Xcel '' . Star Tribune . Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran Biography , Albums AllMusic Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` Ed Sheeran Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Featured Alumni : Ed Sheeran - Musician / Songwriter '' . 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran reveals embarrassing moment Elton John emailed him dodgy VIDEOS while he was at US customs '' . Daily Mirror. 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran on The A Team 's Ivor Novello success '' . MusicRadar. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brit Awards 2012 : List of Winners '' . BBC News . 21 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Video : Taylor Swift featuring Ed Sheeran , ' Everything Has Changed ' '' . MTV News . 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Grammy Nominations : The Full List '' . MTV News . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out The Full List Of 2013 Grammy Performers ( And Mark Your Calendar ! ) '' . Teen Vogue. 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Calls Taylor Swift Opening Gig ' Mind - blowing ' '' . MTV News . 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran confirms new album title and release date '' . NME News . 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` Ivor Novello Awards 2015 winners list : Ed Sheeran , Clean Bandit and Hozier triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Debrett 's 500 List : Music '' . The Telegraph . 21 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halifax - born singer Ed Sheeran wins top award '' . The Hebden Bridge Times . 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , John ( 6 December 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : Boy next door who made it very big '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Talks with Bex '' . YouTube . 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur 's Day : Ed Sheeran interview - '' . 21 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan 2012 , pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Welch , Andy ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : Irish blood , English heart '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Roman , Tyler ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Q&A With Ed Sheeran At The Acoustic Café '' . Cbslocal.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sage , Sarky ( 31 March 2011 ) . `` Framlingham : Pop star Ed Sheeran 's mum has success with jewellery range -- News -- East Anglian Daily Times '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Larner , Catherine ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` The man who loves art '' . Suffolkmag.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ed sheeran : a visual journey . ( S.l. ) : Running Press . 2014 . p. 27 . ISBN 9780762456963 . Jump up ^ `` Rishworth School : : Welcome to Rishworth School '' . www.rishworth-school.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rock and Pop Features ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : ' I have n't got used to the screams ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing -- Ed Sheeran '' . BBC Suffolk. April 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- The Interview '' . MTV . Retrieved 29 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Interview with UK Pop Sensation Ed Sheeran '' , axs . Retrieved 29 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Sheeran penned 26 new album tracks '' . MSN Music . MSN . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Ed Sheeran '' . Access to Music . Access to Music . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Student Success Stories '' . Access to Music . Access to Music . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Haugh , Richard ( 22 April 2008 ) . `` Suffolk -- Entertainment -- Ed Sheeran '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : ' I want a couple of months off ' Scout London > Music '' . Scout London . 1 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Burns ' so proud ' over cousin Ed Sheeran 's Brit Awards success '' . Manchester Evening News . 23 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran : A Visual Journey , pg 38 Jump up ^ `` Passenger , a.k.a. Mike Rosenberg , grateful for Ed Sheeran 's support '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ed Sheeran , musician '' . Edinburgh Evening News . 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Ed Sheeran '' . Soulside funk . Retrieved 30 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Elt says Ed 's the Cat 's whiskers '' . The Sun . London . 15 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The Station Sessions : Ed Sheeran ( 10 June 2010 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Van Evra , Jennifer . `` Watch Ed Sheeran play in a London train station before he was famous - Blog '' . q . CBC Radio . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 10 ) The Station Sessions channel '' . YouTube . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wadge , Amy ( 30 November 2014 ) . `` How I wrote Ed Sheeran 's song ... On Harry Styles ' guitar '' . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Haugh , Richard ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran battles Rihanna for top spot in album chart '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran signs with Asylum Records / Atlantic Records following ' No. 5 Collaborations Project ' success '' . BBC News . 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran , ' x ' : Track - By - Track Review '' ( 24 November 2015 ) . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 biggest selling singles of 2011 revealed ! '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 09 - 10 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lego House - EP by Ed Sheeran on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 03 - 10 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for + '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Ed Sheeran tops UK album chart with ' + ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 biggest selling albums of 2011 revealed ! '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BPI Search Page by Artist '' . BPI . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Official Chart Analysis : Sande thrives in Scotland , Ed Sheeran album tops 1m sales in UK '' . Music Week . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Album & Song Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard. 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . Chart-track.co.uk . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz -- Ed Sheeran -- + '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction name debut album '' . Digital Spy. 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brit Awards 2012 : List of winners '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele , Coldplay Lead BRIT Award Nominations '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Announces US Supporting Tour '' . Sinchronicity. 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 10 February 2012 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' recap : In which Elena is starting to get on our nerves '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adele wins Ivor Novello Awards double '' . BBC News . 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gregoire , Carolyn ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Olympics Closing Ceremony : Singer Wears Hoodie , Sings Pink Floyd '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran to Record New Album on Taylor Swift Tour '' . Billboard. 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` One Direction score Number 1 single AND album ! '' . United Kingdom : Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Grammy Nominations '' . MTV . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran on the Grammys '' . YouTube . 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Tour to Paint the Road ' Red ' '' . Billboard. 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Craig ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran interview : ' I do n't make music for critics ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Calls Taylor Swift Opening Gig ' Mind - blowing ' -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV News . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( 2 November 2013 ) . `` Taylor Swift Gives Ed Sheeran Some ' Love ' With Surprise Concert Appearance '' . MTV News . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Watch Ed Sheeran Perform Sweet ' Thinking Out Loud ' for ' Austin City Limits ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` If Ed Sheeran Sees His Own Shadow , Will He Drop A New Single In April ? '' . MTV News . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jamie ( 5 November 2013 ) . `` Ed Sheeran debuts new solo song ' I See Fire ' for ' Hobbit ' movie '' . Australia : Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2014 : Full Nominations List '' . Billboard. 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Martin ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` British singer / songwriters get Teenage Cancer Trust benefit shows off to a storming start at London 's Royal Albert Hall '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Un-Zipped : On His Pharrell - Produced Single , Being a Sex Symbol and Turning Betrayal Into Song ( Cover Story ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ St. Asaph , Katherine ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Teams Up With Pharrell for New Single `` Sing '' : Listen `` . Time . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masley , Ed ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` Interview : Ed Sheeran on ' X , ' Pharrell and Elton John '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran scores first ever Number 1 single with Sing '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Patrick ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Heartache and Wildest Nights : Behind His Raw LP ' X ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cabooter , James ( 3 May 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's new track is whiskey business '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul ( 28 September 2014 ) . `` Baron Ed Sheeran Performs With Sir Tom Jones At AFL Grand Final '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Sheeran Busts Out the Ballroom Moves in ' Thinking Out Loud ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 2 November 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Thinking Out Loud claims longest climb to Number 1 ever ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` '' Uptown Funk '' spends 10th week at No. 1 , while Ed Sheeran spends eighth week at No. 2 `` . Billboard . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is Spotify 's Most - Streamed Act for 2014 '' . Billboard. 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran tops iTunes ' UK bestseller list '' . The Guardian . 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Daniel ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Pharrell , Ed Sheeran and Frozen top NZ iTunes 2014 charts '' . 3 News . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2015 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brit awards 2015 : the full list of winners '' . The Guardian . 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Patch , Nick ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran , the Weeknd rule the MMVAs ; Drake drops in as a surprise '' . CTV News . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out The Full List Of MMVA Winners Now ! '' . MMVA . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 28 June 2015 ) . `` See Rolling Stones Perform ' Beast of Burden ' With Ed Sheeran '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran to play biggest solo show to date at Wembley '' . BBC . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( 24 July 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Announces ' Live at Wembley Stadium ' TV Special '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Wrote Song for Justin Bieber 's New Album , but Not One Direction 's '' . ABC News . 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals ' Love Yourself ' Was Originally Written For His New Album ' Divide ' '' . Billboard. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Beyoncé , Coldplay , Pearl Jam to Headline New York 's 2015 Global Citizen Festival '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran leaves co-host Ruby Rose blushing as he cracks X-rated joke minutes into the MTV EMAs ceremony ... before asking if she wants to play ' hide the banana ' '' . Daily Mail . 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 26 October 2015 ) . `` MTV EMAs 2015 : Five things we learned '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Waters , Lowenna ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Justin Timberlake and the Killers to headline V Festival 2014 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Angermiller , Michele Amabile ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` One Direction , Ed Sheeran , & The Grateful Dead Big Winners at Billboard Touring Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One in six albums sold worldwide is by a UK star '' . BBC . 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran teases new music with return to social media '' . NME. 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Shares Tracklist , Cover Art , and Release Date for New Album ' ÷ ' '' . Complex . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ @ edsheeran ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` ÷ out 3rd March . Pre-order will go live at midnight in your country x '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran smashes Official Chart records as ÷ is the fastest - selling album by a male artist ever '' . Official Charts Company . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 12 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Bows at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart With 2017 's Biggest Debut '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Charts : Ed Sheeran ' Divide ' Debuts At No 1 '' . Noise 11 . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Returns With Two New Tracks `` Castle on the Hill '' and `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 ( 6 January 2017 ) , Ed Sheeran 's Back ! 10 minutes 47 seconds of his best bits ! , retrieved 6 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Castle On The Hill ( Live ) '' . YouTube . BBC Radio 1 . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran has broken Spotify 's ' day one ' streaming record '' . Yahoo !. 9 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran takes top two chart positions '' . BBC . 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical record : Ed Sheeran starts as the first artist on 1 and 2 of the Official German single charts '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ( translated from German ) Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Creates Chart History Down Under '' . Billboard. 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard. 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran new album ' ÷ ' - release date , tour dates , new songs & more '' . NME. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran has three songs in the top five '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris has some mixed feelings about Ed Sheeran beating his UK chart record '' . Digital Spy. 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran announces new record label ' Gingerbread ' '' . NME. 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Talks About His Label Gingerbread Man Records in New Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Jamie Lawson a mystery despite big hit and spot on Ed Sheeran 's label -- oh , and he 's not Irish '' . The Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Jamie Lawson tops Official Albums Chart : `` I 'm really over the moon '' `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Jessie ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Signs Foy Vance As Second Artist to His Gingerbread Man Label '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran gig in Bristol raises £ 40,000 for One25 '' . BBC News . 22 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran donates clothes to Suffolk charity shops '' . BBC . 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran proves he 's the nicest guy in pop by giving away his Grammy wardrobe to charity '' . Mirror. 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 : One Direction among celebrity line - up '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is selling his ACTUAL clothes for charity '' . Heatworld.com . Retrieved 1 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` About us : Our campaign . Ed Sheeran '' Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Turn2us.org . Retrieved 1 December 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Watch Ed Sheeran 's international acting debut ! '' . Television New Zealand . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran performs ' Thinking Out Loud ' and ' Photograph ' on live Undateable episode '' . Digital Spy. 6 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran makes a cameo appearance as Teddy in Home and Away and reunites with his former nanny Marilyn '' . Daily Mail . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran to Recur on Kurt Sutter 's ' The Bastard Executioner ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran lands a role on new medieval drama The Bastard Executioner created by Sons Of Anarchy mastermind Kurt Sutter '' . Daily Mail . 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Sage . `` The Ed Sheeran Cameo in Bridget Jones 's Diary Proves He Does n't Take Himself Too Seriously '' . Bustle . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Makes a Surprise Cameo in Game of Thrones Premiere -- and Fans Are Going Nuts '' . PEOPLE.com. 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones fans angry as Ed Sheeran makes painfully unsubtle cameo '' . The Independent . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Deletes Twitter Account '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul . `` Yes , Ed Sheeran 's ' Game of Thrones ' Cameo Was A Mistake '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Is Renovating A House For His Future Family -- Celebrity Gossip , News & Photos , Movie Reviews , Competitions '' . Entertainmentwise. 13 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Live In - Studio ( PHOTOS + VIDEO + LIVE PERFORMANCE ) -- Elvis Duran and the Morning Show '' . Elvisduran.com. 30 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nina Nesbitt : Ed Sheeran wrote a song about our love life and I 'm giving him a miss at T in the Park '' . Daily Record . 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Athina Andrelos , Ed Sheeran 's Girlfriend : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy Entertainment . 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran Confirms Split With Girlfriend Who Inspired ' Thinking Out Loud ' Athina Andrelos '' . IBT News . 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . 22 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran returns home for honorary degree '' . BBC . 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Beatrice ' accidentally sliced open Ed Sheeran 's FACE with a sword while pretending to knight James Blunt ' '' . Daily Mirror. 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` James Blunt says story about Princess Beatrice slicing Ed Sheeran 's face with a sword was made up '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran breaks arm in cycle accident '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 61962 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 17 June 2017 . p . B22 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the trailer for Ed Sheeran 's exuberant concert film ' Jumpers For Goalposts ' '' . USA Today . 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Pocklington , Rebecca ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran meets Bridget Jones ! Singer ' to star in third movie as film crew spotted at Dublin concert ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones season 7 to guest star Ed Sheeran '' . Entertainment Weekly . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Books Nolan , David ( 2012 ) . Ed Sheeran A+ : The Unauthorised Biography . John Blake Publishing . ISBN 1782198849 . External links Find more aboutEd Sheeranat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Ed Sheeran at AllMusic Ed Sheeran on IMDb Preceded by Pharrell Williams Saturday Night Live musical guest 12 April 2014 Succeeded by Coldplay Preceded by Alessia Cara Saturday Night Live musical guest 11 February 2017 Succeeded by Father John Misty ( hide ) Ed Sheeran Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums + x ÷ Extended plays Loose Change Songs I Wrote with Amy No. 5 Collaborations Project The Slumdon Bridge Box sets 5 Videography Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Tours x Tour ÷ Tour Related articles Nizlopi `` A Different Way '' `` Cold Water '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Yours '' `` Little Things '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Moments '' `` Strip That Down '' `` Your Song '' Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 2010s ) Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart -- `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' 2011 Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott -- `` Need You Now '' 2012 Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' 2013 Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess -- `` We Are Young '' 2014 Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor -- `` Royals '' 2015 James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith -- `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) 2016 Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge -- `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2017 Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin -- `` Hello '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) VIAF : 227424956 LCCN : nb2012000710 ISNI : 0000 0003 6443 4564 GND : 1020321148 SUDOC : 168871343 BNF : cb16557826g ( data ) MusicBrainz : b8a7c51f - 362c - 4dcb - a259 - bc6e0095f0a6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed_Sheeran&oldid=809063768 '' Categories : Ed Sheeran 1991 births 21st - century English singers Asylum Records artists Atlantic Records artists Brit Award winners Elektra Records artists English folk guitarists English folk singers English male singers English people of Irish descent English singer - songwriters Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners Living people Male guitarists People from Framlingham People from Halifax , West Yorkshire National Youth Theatre members Musicians from Yorkshire Members of the Order of the British Empire Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Pages using Template : Post-nominals with missing parameters Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did ed sheeran's first album come out	[ "Edward Christopher Sheeran, MBE (born 17 February 1991)[5] is an English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. He was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and raised in Framlingham, Suffolk. He attended the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford, Surrey, as an undergraduate from the age of 18 in 2009.[6][7] In early 2011, Sheeran independently released the extended play, No. 5 Collaborations Project. After signing with Asylum Records, his debut album, + (read as \"plus\"), was released on 9 September 2011 and has since been certified seven-times platinum in the UK. The album contains the single \"The A Team\", which earned him the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.[8] In 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act.[9]" ]	[ "9 September 2011" ]
-7348278016226907110	RSVP	RSVP - wikipedia RSVP For other uses , see RSVP ( disambiguation ) . RSVP is a process for a response from the invited person or people . It is an initialism derived from the French phrase Répondez s'il vous plaît meaning `` Please respond '' . The initialism `` RSVP '' or the phrase `` Répondez s'il vous plaît '' are still used in current French to require confirmation of an invitation . The French initialism `` SVP '' is also frequently used for `` s'il vous plaît '' ( `` please '' ) . Its literal translation is `` Please respond '' , but this is not its true meaning in English usage . Contents ( hide ) 1 RSVP , regrets only 2 Save the date cards 3 RSVP please 4 References 5 External links RSVP , Regrets only ( edit ) The phrase `` RSVP , regrets only '' , or simply `` Regrets only '' , is a popular modern variation that implies `` if you do not reply , that will be taken as an acceptance . '' More specifically , if most invitations can be assumed to be accepted , a `` regrets only '' RSVP will reduce the communication required by both the host and their guests . The phrase `` Regrets only '' refers to the assumption that a declination will be worded with some variation of `` We regret we can not attend ... '' . Save the date cards ( edit ) Prior to sending the RSVP invitation , the host may mail out a `` save the date '' card to advise the date and location of the celebration . This may be used when the event will be held a considerable time in the future and / or in a distant location to allow for travel plans , for such events as a wedding , christening , or any other important event . RSVP please ( edit ) In recent years , the use of RSVP in the English language has spread outside of the discourse of highly formal correspondence and commonly figures in group emails . In this context , the acronym seems to have loosened its tie to its original meaning and is often understood simply as an abbreviation for `` reply '' . Some writers therefore routinely use the phrase `` RSVP please '' , which is a pleonasm . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rsvp : Définition simple et facile du dictionnaire '' . www.linternaute.com ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ fr : Invitation Jump up ^ `` Svp : Définition simple et facile du dictionnaire '' . www.linternaute.com ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RSVP vs. Regrets Only '' . www.announcingit.com . Invitation Do 's and Don'ts . Jump up ^ `` Invitation Etiquette '' . The Emily Post Institute , Inc . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Look up RSVP in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . what does rsvp stand for Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RSVP&oldid=850016103 '' Categories : Letters ( message ) Etiquette Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 00 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of rsvp on wedding cards	[ "RSVP is a process for a response from the invited person or people. It is an initialism derived from the French phrase Répondez s'il vous plaît[1] meaning \"Please respond\". The initialism \"RSVP\" or the phrase \"Répondez s'il vous plaît\" are still used in current French to require confirmation of an invitation.[2] The French initialism \"SVP\" is also frequently used for \"s'il vous plaît\" (\"please\").[3]\n" ]	[ "Répondez s'il vous plaît" ]
1339815990945452107	Christian Shephard	Christian Shephard - wikipedia Christian Shephard Christian Shephard Lost character John Terry as Christian Shephard First appearance `` Walkabout '' Last appearance `` The End '' Created by J.J. Abrams Damon Lindelof Portrayed by John Terry Information Full name Dr. Christian Shephard Species Human Gender Male Occupation Chief of surgery Spouse ( s ) Margo Shephard Children Jack Shephard Claire Littleton Relatives Aaron Littleton ( grandson ) Nationality American Former residence California , USA Dr. Christian Shephard is a fictional character on the ABC television series Lost played by John Terry . He is the father of lead characters Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) , who becomes the de facto leader of the survivors of Oceanic 815 after it crashes on an island , and Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) , another of the survivors on the Island . Christian died of an alcohol - induced heart attack days before the flight , leading to much of his story being told through flashbacks . In the fourth season and fifth season he is again featured on the Island several times , seemingly acting as a messenger for the leader of the Others , Jacob ( Mark Pellegrino ) . In the sixth season , the Man in Black ( Titus Welliver / Terry O'Quinn ) admitted that he had `` impersonated '' Christian during the first week after the crash of Flight 815 . Christian is introduced in the fourth episode of the series , and goes on to feature in thirteen more , including a pivotal scene in the series finale , as well as two webisodes . He is an example of two of the main themes in Lost : father issues and character crossovers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character biography 1.1 Before the crash 1.2 After the crash 1.3 Afterlife 2 Characteristics 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References Character biography ( edit ) Before the crash ( edit ) Initially , Christian is the chief of surgery at St. Sebastian Hospital . He is a recovering alcoholic . He marries Margo ( Veronica Hamel ) , and the two have one child together , Jack . When Jack comes home following a bullying incident , Christian discourages Jack from trying to be heroic , saying that he does n't have what it takes . Years later , Christian meets Carole Littleton ( Susan Duerden ) , a woman from Sydney , Australia . The two have a brief relationship before she returned to her home country , and later she gives birth to Christian 's daughter , Claire ( Emilie de Ravin ) . Christian would often fly over to visit , supporting the two the best he could . Carole and her sister , Lindsey ( Gabrielle Fitzpatrick ) , do not approve of him juggling time between two families , which leads to Christian being told he is no longer allowed to visit . Jack grows up to be a doctor , working at the same hospital as Christian . Christian tries to coach Jack on his poor bedside manner , most notably when Sarah ( Julie Bowen ) is brought in with severe injuries to her spine ; he states that `` false hope is still hope . '' Jack and Sarah grow close and eventually marry . When he learns Carole has been in a car accident , Christian travels to Australia and pays for the medical treatment to keep her alive . While at the hospital , he introduces himself to Claire for the first time , much to Lindsay 's resentment . Christian takes Claire out for coffee and tells her of his other family . Claire does n't react well and walks out on him , so he returns to Los Angeles . After Jack and Sarah 's marriage fails , Jack finds Christian 's number on her phone bill , and assumes he is the man Sarah was now seeing , confronting him at an AA meeting . After being assaulted , Christian slips back into drinking heavily after being sober for fifty days . Later , Christian operates on a woman while under the influence , and is exposed by Jack , ending his career . At an airport bar , Christian meets Ana Lucia Cortez ( Michelle Rodriguez ) . The two agree to travel to Australia together under different aliases ; Ana Lucia names him `` Tom '' , and Christian calls her `` Sarah '' . Once in Australia , Christian asks Ana Lucia to serve as his bodyguard . The two drive to Lindsey 's house , where he angrily demanded to see his daughter . After almost becoming violent , Christian is restrained and driven away . He is dropped off outside a bar , where he meets James `` Sawyer '' Ford ( Josh Holloway ) . The two drink together , when Christian admits his mistakes , and that he is n't able to call his son and apologize . Christian later suffers a severe heart attack and dies in an alley . His body is discovered and placed in a morgue , where he is identified by Jack . A funeral service was arranged back in LA , but Jack has trouble clearing Christian 's coffin onto the doomed plane . After the crash ( edit ) After the plane crashes , Vincent , the dog that was on the plane , wanders through the jungle . Christian orders Vincent to go wake Jack , since there is work to do . The first few days on the island , Jack sees his father on the island and is certain that he 's hallucinating from fatigue . Locke ( Terry O'Quinn ) , a fellow crash survivor , refers to Jack 's hallucinations as the `` white rabbit '' and convinces him to follow them . Jack does so and subsequently is led to a set of caves where he finds his father 's coffin . Christian 's body is nowhere to be found . Months later , when Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) stumbles upon Jacob 's cabin in the jungle he looks through the window and observes Christian in a rocking chair . Another person inside the cabin peeps through the window at Hurley , scaring him and causing him to run away . When Claire wakes up one night while returning to the beach with Miles Straume ( Ken Leung ) and Sawyer , she sees Christian rocking his grandson , Aaron . Claire recognizes him as her father , and he then leads her into the jungle . Miles witnesses the encounter while Sawyer sleeps through it . Miles informs Sawyer of the encounter in the morning , and Sawyer finds Aaron lying on a nearby tree stump with Claire and Christian nowhere to be found . Locke encounters Christian acting as an intermediary for the invisible Jacob in his cabin . He tells Locke that the people from the freighter are already on their way back to the island and the only way to keep it safe is to have the island moved . Claire is also present , but Christian tells Locke to keep her whereabouts to himself . On the freighter , now fated to explode thanks to a failsafe bomb Michael Dawson is keeping temporarily frozen , Christian appears to Michael moments before the C - 4 explodes . He simply says , `` You can go now , Michael . '' The bomb then explodes and Michael is killed . Some time later , after Jack has escaped from the Island , he sees Christian late one night in the lobby of his hospital . Due to the sudden fright , Jack has a fellow doctor prescribe him medication to deal with the `` hallucinations . '' Jack is continually visited by Christian , causing a mental breakdown . Meanwhile , on the island , Christian once again appears to Locke as he is attempting to reach the wheel that Ben used to move the island . This encounter took place at a time where the ancient well that led to the wheel had not been built yet , and where the giant statue was still standing . Christian criticizes Locke for not moving the island himself , as per Christian 's instructions . He also concurs with Richard Alpert 's assessment that Locke would `` have to die . '' Christian gives Locke additional instructions on what to do when he moves the wheel , including how to contact Eloise Hawking . Christian tells Locke to `` say hello to ( his ) son '' for him ; though he does n't give Locke a name , Locke deduces that Christian was referring to Jack and passes the message on , upsetting Jack . In `` Namaste '' , Christian appears to Sun and Lapidus after they have crashed on the island circa 2007 in the Barracks . He informs Sun that Jin is on the island , but that Jin is existing in 1977 , and they have a long journey ahead of them . During this encounter , Christian 's appearance was preceded by both the `` Whispers '' and by the Smoke Monster . When Sun and Lapidus tell Ben Linus that they were told to wait at the Barracks by Christian , Ben has an alarmed look on his face , but does not elaborate . In the episode `` The Last Recruit , '' the Man in Black reveals to Jack that he had been impersonating as his father in a similar way to how he now impersonates Locke and how he impersonated Mr. Eko 's brother , Yemi , revealing that at least some , if not all of Christian 's appearances on the island post-death were the Man in Black . Afterlife ( edit ) In the series finale , Jack meets Christian again in what is believed to be an alternate timeline in which Oceanic flight 815 never crashed , and in which many characters regain memories of their original island lives . However , in one of the show 's final scenes , Jack encounters his father in a church , where he realizes that everyone in the `` alternate timeline '' is actually dead , in an afterlife constructed by the survivors in an unknown fashion so they could be with the people most important to them before `` moving on '' together . Jack finally makes amends with his father and , as the various characters seat themselves in the church pews , Christian exits through the front door , filling the room with a bright light . Characteristics ( edit ) Whilst living , Christian is a quick tempered alcoholic . He is hard on his son , but is keen to be a better father to Jack than his father ( Ray Shephard ) was to him . A common theme throughout Lost is father issues . Jack 's difficulties getting on with his father are the first instance of this , with many other characters such as Locke , Hurley and Kate also having difficult relationships with their dads . Christian further exemplifies this theme with his poor relationship with his daughter , Claire , where he was barely present in her upbringing . The connection between characters before the plane crash is another frequently occurring theme . Christian is present in flashbacks of Jack , Sawyer , Ana Lucia and Claire . Ben Rawson - Jones from DigitalSpy describes Christian as `` flawed character with both wisdom and regret '' . After his death and reappearance on the island , Christian becomes a very mysterious figure , acting as a messenger for the even more mysterious Jacob . Christian is able to appear anywhere , both on and off the island , at will , and intervenes several times to stop Michael 's suicide attempts . He was also able to defy time , in appearing to Locke at the bottom of what would someday be the Orchid Station , at a time when even the ancient well had not been built , the Statue was still standing , and before the original Christian had even died . Christian 's posthumous appearances have prompted much speculation from critics . One reviewer calls Christian 's appearance a vision . Erin Martell of TV Squad pondered that Christian 's appearance is `` like the Yemi apparition that turned into the Smoke Monster '' . Alan Sepinwall notes Christian holds Aaron , thus making him corporeal , but wondered about the significance of Miles seeing him . In a review of the season finale he considers Christian `` may be the walking dead '' . It should be noted that the first apparition of Christian had him wearing a clean suit , and having very well kept hair , whereas in his most recent apparition , Christian is wearing pants and a tattered looking shirt , as well as having stubble and untidy hair . This could suggest that he is alive in some sense , though it is unclear . Oscar Dahl commented `` I still do n't think that Jacob is Christian Shepherd ( sic ) or anything like that '' Entertainment Weekly 's Jeff Jensen calls him `` Ghost Dad '' . Chris Carabott `` expect ( s ) th ( is ) mystery will last until the final season '' . Lost producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse have confirmed Christian is dead , stating `` In terms of actually physically corporally in existence ... he 's dead '' . They have also described Christian as one of three characters that are considered `` undead '' , with Mr. Eko 's brother Yemi and Kate 's horse as the others . They elaborate that Yemi 's post-death appearances are incarnations of the monster . Development ( edit ) American John Terry previously appeared in ER , 24 and Las Vegas . His early appearances in Lost are mostly in flashbacks of various characters . He begins to feature more prominently on the island throughout the fourth season . Reception ( edit ) Chris Carabott of IGN gave his highest rating , 9 / 10 , to the webisode featuring Christian telling Vincent to wake Jack , describing it as `` a shocking new look at ... Christian Shephard '' , whereas Oscar Dahl from BuddyTV found the presence of a `` supposed - to - be-dead Christian '' confusing . Christian 's first appearance in Jacob 's cabin gave Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly `` the chills '' . DigitalSpy 's Ben Rawson - Jones described it as `` a pleasure '' when Christian returned in the second half of season 4 , adding `` John Terry is superb '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kevin Hooks ( director ) ; Christian Taylor ( writer ) ( 2004 - 10 - 20 ) . `` White Rabbit '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 5 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Christina M. Kim & Jordan Rosenberg ( writers ) ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Par Avion '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 12 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Damon Lindelof ( writer ) ( 2005 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Man of Science , Man of Faith '' . Lost . Season 2 . Episode 1 . ABC . Jump up ^ Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Janet Tamaro ( writer ) ( 2005 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Do No Harm '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 20 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; J.J. Abrams & Damon Lindelof ( writers ) ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) . `` A Tale of Two Cities '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 1 . ABC . Jump up ^ Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Javier Grillo - Marxuach ( writer ) ( 2004 - 12 - 08 ) . `` All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 11 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Elizabeth Sarnoff & Christina M. Kim ( writers ) ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Two for the Road '' . Lost . Season 2 . Episode 20 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Jack Bender ( director ) ; Drew Goddard ( writer ) ( 2005 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Outlaws '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 16 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Drew Goddard ( writer ) ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` So It Begins '' . Lost : Missing Pieces . Episode 13 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; David Fury ( writer ) ( 2004 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Walkabout '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 4 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse ( writers ) ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` The Beginning of the End '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 1 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz ( writers ) ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Something Nice Back Home '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 10 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Elizabeth Sarnoff & Kyle Pennington ( writers ) ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Cabin Fever '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 11 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Jack Bender & Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse ( writers ) ( 2008 - 05 - 29 ) . `` There 's No Place Like Home : Parts 2 and 3 '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 13 & 14 . ABC . Jump up ^ Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz ( writers ) ( 2009 - 02 - 11 ) . `` This Place is Death '' . Lost . Season 5 . Episode 5 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Drew Goddard & Jeff Pinkner ( writers ) ( 2007 - 03 - 21 ) . `` The Man from Tallahassee '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 13 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender , Eric Laneuville ( director ) ; Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz ( writers ) ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Tricia Tanaka is Dead '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 10 . ABC . Jump up ^ Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Steven Maeda & Craig Wright ( writers ) ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) . `` What Kate Did '' . Lost . Season 2 . Episode 9 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Rawson - Jones , Ben , ( May 11 , 2008 ) `` S04E10 : ' Something Nice Back Home ' '' , Digital Spy . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martell , Erin , ( May 1 , 2008 ) `` Lost : ' Something Nice Back Home ' '' , TV Squad . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan , ( May 2 , 2008 ) `` Sister , Christian '' , The Star - Ledger . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2008 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Dude , Where 's My Island ? '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Oscar , ( February 1 , 2008 ) `` Lost : The Oceanic Six '' , BuddyTV . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff , ( May 2 , 2008 ) `` Unhappy Jack '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carabott , Chris , ( May 9 , 2008 ) `` Lost : `` Cabin Fever '' Review `` , IGN . Retrieved on September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Official Lost Podcast April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Access : Granted '' . Lost : The Complete Third Season -- The Unexplored Experience ( Blu - ray edition ) , Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Featurette , disc 6 . Released on December 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Official Lost Podcast March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carabott , Chris , ( February 5 , 2008 ) `` In the Final Webisode , Vincent Makes a Surprising New Friend '' , IGN . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Oscar , ( January 29 , 2008 ) `` Lost : Mobisode 13 , ' So It Begins ' '' , BuddyTV . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff `` Doc '' , ( February 1 , 2008 ) `` Lost : Back and Forth '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . hide Lost Awards and nominations Cast Soundtracks Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Alex Rousseau Ana Lucia Cortez Ben Linus Boone Carlyle Charles Widmore Charlie Pace Charlotte Lewis Christian Shephard Claire Littleton Daniel Faraday Danielle Rousseau Desmond Hume Ethan Rom Frank Lapidus Hugo `` Hurley '' Reyes Ilana Verdansky Jack Shephard Jacob James `` Sawyer '' Ford Jin - Soo Kwon John Locke Juliet Burke Kate Austen Libby Smith Man in Black Martin Keamy Michael Dawson Miles Straume Mr. Eko Nikki and Paulo Penny Widmore Richard Alpert Rose and Bernard Nadler Sayid Jarrah Shannon Rutherford Sun - Hwa Kwon Tom Friendly Walt Lloyd Mythology Dharma Initiative Oceanic Airlines Related articles Find 815 Lost Experience Lost : Missing Pieces Lost : Via Domus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Shephard&oldid=814339975 '' Categories : Lost ( TV series ) characters Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from Los Angeles Fictional undead Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 06 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happened to jack's dad in lost	[ "Dr. Christian Shephard is a fictional character on the ABC television series Lost played by John Terry. He is the father of lead characters Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), who becomes the de facto leader of the survivors of Oceanic 815 after it crashes on an island, and Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin), another of the survivors on the Island. Christian died of an alcohol-induced heart attack days before the flight, leading to much of his story being told through flashbacks. In the fourth season and fifth season he is again featured on the Island several times, seemingly acting as a messenger for the leader of the Others, Jacob (Mark Pellegrino). In the sixth season, the Man in Black (Titus Welliver/Terry O'Quinn) admitted that he had \"impersonated\" Christian during the first week after the crash of Flight 815.\n" ]	[ "died of an alcohol-induced heart attack days before the flight" ]
-715960773644727009	Rajya Sabha	Rajya Sabha - Wikipedia Rajya Sabha Jump to : navigation , search For Current list of Rajya Sabha members , see List of current members of the Rajya Sabha . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E / 28.61667 ° N 77.20833 ° E / 28.61667 ; 77.20833 Rajya Sabha Council of States Emblem of India Type Type Upper house of the Parliament of India Term limits 6 years Leadership Chairman ( Vice-President ) Venkaiah Naidu Since 11 August 2017 Deputy Chairman P.J. Kurien , INC Since 21 August 2012 Leader of the House Arun Jaitley , BJP Since 2 June 2014 Leader of the Opposition Ghulam Nabi Azad , INC Since 8 June 2014 Structure Seats 245 233 Elected 12 Nominated 4 Vacant ( 1 Elected and 3 Nominated Seats ) Political groups Government coalition ( 87 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 87 ) BJP ( 69 ) JD ( U ) ( 6 ) SAD ( 3 ) SS ( 3 ) JKPDP ( 2 ) BPF ( 1 ) NPF ( 1 ) RPI ( A ) ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Opposition Parties ( 158 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 58 ) INC ( 51 ) DMK ( 4 ) IUML ( 1 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 6 ) RJD ( 5 ) INLD ( 1 ) Unaligned Parties ( 79 ) AIADMK ( 13 ) AITC ( 13 ) SP ( 13 ) BJD ( 9 ) TDP ( 6 ) TRS ( 6 ) CPI ( M ) ( 5 ) BSP ( 4 ) NCP ( 4 ) AAP ( 3 ) YSRCP ( 2 ) CPI ( 1 ) Others ( 15 ) Nominated ( 5 ) Independents ( 6 ) Vacant ( 4 ) Elections Voting system Single transferable vote Last election 21 July and 08 August 2017 Next election 16 January , 23 March and 21 June 2018 Meeting place Chamber of Rajya Sabha , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website rajyasabha.nic.in The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India . Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members , and current laws have provision for 245 members . Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes , while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Members sit for staggered six - year terms , with one third of the members retiring every two years . The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions , and unlike the Lok Sabha , the lower house of Parliament , is not subject to dissolution . However , the Rajya Sabha , like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President . The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha , except in the area of supply , where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers . In the case of conflicting legislation , a joint sitting of the two houses can be held . However , since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha , the former would normally hold the greater power . Joint sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare , and in the history of the Republic , only three such joint - sessions have been held ; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act . The Vice President of India ( currently , Venkaiah Naidu ) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha , who presides over its sessions . The Deputy Chairman , who is elected from amongst the house 's members , takes care of the day - to - day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman . The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952 . The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha . Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications 2 Limitations 2.1 Money bills 2.2 Joint Sitting of the Parliament 2.3 No - confidence motion 3 Powers 3.1 Union - States Relations 3.2 Creation of All - India Services 4 Membership and Composition 4.1 List of constituencies by States / Union Territories 4.2 Membership by party 5 Officers 5.1 Leader of the House 5.2 Leader of the Opposition 6 Secretariat 7 Media 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Qualifications ( edit ) Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament . A member of the Rajya Sabha must : Must be a citizen of India . Must make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution . Must be at least 30 years old . Must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation . Cannot be a proclaimed criminal . Cannot be an insolvent , i.e. he / she should not be in debt that he / she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his / her financial expenses . Should not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India . Should not be of unsound mind . Must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . In addition , twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science . However , they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution . Limitations ( edit ) The Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison . Money bills ( edit ) The definition of a money bill is given in article 110 of constitution of India . A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a minister and only on recommendation of President of India . When the Lok Sabha passes a money bill then the Lok Sabha sends money bill to the Rajya Sabha council of states for 14 days during which it can make recommendations . Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha , that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses . Also , if the Lok Sabha rejects any ( or all ) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha , the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it . This is because the Lok Sabha has largest number of representatives of peoples of India and so the Lok Sabha lower house also called house of the peoples is more powerful in comparison with Rajya Sabha council of states upper house . Hence , Rajya Sabha can only give recommendations for a money bill but Rajya Sabha can not amend a money bill this is to ensure that Rajya Sabha must not add any non money matters in money bill . Lok Sabha can reject all the recommendations of Rajya Sabha or can accept some or all of the recommendations . Decisions of the speaker of the Lok Sabha are final . There is no joint sitting of both the houses with respect to money bills , because all final decisions are taken by the Lok Sabha . Joint sitting of the Parliament ( edit ) Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases . A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house , has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months , or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it . Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha , Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament . A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Also , because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government , which already has a majority in Lok Sabha , the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority . Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity , and have been convened three times in last 71 years , for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act , the latest time being in 2002 : 1961 : Dowry Prohibition Act , 1958 1978 : Banking Services Commission ( Repeal ) Act , 1977 2002 : Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 No - confidence motion ( edit ) Unlike the Lok Sabha , a member of the Rajya Sabha can not bring to the house a no - confidence motion against the government . Powers ( edit ) In Indian federal structure , Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature ( Hence the name , Council of States ) . Hence , Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union . Union - States relations ( edit ) The Constitution empowers Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States ( States List ) . However , this can only be done if Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by two - thirds special majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament . The union government can not make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha . Creation of all - India Services ( edit ) Rajya Sabha , by a two - thirds super majority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All - India Services common to both Union and States , including a judicial service . Membership and Composition ( edit ) Seats are allotted in proportion to the population of people of each state or union territory in such a manner that smaller states have slight advantage over more populous states . As the members are elected by the state legislature , smaller Union Territories which are not States and do not have legislatures can not have representation in Rajya Sabha . Hence , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Lakshadweep , Chandigarh , Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President . As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950 , the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States . The present strength , however , is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the President . The twelve nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields , and are well known contributors in the particular field . A few examples of such nominated persons are cricketing icon Sachin Tendulkar , former RBI Governor Bimal Jalan and famous lyricist and poet Javed Akhtar . As of March 2014 , each state or union territory specified in the first column of the following table , there shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the second column thereof opposite to that State or that union territory , as the case may be : List of constituencies by States / Union Territories ( edit ) Name of state and union territory No. of Seats Andhra Pradesh 11 Arunachal Pradesh Assam 7 Bihar 16 Chhattisgarh 5 Goa Gujarat 11 Haryana 5 Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand 6 Karnataka 12 Kerala 9 Madhya Pradesh 11 Maharashtra 19 Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland National Capital Territory of Delhi Nominated 12 Odisha 10 Puducherry Punjab 7 Rajasthan 10 Sikkim Tamil Nadu 18 Telangana 7 Tripura Uttar Pradesh 31 Uttarakhand West Bengal 16 Total 245 Membership by party ( edit ) Main article : List of current members of the Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha Secretariat ( As of 30 May 2018 ) : Alliances Party MP National Democratic Alliance Seats : 87 Bharatiya Janata Party 69 Janata Dal ( United ) 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Shiv Sena Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Bodoland People 's Front Naga People 's Front Republican Party of India ( A ) Sikkim Democratic Front United Progressive Alliance Seats : 58 Indian National Congress 51 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Indian Union Muslim League Janata Dal ( Secular ) Kerala Congress ( M ) Janata Parivar Seats : 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal 5 Indian National Lok Dal Other Parties Seats : 79 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 13 All India Trinamool Congress 13 Samajwadi Party 13 Biju Janata Dal 9 Telugu Desam Party 6 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 6 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 5 Bahujan Samaj Party Nationalist Congress Party Aam Aadmi Party YSR Congress Party Communist Party of India Nominated 5 Independents 6 Vacant Seats 1 Seat from Bihar and 3 Nominated Seats Total 245 Officers ( edit ) Leader of the house ( edit ) Main article : Leader of the House ( Rajya Sabha ) Besides the Chairman ( Vice-President of India ) and the Deputy Chairman , there is also a position called Leader of the House . This is a cabinet minister -- the prime minister if he is a member of the House , or another nominated minister . The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman , in the front row . Leader of the Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Leader of the Opposition ( India ) Besides the Leader of the House , who is leading the majority , there is also a Leader of the Opposition ( LOP ) -- leading the opposition parties . The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act 1977 . This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party , and is recognized as such by the Chairman . The following people have been the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha : Sr No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Shyam Nandan Mishra December 1969 March 1971 INC ( O ) Indira Gandhi M.S. Gurupadaswamy March 1971 April 1972 Kamalapati Tripathi 30 March 1977 15 February 1978 INC Morarji Desai Bhola Paswan Shastri 24 February 1978 23 March 1978 INC ( O ) 5 Kamalapati Tripathi 23 March 1978 8 January 1980 INC Charan Singh 6 Lal Krishna Advani 21 January 1980 7 April 1980 Janata Party Indira Gandhi 7 P. Shiv Shankar 18 December 1989 2 January 1991 INC V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar 8 M.S. Gurupadaswamy 28 June 1991 21 July 1991 Janata Dal P.V. Narasimha Rao 9 S. Jaipal Reddy 22 July 1991 29 June 1992 10 Sikander Bakht 7 July 1992 23 May 1996 BJP 11 Shankarrao Chavan 23 May 1996 1 June 1996 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee 12 Sikander Bakht 1 June 1996 19 March 1998 BJP H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 13 Manmohan Singh 21 March 1998 21 May 2004 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee 14 Jaswant Singh 3 June 2004 16 May 2009 BJP Manmohan Singh 15 Arun Jaitley 3 June 2009 26 May 2014 16 Ghulam Nabi Azad 8 June 2014 Incumbent INC Narendra Modi Secretariat ( edit ) The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution . The said Article , which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament , reads as follows : - 98 . Secretariat of Parliament -- Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff : Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament . ( 2 ) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament . The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman . The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following : ( i ) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha ; ( iv ) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees ; ( v ) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications ; ( vi ) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters ; and ( vii ) preparing and publishing a record of the day - to - day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications , as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees . In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities , the Chairman , Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary - General , who holds the rank equivalent ( 16 ) to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India . The Secretary - General , in turn , is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary , Additional Secretary , Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat . Present secretary - general is Desh Deepak Sharma , IAS . Media ( edit ) Rajya Sabha Television ( RSTV ) is a 24 - hour a day , seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha . The channel is aimed at providing in - depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha . During sessions of Parliament , apart from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha , RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day - to - day parliamentary events and developments . See also ( edit ) Lok Sabha List of members of the Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 11 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy Chairman , Rajya Sabha , Parliament of India '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RAJYA SABHA -- AN INTRODUCTION '' . rajyasabha.nic.in . Archived from the original on 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA ( STATE WISE LIST ) '' . Rajya Sabha. 4 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Yashwant ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` Crucial polls today : A guide to calculus of Rajya Sabha for dummies '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OUR PARLIAMENT '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) -- rajyasabha.in '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HANDBOOK FOR RETURNING OFFICERS -- FOR ELECTIONS TO THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 1992 . pp. 400 -- 426 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Website of the Rajya Sabha -- Legislation '' . Jump up ^ `` 642 Sidharth Chauhan , Bicameralism : comparative insights and lessons '' . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT RAJYA SABHA '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Composition of Rajya Sabha -- Rajya Sabha At Work '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in . Rajya Sabha Secretariat , New Delhi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajya Sabha members alloted ( sic ) to Telangana , Andhra Pradesh '' . The Economic Times . 30 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STRENGTHWISE PARTY POSITION IN THE RAJYA SABHA '' . Rajya Sabha. 4 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/newsite/rssorgchart/sg.aspx Jump up ^ `` About Rajya Sabha TV '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) The Nominated Members of India 's Council of States : A Study of Role - Definition J.H. Proctor , Legislative Studies Quarterly , Vol. 10 , No. 1 , Feb 1985 , pp. 53 -- 70 . Alistair , McMillan . `` Constitution 91st Amendment Bill : A Constitutional Fraud ? '' . nuff.ox.ac.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government 37 Rajya Sabha members have criminal background : Study -- analysis by the Association for Democratic Reforms and National Election Watch Nominated members list State wise list Rajya Sabha Television MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA ( STATE WISE LIST ) TN List of Members of Rajya Sabha by States and Territories Presiding Officers & Parliamentary Functionaries Chairman Deputy - Chairman Chairman Pro tem Panel of Deputy - Chairmen Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chairmen of Parliamentary Committees ( Rajya Sabha ) Whips Secretary - General Current members List of current members of the Rajya Sabha See also : List of current members of the Lok Sabha Members by state , territory or nomination Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Nominated Elections 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 ( hide ) Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many members are nominated by the president in rajya sabha	[ "The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years.[5]" ]	[ "12" ]
3635194292601117804	All I Want for Christmas Is You (Vince Vance & The Valiants song)	All I Want for Christmas is You ( Vince Vance & the Valiants song ) - wikipedia All I Want for Christmas is You ( Vince Vance & the Valiants song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Single by Vince Vance & The Valiants from the album All I Want for Christmas Is You Released 1989 ( 1989 ) Format 7 '' single Recorded Masterphonics Studio 6 ; Nashville , Tennessee Genre Country , Christmas Length 3 : 47 Label Valiant 92689 Songwriter ( s ) Troy Powers , Andy Stone Producer ( s ) Ed Loftus , James Stroud `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is a Christmas song recorded by American novelty act Vince Vance & The Valiants . Initially released as a single in 1989 , Vince Vance 's version of the song has charted several times on the Billboard country singles charts . It is Vince Vance & the Valiants ' only chart entry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 4 Other versions 5 References Content ( edit ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is a mid-tempo in triple meter , featuring lead vocals from Lisa Burgess Stewart , who now records under the name Lisa Layne . In it , the female narrator ( Layne ) , explains that she does not want Christmas decorations or gifts from Santa Claus . Instead , all she wants for Christmas is her lover . The melody used in the song is based on Bobby Vinton 's number 9 pop hit single from early 1964 , `` My Heart Belongs to Only You , '' with a few minor alterations . Reception ( edit ) In his review of the album All I Want for Christmas Is You , Allmusic reviewer Jason Birchmeier referred to the song as a `` holiday favorite within the country community during the ' 90s '' but noted that the rest of the album was not `` remotely worth bothering with . '' Having received frequent rotation on country radio and adult contemporary radio during the Christmas season since its 1993 re-release , `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is also the most - played country music Christmas song . The song was also made into a music video directed by Steve Dunning . Chart performance ( edit ) The song first charted in early 1994 based on airplay from the 1993 Christmas season , peaking at # 55 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts on the chart week of January 8 , 1994 . It re-entered in December 1994 , reaching a new peak of # 52 on the chart week of January 7 , 1995 . The song re-entered the country charts again every January afterward , each time peaking higher than the last ( confusion with the unrelated Mariah Carey hit song of the same name , released in 1994 , may have accounted for increased exposure ) ; it did not appear in the 1998 - 99 holiday season but again charted for the final time in January 2000 , reaching its peak on that chart of 31 . Although it never charted on the country charts again , it peaked at # 23 on the Hot 100 Recurrent Airplay chart in 2002 ( despite having never entered the Billboard Hot 100 or Hot 100 Airplay charts ) , and has re-appeared on the Hot Country Recurrents chart every Christmas since late 2000 - early 2001 . Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 55 Chart ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 52 Chart ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 52 Chart ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 49 Chart ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 43 Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks 31 Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Recurrent Airplay 23 Other versions ( edit ) Sammy Kershaw covered the song on his 1994 album Christmas Time 's A-Comin . Santa 's Doo Wop Helpers ( Joel Katz , Johnny Maestro , Bobby Jay and Larry Chance ) recorded the song in 1996 for various compilation Christmas CDs . LeAnn Rimes covered the song for her 2004 Christmas album What a Wonderful World . References ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( Vince Vance & The Valiants song ) '' dated 2016 - 01 - 04 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Jump up ^ Shannon , Gary . `` Lisa Layne -- The Voice Behind ' All I Want for Christmas is You ' Vince Vance and the Valiants '' , KHLA , December 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Vance , Vince . All I Want for Christmas is You , http://www.icompositions.com/ , December 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Birchmeier , Jason . `` All I Want for Christmas Is You review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Most - Played Christmas Songs On Country Radio Listed '' . KWTX. 2008 - 12 - 02 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Vance & the Valiants : All I Want for Christmas Is You '' . CMT . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Time 's A-Comin ' '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What A Wonderful World ' '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You_(Vince_Vance_%26_The_Valiants_song)&oldid=818924621 '' Categories : 1993 songs American Christmas songs Vince Vance & The Valiants songs Song recordings produced by James Stroud Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Spoken articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 11 : 47 . About Wikipedia	who sings all i want for christmas is you with vince vance	[ "\"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" is a mid-tempo in triple meter, featuring lead vocals from Lisa Burgess Stewart, who now records under the name Lisa Layne.[1][2] In it, the female narrator (Layne), explains that she does not want Christmas decorations or gifts from Santa Claus. Instead, all she wants for Christmas is her lover. The melody used in the song is based on Bobby Vinton's number 9 pop hit single from early 1964, \"My Heart Belongs to Only You,\" with a few minor alterations.[3]" ]	[ "Lisa Burgess Stewart, who now records under the name Lisa Layne" ]
-4415747456048792884	I Put a Spell on You	I Put a Spell on You - wikipedia I Put a Spell on You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Put a Spell on You '' A-side label of the 1956 U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins from the album At Home with Screamin ' Jay Hawkins B - side `` Little Demon '' Released November 1956 ( 1956 - 11 ) Format Seven - inch 45 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues shock rock Length 2 : 25 Label Okeh Songwriter ( s ) Jay Hawkins Herb Slotkin Producer ( s ) Arnold Maxin Screamin ' Jay Hawkins singles chronology `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' is a 1956 song written by Jay Hawkins , whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success , reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales , although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 The original composition 2 Personnel 3 Covers and samples 4 References The original composition ( edit ) Hawkins had originally intended to record `` I Put a Spell on You '' as `` a refined love song , a blues ballad '' . However , the producer `` brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk , and we came out with this weird version ... I do n't even remember making the record . Before , I was just a normal blues singer . I was just Jay Hawkins . It all sort of just fell in place . I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death . '' Hawkins first recorded `` I Put a Spell on You '' as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955 . However , that version was not released at the time ( it has since been reissued on Hawkins ' UK Rev - Ola CD The Whamee 1953 -- 55 ) . The following year , Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia 's Okeh Records -- the notorious screaming version , which was released in October 1956 . This version was banned from radio for its outrageous style . A truncated version was released but the ban remained . The record still sold over a million copies . The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his `` Rock and Roll Review '' . Up to this time , Hawkins had been a blues performer : emotional , but not wild . Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the `` demented '' sound of `` I Put a Spell on You '' : Hawkins wore a long cape , and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog . The act was a sensation , later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins ' nose , on - stage snakes and fireworks , and a cigarette - smoking skull named `` Henry '' . This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances . Personnel ( edit ) Guitar -- Mickey Baker Piano -- Ernie Hayes Tenor Saxophone -- Sam `` The Man '' Taylor Baritone Saxophone -- Bud Johnson Bass -- Al Lucas Drums -- David `` Panama '' Francis Arranged By -- Leroy Kirkland Recorded 12 September 1956 Covers and samples ( edit ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' has been covered by other artists extensively , there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes . Most of the covers treat the song seriously ; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins 's bravura performance . Although Hawkins ' version did not make any charts , several later cover versions have . Nina Simone 's version reached No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart in 1965 ; it also reached No. 49 on the UK singles chart that year , and No. 28 when it was reissued in 1969 . The version by The Alan Price Set reached No. 9 in the UK in 1966 and No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Creedence Clearwater Revival 's version reached No. 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 in 1968 . The band later performed it at the Woodstock Festival in 1969 . A disco version by Dutch singer Dee Dee ( Anna Dekkers ) reached No. 16 on the Dutch charts in 1978 and was also released in Belgium ( where it peaked on No. 12 ) , France , Germany , Spain and Australia . In the UK , Bryan Ferry 's version reached No. 18 in 1993 . The version by Sonique reached No. 36 in 1998 and No. 5 on reissue in 2000 . Other versions of note : The 2010 version by Jeff Beck featuring Joss Stone was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 53rd Grammy Awards . Bette Midler covered the song in the film Hocus Pocus in an elaborate song and dance sequence . Midler performed the song again during her 2015 Divine Intervention Tour , wearing a costume similar to the one she wore in Hocus Pocus . Annie Lennox included a version of the song on her 2014 album Nostalgia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bush , John . Screamin ' Jay Hawkins - I Put a Spell on You at AllMusic . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike McPadden ( 1 May 2012 ) . If You Like Metallica ... : Here Are Over 200 Bands , CDs , Movies , and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Backbeat Books . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4768 - 1357 - 8 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward M. Komara ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues : A-J . Routledge . p. 415 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ed Sikov ( 1996 ) . Laughing Hysterically : American Screen Comedy of the 1950s . Columbia University Press . p. 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Julia Rubiner , Contemporary Musicians : Profiles of the People in Music , Volume 8 , Gale , 1992 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 2011 ) , The Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Omnibus Press , p. 2680 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 Jump up ^ Chris Morris ( Feb 26 , 2000 ) , `` Legendary Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Dies At 70 '' , Billboard Jump up ^ Gillespie , Paula , and Neal Lerner . The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Boston : Allyn , 2000 . Print . Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Screamin-Jay-Hawkins-I-Put-A-Spell-On-You-The-Singles-1954-1957/release/3181566 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 911 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 795 Jump up ^ https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/creedence-clearwater-revival/1969/max-yasgurs-farm-bethel-ny-13d6b529.html Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 371 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners -- GRAMMY.com '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Put_a_Spell_on_You&oldid=803738900 '' Categories : 1956 singles 1956 songs 1966 singles 1968 singles 2001 singles Alan Price songs Annie Lennox songs Bette Midler songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs Decca Records singles Disney songs Eels ( band ) songs Eric Burdon songs Fantasy Records singles Halloween songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Natacha Atlas songs Nina Simone songs Parrot Records singles Rhythm and blues songs Screamin ' Jay Hawkins songs She & Him songs Sonique ( musician ) songs The Animals songs Van Morrison songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 09 : 29 . About Wikipedia	i put a spell on you original artist	[ "\"I Put a Spell on You\" is a 1956 song written by Jay Hawkins, whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success, reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales,[3][4] although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts.[5][6]" ]	[ "Jay Hawkins" ]
-9180373490491054533	South African National Lottery	South African National lottery - Wikipedia South African National lottery Jump to : navigation , search South African National Lottery Logo used 2015 - present Region South Africa First draw 11 March 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 11 ) Operator Ithuba Regulated By National Lotteries Commission Highest Jackpot R102 , 016,595 Odds of winning jackpot 20,358,520 to 1 ( Lotto ) 20,358,520 to 1 ( Lotto Plus ) 24,435,180 to 1 ( PowerBall ) 24,435,180 to 1 ( PowerBall Plus ) 531,441 to 1 ( SportStake ) 4 to 1 ( EAZiWIN ) Number of Games 6 Shown on E.tv , SABC 2 Website www.nationallottery.co.za The National Lottery is operated by ITHUBA Holdings , to whom the licence was granted in 2015 . The lottery is regulated by the National Lottery Commission , and was established in 2000 . Lottery tickets may be bought only by people of at least 18 years of age . In the 2007 fiscal year transaction values totalled R3. 972 billion , with an average of five million transactions per week . In the 2012 National lottery generated R4. 7 billion in sales of Lotto and Powerball tickets . Lotto is the most popular type of gambling in South Africa but Powerball has been the faster - growing for last years due to its high payouts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Games 3.1 Current games 3.2 LOTTO 3.2. 1 LOTTO PLUS 1 3.2. 2 LOTTO PLUS 2 3.2. 3 PowerBall 3.2. 4 PowerBall PLUS 3.2. 5 SPORTSTAKE 13 3.2. 6 EAZiWIN 3.3 PICK 3 3.4 Discontinued games 3.4. 1 Wina Manje 3.4. 2 Raffle 4 Other ways to play 4.1 Online 5 Record Jackpots 6 Operators 7 Socio - economic impact 8 Revenue distribution 9 Previous lotteries in South Africa 10 See also 11 External links 12 References History ( edit ) The National lottery was introduced to South Africa on 11 March 2000 . At the time it was run by Uthingo . After a marketing effort that aimed to reach 80 percent of South African homes directly more than 800,000 tickets were sold in the first day of availability Nearly R70 million worth of tickets were sold in the first three weeks of operation . In October 2002 operator Uthingo suggested a daily lottery to supplement the weekly draw . The concept , called Keno , was rejected by the trade and industry ministry in March 2003 . In November 2003 the Lotto Plus game was launched , acting as a supplementary weekly lottery available on the purchase of a primary lottery ticket , with an entry fee of R1 . In July 2006 the Gidani consortium , featuring Greek company Intralot as a technical partner , was judged the preferred bidder to operate the lottery for seven years starting April 2007 . The operating licence was awarded in October 2006 . In March 2007 the Pretoria High Court set aside that award on application by incumbent Uthingo , finding that the failure to adequately investigate the shareholders in some bidding consortia left room for conflicts of interest . Following the final draw by incumbent Uthingo , the lottery was indefinitely suspended in April 2007 . In September the operating licence was awarded to Gidani again . When ticket sales re-opened in October more than 200,000 tickets were sold within the first three hours . Gidani introduced scratch cards , but they were discontinued for several months when they lost their licence to Ithuba . In 2015 , Lotto licences were awarded to ITHUBA . In 2015 , 2 new games were introduced by Ithuba : EAZiWIN , an instant win game consisting of four types of indigenous inspired games ; Morabaraba , Fafi Fortune , 4 Siya Wina and Popa Feela and PowerBall Plus . Eligibility ( edit ) Players must be 18 years or older Tickets may be bought in person at approved retailers & banks in South Africa . Online purchase of tickets are only available to people who have an FNB or Nedbank bank account have registered on the South African National Lottery website and are residents of South Africa with a South African ID . Games ( edit ) LOTTO and LOTTO PLUS odds Match Odds of winning % of total winning pool 2 and bonus 1 : 96 R20. 00 FIXED 1 : 72 R50. 00 FIXED 3 and bonus 1 : 1028 7.3 % 1 : 1,371 8.4 % 4 and bonus 1 : 30,161 5.0 % 5 1 : 75,402 4.0 % 5 and bonus 1 : 3,393,087 2.3 % All 6 1 : 20,358,520 73.0 % 9 games operate under the South African National Lottery brand : Current games ( edit ) LOTTO ( edit ) LOTTO and LOTTO PLUS odds Match Odds of winning % of total winning pool 2 and bonus 1 : 96 R20. 00 FIXED 1 : 72 R50. 00 FIXED 3 and bonus 1 : 1028 7.3 % 1 : 1,371 8.4 % 4 and bonus 1 : 30,161 5.0 % 5 1 : 75,402 4.0 % 5 and bonus 1 : 3,393,087 2.3 % All 6 1 : 20,358,520 73.0 % Lotto and Lotto Plus coupon 2015 - present Players buy tickets with their choice of six different numbers between 1 and 52 ; there is provision for random numbers to be generated automatically for those who do not wish to choose , known as ' Quick Pick ' . In the draw , six numbered balls are drawn without replacement from a set of 52 balls numbered from 1 to 52 . A further Bonus Ball is also drawn , which affects only players who match five numbers . Prizes are awarded to players who match at least three of the six drawn numbers , with prizes increasing for matching more of the drawn numbers . All players who match all six drawn numbers win equal shares of the jackpot ; the chance of doing so is 1 in 20,358,520 . If four , five , or six balls are matched , the relevant prize is divided equally between all who match that many balls . If no player matches all six numbers , the jackpot is added to that of the next Lotto draw -- a Rollover . The entry fee to the LOTTO draw is set at R5. 00 per board . The draw is conducted on Wednesdays and Saturdays on SABC 2 at 20 : 56 . PowerBall and PowerBall PLUS odds Match Odds of winning % of total winning pool PowerBall 1 : 37 Fixed ( R10 for PowerBall / R5 for Power Ball Plus ) 1 ball and PowerBall 1 : 53 Fixed ( R15 for PowerBall / R7. 50 for Power Ball Plus ) 2 balls and PowerBall 1 : 247 5.1 % 3 balls 1 : 165 7.6 % 3 balls and PowerBall 1 : 3,133 8.9 % 4 balls 1 : 6,430 9.3 % 4 balls and PowerBall 1 : 122,176 4.9 % 5 balls 1 : 1,286,062 9.7 % All balls including PowerBall 1 : 24,435,180 54.4 % LOTTO PLUS 1 ( edit ) LOTTO PLUS 1 is exactly the same as LOTTO , but gives the player a second chance to win . When buying a LOTTO ticket , the player must pay an extra R2. 50 per board to enter the LOTTO PLUS 1 draw . Odds are the same , while prizes are usually slightly lower . The draw is conducted on Wednesdays and Saturdays on SABC 2 at 20 : 56 . LOTTO PLUS 2 ( edit ) LOTTO PLUS 2 is exactly the same as LOTTO , but gives the player a third chance to win . When buying a LOTTO ticket , the player must pay an extra R2. 50 per board to enter the LOTTO PLUS 2 draw . Odds are the same , while prizes are usually slightly lower . The draw is conducted on Wednesdays and Saturdays on SABC 2 at 20 : 56 . PowerBall ( edit ) Powerball and Powerball Plus coupon 2015 - present The PowerBall jackpot draw requires players to pick five main numbers from 1 to 45 and one ' PowerBall ' number from 1 to 20 for an entry fee of R5 per board . Prizes may be won by matching the main numbers , with matches of the PowerBall number winning higher prizes . The top prize of the game is won by matching all five main numbers as well as the PowerBall . Draws take place on Tuesdays and Fridays on E.tv at 21 : 00 . After 28 November 2015 , odds were as more possibilities to win were introduced . An example of the recent additions were , if the player matched only the Powerball , he or she would win money , while before , that ticket would not win anything . The record prize for any Lottery game in South Africa was in PowerBall at R102 , 016,595 . This prize was won in the Free State but never collected . The highest claimed prize was also from PowerBall at R91 , 068,427 PowerBall PLUS ( edit ) PowerBall PLUS is exactly the same as PowerBall , but gives the player a second chance to win . When buying a PowerBall ticket , the player must pay an extra R2. 50 per board to enter the PowerBall PLUS draw . Odds are the same , while prizes are usually slightly lower . Powerball PLUS was a more recent game added by the National Lottery of South Africa and is currently the newest game . It was introduced on 28 November 2015 . Draws take place on Tuesdays and Fridays on E.tv at 21 : 00 . SPORTSTAKE 13 ( edit ) Sportstake coupon 2015 - present A player can play SPORTSTAKE 13 by predicting outcomes of 13 predetermined match fixtures drawn from English and other identified professional soccer fixtures . For each fixture the player chooses their prediction by marking on the bet slip ; ( 1 ) -- for a home win ( x ) -- for a draw ( 2 ) -- for a home loss ( Away win ) You can select a single or multiple outcomes result for each fixture . A valid wager must consist of at least one selection per fixture . A minimum price per wager per board is R2. 00 vat incl , and a maximum wager per Betslip is R2000. 00 Each wager will cost you R2. 00 vat incl . You can play PROPICK TM as a quick play option There is no Multi Draw option . SPORTSTAKE 13 fixture results are considered as the final score after 90 minutes of play or after extra time where applicable , however excludes penalty shoot - out . EAZiWIN odds Name of Game Game based on Price of Card Highest Prize Odds of winning Popa Feela Unknown R3 R30 , 000 1 : 4 4 Siya Wina Unknown R5 R100 , 000 Fafi Fortune Fafi Morabaraba Morabaraba EAZiWIN ( edit ) All 4 EAZiWIN play cards As well as tickets for the Draw Games , the National Lottery also sells instant win digital scratch cards . They are digital scratch cards , where a card is compared against a slip and not scratched like traditional scratchcards . These are called ' EAZiWIN and are based on traditional African games . Cards range from R3 to R5 . Pick 3 ( edit ) Lotto 's newest game was announced to launch on 3 December 2016 . It will be a daily game with a top prize of R10 , 000 . Discontinued games ( edit ) Wina Manje ( edit ) Wina Manje was a scratchcard game that consisted of many types of scratch cards . This was replaced by EAZiWIN in 2015 . Raffle ( edit ) South African National Lottery announced that there would be a once - off raffle for Christmas 2016 . The draw took place on 30 December 2016 . It was officially named `` Raffle '' . Prizes included R1 , 000 , R10 , 000 , R100 , 000 , with the top prize being a Mercedes Benz C200 Cabriolet Other ways to play ( edit ) As well as by purchasing a ticket at a shop , tickets can be purchased many other ways . Online ( edit ) All National Lottery games can be played online after registering . There are two ways of playing the lotto online . FNB & Nedbank : LOTTO , LOTTO PLUS 1 , LOTTO PLUS 2 , PowerBall and PowerBall PLUS are available for play through the bank 's apps . National Lottery website : LOTTO , LOTTO PLUS 1 , LOTTO PLUS 2 , PowerBall , PowerBall PLUS and SPORTSTAKE 13 are available for play through the South African National lottery website . Record jackpots ( edit ) Below lists the highest 11 jackpots from the National Lottery of South Africa . Rank Jackpot Game Draw number Date Notes R110 , 000,000.00 Lotto 1783 2018 - 01 - 27 4 Winners won R27. 5 million each R102 , 016,595.00 PowerBall 166 2011 - 06 - 03 Not collected R91 , 068,427.00 PowerBall 32 2010 - 02 - 12 Highest collected jackpot R70 , 031,306.00 PowerBall N / A 2018 - 01 - 15 5 R69 , 542,295.00 PowerBall 74 2010 - 07 - 13 6 R64 , 547,102.00 PowerBall 100 2010 - 10 - 12 7 R62 , 996,195 PowerBall N / A 2016 - 09 - 18 8 R61 , 261,924.29 PowerBall 632 2015 - 12 - 11 9 R60 , 432,313.00 PowerBall 429 2013 - 12 - 20 10 R51 , 844,047.00 PowerBall 564 2015 - 04 - 14 11 R44 , 941,661.00 PowerBall 483 2014 - 07 - 01 Operators ( edit ) Operator Year begun Year stopped Ithuba 2015 Present Gidani 2007 2015 Utingo 2000 2007 Socio - economic impact ( edit ) In June 2003 it was reported that 27 percent of lottery players were unemployed and that 43 percent of players earned less than R2 , 000 a month . It was also reported that legalised gambling had created 50 673 jobs in 2000 , although it may have redirected spendings from other industries . 2006 research found that 82 percent of South Africans played the lottery once a week and that 53 percent of the population did not engage in any other form of gambling . The average player spent R81 per month on the lottery . Revenue distribution ( edit ) Under the current operator , Ithuba , 34 percent of revenue is paid to a central charitable distribution fund , up from an initial 28 percent . Six percent of revenue is paid as retail commission , ten percent is retained as operational costs and 50 percent is paid in prizes . Previous Lotteries in South Africa ( edit ) The now defunct homeland of Ciskei established a lottery in 1984 and operated by Score - A-Lot . In 1991 Score - A-Lot was the first Lottery in Africa to operate Video Lottery Terminals ( VLT ) in Africa and the first totally cashless operation using smart card technology . After lengthy negotiations with South Africans `` Department of Trade and Industry '' ( DTI ) Score - A-Lot closed in Dec 2001 A lottery was established by decree in the former homeland of Transkei in 1989 and operated by Score - A-Lot . In 1991 Score - A-Lot was the first Lottery in Africa to operate Video Lottery Terminals ( VLT ) in Africa and the first totally cashless operation using smart card technology . After lengthy negotiations with South Africans `` Department of Trade and Industry '' ( DTI ) Score - A-Lot closed in Dec 2001 The Natal Lotto ( also referred to as the KZN Lotto ) was launched in the KwaZulu - Natal province in 1992 . During eight years of operation it raised R869 million and paid R345 million to charities and R448 million in prize money . See also ( edit ) Uthingo External links ( edit ) National Lotteries Board National Lottery website UK49 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Betting on Africa . 2nd annual edition , November 2013 . Gambling Outlook : 2013 - 2017 ( South Africa - Nigeria - Kenya ) '' ( PDF ) . PwC South Africa . 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Lotteries Board Annual Report , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . National Lotteries Board . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Lottery geared up to start on Thursday '' . The Daily Dispatch . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` R2m lottery tickets sold '' . The Daily Dispatch . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` R32m won in lottery -- so far '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No tata ma chance everyday , rules Erwin '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Big plus for Lotto punters -- at just R1 a pop '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Operator for national lottery awarded '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lottery shareholders under scrutiny '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lotto debacle leaves public high and dry '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gidani gets green light for lottery '' . Mail&Guardian . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lotta mania hits SA '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.nationallottery.co.za/results/lotto/?game_number=1783-lotto Jump up ^ `` ' The Gambling Board must come to its senses ' '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lotto ticket sales coin R80m each week -- research '' . Cape Times . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament worries about gambling 's growth '' . Business Report . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SA starting to gamble sensibly , says report '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gidani set for lotto high stakes '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 15 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gidani boss strikes family off Lotto roll '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 15 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report of the National Lotteries Board , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . National Lotteries Board . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report of the National Lotteries Board , 2004 '' ( PDF ) . National Lotteries Board . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judge calls for action on illegal gambling '' . The Daily Dispatch . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` KZN wishes it took a chance with old Lotto '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lotto KZN lives on in its charitable work '' . Independent Online . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_National_Lottery&oldid=842855178 '' Categories : Lotteries by country South African culture Government of South Africa Gambling in South Africa Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use South African English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 03 : 41 . About Wikipedia	how many numbers to win powerball in south africa	[ "The PowerBall jackpot draw requires players to pick five main numbers from 1 to 45 and one 'PowerBall' number from 1 to 20 for an entry fee of R5 per board. Prizes may be won by matching the main numbers, with matches of the PowerBall number winning higher prizes. The top prize of the game is won by matching all five main numbers as well as the PowerBall. Draws take place on Tuesdays and Fridays on E.tv at 21:00." ]	[ "five main numbers as well as the PowerBall" ]
3734510941180397939	MasterChef Australia (series 10)	MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) - Wikipedia MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 61 Release Original network Network Ten Original release 7 May ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) -- 31 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) Season chronology ← Previous Series 9 Next → Series 11 The tenth series of MasterChef Australia premiered on 7 May 2018 on Network Ten . Judges Gary Mehigan , George Calombaris and Matt Preston returned from the previous series , with Shannon Bennett as the contestants ' mentor . This series was won by Sashi Cheliah in the grand finale against Ben Borsht , on 31 July 2018 . Contents 1 Changes 2 Contestants 2.1 Top 24 3 Guest chefs 4 Elimination chart 5 Episodes and ratings 6 References 7 External links Changes ( edit ) This series introduces a change in the Mystery Box Challenge . The winner will be going straight into the Immunity Challenge , which means he / she will not be cooking in the invention test and will be safe from the Pressure Test on the following day . Week 10 featured the remaining contestants competing for a special `` 10 Year Superpower '' apron , which works similar to an immunity pin and a Power Apron but allows the bearer to withdraw during any stage of any individual challenge up to tasting . Contestants ( edit ) Top 24 ( edit ) The Top 24 were announced on 7 -- 8 May 2018 . Contestant Jo Kendray was a returning auditionee after two previous attempts to make it into the Top 24 Contestant Age State Occupation Status Sashi Cheliah 39 SA Prison Officer Winner 31 July Ben Borsht 31 QLD Builder Runner - up 31 July Khanh Ong 25 VIC DJ Third place 30 July Jess Liemantara 19 VIC Waitress Eliminated 29 July Chloe Carroll 28 QLD Nutritionist Eliminated 23 July Reece Hignell 28 NSW Recruitment Consultant Eliminated 19 July Samira Damirova 36 WA Stay - at - home Mum Eliminated 16 July Kristen Sheffield 28 SA Urban Planner Eliminated 12 July Brendan Pang 24 WA Social Worker Eliminated 5 July Returned 21 June Eliminated 7 June Sarah Clare 33 NSW Bar Manager Eliminated 2 July Hoda Kobeissi 32 NSW Social Worker Eliminated 28 June Gina Ottaway 54 NSW Ex Disability Support Eliminated 25 June Aldo Ortado 31 NSW Restaurant Manager Eliminated 21 June Lisa Diep 33 NSW Senior IT Analyst Eliminated 18 June Jenny Lam 28 WA Entrepreneur Eliminated 14 June Genene Dwyer 49 VIC Recruitment Coordinator Eliminated 11 June Jo Kendray 46 VIC Travel Manager Eliminated 4 June Loki Madireddi 34 VIC Stay - at - home Dad Eliminated 31 May Michelle Walsh 47 NSW Writer Eliminated 28 May Tim Talam 28 NSW Butcher 's Assistant Eliminated 24 May Adele Elliott 34 NSW Enrollment Officer Eliminated 21 May Denise Valdez 37 VIC Stay - at - home Mum Eliminated 17 May Metter Chin 54 NSW Project Manager Eliminated 14 May Brett McGrath 29 QLD Coffee Roaster Eliminated 10 May Guest chefs ( edit ) Week Guest chef Challenge Julie Goodwin , Adam Liaw , Kate Bracks , Andy Allen , Emma Dean , Brent Owens , Billie McKay , Elena Duggan , Diana Chan Auditions Part 1 Maggie Beer Pressure Test Shui Ishizaka Immunity Challenge Nathan Jones Team Challenge ( Nigella Lawson Week ) Nigella Lawson All Challenges & MasterClass Alanna Sapwell Immunity Challenge ( Gordon Ramsay Week ) Gordon Ramsay Mystery Box Challenge , Invention Test , Pressure Test , Immunity Challenge and Team Challenge Jo Barrett , Gavin Hughes , John Rivera Immunity Challenge Matt Abé Elimination Challenge 5 Darren Purchese Pressure Test Jacqui Challinor Immunity Challenge Robin Wickens , Dave Sutherland Team Challenge Curtis Stone Elimination Challenge 6 ( South Australia Week ) Brendan Wessels Pressure Test Jin Choi Immunity Challenge Maggie Beer Elimination Challenge Poh Ling Yeow , Callum Hann MasterClass 7 Alla Wolf - Tasker Pressure Test Andy Harmer Immunity Challenge Lennox Hastie Team Challenge 8 ( Sweet Week ) Adriano Zumbo Mystery Box Challenge & Invention Test Katherine Sabbath Pressure Test Alice Wright Immunity Challenge Adam D'Sylva Team Challenge Kirsten Tibballs Elimination Challenge 9 ( Royal Week ) Saransh Goila Pressure Test Ashley Davis Immunity Challenge 10 ( Superpower Week ) Peter Gilmore Elimination Challenge & MasterClass 11 Joe Grbac Pressure Test Reynold Poernomo , Matt Sinclair Immunity Challenge Curtis Stone MasterClass 12 Ashley Palmer - Watts Pressure Test Monty Koludrovic Service Challenge Danielle Alvarez , Lennox Hastie , Ross Lusted , Jock Zonfrillo Elimination Challenge Finals Heston Blumenthal Grand Finals Elimination chart ( edit ) Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Finals Mystery Box Challenge Winner Not conducted Sashi Kristen Sashi Sarah Khanh Gina Ben Reece Khanh None Sashi Ben None Invention Test Winner Chloe Kristen Tim Ben Hoda Loki Reece Samira Aldo Jess Samira Sashi Jenny Reece Samira Sashi Khanh Reece Sashi Chloe Kristen Brendan Kristen Samira Khanh Reece Khanh Immunity Challenge Lose : Chloe Win : Loki Lose : Samira Win : Reece , Sashi Lose : Jess Win : Khanh Win : Sashi Draw : Kristen Lose : Khanh Lose : Khanh None Sashi Top 24 IN WIN Team Win IN Team Lose WIN Team Win Top 4 Team Win Top 4 Team Win Top 3 Team Win Btm 4 / Imm . Team Win IN Team Lose 1 / Imm . Btm 3 WIN ADV Btm 3 Btm 3 Top 2 WINNER Ben Top 24 IN IN Team Win Top 3 Team Win Btm 3 Team Lose IN Team Lose Btm 4 Team Lose IN Btm 2 WIN Btm 2 IN Team Lose 2 Btm 7 Btm 3 Btm 3 WIN Btm 3 Top 2 Runner - up Khanh Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Btm 2 IN Team Win IN Team Lose WIN Team Lose / Imm . Top 3 Team Win IN Team Lose WIN Team Win Btm 7 Top 2 Btm 5 WIN ADV 3rd Eliminated ( Ep 60 ) Jess Top 24 Btm 3 IN Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win Top 4 Btm 4 IN Btm 3 IN Team Lose Btm 4 Team Win Btm 3 Btm 2 Btm 7 Btm 3 Btm 2 Btm 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 59 ) Chloe Top 24 Top 4 Top 3 Team Win Btm 3 Team Win Btm 3 Btm 3 IN Btm 4 Btm 4 Team Win IN Team Lose Top 2 Team Lose Btm 3 Team Win 10. A . Imm . Btm 5 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 56 ) Reece Top 24 IN IN Team Lose Top 5 Team Lose Top 2 Team Win IN Team Win Top 4 Team Win Top 3 Team Win WIN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 7 / Imm . Top 2 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 54 ) Samira Top 24 IN Btm 3 Team Win IN Btm 5 Top 2 Team Lose Top 4 Team Win Top 4 Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Lose Top 3 Team Lose 1 Btm 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 51 ) Kristen Top 24 IN Top 3 Team Win WIN Team Lose IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Win IN Team Win Top 2 Team Win Top 3 Team Lose 2 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 49 ) Brendan Top 24 IN IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 4 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 24 ) IN Team Lose Top 3 Elim Re-eliminated ( Ep 44 ) Sarah Top 24 IN IN Team Win IN Team Lose IN Btm 3 WIN Btm 4 IN Team Win Btm 3 Team Lose Btm 4 Team Win Elim Eliminated ( Ep 41 ) Hoda Top 24 IN IN Team Win Top 3 Btm 5 IN Team Win IN Team Win Btm 4 Btm 3 Btm 3 Team Win IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 39 ) Gina Top 24 Top 4 IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Win WIN Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 36 ) Aldo Top 24 Top 4 IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Lose Top 4 Team Lose IN Btm 4 IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 34 ) Lisa Top 24 IN IN Team Lose Top 5 Team Lose IN Team Win Btm 4 Team Win IN Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 31 ) Jenny Top 24 IN IN Btm 3 Btm 3 Team Win IN Team Win Btm 4 Team Lose Top 4 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 29 ) Genene Top 24 Btm 3 IN Team Lose IN Btm 5 IN Team Win IN Team Win Elim Eliminated ( Ep 26 ) Jo Top 24 IN IN Team Lose IN Team Win IN Team Lose Elim Eliminated ( Ep 21 ) Loki Top 24 Top 4 IN Team Win Top 3 Team Win IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 19 ) Michelle Top 24 IN Btm 3 Team Win IN Team Win Elim Eliminated ( Ep 16 ) Tim Top 24 IN Top 3 Team Lose IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 14 ) Adele Top 24 IN IN Btm 3 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 11 ) Denise Top 24 IN IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 9 ) Metter Top 24 IN Elim Eliminated ( Ep 6 ) Brett Top 24 Elim Eliminated ( Ep 4 ) Eliminated Brett Metter Denise Adele Tim Michelle Loki Jo Brendan 1st Elimination Genene Jenny Lisa Aldo Gina Hoda Sarah Brendan Re-elimination Kristen Samira Reece Chloe Jess Khanh Ben 77 points Sashi 93 points ( win ) Episodes and ratings ( edit ) Colour key : -- Highest rating during the series -- Lowest rating during the series Ep # / Wk - Ep # Original airdate Episode Title / Event Total viewers ( five metro cities ) Nightly Ranking Week 1 1 / 01 - 1 Monday , 7 May 2018 Series Premiere : Auditions Part 1 - The nine former winners of previous seasons appeared to encourage the candidates who will be cooking their signature dish in one hour for entry to the Top 24 . Eighteen home cooks secured their places in the Top 24 after receiving three votes from the judges while nine contestants who received one or two `` yes '' votes were given the opportunity to cook again in a second audition . 890,000 # 7 2 / 01 - 2 Tuesday , 8 May 2018 Auditions Part 2 - To win their places in the Top 24 , the hopefuls under mentor Shannon Bennett were given 75 minutes to cook a dish that highlighted their choice of one of the ingredients : coconut , chilli , bacon , orange or peanuts , The judges tasted each plate without knowing the cook to determine the next five aprons awarded . Tim , Ben , Lisa , Jenny and Jess triumphed with their dishes and made it into the Top 24 while two out of the four contestants were eliminated due to technical flaws in their dishes . The second round challenged the other remaining contestants to cook another dish in one hour with ingredients from the pantry . In the end , it was Michelle who succeeded with her chocolate lava cake and she won the last spot in the Top 24 . 845,000 # 5 3 / 01 - 3 Wednesday , 9 May 2018 Hospitality Cooking Challenge - On their first day in the competition , the Top 24 had 90 minutes and an open pantry to cook their dishes and impress the judges , focusing on hospitality . The four standout dishes belonged to Aldo , Loki , Chloe and Gina . Genene , Brett and Jess were sent to elimination after producing the least impressive dishes . 910,000 # 5 4 / 01 - 4 Thursday , 10 May 2018 Home Fridge Elimination Challenge - Brett , Genene and Jess were given 75 minutes to cook a dish with ingredients from their home fridge and pantry . Jess was successful with her white chocolate mousse and raspberry jelly which impressed in the judging . While Genene 's quantity of her chicken dumplings are small , they were delicious in the tasting . Brett 's salmon dish with carrot purée was praised but not the chickpeas , which were overcooked . Between him and Genene to face the results , the judges chose the latter 's dumplings and she was safe as Brett became the first 2018 contestant eliminated from the competition . 835,000 # 5 Week 2 5 / 02 - 1 Sunday , 13 May 2018 Eclectic Box Challenge & Precipitation Invention Test - In their first Mystery Box Challenge , the contestants were informed that the new advantage was for an appointed contestant to choose eight ingredients , with at least one to be used to cook a dish in 75 minutes . The winning dish will grant direct access to the Immunity Challenge . The ingredients selected by Sashi were parsnip , oranges , cinnamon , chicken , mixed peppercorns , sage , celery and onions . Sashi was also one of the top five contestants ' dishes to be tasted by the judges along with Gina , Brendan , Denise and Genene . It was Sashi who won with his roasted chicken dish . The remaining contestants were given 75 minutes to prepare dishes centering on precipitation in the Invention Test , with the top three joining Sashi in the Immunity Challenge . Chloe , Kristen and Tim stood out as the top three and advanced to compete for immunity . Samira , Sarah , Metter and Michelle faltered throughout the challenge with the bottom three dishes sending their cooks ( Samira , Metter and Michelle ) to the Pressure Test . 723,000 # 6 6 / 02 - 2 Monday , 14 May 2018 Pressure Test : Maggie Beer 's Apple and Rosemary Tarte Tatin - Maggie Beer challenged Metter , Michelle and Samira to recreate her tarte tatin -- the first Pressure Test dish from the first series -- accompanied by a custard and ice cream in two - and - a-half hours . Samira impressed with her approach to Maggie 's dish , winning praise overall . It was between Metter and Michelle for elimination , and while the latter 's caramel was too dark and bitter , Metter 's raw apples and underbaked dense pastry ensured he became the second contestant to be eliminated . 820,000 # 7 7 / 02 - 3 Tuesday , 15 May 2018 Immunity Challenge : Shui Ishizaka - In round one , Chloe , Kristen , Sashi and Tim had to make a simple dish using eggs and their choice of pantry items . Kristen 's Raspberry Mousse with Lemon Curd and Chloe 's Soba Noodles with a Soft - Boiled Egg were the two standout dishes , with Chloe winning the challenge by split decision . To compete against Shui Ishizaka , the current Young Chef of 2018 , Chloe had the advantage of selecting her choice of ten ingredients to cook in 75 minutes . Ishizaka had 60 minutes to cook with the same ingredients . Chloe 's tortellini scored 24 points but lost to the professional 's 26 points for his prawn dish with custard and milk skin . 804,000 # 6 8 / 02 - 4 Wednesday , 16 May 2018 Melbourne Cricket Ground Team Challenge - Teams cooked in the Melbourne Cricket Ground to serve nutritious three - course meals ( two canapé appetizers , a main course and a dessert ) to the Melbourne Football Club and their partners , including the judges , as well as guest judge and footballer Nathan Jones in their first off - site challenge . Each team was assigned with their respective core protein : meat ( Red ) and seafood ( Blue ) . The miscommunication in Sashi 's Blue Team struggled for suggestions and their demand for the dishes ( particularly the salmon main ) than Tim 's Red team but the latter stumbled with one of their meat appetizer dishes forcing them to improvise it in the three - hour prep time . After service , both teams won praise with their main dishes but had technical flaws in one of their canapés . However , the deciding factor was the inadequate presentation and imbalance of the Red team 's dessert after the Blue team excelled the challenge . 762,000 # 7 9 / 02 - 5 Thursday , 17 May 2018 First Food Memory Elimination Challenge - Losing team members from the team challenge had to cook dishes that influenced their first passion for food . After Aldo , Brendan and Reece produced the best dishes , Adele 's corn fritters were too dense and lacked spice while Jenny 's matcha sponge cake was heavy and underbaked , but Denise pushed herself in making her pig 's trotter salad in the 75 - minute challenge as the protein was cooked inconsistently , and led to her elimination . 792,000 # 5 Week 3 - Nigella Lawson Week 10 / 03 - 1 Sunday , 20 May 2018 Nigella 's Mystery Box Challenge & Food Physics Invention Test - Nigella Lawson returned as the guest judge for the week with her choice of Mystery Box ingredients : marsala , chicken livers , squid , condensed milk , ginger , chilli , cherries , passion fruit , anchovies and thyme . The winning dish after 75 minutes earned entry to the Immunity Challenge and also an afternoon tea with Nigella in London . Out of the dishes of Genene , Gina , Jess and Reece , it was Kristen who won the challenge . The remaining contestants were given 75 minutes in the Invention Test to cook a dish focusing on the sounds of `` snap , crackle and pop '' . Ben , Loki and Hoda succeeded in meeting the brief and were named the Top 3 , mentions went to the dishes of Lisa and Reece . Adele and Jenny , who were in the bottom three last week , were once again sent to elimination along with Chloe . 811,000 # 4 11 / 03 - 2 Monday , 21 May 2018 Pressure Test : Nigella 's Chocolate Feast - Adele , Chloe and Jenny were given 75 minutes to recreate four of Nigella 's chocolate desserts : a white chocolate cookie dough pot , a milk chocolate brownie , a dark chocolate olive oil mousse and a ruby chocolate cheesecake . Chloe nailed the challenge with her dishes as it came down to Jenny and Adele . Jenny 's mousse was too runny after struggling with her egg whites and Adele 's cheesecake was rushed on the assembling while both of their cookies were underbaked . But Adele forgot the white chocolate chips in the mixture which failed to attain the objective of Nigella 's Pressure Test and that was enough to eliminate her . 805,000 # 6 12 / 03 - 3 Tuesday , 22 May 2018 Immunity Challenge : Alanna Sapwell - Ben , Hoda , Kristen and Loki competed in the first round , cooking pancakes in 45 minutes . Hoda and Loki both impressed with their dishes but it was Loki who won the challenge with his savoury take on the dish ( dosa with two chutneys ) to cook off against Alanna Sapwell , head chef of Saint Peter restaurant , in the second round . He chose one of the two citrus fruits ( lemons over oranges ) as the core ingredient . During her 60 minutes , Alanna cooked Squid with Ink Sauce and Lemon Dressing . Loki won praise for his Kingfish with Shellfish Lemon Broth and scored 37 points over Alanna 's 34 , winning him the immunity pin . 877,000 # 5 13 / 03 - 4 Wednesday , 23 May 2018 Brunch Cafe Service Challenge - The contestants , led by Aldo from the Red team and Kristen from the Blue team , took charge for service in two adjacent cafes ( Kitty Burns and Frankie Says ) in Abbotsford , Victoria and served their menu of four brunch meals prepared in two - and - a-half - hours for 75 customers each . During prep time , Brendan of the Red team was injured when his hand was cut on a broken bottle of olive oil ; the other team members took charge . All of their dishes stood out during the tasting and , despite Red team losing a team member , it was the undercooked semolina crumb from the Blue team 's dessert that took them to elimination . 813,000 # 5 14 / 03 - 5 Thursday , 24 May 2018 Trifle Tasting Elimination Challenge - The ten losing contestants have three minutes to taste and identify all the ingredients of Nigella 's trifle in the first round . Lisa ( with 18 correct guesses ) , Kristen ( 17 ) , Reece ( 13 ) , Sashi and Sarah ( 12 each ) were announced safe leaving the others to face the second round of elimination where they had to create their dishes with all 26 ingredients from the trifle in 75 minutes . In the judging , Khanh 's dessert had technical flaws on the rest of his elements despite winning praise with his pistachio ice cream . Hoda and Samira delivered standout dishes while Genene also impressed with her dish . It was between Tim and Khanh . Tim took a risk prepping a bombe Alaska in the cook . But overall , the dish was too sweet and the layers lacked precision as it collapsed after his parfait thawed completely when he presented it to the judges and , as a result , Tim left the competition . 781,000 # 5 MasterClass : Nigella Lawson , Matt Preston and Gary Mehigan - The top 19 arrive at the Jacalope Hotel in Victoria for their first MasterClass with Nigella and the judges who will present their recipes ( Nigella 's Middle Eastern beef & aubergine fatteh , Matt 's cauliflower with tarator , Gary 's samosas with coriander chutney and Nigella 's ginger and walnut carrot cake ) . 558,000 # 9 Week 4 - Gordon Ramsay Week 15 / 04 - 1 Sunday , 27 May 2018 Gordon 's British Box Challenge & Fast Food Invention Test - Gordon Ramsay , the celebrity chef , was introduced as the show 's guest judge for the first time . He challenged the contestants to cook dishes in 75 minutes with his chosen British ingredients from the Mystery Box : scallops , lamb , peas , cauliflower , beer , mustard , English tea and biscuits . Brendan , Gina , Reece , Sarah and Sashi chose lamb and cooked the top five dishes , and the latter won the challenge for the second time to compete for immunity . The Invention Test tasked the contestants to cook a burger meal in 75 minutes with only the top two contestants joining Sashi in the immunity challenge . It was Reece and Samira who stood out in the challenge . Ben , on the other hand , joined Chloe and Michelle , who had previously been in a Pressure Test , for elimination . 903,000 # 3 16 / 04 - 2 Monday , 28 May 2018 Pressure Test : Raviolo of Marron - Ben , Chloe and Michelle had to follow Gordon to recreate his dish of marron raviolo with shellfish bisque and lemon vinaigrette before plating the dish ten seconds after Gordon . Ben , despite missing out the garnishes , and Chloe , despite lacking depth of flavour in her sauce , both excelled in the judging . Michelle faltered in the challenge and served her dish with an inedible unshelled marron claw and an undercooked raviolo filling , eliminating her . 895,000 # 5 17 / 04 - 3 Tuesday , 29 May 2018 Immunity Challenge : Jo Barrett , Gavin Hughes , John Rivera - Reece , Samira and Sashi competed as a team against three guest chefs to win an immunity pin each with mentorship from Gordon . Reece was pitted against John Rivera , Samira faced pastry chef Jo Barrett and Sashi cooked against Gavin Hughes . From the majority votes of Samira and Sashi , they chose the vegetables over fruits to cook their dishes in 75 minutes . Samira made a Pumpkin Pilaf with Quail and Saffron Jus which scored 24 points but lost to the creativity of Jo who scored 29 points with her dessert of potato , rosemary and ginger . Sashi scored 20 points for his deconstructed duck curry paired with his choice of vegetables while Gavin 's roast beef with red wine sauce did n't meet the brief to highlight the vegetables as he scored 18 points . Reece produced an innovative dessert with vegetables ( Cucumber Sorbet with Yoghurt Mousse ) and earned 25 points while John prepped a seafood dashi with tomatoes , however , the broth was overpowering , using too much bonito flakes and the dish scored 21 points . For their respective wins , Reece and Sashi succeeded in the challenge to win an immunity pin each . 881,000 # 6 18 / 04 - 4 Wednesday , 30 May 2018 Three - Course Dinner Service Challenge - Gordon drafted the contestants into two teams and mentored them for the service challenge , where they had to cook a three - course dinner for fifty diners in four hours . In prep time , the communication in Chloe 's Blue team faltered in the cooking and produced technical flaws in the first taste dishes critiqued by Gordon . The prawn filling for the entrée was overcooked , the salmon was raw for the main and the panna cotta for the dessert was not set . During service time , Brendan 's Red team trimmed off the pork fat to improve the main dish while the Blue team changed the entrée to make up time but their main salmon dish was cooked inconsistently in the judging . The results came down to the errors of the main dishes from both teams but the flawed communication and salmon dish sent the Blue team to elimination . 863,000 # 6 19 / 04 - 5 Thursday , 31 May 2018 Pressure Test : Matt Abé 's Roast Chicken with Summer Vegetables and Green Herb Consommé - The contestants had to recreate a three - Michelin star chicken dish from Restaurant Gordon Ramsay by chef Matt Abé in the two - and a-half hour Pressure Test . Jo delivered her best interpretation of the dish over Ben 's while the bottom three faced the judges ' decision : Sarah 's chicken was overdone and her other elements were inconsistent . Chloe 's lacked mousse while her consommé was flat . However , despite his good run throughout the competition , Loki , who had the immunity pin last week , put his position at risk by participating the challenge . He fell under the pressure and in the end his chicken was overcooked while the mousse was grainy , the consommé lacked flavour and the vegetables were untidy which resulted in his elimination , making him the first contestant to leave the competition with possession of the pin without ever using it . 845,000 # 5 Week 5 20 / 05 - 1 Sunday , 3 June 2018 `` 20 '' Box Challenge & Team Relay Invention Test - The Mystery Box challenge required the contestants to shop in 20 minutes with $20 for their choice of ingredients , and cook a dish in 75 minutes . Sarah was named the winner of the first round for the opportunity to compete in the Immunity Challenge . Samira , Genene , Kristen and Lisa , who had the remaining top five dishes , were assigned to start in the first leg of a team relay Invention Test and to highlight honey in their dishes . The Blue team ( composed of Samira , Sashi , Aldo and Jess ) produced the only impressive dish and joined Sarah in vying for the Immunity Challenge . The Yellow team improvised their dish in the first two changeovers but at the last leg , their chocolate ganache was unnecessary on the plate . The Red team struggled throughout and had overall flaws in their dish , but it was the disjointed teamwork from the Green team ( Lisa , Jenny , Jo and Brendan ) as they presented the least impressive dish that saw them headed to the Pressure Test . 781,000 # 6 21 / 05 - 2 Monday , 4 June 2018 Pressure Test : Darren Purchese 's Peach Melba - Brendan , Jenny , Jo and Lisa were given three hours to recreate Darren Purchese 's first dish , peach Melba , with a tempered white chocolate collar and a raspberry tuile encased in a sugar cage . Brendan astonished with his version of Darren 's dish while Jenny 's take also impressed the judges . Both of them were declared safe . Neither Lisa nor Jo plated the chocolate in their dishes but Jo overpoached her peaches and her tuile was too thick which eliminated her from the competition . 850,000 # 6 22 / 05 - 3 Tuesday , 5 June 2018 Immunity Challenge : Jacqui Challinor - Aldo , Jess , Samira and Sashi had 45 minutes to cook their chicken wings with a side dish in the first round . The two best dishes belonged to Sarah and Jess , and it was the latter 's first savoury dish that won her the chance to compete against Jacqui Challinor from Nomad restaurant . Jess chose the big ingredients ( including eggs ) to cook her lime tart in 75 minutes while Jacqui prepped barbecue prawns in 60 minutes . The judges gave praise for the tart but it was too sweet from the overuse of meringue and Jess scored 25 points against Jacqui 's score of 28 for her prawn dish . 852,000 # 6 23 / 05 - 4 Wednesday , 6 June 2018 Two - Course Team Challenge from Memory - The sixteen contestants were divided into two teams to replicate a main course and a dessert from the restaurant Wickens at the Royal Mail Hotel in Dunkeld . The Red team , led by captain Lisa and vice-captain Reece , and the Blue team , led by Sarah and Jess , memorize the recipes of the dishes from executive chef Robin Wickens and head chef Dave Sutherland . They had to communicate to their teammates with instructions on replicating the dishes in 90 minutes . The decision was close and , while the balance of the Red team 's main course was flat , their dessert was lauded by the guest chefs . The Blue team was praised with their main dish but the dessert 's core element ( the ice cream ) was too soft and lacked cherry pit flavour , which sent them to elimination . 733,000 # 8 24 / 05 - 5 Thursday , 7 June 2018 Butchery Elimination Challenge - The elimination challenge saw the contestants in two rounds set by Curtis Stone and centered on butchering . In the first round , they took turns to identify cuts of meat to avoid landing one of four places in the second round of elimination . Brendan , Chloe , Jess and Sarah were given 75 minutes to butcher and choose one cut of their beef to make a dish . Sarah 's beef with corn and salsa was praised while Chloe 's noodle dish impressed the judges despite mincing her beef . It came down to Jess , whose flavours in her beef salad were unbalanced , and Brendan , who served up a dish with undercooked beef . In the end , it was Brendan who departed the competition . 838,000 # 5 Week 6 - South Australia Week 25 / 06 - 1 Sunday , 10 June 2018 South Australia Farmers ' Invention Test & Victoria Square Market Stall Service Challenge - The challenges this week took place in South Australia and in the first of the two challenges at Victoria Square , contestants were given 60 minutes to prep a dish with local produce from South Australian farms . Genene , Jess , Sashi , Sarah and Khanh had the top five dishes . After Khanh advanced to the immunity challenge , the remaining contestants were divided into pairs and ran market stalls to prep a $7.50 savoury dish and a $5 sweet dish for 500 customers in three hours before service over two hours . All teams raised a total of $7,280 for SecondBite food rescue charity . The popularity of the White team 's ( Reece and Sashi ) chicken curry dish increased as they ran out of portions for the customers . Despite this , the team raised a total of $1,370 while the Blue team ( Jenny and Samira ) put up the best dishes . Both teams joined Khanh to compete for immunity . The Green team ( Ben and Hoda ) served overcooked kofta balls while their salad let the dish down and their milk custard dessert was underwhelming . The flavours in both of the Red team 's ( Chloe and Genene ) dishes were bland . For these reasons , both teams were sent to the Pressure Test . 622,000 # 6 26 / 06 - 2 Monday , 11 June 2018 Pressure Test : Brendan Wessels ' Lemon Meringue Pie - Ben , Chloe , Genene and Hoda arrived at the d'Arenberg Cube restaurant in McLaren Vale to recreate a lemon meringue pie by restaurateur Brendan Wessels with the use of a 3D food printer in three hours . Ben cooked with precision to interpret the dish while , despite her fennel pearls being too soft , Chloe 's plate also impressed . Genene and Hoda missed the attention to detail . Hoda 's dish lacked texture after excluding the crisp pearls and the feulletine for the coconut rocher but Genene 's chocolate was uncaramelized while she missed out the crisp pearls , the candied ginger and the fennel garnish ; lacking the significant balance in the chef 's dish that left her eliminated . 885,000 # 5 27 / 06 - 3 Tuesday , 12 June 2018 Immunity Challenge : Jin Choi - Jenny , Khanh , Reece , Samira and Sashi arrived at one of the historic houses of Mount Lofty for the first round of the immunity challenge where they took turns choosing a random cloche and guessing the ingredient . Khanh succeeded in the challenge and cooked against South Australian chef Jin Choi from Hardy 's Verandah Restaurant . Khanh took the advantage to beat the chef by picking Vegemite over peanut butter to cook his chicken and Vegemite dumplings . Jin produced a lackluster risotto dish that failed to feature the core ingredient and he had the lower score of 17 points as Khanh won an immunity pin with a score of 26 . 886,000 # 5 28 / 06 - 4 Wednesday , 13 June 2018 Jacob 's Creek Team Challenge - Two teams arrive at Jacob 's Creek vineyard in the Barossa Valley where they had to cook a three - course meal featuring local produce from the vineyard , and grapes as the core ingredient , for 60 diners . Both Khanh 's Red team and Reece 's Blue team produced standout entrée dishes but the pork fillet main dish ( Blue ) was overcooked and the blue cheese mousse ( Red ) was unbalanced . Highlights were Red team 's eye fillet with vegetables for main and Blue team 's vineyard - inspired dessert . Both teams delivered two standout dishes and by unanimous vote , the Blue team won the challenge . 860,000 # 5 29 / 06 - 5 Thursday , 14 June 2018 Maggie Beer 's Chicken Elimination Challenge - The contestants arrived at Maggie Beer 's eatery at the Barossa Valley for their last challenge in South Australia . After Khanh escaped elimination by using his immunity pin , the others competed to impress the judges and Maggie by prepping dishes using one chicken over three rounds . Lisa and Ben were safe in the 45 - minute first round while Aldo succeeded in the second within 30 minutes . This left Hoda , Jenny and Jess to face the last round with 20 minutes left . Hoda 's final dish won praise but Jess undercooked her chicken coating . In the end while Jenny 's chicken impressed and her corn salad was flat , none of those elements overall are cohesive , sealing her elimination . 787,000 # 7 MasterClass : Callum Hann , Matt Preston , George Calombaris and Poh Ling Yeow - The contestants returned to Adelaide for their MasterClass with recipes from the judges and series runners - up Callum Hann ( series 2 ) and Poh Ling Yeow ( series 1 ) , both of whom reside in South Australia . Callum barbecued an octopus paired with beetroot and cavolo nero , Matt baked two interpretations of mac ' n ' cheese , George made a savoury take on his afternoon tea and Poh demonstrated her rhubarb and pistachio mille - feuille . 561,000 # 10 Week 7 30 / 07 - 1 Sunday , 17 June 2018 Bread Box Challenge & Re-invention Test - Contestants were given 60 minutes to make a dish with one loaf of bread as the Mystery Box ingredient . Aldo , Gina and Ben delivered the Top 3 dishes with Gina advancing to the Immunity Challenge . A re-invention test required the remaining contestants to re-create a dish with the ingredients from spaghetti bolognaise . Reece , Sashi and Khanh succeeded while Hoda , Lisa and Sarah had the least appealing dishes and were sent to elimination . 813,000 # 6 31 / 07 - 2 Monday , 18 June 2018 Pressure Test : Alla Wolf - Tasker 's Autumn Harvest - In two hours and forty - five minutes , the bottom three contestants had to recreate Alla Wolf - Tasker 's Autumn - inspired duck dish . During the verdicts , Hoda 's carrots were raw and Sarah forgot to plate her chestnut purée after the cook . While Lisa 's presentation of the dish was too large , her plate had too much chestnut and celeriac purées , leaving the dish unbalanced which sealed her exit from the competition . 833,000 # 8 32 / 07 - 3 Tuesday , 19 June 2018 Immunity Challenge : Andy Harmer - Gina , Khanh , Reece and Sashi faced a three - round sudden death skills challenge : dice vegetables in brunoise cut , prep a hollandaise sauce and cook a salted caramel sauce . After Reece and Gina are eliminated in the first two rounds , Sashi beat Khanh for an opportunity to face executive chef Andy Harmer from Melbourne and win a second immunity pin . Sashi 's advantage was to choose one ingredient from each of two different pantries . With 75 minutes to cook a dish of lamb and peas , Sashi 's dish impressed while Andy 's take was also praised after 60 minutes but his lamb was slightly undercooked and he scored 24 points . For the first time in the ten - year competition , Sashi won a second immunity pin with an overall score of 27 points . 863,000 # 5 33 / 07 - 4 Wednesday , 20 June 2018 Dandenong Ranges Team Challenge - The contestants arrived at the Dandenong Ranges for the team challenge , set by the judges and guest chef Lennox Hastie of Firedoor in Sydney , where they had to prep a three - course meal using open - fire cooking in two hours for 60 Victorian firefighters . Hoda 's Blue team was assigned to cook dishes with seafood and Ben 's Red team cooked a three - course meal of meat . After service , both teams were applauded with their entrées but both had serious issues with their chocolate desserts due to their inexperience of cooking on an open flame . In the end , the Red team struggled throughout more than the Blue team as their main steak dish had technical flaws in the other elements which sent them to elimination . 810,000 # 5 34 / 07 - 5 Thursday , 21 June 2018 World Cuisine Elimination Challenge and Second Chance Cook - Off - Aldo , Ben , Chloe , Gina , Jess and Sarah each had 45 minutes to cook a prawn dish with their assigned cuisine : French , Greek , Mexican , Spanish , Thai and Vietnamese . Jess won overall praise from the judges for her dish and she was first to be announced safe while the dishes of Sarah , Gina and Chloe also stood out . Ben , who served a disjointed prawn dish with shells and underwhelming elements , and Aldo , who served inconsistently cooked prawns with bland flavours , were named the bottom two to determine the next contestant eliminated . The judges decided Aldo 's dish was least impressive . To be reinstated in the Top 12 , he competed against the twelve previously eliminated contestants who had to cook a dish in one hour . Lisa , Brendan and Michelle delivered standout dishes . Ultimately , it was Brendan 's poached lobster with carrot dressing and bonito bavarois that impressed the judges and he earned his place back in the competition . 796,000 # 6 Week 8 - Sweet Week 35 / 08 - 1 Sunday , 24 June 2018 Adriano Zumbo 's Mystery Box Challenge & Croquembouche Invention Test - On the first day of challenges centering on desserts , the twelve contestants were tasked to cook their dishes in 30 minutes with ingredients from the Mystery Box chosen by Adriano Zumbo . Ben , Jess , Sashi , Sarah & Reece are tasted for the Top 5 . Reece and Ben are applauded and advanced to contest for immunity . The second challenge divided the contestants into pairs where they were given a task of baking their take of a mini croquembouche in two hours . The Red pair of Kristen and Chloe delivered and joined the boys for immunity . The Green team ( Gina and Jess ) and the Purple team ( Sarah and Sashi ) had technical issues with flavour , sending them to the Pressure Test . 731,000 # 7 36 / 08 - 2 Monday , 25 June 2018 Pressure Test : Katherine Sabbath 's Birthday Cake - Cake artist Katherine Sabbath was welcomed as the guest judge to introduce one of her cake designs : a raspberry white vanilla layered cake with tempered white chocolate raspberry bark as the Pressure Test dish . After Sashi used one of his immunity pins , the others had 75 minutes to recreate her cake . Sarah won praise for the baking of the cake , however , her buttercream was eggy and her chocolate was too soft . Jess thrived with the presentation of her dish albeit rushed in the spreading of her buttercream while her chocolate was undertempered . Unlike her fellow competitors ' cakes , Gina 's was underbaked and the presentation did not match Katherine 's which saw her eliminated . 889,000 # 6 37 / 08 - 3 Tuesday , 26 June 2018 Immunity Challenge : Alice Wright - Ben , Chloe , Kristen and Reece took turns naming one of 36 flavours of gelato where a lone contestant would advance to compete in the second round of the Immunity Challenge . Kristen succeeded to compete against pastry chef Alice Wright and , from a neapolitan ice cream , chose chocolate ( over strawberry and vanilla ) to cook her dessert in 75 minutes . During the tasting , Alice had technical errors in her dish despite winning praise for the flavours but Kristen had technical issues in her mousse as it was overpowered with the other flavours . As both of their desserts were flawed , Kristen was not awarded a pin after the result ended in a tie on 18 points with the professional . 938,000 # 5 38 / 08 - 4 Wednesday , 27 June 2018 Restaurant Takeover Team Challenge - Executive chef Adam D'Sylva was the contestants ' mentor for a lunch service challenge at his two Melbourne restaurants , Coda ( Vietnamese cuisine ) and Tonka ( Indian cuisine ) where they had to prep and serve a four - course meal ( two sweet main courses and two savoury desserts ) in four hours . The Blue Team served 40 customers at Coda while the Red team served 48 customers at Tonka . During prep time , the Red Team had a shaky start in prepping their main course dishes while the Blue Team struggled with their kingfish dish when the grill was too hot . After service , both teams missed the brief in two of their dishes and in the end , it was the Red Team 's undercooked cauliflower dish and flat dessert samosas which sent them to elimination . 847,000 # 5 39 / 08 - 5 Thursday , 28 June 2018 Chocolate Wheel Elimination Challenge - Ben , Brendan , Chloe , Hoda , Khanh and Samira each had to spin an edible game wheel made out of chocolate by Kirsten Tibballs to determine their assigned ingredient ( almond , banana , cinnamon , coconut , lemon or peppermint ) to cook a dessert in 75 minutes . Brendan and Khanh , who both had cinnamon as their core ingredient , delivered the top two dishes while Samira ( who had banana ) and Chloe ( with almond ) also impressed . All four of them made it into the Top 10 . Ben 's jam for his lamington was too thick but it was Hoda 's unnecessary use of cinnamon which overpowered her dense cake batter that sent her packing . 786,000 # 5 Week 9 - Royal Week 40 / 09 - 1 Sunday , 1 July 2018 Mystery Box Challenge & Royalty Cooking Challenge - For making it into the Top 10 , the contestants each received $10,000 from Coles to develop their food career . In 60 minutes , the contestants had to use all of the ingredients from the Mystery Box ( kalette , lemon , yoghurt , coriander seeds , extra virgin olive oil , gin and mint ) to make a dish . Samira , Khanh and Kristen had the top dishes and Khanh won for the second time to compete for immunity . The others had to cook a dish fit for a king in 60 minutes . Samira and Kristen won out to compete for immunity along with Brendan as the Top 3 but Chloe , Sarah and Jess had technical flaws in flavour and were named as the Bottom 3 . 718,000 # 6 41 / 09 - 2 Monday , 2 July 2018 Pressure Test : Saransh Goila 's Butter Chicken - With 75 minutes for the cook , Chloe , Jess and Sarah had to re-create a tandoori chicken in a butter sauce with coriander mint chutney , pickled onions and roomali bread by guest chef Saransh Goila . After Chloe was pronounced safe , Jess and Sarah missed the flavour palate of Saransh 's dish . However , when the latter strayed in her recipe by grilling her chicken with the skin on , it left an unpleasant texture and charred bitterness to the dish . This was enough to eliminate her . 873,000 # 5 42 / 09 - 3 Tuesday , 3 July 2018 Immunity Challenge : Ashley Davis - Brendan , Khanh , Kristen and Samira were given an open pantry to pick only five ingredients to cook a dish without staples in the ten - minute first round . Khanh won the opportunity to compete against two - Michelin - star chef Ashley Davis in the second round . Between the two pantries , he was given the opportunity to select a 15 - minute head start by picking the first pantry or losing the time advantage by choosing the second pantry also , and cooking with the chef in 60 minutes . Khanh risked the challenge by choosing both pantries to cook his duck breast with persimmon and ginger sauce . The dish scored 25 points but he lost to Ashley 's dish of John Dory and abalone with autumn vegetables that scored 27 points . 848,000 # 6 43 / 09 - 4 Wednesday , 4 July 2018 Royal Reception Catering Team Challenge - The Top 9 arrive at Darwin and are divided into teams of three to take charge of prepping 450 canapés ( gluten - free , halal , savoury and vegetarian ) with native Australian ingredients and local produce to cater a Royal reception for Prince Charles , his wife Camilla and 150 guests in three - and - a-half hours . During prep time , the White team struggled under Kristen 's orders with their wattleseed baguettes and duck tarts lacking an accompaniment while the Blue team also fell behind with their zucchini canapés and lamb canapés . Despite having wasted their prep time making wallaby tartare for their canapés , the Red team 's menu stood out in the tasting and won the challenge , sending the other two teams to elimination . 920,000 # 5 44 / 09 - 5 Thursday , 5 July 2018 Nitmiluk National Park Elimination Challenge - The contestants arrive at the Nitmiluk National Park and Sashi used his last immunity pin to avoid the Elimination Challenge . Ben , Brendan , Jess , Kristen and Samira had 75 minutes to cook a dish inspired by their photographs of the surrounding scenery . Brendan prepped a fish dish with confit leeks and sea herbs , Jess made an inconsistently - cooked pork belly dish with apple purée and muntries , Kristen made a buttermilk - set custard with rosella consommé and peppermint gum oil , Samira cooked kangaroo fillets and crisps with smoked eggplant purée , and Ben cooked a barramundi cod paired with a lemon beurre blanc . After three of them were declared safe , Brendan and Jess faced the judges ' verdict . In the end , Brendan had once again undercooked his dish and that was enough to send him home from the competition . 738,000 # 5 Week 10 - Superpower Week 45 / 10 - 1 Sunday , 8 July 2018 Mini Box Challenge & Condiment Invention Test - The remaining contestants faced five consecutive challenges where losing contestants would be sent to elimination at the end of the week . To celebrate the tenth season , the surviving contestant would receive a special advantage after the last challenge . The first challenge was a Mystery Box where each contestant received a different single ingredient to cook three servings for the judges in 60 minutes . The bottom two was between Chloe ( with inconsistently cooked duck ) and Ben ( with an overall dish of flat elements and underwhelming sauce ) with the latter being the first contestant through to the elimination round . In the second challenge , the others had 75 minutes to make a dish that featured either oil , salt or pepper . While Khanh 's dish was disjointed , Kristen lacked an accompaniment to counteract her dish and she became the second contestant to face elimination . 748,000 # 5 46 / 10 - 2 Monday , 9 July 2018 TV Dinner Re-invention Cook - off - The six remaining contestants competed in the third challenge where three of the six picked their choice of the three frozen dinner meals to pit against their rivals and re-invent the dish in 75 minutes . Sashi picked fish ' n ' chips to pit against Khanh , Chloe cooked against Jess with beef and three vegetables , and Samira chose the chicken meal to face Reece . They succeeded in beating their competitors to advance for tomorrow 's next challenge . 830,000 # 7 47 / 10 - 3 Tuesday , 10 July 2018 Time or Ingredients Cook - off - Chloe , Samira and Sashi had to gather their ingredients from up to four different hidden pantries , with one pantry being revealed every 15 minutes . Samira and Sashi selected dairy and canned food with 60 minutes left while Chloe waited for root vegetables and cooked in 45 minutes . Sashi 's third dessert dish won praise from the judges , Chloe 's beetroot salad was too simple with less ingredients after struggling in the cook but Samira 's choice of one of her selected cheeses ( gorgonzola ) and anchovies clashed on the overall tasting which made her the sixth contestant to be sent to elimination . 821,000 # 7 48 / 10 - 4 Wednesday , 11 July 2018 Panama Dining Room Service Challenge - Chloe and Sashi arrived at the Panama Dining Room in Melbourne to cook a two - course meal for 30 customers under mentorship from Gary . For the main course , Sashi had to cook seafood while Chloe was assigned meat . After service , Chloe and Sashi had noticeable flaws in their dishes but Sashi struggled further in the prep time as he left an errant scale and bone in two of his fish dishes while his dessert had technical issues . This was enough to put him in the last spot for tomorrow 's elimination round . For surviving all the challenges , Chloe was awarded the 10 - Year Superpower Apron that grants her immunity from the judging in a future elimination challenge , right up to the tasting stage . 747,000 # 8 49 / 10 - 5 Thursday , 12 July 2018 Pressure Test : Peter Gilmore 's Snow Egg - The losing contestants from each challenge , except Reece who used his immunity pin , had to recreate three servings of Peter Gilmore 's Snow Egg from season 2 in two - and - a-half hours and plate the dish in ten minutes . During the tasting , Jess received praise for her interpretation of the dish . She was safe along with Ben and Khanh , who also impressed . The bottom three had technical errors with each of their elements : Samira 's custard lacked guava purée , Kristen 's cream was grainy while her thawed granita was too sweet with the ratio of ingredients incorrect , and Sashi 's meringue was grainy . Consequently , Kristen 's granita affected the balance of Peter 's Snow Egg and was enough to seal her elimination . 736,000 # 5 MasterClass : Gary Mehigan , George Calombaris , Matt Preston and Peter Gilmore - The judges presented their dishes to the contestants : Gary 's venison and mushroom ravioli , George 's crocodile avgolemono and Matt 's crusted lamb shoulder with beetroot salad , while Peter presented his smoked pig jowl . 486,000 # 12 Week 11 50 / 11 - 1 Sunday , 15 July 2018 Family Box Challenge & Vue De Monde Invention Test - The seven contestants received their ingredients in the Mystery Box from relatives or friends to cook their dishes . Sashi won the challenge over Jess and Reece to compete for a fast - track to Finals Week . With 75 minutes in the Invention Test set by Shannon Bennett , the others were tasked to make a dish that would feature in the degustation courses of his restaurant Vue De Monde . Chloe decided to use the 10 - Year apron to skip the judging . Khanh beat Reece to go against Sashi for a place in the Finals as Ben , Jess and Samira were sent to the Pressure Test . 745,000 # 5 51 / 11 - 2 Monday , 16 July 2018 Cryptic Pressure Test : Joe Grbac 's Imperial Mandarin - Ben , Jess and Samira had to decipher Matt Preston 's critic 's review of the guest chef 's dish to recreate it in three hours . The dish was Joe Grbac 's yoghurt panna cotta and almond sponge with seven mandarin elements . All three succeeded with their dishes but Ben missed out the chamomile jellies and the panna cotta . Samira also struggled with both her panna cotta and custard did n't set after the cook despite having all her elements in the plate . Between the errors in both of the dishes , the judges ' decision was unanimous and Samira was eliminated from the competition . 815,000 # 8 52 / 11 - 3 Tuesday , 17 July 2018 Fast - Track to Finals Immunity Challenge : Reynold Poernomo and Matt Sinclair -- Sashi and Khanh battled in the first round where they had an open pantry from the garden to make a dish . Khanh succeeded as he selected between the two pantries to face off against one of the two former contestants for an entry to the Finals : the savoury pantry against series 8 runner - up Matt Sinclair and the dessert pantry with Reynold Poernomo ( from series 7 ) as his opponent . Khanh chose the savoury pantry and cooked a red emperor with mushroom and radish but lost to the creativity of Matt 's Thai sausage with squid and curry that scored 30 points to Khanh 's 24 . 821,000 # 6 53 / 11 - 4 Wednesday , 18 July 2018 SecondBite 's Six - Course Degustation Challenge -- The six contestants took responsibility of a six - course vegetarian degustation menu , supervised by George , at Melbourne 's Luminare to raise funds for SecondBite . The winning dish would advance the contestant into the Finals . Chloe got the first course to highlight cucumber with smoked labneh . Khanh made a charred broccolini dish with a capsicum and cashew purée for course 2 . Ben 's course 3 dish was a celeriac fondant with dates . Jess featured mushrooms paired with eggplant and miso for the fourth course . For course 5 , Sashi made a dessert of apples with cinnamon ice cream . Reece presented the last course of blackberry mousse with olives and tarragon . After service , the contestants raise $6,780 for the charity . Out of the six , Chloe , Khanh and Sashi had the standout dishes and the latter won the pass to Finals Week . 863,000 # 5 54 / 11 - 5 Thursday , 19 July 2018 Sudden Death Elimination Challenge -- Ben , Chloe , Jess , Khanh and Reece competed in three rounds for places in the Finals . The first round was to identify the ingredients of Gary Mehigan 's Moroccan tajine where Chloe and Khanh succeeded to advance . The next round was the one - inch cube challenge from season 8 where they had to identify each cube of ingredient while blind - folded . Ben survived the second round , leaving Jess and Reece to cook - off in the final round with 60 minutes each and all the correctly - identified ingredients from the first two rounds . Jess received praise with the combination of sweet and savoury in her dessert . While Reece 's dish was complex and tasty , it was too greasy . In the end , that was enough to eliminate him from the competition . 852,000 # 5 MasterClass : George Calombaris , Matt Preston , Gary Mehigan and Curtis Stone - George cooked two versions of his Greek souvlaki , Matt made his vegetarian - style nachos and Gary braised his chicken paired with his spring onion pancakes . Curtis Stone returned to present his own take on steak and potatoes . 550,000 # 10 Week 12 - Finals Week 55 / 12 - 1 Sunday , 22 July 2018 Finals Mystery Box Challenge & Invention Test - The finalists were assigned ingredients in a Mystery Box from past seasons : Ben ( with the Burn Box from season 2 ) , Chloe ( with the Small Box from season 6 ) , Jess ( with the Molecular Gastronomy Box from season 5 ) , Khanh ( with the Big Box from season 7 ) and Sashi ( with the Silver Box from season 6 ) , to cook their dish in 60 minutes . Ben succeeded with his Pineapple Glazed Pork Ribs for an opportunity to compete for an advantage in the Finals Service Challenge . In the 75 - minute Invention Test , the remaining finalists chose to cook desserts . Khanh 's savoury dessert of pork and apples won overall praise and he advanced to the Advantage challenge while the others are sent to the Pressure Test . 854,000 # 5 56 / 12 - 2 Monday , 23 July 2018 Pressure Test : Ashley Palmer - Watts ' Sherried Marron - Chloe , Jess and Sashi had to follow 90 steps of the recipe to replicate a marron dish by Ashley Palmer - Watts in four hours and forty - five minutes . The plate was composed of a grilled marron tail , marron tartare , smoked cauliflower , pickled daikon , marinated smoked shiitake mushrooms , pickled mushrooms , pickled dulse , sea vegetables and a sherry mushroom stock . During the tasting , Jess stood out with her take of the dish . That left Sashi and Chloe who won praise with their consommés but both had technical flaws in the tartare . While Sashi 's lacked finesse , Chloe 's was mushy and lacked balance which sealed her elimination . 918,000 # 5 57 / 12 - 3 Tuesday , 24 July 2018 Season Affinity Duel Challenge -- Ben , Jess , Khanh and Sashi competed in pairs to cook , inspired by one of the four seasons in two rounds with the winning finalist received an advantage for the Finals Service Challenge . The first round was Ben and Jess making their dishes describing Winter while Khanh and Sashi cook their Summer - themed dishes . In the second round to cook a dish representing Autumn in 60 minutes , Ben 's Seared Coral Trout with Ginger Carrot Purée and Parsley Vinaigrette beat Sashi 's Lamb Curry with Smoked Cauliflower to win . He will select one of the four courses for the next cook . 876,000 # 5 58 / 12 - 4 Wednesday , 25 July 2018 Icebergs Dining Room Service Challenge -- The finalists were tasked to cook their dishes in two - and a-half hours inspired by the Italian menu from the Icebergs Restaurant , under mentorship by executive chef Monty Koludrovic , to be served to the judges and 30 diners . Ben , who won the advantage yesterday , selected the fish course while the others were assigned the remaining course dishes : Sashi ( with pasta ) , Jess ( the meat course ) and Khanh ( for dessert ) . All of the dishes , except Sashi 's pasta course , impressed the judges and between the three of them , they decided to vote Khanh 's fig dessert to advance to the semi-finals . 906,000 # 5 59 / 12 - 5 Sunday , 29 July 2018 World Class Service Elimination Challenge - Ben , Jess and Sashi each had 90 minutes to cook their dishes to be served for the judges and four Australian chefs : Danielle Alvarez of Fred 's , The Bridge Room 's Ross Lusted , Jock Zonfrillo from Orana and returning chef Lennox Hastie . Ben 's Seared Coral Trout and Steamed Whiting with Crab Bisque delivered high acclaim and made it into the semi-finals which left Sashi and Jess for the final verdict . Sashi 's Singaporean chicken rice received mixed reviews for the chicken despite winning praise for the flavour . The judges and chefs thought Jess impressed with her black sesame ice cream and yuzu curd but her praline cream and macerated raspberries derailed the overall flavour of her dish . Those factors were enough to see Jess eliminated from the competition . 872,000 # 5 MasterClass : Chefs vs. Contestants - The Top 3 semi-finalists selected their respective core ingredient for the judges ( except Matt ) to assign and cook with for 60 minutes . George , who cooked with tuna chosen by Ben , and Gary , who had fennel selected by Khanh , both produced standout dishes which ended in a draw . They then competed against the semi-finalists to cook dishes in 60 minutes and in a close decision , the judges won the challenge . 800,000 # 6 Grand Finale Week 60 / 13 - 1 Monday , 30 July 2018 Semi-Finals : Service Challenge -- In the four - hour service challenge , the semifinalists prep a two - course meal ( main and dessert ) to be served for the judges and 60 MasterChef alumni from past seasons as the guests . Sashi made his Chicken Lemak with Jasmine Rice and the judges once again criticised his carving of the protein but applauded his Malaysian Pineapple Tart with Lime Ice Cream . Ben elevated his take of his menu : a Surf n ' Turf main and an intricate Pavlova with Berry Gelato and Champagne Foam which received overall praise and he was first through to the Finale . Khanh relied on his heritage and inspiration from his family to cook his traditional Canh Chua Ca and after attempting to improvise before service , the dish receive praise but it was less impressive from two of the judges . His chocolate mousse was too heavy as it impacted the texture of his dessert , and ultimately with both errors in the menu at this stage of the competition , that 's enough to send him home . 961,000 # 5 61 / 13 - 2 Tuesday , 31 July 2018 Grand Finale - The tenth - season finale consisted of only two rounds ( instead of the usual three ) with Ben and Sashi cooking their entrée and main in the first round . They had to highlight their dishes with the given ingredients in two hours . After the round , both of Ben 's dishes did n't meet the standards in the judging -- his crab with finger limes and avocado cream lacked texture and his coating for his deep - fried whiting with peas and garlic sauce was undercooked as he scored 20 points for his entrée and 21 points for the main . Sashi stood out with his sambal prawns that received 10 points from each of the judges and his fish curry scored 27 points ( 9 each ) . His total score was 57 points to Ben 's 41 . In the final round , they had to replicate an intricate dessert composed of 19 elements ( yoghurt snow , steamed vanilla sponge , coconut ice cream , meringue , etc . ) by Heston Blumenthal in five - and - a-half hours . The challenge was even for both of the finalists after struggling with one of their elements before completing the dish . In the tasting , both Sashi and Ben scored 36 points from all the judges . Based on the final results , Ben 's overall score was 77 while Sashi won with the overall total of 93 points . 1,126,000 # 3 Winner Announced -- Sashi Cheliah was announced as the winner of the tenth season of MasterChef Australia , receiving the grand prize of $250,000 and a monthly column for Delicious . Ben Borsht won $40,000 as the runner - up while Khanh Ong won $10,000 after finishing in third place . 1,309,000 # 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Returning : MasterChef Australia '' . tvtonight.com.au. 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Preston 's Jo Kendray makes it through to top 24 in Channel 10 reality show MasterChef '' . The Herald Sun . 7 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings -- TV Tonight '' . External links ( edit ) Official Website MasterChef Australia Series 2009 2011 2012 All - Stars 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winners Julie Goodwin Adam Liaw Kate Bracks Andy Allen Emma Dean Brent Owens Billie McKay Elena Duggan Diana Chan Sashi Cheliah Notable alumni Marion Grasby Matthew Hopcraft Alana Lowes Lucas Parsons Poh Ling Yeow Junior MasterChef Australia Series 2011 Winners Isabella Bliss Greta Yaxley Celebrity MasterChef Australia Winner : Eamon Sullivan MasterChef Australia : The Professionals Winner : Rhys Badcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MasterChef_Australia_(series_10)&oldid=854684882 '' Categories : MasterChef Australia 2018 Australian television seasons 2018 in Australian television Hidden categories : Use Australian English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from July 2017 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the 10 year superpower on masterchef	[ "\n\n\nEp#/Wk-Ep#\n\nOriginal airdate\n\nEpisode Title/Event\n\nTotal viewers (five metro cities)[3]\n\nNightly Ranking[3]\n\nWeek 1\n\n\n\n1/01-1\n\nMonday, 7 May 2018\n\nSeries Premiere:Auditions Part 1 - The nine former winners of previous seasons appeared to encourage the candidates who will be cooking their signature dish in one hour for entry to the Top 24. Eighteen home cooks secured their places in the Top 24 after receiving three votes from the judges while nine contestants who received one or two \"yes\" votes were given the opportunity to cook again in a second audition.\n\n890,000\n\n#7\n\n\n2/01-2\n\nTuesday, 8 May 2018\n\nAuditions Part 2 - To win their places in the Top 24, the hopefuls under mentor Shannon Bennett were given 75 minutes to cook a dish that highlighted their choice of one of the ingredients: coconut, chilli, bacon, orange or peanuts, The judges tasted each plate without knowing the cook to determine the next five aprons awarded. Tim, Ben, Lisa, Jenny and Jess triumphed with their dishes and made it into the Top 24 while two out of the four contestants were eliminated due to technical flaws in their dishes. The second round challenged the other remaining contestants to cook another dish in one hour with ingredients from the pantry. In the end, it was Michelle who succeeded with her chocolate lava cake and she won the last spot in the Top 24.\n\n845,000\n\n#5\n\n\n3/01-3\n\nWednesday, 9 May 2018\n\nHospitality Cooking Challenge - On their first day in the competition, the Top 24 had 90 minutes and an open pantry to cook their dishes and impress the judges, focusing on hospitality. The four standout dishes belonged to Aldo, Loki, Chloe and Gina. Genene, Brett and Jess were sent to elimination after producing the least impressive dishes.\n\n910,000\n\n#5\n\n\n4/01-4\n\nThursday, 10 May 2018\n\nHome Fridge Elimination Challenge - Brett, Genene and Jess were given 75 minutes to cook a dish with ingredients from their home fridge and pantry. Jess was successful with her white chocolate mousse and raspberry jelly which impressed in the judging. While Genene's quantity of her chicken dumplings are small, they were delicious in the tasting. Brett's salmon dish with carrot purée was praised but not the chickpeas, which were overcooked. Between him and Genene to face the results, the judges chose the latter's dumplings and she was safe as Brett became the first 2018 contestant eliminated from the competition.\n\n835,000\n\n#5\n\n\nWeek 2\n\n\n5/02-1\n\nSunday, 13 May 2018\n\nEclectic Box Challenge & Precipitation Invention Test - In their first Mystery Box Challenge, the contestants were informed that the new advantage was for an appointed contestant to choose eight ingredients, with at least one to be used to cook a dish in 75 minutes. The winning dish will grant direct access to the Immunity Challenge. The ingredients selected by Sashi were parsnip, oranges, cinnamon, chicken, mixed peppercorns, sage, celery and onions. Sashi was also one of the top five contestants' dishes to be tasted by the judges along with Gina, Brendan, Denise and Genene. It was Sashi who won with his roasted chicken dish. The remaining contestants were given 75 minutes to prepare dishes centering on precipitation in the Invention Test, with the top three joining Sashi in the Immunity Challenge. Chloe, Kristen and Tim stood out as the top three and advanced to compete for immunity. Samira, Sarah, Metter and Michelle faltered throughout the challenge with the bottom three dishes sending their cooks (Samira, Metter and Michelle) to the Pressure Test.\n\n723,000\n\n#6\n\n\n6/02-2\n\nMonday, 14 May 2018\n\nPressure Test: Maggie Beer's Apple and Rosemary Tarte Tatin - Maggie Beer challenged Metter, Michelle and Samira to recreate her tarte tatin—the first Pressure Test dish from the first series—accompanied by a custard and ice cream in two-and-a-half hours. Samira impressed with her approach to Maggie's dish, winning praise overall. It was between Metter and Michelle for elimination, and while the latter's caramel was too dark and bitter, Metter's raw apples and underbaked dense pastry ensured he became the second contestant to be eliminated.\n\n820,000\n\n#7\n\n\n7/02-3\n\nTuesday, 15 May 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Shui Ishizaka - In round one, Chloe, Kristen, Sashi and Tim had to make a simple dish using eggs and their choice of pantry items. Kristen’s Raspberry Mousse with Lemon Curd and Chloe’s Soba Noodles with a Soft-Boiled Egg were the two standout dishes, with Chloe winning the challenge by split decision. To compete against Shui Ishizaka, the current Young Chef of 2018, Chloe had the advantage of selecting her choice of ten ingredients to cook in 75 minutes. Ishizaka had 60 minutes to cook with the same ingredients. Chloe’s tortellini scored 24 points but lost to the professional’s 26 points for his prawn dish with custard and milk skin.\n\n804,000\n\n#6\n\n\n8/02-4\n\nWednesday, 16 May 2018\n\nMelbourne Cricket Ground Team Challenge - Teams cooked in the Melbourne Cricket Ground to serve nutritious three-course meals (two canapé appetizers, a main course and a dessert) to the Melbourne Football Club and their partners, including the judges, as well as guest judge and footballer Nathan Jones in their first off-site challenge. Each team was assigned with their respective core protein: meat (Red) and seafood (Blue). The miscommunication in Sashi's Blue Team struggled for suggestions and their demand for the dishes (particularly the salmon main) than Tim's Red team but the latter stumbled with one of their meat appetizer dishes forcing them to improvise it in the three-hour prep time. After service, both teams won praise with their main dishes but had technical flaws in one of their canapés. However, the deciding factor was the inadequate presentation and imbalance of the Red team’s dessert after the Blue team excelled the challenge.\n\n762,000\n\n#7\n\n\n9/02-5\n\nThursday, 17 May 2018\n\nFirst Food Memory Elimination Challenge - Losing team members from the team challenge had to cook dishes that influenced their first passion for food. After Aldo, Brendan and Reece produced the best dishes, Adele’s corn fritters were too dense and lacked spice while Jenny’s matcha sponge cake was heavy and underbaked, but Denise pushed herself in making her pig's trotter salad in the 75-minute challenge as the protein was cooked inconsistently, and led to her elimination.\n\n792,000\n\n#5\n\n\nWeek 3 - Nigella Lawson Week\n\n\n10/03-1\n\nSunday, 20 May 2018\n\nNigella's Mystery Box Challenge & Food Physics Invention Test - Nigella Lawson returned as the guest judge for the week with her choice of Mystery Box ingredients: marsala, chicken livers, squid, condensed milk, ginger, chilli, cherries, passion fruit, anchovies and thyme. The winning dish after 75 minutes earned entry to the Immunity Challenge and also an afternoon tea with Nigella in London. Out of the dishes of Genene, Gina, Jess and Reece, it was Kristen who won the challenge. The remaining contestants were given 75 minutes in the Invention Test to cook a dish focusing on the sounds of \"snap, crackle and pop\". Ben, Loki and Hoda succeeded in meeting the brief and were named the Top 3, mentions went to the dishes of Lisa and Reece. Adele and Jenny, who were in the bottom three last week, were once again sent to elimination along with Chloe.\n\n811,000\n\n#4\n\n\n11/03-2\n\nMonday, 21 May 2018\n\nPressure Test: Nigella's Chocolate Feast - Adele, Chloe and Jenny were given 75 minutes to recreate four of Nigella's chocolate desserts: a white chocolate cookie dough pot, a milk chocolate brownie, a dark chocolate olive oil mousse and a ruby chocolate cheesecake. Chloe nailed the challenge with her dishes as it came down to Jenny and Adele. Jenny's mousse was too runny after struggling with her egg whites and Adele's cheesecake was rushed on the assembling while both of their cookies were underbaked. But Adele forgot the white chocolate chips in the mixture which failed to attain the objective of Nigella's Pressure Test and that was enough to eliminate her.\n\n805,000\n\n#6\n\n\n12/03-3\n\nTuesday, 22 May 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Alanna Sapwell - Ben, Hoda, Kristen and Loki competed in the first round, cooking pancakes in 45 minutes. Hoda and Loki both impressed with their dishes but it was Loki who won the challenge with his savoury take on the dish (dosa with two chutneys) to cook off against Alanna Sapwell, head chef of Saint Peter restaurant, in the second round. He chose one of the two citrus fruits (lemons over oranges) as the core ingredient. During her 60 minutes, Alanna cooked Squid with Ink Sauce and Lemon Dressing. Loki won praise for his Kingfish with Shellfish Lemon Broth and scored 37 points over Alanna's 34, winning him the immunity pin.\n\n877,000\n\n#5\n\n\n13/03-4\n\nWednesday, 23 May 2018\n\nBrunch Cafe Service Challenge - The contestants, led by Aldo from the Red team and Kristen from the Blue team, took charge for service in two adjacent cafes (Kitty Burns and Frankie Says) in Abbotsford, Victoria and served their menu of four brunch meals prepared in two-and-a-half-hours for 75 customers each. During prep time, Brendan of the Red team was injured when his hand was cut on a broken bottle of olive oil; the other team members took charge. All of their dishes stood out during the tasting and, despite Red team losing a team member, it was the undercooked semolina crumb from the Blue team's dessert that took them to elimination.\n\n813,000\n\n#5\n\n\n14/03-5\n\nThursday, 24 May 2018\n\nTrifle Tasting Elimination Challenge - The ten losing contestants have three minutes to taste and identify all the ingredients of Nigella's trifle in the first round. Lisa (with 18 correct guesses), Kristen (17), Reece (13), Sashi and Sarah (12 each) were announced safe leaving the others to face the second round of elimination where they had to create their dishes with all 26 ingredients from the trifle in 75 minutes. In the judging, Khanh's dessert had technical flaws on the rest of his elements despite winning praise with his pistachio ice cream. Hoda and Samira delivered standout dishes while Genene also impressed with her dish. It was between Tim and Khanh. Tim took a risk prepping a bombe Alaska in the cook. But overall, the dish was too sweet and the layers lacked precision as it collapsed after his parfait thawed completely when he presented it to the judges and, as a result, Tim left the competition.\n\n781,000\n\n#5\n\n\nMasterClass: Nigella Lawson, Matt Preston and Gary Mehigan - The top 19 arrive at the Jacalope Hotel in Victoria for their first MasterClass with Nigella and the judges who will present their recipes (Nigella's Middle Eastern beef & aubergine fatteh, Matt's cauliflower with tarator, Gary's samosas with coriander chutney and Nigella's ginger and walnut carrot cake).\n\n558,000\n\n#9\n\n\nWeek 4 - Gordon Ramsay Week\n\n\n15/04-1\n\nSunday, 27 May 2018\n\nGordon's British Box Challenge & Fast Food Invention Test - Gordon Ramsay, the celebrity chef, was introduced as the show's guest judge for the first time. He challenged the contestants to cook dishes in 75 minutes with his chosen British ingredients from the Mystery Box: scallops, lamb, peas, cauliflower, beer, mustard, English tea and biscuits. Brendan, Gina, Reece, Sarah and Sashi chose lamb and cooked the top five dishes, and the latter won the challenge for the second time to compete for immunity. The Invention Test tasked the contestants to cook a burger meal in 75 minutes with only the top two contestants joining Sashi in the immunity challenge. It was Reece and Samira who stood out in the challenge. Ben, on the other hand, joined Chloe and Michelle, who had previously been in a Pressure Test, for elimination.\n\n903,000\n\n#3\n\n\n16/04-2\n\nMonday, 28 May 2018\n\nPressure Test: Raviolo of Marron - Ben, Chloe and Michelle had to follow Gordon to recreate his dish of marron raviolo with shellfish bisque and lemon vinaigrette before plating the dish ten seconds after Gordon. Ben, despite missing out the garnishes, and Chloe, despite lacking depth of flavour in her sauce, both excelled in the judging. Michelle faltered in the challenge and served her dish with an inedible unshelled marron claw and an undercooked raviolo filling, eliminating her.\n\n895,000\n\n#5\n\n\n17/04-3\n\nTuesday, 29 May 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Jo Barrett, Gavin Hughes, John Rivera - Reece, Samira and Sashi competed as a team against three guest chefs to win an immunity pin each with mentorship from Gordon. Reece was pitted against John Rivera, Samira faced pastry chef Jo Barrett and Sashi cooked against Gavin Hughes. From the majority votes of Samira and Sashi, they chose the vegetables over fruits to cook their dishes in 75 minutes. Samira made a Pumpkin Pilaf with Quail and Saffron Jus which scored 24 points but lost to the creativity of Jo who scored 29 points with her dessert of potato, rosemary and ginger. Sashi scored 20 points for his deconstructed duck curry paired with his choice of vegetables while Gavin's roast beef with red wine sauce didn't meet the brief to highlight the vegetables as he scored 18 points. Reece produced an innovative dessert with vegetables (Cucumber Sorbet with Yoghurt Mousse) and earned 25 points while John prepped a seafood dashi with tomatoes, however, the broth was overpowering, using too much bonito flakes and the dish scored 21 points. For their respective wins, Reece and Sashi succeeded in the challenge to win an immunity pin each.\n\n881,000\n\n#6\n\n\n18/04-4\n\nWednesday, 30 May 2018\n\nThree-Course Dinner Service Challenge - Gordon drafted the contestants into two teams and mentored them for the service challenge, where they had to cook a three-course dinner for fifty diners in four hours. In prep time, the communication in Chloe's Blue team faltered in the cooking and produced technical flaws in the first taste dishes critiqued by Gordon. The prawn filling for the entrée was overcooked, the salmon was raw for the main and the panna cotta for the dessert was not set. During service time, Brendan's Red team trimmed off the pork fat to improve the main dish while the Blue team changed the entrée to make up time but their main salmon dish was cooked inconsistently in the judging. The results came down to the errors of the main dishes from both teams but the flawed communication and salmon dish sent the Blue team to elimination.\n\n863,000\n\n#6\n\n\n19/04-5\n\nThursday, 31 May 2018\n\nPressure Test: Matt Abé's Roast Chicken with Summer Vegetables and Green Herb Consommé - The contestants had to recreate a three-Michelin star chicken dish from Restaurant Gordon Ramsay by chef Matt Abé in the two-and a-half hour Pressure Test. Jo delivered her best interpretation of the dish over Ben's while the bottom three faced the judges' decision: Sarah's chicken was overdone and her other elements were inconsistent. Chloe's lacked mousse while her consommé was flat. However, despite his good run throughout the competition, Loki, who had the immunity pin last week, put his position at risk by participating the challenge. He fell under the pressure and in the end his chicken was overcooked while the mousse was grainy, the consommé lacked flavour and the vegetables were untidy which resulted in his elimination, making him the first contestant to leave the competition with possession of the pin without ever using it.\n\n845,000\n\n#5\n\n\nWeek 5\n\n\n20/05-1\n\nSunday, 3 June 2018\n\n\"20\" Box Challenge & Team Relay Invention Test - The Mystery Box challenge required the contestants to shop in 20 minutes with $20 for their choice of ingredients, and cook a dish in 75 minutes. Sarah was named the winner of the first round for the opportunity to compete in the Immunity Challenge. Samira, Genene, Kristen and Lisa, who had the remaining top five dishes, were assigned to start in the first leg of a team relay Invention Test and to highlight honey in their dishes. The Blue team (composed of Samira, Sashi, Aldo and Jess) produced the only impressive dish and joined Sarah in vying for the Immunity Challenge. The Yellow team improvised their dish in the first two changeovers but at the last leg, their chocolate ganache was unnecessary on the plate. The Red team struggled throughout and had overall flaws in their dish, but it was the disjointed teamwork from the Green team (Lisa, Jenny, Jo and Brendan) as they presented the least impressive dish that saw them headed to the Pressure Test.\n\n781,000\n\n#6\n\n\n21/05-2\n\nMonday, 4 June 2018\n\nPressure Test: Darren Purchese's Peach Melba - Brendan, Jenny, Jo and Lisa were given three hours to recreate Darren Purchese's first dish, peach Melba, with a tempered white chocolate collar and a raspberry tuile encased in a sugar cage. Brendan astonished with his version of Darren's dish while Jenny's take also impressed the judges. Both of them were declared safe. Neither Lisa nor Jo plated the chocolate in their dishes but Jo overpoached her peaches and her tuile was too thick which eliminated her from the competition.\n\n850,000\n\n#6\n\n\n22/05-3\n\nTuesday, 5 June 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Jacqui Challinor - Aldo, Jess, Samira and Sashi had 45 minutes to cook their chicken wings with a side dish in the first round. The two best dishes belonged to Sarah and Jess, and it was the latter's first savoury dish that won her the chance to compete against Jacqui Challinor from Nomad restaurant. Jess chose the big ingredients (including eggs) to cook her lime tart in 75 minutes while Jacqui prepped barbecue prawns in 60 minutes. The judges gave praise for the tart but it was too sweet from the overuse of meringue and Jess scored 25 points against Jacqui's score of 28 for her prawn dish.\n\n852,000\n\n#6\n\n\n23/05-4\n\nWednesday, 6 June 2018\n\nTwo-Course Team Challenge from Memory - The sixteen contestants were divided into two teams to replicate a main course and a dessert from the restaurant Wickens at the Royal Mail Hotel in Dunkeld. The Red team, led by captain Lisa and vice-captain Reece, and the Blue team, led by Sarah and Jess, memorize the recipes of the dishes from executive chef Robin Wickens and head chef Dave Sutherland. They had to communicate to their teammates with instructions on replicating the dishes in 90 minutes. The decision was close and, while the balance of the Red team's main course was flat, their dessert was lauded by the guest chefs. The Blue team was praised with their main dish but the dessert's core element (the ice cream) was too soft and lacked cherry pit flavour, which sent them to elimination.\n\n733,000\n\n#8\n\n\n24/05-5\n\nThursday, 7 June 2018\n\nButchery Elimination Challenge - The elimination challenge saw the contestants in two rounds set by Curtis Stone and centered on butchering. In the first round, they took turns to identify cuts of meat to avoid landing one of four places in the second round of elimination. Brendan, Chloe, Jess and Sarah were given 75 minutes to butcher and choose one cut of their beef to make a dish. Sarah's beef with corn and salsa was praised while Chloe's noodle dish impressed the judges despite mincing her beef. It came down to Jess, whose flavours in her beef salad were unbalanced, and Brendan, who served up a dish with undercooked beef. In the end, it was Brendan who departed the competition.\n\n838,000\n\n#5\n\n\nWeek 6 - South Australia Week\n\n\n25/06-1\n\nSunday, 10 June 2018\n\nSouth Australia Farmers' Invention Test & Victoria Square Market Stall Service Challenge - The challenges this week took place in South Australia and in the first of the two challenges at Victoria Square, contestants were given 60 minutes to prep a dish with local produce from South Australian farms. Genene, Jess, Sashi, Sarah and Khanh had the top five dishes. After Khanh advanced to the immunity challenge, the remaining contestants were divided into pairs and ran market stalls to prep a $7.50 savoury dish and a $5 sweet dish for 500 customers in three hours before service over two hours. All teams raised a total of $7,280 for SecondBite food rescue charity. The popularity of the White team's (Reece and Sashi) chicken curry dish increased as they ran out of portions for the customers. Despite this, the team raised a total of $1,370 while the Blue team (Jenny and Samira) put up the best dishes. Both teams joined Khanh to compete for immunity. The Green team (Ben and Hoda) served overcooked kofta balls while their salad let the dish down and their milk custard dessert was underwhelming. The flavours in both of the Red team’s (Chloe and Genene) dishes were bland. For these reasons, both teams were sent to the Pressure Test.\n\n622,000\n\n#6\n\n\n26/06-2\n\nMonday, 11 June 2018\n\nPressure Test: Brendan Wessels' Lemon Meringue Pie - Ben, Chloe, Genene and Hoda arrived at the d'Arenberg Cube restaurant in McLaren Vale to recreate a lemon meringue pie by restaurateur Brendan Wessels with the use of a 3D food printer in three hours. Ben cooked with precision to interpret the dish while, despite her fennel pearls being too soft, Chloe's plate also impressed. Genene and Hoda missed the attention to detail. Hoda's dish lacked texture after excluding the crisp pearls and the feulletine for the coconut rocher but Genene's chocolate was uncaramelized while she missed out the crisp pearls, the candied ginger and the fennel garnish; lacking the significant balance in the chef's dish that left her eliminated.\n\n885,000\n\n#5\n\n\n27/06-3\n\nTuesday, 12 June 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Jin Choi - Jenny, Khanh, Reece, Samira and Sashi arrived at one of the historic houses of Mount Lofty for the first round of the immunity challenge where they took turns choosing a random cloche and guessing the ingredient. Khanh succeeded in the challenge and cooked against South Australian chef Jin Choi from Hardy's Verandah Restaurant. Khanh took the advantage to beat the chef by picking Vegemite over peanut butter to cook his chicken and Vegemite dumplings. Jin produced a lackluster risotto dish that failed to feature the core ingredient and he had the lower score of 17 points as Khanh won an immunity pin with a score of 26.\n\n886,000\n\n#5\n\n\n28/06-4\n\nWednesday, 13 June 2018\n\nJacob's Creek Team Challenge - Two teams arrive at Jacob's Creek vineyard in the Barossa Valley where they had to cook a three-course meal featuring local produce from the vineyard, and grapes as the core ingredient, for 60 diners. Both Khanh's Red team and Reece's Blue team produced standout entrée dishes but the pork fillet main dish (Blue) was overcooked and the blue cheese mousse (Red) was unbalanced. Highlights were Red team's eye fillet with vegetables for main and Blue team's vineyard-inspired dessert. Both teams delivered two standout dishes and by unanimous vote, the Blue team won the challenge.\n\n860,000\n\n#5\n\n\n29/06-5\n\nThursday, 14 June 2018\n\nMaggie Beer's Chicken Elimination Challenge - The contestants arrived at Maggie Beer's eatery at the Barossa Valley for their last challenge in South Australia. After Khanh escaped elimination by using his immunity pin, the others competed to impress the judges and Maggie by prepping dishes using one chicken over three rounds. Lisa and Ben were safe in the 45-minute first round while Aldo succeeded in the second within 30 minutes. This left Hoda, Jenny and Jess to face the last round with 20 minutes left. Hoda's final dish won praise but Jess undercooked her chicken coating. In the end while Jenny's chicken impressed and her corn salad was flat, none of those elements overall are cohesive, sealing her elimination.\n\n787,000\n\n#7\n\n\nMasterClass: Callum Hann, Matt Preston, George Calombaris and Poh Ling Yeow - The contestants returned to Adelaide for their MasterClass with recipes from the judges and series runners-up Callum Hann (series 2) and Poh Ling Yeow (series 1), both of whom reside in South Australia. Callum barbecued an octopus paired with beetroot and cavolo nero, Matt baked two interpretations of mac 'n' cheese, George made a savoury take on his afternoon tea and Poh demonstrated her rhubarb and pistachio mille-feuille.\n\n561,000\n\n#10\n\n\nWeek 7\n\n\n30/07-1\n\nSunday, 17 June 2018\n\nBread Box Challenge & Re-invention Test - Contestants were given 60 minutes to make a dish with one loaf of bread as the Mystery Box ingredient. Aldo, Gina and Ben delivered the Top 3 dishes with Gina advancing to the Immunity Challenge. A re-invention test required the remaining contestants to re-create a dish with the ingredients from spaghetti bolognaise. Reece, Sashi and Khanh succeeded while Hoda, Lisa and Sarah had the least appealing dishes and were sent to elimination.\n\n813,000\n\n#6\n\n\n31/07-2\n\nMonday, 18 June 2018\n\nPressure Test: Alla Wolf-Tasker's Autumn Harvest - In two hours and forty-five minutes, the bottom three contestants had to recreate Alla Wolf-Tasker's Autumn-inspired duck dish. During the verdicts, Hoda's carrots were raw and Sarah forgot to plate her chestnut purée after the cook. While Lisa's presentation of the dish was too large, her plate had too much chestnut and celeriac purées, leaving the dish unbalanced which sealed her exit from the competition.\n\n833,000\n\n#8\n\n\n32/07-3\n\nTuesday, 19 June 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Andy Harmer - Gina, Khanh, Reece and Sashi faced a three-round sudden death skills challenge: dice vegetables in brunoise cut, prep a hollandaise sauce and cook a salted caramel sauce. After Reece and Gina are eliminated in the first two rounds, Sashi beat Khanh for an opportunity to face executive chef Andy Harmer from Melbourne and win a second immunity pin. Sashi's advantage was to choose one ingredient from each of two different pantries. With 75 minutes to cook a dish of lamb and peas, Sashi's dish impressed while Andy's take was also praised after 60 minutes but his lamb was slightly undercooked and he scored 24 points. For the first time in the ten-year competition, Sashi won a second immunity pin with an overall score of 27 points.\n\n863,000\n\n#5\n\n\n33/07-4\n\nWednesday, 20 June 2018\n\nDandenong Ranges Team Challenge - The contestants arrived at the Dandenong Ranges for the team challenge, set by the judges and guest chef Lennox Hastie of Firedoor in Sydney, where they had to prep a three-course meal using open-fire cooking in two hours for 60 Victorian firefighters. Hoda's Blue team was assigned to cook dishes with seafood and Ben's Red team cooked a three-course meal of meat. After service, both teams were applauded with their entrées but both had serious issues with their chocolate desserts due to their inexperience of cooking on an open flame. In the end, the Red team struggled throughout more than the Blue team as their main steak dish had technical flaws in the other elements which sent them to elimination.\n\n810,000\n\n#5\n\n\n34/07-5\n\nThursday, 21 June 2018\n\nWorld Cuisine Elimination Challenge and Second Chance Cook-Off - Aldo, Ben, Chloe, Gina, Jess and Sarah each had 45 minutes to cook a prawn dish with their assigned cuisine: French, Greek, Mexican, Spanish, Thai and Vietnamese. Jess won overall praise from the judges for her dish and she was first to be announced safe while the dishes of Sarah, Gina and Chloe also stood out. Ben, who served a disjointed prawn dish with shells and underwhelming elements, and Aldo, who served inconsistently cooked prawns with bland flavours, were named the bottom two to determine the next contestant eliminated. The judges decided Aldo's dish was least impressive. To be reinstated in the Top 12, he competed against the twelve previously eliminated contestants who had to cook a dish in one hour. Lisa, Brendan and Michelle delivered standout dishes. Ultimately, it was Brendan's poached lobster with carrot dressing and bonito bavarois that impressed the judges and he earned his place back in the competition.\n\n796,000\n\n#6\n\n\nWeek 8 - Sweet Week\n\n\n35/08-1\n\nSunday, 24 June 2018\n\nAdriano Zumbo's Mystery Box Challenge & Croquembouche Invention Test - On the first day of challenges centering on desserts, the twelve contestants were tasked to cook their dishes in 30 minutes with ingredients from the Mystery Box chosen by Adriano Zumbo. Ben, Jess, Sashi, Sarah & Reece are tasted for the Top 5. Reece and Ben are applauded and advanced to contest for immunity. The second challenge divided the contestants into pairs where they were given a task of baking their take of a mini croquembouche in two hours. The Red pair of Kristen and Chloe delivered and joined the boys for immunity. The Green team (Gina and Jess) and the Purple team (Sarah and Sashi) had technical issues with flavour, sending them to the Pressure Test.\n\n731,000\n\n#7\n\n\n36/08-2\n\nMonday, 25 June 2018\n\nPressure Test: Katherine Sabbath's Birthday Cake - Cake artist Katherine Sabbath was welcomed as the guest judge to introduce one of her cake designs: a raspberry white vanilla layered cake with tempered white chocolate raspberry bark as the Pressure Test dish. After Sashi used one of his immunity pins, the others had 75 minutes to recreate her cake. Sarah won praise for the baking of the cake, however, her buttercream was eggy and her chocolate was too soft. Jess thrived with the presentation of her dish albeit rushed in the spreading of her buttercream while her chocolate was undertempered. Unlike her fellow competitors' cakes, Gina's was underbaked and the presentation did not match Katherine's which saw her eliminated.\n\n889,000\n\n#6\n\n\n37/08-3\n\nTuesday, 26 June 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Alice Wright - Ben, Chloe, Kristen and Reece took turns naming one of 36 flavours of gelato where a lone contestant would advance to compete in the second round of the Immunity Challenge. Kristen succeeded to compete against pastry chef Alice Wright and, from a neapolitan ice cream, chose chocolate (over strawberry and vanilla) to cook her dessert in 75 minutes. During the tasting, Alice had technical errors in her dish despite winning praise for the flavours but Kristen had technical issues in her mousse as it was overpowered with the other flavours. As both of their desserts were flawed, Kristen was not awarded a pin after the result ended in a tie on 18 points with the professional.\n\n938,000\n\n#5\n\n\n38/08-4\n\nWednesday, 27 June 2018\n\nRestaurant Takeover Team Challenge - Executive chef Adam D'Sylva was the contestants' mentor for a lunch service challenge at his two Melbourne restaurants, Coda (Vietnamese cuisine) and Tonka (Indian cuisine) where they had to prep and serve a four-course meal (two sweet main courses and two savoury desserts) in four hours. The Blue Team served 40 customers at Coda while the Red team served 48 customers at Tonka. During prep time, the Red Team had a shaky start in prepping their main course dishes while the Blue Team struggled with their kingfish dish when the grill was too hot. After service, both teams missed the brief in two of their dishes and in the end, it was the Red Team's undercooked cauliflower dish and flat dessert samosas which sent them to elimination.\n\n847,000\n\n#5\n\n\n39/08-5\n\nThursday, 28 June 2018\n\nChocolate Wheel Elimination Challenge - Ben, Brendan, Chloe, Hoda, Khanh and Samira each had to spin an edible game wheel made out of chocolate by Kirsten Tibballs to determine their assigned ingredient (almond, banana, cinnamon, coconut, lemon or peppermint) to cook a dessert in 75 minutes. Brendan and Khanh, who both had cinnamon as their core ingredient, delivered the top two dishes while Samira (who had banana) and Chloe (with almond) also impressed. All four of them made it into the Top 10. Ben's jam for his lamington was too thick but it was Hoda's unnecessary use of cinnamon which overpowered her dense cake batter that sent her packing.\n\n786,000\n\n#5\n\n\nWeek 9 - Royal Week\n\n\n40/09-1\n\nSunday, 1 July 2018\n\nMystery Box Challenge & Royalty Cooking Challenge - For making it into the Top 10, the contestants each received $10,000 from Coles to develop their food career. In 60 minutes, the contestants had to use all of the ingredients from the Mystery Box (kalette, lemon, yoghurt, coriander seeds, extra virgin olive oil, gin and mint) to make a dish. Samira, Khanh and Kristen had the top dishes and Khanh won for the second time to compete for immunity. The others had to cook a dish fit for a king in 60 minutes. Samira and Kristen won out to compete for immunity along with Brendan as the Top 3 but Chloe, Sarah and Jess had technical flaws in flavour and were named as the Bottom 3.\n\n718,000\n\n#6\n\n\n41/09-2\n\nMonday, 2 July 2018\n\nPressure Test: Saransh Goila's Butter Chicken - With 75 minutes for the cook, Chloe, Jess and Sarah had to re-create a tandoori chicken in a butter sauce with coriander mint chutney, pickled onions and roomali bread by guest chef Saransh Goila. After Chloe was pronounced safe, Jess and Sarah missed the flavour palate of Saransh's dish. However, when the latter strayed in her recipe by grilling her chicken with the skin on, it left an unpleasant texture and charred bitterness to the dish. This was enough to eliminate her.\n\n873,000\n\n#5\n\n\n42/09-3\n\nTuesday, 3 July 2018\n\nImmunity Challenge: Ashley Davis - Brendan, Khanh, Kristen and Samira were given an open pantry to pick only five ingredients to cook a dish without staples in the ten-minute first round. Khanh won the opportunity to compete against two-Michelin-star chef Ashley Davis in the second round. Between the two pantries, he was given the opportunity to select a 15-minute head start by picking the first pantry or losing the time advantage by choosing the second pantry also, and cooking with the chef in 60 minutes. Khanh risked the challenge by choosing both pantries to cook his duck breast with persimmon and ginger sauce. The dish scored 25 points but he lost to Ashley's dish of John Dory and abalone with autumn vegetables that scored 27 points.\n\n848,000\n\n#6\n\n\n43/09-4\n\nWednesday, 4 July 2018\n\nRoyal Reception Catering Team Challenge - The Top 9 arrive at Darwin and are divided into teams of three to take charge of prepping 450 canapés (gluten-free, halal, savoury and vegetarian) with native Australian ingredients and local produce to cater a Royal reception for Prince Charles, his wife Camilla and 150 guests in three-and-a-half hours. During prep time, the White team struggled under Kristen's orders with their wattleseed baguettes and duck tarts lacking an accompaniment while the Blue team also fell behind with their zucchini canapés and lamb canapés. Despite having wasted their prep time making wallaby tartare for their canapés, the Red team's menu stood out in the tasting and won the challenge, sending the other two teams to elimination.\n\n920,000\n\n#5\n\n\n44/09-5\n\nThursday, 5 July 2018\n\nNitmiluk National Park Elimination Challenge - The contestants arrive at the Nitmiluk National Park and Sashi used his last immunity pin to avoid the Elimination Challenge. Ben, Brendan, Jess, Kristen and Samira had 75 minutes to cook a dish inspired by their photographs of the surrounding scenery. Brendan prepped a fish dish with confit leeks and sea herbs, Jess made an inconsistently-cooked pork belly dish with apple purée and muntries, Kristen made a buttermilk-set custard with rosella consommé and peppermint gum oil, Samira cooked kangaroo fillets and crisps with smoked eggplant purée, and Ben cooked a barramundi cod paired with a lemon beurre blanc. After three of them were declared safe, Brendan and Jess faced the judges' verdict. In the end, Brendan had once again undercooked his dish and that was enough to send him home from the competition.\n\n738,000\n\n#5\n\n\nWeek 10 - Superpower Week\n\n\n45/10-1\n\nSunday, 8 July 2018\n\nMini Box Challenge & Condiment Invention Test - The remaining contestants faced five consecutive challenges where losing contestants would be sent to elimination at the end of the week. To celebrate the tenth season, the surviving contestant would receive a special advantage after the last challenge. The first challenge was a Mystery Box where each contestant received a different single ingredient to cook three servings for the judges in 60 minutes. The bottom two was between Chloe (with inconsistently cooked duck) and Ben (with an overall dish of flat elements and underwhelming sauce) with the latter being the first contestant through to the elimination round. In the second challenge, the others had 75 minutes to make a dish that featured either oil, salt or pepper. While Khanh's dish was disjointed, Kristen lacked an accompaniment to counteract her dish and she became the second contestant to face elimination.\n\n748,000\n\n#5\n\n\n46/10-2\n\nMonday, 9 July 2018\n\nTV Dinner Re-invention Cook-off - The six remaining contestants competed in the third challenge where three of the six picked their choice of the three frozen dinner meals to pit against their rivals and re-invent the dish in 75 minutes. Sashi picked fish 'n' chips to pit against Khanh, Chloe cooked against Jess with beef and three vegetables, and Samira chose the chicken meal to face Reece. They succeeded in beating their competitors to advance for tomorrow's next challenge.\n\n830,000\n\n#7\n\n\n47/10-3\n\nTuesday, 10 July 2018\n\nTime or Ingredients Cook-off - Chloe, Samira and Sashi had to gather their ingredients from up to four different hidden pantries, with one pantry being revealed every 15 minutes. Samira and Sashi selected dairy and canned food with 60 minutes left while Chloe waited for root vegetables and cooked in 45 minutes. Sashi's third dessert dish won praise from the judges, Chloe's beetroot salad was too simple with less ingredients after struggling in the cook but Samira's choice of one of her selected cheeses (gorgonzola) and anchovies clashed on the overall tasting which made her the sixth contestant to be sent to elimination.\n\n821,000\n\n#7\n\n\n48/10-4\n\nWednesday, 11 July 2018\n\nPanama Dining Room Service Challenge - Chloe and Sashi arrived at the Panama Dining Room in Melbourne to cook a two-course meal for 30 customers under mentorship from Gary. For the main course, Sashi had to cook seafood while Chloe was assigned meat. After service, Chloe and Sashi had noticeable flaws in their dishes but Sashi struggled further in the prep time as he left an errant scale and bone in two of his fish dishes while his dessert had technical issues. This was enough to put him in the last spot for tomorrow's elimination round. For surviving all the challenges, Chloe was awarded the 10-Year Superpower Apron that grants her immunity from the judging in a future elimination challenge, right up to the tasting stage.\n\n747,000\n\n#8\n\n\n49/10-5\n\nThursday, 12 July 2018\n\nPressure Test: Peter Gilmore's Snow Egg - The losing contestants from each challenge, except Reece who used his immunity pin, had to recreate three servings of Peter Gilmore's Snow Egg from season 2 in two-and-a-half hours and plate the dish in ten minutes. During the tasting, Jess received praise for her interpretation of the dish. She was safe along with Ben and Khanh, who also impressed. The bottom three had technical errors with each of their elements: Samira’s custard lacked guava purée, Kristen's cream was grainy while her thawed granita was too sweet with the ratio of ingredients incorrect, and Sashi's meringue was grainy. Consequently, Kristen's granita affected the balance of Peter's Snow Egg and was enough to seal her elimination.\n\n736,000\n\n#5\n\n\nMasterClass: Gary Mehigan, George Calombaris, Matt Preston and Peter Gilmore - The judges presented their dishes to the contestants: Gary's venison and mushroom ravioli, George's crocodile avgolemono and Matt's crusted lamb shoulder with beetroot salad, while Peter presented his smoked pig jowl.\n\n486,000\n\n#12\n\n\nWeek 11\n\n\n50/11-1\n\nSunday, 15 July 2018\n\nFamily Box Challenge & Vue De Monde Invention Test - The seven contestants received their ingredients in the Mystery Box from relatives or friends to cook their dishes. Sashi won the challenge over Jess and Reece to compete for a fast-track to Finals Week. With 75 minutes in the Invention Test set by Shannon Bennett, the others were tasked to make a dish that would feature in the degustation courses of his restaurant Vue De Monde. Chloe decided to use the 10-Year apron to skip the judging. Khanh beat Reece to go against Sashi for a place in the Finals as Ben, Jess and Samira were sent to the Pressure Test.\n\n745,000\n\n#5\n\n\n51/11-2\n\nMonday, 16 July 2018\n\nCryptic Pressure Test: Joe Grbac's Imperial Mandarin - Ben, Jess and Samira had to decipher Matt Preston's critic's review of the guest chef's dish to recreate it in three hours. The dish was Joe Grbac's yoghurt panna cotta and almond sponge with seven mandarin elements. All three succeeded with their dishes but Ben missed out the chamomile jellies and the panna cotta. Samira also struggled with both her panna cotta and custard didn't set after the cook despite having all her elements in the plate. Between the errors in both of the dishes, the judges' decision was unanimous and Samira was eliminated from the competition.\n\n815,000\n\n#8\n\n\n52/11-3\n\nTuesday, 17 July 2018\n\nFast-Track to Finals Immunity Challenge: Reynold Poernomo and Matt Sinclair – Sashi and Khanh battled in the first round where they had an open pantry from the garden to make a dish. Khanh succeeded as he selected between the two pantries to face off against one of the two former contestants for an entry to the Finals: the savoury pantry against series 8 runner-up Matt Sinclair and the dessert pantry with Reynold Poernomo (from series 7) as his opponent. Khanh chose the savoury pantry and cooked a red emperor with mushroom and radish but lost to the creativity of Matt's Thai sausage with squid and curry that scored 30 points to Khanh's 24.\n\n821,000\n\n#6\n\n\n53/11-4\n\nWednesday, 18 July 2018\n\nSecondBite's Six-Course Degustation Challenge – The six contestants took responsibility of a six-course vegetarian degustation menu, supervised by George, at Melbourne's Luminare to raise funds for SecondBite. The winning dish would advance the contestant into the Finals. Chloe got the first course to highlight cucumber with smoked labneh. Khanh made a charred broccolini dish with a capsicum and cashew purée for course 2. Ben's course 3 dish was a celeriac fondant with dates. Jess featured mushrooms paired with eggplant and miso for the fourth course. For course 5, Sashi made a dessert of apples with cinnamon ice cream. Reece presented the last course of blackberry mousse with olives and tarragon. After service, the contestants raise $6,780 for the charity. Out of the six, Chloe, Khanh and Sashi had the standout dishes and the latter won the pass to Finals Week.\n\n863,000\n\n#5\n\n\n54/11-5\n\nThursday, 19 July 2018\n\nSudden Death Elimination Challenge – Ben, Chloe, Jess, Khanh and Reece competed in three rounds for places in the Finals. The first round was to identify the ingredients of Gary Mehigan's Moroccan tajine where Chloe and Khanh succeeded to advance. The next round was the one-inch cube challenge from season 8 where they had to identify each cube of ingredient while blind-folded. Ben survived the second round, leaving Jess and Reece to cook-off in the final round with 60 minutes each and all the correctly-identified ingredients from the first two rounds. Jess received praise with the combination of sweet and savoury in her dessert. While Reece's dish was complex and tasty, it was too greasy. In the end, that was enough to eliminate him from the competition.\n\n852,000\n\n#5\n\n\nMasterClass: George Calombaris, Matt Preston, Gary Mehigan and Curtis Stone - George cooked two versions of his Greek souvlaki, Matt made his vegetarian-style nachos and Gary braised his chicken paired with his spring onion pancakes. Curtis Stone returned to present his own take on steak and potatoes.\n\n550,000\n\n#10\n\n\nWeek 12 - Finals Week\n\n\n55/12-1\n\nSunday, 22 July 2018\n\nFinals Mystery Box Challenge & Invention Test - The finalists were assigned ingredients in a Mystery Box from past seasons: Ben (with the Burn Box from season 2), Chloe (with the Small Box from season 6), Jess (with the Molecular Gastronomy Box from season 5), Khanh (with the Big Box from season 7) and Sashi (with the Silver Box from season 6), to cook their dish in 60 minutes. Ben succeeded with his Pineapple Glazed Pork Ribs for an opportunity to compete for an advantage in the Finals Service Challenge. In the 75-minute Invention Test, the remaining finalists chose to cook desserts. Khanh's savoury dessert of pork and apples won overall praise and he advanced to the Advantage challenge while the others are sent to the Pressure Test.\n\n854,000\n\n#5\n\n\n56/12-2\n\nMonday, 23 July 2018\n\nPressure Test: Ashley Palmer-Watts' Sherried Marron - Chloe, Jess and Sashi had to follow 90 steps of the recipe to replicate a marron dish by Ashley Palmer-Watts in four hours and forty-five minutes. The plate was composed of a grilled marron tail, marron tartare, smoked cauliflower, pickled daikon, marinated smoked shiitake mushrooms, pickled mushrooms, pickled dulse, sea vegetables and a sherry mushroom stock. During the tasting, Jess stood out with her take of the dish. That left Sashi and Chloe who won praise with their consommés but both had technical flaws in the tartare. While Sashi's lacked finesse, Chloe's was mushy and lacked balance which sealed her elimination.\n\n918,000\n\n#5\n\n\n57/12-3\n\nTuesday, 24 July 2018\n\nSeason Affinity Duel Challenge – Ben, Jess, Khanh and Sashi competed in pairs to cook, inspired by one of the four seasons in two rounds with the winning finalist received an advantage for the Finals Service Challenge. The first round was Ben and Jess making their dishes describing Winter while Khanh and Sashi cook their Summer-themed dishes. In the second round to cook a dish representing Autumn in 60 minutes, Ben's Seared Coral Trout with Ginger Carrot Purée and Parsley Vinaigrette beat Sashi's Lamb Curry with Smoked Cauliflower to win. He will select one of the four courses for the next cook.\n\n876,000\n\n#5\n\n\n58/12-4\n\nWednesday, 25 July 2018\n\nIcebergs Dining Room Service Challenge – The finalists were tasked to cook their dishes in two-and a-half hours inspired by the Italian menu from the Icebergs Restaurant, under mentorship by executive chef Monty Koludrovic, to be served to the judges and 30 diners. Ben, who won the advantage yesterday, selected the fish course while the others were assigned the remaining course dishes: Sashi (with pasta), Jess (the meat course) and Khanh (for dessert). All of the dishes, except Sashi's pasta course, impressed the judges and between the three of them, they decided to vote Khanh's fig dessert to advance to the semi-finals.\n\n906,000\n\n#5\n\n\n59/12-5\n\nSunday, 29 July 2018\n\nWorld Class Service Elimination Challenge - Ben, Jess and Sashi each had 90 minutes to cook their dishes to be served for the judges and four Australian chefs: Danielle Alvarez of Fred's, The Bridge Room's Ross Lusted, Jock Zonfrillo from Orana and returning chef Lennox Hastie. Ben's Seared Coral Trout and Steamed Whiting with Crab Bisque delivered high acclaim and made it into the semi-finals which left Sashi and Jess for the final verdict. Sashi's Singaporean chicken rice received mixed reviews for the chicken despite winning praise for the flavour. The judges and chefs thought Jess impressed with her black sesame ice cream and yuzu curd but her praline cream and macerated raspberries derailed the overall flavour of her dish. Those factors were enough to see Jess eliminated from the competition.\n\n872,000\n\n#5\n\n\nMasterClass: Chefs vs. Contestants - The Top 3 semi-finalists selected their respective core ingredient for the judges (except Matt) to assign and cook with for 60 minutes. George, who cooked with tuna chosen by Ben, and Gary, who had fennel selected by Khanh, both produced standout dishes which ended in a draw. They then competed against the semi-finalists to cook dishes in 60 minutes and in a close decision, the judges won the challenge.\n\n800,000\n\n#6\n\n\nGrand Finale Week\n\n\n60/13-1\n\nMonday, 30 July 2018\n\nSemi-Finals: Service Challenge – In the four-hour service challenge, the semifinalists prep a two-course meal (main and dessert) to be served for the judges and 60 MasterChef alumni from past seasons as the guests. Sashi made his Chicken Lemak with Jasmine Rice and the judges once again criticised his carving of the protein but applauded his Malaysian Pineapple Tart with Lime Ice Cream. Ben elevated his take of his menu: a Surf n' Turf main and an intricate Pavlova with Berry Gelato and Champagne Foam which received overall praise and he was first through to the Finale. Khanh relied on his heritage and inspiration from his family to cook his traditional Canh Chua Ca and after attempting to improvise before service, the dish receive praise but it was less impressive from two of the judges. His chocolate mousse was too heavy as it impacted the texture of his dessert, and ultimately with both errors in the menu at this stage of the competition, that's enough to send him home.\n\n961,000\n\n#5\n\n\n61/13-2\n\nTuesday, 31 July 2018\n\nGrand Finale - The tenth-season finale consisted of only two rounds (instead of the usual three) with Ben and Sashi cooking their entrée and main in the first round.\nThey had to highlight their dishes with the given ingredients in two hours. After the round, both of Ben's dishes didn't meet the standards in the judging – his crab with finger limes and avocado cream lacked texture and his coating for his deep-fried whiting with peas and garlic sauce was undercooked as he scored 20 points for his entrée and 21 points for the main. Sashi stood out with his sambal prawns that received 10 points from each of the judges and his fish curry scored 27 points (9 each). His total score was 57 points to Ben's 41.\nIn the final round, they had to replicate an intricate dessert composed of 19 elements (yoghurt snow, steamed vanilla sponge, coconut ice cream, meringue, etc.) by Heston Blumenthal in five-and-a-half hours. The challenge was even for both of the finalists after struggling with one of their elements before completing the dish. In the tasting, both Sashi and Ben scored 36 points from all the judges. Based on the final results, Ben's overall score was 77 while Sashi won with the overall total of 93 points.\n\n\n1,126,000\n\n#3\n\n\nWinner Announced – Sashi Cheliah was announced as the winner of the tenth season of MasterChef Australia, receiving the grand prize of $250,000 and a monthly column for Delicious. Ben Borsht won $40,000 as the runner-up while Khanh Ong won $10,000 after finishing in third place.\n\n1,309,000\n\n#1\n\n" ]	[ "grants her immunity from the judging in a future elimination challenge" ]
7495759926654045617	Palestinian flag	Palestinian flag - wikipedia Palestinian flag Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the flag used to represent the modern State of Palestine . For the flag used during the period of the British Mandate for Palestine , see Flag of the British Mandate for Palestine . Palestine Use State flag and ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Design A horizontal tricolour of black , white , and green ; with a red triangle based at the hoist Variant flag of Palestine Use State flag and ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Designed by A horizontal tricolour of black , white , and green ; with a red triangle based at the hoist charged with the national emblem in the upper hoist corner Part of a series on Palestinians Demographics Definitions Palestine History Name People Diaspora Refugee camps Politics Previous Arab Higher Committee Depopulated villages All - Palestine Government PLO PFLP National Authority ( PNA ) ( political parties ) Current Fatah Hamas Islamic Jihad Politics of the Palestinian National Authority Governorates Cities Gaza Strip governance ( Hamas ) Governorates of the Gaza Strip National Council ( PNC ) Legislative Council ( PLC ) Flag Law Palestine West Bank Gaza Strip E. Jerusalem Religion / religious sites Christianity Islam Judaism Al - Aqsa Mosque Basilica of the Annunciation Cave of the Patriarchs Church of the Holy Sepulchre Church of the Nativity Dome of the Rock Great Mosque of Gaza Joseph 's Tomb Lot 's Tomb Nabi Samwil Rachel 's Tomb Culture Art Cinema Costume and embroidery Cuisine Dabke ( dance ) Handicrafts Language Literature Music List of Palestinians The Palestinian flag ( Arabic : علم فلسطين ‎ ‎ ) is a tricolor of three equal horizontal stripes ( black , white , and green from top to bottom ) overlaid by a red triangle issuing from the hoist . This flag is derived from the Pan-Arab colors and it is used to represent the State of Palestine and the Palestinian people . The flag is almost identical to that of the Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party ( both use a 2 : 3 ratio as opposed to the Palestine 's 1 : 2 ) as well as the short - lived Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan ( which had an equilateral triangle at the hoist ) . It is also very similar to the Flag of Jordan and Flag of Western Sahara , all of which draw their inspiration from the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule ( 1916 -- 1918 ) . The flag of the Arab Revolt had the same graphic form , but the colours were arranged differently ( white on the bottom , rather than in the middle ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Ban 3 Historical flags 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Origin ( edit ) Palestinian flag over the Alhambra Cinema , Jaffa , 1937 The flag used by the Arab Palestinian nationalists in the first half of the 20th century is the flag of the 1916 Arab Revolt . The origins of the flag are the subject of dispute and mythology . In one version , the colours were chosen by the Arab nationalist ' Literary Club ' in Istanbul in 1909 , based on the words of the 13th - century Arab poet Safi al - Din al - Hili : Ask the high rising spears , of our aspirations Bring witness the swords , did we lose hope We are a band , honor halts our souls Of beginning with harm , those who wo n't harm us White are our deeds , black are our battles , Green are our fields , red are our swords . Another version credits the Young Arab Society , formed in Paris in 1911 . Yet another version is that the flag was designed by Sir Mark Sykes of the British Foreign Office . Whatever the correct story , the flag was used by Sharif Hussein by 1917 at the latest and quickly became regarded as the flag of the Arab national movement in the Mashriq . On October 18 , 1948 , the flag of the Arab Revolt was adopted . A modified version ( changing the order of stripes ) was officially adopted as the flag of the Palestinian people by the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) in 1964 . On November 15 , 1988 the PLO adopted the flag as the flag of the State of Palestine . On the ground the flag became widely used since the Oslo Agreements , with the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1993 . Today the flag is flown widely by Palestinians and their supporters . Ban ( edit ) In 1967 , immediately following the Six Day War , the State of Israel banned the Palestinian flag in the occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank . A 1980 law forbidding artwork of `` political significance '' banned artwork composed of its four colours , and Palestinians were arrested for displaying such artwork . Since the signing of the Oslo Peace Accords in 1993 , the ban has been abolished . Historical flags ( edit ) Version used by the All - Palestine Government , identical to the Flag of the Arab Revolt . Flag of the United Arab Republic used by Egypt during its Occupation of the Gaza Strip Flag of Jordan , used by Jordan during its Occupation of the West Bank Palestinian flag version with shorter triangle , used by the Palestine Liberation Organization until the 1980s See also ( edit ) 1920 flag of British sponsored Kingdom of Hejaz in the Arabian peninsula Coat of arms of Palestine Flag of Arab Federation 1958 List of Palestinian flags Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tamir Sorek , The orange and the ' Cross in the Crescent ' : imagining Palestine in 1929 , Nations and Nationalism , Vol 10 ( 2004 ) 269 - 291 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council : The situation in the Middle East , including the Palestinian question ( S / PV. 5077 Archived 2008 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ) Mr. Terje Roed - Larsen , Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary - General : `` ( Arafat ) with the trademark kaffiyeh epitomized Palestinian identity and national aspirations , even more than the Palestinian flag or the national anthem . '' Jump up ^ Flags of the World : Palestine Quote : `` The Palestinian flag represents all Palestinian Arab aspirations regardless of party . '' Jump up ^ AmericanDiplomacy.org : Palestinian Psychological Operations : The First Intifada by Jamie Efaw Quote : `` An example of a common , obvious symbolism came in the form of the Palestinian flag . ( ... ) the flag and the colors transmitted the message to all target audiences the underlying theme of the entire Intifada -- Palestinian nationalism . The flag , the symbol of Palestinian nationalism , was ubiquitous in the occupied territories . '' Jump up ^ Kifner , John ( October 16 , 1993 ) . `` Ramallah Journal ; A Palestinian Version of the Judgment of Solomon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William ( October 2 , 2002 ) . `` A culture under fire '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The watermelon makes a colourful interlude '' . The Age . Melbourne . September 12 , 2004 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Palestine . Palestine at Flags of the World The Meaning of the Flag at the website of the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs An online webpage provides the Palestinian flag Flags of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Flags of the Arab League States Algeria Bahrain Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman State of Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somalia Somaliland Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen partially unrecognized Suspended from Arab League since 2012 National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestinian_flag&oldid=799807198 '' Categories : Flags introduced in 1948 Arab nationalist symbols Flags of Asia National symbols of the Palestinian National Authority Palestinian politics National symbols of the State of Palestine Flags of unrecognized or largely unrecognized states National flags Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	red white and green flag with red triangle	[ "The Palestinian flag (Arabic: علم فلسطين‎‎) is a tricolor of three equal horizontal stripes (black, white, and green from top to bottom) overlaid by a red triangle issuing from the hoist. This flag is derived from the Pan-Arab colors and it is used to represent the State of Palestine and the Palestinian people." ]	[ "Palestinian flag" ]
1812514708811097931	Original sin	Original sin - wikipedia Original sin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Eternal sin . For other uses , see Original Sin ( disambiguation ) . Depiction of the sin of Adam and Eve by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens Original sin , also called ancestral sin , is the Christian doctrine of humanity 's state of sin resulting from the fall of man , stemming from Adam and Eve 's rebellion in Eden , namely the sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil . This condition has been characterized in many ways , ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency , or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt , referred to as a `` sin nature '' , to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt . The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics . Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine , seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 22 ) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51 : 5 . Tertullian , Cyprian , Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam 's sin , transmitted by human generation . Augustine 's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers , such as Martin Luther and John Calvin , who equated original sin with concupiscence ( or `` hurtful desire '' ) , affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom . The Jansenist movement , which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical , also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the doctrine 1.1 Augustine 1.2 Cassian 1.3 Church reaction 1.4 Protestant reformation 1.5 Council of Trent 2 Denominational views 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.1. 1 Criticism 2.2 Eastern Orthodoxy 2.3 Classical Anglicanism 2.4 Methodism 2.5 Seventh - day Adventism 2.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.7 Mormonism 2.8 Swedenborgianism 2.9 Quakerism 3 In Judaism 4 In Islam 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History of the doctrine ( edit ) Michelangelo 's painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the Sistine Chapel ceiling The doctrine of ancestral fault ( προγονικὸν ἁμάρτημα progonikon hamartema ) , i.e. the sins of the forefathers leading to punishment of their descendants , was presented as a tradition of immemorial antiquity in ancient Greek religion by Celsus in his True Doctrine , a polemic attacking Christianity . Celsus is quoted as attributing to `` a priest of Apollo or of Zeus '' the saying that `` the mills of the gods grind slowly , even to children 's children , and to those who are born after them '' . The idea of divine justice taking the form of collective punishment is also ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible . St Paul 's idea of redemption hinged upon the contrast between the sin of Adam and the death and resurrection of Jesus . `` Therefore , just as sin entered the world through one man , and death through sin , and in this way death came to all people , because all sinned . '' `` For as in Adam all die , so in Christ all will be made alive . '' Up till then the transgression in the Garden of Eden had not been given great significance . As the Jesus scholar , Geza Vermes has said : Paul believed that Adam 's transgression in a mysterious way affected the nature of the human race . The primeval sin , a Pauline creation with no biblical or post-biblical Jewish precedent , was irreparable by ordinary human effort . The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin was first developed in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , the Bishop of Lyon , in his struggle against Gnosticism . Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam , with whom , Irenaeus believed , his descendants had some solidarity or identity . Irenaeus believed that Adam 's sin had grave consequences for humanity , that it is the source of human sinfulness , mortality and enslavement to sin , and that all human beings participate in his sin and share his guilt . The Greek Fathers emphasized the cosmic dimension of the Fall , namely that since Adam human beings are born into a fallen world , but held fast to belief that man , though fallen , is free . They thus did not teach that human beings are deprived of free will and involved in total depravity , which is one understanding of original sin . During this period the doctrines of human depravity and the inherently sinful nature of human flesh were taught by Gnostics , and orthodox Christian writers took great pains to counter them . Christian apologists insisted that God 's future judgment of humanity implied humanity must have the ability to live righteously . Historian Robin Lane Fox argues that the foundation of the doctrine of original sin as accepted by the Church was ultimately based on a mistranslation of Paul the Apostle 's Epistle to the Romans ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 ) by Augustine , in his On the Grace of Christ , and on Original Sin `` . Augustine ( edit ) Augustine of Hippo wrote that original sin is transmitted by concupiscence and enfeebles freedom of the will without destroying it . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . When Adam sinned , human nature was thenceforth transformed . Adam and Eve , via sexual reproduction , recreated human nature . Their descendants now live in sin , in the form of concupiscence , a term Augustine used in a metaphysical , not a psychological sense . Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not a being but a bad quality , the privation of good or a wound . He admitted that sexual concupiscence ( libido ) might have been present in the perfect human nature in paradise , and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple 's disobedience to God 's will in the original sin . In Augustine 's view ( termed `` Realism '' ) , all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned , and therefore all have sinned . Original sin , according to Augustine , consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit . As sinners , humans are utterly depraved in nature , lack the freedom to do good , and can not respond to the will of God without divine grace . Justo Gonzalez interprets Augustine 's teaching that grace is irresistible , results in conversion , and leads to perseverance . Augustine articulated his explanation in reaction to Pelagianism , which insisted that humans have of themselves , without the necessary help of God 's grace , the ability to lead a morally good life , and thus denied both the importance of baptism and the teaching that God is the giver of all that is good . Pelagius claimed that the influence of Adam on other humans was merely that of bad example . Augustine held that the effects of Adam 's sin are transmitted to his descendants not by example but by the very fact of generation from that ancestor . A wounded nature comes to the soul and body of the new person from his / her parents , who experience libido ( or concupiscence ) . Augustine 's view was that human procreation was the way the transmission was being effected . He did not blame , however , the sexual passion itself , but the spiritual concupiscence present in human nature , soul and body , even after baptismal regeneration . Christian parents transmit their wounded nature to children , because they give them birth , not the `` re-birth '' . Augustine used Ciceronian Stoic concept of passions , to interpret St. Paul 's doctrine of universal sin and redemption . In that view , also sexual desire itself as well as other bodily passions were consequence of the original sin , in which pure affections were wounded by vice and became disobedient to human reason and will . As long as they carry a threat to the dominion of reason over the soul they constitute moral evil , but since they do not presuppose consent , one can not call them sins . Humanity will be liberated from passions , and pure affections will be restored only when all sin has been washed away and ended , that is in the resurrection of the dead . Augustine believed that the only definitive destinations of souls are heaven and hell . He concluded that unbaptized infants go to hell as a consequence of original sin . The Latin Church Fathers who followed Augustine adopted his position , which became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages . In the later medieval period , some theologians continued to hold Augustine 's view , others held that unbaptized infants suffered no pain at all : unaware of being deprived of the beatific vision , they enjoyed a state of natural , not supernatural happiness . Starting around 1300 , unbaptized infants were often said to inhabit the `` limbo of infants '' . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1261 declares : `` As regards children who have died without Baptism , the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God , as she does in her funeral rites for them . Indeed , the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved , and Jesus ' tenderness toward children which caused him to say : ' Let the children come to me , do not hinder them ' , allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism . All the more urgent is the Church 's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism . '' But the theory of Limbo , while it `` never entered into the dogmatic definitions of the Magisterium ... remains ... a possible theological hypothesis '' . Cassian ( edit ) In the works of John Cassian ( c. 360 -- 435 ) , Conference XIII recounts how the wise monk Chaeremon , of whom he is writing , responded to puzzlement caused by his own statement that `` man even though he strive with all his might for a good result , yet can not become master of what is good unless he has acquired it simply by the gift of Divine bounty and not by the efforts of his own toil '' ( chapter 1 ) . In chapter 11 , Cassian presents Chaeremon as speaking of the cases of Paul the persecutor and Matthew the publican as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of free will is in our own power '' , and the cases of Zaccheus and the good thief on the cross as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of our free will is always due to the inspiration of the grace of God '' , and as concluding : `` These two then ; viz. , the grace of God and free will seem opposed to each other , but really are in harmony , and we gather from the system of goodness that we ought to have both alike , lest if we withdraw one of them from man , we may seem to have broken the rule of the Church 's faith : for when God sees us inclined to will what is good , He meets , guides , and strengthens us : for ' At the voice of thy cry , as soon as He shall hear , He will answer thee ' ; and : ' Call upon Me ' , He says , ' in the day of tribulation and I will deliver thee , and thou shalt glorify Me ' . And again , if He finds that we are unwilling or have grown cold , He stirs our hearts with salutary exhortations , by which a good will is either renewed or formed in us . '' Cassian did not accept the idea of total depravity , on which Martin Luther was to insist . He taught that human nature is fallen or depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that , at the same time , Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian pointed out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , but in Cassian 's view , according to Casiday , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress ; and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Church reaction ( edit ) Opposition to Augustine 's ideas about original sin , which he had developed in reaction to Pelagianism , arose rapidly . After a long and bitter struggle the general principles of Augustine 's teaching were confirmed within Western Christianity by many councils , especially the Second Council of Orange in 529 . However , while the Church condemned Pelagius , it did not endorse Augustine entirely and , while Augustine 's authority was accepted , he was interpreted in the light of writers such as Cassian . Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with concupiscence in the psychological sense , but this identification was challenged by the 11th - century Saint Anselm of Canterbury , who defined original sin as `` privation of the righteousness that every man ought to possess '' , thus separating it from concupiscence . In the 12th century the identification of original sin with concupiscence was supported by Peter Lombard and others , but was rejected by the leading theologians in the next century , chief of whom was Thomas Aquinas . He distinguished the supernatural gifts of Adam before the Fall from what was merely natural , and said that it was the former that were lost , privileges that enabled man to keep his inferior powers in submission to reason and directed to his supernatural end . Even after the fall , man thus kept his natural abilities of reason , will and passions . Rigorous Augustine - inspired views persisted among the Franciscans , though the most prominent Franciscan theologians , such as Duns Scotus and William of Ockham , eliminated the element of concupiscence . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) asserted that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . The second article in Lutheranism 's Augsburg Confession presents its doctrine of original sin in summary form : It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin . That is , all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers ' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God . Moreover , this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit . Rejected in this connection are the Pelagians and others who deny that original sin is sin , for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers , thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ . Luther , however , also agreed with the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception ( that Mary was conceived free from original sin ) by saying : ( Mary ) is full of grace , proclaimed to be entirely without sin . God 's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil . God is with her , meaning that all she did or left undone is divine and the action of God in her . Moreover , God guarded and protected her from all that might be hurtful to her . Protestant Reformer John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) developed a systematic theology of Augustinian Protestantism by interpretation of Augustine of Hippo 's notion of original sin . Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . This inherently sinful nature ( the basis for the Calvinistic doctrine of `` total depravity '' ) results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities . Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam 's fall , but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race , all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his sin by imputation . Redemption by Jesus Christ is the only remedy . John Calvin defined original sin in his Institutes of the Christian Religion as follows : Original sin , therefore , seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature , diffused into all parts of the soul , which first makes us liable to God 's wrath , then also brings forth in us those works which Scripture calls `` works of the flesh '' ( Gal 5 : 19 ) . And that is properly what Paul often calls sin . The works that come forth from it -- such as adulteries , fornications , thefts , hatreds , murders , carousings -- he accordingly calls `` fruits of sin '' ( Gal 5 : 19 -- 21 ) , although they are also commonly called `` sins '' in Scripture , and even by Paul himself . Council of Trent ( edit ) The Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , while not pronouncing on points disputed among Catholic theologians , condemned the teaching that in baptism the whole of what belongs to the essence of sin is not taken away , but is only cancelled or not imputed , and declared the concupiscence that remains after baptism not truly and properly `` sin '' in the baptized , but only to be called sin in the sense that it is of sin and inclines to sin . In 1567 , soon after the close of the Council of Trent , Pope Pius V went beyond Trent by sanctioning Aquinas 's distinction between nature and supernature in Adam 's state before the Fall , condemned the identification of original sin with concupiscence , and approved the view that the unbaptized could have right use of will . Denominational views ( edit ) Illuminated parchment , Spain , circa AD 950 -- 955 , depicting the Fall of Man , cause of original sin Roman catholicism ( edit ) The Catechism of the Catholic Church says : By his sin Adam , as the first man , lost the original holiness and justice he had received from God , not only for himself but for all humans . Adam and Eve transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice ; this deprivation is called `` original sin '' . As a result of original sin , human nature is weakened in its powers , subject to ignorance , suffering and the domination of death , and inclined to sin ( this inclination is called `` concupiscence '' ) . The Catholic Church teaches that every human person born on this earth is made in the image of God . Within man `` is both the powerful surge toward the good because we are made in the image of God , and the darker impulses toward evil because of the effects of Original Sin '' . Furthermore , it explicitly denies that we inherit guilt from anyone , maintaining that instead we inherit our fallen nature . In this it differs from the Calvinist / Protestant position that each person actually inherits Adam 's guilt , and teaches instead that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants ... but the consequences for nature , weakened and inclined to evil , persist in man '' . `` In other words , human beings do not bear any ' original guilt ' from Adam and Eve 's particular sin . '' The Church has always held baptism to be `` for the remission of sins '' , and , as mentioned in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 403 , infants too have traditionally been baptized , though not guilty of any actual personal sin . The sin that through baptism was remitted for them could only be original sin , with which they were connected by the very fact of being a human . The first comprehensive theological explanation of this practice of baptizing infants , guilty of no actual personal sin , was given by Saint Augustine of Hippo , not all of whose ideas on original sin have been adopted by the Catholic Church . Indeed , the Church has condemned the interpretation of some of his ideas by certain leaders of the Protestant Reformation . The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains that in `` yielding to the tempter , Adam and Eve committed a personal sin , but this sin affected the human nature that they would then transmit in a fallen state ... original sin is called `` sin '' only in an analogical sense : it is a sin `` contracted '' and not `` committed '' -- a state and not an act '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 404 ) . This `` state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice ... transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature '' ( Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 76 ) involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam 's , who because of his sin , was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed , in this way implicating them in his sin . The doctrine of original sin thus does not impute the sin of the father to his children , but merely states that they inherit from him a `` human nature deprived of original holiness and justice '' , which is `` transmitted by propagation to all mankind '' . In the theology of the Catholic Church , original sin is regarded as the general condition of sinfulness , that is the absence of holiness and perfect charity into which humans are born , distinct from the actual sins that a person commits . This teaching explicitly states that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' . In other words , human beings do not bear any `` original guilt '' from Adam 's particular sin , which is his alone . The prevailing view , also held in Eastern Orthodoxy , is that human beings bear no guilt for the sin of Adam . The Catholic Church teaches : `` By our first parents ' sin , the devil has acquired a certain domination over man , even though man remains free . '' The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary is that Mary was conceived free from original sin : `` the most Blessed Virgin Mary was , from the first moment of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege of almighty God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , Savior of the human race , preserved immune from all stain of original sin '' . The doctrine sees her as an exception to the general rule that human beings are not immune from the reality of original sin . Criticism ( edit ) Soon after the Second Vatican Council , biblical theologian Herbert Haag raised the question : Is original sin in Scripture ? According to his exegesis , Genesis 2 : 25 indicates that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the divine grace , an originary grace that , then , they would never have had and even less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated . On the other hand , while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absence of preternatural gifts ( Latin : dona praeternaturalia ) with regard to the ophitic event , Haag never makes any reference to the discontinuity of the loss of access to the tree of life . Eastern Orthodoxy ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox version of original sin is the view that sin originates with the Devil , `` for the devil sinneth from the beginning ( 1 John iii. 8 ) '' . They acknowledge that the introduction of ancestral sin into the human race affected the subsequent environment for humanity ( see also traducianism ) . However , they never accepted Augustine of Hippo 's notions of original sin and hereditary guilt . Orthodox Churches accept the teachings of John Cassian , as do Catholic Churches eastern and western , in rejecting the doctrine of total depravity , by teaching that human nature is `` fallen '' , that is , depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian points out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , while Augustine Casiday says that , in Cassian 's view , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress . and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Eastern Orthodoxy accepts the doctrine of ancestral sin : `` Original sin is hereditary . It did not remain only Adam and Eve 's . As life passes from them to all of their descendants , so does original sin . '' `` As from an infected source there naturally flows an infected stream , so from a father infected with sin , and consequently mortal , there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin , and like him mortal . '' The Orthodox Church in America makes clear the distinction between `` fallen nature '' and `` fallen man '' and this is affirmed in the early teaching of the Church whose role it is to act as the catalyst that leads to true or inner redemption . Every human person born on this earth bears the image of God undistorted within themselves . In the Orthodox Christian understanding , they explicitly deny that humanity inherited guilt from anyone . Rather , they maintain that we inherit our fallen nature . While humanity does bear the consequences of the original , or first , sin , humanity does not bear the personal guilt associated with this sin . Adam and Eve are guilty of their willful action ; we bear the consequences , chief of which is death . '' The view of the Eastern Orthodox Church varies on whether Mary is free of all actual sin or concupiscence . Some Patristic sources imply that she was cleansed from sin at the Annunciation , while the liturgical references are unanimous that she is all - holy from the time of her conception . Classical anglicanism ( edit ) The original formularies of the Church of England also continue in the Reformation understanding of original sin . In the Thirty - Nine Articles , Article IX `` Of Original or Birth - sin '' states : Original Sin standeth not in the following of Adam , ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) ; but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man , that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam ; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and is of his own nature inclined to evil , so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit ; and therefore in every person born into this world , it deserveth God 's wrath and damnation . And this infection of nature doth remain , yea in them that are regenerated ; whereby the lust of the flesh , called in the Greek , Φρονεμα σαρκος , which some do expound the wisdom , some sensuality , some the affection , some the desire , of the flesh , is not subject to the Law of God . And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized , yet the Apostle doth confess , that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin . However , more recent doctrinal statements ( e.g. the 1938 report Doctrine in the Church of England ) permit a greater variety of understandings of this doctrine . The 1938 report summarizes : Man is by nature capable of communion with God , and only through such communion can he become what he was created to be . `` Original sin '' stands for the fact that from a time apparently prior to any responsible act of choice man is lacking in this communion , and if left to his own resources and to the influence of his natural environment can not attain to his destiny as a child of God . Methodism ( edit ) The Methodist Church upholds Article VII in the Articles of Religion in the Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church : Original sin standeth not in the following of Adam ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) , but it is the corruption of the nature of every man , that naturally is engendered of the offspring of Adam , whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and of his own nature inclined to evil , and that continually . Seventh - day adventism ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventists believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam , but they do not totally accept the Augustinian / Calvinistic understanding of original sin , taught in terms of original guilt , but hold more to what could be termed the `` total depravity '' tradition . Seventh - day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness , but not a doctrine of inherited guilt . According to Augustine and Calvin , humanity inherits not only Adam 's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression , and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model . In part , the Adventist position on original sin reads : The nature of the penalty for original sin , i.e. , Adam 's sin , is to be seen as literal , physical , temporal , or actual death -- the opposite of life , i.e. , the cessation of being . By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity . God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner . That was Adam 's own doing . All die the first death because of Adam 's sin regardless of their moral character -- children included . Early Adventists Pioneers ( such as George Storrs and Uriah Smith ) tended to de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam , while stressing the importance of actual , personal sins committed by the individual . They thought of the `` sinful nature '' in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity . Traditionally , Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions , and that Christ triumphed over sin . Adventism believes that Christ is both our Substitute and our Example . They base their belief on texts such as `` Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law : for sin is the transgression of the law . '' ( 1 John 3 : 4 ) Though believing in the concept of inherited sin from Adam , there is no dogmatic Adventist position on original sin . Related articles dealing with the subject are publicly available on the General Conference of the Seventh - day Adventist Church 's official website on theological doctrine , the Biblical Research Institute . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) According to the theology of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses , all humans are born sinners , because of inheriting sin , corruption , and death from Adam . They teach that Adam was originally created perfect and sinless , but with free will ; that the Devil , who was originally a perfect angel , but later developed feelings of pride and self - importance , seduced Eve , and then through her , persuaded Adam to disobey God , and to obey the Devil instead , rebelling against God 's sovereignty , thereby making themselves sinners , and because of that , transmitting a sinful nature to all of their future offspring . Instead of destroying the Devil right away , as well as destroying the disobedient couple , God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind , and to prove that man can not be independent of God successfully , that man is lost without God 's laws and standards , and can never bring peace to the earth , and that Satan was a deceiver , murderer , and liar . Witnesses believe that all men possess `` inherited sin '' from the `` one man '' Adam and they teach that verses such as Romans 5 : 12 - 22 , Psalm 51 : 5 , Job 14 : 4 , and 1st Corinthians 15 : 22 show that man is born corrupt , and dies because of inherited sin and imperfection , that inherited sin is the reason and cause for sickness and suffering , made worse by the Devil 's wicked influence . They believe Jesus is the `` second Adam '' , being the sinless Son of God and the Messiah , and that he came to undo Adamic sin ; and that salvation and everlasting life can only be obtained through faith and obedience to the second Adam . They believe that `` sin '' is `` missing the mark '' of God 's standard of perfection , and that everyone is born a sinner , due to being the offspring of sinner Adam . Mormonism ( edit ) The Book of Mormon , a text sacred to Mormonism , explains that the opportunity to live here in a world where we can learn good and bad is a gift from God , and not a punishment for Adam 's and Eve 's choice . As Mormon founder Joseph Smith taught , humans had an essentially godlike nature , and were not only holy in a premortal state , but had the potential to progress eternally to become like God . He wrote as one of his church 's Articles of Faith , `` We believe that men will be punished for their own sins , and not for Adam 's transgression . '' Later Mormons took this creed as a rejection of the doctrine of original sin and any notion of inherited sinfulness . Thus , while modern Mormons will agree that the fall of Adam brought consequences to the world , including the possibility of sin , they generally reject the idea that any culpability is automatically transmitted to Adam and Eve 's offspring . Children under the age of eight are regarded as free of all sin and therefore do not require baptism . Children who die prior to age eight are believed to be saved in the highest degree of heaven . Swedenborgianism ( edit ) In Swedenborgianism , exegesis of the first 11 chapters of Genesis from The First Church , has a view that Adam is not an individual person . Rather , he is a symbolic representation of the `` Most Ancient Church '' , having a more direct contact with heaven than all other successive churches . Swedenborg 's view of original sin is referred to as hereditary evil , which passes from generation to generation . It can not be completely abolished by an individual man , but can be tempered when someone reforms their own life , and are thus held accountable only for their own sins . Quakerism ( edit ) Most Quakers ( also known as the Religious Society of Friends ) , including the founder of Quakerism , George Fox , believe in the doctrine of Inward light , a doctrine which states that there is `` that of God in everyone '' . This has led to a common belief among many liberal and universalist Quakers affiliated with the Friends General Conference and Britain Yearly Meeting , based on the ideas of Quaker Rufus Jones among others , that rather than being burdened by original sin , human beings are inherently good , and the doctrine of universal reconciliation , that is , that all people will eventually be saved and reconciled with God . However , this rejection of the doctrine of original sin or the necessity of salvation is not something that most conservative or evangelical Quakers affiliated with Friends United Meeting or Evangelical Friends Church International tend to agree with . Although the more conservative and evangelical Quakers also believe in the doctrine of inward light , they interpret it in a manner consistent with the doctrine of original sin , namely , that people may or may not listen to the voice of God within them and be saved , and people who do not listen will not be saved , thus there can not be any universal reconciliation under the more conservative Quaker theology . Many more liberal Quaker meetings have no official creed and allow individual Quakers to have a wide variety of different beliefs , although following the recommendations of one 's yearly meeting 's Faith and Practice book is strongly recommended even though not mandatory . Also , not all local Quaker meetings are entirely liberal or conservative and some have members adhering to different Quaker traditions , and a Quaker meeting can be affiliated with both liberal and conservative umbrella organizations . For instance , New York Yearly Meeting , which is mostly liberal , is affiliated with both the liberal Friends General Conference as well as the conservative Friends United Meeting , even though they adhere much more to the liberal teachings of Friends General Conference than the conservative teachings of Friends United Meeting . Thus , at any given Quaker meeting , individual Quakers may have differing views on a wide variety of theological issues including original sin , with more conservative Quaker meetings having everyone believe in original sin while at more liberal Quaker meetings there is typically a variety of beliefs and usually a majority of people would not believe in original sin but a minority would believe in original sin . In Judaism ( edit ) The doctrine of `` inherited sin '' is not found in most of mainstream Judaism . Although some in Orthodox Judaism place blame on Adam for overall corruption of the world , and though there were some Jewish teachers in Babylon who believed that mortality was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , that is not the dominant view in most of Judaism today . Modern Judaism generally teaches that humans are born sin - free and untainted , and choose to sin later and bring suffering to themselves . Jewish theologians are divided in regard to the cause of what is called `` original sin '' . Some teach that it was due to Adam 's yielding to temptation in eating of the forbidden fruit and has been inherited by his descendants ; the majority of chazalic opinions , however , do not hold Adam responsible for the sins of humanity , teaching that , in Genesis 8 : 21 and 6 : 5 - 8 , God recognized that Adam did not willfully sin . However , Adam is recognized by some as having brought death into the world by his disobedience . Because of his sin , his descendants will live a mortal life , which will end in death of their bodies . In Islam ( edit ) The concept of inherited sin does not exist in Islam . Islam teaches that Adam and Eve sinned , but then sought forgiveness and thus were forgiven by God . The Qur'an says that after Adam and Eve sinned , they asked for repentance and it was granted : They said : `` Our Lord , we have wronged ourselves souls . If You forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your mercy , we shall certainly be of the losers . -- Surat al - Aʻrāf : 23 Thus did Adam disobey his Lord , so he went astray . Then his Lord chose him , and turned to him with forgiveness , and gave him guidance . -- Surat Ṭā Hāʼ : 121 -- 122 The Qur'an further says about individual responsibility : That no burdened person ( with sins ) shall bear the burden ( sins ) of another . And that man can have nothing but what he does ( of good and bad ) . And that his deeds will be seen , Then he will be recompensed with a full and the best ( fair ) recompense . -- Surat an - Najm : 38 -- 41 See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Religion portal Actual sin Ancestral sin Christian views on sin Deadly sin Divine grace Fall of man Hamartiology Immaculate Conception Incurvatus in se Internal sin Justification ( theology ) Mortal sin Pandora 's box Prevenient grace Problem of evil Sin The Antichrist ( book ) Theodicy and the Bible # The Fall and freedom of the will Venial sin Yetzer hara References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Examples : Alexander Golitzin , On the Mystical Life by Saint Symeon ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 144 - 7 ) , p. 119 Adam L. Tate , Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals , 1789 -- 1861 ( University of Missouri Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1567 - 3 ) , p. 190 Marcelle Bartolo - Abel , God 's Gift to Humanity ( Apostolate -- The Divine Heart 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9833480 - 1 - 6 ) , p. 32 Ann Hassan , Annotations to Geoffrey Hill 's Speech ! Speech ! ( Punctum Books 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4681 - 2984 - 7 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : ODCC 2005 , p . Original sin . Jump up ^ Brodd , Jefferey ( 2003 ) . World Religions . Winona , MN : Saint Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 725 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peter Nathan . `` The Original View of Original Sin '' . Vision.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Original Sin Explained and Defended : Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor '' . Philvaz.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Preamble and Articles of Faith Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - V. Sin , Original and Personal - Church of the Nazarene . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Are Babies Born with Sin ? - Topical Bible Studies . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Original Sin - Psalm 51 : 5 - Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Jansenius and Jansenism '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ὀψὲ , φησι , θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , και Ἐς παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθη γένωνται . Gagné , Renaud ( 2013 ) . Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ten Plagues of Egypt , destruction of Shechem , etc. and most notably the punishments inflicted on the Israelites for lapsing from Yahwism ; explicitly in Isaiah 14 : 21 , Exodus 20 : 5 , Exodus 34 : 6 - 7 , Jeremiah 32 : 18 . Krašovec , Jože , Reward , punishment , and forgiveness : the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views , BRILL , 1999 , p 113 . Jump up ^ Rom. 5 : 12 Jump up ^ 1 Cor. 15 : 22 Jump up ^ Vermes , Geza ( 2012 ) . Christian Beginnings from Nazareth to Nicea . Allen Lane , Penguin Books . p. 100 . Jump up ^ J.N.D. Kelly . Early Christian Doctrines ( San Francisco : Harper Collins , 1978 ) p. 171 , referred to in Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church , p. 433 Jump up ^ Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church ( B&H Publishing 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 2640 - 3 ) , p. 433 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 255 , 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ H.E.W. Turner , The Patristic Doctrine of the Redemption : A Study of the Development of Doctrine During the First Five Centuries ( Eugene , Oregon : Wipf & Stock Publishers , 2004 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Bernhard Lohse , A Short History of Christian Doctrine ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Fortress Press , 1966 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Arthur C. McGiffert , A History of Christian Thought : Volume 1 , Early and Eastern ( New York ; London : C. Scribner 's sons , 1932 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Fox , Robin Lane ( 2006 ) . The Unauthorized Version : Truth and Fiction in the Bible . London : Penguin . ISBN 9780141022963 . Jump up ^ Augustine taught that Adam 's sin was both an act of foolishness ( insipientia ) and of pride and disobedience to God of Adam and Eve . He thought it was a most subtle job to discern what came first : self - centeredness or failure in seeing truth . Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Sed si disputatione subtilissima et elimatissima opus est , ut sciamus utrum primos homines insipientia superbos , an insipientes superbia fecerit ( Contra Julianum , V , 4.18 ; PL 44 , 795 ) . This particular sin would not have taken place if Satan had not sown into their senses `` the root of evil '' ( radix Mali ) : Nisi radicem mali humanus tunc reciperet sensus ( Contra Julianum , I , 9.42 ; PL 44 , 670 ) Jump up ^ `` Original Sin '' . Biblical Apologetic Studies . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , sexual desire and all sensual feelings resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . Jump up ^ William Nicholson . A Plain But Full Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England , page 118 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas explained Augustine 's doctrine pointing out that the libido ( concupiscence ) , which makes the original sin pass from parents to children , is not a libido actualis , i.e. sexual lust , but libido habitualis , i.e. a wound of the whole of human nature : Libido quae transmittit peccatum originale in prolem , non est libido actualis , quia dato quod virtute divina concederetur alicui quod nullam inordinatam libidinem in actu generationis sentiret , adhuc transmitteret in prolem originale peccatum . Sed libido illa est intelligenda habitualiter , secundum quod appetitus sensitivus non continetur sub ratione vinculo originalis iustitiae . Et talis libido in omnibus est aequalis ( STh Ia -- IIae q. 82 a . 4 ad 3 ) . Jump up ^ Non substantialiter manere concupiscentiam , sicut corpus aliquod aut spiritum ; sed esse affectionem quamdam malae qualitatis , sicut est languor . ( De nuptiis et concupiscentia , I , 25 . 28 ; PL 44 , 430 ; cf . Contra Julianum , VI , 18.53 ; PL 44 , 854 ; ibid . VI , 19.58 ; PL 44 , 857 ; ibid. , II , 10.33 ; PL 44 , 697 ; Contra Secundinum Manichaeum , 15 ; PL 42 , 590 . Jump up ^ Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Quis enim negat futurum fuisse concubitum , etiamsi peccatum non praecessisset ? Sed futurus fuerat , sicut aliis membris , ita etiam genitalibus voluntate motis , non libidine concitatis ; aut certe etiam ipsa libidine -- ut non vos de illa nimium contristemus -- non qualis nunc est , sed ad nutum voluntarium serviente ( Contra Julianum , IV . 11 . 57 ; PL 44 , 766 ) . See also his late work : Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem imperfectum opus , II , 42 ; PL 45 , 1160 ; ibid. II , 45 ; PL 45 , 1161 ; ibid. , VI , 22 ; PL 45 , 1550 -- 1551 . Cf . Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Justo L. Gonzalez ( 1970 -- 1975 ) . A History of Christian Thought : Volume 2 ( From Augustine to the eve of the Reformation ) . Abingdon Press . Jump up ^ Sexual desire is , according to bishop of Hippo , only one -- though the strongest -- of many physical realisations of that spiritual libido : Cum igitur sint multarum libidines rerum , tamen , cum libido dicitur neque cuius rei libido sit additur , non fere assolet animo occurrere nisi illa , qua obscenae partes corporis excitantur . Haec autem sibi non solum totum corpus nec solum extrinsecus , verum etiam intrinsecus vindicat totumque commovet hominem animi simul affectu cum carnis appetitu coniuncto atque permixto , ut ea voluptas sequatur , qua maior in corporis voluptatibus nulla est ; ita ut momento ipso temporis , quo ad eius pervenitur extremum , paene omnis acies et quasi vigilia cogitationis obruatur . ( De civitate Dei , XIV , 16 ; CCL 48 , 438 -- 439 ( 1 -- 10 ) ) . See also : Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 97 ... See also Augustine 's : De continentia , 8.21 ; PL 40 , 363 ; Contra Iulianum VI , 19.60 ; PL 44 , 859 ; ibid. IV , 14.65 , z. 2 , s . 62 ; PL 44 , 770 ; De Trinitate , XII , 9 . 14 ; CCL 50 , 368 ( verse : IX 1 -- 8 ) ; De Genesi contra Manicheos , II , 9.12 , s . 60 ; CSEL 91 , 133 ( v. 31 -- 35 ) ) . Jump up ^ Regeneratus quippe non regenerat filios carnis , sed generat ; ac per hoc in eos non quod regeneratus , sed quod generatus est , trajicit . ( De gratia Christi et de peccato originali , II , 40.45 ; CSEL 42 , 202 ( 23 -- 25 ) ; PL 44 , 407 . Jump up ^ Cf . De civitate Dei , ch . IX and XIV ; On the Gospel of John , LX ( Christ 's feelings at the death of Lazarus , Jn 11 ) Jump up ^ J. Brachtendorf ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' : 307 . hdl : 2042 / 23075 . Jump up ^ `` Infernum '' , literally `` underworld '' , later identified as limbo . Jump up ^ `` Past Roman Catholic statements about Limbo and the destination of unbaptised infants who die ? '' . Religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Mark 10 : 14 ; cf. 1 Tim 2 : 4 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , secondary preliminary paragraph ; cf . paragraph 41 . Jump up ^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 s : Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Rudolph Elton , Reformation Europe ( Wiley - Blackwell 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21384 - 0 ) , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Augustine Casiday , Tradition and Theology in St John Cassian ( Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 19 - 929718 - 5 ) , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : John Cassian . Conferences . Books.google.com . p. 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STUDIA HISTORIAE ECCLESIASTICAE May / Mei 2009 Volume XXXV No / Nr 1 ^ Jump up to : Lauren Pristas , The Theological Anthropology of John Cassian Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 284 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Edwin Zackrison , In the Loins of Adam ( iUniverse 2004 ISBN 9780595307166 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Justo L. González , A History of Christian Thought ( Abingdon Press 2010 ISBN 9781426721915 ) , vol. 2 , p. 58 Jump up ^ In Catholic theology , the meaning of the word `` concupiscence '' is the movement of the sensitive appetite contrary to the operation of the human reason . The apostle St Paul identifies it with the rebellion of the ' flesh ' against the ' spirit ' . `` Concupiscence stems from the disobedience of the first sin . It unsettles man 's moral faculties and , without being in itself an offence , inclines man to commit sins '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , n . 2515 ) . Jump up ^ Theodore G. Tappert , The Book of Concord : The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , ( Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1959 ) , 29 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , American edition , vol. 43 , p. 40 , ed. H. Lehmann , Fortress , 1968 Jump up ^ John Calvin , The Institutes of the Christian Religion , II. 1.8 , LCC , 2 vols. , trans . Ford Lewis Battles , ed . John T. McNeill ( Philadelphia : Westminster , 1960 ) , 251 ( page 217 of CCEL edition ) . Cf . Institutes of the Christian Religion at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ `` Paul III Council of Trent - 5 '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man , The Image of God Paperback - Christoph Cardinal Schoenborn : Ignatius Press '' . Ignatius.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morality '' . Usccb.org. 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 404 Jump up ^ Item 407 in section 1.2. 1.7 . Emphasis added . Jump up ^ Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 491 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Haag , Herbert ( 1969 ) . Is original sin in Scripture ? . New York : Sheed and Ward . German or . ed. : 1966 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Haag , Herbert ( 1966 ) . pp. 9 , 49ff . Jump up ^ Catechism of St. Philaret , questions 157 Jump up ^ The term `` ancestral sin '' is also used , as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία ( e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια -- η ορθόδοξη άποψη , Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής , Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού -- του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ ) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα ( e.g. , Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά -- Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου , εκδ . Αποστολικής Διακονίας , 1997 , σελ. 156 -- 161 , Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Stavros Moschos . `` Original Sin And Its Consequences '' . Biserica.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox , Catholic , Eastern Church , 168 Jump up ^ `` Do Not Resent , Do Not React , Keep Inner Stillness Glory to God for All Things '' . Fatherstephen.wordpress.com. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fr . John Matusiak , http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=4&SID=3 Jump up ^ Mother Mary and Ware , Kallistos , `` The Festal Menaion '' , p. 47 . St. Tikhon 's Seminary Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Laurent Cleenewerck , His Broken Body ( Euclid University Press 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 61518361 - 9 ) , p. 410 Jump up ^ `` The Thirty - Nine Articles '' . Anglicans Online . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctrine in the Church of England , 1938 , London : SPCK ; p. 64 Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church : The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church -- Article V -- Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is Jump up ^ The SDA Bible Commentary , vol. 5 , p. 1131 . Jump up ^ Woodrow W. Whidden . `` Adventist Theology : The Wesleyan Connection '' ( PDF ) . Bibelschule.info . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ E.G. White , Signs of the Times , 29 August 1892 ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Pfandl . `` Some thoughts on Original Sin '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Research Institute Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Questions on Doctrine 50th Anniversary Conference '' ( DOC ) . Qod.andrews.edu. 27 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Research Institute '' . Adventistbiblicalresearch.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 1993 . pp. 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 2005 . p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Watchtower 1973 , page 724 '' -- `` Declaration and resolution '' , The Watchtower , 1 December 1973 , page 724 . Jump up ^ Penton , M.J. ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed . University of Toronto Press . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780802079732 . Jump up ^ `` Angels -- How They Affect Us '' . The Watchtower : 7 . 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ ADAM -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam 's Sin -- The Time for True Submission to God -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Book of Mormon , 2 Nephi 2 : 11 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Articles of Faith 1 : 2 Jump up ^ Merrill , Byron R. ( 1992 ) . `` Original sin '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan Publishing . pp. 1052 -- 1053 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 . OCLC 24502140 . Jump up ^ Moroni 8 ; `` Chapter 20 : Baptism '' , Gospel Principles , ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 2011 ) pp. 114 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 137 : 10 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Emanuel Swedenborg . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 96 , n . 313 : `` But as to hereditary evil , the case is this . Everyone who commits actual sin thereby induces on himself a nature , and the evil from it is implanted in his children , and becomes hereditary . It thus descends from every parent , from the father , grandfather , great - grandfather , and their ancestors in succession , and is thus multiplied and augmented in each descending posterity , remaining with each person , and being increased in each by his actual sins , and never being dissipated so as to become harmless except in those who are being regenerated by the Lord . Every attentive observer may see evidence of this truth in the fact that the evil inclinations of parents remain visibly in their children , so that one family , and even an entire race , may be thereby distinguished from every other . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 229 , n. 719 : `` There are evils in man which must be dispersed while he is being regenerated , that is , which must be loosened and attempered by goods ; for no actual and hereditary evil in man can be so dispersed as to be abolished . It still remains implanted ; and can only be so far loosened and attempered by goods from the Lord that it does not injure , and does not appear , which is an arcanum hitherto unknown . Actual evils are those which are loosened and attempered , and not hereditary evils ; which also is a thing unknown . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 336 , n. 966 : `` It is to be observed that in the other life no one undergoes any punishment and torture on account of his hereditary evil , but only on account of the actual evils which he himself has committed . '' . Jump up ^ John L. Nickals , ed. ( 1975 ) . Journal of George Fox . Religious Society of Friends . p. 774 . light of Christ , xl , xliii , xliv , 12 , 14 , 16 , 29 , 33 -- 5 , 60 , 64 , 76 , 80 , 88 , 92 , 115 , 117 , 135 , 143 -- 4 , 150 , 155 , 173 , 174 -- 6 , 188 , 191 , 205 , 225 -- 6 , 234 -- 7 , 245 , 274 -- 5 , 283 -- 4 , 294 -- 6 , 303 -- 5 , 309 , 312 , 317 - 335 , 339 -- 40 , 347 -- 8 , 361 , 471 -- 2 , 496 -- 7 , 575 , 642 Jump up ^ http://www.nyym.org/?q=NYYMAffiliations Jump up ^ http://www.nyym.org/?q=faith_and_practice ^ Jump up to : Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 55b Jump up ^ Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin -- Kolatch , Alfred J. , The Jewish Book of Why / The Second Jewish Book of Why . NY : Jonathan David Publishers , 1989 . Jump up ^ Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin While there were some Jewish teachers in Talmudic times who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , the dominant view was that man sins because he is not a perfect being , and not , as Christianity teaches , because he is inherently sinful . Jump up ^ SIN : -- Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaul Magid ( 2008 ) . From Metaphysics to Midrash : Myth , History , and the Interpretation of Scripture in Lurianic Kabbala . Indiana University Press . p. 238 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2004 ) . The Oxford dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . p. 295 Bibliography ( edit ) Brachtendorf , J. ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' ( PDF ) . Revue des Etudes Augustiniennes . Paris : Institut d'études augustiniennes. 43 : 289 -- 308 . Catechism , U.S. Catholic Church ( 2003 ) . Catechism of the Catholic Church : with modifications from the Editio Typica ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50819 - 3 . Kelly , J.N.D. ( 2000 ) . Early Christian doctrines ( 5th rev . ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5252 - 8 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Original sin '' . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd rev . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Swedenborg , Emanuel ( 1749 -- 56 ) . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . John F. Potts ( trans . ) ( 2008 Reprint ed . ) . Forgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 107 - 7 . Trapè , Agostino ( 1987 ) . S. Agostino , introduzione alla dottrina della grazia . Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 . I - Natura e Grazia . Roma : Nuova Biblioteca agostiniana . p. 422 . ISBN 88 - 311 - 3402 - 7 . Turner , H.E.W. The patristic doctrine of redemption : a study of the development of doctrine during the first five centuries / by H.E.W. Turner ( 2004 Reprint ed . ) . Eugene , Or. : Wipf & Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 930 - 9 . Wallace , A.J. ; R.D. Rusk ( 2010 ) . Moral transformation : the original Christian paradigm of salvation . New Zealand : Bridgehead Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 . Woo , B. Hoon ( 2014 ) . `` Is God the Author of Sin ? -- Jonathan Edwards 's Theodicy '' . Puritan Reformed Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 123 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Original sin Article `` Original Sin '' in Catholic Encyclopedia The Book of Concord The Defense of the Augsburg Confession , Article II : Of Original Sin ; from an early Protestant perspective , part of the Augsburg Confession . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. Romanides Ancestral Versus Original Sin by Father Antony Hughes , St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church , Cambridge , Massachusetts Original Sin by Michael Bremmer Catholic Church Council of Trent ( June 17 , 1546 ) . `` Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini : Fifth Session , Decree concerning Original Sin '' . at www.ccel.org . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Catholic virtue ethics Great Commandment ; `` On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets . '' -- Matthew 22 : 35 - 40 Cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero St Ambrose St Augustine of Hippo St Thomas Aquinas CCC , 1805 -- 1809 Theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Charity ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 CCC , 1812 -- 1829 Seven heavenly virtues Chastity ( Castitas ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Charity ( Caritas ) Diligence ( Industria ) Patience ( Patientia ) Kindness ( Humanitas ) Humility ( Humilitas ) Source : Church Fathers Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus St John Cassian Pope St Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Four last things Sin Christian views on sin Original sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology ( Latin names in bracketed italics ) Catholic philosophy Catholic social teaching Catholicism portal Philosophy portal Hamartiology Adam Good and evil The Fall Original sin Christian views on sin Imputation of sin Other views on sin Logical order of God 's decrees Theodicy Total depravity See also Apologetics Soteriology Demonology Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of Ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Adam and Eve ( 1992 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&oldid=809189791 '' Categories : Christian philosophy Christian hamartiology Christian anthropology Adam and Eve Christian terminology Sin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with German - language external links Accuracy disputes from June 2015 Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 17 : 31 . 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About Wikipedia	what was the first sin in the bible	[ "Original sin, also called ancestral sin,[1] is the Christian doctrine of humanity's state of sin resulting from the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve's rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.[2] This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a \"sin nature\", to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt.[3]" ]	[ "the sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil" ]
-1541629355275708866	Oz the Great and Powerful	Oz the Great and Powerful - Wikipedia Oz the Great and Powerful Jump to : navigation , search Oz the Great and Powerful Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Raimi Produced by Joe Roth Screenplay by Mitchell Kapner David Lindsay - Abaire Story by Mitchell Kapner Based on Oz series by L. Frank Baum Starring James Franco Michelle Williams Rachel Weisz Mila Kunis Zach Braff Bill Cobbs Joey King Tony Cox Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Peter Deming Edited by Bob Murawski Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Roth Films Curtis - Donen Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million ( gross ) $160.2 million ( net ) Box office $493.3 million Oz the Great and Powerful is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi and produced by Joe Roth , from a screenplay written by David Lindsay - Abaire and Mitchell Kapner . The film stars James Franco , Michelle Williams , Rachel Weisz and Mila Kunis , with Zach Braff , Bill Cobbs , Joey King , and Tony Cox in supporting roles . Based on L. Frank Baum 's Oz novels and set 20 years before the events of the original novel , Oz the Great and Powerful is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz . The film tells the story of Oscar Diggs , a deceptive magician who arrives in the Land of Oz and encounters three witches : Theodora , Evanora , and Glinda . Oscar is then enlisted to restore order in Oz , while struggling to resolve conflicts with the witches and himself . Kapner began developing an origin story for the Wizard of Oz after a lifelong interest of wanting to create one for the character . Walt Disney Pictures commissioned the film 's production in 2009 , with Joe Roth as producer and Grant Curtis , Joshua Donen , Philip Steuer , and Palak Patel serving as executive producers . Raimi was hired to direct the following year . After Robert Downey Jr. and Johnny Depp declined the titular role , Franco was cast in February 2011 , with principal photography commencing five months later . Danny Elfman composed the film 's score . Oz the Great and Powerful premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on February 14 , 2013 , and with general theatrical release on March 8 , 2013 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats , as well as in conventional theaters . It grossed over $493 million worldwide against a $200 million budget , making it the 13th - highest - grossing film of 2013 . The film won the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Live Action Family Film . Kunis , for her performance as the Wicked Witch of the West , won the MTV Movie Award for Best Villain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Continuity 4 Production 4.1 Disney 's history with Oz 4.2 Development 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.4. 1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1905 Kansas , Oscar Diggs works as a magician in a traveling circus . As a storm approaches , the circus strongman learns Oscar has flirted with his wife and threatens him . Oscar escapes in a hot air balloon , but is sucked into a tornado that takes him to the Land of Oz . There he encounters the beautiful yet naïve witch Theodora , who believes him to be a wizard prophesied to become King of Oz by destroying the Wicked Witch who killed the previous king ; the idea of being an immensely wealthy monarch makes Oscar immediately accept . En route to the Emerald City , Theodora falls in love with Oscar , though he does not reciprocate her feelings . They encounter the flying monkey Finley , who pledges a life debt to Oscar when he saves him from a lion . Oscar reveals his deception to Finley , forcing him to maintain the lie that he is a wizard . At the Emerald City , Oscar meets Theodora 's beautiful older sister , Evanora , who tells him that the Wicked Witch resides in the Dark Forest and can be killed by destroying her wand . Oscar and Finley are joined en route to the forest by China Girl , a young , living china doll whose village and family were destroyed by the Wicked Witch . The three reach the forest and , upon retrieving the wand , discover the `` Wicked Witch '' is Glinda the Good Witch , who identifies herself as the late king 's daughter and Evanora as the true Wicked Witch . Evanora sees this with her crystal ball and tricks Theodora into thinking he is trying to court all three witches at once . She offers Theodora a magic green apple she says will remove her heartache . Theodora bites it and turns into a hideous green - skinned witch . Glinda brings Oscar 's group to her domain to escape Evanora 's army of Winkies and flying baboons . She confides in Oscar that she knows he is not a wizard , but still believes he can help stop Evanora . He reluctantly takes charge of an `` army '' of Quadlings , Tinkers , and Munchkins . Theodora enters Glinda 's domain and angrily reveals her new , hideous appearance to Oscar before threatening to kill him and his allies with the Emerald City 's well - prepared army . Oscar despairs at his chances of victory , but after telling China Girl about the exploits of his hero Thomas Edison , he conceives a plan that relies on trickery and makes preparations with Glinda and his group . Glinda and her subjects mount a fake attack on the Emerald City using a pulley - rig army of scarecrow puppets hidden by thick fog . The witches are tricked into sending their flying baboons through a poppy field that puts them to sleep . However , two baboons manage to capture Glinda , who is brought to the city square and chained . Meanwhile , Oscar infiltrates the Emerald City with his allies , but appears to abandon them in a hot air balloon loaded with gold , which Theodora destroys with a fireball . As the wicked sisters prepare to execute Glinda , Oscar appears before his friends , having faked his betrayal and death . Using a hidden smoke machine and image projector , he presents a giant image of his face as his `` true '' form , and a fireworks display to intimidate the Wicked Witches . Evanora fearfully hides in her castle while Theodora flees on her broom , unable to hurt the `` invincible '' wizard . Oscar calls to Theodora , offering that she would be welcome to return should she overcome her wickedness , which is met with defiance from Theodora , who flies away to the West , leaving Oscar saddened . China Girl frees Glinda , who engages Evanora in a magical duel . During the fight , Glinda destroys Evanora 's emerald necklace , revealing her to be an old hag , and banishes her . Evanora is carried away by the two remaining flying baboons as she vows revenge . Oscar , now ruler of Oz , uses his projector to sustain the belief that he is a powerful wizard . He also presents gifts to his friends : Master Tinker , who helped build his machines , receives Oscar 's camping - tool jackknife ; Knuck , the grumpy Munchkin herald , receives a mask with a smiley face ; the long - suffering Finley receives Oscar 's friendship along with his top hat ; and China Girl accepts her friends as her new family . Finally , Oscar takes Glinda behind the curtains of his projector , thanking her for making him a better person , and they kiss . Cast ( edit ) James Franco as Oscar Diggs , or `` Oz '' , a philandering con artist , a stage magician , and a barnstormer who is part of a traveling circus in the Midwest . He is whisked in a hot air balloon by a tornado to the Land of Oz , where he is believed to be a wizard destined to bring peace to the land , forcing him to overcome his dubious ethics to convince his peers he is the hero needed by the people of Oz . He eventually becomes what is known as the Wizard of Oz . Michelle Williams as Glinda , the daughter of the late king . She rules and protects a peaceful kingdom in Oz inhabited by kind Quadlings , tinkers , and Munchkins . Oscar originally believed her to be the Wicked Witch responsible for terrorizing the land . She guides Oscar to achieve his destiny of defeating Evanora , becoming his love interest in the process . Michelle Williams also plays Annie , an old flame of Oscar 's and the future mother of Dorothy Gale . Rachel Weisz as Evanora , the protector of the Emerald City . Being the Wicked Witch of the East , she has a hideous form which she hides by wearing a necklace that gives her the appearance of a young woman . She deceives Oscar by framing Glinda for the King 's murder and telling Oscar that Glinda is the Wicked Witch rather than herself . Mila Kunis as Theodora , a naïve good witch who has the Land of Oz 's best interests at heart . She believes that Oscar is the wizard prophesied to defeat the seemingly evil Glinda from the Dark Forest , developing an attraction to him in the process . Evanora gradually manipulates Theodora into thinking Oscar has betrayed her for Glinda , ushering her transformation into the Wicked Witch of the West . Zach Braff as the voice of Finley , a winged monkey who pledges an irrevocable life debt to Oscar , believing him to be the prophesied wizard , for saving him from the Cowardly Lion . He quickly regrets his decision when Oscar reveals he is not a wizard , but nonetheless becomes his loyal ally . Braff also plays Frank , Oscar 's long - suffering yet loyal assistant in Kansas . Bill Cobbs as the Master Tinker , the leader of the tinkers who are ruled by Glinda . He would later build the Tin Woodman . Joey King as the voice of China Girl , a young , living china doll from China Town where everything , including its inhabitants , is made of china . Her home is destroyed by Evanora , leaving her its only survivor when she is found by Oscar , with whom she forms a strong friendship after he uses glue to fix her legs . King also plays a girl in a wheelchair visiting Oscar 's magic show in Kansas . Tony Cox plays Knuck , the quick - tempered herald and fanfare player of Emerald City who is allied with Glinda . Stephen R. Hart and Bruce Campbell play Winkie guards at the Emerald City . Abigail Spencer plays May , Oscar 's temporary magic assistant in Kansas and one of his several fleeting loves in the film . Tim Holmes plays the strongman who attacks Oscar for trying to court his wife ( played by Toni Wynne ) , prompting Oscar to take the hot air balloon that sends him to the Land of Oz . Raimi , who often casts friends and actor - regulars in cameo roles , cast his brother Ted Raimi as a small - town skeptic at Oscar 's magic show who yells `` I see a wire ! '' , two of his former teachers -- Jim Moll and Jim Bird -- as Emerald City townspeople , and the three actresses from his 1981 directorial debut The Evil Dead -- Ellen Sandweiss , Betsy Baker and Theresa Tilly -- as Quadling townspeople . Continuity ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful features several artistic allusions , homages , and technical parallels to Baum 's novels and the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz . The film 's opening sequence is presented in black and white . When Oscar is caught up in the tornado , the audio switches from monaural to stereo and eventually surround sound . The film shifts to full color when Oscar arrives in Oz ; additionally , the aspect ratio gradually widens from 4 : 3 Academy ratio to 2.35 : 1 widescreen . As in the 1939 film , Glinda travels in giant bubbles , and the Emerald City is actually emerald ; in the novel , characters wear tinted glasses to make it appear so . However , during the battle preparations sequence Oz can be seen wearing emerald goggles . The iconic green look of the Wicked Witch of the West is closer to her look in the classic film , as the Witch is a short , one - eyed crone in the novel . The Wicked Witches are portrayed as sisters , an idea which originated in the 1939 film . Also from the 1939 film is that several actors who play Oz characters make cameos in the Kansas segments , such as Frank ( Zach Braff ) , Oscar 's assistant whom he refers to as his `` trained monkey '' ( Frank 's `` Oz '' counterpart is the winged monkey Finley ) and a young girl in a wheelchair ( Joey King ) who serves as the Kansas counterpart to China Girl ( in Kansas , Oscar is unable to make the wheelchair - bound young girl walk , and gets a chance to do so when he repairs China Girl 's broken legs ) . Annie ( Michelle Williams ) , a woman wearing a gingham dress who inspires Oscar to be a good and great person , informs him that she has been proposed to by John Gale , presumably hinting at Dorothy Gale 's parental lineage ( Annie 's `` Oz '' counterpart , Glinda , also inspires Oscar to be a better person ) . Theodora ( Mila Kunis ) , who became the Wicked Witch of the West after suffering from a `` broken heart '' caused by Oscar 's `` betrayal '' , has no Kansas counterpart . However , an unnamed woman who worked as Oscar 's assistant at the time and suddenly left after suffering from a `` broken heart '' , may be a possible reference to the existence of Theodora 's unknown counterpart . The character of Miss Almira Gulch , who did not exist in Baum 's novel , is the Kansas counterpart of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film . Other referenced characters include the Scarecrow , who is built by the townspeople as a scare tactic , and the Tin Woodman , whose creator is the Master Tinker that can build `` anything '' . Similarly , various other races of Oz are depicted besides the Munchkins ; the Quadlings , the china doll inhabitants of Dainty China Country , and the Winkies ( who went unnamed in the classic film ) . Similarly , Glinda is referred to by her title in the novel ( the Good Witch of the South ) , unlike the 1939 film , where her character 's title is `` Good Witch of the North '' ( due to her character being merged with the Good Witch of the North ) . Glinda is also the daughter of the late King of Oz , though in the novels , Ozma is the King 's daughter . Theodora 's tears leave streaks of scars on her face , reflecting her weakness to water in the original novel / film . Also , Oz is presented as a real place as it is in the novel , and not as a possible dream as the 1939 film implies . Finally , the lion that attacks Finley but was warded off by Oz is a reference to the Cowardly Lion in the original novel and film . Production ( edit ) Disney 's history with Oz ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney planned to produce an animated film based on the first of L. Frank Baum 's Oz books . Roy O. Disney , chairman of the Walt Disney Productions , was informed by Baum 's estate that they had sold the film rights to the first book to Samuel Goldwyn , who re-sold it to Louis B. Mayer in 1938 . The film was ironically approved due to the success of Snow White . The project was developed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) into the well - known musical adaptation and released the following year . In 1954 , when the film rights to Baum 's remaining thirteen Oz books were made available , Walt Disney Productions acquired them for use in Walt Disney 's television series Disneyland which led to the live - action film Rainbow Road to Oz , which was abandoned and never completed . Disney 's history with the Oz series continued with the 1985 film Return to Oz , which performed poorly , both critically and commercially , but has developed a cult following since its release . After Return to Oz , Disney lost the film rights to the Oz books and they were subsequently reverted to the public domain . Development ( edit ) Screenwriter Mitchell Kapner was intrigued by the prospect of exploring the origins of the Wizard of Oz character which he discussed in many meetings . After Wicked came out , Kapner felt he missed his window of opportunity . In 2009 , Kapner met with Joe Roth , who turned down his current pitches , request any other ideas he had . The discussion turned to what Kapner was reading which he indicated he was reading the Oz series to his kids . Roth was interested as he only knew about the first book . Kapner went through the plot of the novels , when Roth stopped him on the sixth novel in the series , The Emerald City of Oz , which had some of back story of the Wizard . Producer Joe Roth became involved for nearly the same reason as Kapner , stating that `` ... during the years that I spent running Walt Disney Studios -- I learned about how hard it was to find a fairy tale with a good strong male protagonist . You 've got your Sleeping Beauties , your Cinderellas and your Alices . But a fairy tale with a male protagonist is very hard to come by . But with the origin story of the Wizard of Oz , here was a fairy tale story with a natural male protagonist . Which is why I knew that this was an idea for a movie that was genuinely worth pursuing . '' Kapner and co-writer Palak Patel presented the idea to Sony Pictures but were turned down . In 2009 , the project was set up at Walt Disney Pictures when the studio 's president of production , Sean Bailey commissioned Oz the Great and Powerful under the working title Brick during the tenure of then Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook , who was succeeded by Rich Ross and later Alan Horn , a succession in management that a major studio release is rare to survive . David Lindsay - Abaire was later hired to do a re-write . Roth initially sought out Robert Downey Jr. for the titular role of the Wizard in April 2010 . By summer of that year , Sam Raimi was hired to direct the film from a shortlist that reportedly included directors Sam Mendes and Adam Shankman . In January 2011 , Raimi met with Downey , but did not secure his casting . With Downey 's disinterest acknowledged , Johnny Depp was then approached due to his previous collaboration with the studio in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and Alice in Wonderland . Depp liked the role but declined involvement , citing his commitment to another Disney tentpole film , The Lone Ranger . The film was without a lead until February when James Franco entered final negotiations to star in the film ( including a $7 million salary ) , five months before filming was scheduled to begin . Franco and Raimi had previously worked together on the Spider - Man trilogy . Franco received training with magician Lance Burton to prepare for the role . Screenwriter Kapner adopted information about the Wizard from L. Frank Baum 's novels to conceptualize an original story . Raimi made sure that the film would also `` nod lovingly '' to the 1939 film and inserted several references and homages to that film . Disney wanted to reduce the film 's production budget to be approximately $200 million . Casting calls were put out for local actors in Michigan . In June 2011 , composer Danny Elfman was chosen to score Oz the Great and Powerful , despite Elfman and Raimi having had a falling - out over Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) and Elfman declaring that they would never again work together . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for Oz the Great and Powerful began July 25 , 2011 , at Raleigh Michigan Studios in Pontiac , Michigan , employing 3D cameras . Raimi opted to use practical sets in conjunction with computer - generated imagery during filming . Physical sets were constructed so the actors could have a visual reference , as opposed to using green screen technology for every scene . Chroma key compositing was only used for background pieces . Zach Braff and Joey King were on set , recording their dialogue simultaneously with the other actors , whenever their CG characters were present in a scene . Puppetry was employed for a physical version of the China Girl to serve as a visual key - point for actors to manipulate . Braff wore a blue motion capture suit to create Finley 's movements and had a camera close to his face for the flying sequences to obtain facial movements . Art director Robert Stromberg , who worked on Avatar and Alice in Wonderland , drew inspiration from the films of Frank Capra and James Wong Howe to achieve the Art Deco design he envisioned for the Emerald City . Stromberg contrasted the colorful tonal qualities of Oz with the restrained appearance of Alice , affirming that although both films explore similar fantasy worlds , the overall atmosphere and landscape of each `` are completely different . '' In 2011 , Stromberg and his team visited the Walt Disney archives during the pre-production phase to reference production art from Disney 's animated films such as Pinocchio , Bambi , Fantasia , Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , Alice in Wonderland , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , drawing from designs and textures , in order to give certain settings in the film an affectionate nod to the classic Disney style . Costume designer Gary Jones focused on authenticity with his wardrobe designs : `` We started by doing a lot of research and having ideas of the ways ( costumes ) should look in order to be ( historically accurate ) but as we went on , we really began creating a whole new world . '' My first instinct was , there are such iconic images in the Wizard of Oz movie , it would be wrong for us to re-create the Yellow Brick Road or the Emerald City in a different way . We had to go 180 degrees in the other direction . We 're just going to have to make our own Oz . Sam Raimi on recreating the Land of Oz under legalities . Although the film is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 MGM film , The Wizard of Oz , it was not allowed legally to be considered as such . The filmmakers had to toe a fine line between calling the film to mind but not infringing upon it . To that end , Disney had a copyright expert on set to ensure no infringement occurred . The production team worked under the constraint of abiding by the stipulations set forth by Warner Bros. , the legal owner of the rights to iconic elements of the 1939 film ( via its Turner Entertainment sister company which purchased the MGM film library in 1986 ) , including the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland . Therefore , Disney was unable to use them nor any original character likenesses from the 1939 film . This extended to the green of the Wicked Witch 's skin , for which Disney used what its legal department considered a sufficiently different shade dubbed `` Theostein '' ( a portmanteau of `` Theodora '' and `` Frankenstein '' ) . Additionally , the studio could not use the signature chin mole of Margaret Hamilton 's portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West , nor could they employ the yellow brick road 's swirl design for Munchkinland . The expert also ensured that the Emerald City was not too close in appearance to the Emerald City in the 1939 film . While Warner and Disney did not engage in copyright battle , they did file rival trademarks . In October 2012 , Disney filed a trademark on `` Oz the Great and Powerful . '' One week later , Warner filed its own trademarks for `` The Great and Powerful Oz . '' The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office suspended Warner 's attempt at a trademark because Disney had filed basically the same one a week earlier . In addition to the legal issues , the film was also faced with delays when several cast members went on hiatus due to unrelated commitments and circumstances . Rachel Weisz left halfway through the shoot to film her entire role in The Bourne Legacy , Michelle Williams was required to promote the release of My Week with Marilyn , and Franco 's father died during production . Roth compared the task of managing overlapping schedules to `` being an air - traffic controller . '' Mila Kunis 's makeup and prosthetics were supervised by Greg Nicotero and demanded four hours to apply and another hour to remove , with Kunis taking nearly two months to fully recover from the subsequent removal of the makeup from her skin . Raimi had to edit the frightening nature of several scenes to secure Disney 's desired PG rating from the MPAA . Sony Pictures Imageworks was contracted to create the film 's visual effects . Music ( edit ) Composer Danny Elfman noted that the film 's score was accessibly quick to produce , with a majority of the music being written in six weeks . Regarding the tonal quality of the score , Elfman stated , `` We 're going to take an approach that 's old school but not self - consciously old - fashioned . Let the melodrama be melodrama , let everything be what it is . I also think there 's the advantage that I 'm able to write narratively , and when I 'm able to write narratively I can also move quicker because that 's my natural instincts , I can tell a story in the music . '' American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey recorded a promotional Pop single called `` Almost Home '' written by Carey , Simone Porter , Justin Gray , Lindsey Ray , Tor Erik Hermansen , and Mikkel Eriksen ( a.k.a. Stargate ) for the soundtrack of the film . The single was released on February 19 , 2013 by Island Records . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original soundtrack to Oz the Great and Powerful was released digitally and physically by Walt Disney Records on March 5 , 2013 . The physical CD release was in association with Intrada Records . Oz the Great and Powerful ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Danny Elfman Released March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) Recorded 2012 Studio Sony Scoring Stage Genre Film score Length 1 : 06 : 19 Label Walt Disney All music composed by Danny Elfman . No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Titles '' 2 : 57 2 . `` A Serious Talk '' 2 : 23 3 . `` Oz Revealed '' 1 : 58 4 . `` A Strange World '' 1 : 48 5 . `` Where Am I ? / Schmooze - A-Witch '' 2 : 05 6 . `` Fireside Dance '' 1 : 19 7 . `` Meeting Finley '' 1 : 57 8 . `` The Emerald Palace '' 0 : 47 9 . `` Amanece , Amanece / Dios de Pactos '' 2 : 56 10 . `` China Town '' 3 : 07 11 . `` A Con Job '' 1 : 47 12 . `` Glinda Revealed '' 1 : 43 13 . `` The Munchkin Welcome Song '' 0 : 41 14 . `` Bad Witch '' 4 : 32 15 . `` The Bubble Voyage '' 2 : 48 16 . `` Great Expectations / The Apple '' 4 : 58 17 . `` Meeting the Troops '' 1 : 18 18 . `` What Army '' 0 : 29 19 . `` Theodora 's Entrance / Puppet Waltz '' 1 : 51 20 . `` A Threat '' 2 : 07 21 . `` Bedtime / The Preparation Montage '' 7 : 00 22 . `` Call to Arms '' 2 : 13 23 . `` Destruction '' 2 : 38 24 . `` Oz the Great and Powerful '' 1 : 25 25 . `` Fireworks / Witch Fight '' 1 : 39 26 . `` Time for Gifts '' 5 : 54 27 . `` End Credits from Oz '' 1 : 59 Total length : 1 : 06 : 19 Release ( edit ) In May 2011 before filming began , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures gave Oz the Great and Powerful a March 8 , 2013 North American theatrical release date . The film had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on February 14 , 2013 . Disney opened the film in wide release in 3,912 theaters . To promote the film , Disney partnered with the IMAX Corporation and HSN to coordinate a hot air balloon campaign across the United States beginning in California at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank , stopping at four locations ; the El Capitan Theatre during the world premiere , the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , the Daytona International Speedway in Florida and Central Park in New York City . Disney also promoted the film through its theme parks ; Epcot 's International Flower and Garden Festival featured a multi-purpose garden and play area themed to the film and Disney California Adventure hosted sample viewings inside the Muppet * Vision 3D theatre . The estimated marketing campaign cost upwards of $100 million . Home media ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , DVD , and digital download on June 11 , 2013 . The film is Disney 's first home media release to exclude a physical digital copy disc and instead provides only a digital code for the download . Oz the Great and Powerful debuted at number one in its first week of home media release in overall disc sales with 46 % of its first week sales from Blu - ray Discs . The film has earned $52 million in sales . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful earned $234.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $258.4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $493.3 million . Worldwide , it was the thirteenth - highest - grossing film of 2013 . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $36.4 million . It topped the box office on its worldwide opening weekend with $149 million . Before its theatrical release , several media outlets reported that Oz the Great and Powerful was expected to duplicate the box office performance of 2010 's Alice in Wonderland . However , Oz accumulated less than half of Alice 's worldwide gross . Preliminary reports had the film tracking for an $80 -- $100 million debut in North America . The movie earned $2 million from 9 p.m. showings on Thursday night . For its opening day , Oz the Great and Powerful grossed $24.1 million , the fourth - highest March opening day . During its opening weekend , the film topped the box office with $79.1 million , the third - highest March opening weekend . Despite the film 's solid debut , which was larger than nearly all comparable titles , it clearly lagged behind Alice in Wonderland 's opening ( $116.1 million ) . The film 's 3 - D share of the opening weekend was 53 % . Females made up 52 % of the audience . Surprisingly , though , families only represented 41 % of attendance , while couples accounted for 43 % . The film retained first place at the box office during its second weekend with $41.3 million . Outside North America , the film earned $69.9 million on its opening weekend from 46 territories . Among all markets , its highest - grossing debuts were achieved in Russia and the CIS ( $14.7 million ) , China ( $9.06 million ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $5.77 million ) . The film 's openings trailed Alice in Wonderland in all major markets except Russia and the CIS . It retained first place at the box office outside North America for a second weekend . In total grosses , Oz 's largest countries are Russia and the CIS ( $27.4 million ) , China ( $25.9 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $23.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , Oz the Great and Powerful received an approval rating of 59 % based on 247 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It suffers from some tonal inconsistency and a deflated sense of wonder , but Oz the Great and Powerful still packs enough visual dazzle and clever wit to be entertaining in its own right . '' On Metacritic the film holds a score of 44 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed to average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Kim Newman , writing for Empire , gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said , `` If there are post-Harry Potter children who do n't know or care about The Wizard Of Oz , they might be at sea with this story about a not - very - nice grownup in a magic land , but long - term Oz watchers will be enchanted and enthralled ... Mila Kunis gets a gold star for excellence in bewitchery and Sam Raimi can settle securely behind the curtain as a mature master of illusion . '' Critic Alonso Duralde also admired the movie : `` That Oz the Great and Powerful is so thoroughly effective both on its own terms and as a prequel to one of the most beloved movies ever made indicates that this team has magic to match any witch or wizard . '' Leonard Maltin on IndieWire claimed that `` No movie ever can , or will , replace 1939 's The Wizard Of Oz , but taken on its own terms , this eye - filling fantasy is an entertaining riff on how the Wizard of that immortal film found his way to Oz . '' IGN rated the film 7.8 and said , `` The film is expansive and larger - than - life in scope and so are the performances , overall . Franco in particular hams it up and is often playing to the balcony ... The 3D is utilized just as it should be in a children 's fantasy epic such as this -- overtly , but with skill . Snowflakes , music boxes and mysterious animals all leap through the screen towards the audience as the story unfolds . '' Justin Chang of Variety had a mixed reaction , writing that the film `` gets some mileage out of its game performances , luscious production design and the unfettered enthusiasm director Sam Raimi brings to a thin , simplistic origin story . '' He also compared the film 's scale with the Star Wars prequel trilogy adding , `` In a real sense , Oz the Great and Powerful has a certain kinship with George Lucas 's Star Wars prequels , in the way it presents a beautiful but borderline - sterile digital update of a world that was richer , purer and a lot more fun in lower - tech form . Here , too , the actors often look artificially superimposed against their CG backdrops , though the intensity of the fakery generates its own visual fascination . '' / Film rated the film 7 out of 10 , saying it had `` many charms '' while considering it to be `` basically Army of Darkness : ( Normal guy lands in magical land , is forced to go on quest to save that land . ) But just when you see Raimi 's kinetic , signature style starting to unleash , the story forces the film back into its Disney shell to play to the masses . We 're left with a film that 's entertaining , a little scarier than you 'd expect , but extremely inconsistent . '' Richard Roeper , writing for Roger Ebert , noted the film 's omnipresent visual effects but was largely disappointed by the performance of some cast members ; `` ... to see Williams so bland and sugary as Glinda , and Kunis so flat and ineffectual as the heartsick Theodora ... '' Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post was unimpressed , writing , `` Oh , it 's exciting enough for a six - year - old ; anyone older , however , will already have been exposed to so much on TV , at the movies and on the Internet that this will seem like so much visual cotton - candy . Even a sophisticated grade - schooler will find these doings weak and overblown . '' Similarly , Todd McCarthy criticized the characterization , writing that the film 's supporting cast `` ca n't begin to compare with their equivalents in the original ... so the burden rests entirely upon Franco and Williams , whose dialogue exchanges are repetitive and feel tentative . '' Entertainment Weekly agreed , giving the film a C+ and saying that the `` miscast '' Franco `` lacks the humor , charm , and gee - whiz wonder we 're meant to feel as he trades wisecracks with a flying monkey ... and soars above a field of poppies in a giant soap bubble . If he 's not enchanted , how are we supposed to be ? '' and complaining that `` while Raimi 's Oz is like retinal crack , he never seduces our hearts and minds . '' Alisha Coelho of in.com gave the movie 2.5 stars , saying `` Oz The Great and Powerful does n't leave a lasting impression , but is an a-ok watch . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient and nominees Result Costume Designers Guild February 22 , 2014 Excellence in Fantasy Film Gary Jones and Michael Kutsche Nominated Golden Trailer Awards May 5 , 2013 Best Animation / Family `` Witches '' Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot `` Super Hybrid '' Nominated `` Music Box '' Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards March 29 , 2014 Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Mila Kunis Nominated MTV Movie Awards April 13 , 2014 Best Villain Mila Kunis Won People 's Choice Awards January 8 , 2014 Best Family Film Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society December 17 , 2013 Best Live Action Family Film Won Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Nominated Satellite Awards February 24 , 2014 Best Visual Effects James Schwalm , Scott Stokdyk , Troy Saliba Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Nancy Haigh , Robert Stromberg Nominated Best Costume Design Gary Jones Nominated Saturn Awards June 2014 Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Music Danny Elfman Nominated Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Nominated Best Costume Gary Jones Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 11 , 2013 Choice Movie -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actor -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy James Franco Nominated Choice Movie Actress -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Mila Kunis Nominated Michelle Williams Nominated Visual Effects Society February 12 , 2014 Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Troy Saliba , In - Ah Roediger , Carolyn Vale , Kevin Souls for `` China Girl '' Nominated Sequel ( edit ) On March 7 , 2013 , Variety confirmed that Disney has already approved plans for a sequel , with Mitchell Kapner and Joe Roth returning as screenwriter and producer respectively . Mila Kunis said during an interview with E ! News , `` We 're all signed on for sequels . '' On March 8 , 2013 , Sam Raimi told Bleeding Cool that he has no plans to direct the sequel , saying , `` I did leave some loose ends for another director if they want to make the picture , '' and that `` I was attracted to this story but I do n't think the second one would have the thing I would need to get me interested . '' On March 11 , 2013 , Kapner and Roth have said to the Los Angeles Times that the sequel will `` absolutely not '' involve Dorothy Gale , with Kapner pointing out that there are twenty years between the events of the first film and Dorothy 's arrival , and `` a lot can happen in that time . '' See also ( edit ) Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OZ THE GREAT AND POWERFUL ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( May 2014 ) . `` 2013 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` No Dorothy in ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Sequel ; WB Developing New ' Oz ' TV Series '' . Screen Rant , LLC . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brookes ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` One More Trip to Land of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics release winners of 2013 awards '' . Actionnews5.com . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Winners : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nashawaty , Chris ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. ( 1250 ) : 43 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( 10 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' is big and beautiful '' . Salisbury Post . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . He makes a young , svelte , rather hot conjurer who has broken many a heart , including that of Dorothy Gale 's mom - to - be ( liquid - eyed Michelle Williams , resplendent in a blond wig ) . Jump up ^ Lutz , Ashley ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` 1939 's Wicked Witch Of The West Looks Much Sexier In Today 's ' Oz ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allport , Lee ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up - close - and - personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . ^ Jump up to : Helwig ; Schillaci , Sophie ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' : James Franco , Mila Kunis Celebrate the Hollywood Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Spencer appears at slide 10 , Cobbs appears at slide 15 , Campbell and Raimi appear at slide 11 Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Great and Powerful Sam Raimi Connections '' . Newsday . Sidebar to Rafer Guzman review of Oz the Great and Powerful . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' : Sam Raimi 's not in Kansas anymore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful ' : 10 Differences Between the Prequel and ' Wizard of Oz '' . Moviefone . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' : Sam Raimi 's not in Kansas anymore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' is big and beautiful '' . Salisbury Post . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . He makes a young , svelte , rather hot conjurer who has broken many a heart , including that of Dorothy Gale 's mom - to - be ( liquid - eyed Michelle Williams , resplendent in a blond wig ) . Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , edited by Michael Patrick Hearn , New York , Crown , 1976 ; p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Angela Lansbury , narrator , produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz ( 1990 ) . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic ( Television ) . CBS Television . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Hello , Yellow Brick Road '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Bill . `` A Conversation : FFC Interviews Academy Award - winning editor Walter Murch '' . Film Freak Central . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Disney 's long , long journey to Oz '' . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 21 , 1985 ) . `` Film : A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disasters Outnumber Movie Hits '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Return to Oz '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sam Raimi Commits To Disney ' Oz ' Take , While ' Rabbit Hole ' Scribe Will Rewrite '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz 's ' Journey : 3 Studio Chiefs , Multi-Ethnic Munchkins , James Franco Scores $7 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Joe Roth Reflects on Oz The Great and Powerful , Looks Forward to Maleficent in 2014 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr. as the Wizard of Oz ? '' . Los Angeles Times . April 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Robert Downey Jr . Out of ' Oz , ' Johnny Depp to Take Over ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` James Franco Closing Disney Deal For ' Oz : The Great And Powerful ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Del Barco , Mandalit ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz , ' The Great And Often Imitated '' . NPR . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . We 're trying to nod lovingly in its direction and make our own original , fun , wacky , emotional story that lives on its own . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call For Disney 's ' Oz : The Great & Powerful ' '' . Detroit , Michigan : WWJ - TV . June 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ; Epstein , Daniel Robert ( October 13 , 2005 ) . `` Elfman vs. Raimi : Round II '' . Chud.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` 35 Things We Learned on the Set of Sam Raimi 's ' Oz : The Great And Powerful ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Wizard of Oz ' prequel will win over skeptics , star says '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , p. 2 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' : Robert Stromberg on Raimi , Burton , Baum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . If you really broke it down , they 're completely different . The elements in those two movies are completely different . Jump up ^ Ehrbar , Greg . `` Sights & Sounds at Disney Parks : An Artist 's Journey from Disney Parks to Oz '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Longsdorf , Amy ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Gary Jones finds the right fit for stars of ' Oz ' '' . The Mercury . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` No place like Oz ? Disney bets audiences are ready to ireturn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` We Are n't in the Old Kansas , Toto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Disney , Warner Bros. Fighting Over ' Wizard of Oz ' Trademarks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' and ' Walking Dead ' ? Nicotero is connection '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Imageworks Vancouver Studio Continues To Build Stable Of Talent With Addition Of Jason Dowdeswell , Steve Nichols '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz ' : Teaser , character posters hint at Sam Raimi 's lavish vision '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Composing wizard Danny Elfman talks sweeping , gigantic ' Oz ' score '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Release : Global Superstar Mariah Carey Records ' Almost Home ' For Disney 's ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures via Reuters . February 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful : Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Intrada and Walt Disney Records to Release Danny Elfman 's ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Score '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' gets release date : March 8 ... 2013 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Hopes ' Oz ' Can Turn Tide For Ailing 2013 Box Office '' . The Wrap . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . The 3D factor is going to give `` Oz '' a lift as well . Of the 3,912 theaters that will be screening the `` Wizard of Oz '' prequel , 3,056 will be 3D and 307 will be Imax theaters , and they 'll be charging premium prices . Jump up ^ `` ' Journey to Oz Balloon Tour ' Takes to the Skies for Disney 's ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Studios . February 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Adding food and wine to Epcot 's Flower & Garden fest '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Get a Sneak Peek at ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' at Disney California Adventure Park During ' Limited Time Magic ' '' . The Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz The Great and Powerful Comes to Home Video June 11 '' . ComingSoon.net . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Disney Eliminating ' Digital Copy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Oshiro , Kurtis . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Tops Home Entertainment Charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful '' . The Numbers. 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 5 ' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ' Vs. # 12 ' World War Z ' ; # 4 ' Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug ' Vs. # 13 ' Oz The Great And Powerful ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Box office preview : Will ' Oz ' be as ' Great and Powerful ' as ' Alice in Wonderland ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . The fantasy film , which also opened in March , started with $116.1 million on opening weekend , but without the cachet of Johnny Depp and Tim Burton , it 's unlikely that Oz will achieve such a gargantuan figure . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` One More Trip to Land of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . The company ( Disney ) is betting that a new twist on a story moviegoers already love will result in a hit on par with ' Alice in Wonderland , ' which took in more than $1 billion in 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Oz the Great and Powerful '' tops box office with $80 M debut `` . CBS News . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ' Oz ' could follow in the footsteps of Disney 's ' Alice in Wonderland , ' another costly 3 - D film , which opened on the same weekend in 2010 and went on to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Alice ' Vs. ' Oz '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Oz ' Eyeing Great and Powerful Global Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office Report : ' Oz ' Grosses Stellar $2 Million in Thursday Night Shows . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Friday Report : ' Oz ' Conjures $24.1 Million Debut . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Weekend Report : ' Oz ' Has Magical Debut , ' Dead Man ' Dies Retrieved March 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Oz ' Leads , ' Call ' Exceeds , ' Burt ' Bombs . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE : ' Mr. Right ' Rules ; ' Oz ' Posts Respectable Debut '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2012 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Oz ' Opens to $69.9 Million Overseas '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Oz ' Rules Again , ' Die Hard ' Scores in China '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' '' . Empire . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful Review : Sam Raimi Manages to Fill Some Mighty Big Ruby Slippers '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Who is a Good Witch , What is a Great Wizard ? '' . IGN . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful Review : A Sam Raimi Movie Wrapped Inside a Disney Movie '' . / Film . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Oz the Great and Powerful review - Wicked or wussy : Which witch is worse ? '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Oz , the Great and Powerful '' . Huffington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alisha Coelho . `` Movie Review : Oz the Great & Powerful is a-ok '' . in.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Designers Guild Unveils Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , ' Iron Man 3 ' Dominate 2013 Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline.com . May 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : Winners List '' . Variety . April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Leads Film Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Planning ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Fran ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Mila Kunis : We 're doing a sequel to Oz '' . The Sun . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sam Raimi Says He Does n't Want To Direct The Oz The Great And Powerful Sequel '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Miller , Steven Zeitchik ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` An ' Oz ' Clash of the Titans ( Page 2 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oz the Great and Powerful . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oz the Great and Powerful Official website Oz the Great and Powerful on IMDb Oz the Great and Powerful at Box Office Mojo Oz the Great and Powerful at Rotten Tomatoes Oz the Great and Powerful at Metacritic The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Glass Cat Jellia Jamb Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nine Tiny Piglets Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Trot Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Sam Raimi filmography Films directed Feature It 's Murder ! ( 1977 ) The Evil Dead ( 1981 ) Crimewave ( 1985 ) Evil Dead II ( 1987 ) Darkman ( 1990 ) Army of Darkness ( 1992 ) The Quick and the Dead ( 1995 ) A Simple Plan ( 1998 ) For Love of the Game ( 1999 ) The Gift ( 2000 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Short Clockwork ( 1978 ) Within the Woods ( 1978 ) Written only Easy Wheels ( 1989 ) The Nutt House ( 1992 ) The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 , also second unit director ) Man with the Screaming Brain ( 2005 , co-story ) Produced only Timecop ( 1994 ) The Grudge ( 2004 ) Boogeyman ( 2005 ) The Grudge 2 ( 2006 ) The Messengers ( 2007 ) 30 Days of Night ( 2007 ) The Possession ( 2012 ) Evil Dead ( 2013 ) Poltergeist ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) The Grudge ( 2019 ) Disney portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oz_the_Great_and_Powerful&oldid=843560263 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films American films 2013 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American black - and - white films American buddy films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Circus films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about magic and magicians Films about orphans Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Sam Raimi Films produced by Joe Roth Films set in 1905 Films set in Kansas Films shot in Michigan High fantasy films Dark fantasy films IMAX films Oz in stage and film productions Performance capture in film Prequel films Witchcraft in film Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the monkey in oz the great and powerful	[ "\nJames Franco as Oscar Diggs, or \"Oz\", a philandering con artist, a stage magician, and a barnstormer[8] who is part of a traveling circus in the Midwest. He is whisked in a hot air balloon by a tornado to the Land of Oz, where he is believed to be a wizard destined to bring peace to the land, forcing him to overcome his dubious ethics to convince his peers he is the hero needed by the people of Oz. He eventually becomes what is known as the Wizard of Oz.\nMichelle Williams as Glinda, the daughter of the late king. She rules and protects a peaceful kingdom in Oz inhabited by kind Quadlings, tinkers, and Munchkins. Oscar originally believed her to be the Wicked Witch responsible for terrorizing the land. She guides Oscar to achieve his destiny of defeating Evanora, becoming his love interest in the process.\n\nMichelle Williams also plays Annie, an old flame of Oscar's and the future mother of Dorothy Gale.[9]\n\n\nRachel Weisz as Evanora, the protector of the Emerald City. Being the Wicked Witch of the East, she has a hideous form which she hides by wearing a necklace that gives her the appearance of a young woman. She deceives Oscar by framing Glinda for the King's murder and telling Oscar that Glinda is the Wicked Witch rather than herself.\nMila Kunis as Theodora, a naïve good witch who has the Land of Oz's best interests at heart. She believes that Oscar is the wizard prophesied to defeat the seemingly evil Glinda from the Dark Forest, developing an attraction to him in the process. Evanora gradually manipulates Theodora into thinking Oscar has betrayed her for Glinda, ushering her transformation into the Wicked Witch of the West.[10]\nZach Braff as the voice of Finley, a winged monkey who pledges an irrevocable life debt to Oscar, believing him to be the prophesied wizard, for saving him from the Cowardly Lion.[11] He quickly regrets his decision when Oscar reveals he is not a wizard, but nonetheless becomes his loyal ally.\n\nBraff also plays Frank, Oscar's long-suffering yet loyal assistant in Kansas.\n\n\nBill Cobbs as the Master Tinker, the leader of the tinkers who are ruled by Glinda. He would later build the Tin Woodman.\nJoey King as the voice of China Girl, a young, living china doll from China Town where everything, including its inhabitants, is made of china. Her home is destroyed by Evanora, leaving her its only survivor when she is found by Oscar, with whom she forms a strong friendship after he uses glue to fix her legs.\n\nKing also plays a girl in a wheelchair visiting Oscar's magic show in Kansas.\n\n\nTony Cox plays Knuck, the quick-tempered herald and fanfare player of Emerald City who is allied with Glinda.\n" ]	[ "Zach Braff" ]
55069275700838448	Expectancy violations theory	Expectancy violations theory - wikipedia Expectancy violations theory Jump to : navigation , search Expectancy violations theory ( EVT ) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations . The theory was proposed by Judee K. Burgoon in the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s and 1990s as `` nonverbal expectancy violations theory '' , based on Burgoon 's research studying proxemics . Burgoon 's work initially analyzed individuals ' allowances and expectations of personal distance and how responses to personal distance violations were influenced by the level of liking and relationship to the violators . The theory was later changed to its current name when other researchers began to focus on violations of social behavior expectations beyond nonverbal communication . This theory sees communication as an exchange of behaviors , where one individual 's behavior can be used to violate the expectations of another . Participants in communication will perceive the exchange either positively or negatively , depending upon an existing personal relationship or how favorably the violation is perceived . Violations of expectancies cause arousal and compel the recipient to initiate a series of cognitive appraisals of the violation . The theory predicts that expectancies influence the outcome of the communication interaction as either positive or negative and predicts that positive violations increase the attraction of the violator and negative violations decrease the attraction of the violator . Beyond proxemics and examining how people interpret violations in many given communicative contexts , EVT also makes specific predictions about individuals ' reaction to given expectation violations : individuals reciprocate or match someone 's unexpected behavior , and they also compensate or counteract by doing the opposite of the communicator 's behavior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Components 1.1 Expectancy 1.2 Communicator reward valence 1.3 Violation valence 1.4 Arousal 1.5 Threat threshold 2 Theoretical assumptions and viewpoints 2.1 Propositions 2.2 Needs for personal space and affiliation 2.3 Proxemics 3 Applications 3.1 Interpersonal communication 3.1. 1 Romantic relationships 3.1. 1.1 Cell phone usage 3.1. 1.2 Sexual resistance 3.2 Computer - mediated communication and social media 3.2. 1 Facebook 3.2. 2 Electronic mail 3.3 Academic environment 3.3. 1 Teacher anger 3.3. 2 Teacher dress 3.3. 3 Instructor credibility in college classroom 3.3. 4 Course ratings 3.3. 5 Nontraditional college students 3.3. 6 Student disclosures in college classroom 3.3. 7 College admissions 3.4 Profanity use 3.4. 1 In workplaces 3.5 Evaluation of media figures 3.6 Health and self - improvement 4 Metatheoretical assumptions 4.1 Ontological assumptions 4.2 Epistemological assumptions 4.3 Axiological assumptions 5 Critique 5.1 Predictability and testability 5.1. 1 A First Look at Communication 6 Related theories 7 Further use and development of the theory 8 See also 9 References Components ( edit ) The expectancy violations theory examines three main components in interpersonal communication situations : Expectancies , communicator reward valence , and violation valence . Expectancy ( edit ) Expectancy refers to what an individual anticipates will happen in a given situation . Expectancies are primarily based upon social norms and specific characteristics and idiosyncrasies of the communicators . Burgoon ( 1978 ) notes that people do not view others ' behaviors as random . Rather , they have various expectations of how others should think and behave . EVT proposes that observation and interaction with others leads to expectancies . The two types of expectancies noted are predictive and prescriptive . Predictive expectations are `` behaviors we expect to see because they are the most typical , '' ( Houser , 2005 ) and vary across cultures . They let people know what to expect based upon what typically occurs within the context of a particular environment and relationship . For example , a husband and wife may have an evening routine in which the husband always washes the dishes . If he were to ignore the dirty dishes one night , this might be seen as a predictive discrepancy . Prescriptive expectations , on the other hand , are based upon `` beliefs about what behaviors should be performed '' and `` what is needed and desired '' ( Houser , 2005 ) . If a person walks into a police department to report a crime , the person will have an expectation that the police will file a report and follow up with an investigation . When the theory was first proposed , EVT identified three factors which influence a person 's expectations : Interactant variables , environmental variables , and variables related to the nature of the interaction . Interactant variables are the traits of those persons involved in the communication , such as sex , attractiveness , race , culture , status , and age . Environmental variables include the amount of space available and the nature of the territory surrounding the interaction . Interaction variables include social norms , purpose of the interaction , and formality of the situation . These factors later evolved into communicator characteristics , relational characteristics , and context . Communicator characteristics include personal features such as an individual 's appearance , personality and communication style . It also includes factors such as age , sex and ethnic background . Relational characteristics refer to factors such as similarity , familiarity , status and liking . The type of relationship one individual shares within another ( e.g. romantic , business or platonic ) , the previous experiences shared between the individuals , and how close they are with one another are also relational characteristics that influence expectations . Context encompasses both environment and interaction characteristics . Communicator characteristics lead to distinctions between males and females in assessing the extent to which their nonverbal expressions of power and dominance effect immediacy behaviors . Immediacy cues such as conversational distance , lean , body orientation , gaze , and touch may differ between the genders as they create psychological closeness or distance between the interactants . Behavioural expectations may also shift depending on the environment one is experiencing . For example , a visit to a church will produce different expectations than a social function . The expected violations will therefore be altered . Similarly , expectations differ based on culture . In Europe , one may expect to be greeted with three kisses on alternating cheeks , but this is not the case in the United States . Communicator reward valence ( edit ) The communicator reward valence is an evaluation one makes about the person who committed a violation of expectancy . Em Griffin summarizes the concept behind Communicator Reward Valence as `` the sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward or punish in the future '' . The social exchange theory explains that individuals seek to reward some and seek to avoid punishing others . When one individual interacts with another , Burgoon believes he or she will assess the `` positive and negative attributes that person brings to the encounter '' . If the person has the ability to reward or punish the receiver in the future , then the person has a positive reward valence . Rewards simply refer to the person 's ability to provide a want or need . The term ' communicator reward valence ' is used to describe the results of this assessment . For example , people will feel encouraged during conversation when the listener is nodding , making eye contact , and responding actively . Conversely , if the listener is avoiding eye contact , yawning , and texting , it is implied they have no interest in the interaction and the speaker may feel violated . When examining the context , relationship , and communicator 's characteristics in a given encounter , individuals will arrive at an expectation for how that person should behave . Changing even one of these expectancy variables may lead to a different expectation . Violation valence ( edit ) Behavior violations arouse and distract , calling attention to the qualities of the violator and the relationship between the interactants . A key component of EVT is the notion of violation valence , or the association the receiver places on the behavior violation . A violatee 's response to an expectancy violation can be positive or negative , and is dependent on two conditions : positive or negative interpretation of the behavior and the nature ( rewardingness ) of the violator . Rewardingness of the violator is evaluated through many categories -- attractiveness , prestige , ability to provide resources , or associated relationship . For instance , a violation of one 's personal distance might have more positive valence if committed by a wealthy , powerful , physically appealing member of the opposite sex than a filthy , poor , homeless person with foul breath . The evaluation of the violation is based upon the relationship between the particular behavior and the valence of the actor . A person 's preinteractional expectancies , especially personal attributes , may cause a perceiver to evaluate the communication behavior of a target differently in terms of assigning positive and negative valenced expectancies . Another perspective of violation valence is that the perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations is inconsequential of who the violator is . This perspective places much greater weight on the act of the breach itself than the violator . The difference between the negative violation and the negative confirmation do not appear significant . Dis - confirmations tend to intensify the outcomes , especially in the positive violation condition . Arousal ( edit ) Expectancy violations refer to actions which are noticeably discrepant from an expectancy and are classified as outside the range of expectancy . The term ' arousal value ' is used to describe the consequences of deviations from expectations . When individuals ' expectations are violated , their interests or attentions are aroused . When arousal occurs , one 's interest or attention to the deviation increases , resulting in less attention paid to the message and more attention to the source of the arousal . There are two kinds of arousals . Cognitive arousal is an idea that people will be mentally aware of the violation . Physical occurs when people have body actions and behaviors in response to the deviations from their expectations . Threat threshold ( edit ) The occurrence of arousal is aligned with threats . Burgoon introduced the term `` threat threshold '' to explain that people have different levels of tolerance about distant violations . The threat threshold is high when people feel good even if they keep a very close distance with the violator , whereas people with low threat threshold will be sensitive and uncomfortable about the closeness of distance with the violator . Theoretical assumptions and viewpoints ( edit ) Propositions ( edit ) After assessing expectancy , violation valence , and communicator reward valence of a given situation , it becomes possible to make rather specific predictions about whether the individual who perceived the violation will reciprocate or compensate the behavior in question . Guerrero ( 1996 ) and Burgoon ( 2000 ) noticed that predictable patterns develop when considering reward valence and violation valence together . Specifically , if the violation valence is perceived as positive and the communicator reward valence is also perceived as positive , the theory predicts individuals will reciprocate the positive behavior . For example , your boss gives you a big smile after you have given a presentation . Guerrero and Burgoon would predict that you would smile in return . Similarly , if you perceive the violation valence as negative and perceive the communicator reward valence as negative , the theory again predicts that you reciprocate the negative behavior . Thus , if a disliked coworker is grouchy and unpleasant towards you , you will likely reciprocate and be unpleasant in return . Conversely , if one perceives a negative violation valence but views the communicator reward valence as positive , it is likely that the person will compensate for his or her partner 's negative behavior . For example , one day your boss appears sullen and throws a stack of papers in front of you . Rather than grunt back , EVT predicts that you will compensate for your boss ' negativity , perhaps by asking if everything is OK ( Guerrero & Burgoon , 1996 ) . More difficult to predict , however , is the situation in which a person who is viewed unfavorably violates another with positive behavior . In this situation , the receiver may reciprocate , giving the person the `` benefit of the doubt . '' The assumptions discussed thus far can be summarized into six major propositions posited by Expectancy Violations Theory : People develop expectations about verbal and nonverbal communication behavior from other people . Violations of these expectations cause arousal and distraction , further leading the receiver to shift his or her attention to the other , the relationship , and the meaning of the violation . Communicator reward valence determines the interpretation of ambiguous communication . Communicator reward valence determines how the behavior is evaluated . Violation valences are determined by three factors : ( 1 ) The evaluation of the behavior ; ( 2 ) whether or not the behavior is more or less favorable than the expectation ; and ( 3 ) the magnitude of the violation . A positive violation occurs when the behavior is more favorable than the expectation . A negative violation occurs when the behavior is less favorable . Positive violations produce more favorable outcomes than behavior that matches expectations , and negative violations produce more unfavorable outcomes than behavior that matches expectations . Needs for personal space and affiliation ( edit ) Expectancy violations theory builds upon a number of communication axioms . EVT assumes that humans have two competing needs : A need for personal space and a need for affiliation . Specifically , humans all need a certain amount of personal space , also referred to as distance or privacy . People also desire a certain amount of closeness with others , or affiliation . EVT seeks to explain ' personal space ' , and the meanings that are formed when expectations of appropriate personal space are infringed or violated . Another feature of personal space is territoriality . Territoriality refers to behavior which `` is characterized by identification with a geographic area in a way that indicates ownership '' ( Hall , 1966 ) . In humans , territoriality refers to an individual 's sense of ownership over physical items , space , objects or ideas , and defensive behavior in response to territorial invasions . Territoriality involves three territory types : Primary territories , secondary territories and public territories . Primary territories are considered exclusive to an individual . Secondary territories are objects , spaces or places which `` can be claimed temporarily '' ( Hall , 1966 ) , but are neither central to the individual 's life nor are exclusively owned . Public territories are `` available to almost anyone for temporary ownership '' . Territoriality is frequently accompanied by prevention and reaction . When an individual perceives one of their needs has been compromised , EVT predicts that they will react . For instance , when an offensive violation occurs , the individual tends to react as though protecting their territory . Proxemics ( edit ) EVT offers an opportunity to study how individuals communicate through personal space . This part of the theory explains the notion of `` personal space '' and our reactions to others who appear to `` violate '' our sense of personal space . What we define as personal space , however , varies from culture to culture and from person to person . The `` success '' or `` failure '' of violations are linked to perceived attraction , credibility , influence and involvement . The context and purpose of interaction are relevant , as are the communicator characteristics of gender , relationships , status , social class , ethnicity and culture . When it comes to different interactions between people , what each person expects out of the interaction will influence their individual willingness to risk violation . If a person feels comfortable in a situation , they are more likely to risk violation , and in turn will be rewarded for it . Introduced by Edward Hall in 1966 , Proxemics deals with the amount of distance between people as they interact with one another . Spatial distance during an interaction can be an indication of what type of relationship exists between the people involved . Personal Space Expectations diagram There are 4 different personal zones defined by Hall . These zones include : Intimate Distance : ( 0 - 18 inches ) - This distance is for close , intimate encounters . Normally core family , close friends , lovers , or pets . People will normally share a unique level of comfort with one another . Personal Distance : ( 18 inches -- 4 feet ) - Reserved for conversations with friends , extended family , associates , and group discussions . The personal distance will give each person more space compared with the intimate distance , but is still close enough to involve touching one another . Social Distance : ( 4 -- 10 feet ) - This distance is reserved for newly formed groups , and new acquaintances and colleagues you may have just met . People generally do not engage physically with one another within this section . Public Distance : ( 10 feet to infinity ) - Reserved for a public setting with large audiences , strangers , speeches , and theaters . Many different cultures are influenced by Proxemics in different ways and respond differently to the same situation . In some cultures , those who have not formed close relationships may greet each other with kisses on the cheek , engaging one another well within the intimate range of proxemics . In other cultures , a custom greeting is a handshake which maintains a physical separation but is well within personal distance . Across the Proxemic Zones , actions can be interpreted differently among different cultures . For example , Japanese people do not address others by their first names unless they have been given permission . Calling someone by their first name in Japan without permission is considered an insult . In the Japanese culture , they address people using their last name and ' san ' , which is equivalent to ' Mr . ' , ' Mrs . ' and ' Ms . ' in the English language . The way Japanese people address each other is an example of a verbal Proxemic zone . A Japanese person allowing another to call them by their first name is an example of intimate distance , because this is a privilege extended only someone very close to them . Applications ( edit ) Interpersonal Communication ( edit ) It is important to note that EVT can apply to both non-relational interaction and close relationships . In 1998 , more than twenty years after the theory was first published , several studies were conducted to catalog the types of expectancy violations commonly found in close relationships . Expectations with friends formulate over time and are usually brought together by a series of observations of behavior and predictions on how that friend will act in the future . When these expectations are violated , it often can be damaging and dangerous for a close friendship . It can cause an end to the friendship and bring a strong negative experience in that person 's life . After time and experiences with that friend we might suspect them to act consistently around me in the way they have always acted , that is until a violation to this expectation takes place . For example , when they begin `` breaking promises or even acting in an inauthentic manner to impress others , can have aversive consequences for close relationships '' ( Cohen 2010 ) . The fact is , we expect our friends to act in a social manner where they are adhere to all of our personal rules we set in our minds . That includes being nice , kind , considerate , and refraining from any comment that puts another down . This is a part of the personal rules we set within ourselves with a personal friendship , that is until we are in a different setting with that individual and they are around different people and the rules are broken . While this might be an offense in one 's eyes , it may not be offensive in the others . Each negative experience can deteriorate the relationship and allow more experiences where expectations are continually violated until the relationship is dissolved . Cohen said `` the more that a friendship is voluntary , easily replaceable , and disconnected from external pressures to continue , the more vulnerable it is to expectancy violation damage '' ( Cohen , 2010 ) . Someone will always look for the better option if a negative experience has taken place . The more you are invested in a friendship with someone the stronger the effect will have on the individual when expectations are violated . There is also an interesting perspective of expectation violation when you throw gender into the picture . A friend that shares the same sex as you usually has a completely different feel to the relationship than a friendship with members of the opposite sex . Women are generally less tolerant with members of the opposite sex when violations have taken place . Relationships over time , whether it be with the same sex or not , tend to fail when the other will fall away from the behaviors and norms that the other is used to . This can be shown with hostile attitudes , sharp comments , distancing away from the other , etc . Both parties are also capable of violating each other 's expectations at the same time . It is not just one person in the relationship that perceives behavior as unusual . One can respond to a violation with another social violation , leaving the friendship in confusion of direction it is going . Participants in friendships and romantic relationships were asked to think about the last time their friend or partner did or said something unexpected . It was emphasized that the unexpected event could be either positive or negative . Participants reported events that had occurred , on average , five days earlier , suggesting that unexpected behaviors happen often in relationships . Some of the behaviors reported were relatively mundane , and others were quite serious . The outcome of the list was a list of nine general categories of expectation violations that commonly occur in relationships . Support or confirmation is an act that provides social support in a particular time of need , such as sitting with a friend who is sick . Criticism or accusation is critical of the receiver and accuse the individual of an offense . These are violations because they are accusations not expected . An example is a ball player telling a teammate he should have caught the ball rather than supportively giving him or her a slap on the back and offering words of encouragement . Relationship intensification or escalation intensifies the commitment of the communicator . For instance , saying `` I love you '' signifies a deepening of a romantic relationship . Relationship de-escalation signifies a decrease in commitment of the communicator . An example might be spending more time apart . Relational transgressions are violations of the perceived rules of the relationship . Examples include having an affair , deception , or being disloyal . Acts of devotion are unexpected overtures that imply specialness in the relationship . Buying flowers for no particular occasion falls into this category . Acts of disregard show that the partner is unimportant . This could be as simple as excluding a partner or a friend from a collective activity . Gestures of inclusion are actions that show an unexpected interest in having the other included in special activities or life . Examples include invitations to spend a special holiday with someone , disclosure of personal information , or inviting the partner to meet one 's family . Uncharacteristic relational behavior is unexpected action that is not consistent with the partner 's perception of the relationship . A common example is one member of an opposite - sex friendship demanding a romantic relationship of the other . In later review of the studies , the support or confirmation category was inserted into acts of devotion and included another category , uncharacteristic social behavior . These are acts that are n't relational but are unexpected , such as a quiet person raising his or her voice . In terms of the response to expectancy violations , the sensitivity of expectancy violations varies from genders . Research found that women are less tolerant than men when their expectation are violated by negative behaviors , regardless of the types of violations such as dishonesty and immorality . Romantic relationships ( edit ) Application in interpersonal relationships - romantic relationships Expectancy violations happen frequently in romantic relationships . In relationships there is an unspoken expectation when interacting and that is the significant other will give their full undivided attention when in the presence of their significant other . As the new generation evolves we can see the face to face contact has changed . Unfortunately , with the access use of phones and social media the attention of individuals has shifted to their devices and continues to become worse . With the access to many mobile devices there has been an increase of lack of communication face to face . This has made it difficult for some relationships to grow and or has created conflict because the expectation of attention has been shifted . `` Individuals expect conversational partners to be moderately involved in an interaction ( Burgoon , Newton , Walther , & Baesler , 1989 ) . Within existing relationships , partners rely on one another to show interest and immediacy in interactions ( White , 2008 ) . However , the presence of cell phones and the expectation to be constantly available ( Ling , 2012 ) impacts partners ' abilities to give full attention to one another '' ( Miller - Ott , A. , & Kelly , L. 2015 ) . When romantic partners spend time together , both prefer gaining attention , intimacy , and feeling a close connection with each other . However , the usage of cell phones acts as a distractive behavior that drives romantic partner 's attention to absent elements . Although romantic partners are more likely to be viewed as high reward communicators , their cell phone usage behaviors will be evaluated as negative in certain conditions and contexts . Regardless of where the romantic relationship takes place , people are likely to have negative valence about cell phone usage if their demand of attention and intimacy are violated . The negative behaviors include texting , viewing news and playing games . In addition , large quantity of annoying cell phone usage during the date has great impact on romantic partner 's negative valence towards the violated behaviors . However , Miller - Ott and Kelly found that small amount of cell phone usage during date is acceptable , such as responding to a text message and quickly bringing attentiveness back to the date partner . The same behavior in different occasions and contexts is viewed differently in terms of the degree of valence . Research found that same behavior is viewed as more negative in a restaurant than at home . Since people are more likely to have higher expectations for undivided attention during formal contexts , using cell phone in formal dates will more negatively violate partner 's expectations . Divided attention is acceptable in casual contexts -- therefore , the degree of expectancy violations is low under a hanging out context . Cell phone usage ( edit ) Cell phone usage behaviors that do not contradict intimate moment are viewed as positive violations , including sharing interesting messages and playing online games together . People have less negative valence on cell phone usage if they gain more reward from the behaviors . Research also found the most common response to the violated cell phone usage is to do nothing . However , people have different reactions to the violations under different stages of romantic relationships . In the early stage of dating , people are more likely to respond by indirect messages and silence . While there are direct verbal responses when expectations are violated in established relationships . Sexual resistance ( edit ) Sexual resistance is viewed as a typical expectancy violation in romantic relationships . In 2003 , Bevan used EVT to evaluate the impact of sexual resistance on close relationships . The research focused on two considerations : relational contexts and directness of the messages . The research concluded that people who are resisted in a romantic relationship perceived the violation of sexual resistance as more negative and unexpected than those resisted in a regular cross-sex friendship . The reason might because romantic partners believe that they have clearer and deeper understanding of each other 's expectations and degree of acceptance and tolerance . When it comes to message directness of sexual resistance , although the study did not find any significant difference of levels of violation valence and expectedness between direct and indirect messages , direct sexual resistance messages in close relationships proved to be more relationally important than indirect messages . Therefore , direct sexual resistance messages will be a harmful factor that affects the continuity of a romantic relationship . Computer - mediated Communication and social media ( edit ) As has previously been addressed , EVT has evolved tremendously over the years , expanding beyond its original induction when it focused on FtF communication and proxemics . The advancement of information and communications technology has provided tools for expressing oneself and conveying messages beyond just typing in text . As already discussed , arousal can divert one 's attention or interest from a message to the source of the arousal . Virtual realities created online through computer - mediated communication , especially those which evoke strong visual presence through media , can increase arousal levels , such as those with high violent or sexual content . Just as people may use television viewing to increase or decrease arousal levels , people may use media in online communication to increase or decrease arousal levels . People may interact with others online by assuming the identities of avatars which may take on completely different , alternate personalities . The differences in perceived intimateness , co-presence , and emotionally - based trust can very significantly between avatar communication and other communication modalities such as text chat , audio , and audio - visual . The media options available to users when communicating with others online present a host of potential expectancy violations unique to CMC . The introduction of social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter , as well as dating social networks such as Match.com and eHarmony , has greatly contributed to the increased use of computer - mediated communication ( CMC ) which now offers a context for studying communication devoid of nonverbal information . Though these media are relatively new , they have been in existence long enough for users to have developed norms and expectations about appropriate behaviors in the online world . However , there has been a lag by researchers to study and understand these new established norms , which makes CMC rich with heuristic possibilities from a communications theory perspective . Ramirez and Wang studied the occurrence and timing of modality switching , or shifts from online communication to FtF interaction , from the perspective of EVT . Their research documented inconsistent findings which revealed in some instances relationships were enhanced and in others they were dampened , indicating the expectations , evaluations , and outcomes associated with initial modality switches varied amongst individuals . Additionally , studies have found that when individuals who meet online meet face - to - face for the first time , the length of time spent communicating online can determine whether individuals will rate physical characteristics of each other positively or negatively . Unlike FtF communication , CMC allows people to pretend to be connected with a person who violates their expectancy by ignoring violations or filtering news feed . Meanwhile , people can also cut the connection completely with someone who is not important by deleting friendship status when a serious violation occurs . A confrontation is much more likely for close friends than for acquaintances , and compensation is much more likely for acquaintances , a finding which contrasts typical EVT predictions . Furthermore , EVT on the Internet environment is strongly related to online privacy issues . Facebook ( edit ) Application in computer - mediated communication and social media - Facebook In social media such as Facebook , people are connected online with friends and sometimes strangers . Norm violations on Facebook may include too many status updates , overly emotional status updates or Wall posts , heated interactions , name calling through Facebook 's public features , and tags on posts or pictures that might reflect negatively on an individual . Research has also shown that the act of unfriending on Facebook is perceived as a highly negative expectancy violation , with the duration of the Facebook friendship and personal ties to the unfriending party dictating how negatively the act is perceived . Moreover , the importance of the violation was also found to dictate whether the unfriending person informed the other individual of their actions . In a study conducted by Fife , Nelson , and Bayles of focus groups from a Southeastern liberal arts university , five themes were ascertained regarding Facebook use and expectancy violations : `` '' Do n't stalk ' -- and when you do , do n't talk about it '' Though an understanding exists among Facebook participants that users will use the site to keep track of the behavior of others in a number of ways , excessive monitoring is likely to be perceived as an expectancy violation . `` Do n't embarrass me with bad pictures '' Users may have the ability to control which pictures they post on their own Facebook page , but they do not have the ability to control what others post . Posting and `` tagging '' unflattering pictures of others may create expectancy violations . `` Do n't mess up my profile '' Several participants expressed annoyance of others who alter their profiles knowing that their alterations could be perceived negatively , though they did not mention changing their passwords or protecting themselves in other ways . `` Choose an appropriate forum for messages '' Messages can be sent between Facebook participants through ' Facebook messages ' , which are not public , or ' wall postings ' , which can be viewed by anyone specified in the user 's privacy controls . Posting messages which may be perceived as private , embarrassing , or inappropriate to a wall posting can create expectancy violations . `` Do n't compete over number of friends '' Facebook users maintain a running total of ' friends ' on their profile which is viewable to others . Engaging in comparisons with others over this statistic can create expectancy violations . In 2010 , Stutzman and Kramer - Duffield examined college undergraduates ' motivations to have friends - only profiles on Facebook . Having a friends - only profile is a practical method to enhance privacy management on Facebook . The two authors made distinctions between intended audience , to whom one hopes to disclose the Facebook profile , and expected audience , a group of people by whom one thinks the Facebook profile has been viewed . The study indicated that `` expectancy violations were identified as instances where an expected audience was not jointly identified as an intended audience '' . Facebook networks were categorized into different levels : strong ties of family and intimate friends , weak ties comprising `` casual friends and campus acquaintances '' , and outsiders such as `` faculty or administrators '' . According to the study , expectancy violations by weak ties showed greater relevance to the establishment of a friends - only profile among college undergraduates , compared to other Facebook network ties . Electronic mail ( edit ) Email has become one of the most widely used methods of communication within organizations and workplaces . When discussing expectancy violations with electronic e-mail , just as with other modes of communication , a distinction must be made between inadvertent violations of norms and purposeful violations , referred to as ' flaming ' . Flaming is defined as hostile and aggressive interactions via text - based CMC . One form of expectancy violation in email is the length of time between the sending of the initial email and the receiver 's reply . Communicator reward valence plays a large part in how expectancy violations are handled in email communications . In computer - mediated communication , people have expectations to others ' online behaviors based on individual identity . In online contexts , violations are not simply assessed as positive or negative . Some violations are ambiguous such as e-mail response latency . In 2017 , Nicholls and Rice stated that `` when deviation is ambiguous , the communicator 's reward value will mediate the perceptions of the deviation . '' Chronemic studies on email have shown that in organizations , responder status played a large part in how individuals reacted to various lapses in response to the previously sent email . Long pauses between responses for high - status responders produced positive expectancy violation valence and long pauses from low - status responders produced a negative expectancy violation valence . However , in the case of job interviews , long pauses between email for high - status candidates reflected negatively on their reviews . Expectations for email recipients to respond within a normative time limit illustrate the medium 's capacity for expectancy violations to occur . Academic environment ( edit ) Teacher anger ( edit ) Application in academic environment McPherson , Kearney , and Plax examined teacher anger in college classrooms through the lens of norm violations . Naturally , teachers will become frustrated and angry with students in classrooms from time to time . How teachers express themselves and convey those emotions will determine how students respond and interpret those emotional demonstrations . The students judged the appropriateness of teachers ' anger in classrooms in the modal expressions of distributive aggression , passive aggression , integrative assertion , and nonassertive denial . Students rated the aggressive expressions as highly intense , destructive , and inappropriate ( or non-normative ) , including such behaviors as sarcasm or putdowns ( most frequently cited ) , verbal abuse , rude and condescending behaviors toward students , and acts intended to demoralize students . The students described assertive displays as appropriate and less intense . Although anger is often considered to be a negative emotion , teacher anger is not necessarily a violation of classroom norms . Based on the study , intense and aggressive displays of teacher anger are considered socially inappropriate by students . These perceived norm violations result in negative evaluations of the teacher and the course . Because only integrative - assertive expressions of teacher anger were positively related to students ' perceptions of appropriateness , the study concluded that teachers should avoid intense , aggressive anger displays and should rather assertively and directly discuss the problem with students . Teacher dress ( edit ) Clothing is considered a form of nonverbal communication . Dress communicates status , hierarchy , credibility , and attractiveness . Specific social codes dictate what forms of dress are appropriate in various cross-cultural contexts . When individuals wear clothing that is deemed inappropriate for a given situation , or when an individual 's clothing does not seem to match their perceived status or attractiveness , this can constitute an expectancy violation . Studies on clothing and teacher perceptions have shown that when teachers wear formal attire , students rate their credibility higher . However , for high - reward teachers , clothing formality did not raise perceptions of attractiveness . Interestingly , students seem to retain information best when teachers are dressed moderately , and teacher value appears to derive from what grade students predict they will get from a teacher more so than clothing . Instructor credibility in college classroom ( edit ) Generally , students have expectations to their instructors in college classroom . According to Sidelinger and Bolen , students might be dissatisfied about instructors who talk a lot during class . After they did the research about the compulsive communication and communication satisfaction , they concluded that if an instructor is evaluated as credible by the students , his credibility decreases students ' dissatisfaction despite of his talkativeness . Particularly , instructor 's goodwill such as politeness and care for students is the most effective characteristic to alleviate students ' negative feelings towards a talkative instructor . Course ratings ( edit ) Most American colleges and universities employ course rating surveys as a method to gauge teacher effectiveness and the degree to which students are satisfied with the pedagogy of their professors . Expectancy violation and violation valence play a part in course ratings because a wide range of expectancies exist for students while taking a course . Common expectancies for students include stimulation and interest , instructor behavior , relevance of the course , and the student 's expected and actual success in the course . A higher education study on EVT and course ratings analyzed 228 students in seven introductory sociology classes at a university of 25,000 students . Since the courses were required for most students , were open to all students , used the same textbook , and met for the same length of time during the semester , expectancy violations in the classroom could be reported more accurately . Some factors used to report the data included instructor personality , interestingness and informativeness of textbook materials , difficulty of lectures , lecturer speaking ability , and the ability to answer questions . At the end of the study , the only factor that affected course ratings was relevance . Expectancies had virtually no effect otherwise on course evaluations . This reason could be attributed to the fact that students who found a course highly relevant were already interested in the subject area and were more motivated to do well . Non-traditional college students ( edit ) EVT has been used to study the experiences of non-traditional college and university students who begin an undergraduate education over the age of 25 . The study focused on the students ' expectations of their professors and how they should behave in the classroom . Since nontraditional students often feel that they are different from their academic peers , and since the traditional university setting focuses on the 18 - 23 - year - old demographic , studying nontraditional student classroom experiences can help higher education institutions instruct teachers on how to behave in the classroom . Traditional and non-traditional students have been shown to expect teachers to make use of examples , provide feedback , and adequately prepare them for exams . Both traditional and non-traditional students have been found to have their expectations for instructor clarity negatively violated . Surprisingly , non-traditional students differed from traditional students by responding negatively to affinity - seeking behaviors and believed that instructors should be less concerned with making class more fun and enjoyable . Student disclosures in college classroom ( edit ) In 2013 , Frisby and Sidelinger conducted a research about student disclosures in college classroom , which discussed about what kinds of student disclosures would violate peers ' expectations and their perceptions about the disclosers . According to the study , those who make inappropriate disclosures violate others ' expectations most in a classroom environment . Inappropriate disclosures are described as high frequent , negative , offensive and irrelevant topics . Disclosers of inappropriate information are more likely to be described as incompetent students , and they are less likeable than students who disclose appropriate information that are related to course materials . College admissions ( edit ) A 2008 study of the top 500 US colleges by Kaplan found that 10 % of admissions offices checked applicants ' social networking site ( SNS ) profiles , and 38 % of those saw information that reduced the applicants ' prospects for admission . In 2011 , a college student was cited for underage drinking after campus police found pictures on Facebook of the student holding a beer . Application in profanity use Profanity use ( edit ) Swearing and cursing are some of the most readily observable instances of verbal expectancy violations . Examples of swearing expectancy violations include U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney telling Patrick Leahy , Senator of Vermont , to `` go fuck yourself '' , actor Christian Bale 's lashing out toward a bystander who walked in front of the camera while he was filming , and U.S. Vice President Joe Biden 's remarks during a live broadcast of his speech congratulating U.S. President Barack Obama on passage of the health care reform bill , commenting that it was a `` big fucking deal '' . Expletives also vary among different cultures , so valence of expectancy violations involving swearing may differ when used in different contexts . In workplaces ( edit ) Swearing is common among many workplaces . Swearing has been identified functionally as one of several ways to express emotion in response to workplace stress , to convey verbal aggression , or to engage in deviant workplace behavior ( Johnson , 2012 ) . In formal work settings , people have much stronger feelings that their expectations are violated by swearing than in casual occasions . Expletives are more prevalent in unstructured conversations than in more structured , task - oriented ones ( Johnson , 2012 ) . The use of profanity has been shown to influence the perceptions of speakers . It may also have emotional impact on the user and the audience . Research has shown that profanity users appear less trustworthy , less sociable , and less educated . The more swearing messages one expresses that violate respondent 's expectations in workplaces , the more negative evaluations the respondent will generate about the speaker 's incompetency . These traits are likely to appear as fixed among profanity users . Moreover , the content of the swearing messages also poses great impact on the extent of expectancy violations in formal work settings . The verbal messages include words related to sex , excretion and profaneness . Research found that respondents experience highest level of surprise about the swearing with sexual expressions . Thus their expectations are more likely to be violated by sexual swearing than excretory and profane words . A more productive approach than focusing on whether a specific word is offensive may be to make sure that those engaging in workplace swearing are aware of how they and their messages might be perceived in multiple ways ( Johnson , 2012 ) . Evaluation of media figures ( edit ) Expectancy violations are tightly related to the changes of people 's evaluation on their relationships with media figures . In 2010 , Cohen made comparisons between relationships with friends and media figures in order to find similarities and differences of people 's reactions when their expectations are violated in these two relationships . Violations were generally divided in three categories : social violations such as making offensive comments , trust violations such as making up stories about their life experience , and moral violations such as cheating in a marital relationship or drunk driving . Research indicated that in both friendships and relationships with media figures , social and trust violations are more offensive than moral violations . Specifically , people are more intolerable about moral violations from media figures than from their friends . According to the study , the reason for the intolerance is because relationships with media figures are relatively weak that people invest less on the relationships with media figures than on friendships . The type of media figures is also an important factor to determine the changes of closeness with media figures . People have different expectations to various types of media figures . Research discussed that moral violations negatively influence relationships with athletes , damaging their positive and energetic appearance expected by the public . Social violations reduce closeness with TV hosts , whom people expect as amiable public figures . Health and self - improvement ( edit ) Expectancy violation theory has even been applied to encouraging healthy habits and changing bad ones . In a study by Karolien van den Akker , Myrr van den Broek , Remco C. Havermans , and Anita Jansen , expectancy violation theory was tested to see if it was successful in changing ingrained cravings for chocolate . Although researchers did not find that expectancy violation mediated responses to chocolate cravings , they believe more research is needed to determine whether this theory is profitable for this kind of application to human behavior . Metatheoretical assumptions ( edit ) Ontological assumptions ( edit ) EVT assumes that humans have a certain degree of free will . This theory assumes that humans can assess and interpret the relationship and liking between themselves and their conversational partner , and then make a decision whether or not to violate the expectations of the other person . The theory holds that this decision depends on what outcome they would like to achieve . This assumption is based on the interaction position . The interaction position is based on a person 's initial stance toward an interaction as determined by a blend of personal Requirements , Expectations , and Desires ( RED ) . These RED factors meld into our interaction position of what 's needed , anticipated , and preferred . Epistemological assumptions ( edit ) EVT assumes that there are norms for all communication activities and if these norms are violated , there will be specific , predictable outcomes . EVT does not fully account for the overwhelming prevalence of reciprocity that has been found in interpersonal interactions . Secondly , it is silent on whether communicator valence supersedes behavior valence or vice versa when the two are incongruent , such as when a disliked partner engages in a positive violation . Axiological assumptions ( edit ) This theory seeks to be value - neutral as supporting studies have been conducted empirically and sought to objectively describe how humans react when their expectations are violated . Critique ( edit ) Predictability and testability ( edit ) Expectancy violations theory has undergone scrutiny for its attempt to provide a covering law for certain aspects of interpersonal communication . Some critics of EVT believe most interactions between individuals are extremely complex and there are many contingencies to consider within the theory . This makes the prediction of behavioral outcomes of a particular situation virtually impossible to consistently predict . Another critique of the theory is the assumption that expectancy violations are mostly highly consequential acts , negative in nature , and cause uncertainty to increase between communicators . In actuality , research shows expectancy violations vary in frequency , seriousness , and valence . While it is true that many expectancy violations carry a negative valence , numerous are positive and actually reduce uncertainty because they provide additional information within the parameters of the particular relationship , context , and communicators . A first look at Communication ( edit ) Emory Griffin , the author of A First Look at Communication Theory , analyzed unpredictability in expectancy violations theory . His test consisted in analyzing his interaction with four students who made various requests from him . The students were given the pseudonyms Andre , Belinda , Charlie and Dawn . They start with the letters A , B , C and D to represent the increasing distance between them and Griffin when making their requests . Adapted from Griffin 's diagram in the book A first look at communication theory . Andre needed the author 's endorsement for a graduate scholarship , and spoke to him from an intimate eyeball - to - eyeball distance . According to Burgoon 's early model , Andre made a mistake when he crossed Griffin 's threat threshold ; the physical and psychological discomfort the lecturer might feel could have hurt his cause . However , later that day Griffin wrote the letter of recommendation . Belinda needed help with a term paper for a class with another professor , and asked for it from a 2 - foot distance . Just as Burgoon predicted , the narrow gap between Belinda and Griffin determined him to focus his attention on their rocky relationship , and her request was declined . Charlie invited his lecturer to play water polo with other students , and he made the invitation from the right distance of 7 feet , just outside the range of interaction Griffin anticipated . However , his invitation was declined . Dawn launched an invitation to Griffin to eat lunch together the next day , and she did this from across the room . According to the nonverbal expectancy violations model , launching an invitation from across the room would guarantee a poor response , but this time , the invitation was successful . Griffin 's attempt to apply Burgoon 's original model to conversational distance between him and his students did n't meet with much success . The theoretical scoreboard read : Nonverbal expectancy violations model : 1 Unpredicted random behavior : 3 However , when Grifffin applied the revised EVT standards on his responses to `` the proxemic violations of Andre , Belinda , Charlie , and Dawn , '' the scorecard `` shows four hits and no misses . '' Related theories ( edit ) Because EVT is sociopsychological in nature and focuses on social codes in both intrapersonal and interpersonal communication , it is closely related to communication theories such as cognitive dissonance and uncertainty reduction theory . Recently , this theory has undergone some reconstitution by Burgoon and her colleagues and has resulted in a newly proposed theory known as interaction adaptation theory , which is a more comprehensive explanation of adaptation in interpersonal interaction . As mentioned above , EVT has strong roots in uncertainty reduction theory . The relationship between violation behavior and the level of uncertainty is under study . Research indicates that violations differ in their impact on uncertainty . To be more specific , incongruent negative violations heightened uncertainty , whereas congruent violations ( both positive and negative ) caused declines in uncertainty . The theory also borrows from social exchange theory in that people seek reward out of interaction with others . Two other theories share similar outlooks to EVT -- Discrepancy - Arousal Theory and Patterson 's social facilitation model ( SFM ) . Like EVT , DAT explains that a receiver becomes aroused when a communicative behavior does not match the receiver 's expectations . In DAT , these differences are called discrepancies instead of expectancy violations . Cognitive dissonance and EVT both try to explain why and how people react to unexpected information and adjust themselves during communication process . The social facilitation model has a similar outlook and labels these differences as unstable changes . A key difference between the theories lies in the receiver 's arousal level . Both DAT and SFM maintain that the receiver experiences a physiological response whereas EVT focuses on the attention shift of the receiver . EVT posits that expectancy violations occur frequently and are not always as serious as perceived through the lenses of other theories . Anxiety / uncertainty management theory is the uncertainty and Anxiety people have towards each other , relating to EVT this anxiety and uncertainty can differ between cultures . Causing a violation for example violating someones personal distance or communicating ineffectively can cause uncertainty and anxiety . The popularity of computer - mediated communication ( CMC ) as means of conducting task - oriented and socially oriented interactions is a part of the social information processing ( SIP ) theory . Coined by Joseph Walther , the theory explores CMC 's ability to fulfill many of the same functions as the more traditional forms of interaction , especially face - to - face ( FtF ) interaction . SIP can be used in conjunction with EVT to examine interpersonal and hyperpersonal relationships established through CMC . Further use and development of the theory ( edit ) The concept of social norms marketing follows expectancy violation in that it is based upon the notion that messages containing facts that vary from perception of the norm will create a positive expectancy violation . Advertising , strategic communications , and public relations base social norms campaigns on this position . Interaction adaptation theory further explores expectancy violations . Developed by Burgoon to take a more comprehensive look at social interaction , IAT posits that people enter into interactions with requirements , expectations , and desires . These factors influence both the initial behavior as well as the response behavior . When faced with behavior that meets an individual 's needs , expectations , or desires , the response behavior will be positive . When faced with behavior that does not meet an individual 's needs , expectations , or desires , he or she can respond either positively or negatively depending on the degree of violation and positive or negative valence of the relationship . Expectancies exert significant influence on people 's interaction patterns , on their impressions of one another , and on the outcomes of their interactions . People who can assume that they are well regarded by their audience are safer engaging in violations and more likely to profit from doing so than are those who are poorly regarded . When the violation act is one that is likely to be ambiguous in its meaning or to carry multiple interpretations that are not uniformly positive or negative , then the reward valence of the communicator can be especially significant in moderating interpretations , evaluations , and subsequent outcomes . EVT also applies to international experience in the workplace . `` A foreign newcomer who has the necessary education , work experience , and international experience will be perceived as having the ability to make valuable contribution to the group 's task . Consequently , education , work experience and international experience will influence a foreign newcomer 's initial task - based group acceptance ( Joardar , 2011 ) . It can be argued that a person with significant international experience will be perceived as having had the opportunity to learn how to build valuable relationships in a cross-cultural setting . Hence , international experience will have effects on initial relationship - based group acceptance as well . Meaning , this will make for a more positive expectancy violation , in the workplace especially . EVT is also used as a framework to analyze the negative impact of mind reading expectations on romantic relationships . In 2015 , Wright and Roloff explained the idea of mind reading expectations ( MRE ) that romantic partners should clearly know about each other 's feelings even though they are not being informed . When relational partners have done something wrong without self - consciousness , people 's expectations are violated . Particularly those who hold high value of MRE are more likely to become distressful once their relational partners are unaware of their violations to expectations . The study asserted that such kinds of violations related to MRE result in responses such as combative attitude and silent treatment , which is harmful to long - term romantic relationships . See also ( edit ) Language expectancy theory Social exchange theory Transactional analysis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burgoon , J.K. ; Hale , J.L. ( 1988 ) . `` Nonverbal Expectancy Violations : Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors '' . 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( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Being unfriended on Facebook : An application of Expectancy Violation Theory '' . Computers in Human Behavior . 33 : 171 -- 178 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chb. 2014.01. 029 . ^ Jump up to : Stutzman , Fred ; Kramer - Duffield , Jacob ( 2010 ) . `` Friends Only : Examining a Privacy - enhancing Behavior in Facebook '' . Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . CHI ' 10 . New York , NY , USA : ACM : 1553 -- 1562 . doi : 10.1145 / 1753326.1753559 . ISBN 9781605589299 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Patrick B. ; Flanagin , Andrew J. ( 2003 ) . `` Reconceptualizing ' flaming ' and other problematic messages '' . New Media & Society ( 1 ed . ) . London , Thousand Oaks , CA and New Delhi : SAGE Publications . 5 : 69 -- 94 . doi : 10.1177 / 1461444803005001908 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Spencer Byron ; Rice , Ronald E. ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) . `` A Dual - Identity Model of Responses to Deviance in Online Groups : Integrating Social Identity Theory and Expectancy Violations Theory '' . Communication Theory . 27 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 268 . doi : 10.1111 / comt. 12113 . ISSN 1468 - 2885 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon , Oliver J. ; Thomas - Hunt , Melissa C. ; Proell , Chad A. ( 2006 ) . `` When timeliness matters : The effect of status on reactions to perceived time delay within distributed collaboration '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 91 ( 6 ) : 1385 -- 1395 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.91. 6.1385 . PMID 17100492 . ^ Jump up to : Kalman , Y.M. ; Rafaeli , Sheizaf ( 2010 ) . `` Online Pauses and Silence : Chronemic Expectancy Violations in Written Computer - Mediated Communication '' . Communication Research . 38 : 54 -- 69 . doi : 10.1177 / 0093650210378229 . Jump up ^ `` Examples of norm violations '' . Radford University . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Mary B. ; Kearney , Patricia ; Plax , Timothy G. ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Dark Side of Instruction : Teacher Anger as Classroom Norm Violations '' . Journal of Applied Communication Research . 31 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 90 . doi : 10.1080 / 00909880305376 . ISSN 0090 - 9882 . Jump up ^ Boice , R. ( 2000 ) . Advice for New Faculty Members . Needham Heights , MA : Allyn & Bacon . Jump up ^ Boice , R. ( 1996 ) . `` Classroom incivilities '' . Research in Higher Education . 37 ( 4 ) : 453 -- 486 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01730110 . Jump up ^ Boice , R. ( 1986 ) . `` Faculty development via field programs for middle - aged , disillusioned faculty '' . Research in Higher Education . 25 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 135 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00991486 . ^ Jump up to : Dunbar , Norah ; Segrin , Chris ( 2011 ) . `` Clothing and Teacher Credibility : An Application of Expectancy Violations Theory '' . ISRN Education . 2012 : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.5402 / 2012 / 140517 . ^ Jump up to : Behling , D.U. ; Williams , E.A. ( 1991 ) . `` Influence of Dress on Perceptions of Intelligence and Expectations of Scholastic Achievement '' . Clothing and Textiles Research Journal . 9 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1177 / 0887302x9100900401 . Jump up ^ Fitch , E.M. ( 1984 ) . Appropriateness and Promotability of Clothing Behavior of Women Teachers . New York , NY : Yeshiva University . Jump up ^ Bassett , R.E. ( 1984 ) . `` Effects of Source Attire on Judgments of Credibility '' . Central States Speech Journal . 30 ( 3 ) : 282 -- 285 . doi : 10.1080 / 10510977909368022 . ^ Jump up to : Sidelinger , Robert J. ; Bolen , Derek M. ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Instructor Credibility as a Mediator of Instructors ' Compulsive Communication and Student Communication Satisfaction in the College Classroom '' . Communication Research Reports . 33 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 31 . doi : 10.1080 / 08824096.2015. 1117438 . ISSN 0882 - 4096 . ^ Jump up to : Gigliotti , R.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Expectations , Observations , and Violations : Comparing Their Effects on Course Ratings '' . Research in Higher Education . 26 ( 4 ) : 401 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00992374 . ^ Jump up to : Houser , Marian ( 2006 ) . `` Expectancy Violations as Predictors of Motivation and Learning : A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Students '' . Communication Quarterly . 54 ( 3 ) : 331 -- 349 . doi : 10.1080 / 01463370600878248 . Jump up ^ Knowles , M.S. ( 1978 ) . The Adult Learner : A Neglected Species , 2nd Edition . Houston , TX : Gulf Publishing . ^ Jump up to : Frisby , Brandi N. ; Sidelinger , Robert J. ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Violating Student Expectations : Student Disclosures and Student Reactions in the College Classroom '' . Communication Studies . 64 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 258 . doi : 10.1080 / 10510974.2012. 755636 . ISSN 1051 - 0974 . Jump up ^ `` Cheney Says He Felt Better After Cursing at Leahy '' . CNN . June 25 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , D.I. ( 2012 ) . `` Swearing by Peers in the Work Setting : Expectancy Violation Valence , Perceptions of Message , and Perceptions of Speaker '' . Communication Studies . 63 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 151 . doi : 10.1080 / 10510974.2011. 638411 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , M. ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Vice President Biden Caught on Mic : Calls Health Care a `` Big F - ing Deal '' `` . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , M.A. ( 1989 ) . `` Reactions to Obscene Language '' . Communication Research Reports . 6 : 67 -- 69 . doi : 10.1080 / 08824098909359835 . Jump up ^ Young , S.L. ( 2004 ) . `` What the ____ Is Your Problem ? : Attribution Theory and Perceived Reasons for Profanity Usage During Conflict '' . Communication Research Reports . 21 ( 4 ) : 338 -- 347 . doi : 10.1080 / 08824090409359998 . Jump up ^ Jay , T. ( 1999 ) . Why We Curse . John Benjamins . ISBN 9781556197581 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Danette Ifert ; Lewis , Nicole ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Perceptions of Swearing in the Work Setting : An Expectancy Violations Theory Perspective '' . Communication Reports . 23 ( 2 ) : 106 -- 118 . doi : 10.1080 / 08934215.2010. 511401 . ISSN 0893 - 4215 . Jump up ^ van den Akker , Karolien ; Broek , Myrr van den ; Havermans , Remco C. ; Jansen , Anita . `` Violation of eating expectancies does not reduce conditioned desires for chocolate '' . Appetite. 100 : 10 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / j. appet. 2016.02. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Burgoon , J.K. ; White , C.H. ( 2001 ) . `` Adaptation and communicative design '' . Human Communication Research . 27 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 37 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2958.2001. tb00774. x . ^ Jump up to : Miller , K. ( 2005 ) . Communication Theories : Perspectives , Processes , and Contexts . New York : McGraw Hill . Jump up ^ Afifi , Walid ; Metts , Sandra ( 1998 ) . `` Characteristics and Consequences of Expectation Violations in Close Relationships '' . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 15 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 392 . doi : 10.1177 / 0265407598153004 . Jump up ^ A First Look at Communication Theory , 9th edition , p. 92 Jump up ^ Gamble , Teri Susan Kwal ; Gamble , Michael W. ( 2014 ) . Interpersonal Communication : Building Connections Together ( PDF ) . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . pp. 1 -- 34 . ISBN 9781452220130 . Jump up ^ Afifi , WA ; Burgoon , JK ( 2000 ) . `` The impact of violations on uncertainty and the consequences for attractiveness '' . Human Communication Research . 26 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2958.2000. tb00756. x . Jump up ^ Walther , Joseph B. ( 1992 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Interpersonal Effects in Computer - Mediated Interaction A Relational Perspective '' . Communication Research . 19 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 90 . doi : 10.1177 / 009365092019001003 . ISSN 0093 - 6502 . Jump up ^ Walther , J.B. ; Parks , M.R. ( 2002 ) . Knapp , M.L. ; Daly , J.A. , eds . `` Cues Filtered Out , Cues Filtered In : Computer - Mediated Communication and Relationships '' . Handbook of Interpersonal Communication ( 3rd ed . ) . Thousand Oaks , California : Sage : 529 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Campo , S. ; Cameron , K.A. ; Brossard , D. ; Frazer , M.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Social Norms and Expectancy Violation Theories : Assessing the Effectiveness of Health Communication Campaigns '' . Communication Monographs. 71 ( 4 ) : 448 -- 470 . doi : 10.1080 / 0363452042000307498 . Jump up ^ Floyd , K. & Ray , G. ( 2005 ) . Adaptation to Expressed Liking and Disliking in Initial Interactions : Nonverbal Involvement and Pleasantness Response Patterns . Conference Papers -- International Communication Association Annual Meeting , 1 - 39 . Jump up ^ Burgoon , J.K. ; Le Poire , B.A. ; Rosenthal , R. ( 1995 ) . `` Effects of Preinteraction Expectancies and Target Communication on Perceiver Reciprocity and Compensation in Dyadic Interaction '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 31 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 321 . doi : 10.1006 / jesp. 1995.1014 . Jump up ^ Burgoon , J.K. ; D.A. Coker ; R.A. Coker ( 2006 ) . `` Communicative Effects of Gaze Behavior '' . Human Communication Research . 12 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 524 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2958.1986. tb00089. x . Jump up ^ Wright , Courtney N. ; Roloff , Michael E. ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) . `` You Should Just Know Why I 'm Upset : Expectancy Violation Theory and the Influence of Mind Reading Expectations ( MRE ) on Responses to Relational Problems '' . Communication Research Reports . 32 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 08824096.2014. 989969 . ISSN 0882 - 4096 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expectancy_violations_theory&oldid=839396924 '' Categories : Interpersonal communication Communication theory Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the three core concepts of expectancy violations theory are	[ "The expectancy violations theory examines three main components in interpersonal communication situations: Expectancies, communicator reward valence, and violation valence.[9]", "The expectancy violations theory examines three main components in interpersonal communication situations: Expectancies, communicator reward valence, and violation valence.[9]", "The expectancy violations theory examines three main components in interpersonal communication situations: Expectancies, communicator reward valence, and violation valence.[9]" ]	[ "Expectancies", "communicator reward valence", "violation valence" ]
-3956213890390405185	Perito Moreno Glacier	Perito Moreno glacier - wikipedia Perito Moreno glacier This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Perito Moreno Glacier The terminus of the glacier in Lago Argentino Coordinates 50 ° 30 ′ S 73 ° 08 ′ W / 50.500 ° S 73.133 ° W / - 50.500 ; - 73.133 Coordinates : 50 ° 30 ′ S 73 ° 08 ′ W / 50.500 ° S 73.133 ° W / - 50.500 ; - 73.133 Area 250 km ( 97 sq mi ) Length 30 km ( 19 mi ) Width 5 km ( 3 mi ) Thickness 170 m ( 560 ft ) Terminus Lago Argentino Status Advancing Aerial view of the glacier , taken two weeks before the 2004 rupture The Perito Moreno Glacier ( Spanish : Glaciar Perito Moreno ) is a glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park in southwest Santa Cruz Province , Argentina . It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentinian Patagonia . The 250 km ( 97 sq mi ) ice formation , and 30 km ( 19 mi ) in length , is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field located in the Andes system shared with Chile . This ice field is the world 's third largest reserve of fresh water . The Perito Moreno Glacier , located 78 kilometres ( 48 mi ) from El Calafate , was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno , a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile . Contents 1 Status 2 Rupture 3 Tourism 4 History 5 References 6 External links Status ( edit ) The glacier is unusual in that it is advancing , while most glaciers worldwide are retreating . The reason remains debated by glaciologists . The terminus of the Perito Moreno Glacier is 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) wide , with an average height of 74 m ( 240 ft ) above the surface of the water of Argentino Lake , in Argentina . It has a total ice depth of 170 metres ( 558 ft ) . Rupture ( edit ) Pressures from the weight of the ice slowly pushes the glacier over the southern arm ( `` Brazo Rico '' ) of Argentino Lake , damming the section and separating it from the rest of the lake . With no outlet , the water level on the `` Brazo Rico '' side of the lake can rise by as much as 30 meters above the level of the main body of Argentino Lake . Intermittently , the pressure produced by the height of the dammed water breaks through the ice barrier causing a spectacular rupture , sending a massive outpouring of water from the Brazo Rico section to the main body of Lake Argentino . As the water exits Brazo Rico , the scored shoreline is exposed , showing evidence of the height of the water build - up . This dam -- ice - bridge -- rupture cycle recurs naturally between once a year to less than once a decade . Large piece of ice collapses as the glacier advances The last rupture occurred on March 10 , 2016 , and previously , March 4 , 2012 , 2008 , 2006 , 2004 , 1988 , 1986 , 1980 , 1977 , 1975 , 1972 , 1970 , 1966 , 1963 , 1960 , 1956 , 1953 , 1952 , 1947 , 1940 , 1934 and 1917 . It ruptures , on average , about every four to five years . As of February 2012 , before the March 2 , 2012 rupture , the glacier dammed the Brazo Rico . The water level there had risen 5.6 meters . A glacier cave at the edge of the glacier Tourism ( edit ) Perito Moreno Glacier trekking Due to its size and accessibility , Perito Moreno is one of the major tourist attractions in southern Patagonia . It is less than two hours by bus from El Calafate , and many tour companies run daily visits . A large visitor centre at the site features a walking circuit which allows visitors to view the southern flank and the east - facing edge of the glacier . Panorama of the north part of the glacier In recent years , trekking tours on the ice have gained popularity . The two standard tours are a `` mini-trekking '' option , consisting of a short walk of about an hour and a half , and a `` big ice '' version , which is usually about five hours . Tour companies generally provide crampons to customers . Panorama of the south part of the glacier History ( edit ) In 1879 , the British Captain of the Chilean Navy , Juan Tomás Rogers , sighted for the first time the majestic glacier which he named `` Francisco Gormaz '' , name of the Director of the Hydrographic Office of the Chilean Navy , sponsoring organization of the discovering expedition . Some years later , Rudolph Hauthal , attached to the Argentine Boundary Commission , met the glacier , and decided to name it `` Bismarck '' in honor of Prussian Chancellor . In 1881 the Boundary Treaty between Chile and Argentina was signed , which defined the boundaries of both countries in the Andes mountain range up to the 52nd parallel . The glacier is east of the Andes Mountains and empties into Lake Argentino , which also is under Argentine sovereignty . Before the treaty , the area was in dispute between both countries . Finally , in 1899 , after long years of research , compilation of archaeological material , and survey of the area , Argentine Lieutenant Iglesias , who was in charge of the studies for the Argentine Hydrographic Institute , named the coveted glacier Perito Moreno Glacier in homage to Mr. Francisco Pascasio Moreno . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mystery Glaciers Growing as Most Others Retreat '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 2009 - 06 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` AAAR - Arctic , Antarctic , and Alpine Research : An Interdisciplinary Journal - Journal Article '' . Instaar.metapress.com. 2007 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Los Glaciares National Park '' . whc.unesco.org . UNESCO . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ice bridge collapses at Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina ; hundreds gather to watch '' . abc.net.au . Australian Broadcasting Corporation -- Online . 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` El glaciar Perito Moreno se rompe en invierno por primera vez desde 1917 '' ( in Spanish ) . 2008 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ History of the Perito Moreno Glacier - Argentina Tourism External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Perito Moreno . The Glaciers National Park Pictures of Perito Moreno Glacier Andean glaciers Tropical Andes ( 11 ° N -- 20 ° S ) Pico Bolívar Pico Humboldt Pico Bonpland Nevado del Ruiz Antisana Cotopaxi Chimborazo Alpamayo Huascarán Sabancaya Ampato Chacaltaya Dry Andes ( 20 ° -- 35 ° S ) Polish Juncal Marmolejo La Paloma San Francisco Tupungato Wet Andes ( 35 ° -- 55 ° S ) Other Sollipulli Villarrica Mocho - Choshuenco Tronador Gran Campo Nevado Northern Patagonian Ice Field Grosse Exploradores Reicher Gualas San Rafael Fiero Leon San Quintín Soler Benito Nef Cachet Colonia Steffen Southern Patagonian Ice Field Jorge Montt Bernardo O'Higgins Brüggen Viedma Upsala Perito Moreno Dickson Grey Amalia Tyndall / Geike Cordillera Darwin Alemania Garibaldi Marinelli Romanche Stopanni Note : Glaciers are ordered by latitude from north to south . Mountains with significant glaciers are shown in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perito_Moreno_Glacier&oldid=866289958 '' Categories : Glaciers of Argentina World Heritage Sites in Argentina Landforms of Santa Cruz Province , Argentina Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 13 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	which is the name of the most famous glacier in argentina	[ "The Perito Moreno Glacier (Spanish: Glaciar Perito Moreno) is a glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park in southwest Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentinian Patagonia.\n" ]	[ "The Perito Moreno Glacier" ]
415727697781471033	King James Version	King James Version - wikipedia King James Version Jump to : navigation , search `` KJB '' redirects here . For other uses , see KJB ( disambiguation ) and King James Version ( disambiguation ) . King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text , which is flanked by Moses and Aaron . In the four corners sit Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , authors of the four gospels , with their symbolic animals . The rest of the Apostles ( with Judas facing away ) stand around Peter and Paul . At the very top is the Tetragrammaton `` יְהֹוָה '' written with Hebrew diacritics . Abbreviation KJV , KJB , or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT : Masoretic Text , some LXX and Vulgate influence . NT : Textus Receptus , similar to the Byzantine text - type ; some readings derived from the Vulgate . Apocrypha : Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate . Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age , publication restrictions in the United Kingdom ( See Copyright status ) Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 ( show ) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth . And the earth was without form , and void ; and darkness was upon the face of the deep . And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters . And God said , Let there be light : and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 ( show ) For God so loved the world , that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish , but have everlasting life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The Bible in English Title page to the King James Version List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Main category : Bible translations into English Bible portal The King James Version ( KJV ) , also known as the King James Bible ( KJB ) or simply the Authorized Version ( AV ) , is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 . The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament , an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha ( most of which correspond to books in the Vulgate Deuterocanon adhered to by Roman Catholics ) , and the 27 books of the New Testament . It was first printed by the King 's Printer Robert Barker and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities . The first had been the Great Bible , commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ) , and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible of 1568 . In January 1604 , James VI and I convened the Hampton Court Conference , where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England . The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '' , and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world . James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy . The translation was done by 47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England . In common with most other translations of the period , the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter , which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ) and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches , except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English - speaking scholars . With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century , this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history , almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha . Today the unqualified title `` King James Version '' usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorized Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes 3.1 Translation 3.1. 1 Old Testament 3.1. 2 New Testament 3.1. 3 Apocrypha 3.1. 4 Sources 3.2 Variations from recent translations 3.3 Style and criticism 3.4 Mistranslations 4 Influence 4.1 Copyright status 4.1. 1 Permission 4.2 Apocrypha 4.3 King James Only movement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) 1612 First KJV bible in quarto size The title of the first edition of the translation , in Early Modern English , was `` THE HOLY BIBLE , Conteyning the Old Testament , AND THE NEW : Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues : & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised , by his Maiesties speciall Comandement '' . The title page carries the words `` Appointed to be read in Churches '' , and F.F. Bruce suggests it was `` probably authorised by order in council '' but no record of the authorisation survives `` because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 '' . For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name . In his Leviathan of 1651 , Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James . A 1761 `` Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' refers to the 1611 version merely as a new , compleat , and more accurate Translation , despite referring to the Great Bible by its name , and despite using the name `` Rhemish Testament '' for the Douay - Rheims Bible version . Similarly , a `` History of England '' , whose fifth edition was published in 1775 , writes merely that ( a ) new translation of the Bible , viz. , that now in Use , was begun in 1607 , and published in 1611 . King James 's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation ( on a par with the `` Genevan Bible '' or the `` Rhemish Testament '' ) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae ( first published 1797 ) . Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a `` Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' published in Massachusetts in 1815 , and in an English publication from 1818 , which explicitly states that the 1611 version is `` generally known by the name of King James 's Bible '' . This name was also found as King James ' Bible ( without the final `` s '' ) : for example in a book review from 1811 . The phrase `` King James 's Bible '' is used as far back as 1715 , although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description . The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version , capitalized and used as a name , is found as early as 1814 . For some time before this , descriptive phrases such as `` our present , and only publicly authorised version '' ( 1783 ) , `` our Authorised version '' ( 1792 ) , and `` the authorized version '' ( 1801 , uncapitalized ) are found . The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824 . In Britain , the 1611 translation is generally known as the `` Authorised Version '' today . As early as 1814 , we find King James ' version , evidently a descriptive phrase , being used . `` The King James Version '' is found , unequivocally used as a name , in a letter from 1855 . The next year King James Bible , with no possessive , appears as a name in a Scottish source . In the United States , the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually editions following the standard text of 1769 , see below ) is generally known as the King James Version today . History ( edit ) Earlier English translations ( edit ) See also : English translations of the Bible The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century . These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form , often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban . As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate , and as it contained no heterodox readings , there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version ; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries ( such as Thomas More ) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation . William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525 . In 1525 , William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook a translation of the New Testament . Tyndale 's translation was the first printed Bible in English . Over the next ten years , Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship , and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament . Despite some controversial translation choices , and in spite of Tyndale 's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated bible , the merits of Tyndale 's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English . With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale , in 1539 , Tyndale 's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first `` authorised version '' issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII . When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553 , she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country , some establishing an English - speaking colony at Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship . These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . This translation , dated to 1560 , was a revision of Tyndale 's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages . Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558 , the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible ( namely , that the Geneva Bible did not `` conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy '' ) became painfully apparent . In 1568 , the Church of England responded with the Bishops ' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version . While officially approved , this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age -- in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds . Accordingly , Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version -- small editions were available at a relatively low cost . At the same time , there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay -- Rheims New Testament of 1582 , undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics . This translation , though still derived from Tyndale , claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate . In May 1601 , King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba 's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English . Two years later , he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England . Considerations for a New Version ( edit ) The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 . That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England . Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First , Galatians iv. 25 ( from the Bishops ' Bible ) . The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is , bordereth neither expressing the force of the word , nor the apostle 's sense , nor the situation of the place . Secondly , psalm cv. 28 ( from the Great Bible ) , ' They were not obedient ; ' the original being , ' They were not disobedient . ' Thirdly , psalm cvi. 30 ( also from the Great Bible ) , ' Then stood up Phinees and prayed , ' the Hebrew hath , ' executed judgment . ' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation . The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes ( which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ) . King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1 : 19 , where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15 : 16 , where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous ' mother ' , Queen Maachah ( Maachah had actually been Asa 's grandmother , but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary , Queen of Scots ) . Further , the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England . Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church . For example , old ecclesiastical words such as the word `` church '' were to be retained and not to be translated as `` congregation '' . The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy . James ' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers . The text of the Bishops ' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators , and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained . If the Bishops ' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation , the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list : the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew 's Bible , the Great Bible , and the Geneva Bible . In addition , later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner 's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay -- Rheims Bible . It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been `` translated out of the original tongues , and with the former translations diligently compared and revised , by His Majesty 's special commandment . '' As the work proceeded , more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated , including the requirement that words supplied in English to ' complete the meaning ' of the originals should be printed in a different type face . The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars , although 54 were originally approved . All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy . The scholars worked in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies , as well as High Churchmen . Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops ' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins . The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other . The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work , instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well - paid livings as these fell vacant . Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge , while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . The committees started work towards the end of 1604 . King James I of England , on 22 July 1604 , sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project . Right trusty and well beloved , we greet you well . Whereas we have appointed certain learned men , to the number of 4 and 50 , for the translating of the Bible , and in this number , divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all , or else so very small , as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time can not well remedy it , therefor we do hereby require you , that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York , as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. ( erbury ) signifying unto them , that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that ( all excuses set apart ) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men , as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West. ( minister ) on 2 and 20 July , in the 2nd year of our reign of England , France , and of Ireland , and of Scotland xxxvii . '' They had all completed their sections by 1608 , the Apocrypha committee finishing first . From January 1609 , a General Committee of Review met at Stationers ' Hall , London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees . The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes and John Harmar , and others known only by their initials , including `` AL '' ( who may be Arthur Lake ) , and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers ' Company . John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations ( in Latin ) -- which has partly survived in two later transcripts . Also surviving of the translators ' working papers are a bound - together set of marked - up corrections to one of the forty Bishops ' Bibles -- covering the Old Testament and Gospels , and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops ' Bible . Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes , of which one was the term `` bishopricke '' at Acts 1 : 20 . Translation committees ( edit ) First Westminster Company , translated Genesis to 2 Kings : Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company , translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon : Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing ; First Oxford Company , translated Isaiah to Malachi : John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne ; Second Oxford Company , translated the Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , and the Book of Revelation : Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten ; Second Westminster Company , translated the Epistles : William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) ; Second Cambridge Company , translated the Apocrypha : John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft . Printing ( edit ) Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the `` chief overseer '' of the production of the Authorized Version . The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , in 1611 as a complete folio Bible . It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve . Robert Barker 's father , Christopher , had , in 1589 , been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer , with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England . Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition , and consequently ran into serious debt , such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers , Bonham Norton and John Bill . It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text , share printed sheets with the others , and split the proceeds . Bitter financial disputes broke out , as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits , while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money . There followed decades of continual litigation , and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties , while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible . In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing , for their own university presses -- and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629 , and 1638 . The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators . This did not , however , impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers , especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version . Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611 , which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3 : 15 ; the first edition reading `` he went into the city '' , where the second reads `` she went into the city . '' ; these are known colloquially as the `` He '' and `` She '' Bibles . The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface . Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages . Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents . There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter , and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book , but no illustrations in the text . The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized , and when printers , as a matter of course , expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places , so as to achieve an even column of text . They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else . They used long s for non-final s . The glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral . Punctuation was relatively heavy , and differed from current practice . When space needed to be saved , the printers sometimes used ye for the , ( replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y ) , set ã for an or am ( in the style of scribe 's shorthand ) , and set & for and . On the contrary , on a few occasions , they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded . Later printings regularized these spellings ; the punctuation has also been standardized , but still varies from current usage norms . The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface , which itself made a political and a religious statement . Like the Great Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , the Authorized Version was `` appointed to be read in churches '' . It was a large folio volume meant for public use , not private devotion ; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it . However , smaller editions and roman - type editions followed rapidly , e.g. quarto roman - type editions of the Bible in 1612 . This contrasted with the Geneva Bible , which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface ( although black - letter editions , particularly in folio format , were issued later ) . In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , which had both been extensively illustrated , there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version , the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters -- together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself , and to the New Testament . In the Great Bible , readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . In the Geneva Bible , a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators , or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew ; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purposed , albeit sparsely and inconsistently . This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text . When , from the later 17th century onwards , the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type , the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics , this application being regularised and greatly expanded . This was intended to de-emphasise the words . The original printing contained two prefatory texts ; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to `` the most high and mighty Prince '' King James . Many British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . The second preface was called Translators to the Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version . It observes the translators ' stated goal , that they , `` never thought from the beginning that ( they ) should need to make a new translation , nor yet to make of a bad one a good one , ... but to make a good one better , or out of many good ones , one principal good one , not justly to be excepted against ; that hath been our endeavour , that our mark . '' They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations , stating , `` We do not deny , nay , we affirm and avow , that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English , set forth by men of our profession , ( for we have seen none of theirs ( Roman Catholics ) of the whole Bible as yet ) containeth the word of God , nay , is the word of God . '' As with the first preface , some British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first . The first printing contained a number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances . Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752 , and thus modern editions invariably omit it . So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage , each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers . Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries , or omitted such material entirely . Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts . Authorized Version ( edit ) The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorization exists ; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom . The King 's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops ' Bible , so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England . In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings -- though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version . The case was different in Scotland , where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible . It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed -- in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However , official policy favoured the Authorized Version , and this favour returned during the Commonwealth -- as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell -- and the `` New Translation '' was the only edition on the market . F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the `` Old Translation '' ( i.e. Geneva ) as being in 1674 . The Authorized Version 's acceptance by the general public took longer . The Geneva Bible continued to be popular , and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam , where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint . However , few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616 , and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation . In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called `` The Soldiers ' Bible '' . In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as `` The Bible without notes '' , thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva `` Bible with notes '' . There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam -- one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes ; one such edition was printed in London in 1649 . During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes , but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text . After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era . Furthermore , disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century , so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation . The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English - speaking people . A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation . Hugh Broughton , the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time ( but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament ) , issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version , criticizing especially the translators ' rejection of word - for - word equivalence and stated that `` he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation ( KJV ) should ever be foisted upon the English people '' . Walton 's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version ( and indeed the English language ) entirely . Walton 's reference text throughout is the Vulgate . The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651 , indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers ( e.g. , Job 41 : 24 , not Job 41 : 33 ) for his head text . In Chapter 35 : ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19 : 5 , first in his own translation of the ' Vulgar Latin ' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms `` ... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James '' , and `` The Geneva French '' ( i.e. Olivétan ) . Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred . For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that , while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people , nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so , Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin . It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles . In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges , successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been -- compositors freely varying spelling , capitalization and punctuation -- and also , over the years , introducing about 1,500 misprints ( some of which , like the omission of `` not '' from the commandment `` Thou shalt not commit adultery '' in the `` Wicked Bible '' , became notorious ) . The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text -- while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators ' work , chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note . A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches , and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay - Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original . However , general standards of spelling , punctuation , typesetting , capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version , and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice -- and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew , Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines , and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself -- so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture . This has been contemptuously labelled `` AVolatry '' , a play on the name `` Authorized Version '' ( AV ) and idolatry . Standard text of 1769 ( edit ) Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version , combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints , had reached the proportion of a scandal , and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text . First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760 , the culmination of 20 - years work by Francis Sawyer Parris , who died in May of that year . This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 and in John Baskerville 's fine folio edition of 1763 . This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition , edited by Benjamin Blayney , though with comparatively few changes from Parris 's edition ; but which became the Oxford standard text , and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings . Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers , while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 , and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own . They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original , making many thousands of minor changes to the text . In addition , Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of `` supplied '' words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts . Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus , rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured ; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ . Like the 1611 edition , the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha , although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators . Altogether , the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney 's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places . Since that date , a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text . The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the `` Authorized King James Version '' provides Oxford 's standard text , and also includes the prefatory section `` The Translators to the Reader '' . The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below . ( 1611 ) 1 . Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels , and haue not charity , I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie , and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge : and though I haue all faith , so that I could remooue mountaines , and haue no charitie , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore , and though I giue my body to bee burned , and haue not charitie , it profiteth me nothing . ( 1769 ) 1 . Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels , and have not charity , I am become as sounding brass , or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy , and understand all mysteries , and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith , so that I could remove mountains , and have not charity , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned , and have not charity , it profiteth me nothing . There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses : 11 changes of spelling , 16 changes of typesetting ( including the changed conventions for the use of u and v ) , three changes of punctuation , and one variant text -- where `` not charity '' is substituted for `` no charity '' in verse two , in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint . A particular verse for which Blayney 's 1769 text differs from Parris 's 1760 version is Matthew 5 : 13 , where Parris ( 1760 ) has Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out , and to be troden under foot of men . Blayney ( 1769 ) changes ' lost his savour ' to ' lost its savour ' , and troden to trodden . For a period , Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text , but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney 's work , but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings . By the mid-19th century , almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text -- increasingly without Blayney 's variant notes and cross references , and commonly excluding the Apocrypha . One exception to this was a scrupulous original - spelling , page - for - page , and line - for - line reprint of the 1611 edition ( including all chapter headings , marginalia , and original italicization , but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original ) , published by Oxford in 1833 . Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible , thoroughly revised , modernized and re-edited by F.H.A. Scrivener , who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes . Scrivener , like Blayney , opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty . In 2005 , Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha , edited by David Norton , which followed in the spirit of Scrivener 's work , attempting to bring spelling to present - day standards . Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks , while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text , so far as possible , to the wording used by its translators , especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents . This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books . From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged -- and since , due to advances in printing technology , it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale , it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English - speaking Protestant world . Academic debate through that century , however , increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars : ( a ) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible -- both in terms of specific vocabulary , and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names ; ( b ) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English , especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and ( c ) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries , the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text . Responding to these concerns , the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version , intending to retain the original text `` except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary '' . The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 ( New Testament ) , 1885 ( Old Testament ) and 1894 ( Apocrypha ) ; but , although it sold widely , the revision did not find popular favour , and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches . By the early 20th century , editing had been completed in Cambridge 's text , with at least 6 new changes since 1769 , and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings . The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions , and after the Second World War `` the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset . '' The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars . The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century . New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance ( roughly 1700 to 1950 ) , but groups do exist -- sometimes termed the King James Only movement -- that distrust anything not in agreement with the Authorized Version . Editorial criticism ( edit ) F.H.A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769 . In the 19th century , there were effectively three main guardians of the text . Norton identified five variations among the Oxford , Cambridge and London ( Eyre and Spottiswoode ) texts of 1857 , such as the spelling of `` farther '' or `` further '' at Matthew 26 : 39 . In the 20th century , variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford . Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included `` or Sheba '' ( Joshua 19 : 2 ) , `` sin '' ( 2 Chronicles 33 : 19 ) , `` clifts '' ( Job 30 : 6 ) , `` vapour '' ( Psalm 148 : 8 ) , `` flieth '' ( Nahum 3 : 16 ) , `` further '' ( Matthew 26 : 39 ) and a number of other references . In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford . These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney 's 1769 Edition . The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate , and a potential theological issue , particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition . Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5 : 8 in 1985 , reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word `` spirit '' in lower case by using a capital letter `` S '' . A Rev. Hardin of Bedford , Pennsylvania , wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse , and subsequently received a reply from Dr. Cooper on June 3 , 1985 , admitting that it was a `` matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case ' s ' in Spirit '' . Literary attributes ( edit ) Translation ( edit ) Like Tyndale 's translation and the Geneva Bible , the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic texts , although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate , and to more recent scholarly Latin versions ; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source . Following the example of the Geneva Bible , words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type ( albeit inconsistently ) , but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word - for - word equivalence . F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5 : 2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith , into this grace wherein wee stand , and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God . 3 And not onely so , but we glory in tribulations also , knowing that tribulation worketh patience : The English terms `` rejoice '' and `` glory '' stand for the same word in the Greek original . In Tyndale , Geneva and the Bishops ' Bibles , both instances are translated `` rejoice '' . In the Douay -- Rheims New Testament , both are translated `` glory '' . Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses . In obedience to their instructions , the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text , but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording . The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original ( introduced as `` Heb '' , `` Chal '' , `` Gr '' or `` Lat '' ) , but others indicate a variant reading of the source text ( introduced by `` or '' ) . Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages , or from variant forms quoted in the fathers . More commonly , though , they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators ' preferred recent Latin versions : Tremellius for the Old Testament , Junius for the Apocrypha , and Beza for the New Testament . At thirteen places in the New Testament ( e.g. Luke 17 : 36 and Acts 25 : 6 ) a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies ; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza 's editions . A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency . Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants -- although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible . In addition , there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references , in which one text was related to another . Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles , and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition . Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references -- e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms . At the head of each chapter , the translators provided a short précis of its contents , with verse numbers ; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions . Also in obedience to their instructions , the translators indicated ' supplied ' words in a different typeface ; but there was no attempt to regularise the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies ; and especially in the New Testament , it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case . In one verse , 1 John 2 : 23 , an entire clause was printed in roman type ( as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop 's Bible ) ; indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate , albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text . In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by `` the LORD '' ( in later editions in small capitals as LORD ) , or `` the LORD God '' ( for YHWH Elohim , יהוה אלהים ) , except in four places by `` IEHOVAH '' ( Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 ) and three times in a combination form . ( Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 , Judges 6 : 24 ) However , if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai ( Lord ) then it is rendered not as the `` Lord LORD '' but as the `` Lord God '' . ( Psalm 73 : 28 , etc . ) In later editions as `` Lord GOD '' with `` GOD '' in small capitals indicating to the reader that God 's name appears in the original Hebrew . Old Testament ( edit ) For their Old Testament , the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg ( 1524 / 5 ) , but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation . For example , the Septuagint reading `` They pierced my hands and my feet '' was used in Psalm 22 : 16 ( vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew `` like lions my hands and feet '' ) . Otherwise , however , the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation -- especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries , such as Kimhi , in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places . Following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the Old Testament were renamed ' Ezra ' and ' Nehemiah ' ; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed ' 1 Esdras ' and ' 2 Esdras ' . New Testament ( edit ) For their New Testament , the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588 / 89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza , which also present Beza 's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate . Both of these versions were extensively referred to , as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin . F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza 's Greek text , generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop 's Bible and other earlier English translations . In about half of these instances , the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus . For the other half , Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus , or in the Complutensian Polyglot . However , in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version , which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate . For example , at John 10 : 16 , the Authorized Version reads `` one fold '' ( as did the Bishops ' Bible , and the 16th century vernacular versions produced in Geneva ) , following the Latin Vulgate `` unum ovile '' , whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek , `` one flocke '' ( μία ποίμνη ) . The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament ; still , at least 80 % of the text is unaltered from Tyndale 's translation . Apocrypha ( edit ) Unlike the rest of the Bible , the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes . From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint -- primarily , from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot -- but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text , and to Junius 's Latin translation . The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587 , which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius . They had , however , no Greek texts for 2 Esdras , or for the Prayer of Manasses , and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript . Sources ( edit ) The translators appear to have otherwise made no first - hand study of ancient manuscript sources , even those that -- like the Codex Bezae -- would have been readily available to them . In addition to all previous English versions ( including , and contrary to their instructions , the Rheimish New Testament which in their preface they criticized ) ; they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available , including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573 . In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee , Hebrew , Syrian , Greek , Latin , Spanish , French , Italian , and German . The translators took the Bishop 's Bible as their source text , and where they departed from that in favour of another translation , this was most commonly the Geneva Bible . However , the degree to which readings from the Bishop 's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company , as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own . John Bois 's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources ; including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament , which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes . Variations from recent translations ( edit ) Main article : List of major textual variants in the New Testament See also : List of Bible verses not included in modern translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations , where these are based on modern critical texts . In the early seventeenth century , the source Greek texts of the New Testament used for the production of Protestant bible versions depended mainly on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text - type , and with minor variations contained what became known as the Textus Receptus . With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts , most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors , without giving it , or any family , automatic preference . Style and criticism ( edit ) A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible , dignified and resonant in public reading . Although the Authorized Version 's written style is an important part of its influence on English , research has found only one verse -- Hebrews 13 : 8 -- for which translators debated the wording 's literary merits . While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation , finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition , in practice they also did the opposite ; for example , 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word `` prince '' . In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms , tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic , like verily and it came to pass . The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively , even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage , especially when addressing a social superior ( as is evidenced , for example , in Shakespeare ) . For the possessive of the third person pronoun , the word its , first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598 , is avoided . The older his is usually employed , as for example at Matthew 5 : 13 : `` if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? '' ; in other places of it , thereof or bare it are found . Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of - eth for the third person singular present form of the verb , as at Matthew 2 : 13 : `` the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame '' . The rival ending - ( e ) s , as found in present - day English , was already widely used by this time ( for example , it predominates over - eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ) . Furthermore , the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons , as in Genesis 13 : 5 : `` And Lot also which went with Abram , had flocks and heards , & tents '' although who ( m ) is also found . The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions , especially the Geneva Bible . This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators -- several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English -- but was also , in part , a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes . Hence , where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word -- and gloss its particular application in a marginal note -- the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term , frequently in Anglicized Latin . Consequently , although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops ' Bible as a base text , the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament , whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology . In addition , the translators of the New Testament books habitually quote Old Testament names in the renderings familiar from the Vulgate Latin rather than in forms closer to the original Hebrew ( e.g. `` Elias '' and `` Jeremias '' for `` Elijah '' and `` Jeremiah '' , respectively ) . While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold , modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages , primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to ( or not then highly regarded by ) early 17th - century Biblical scholarship . In the Old Testament , there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences , but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators . For example , in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 : 1 -- 11 is referring throughout to mining operations , which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version . Mistranslations ( edit ) The King James version contains several mistranslations ; especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time . Most of these are minor and do not significantly change the meaning compared to the source material . Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy , where רֶאֵם `` Re'em '' with the probable meaning of `` wild - ox , aurochs '' , is translated in the KJV as `` unicorn '' ; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators . The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering , `` rhinocerots '' ( sic ) in the margin at Isaiah 34 : 7 . On a similar note Martin Luther 's German translation had also relied on the Vulgate Latin on this point , consistently translating רֶאֵם using the German word for unicorn , `` Einhorn . '' Otherwise , the translators on several occasions mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name ( or vice versa ) ; as at 2 Samuel 1 : 18 where ' the Book of Jasher ' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name , but should rather be rendered as `` the Book of the Upright . '' Influence ( edit ) Despite royal patronage and encouragement , there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation . It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer , and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter . In 1763 The Critical Review complained that `` many false interpretations , ambiguous phrases , obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner '' . Blayney 's 1769 version , with its revised spelling and punctuation , helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language . By the 19th century , F.W. Faber could say of the translation , `` It lives on the ear , like music that can never be forgotten , like the sound of church bells , which the convert hardly knows how he can forego . '' The Authorized Version has been called `` the most influential version of the most influential book in the world , in what is now its most influential language '' , `` the most important book in English religion and culture '' , and `` the most celebrated book in the English - speaking world '' . David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English , examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind . Furthermore , prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being `` a giant step in the maturing of English literature '' and `` a great work of literature '' , respectively , with Dawkins then adding , `` A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian '' . Although the Authorized Version 's former monopoly in the English - speaking world has diminished -- for example , the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it -- it is still the most used translation in the United States , especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals . In addition , in the Orthodox Church in America , the King James Version is used liturgically , and was made `` the ' official ' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox '' . The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , in vogue today , also uses the King James Version . The King James Version is also one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion , as it is the historical Bible of this Church . Copyright status ( edit ) The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world . However , in the United Kingdom , the right to print , publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent . In England , Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen 's Printer , and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board . The office of Queen 's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries , the earliest known reference coming in 1577 . In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett . The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and , in England , Wales and Northern Ireland , the Queen 's Printer is now Cambridge University Press , who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990 . Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen 's Printer . In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board . The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders , or those authorized by the holders , from printing , publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom . The protection that the Authorized Version , and also the Book of Common Prayer , enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom . Almost all provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , but because the Authorized Version is protected by royal prerogative rather than copyright , it will remain protected , as specified in CDPA s171 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Permission ( edit ) Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for `` liturgical and non-commercial educational use '' if their prescribed acknowledgement is included , the quoted verses do not exceed 25 % of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book . For use beyond this , the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case - by - case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used . Apocrypha ( edit ) For more details on the Apocrypha , see Biblical canon . Translations of the books of the Biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version , as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer . Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha -- generally , following the Luther Bible , in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text -- and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature , especially in Puritan circles ; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the Apocrypha of the Bishop 's Bible ; however , following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the first two books of the Apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras , as compared to the names in the Thirty - nine Articles , with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah . Starting in 1630 , volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded . In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound . The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print - runs at very low unit prices . For commercial and charitable publishers , editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost , while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers . With the rise of the Bible societies , most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books . The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826 , under the following resolution : That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture , to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal ; The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy . Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th century ecumenical efforts on translations , the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966 . King James only movement ( edit ) Main article : King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the superiority of the King James Version over all other English translations . Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close , if not identical , to the original autographs thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation . They argue that most modern English translations are based on a corrupted New Testament text that relies primarily on the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus manuscripts . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Bible errata Bible translations Dynamic and formal equivalence List of books of the King James Version Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives Red letter edition Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` And now at last , ... it being brought unto such a conclusion , as that we have great hope that the Church of England ( sic ) shall reape good fruit thereby ... '' Jump up ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1833 ( reprints , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 0041 - 5 , 1565631625 ) . According to J.R. Dore , the edition `` so far as it goes , represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original . The spelling , punctuation , italics , capitals , and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care . It is , however , printed in Roman instead of black letter type . '' Jump up ^ Genesis 4 : 1 Jump up ^ Genesis 2 : 4 `` אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים '' Jump up ^ e.g. Matthew 7 : 27 : `` great was the fall of it . '' , Matthew 2 : 16 : `` in Bethlehem , and in all the coasts thereof '' , Leviticus 25 : 5 : `` That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest '' . ( Leviticus 25 : 5 is changed to its in many modern printings ) . Jump up ^ e.g. at Genesis 3 : 12 : `` The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee '' Jump up ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version . It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America . Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century , and Isabel Hapgood 's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the `` official '' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox . Unfortunately , both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms ( that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ) , thereby giving us two translations in the same services . This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections . This beautiful translation , reproducing the stately prose of 1611 , was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas . It is still in widespread use to this day , and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV . Jump up ^ The only other perpetual copyright grants Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children `` a right to a royalty in respect of the public performance , commercial publication or communication to the public of the play ' Peter Pan ' by Sir James Matthew Barrie , or of any adaptation of that work , notwithstanding that copyright in the work expired on 31st December 1987 '' . See CDPA 1988 s301 Citations Jump up ^ Cloud 2006 . Jump up ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Hill 1997 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` 400 years of the King James Bible '' . The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King James Bible : The Book That Changed the World - BBC Two '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974 , Authorised Version of the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1974 , Bible ( English Versions ) . Jump up ^ Hobbes 2010 , Chapter XXXV . Jump up ^ Pearse 1761 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kimber 1775 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Butler 1807 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1815 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Horne 1818 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Adams , Thacher & Emerson 1811 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hacket 1715 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Anon 1814 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Anon 1783 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Newcome 1792 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Anon 1801 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Authorized Version '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith 1814 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chapman 1856 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Anon 1856 , pp. 530 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` How the mighty has fallen : The King James Bible turns 400 '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 433 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ DeCoursey 2003 , pp. 331 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , pp. 223 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 4557 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Anon 1996 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , pp. 313 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Procter & Frere 1902 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hague 1948 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 147 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 619 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1196 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dore 1888 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 691 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Norton 2006 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 685 . Jump up ^ Chadwick 1970 , pp. 40 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , pp. 115 , 126 . ^ Jump up to : White 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Settings of the King James Bible '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ tbsbibles.org ( 2013 ) . `` Editorial Report '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Record . Trinitarian Bible Society . 603 ( 2nd Quarter ) : 10 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` CUP letter '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 792 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1968 ) . Historical and Literary Studies . Brill . p. 144 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh , copyright 1985 Jump up ^ Daiches 1968 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 243 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 153 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Barber 1997 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the King James Version ? by William W. Combs '' ( PDF ) . DBSJ. 1999 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway - : Einhorn '' . www.biblegateway.com . Jump up ^ Hall 1881 . Jump up ^ `` When the King Saved God '' . Vanity Fair . 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Studies '' . Department of Christian Education -- Orthodox Church in America . 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church : Canon 2 : Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ `` Bibles '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . We grant permission to use the text , and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK , as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hill 1993 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1909 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Browne 1859 , pp. 362 -- . Jump up ^ Melton 2005 , p. 38 . References ( edit ) Adams , David Phineas ; Thacher , Samuel Cooper ; Emerson , William ( 1811 ) . The Monthly Anthology , and Boston Review . Munroe and Francis . Anon ( 1783 ) . A call to the Jews . J. Johnson . Anon ( 1801 ) . The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine . J. Whittle . Anon ( 1814 ) . Missionary Register . Seeley , Jackson , & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society . Anon ( 1856 ) . The Original Secession Magazine . vol . ii . Edinburgh : Moodie and Lothian . Anon ( 1996 ) . The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection : A Checklist . Bridwell Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941881 - 19 - 7 . Barber , Charles Laurence ( 1997 ) . Early modern English ( second ed . ) . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0835 - 4 . Bobrick , Benson ( 2001 ) . Wide as the waters : the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84747 - 7 . Bois , John ; Allen , Ward ; Walker , Anthony ( 1969 ) . Translating for King James ; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James 's Bible , the Authorized Version , as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers ' Hall in London in 1610 -- 1611 . Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost , and only now are come to light , through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman . Here translated and edited by Ward Allen . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . OCLC 607818272 . Browne , George ( 1859 ) . History of the British and Foreign Bible Society . Bruce , Frederick Fyvie ( 2002 ) . History of the Bible in English . Cambridge : Lutterworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9032 - 9 . Butler , Charles ( 1807 ) . Horae Biblicae . Vol 1 ( fourth ed . ) . London : J. White . OCLC 64048851 . Chadwick , Owen ( 1970 ) . The Victorian Church Part II . Edinburgh : A&C Black . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02410 - 2 . Chapman , James L. ( 1856 ) . Americanism versus Romanism : or the cis - Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope . Nashville , TN : the author . OCLC 1848388 . Cloud , David ( 2006 ) . `` Is n't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand ? '' . Way of Life Literature . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Daiches , David ( 1968 ) . The King James Version of the English Bible : An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition . Hamden , Conn : Archon Books . ISBN 0 - 208 - 00493 - 9 . Daniell , David ( 2003 ) . The Bible in English : its history and influence . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09930 - 4 . DeCoursey , Matthew ( 2003 ) . Edward A. Malone , ed . British Rhetoricians and Logicians , 1500 - 1660 : Second series . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6025 - 3 . Dore , John Read ( 1888 ) . Old Bibles : An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible . 2nd edition . Eyre and Spottiswoode . Douglas , James Dixon , ed. ( 1974 ) . New International Dictionary of the Christian Church . Zondervan . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6983 - 5 . Hacket , John ( 1715 ) . Bishop Hacket 's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg 'd : With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State . Sam . Briscoe . Hague , Dyson ( 1948 ) . Through the Prayer Book . Church Book Room Press . Hall , Isaac Hollister ( 1881 ) . The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions . Hubbard Bros . Herbert , A.S. ( 1968 ) . Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible , 1525 - 1961 , Etc . British and Foreign Bible Society . Hill , Christopher ( 1993 ) . The English Bible and the seventeenth - century revolution . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9078 - 3 . Hill , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17432 - 2 . Hobbes , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Leviathan . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1 . Holmes , A. ( 1815 ) . `` An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' . In Worcester , Noah . The Christian Disciple . Vol . iii . Boston , MA : Cummings & Hilliard . Horne , Thomas Hartwell ( 1818 ) . An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures , Volume 2 . London : T. Cadell and A Davies . Kenyon , Sir Frederic G. ( 1909 ) . `` English Versions '' . In James Hastings . Hastings ' Dictionary of the Bible . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 915 - 7 . Kimber , Isaac ( 1775 ) . The history of England , from the earliest accounts , to the accession of his present Majesty King George III ( fifth ed . ) . London : J. Buckland . OCLC 14263883 . `` Epistle Dedicatorie '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . `` Translators to the Reader '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1964 ) . The Text of the New Testament . Clarendon . Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504645 - 5 . Procter , Francis ; Frere , Walter Howard ( 1902 ) . A New History of the Book of Common Prayer . MacMillan & Co . Newcome , William ( 1792 ) . Historical View of the English Biblical Translations . Norton , David ( 2005 ) . A Textual History of the King James Bible . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77100 - 5 . Norton , David , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Bible . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 144151 - 8 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1974 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . Pearse , Salem ( 1761 ) . `` A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' . The Second Part of the Celestial Diary . London : Robert Brown . p. 79 . Prickett , Stephen ; Carroll , Robert P. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Bible : Authorized King James Version . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953594 - 9 . Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1884 ) . The Authorized Edition of the English Bible , 1611 , its subsequent reprints and modern representatives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Smith , William ( 1814 ) . The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God : according to the usage of the primitive church . New York : T. and J. Swords . OCLC 3512140 . Story , G.M. ( 1967 ) . Lancelot Andrewes Sermons . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1975 ) . The People 's Almanac . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04186 - 7 . White , James R. ( 2009 ) . The King James Only Controversy : Can You Trust Modern Translations ? . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7642 - 0605 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( newest first ) Burke , David G. , John F. Kutsko , and Philip H. Towner , eds . The King James Version at 400 : Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence ( Society of Biblical Literature ; 2013 ) 553 pages ; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th - century religious lyric , the KJV and the language of liturgy , and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective . McGrath , Alister E. ( 2002 ) . In the beginning : the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation , a language and a culture . New York : Anchor Books , a Division of Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 385 - 72216 - 8 . Nicolson , Adam ( 2003 ) . Power and Glory : Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710893 - 1 . In US : ( 2003 ) . God 's secretaries : the making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018516 - 3 . Paperback : ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen , contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward 's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632 . Ward , Thomas ( 1903 ) . Errata of the Protestant Bible ( i.e. mostly of the Authorized `` King James '' Version ) ; or , The Truth of the English Translations Examined , in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures , Used by Protestants ... A new ed. , carefully rev. and corr. , in which are add ( itions ) ... New York : P.J. Kennedy and Sons . N.B. : A polemical Roman Catholic work , first published in the late 17th century . Keay , Julia ( 2005 ) . Alexander the Corrector : the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible . London : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713196 - 8 . Hallihan , C.P. ( 2010 ) . Authorized Version : A Wonderful and Unfinished History . Trinitarian Bible Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86228 - 049 - 6 . Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication , in 1611 , of the Authorized ( `` King James '' ) Version of the Bible Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : the story behind who changed the Bible and why . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702 -- 1835 . 1761 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : King James Version Wikisource has original text related to this article : Authorized King James Version Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bible . `` King James Version ( text of original 1611 Bible ) '' . kingjamesbibleonline.org . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Online searchable database of the original 1611 text , including the Apocrypha and introductory text . It also contains the 1769 standard edition . `` Online gallery : Sacred texts : King James Bible '' . British Library . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line image of a page ( beginning of St John 's gospel ) with a written description by the British Library . `` The Holy Bible , conteyning the Old Testament , and the New . Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker ... , 1611 '' . Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging , University of Pennsylvania Library . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible , `` He '' Bible variant . `` King James Version ( facsimile of alternative 1611 edition , `` She '' Bible ) `` . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible . ( hide ) King James Version Text Source Masoretic Text ( OT ) Textus Receptus ( NT ) Derivative New King James Version ( NKJV ) 21st Century King James Version ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium Bible ( TMB ) Divine Name King James Bible ( DNKJB ) Translators Westminster Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Oxford John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne , Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten Cambridge Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing , John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft Technique Formal equivalence Theology King James Only movement Verbal plenary preservation English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims ( DRV ) King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. Smith Parker Translation 20th century American Standard ( ASV ) Rotherham 's Emphasized Ferrar Fenton Worrell New Testament Moffatt , New Translation Knox Basic English ( BBE ) Revised Standard ( RSV ) Anchor New World ( NWT ) Modern Language ( MLB ) New English ( NEB ) Living English ( BLE ) New American Standard ( NASB ) Good News ( GNB ) Jerusalem ( JB ) New American ( NAB ) Living New International ( NIV ) New Century ( NCV ) Bethel New King James ( NKJV ) New Jerusalem ( NJB ) Green 's Literal Translation ( GLT ) Recovery Christian Community ( CCB ) New Revised Standard ( NRSV ) Revised English ( REB ) Contemporary English ( CEV ) The Message ( MSG ) Clear Word ( TCW ) New Life ( NLV ) 21st Century King James ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium ( TMB ) New International Reader 's ( NIrV ) New International Inclusive Language God 's Word New Living ( NLT ) Heinz Cassirer 's translation Complete Jewish Bible International Standard ( ISV ) Holman Christian Standard ( HCSB ) 21st century World English ( WEB ) World Messianic English Standard ( ESV ) Today 's New International ( TNIV ) New English ( NET ) Ignatius ( RSV2CE ) New English Translation of the Septuagint Orthodox Study Bible The Voice Common English ( CEB ) Apostolic Bible Polyglot Open English ( OEB ) Eastern Orthodox New American Bible Revised Edition ( NABRE ) Lexham English The Orthodox Jewish Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English Divine Name King James Names of God Tree of Life Bible Modern English ( MEV ) Literal English ( LEV ) Christian Standard ( CSB ) Additional lists List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_James_Version&oldid=804708938 '' Categories : 1611 books 17th - century Christian texts Anglicanism King James Version Church of England Early printed Bibles Bible translations into English King James Only movement Latter Day Saint texts United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that link to Wikisource All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Use British English Oxford spelling from June 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the king james bible come out	[ "The King James Version (KJV), also known as the King James Bible (KJB) or simply the Authorized Version (AV), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611.[a] The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha (most of which correspond to books in the Vulgate Deuterocanon adhered to by Roman Catholics), and the 27 books of the New Testament." ]	[ "1611" ]
4929850694448674605	Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai	Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai - wikipedia Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Show Poster Genre Drama Romance Created by Shashi Sumeet Productions Written by Shashi Sumeet Mittal Vaishali Nageen Rajesh Chawla Mayur Puri Sanjay Chhel Directed by Yogesh Bijendra Bhati Creative director ( s ) Indrajeet Mukherjee Ambica Sharma Starring Ashi Singh Randeep Rai Voices of Kumar Sanu Sadhana Sargam Theme music composer Anu Malik Nishant - Raja Sanjay Chhel Lyrics Opening theme Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 245 ( as of August 10 , 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Production location ( s ) Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Editor ( s ) Dharmesh Patel Priya Suhas Production company ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Productions Distributor Sony Pictures Network Release Original network Sony SET India Sony Entertainment Television Network Asia Original release 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) -- Present Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ( English : It 's About Those Days ) is a Hindi drama series on SET and produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions , which started airing from 5 September 2017 . Newbie Ashi Singh and TV actor Randeep Rai play the lead roles of Naina and Sameer respectively . The show is based on the youngsters ' love story and is set in the 1990s . The show has been critically acclaimed for its performances and script . This show has also been dubbed in Tamil known as Ninaithale Inikkum . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Theme song 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The story starts in 1990 , place being Ahmadabad , Gujarat . Naina Aggarwal ( Ashi Singh ) is a quintessential good girl who tops her school every year . She is excellent in studies . She is looked after by Bela chachi and Anand chacha . Her mother passed away when she was young . Her father , Rakesh Aggarwal is a librarian in her school , who is a strict and stubborn person . Her elder brother Arjun is a cricketer . Sameer Maheshwari ( Randeep Rai ) is a good looking happy - go - lucky , spoilt brat . He studied in a boarding school in Nainital , after which he is transferred to Naina 's school . Naina , after meeting Sameer , falls for him instantly . She constantly tries to get his attention . Sameer 's enemies in the school challenge him to make Naina say `` I Love You '' to him , to which Sameer agrees . Thereafter , their school goes for a school trip , where she realizes that she is in love with him . Sameer also makes her fall for him . One day , Naina gathers courage to propose Sameer , where his enemies reveal that it was just a bet . Naina is heartbroken , and vows never to love anyone . Sameer realizes that he too has fallen for her , as he was never taken care of as Naina did . Sameer tries to gain her love , which he does but with much difficulty . Sameer and Naina are now in a happy relation . 2 years pass by , and the couple is in the same college . They continue their relation . After Arjun - Shefali break up , Naina fears of facing her family 's wrath and she breaks - up with Sameer . Both are heartbroken . Naina 's taiji forces her to get married , which she unwillingly agrees to and gets engaged to a to - be C.A , Sharad . Sameer also decides to move on and establishes a relation with Sunaina . Theme song ( edit ) The opening theme of the show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is composed by Anu Malik . The lyrics are written by Sanjay Chhel and it comprises the voices of legendary singers Kumar Sanu and Sadhana Sargam . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Ashi Singh as Naina Agarwal Randeep Rai as Sameer Maheshwari Sadiya Siddiqui as Naina 's voiceover Jiten Lalwani as Sameer 's voiceover Sachin Khurana as Anand Agarwal , Naina 's uncle Madhusree Sharma as Bela Agarwal , Naina 's aunt Somendra Solanki as Arjun Agarwal , Naina 's older brother ( left ) Shweta Rajput as Pooja Mittal / neé Agarwal , Naina 's cousin Ayesha Kaduskar as Preeti Agarwal , Naina 's best friend / cousin Sanjay Batra as Jagdeesh Agarwal , Naina 's Tauji Abha Parmar as Beena Agarwal , Naina 's Taiji Chandresh Singh as Rakesh Agarwal , Naina 's Father Recurring cast ( edit ) Raghav Dhir as Pandit Sanjay Chaudhary as Manoj / Munna Kristina Patel as Swati Hema Sood as Shefali Hitesh Sharma as Kartik Nishi Singh as Sunaina Charu Trikha as Mitali Malina Kumra as Kamya Hema Sai as Hema Vaibhav Shrivastav as Priyank Love Joshi as Varun Mittal ( Pooja 's husband ) Reception ( edit ) The show has received mostly positive reviews and is considered to be doing well . It was particularly hailed for a fresh outlook and for bringing out the nostalgia and the flavours of the 90s well . The show topped the Sony TV shows by gaining a TRP of 1.1 its first week . Bollywood Life hailed it as one of the best TV shows launched in 2017 and praised the performances of newcomers Ashi Singh and Randeep Rai . UK 's weekly Asian newspaper Eastern Eye praised the creative team of the show for leaving no stone unturned to recreate the city of Ahmedabad from an earlier era and called it a tribute to the city . This show has also earned compliments from various television as well as film actors . For the Gold Awards 2018 , Ashi Singh was nominated for ' Best Debut in a Leading Role ' in Female category . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai `` , a show revisiting 90s era , airs on Sony from today '' . uniindia.com. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony TV confirms launch date of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' '' . bizasialive.com. 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki Makers ' Next Move After Show Was Taken Off Air '' . NDTV. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki makers ' heartbroken ' after show was axed ; next project Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai '' . Firstpost. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Sony 's new show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is giving us all the good vibes about the 90s '' . inuth.com. 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gear up to go into flashbacks with Sony TV 's new show ' Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' '' . Bollywoodmdb.com. 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai will take you down the memory lane '' . indiatoday.in. 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kundali Bhagya , Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai -- a look at the best shows launched in 2017 ! '' . BollywoodLife.com. 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood songs are losing poetic value : Kumar Sanu '' . radioandmusic.com. 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kumar Sanu : Singers who sang the original track must also sing the rehashed version '' . Hindustan Times . 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai : A few shows down & the story keeps you hooked ! '' . bollywoodmdb.com. 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Promo : Randeep Rai And Ashi Singh 's New Show Will Make You Feel Nostalgic '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHASHI MITTAL 'S TRIBUTE TO AHMEDABAD IN YEH UN DINON KI BAAT HAI ! '' . Eastern Eye. 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran actress Supriya Pilgaonkar compliments makers of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Awards 2018 : Divyanka Tripathi , Karan Patel , Hina Khan , Nakuul Mehta & Others Nominated ! '' . https://www.filmibeat.com. 2018 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . External link in work = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on IMDb Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on Sony LIV Official website on SET India Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Shashi Sumeet Productions Founder Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Current productions Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Mitegi Laxman Rekha Past productions Badii Devrani Diya Aur Baati Hum Dil Se Dil Tak Dream Girl Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi Haar Jeet Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki Mooh Boli Shaadi Pehredaar Piya Ki Punar Vivah Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai Tu Mera Hero Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi Tumhari Paakhi Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji TV , Biwi aur Main Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Un_Dinon_Ki_Baat_Hai&oldid=854572720 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television series debuts Indian drama television series Sony Entertainment Television series Television shows set in Delhi Television shows set in Gujarat Television series set in the 1990s Shashi Sumeet Productions series Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	meaning of yeh un dinon ki baat hai in tamil	[ "The show has been critically acclaimed for its performances and script.[7][8] This show has also been dubbed in Tamil known as Ninaithale Inikkum.\n" ]	[ "Ninaithale Inikkum" ]
-6386707129523404967	Sony α6000	Sony α6000 - Wikipedia Sony α6000 Jump to : navigation , search Sony α6000 Overview Maker Sony Type Mirrorless interchangeable lens camera Lens Lens mount Sony E-mount Sensor / Medium Image sensor type Exmor HD CMOS Image sensor size 23.5 × 15.6 mm ( APS - C type ) Maximum resolution ( 3 : 2 ) 6000 × 4000 ( 24.3 MP ) ( 16 : 9 ) 6000 × 3375 ( 20.1 MP ) ASA / ISO range Auto , 100 -- 25600 Recording medium SD / SDHC / SDXC , Memory Stick Pro Duo / Pro-HG Duo Focusing Focus areas 179 focus points Flash Flash Incorporated flash ( pop - out ) , hotshoe Shutter Shutter speeds 1 / 4000 s to 30 s Continuous shooting 3 frame / s , 11 frame / s in speed priority mode Viewfinder Viewfinder Built - in 1.44 million dots OLED Electronic viewfinder Viewfinder magnification 0.7 Frame coverage 100 % Image Processing Image processor Bionz X Custom WB Yes General Rear LCD monitor 3 inches with 921,600 dots Battery NP - FW50 , InfoLITHIUM , 7.2 V , 1080 mAh , 7.7 Wh , Lithium - Ion rechargeable battery 120 × 67 × 45 mm ( 4.72 × 2.64 × 1.77 inches ) Weight 344 g including battery The Sony α6000 ( model ILCE - 6000 ) is a digital camera announced 12 February 2014 . It is a mirrorless interchangeable lens camera ( MILC ) , which has a smaller body form factor than a traditional DSLR while retaining the sensor size and features of an APS - C - sized model . It is targeted at experienced users , enthusiasts , and professionals . It replaced the NEX - 6 and NEX - 7 . Review websites note that although the α6000 uses a 24 MP sensor like the Sony NEX - 7 , the Sony α6000 can also be seen as more of a replacement of the Sony NEX - 6 . At the time of its release , the Sony α6000 was advertised featuring the `` world 's fastest autofocus '' with lag of 0.06 second and 11 fps continuous shooting with tracking AF . Its MSRP is $700 with a 16 - 50 mm power - zoom kit lens f / 3.5 - 5.6 . Despite the announcement of an updated model in February 2016 , the α6300 , Sony has said they will continue production of the α6000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Popularity 2 Firmware updates 3 See also 4 References Popularity ( edit ) The Sony α6000 proved to be an extremely popular camera . By early 2016 , it was reported to be the best - selling interchangeable - lens camera in the over-US $600 price range as well as the best - selling mirrorless camera of all time . Firmware updates ( edit ) Firmware version 1.10 , released on 30 October 2014 , added faster start up time and support for the `` Smart Remote Control '' Play Memories application . Firmware version 1.20 , released on 26 March 2015 , improved images captured on new lenses and added a few minor enhancements . Firmware version 1.21 , released on 6 April 2015 , fixed an error in version 1.20 and improved lens performance . Firmware version 2.00 , released on 16 June 2015 , enabled video capture with the XAVC S codec to support high Bit Rates . Firmware version 3.10 , released on 17 March 2016 , optimized lens performance ( applied to the lenses releasing after 2016 March ) . Firmware version 3.20 , released on 26 July 2016 , optimized lens performance ( SEL - 70200GM ) . See also ( edit ) List of Sony E-mount cameras Sony α6300 Sony α6500 Sony α7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sony α6000 promises world 's fastest AF and 11 fps subject tracking '' . 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony α6000 officially announced ! It 's the world fastest autofocus camera ! '' . 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony α6000 ( ILCE - 6000 ) Hands - On Review '' . 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Kevin ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Sony α6000 sensor review : Little wonder '' . Jump up ^ Zach Honig ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Sony 's A6000 is the mirrorless camera you 'll want to own , ships this April for $800 with lens '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Release Sony Introduces New α6300 Camera with World 's Fastest Autofocus '' . Sony official news . Sony , Inc. 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Butler , Richard ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Upwardly mobile : Sony α6300 Review '' . Digital Photography Review . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Sony says it ( the α6000 ) will live on , alongside the α6300 Jump up ^ Gray , Jeremy ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Sony α6300 Field Test : Mirrorless camera offers many improvements and great all - around performance '' . Imaging Resource . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . The Sony α6000 was a very popular camera indeed ; the best - selling interchangeable lens camera over $600 and the best - selling mirrorless camera . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Sony Adds New Powers to Its Best - Selling Mirrorless Camera '' . Wired Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . According to Sony , the company 's α6000 is the best - selling mirrorless camera of all time . Jump up ^ Sony Japan ( October 2014 ) . `` Notice to owners of Interchangeable Lens Digital Camera ILCE - 7 / ILCE - 7R / ILCE - 6000 / ILCE - 5100 / ILCE - 5000 for system software update '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sony Asia ( March 2015 ) . `` ILCE System Software Update version 1.20 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sony Japan ( April 2015 ) . `` 本体ソフトウェアアップデート '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Sony Japan ( June 2015 ) . `` Notice to owners of Interchangeable Lens Digital Camera `` ILCE - 7 '' , `` ILCE - 7R '' , and `` ILCE - 6000 '' for system software update `` . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sony Japan ( March 2016 ) . `` Notice to owners of Interchangeable Lens Digital Camera `` ILCE - 6000 '' for system software update `` . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sony Japan ( July 2016 ) . `` Notice to owners of Interchangeable Lens Digital Camera `` ILCE - 6000 '' for system software update `` . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sony ILCE - 6000 . Sony E-mount MILC timeline Family Level Format 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 CineAlta Cinema Full - frame VENICE XDCAM Documentary Super-35mm PXW - FS7 PXW - FS7 II Mobility PXW - FS5 NXCAM Professional NEX - FS100 NEX - FS700 NEX - FS700R Entry - level APS - C NEX - EA50 Handycam High - End Full - frame NEX - VG900 Advanced APS - C NEX - VG10 NEX - VG20 NEX - VG30 Alpha ( α ) Flagship Full - frame α9 Sensitivity α7S α7S II Resolution α7R α7R II α7R III Balanced α7 α7 II Advanced APS - C NEX - 7 α6300 α6500 Mid-range NEX - 6 α6000 Upper - entry NEX - 5 / NEX - 5C NEX - 5N NEX - 5R NEX - 5T α5100 Entry - level NEX - 3 NEX - C3 NEX - F3 NEX - 3N α5000 DSLR - style α3000 α3500 SmartShot QX1 Security Professional Full - frame SNC - VB770 UMC - S3C Smart Accessory Terminal ( 1 and 2 ) , 5 - axis in - body image stabilization ( bold ) , Auto - lock Accessory Shoe , Multi Interface Shoe , 4K resolution video DSLR , SLT , and MILC cameras with HD video ( uncompressed , 4K resolution ) mode ( comparison ) Canon EOS High - end 5D Mark II 7D 1D Mark IV 1D X 5D Mark III 1D C 6D 7D Mark II 5Ds / 5DsR 1D X Mark II 5D Mark IV 6D Mark II Mid-range 500D 60D 550D 600D 650D 700D 70D M2 750D 760D M3 80D M5 800D 77D M6 200D Entry - level 1100D 100D 1200D M10 1300D M100 Nikon D / 1 series High - end D300S D3S D800 D4 D600 D610 D4S D810 D750 D810A D500 D5 D850 Mid-range D90 D5000 D7000 D5100 1 V1 1 V2 D5200 D7100 D5300 1 V3 D5500 D7200 D5600 D7500 Entry - level D3100 1 J1 D3200 1 J2 1 S1 1 J3 1 AW1 D3300 1 J4 1 J5 D3400 Olympus Micro 4 / 3 Mid-range E-M5 E-P5 E-M1 E-M10 PEN - F E-M1 Mark II E-M10 Mark III Entry - level E-PL1 E-P1 E-P2 E-PL2 E-PL3 E-P3 E-PM1 E-PL5 E-PM2 E-PL7 E-PL8 Panasonic Lumix Mid-range GH1 GH2 GH3 GX7 GM1 GH4 GH5 Entry - level GF1 G10 G2 GF2 G3 GX1 GF3 GF5 G5 G6 Pentax 645 / K / Q series High - end 645D 645Z K - 1 Mid-range K - 7 K - 5 K - 30 K - 5 II K - 50 K - 3 K - 3 II K - 70 KP Entry - level K-x K-r Q K - 01 Q10 K - 500 Q7 Q - S1 Samsung NX series High - end NX1 Mid-range NX5 NX10 NX11 NX20 NX30 Galaxy NX NX500 Entry - level NX100 NX200 NX1000 NX210 NX300 NX1100 NX2000 Sony α High - end α99V α7 α7S α7II α7RII α7SII α99 II Mid-range α580 α560 α55V α77V NEX - 7 NEX - 6 α65V α57 α58 α6000 α77 II α6300 α6500 Entry - level NEX - 3 / NEX - 3C NEX - 5 / NEX - 5C α33 α35 NEX - 5N NEX - C3 NEX - F3 α37 NEX - 5R NEX - 5T α3000 α5000 Leica Fujifilm X / G High - end Leica M Leica S Leica SL Fujifilm X-Pro2 Fujifilm X-T2 Fujifilm GFX 50S Leica TL2 Mid-range Fujifilm X-Pro1 Fujifilm X-E1 Fujifilm X-E2 Fujifilm X-T1 Fujifilm X-T10 Fujifilm X-T20 Fujifilm X-E3 Entry - level Fujifilm X-M1 Fujifilm X-A1 Fujifilm X-A2 Fujifilm X-A3 Fujifilm X-A10 Hasselblad XCD / H High - end X1D - 50c H6X H6D - 50c H6D - 100c This camera - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Sony_α6000&oldid = 808284607 '' Categories : Sony E-mount cameras Live - preview digital cameras Cameras introduced in 2014 Camera stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 23 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the sony alpha a6000 come out	[ "The Sony α6000 (model ILCE-6000)[1] is a digital camera announced 12 February 2014.[2] It is a mirrorless interchangeable lens camera (MILC), which has a smaller body form factor than a traditional DSLR while retaining the sensor size and features of an APS-C-sized model. It is targeted at experienced users, enthusiasts, and professionals. It replaced the NEX-6 and NEX-7.[3] Review websites note that although the α6000 uses a 24 MP sensor like the Sony NEX-7, the Sony α6000 can also be seen as more of a replacement of the Sony NEX-6.[4]" ]	[ "12 February 2014" ]
-4526445004805097218	Impeachment in the United States	Impeachment in the United States - wikipedia Impeachment in the United States This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` House Manager '' redirects here . For theater operations , see House management . The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The House managers are seated beside the quarter - circular tables on the left and the president 's personal counsel on the right , much in the fashion of President Andrew Johnson 's trial . Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed . Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office , though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes . The actual trial on such charges , and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction , is separate from the act of impeachment itself . Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States . Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives , and both were later acquitted by the Senate . The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was never completed , as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment , but such a vote was widely expected to pass , and the threat of it and a subsequent conviction in the Senate was the impetus for Nixon 's departure . To date , no U.S. President has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction . The impeached official continues in office until conviction . Impeachment is analogous to indictment in regular court proceedings ; trial by the other house is analogous to the trial before judge and jury in regular courts . Typically , the lower house of the legislature impeaches the official and the upper house conducts the trial . At the federal level , Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that `` The President , Vice President , and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching , while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments . The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate . In Nixon v. United States ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary can not review such proceedings . Impeachment can also occur at the state level : state legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors , in accordance with their respective state constitutions . At the Philadelphia Convention , Benjamin Franklin noted that , historically , the removal of `` obnoxious '' chief executives had been accomplished by assassination . Franklin suggested that a proceduralized mechanism for removal -- impeachment -- would be preferable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal impeachment 1.1 House of Representatives 1.2 Senate 1.3 History 1.4 Federal officials impeached 1.5 Demands for impeachment 2 Impeachment in the states 2.1 State and territorial officials impeached 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Federal impeachment ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by a member of the House of Representatives on her or his own initiative , either by presenting a list of the charges under oath , or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee . The impeachment process may be initiated by non-members . For example , when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached , a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor , the President , or state or territorial legislature , grand jury , or by petition . The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred . A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary . A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules , and then to the Judiciary Committee . The House Committee on the Judiciary , by majority vote , will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist . If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment , it will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more articles of impeachment . The Impeachment Resolution , or Article ( s ) of Impeachment , are then reported to the full House with the committee 's recommendations . The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually . A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article or the resolution as a whole to pass . If the House votes to impeach , managers ( typically referred to as `` House managers '' , with a `` lead House manager '' ) are selected to present the case to the Senate . Recently , managers have been selected by resolution , while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution / district attorney in a standard criminal trial . Also , the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action . After receiving the notice , the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers . The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment . After the reading of the charges , the managers return and make a verbal report to the House . Senate ( edit ) Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . The proceedings unfold in the form of a trial , with each side having the right to call witnesses and perform cross-examinations . The House members , who are given the collective title of managers during the course of the trial , present the prosecution case , and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his own attorneys as well . Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence . After hearing the charges , the Senate usually deliberates in private . The U.S. Constitution requires a two - thirds majority for conviction . The Senate enters judgment on its decision , whether that be to convict or acquit , and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State . Upon conviction in the Senate , the official is automatically removed from office and may also be barred from holding future office . The removed official is also liable to criminal prosecution . The President may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case , but may in any resulting criminal case . Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne , the Senate began using `` Impeachment Trial Committees '' pursuant to Senate Rule XI . These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials , hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses . The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate ; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit . The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials , which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber 's time . Defendants challenged the use of these committees , claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as well as the Senate 's constitutional mandate , as a body , to have `` sole power to try all impeachments . '' Several impeached judges sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds , but the courts refused to become involved due to the Constitution 's granting of impeachment and removal power solely to the legislative branch , making it a political question . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , impeachment was a procedure whereby a member of the House of Commons could accuse someone of a crime . If the Commons voted for the impeachment , a trial would then be held in the House of Lords . Unlike a bill of attainder , a law declaring a person guilty of a crime , impeachments did not require royal assent , so they could be used to remove troublesome officers of the Crown even if the monarch was trying to protect them . The monarch , however , was above the law and could not be impeached , or indeed judged guilty of any crime . When King Charles I was tried before the Rump Parliament of the New Model Army in 1649 he denied that they had any right to legally indict him , their king , whose power was given by God and the laws of the country , saying : `` no earthly power can justly call me ( who is your King ) in question as a delinquent ... no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King . '' While the House of Commons pronounced him guilty and ordered his execution anyway , the jurisdictional issue tainted the proceedings . With this example in mind , the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention chose to include an impeachment procedure in Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution which could be applied to any government official ; they explicitly mentioned the President to ensure there would be no ambiguity . Opinions differed , however , as to the reasons Congress should be able to initiate an impeachment . Initial drafts listed only treason and bribery , but George Mason favored impeachment for `` maladministration '' ( incompetence ) . James Madison argued that impeachment should only be for criminal behavior , arguing that a maladministration standard would effectively mean that the President would serve at the pleasure of the Senate . Thus the delegates adopted a compromise version allowing impeachment for `` treason , bribery and other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' The precise meaning of the phrase `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' is somewhat ambiguous ; some scholars , such as Kevin Gutzman , argue that it can encompass even non-criminal abuses of power . Whatever its theoretical scope , however , Congress traditionally regards impeachment as a power to use only in extreme cases . The House of Representatives has actually initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 . Two cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office . Actual impeachments of 19 federal officers have taken place . Of these , 15 were federal judges : thirteen district court judges , one court of appeals judge ( who also sat on the Commerce Court ) , and one Supreme Court Associate Justice . Of the other four , two were Presidents , one was a Cabinet secretary , and one was a U.S. Senator . Of the 19 impeached officials , eight were convicted . One , former judge Alcee Hastings , was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives after being removed from office . The 1797 impeachment of Senator William Blount of Tennessee stalled on the grounds that the Senate lacked jurisdiction over him . No other member of Congress has ever been impeached . The Constitution does give authority to the Senate and House , so that each body may expel its own members . ( see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States Representatives expelled , censured , or reprimanded ) . Expulsion removes the individual from functioning as a representative or senator because of their misbehavior , but unlike impeachment , expulsion can not result in barring an individual from holding future office . Federal officials impeached ( edit ) # Date of Impeachment Accused Office Accusation ( s ) Result References July 7 , 1797 William Blount United States Senator ( Tennessee ) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate refused to accept impeachment of a Senator by the House of Representatives , instead expelling him from the Senate on their own authority March 2 , 1803 John Pickering Judge ( District of New Hampshire ) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Removed on March 12 , 1804 March 12 , 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice ( Supreme Court of the United States ) Political bias and arbitrary rulings , promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench Acquitted on March 1 , 1805 April 24 , 1830 James H. Peck Judge ( District of Missouri ) Abuse of power Acquitted on January 31 , 1831 5 May 6 , 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge ( Eastern , Middle , and Western Districts of Tennessee ) Supporting the Confederacy Removed and disqualified on June 26 , 1862 6 February 24 , 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act Acquitted on May 26 , 1868 7 February 28 , 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge ( District of Kansas ) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12 , 1873 8 March 2 , 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War Graft / corruption Acquitted after his resignation on August 1 , 1876 . 9 December 13 , 1904 Charles Swayne Judge ( Northern District of Florida ) Failure to live in his district , abuse of power Acquitted on February 27 , 1905 10 July 11 , 1912 Robert Wodrow Archbald Associate Justice ( United States Commerce Court ) Judge ( Third Circuit Court of Appeals ) Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys Removed and disqualified on January 13 , 1913 11 April 1 , 1926 George W. English Judge ( Eastern District of Illinois ) Abuse of power Resigned on November 4 , 1926 , proceedings dismissed on December 13 , 1926 12 February 24 , 1933 Harold Louderback Judge ( Northern District of California ) Corruption Acquitted on May 24 , 1933 13 March 2 , 1936 Halsted L. Ritter Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Champerty / corruption , tax evasion , practicing law while a judge Removed on April 17 , 1936 14 July 22 , 1986 Harry E. Claiborne Judge ( District of Nevada ) Tax evasion Removed on October 9 , 1986 15 August 3 , 1988 Alcee Hastings Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Accepting a bribe , and committing perjury during the resulting investigation Removed on October 20 , 1989 16 May 10 , 1989 Walter Nixon Chief Judge ( Southern District of Mississippi ) Perjury Removed on November 3 , 1989 17 December 19 , 1998 Bill Clinton President of the United States Perjury and obstruction of justice Acquitted on February 12 , 1999 18 June 19 , 2009 Samuel B. Kent Judge ( Southern District of Texas ) Sexual assault , and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation Resigned on June 30 , 2009 , proceedings dismissed on July 22 , 2009 19 March 11 , 2010 Thomas Porteous Judge ( Eastern District of Louisiana ) Making false financial disclosures Removed and disqualified on December 8 , 2010 Demands for impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials While the actual impeachment of a federal public official is a rare event , demands for impeachment , especially of presidents , are common , going back to the administration of George Washington in the mid-1790s . In fact , most of the 63 resolutions mentioned above were in response to presidential actions . While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced , several did have their intended effect . Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings , and , most famously , President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the House Judiciary Committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor . Impeachment in the States ( edit ) State legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors . The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model -- in New York , for instance , the Assembly ( lower house ) impeaches , and the State Senate tries the case , but the members of the seven - judge New York State Court of Appeals ( the state 's highest , constitutional court ) sit with the senators as jurors as well . Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States , usually for corruption charges . A total of at least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial ; a twelfth , Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma , escaped impeachment conviction by a single vote in 1912 . Several others , most recently Connecticut 's John G. Rowland , have resigned rather than face impeachment , when events seemed to make it inevitable . The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14 , 2009 , when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117 - 1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges ; he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29 . He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office . The procedure for impeachment , or removal , of local officials varies widely . For instance , in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor `` upon being heard '' on charges -- the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor . State and territorial officials impeached ( edit ) Date Accused Office Result 1804 William W. Irvin Associate Judge , Fairfield County , Ohio Court of Common Pleas Removed 1832 Theophilus W. Smith Associate Justice , Illinois Supreme Court Acquitted February 26 , 1862 Charles L. Robinson Governor of Kansas Acquitted February 26 , 1862 John Winter Robinson Secretary of State of Kansas Removed on June 12 , 1862 February 26 , 1862 George S. Hillyer Kansas State auditor Removed on June 16 , 1862 1871 William Woods Holden Governor of North Carolina Removed 1871 David Butler Governor of Nebraska Removed February 1872 Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Acquitted 1872 Henry C. Warmoth Governor of Louisiana `` suspended from office , '' though trial was not held 1876 Adelbert Ames Governor of Mississippi Resigned 1888 James W. Tate Kentucky State Treasurer Removed 1901 David M. Furches Chief Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted 1901 Robert M. Douglas Associate Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted August 13 , 1913 William Sulzer Governor of New York Removed on October 17 , 1913 July 1917 James E. Ferguson Governor of Texas Removed October 23 , 1923 John C. Walton Governor of Oklahoma Removed January 21 , 1929 Henry S. Johnston Governor of Oklahoma Removed April 6 , 1929 Huey P. Long Governor of Louisiana Acquitted May 1958 Raulston Schoolfield Judge , Hamilton County , Tennessee Criminal Court Removed on July 11 , 1958 March 14 , 1984 Paul Douglas Nebraska Attorney General Acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4 , 1984 February 6 , 1988 Evan Mecham Governor of Arizona Removed on April 4 , 1988 March 30 , 1989 A. James Manchin West Virginia State treasurer Resigned on July 9 , 1989 before trial started January 25 , 1991 Ward `` Butch '' Burnette Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Resigned on February 6 , 1991 before trial started May 24 , 1994 Rolf Larsen Associate Justice , Pennsylvania Supreme Court Removed on October 4 , 1994 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania October 6 , 1994 Judith Moriarty Secretary of State of Missouri Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12 , 1994 November 11 , 2004 Kathy Augustine Nevada State Controller Censured on December 4 , 2004 , not removed from office April 11 , 2006 David Hergert Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7 , 2006 January 8 , 2009 ( first vote ) Rod Blagojevich Governor of Illinois 95th General Assembly ended January 14 , 2009 ( second vote ) Removed on January 29 , 2009 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois February 11 , 2013 Benigno Fitial Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Resigned on February 20 , 2013 See also ( edit ) Censure in the United States Efforts to impeach George W. Bush Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials Impeachment investigations of United States federal judges Jefferson 's Manual List of federal political scandals in the United States Recall election Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Removed and disqualified '' indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , which provides , in pertinent part , that `` ( j ) udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor , trust or profit under the United States . '' Jump up ^ During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount , it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress ; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument , the House has never again impeached a member of Congress . The Constitution allows either House to expel one of its members by a two - thirds vote , which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him ( but before the Senate heard the case ) . Jump up ^ Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds ; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , J.P. ; Garvey , T. ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Impeachment and Removal '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Daniel H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton : Law As a Weapon for Political Reform '' . Washington University Global Studies Law Review . 7 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1546 - 6981 . Jump up ^ Josh Chafetz ( 2010 ) . `` Impeachment and Assassination '' . 95 . Minnesota Law Review . SSRN 1568950 Jump up ^ `` Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials '' ( PDF ) . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United States , Article 1 , Section 3 . `` Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . '' Jump up ^ http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/3_1986SenatesImpeachmentRules.pdf Jump up ^ Welcome to The American Presidency ^ Jump up to : Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Chapter 4 : Complete List of Senate Impeachment Trials '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Joint Committee on Printing ( September 2006 ) . `` Impeachment Proceedings '' . Congressional Directory . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . ( Archived by WebCite ) ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice '' . 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W . '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hinds ' Precedents , Volume 3 - Chapter 78 - The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne '' . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` White House accepts convicted judge 's resignation '' . AP . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Congress ends jailed judge 's impeachment '' . AP . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . `` U.S. House impeaches Kent '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803 , the House on Friday impeached a federal judge -- imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ; Jonathan Tilove ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tentative description of a dinner given to promote the impeachment of President Dwight Eisenhower : ( poem ) by Lawrence Ferlinghetti ; City Lights Books : ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Clark , Richard C. ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` McFadden 's Attempts to Abortababy the Federal Reserve System '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Though a Republican , he moved to impeach President Herbert Hoover in 1932 and introduced a resolution to bring conspiracy charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Texan , Texan & Texan '' . Time . January 25 , 1932 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NYS Constitution , Article VI , § 24 Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Embattled Conn. governor resigns '' . AP . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to impeach Blagojevich again '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bateman , Newton ; Paul Selby ; Frances M. Shonkwiler ; Henry L Fowkes ( 1908 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois . Chicago , IL : Munsell Publishing Company . p. 489 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impeachment of State Officials '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmar , Frank ( 1912 ) . Kansas : A Cyclopedia of State History . Standard Publishing Co. p. 598 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era '' . floridamemory.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State Governors of Louisiana : Henry Clay Warmoth '' . Enlou.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : News & Observer : NC 's dark impeachment history by Rob Christensen Jump up ^ `` SULZER IMPEACHED BY ASSEMBLY BUT REFUSES TO SURRENDER OFFICE '' , Syracuse Herald , August 13 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ `` HIGH COURT REMOVES SULZER FROM OFFICE BY A VOTE OF 43 TO 12 '' , Syracuse Herald , October 17 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ Block , Lourenda ( 2000 ) . `` Permanent University Fund : Investing in the Future of Texas '' . TxTell ( University of Texas at Austin ) . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana , April 6 , 1929 pp. 292 - 94 Jump up ^ `` Raulston Schoolfield , Impeached Judge , Dies '' . UPI . October 8 , 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty '' . AP . July 11 , 1958 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Attorney General is Impeached '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Nebraskan Found Not Guilty '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 02 - 06 ) . `` House Impeaches Arizona Governor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Arizona 's Senate Ousts Governor , Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1989 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Impeachment in West Virginia '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anise C. ( 1989 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund 's Losses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one - year sentence for a payroll violation . Jump up ^ `` Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Kentucky 's commissioner of agriculture , serving a one - year jail sentence for felony theft , resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate . Jump up ^ Hinds , Michael deCourcy ( 1994 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Moushey , Bill ; Tim Reeves ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , PA USA . p . A1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment . The state Senate , after six hours of debate , found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8 : 25 p.m , then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Moriarty Is Impeached -- Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO USA . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that `` breached the public trust . '' The move , the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years , came at 4 : 25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ; Kim Bell ( 1994 - 12 - 13 ) . `` High Court Ousts Moriarty '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . In a unanimous opinion Monday , the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Augustine impeached '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Sean ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Senate lets controller keep job '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nate ( 2006 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Hergert impeached '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . With the last vote and by the slimmest of margins , the Legislature did to University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert Wednesday what it had n't done in 22 years -- move to unseat an elected official . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hergert Convicted '' . WOWT - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert was convicted Friday of manipulating campaign - finance laws during his 2004 campaign and then lying to cover it up . The state Supreme Court ruling immediately removed Hergert , 66 , from office . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mckinney , Dave ; Jordan Wilson ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . Chicago Sun - Times ' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Ray ; Rick Pearson ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Blagojevich is removed from office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haidee V. Eugenio ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` CNMI governor impeached on 13 charges '' . Saipan Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Lichtman , Allan J. ( 2017 ) , The Case for Impeachment , Dey Street Books , ISBN 978 - 0062696823 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impeachment in the United States . An Overview of the Impeachment Process ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_in_the_United_States&oldid=806003204 '' Categories : Impeachment in the United States Clauses of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Português Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 01 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who votes to remove the president from office	[ "Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed. Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office, though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes.[1] The actual trial on such charges, and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction, is separate from the act of impeachment itself. Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives, and both were later acquitted by the Senate.[2] The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was never completed, as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment, but such a vote was widely expected to pass, and the threat of it and a subsequent conviction in the Senate was the impetus for Nixon's departure. To date, no U.S. President has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction. The impeached official continues in office until conviction." ]	[ "Congress" ]
-2286536417481883610	The Secret Life of the American Teenager	The Secret Life of the American Teenager - wikipedia The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jump to : navigation , search The Secret Life of the American Teenager Also known as Secret Life Genre Teen drama Created by Brenda Hampton Written by Brenda Hampton Jeffrey Rodgers Caroline Kepnes Jeff Olsen Chris Olsen Elaine Arata Paul Perlove Kelley Turk Courtney Turk Anne Ramsay Directed by Ron Underwood Anson Williams Jason Priestley John Schneider Gail Bradley Lindsley Parsons III Keith Truesdell Barry Watson Starring Shailene Woodley Kenny Baumann Mark Derwin India Eisley Greg Finley Daren Kagasoff Jorge - Luis Pallo Megan Park Francia Raisa Molly Ringwald Steve Schirripa Theme music composer Dan Foliart Opening theme `` Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall In Love '' , performed by Molly Ringwald Composer ( s ) Dan Foliart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 121 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brenda Hampton Producer ( s ) Lindsley Parsons III Hrag Gaboudian Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Ronald E. High William L. Asman Editor ( s ) Stephen Myers Ellen Ring Jacobson Marilyn McMahon Adams Janet Weinberg Janet Gratz Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Brendavision ! ProdCo Original American Teenager Inc . ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 1 , 2008 -- June 3 , 2013 External links abcfamily.go.com/abcfamily/path/section_Shows + Secret - Life - Of - The - American - Teenager / page_Detail The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( often shortened to Secret Life ) is an American teen drama television series created by Brenda Hampton . The series aired on ABC Family from 2008 until 2013 . The series received generally mixed reviews from mainstream critics when it began broadcasting , but was well received among female and teenage viewers . The pilot episode broke the record for the highest rated debut on ABC Family with 2.82 million viewers , a record previously held by Kyle XY . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , beating that night 's episode of Gossip Girl , which had less than half its usual number of viewers . Premiering to mostly positive reviews from critics and being well received among viewers , the second season of Secret Life opened with the largest audience for the series , posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers ; in adults 18 -- 34 , it was the number one scripted original premiere of summer 2009 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 , with more than three million viewers watching . The show earned the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season , and spawned a book entitled The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season synopsis 1.1 Season One 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 2 Cast and characters 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Reception 3.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 3.3 Awards and accolades 4 DVD releases 5 Other media 5.1 Music 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Season synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) In season one , fifteen - year - old Amy Juergens finds out that she is pregnant after having sex at band camp with a handsome and popular boy , Ricky Underwood . Amy first confides in her two best friends Lauren and Madison about it . Amy also tells Ben Boykewich ( the guy she started dating after becoming pregnant ) the truth , but he is surprisingly supportive and offers to marry her anyway , despite the protests of his friends , Henry and Alice . When Ricky finds out he is the father , he is willing to be a part of his future child 's life , causing Adrian Lee , Ricky 's friend with benefits to become jealous , especially since Ricky already has his sights on the sweet and virginal Grace Bowman , who was going out with Jack Pappas until he cheated on her with Adrian . Much to Adrian 's surprise , Grace is not angry at her , and the two girls become friends despite being romantic rivals . Ricky and Ben also compete with each other for Amy 's attention and at the end of the season , Amy has her child , a boy whom her sister , Ashley , names John . Amy decides to keep John , after struggling with the decision over the course of the season . Ricky said he would do anything to take care of his new son , John . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , Amy 's parents Anne and George are divorced , and Anne even begins dating again , but when she becomes pregnant again , it is revealed that the baby is George 's . At the same time , Ashley begins her freshman year at Grant High and resents the legacy Amy has accidentally created as a teenage mother so she befriends a gay classmate named Griffin and they both pledge to remain abstinent throughout high school . Ben returns from his summer Italy trip . Meanwhile , Amy struggles to raise John and frequently argues with Ricky over custodial arrangements , especially since Ben is becoming jealous of Ricky 's constant presence . Eventually , Ben and Amy break up while Ricky and Adrian have agreed to date officially but Ricky has issues being faithful . Grace loses her virginity to Jack on the same night her father dies in a plane crash and is wracked with guilt . She blamed Jack and herself for her father 's death which causes Jack to be so upset that he starts drinking . Grace refused to get out of the car to attend her father 's funeral , so Ricky forces her to . Grace 's brother Tom has trouble adjusting when their mother decides to remarry again . Adrian begins to reach out to Amy in order to make peace , so Amy , John , and Ricky can be a family with less drama . The season 's events culminate with Adrian 's cheating on Ricky with Ben on the night of the Mother / Daughter dance , in an attempt to get back at Ricky for kissing Amy . Ricky is angry at both , breaking up with Adrian and refusing to forgive Ben , thus crushing their already - fragile friendship . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , everyone finds out Adrian is pregnant with Ben 's baby , except for Amy . So , Ben and Amy continue to date and start considering taking their relationship to the next level , while Ben struggles to tell Amy about Adrian . George and Anne Juergens have officially divorced and Anne lives closer to her mother while George stays at the house with Amy and Ashley . Ashley drops out of school and begins homeschooling herself . Kathleen Bowman 's husband goes to Zimbabwe for a medical mission to bring aid to third world people and returns in the season finale with a proposal that he and Kathleen return to live and explore the world . Kathleen is hesitant to accept , not wanting to leave Grace and Tom behind by themselves . Towards the middle of the season , Amy and Ricky begin to date , and everyone is doubtful that Ricky will be faithful . Adrian and Ben decide to get married and the ceremony occurs near the end of the season . In the two - part season finale , Ben and Adrian are living together in their condo and Adrian begins to sense that something might be wrong with their baby . They decide to call the doctor , who has them meet her at the hospital as soon as possible . The baby is revealed to have died , which leaves everyone devastated . Amy is upset by this and decides to have sex with Ricky instead of going away for the weekend . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Amy and Ricky begin to get closer when Amy and John begin to move in with Ricky in his apartment , which is above the butcher shop . Meanwhile , Ashley leaves to go on a road trip with her friend Toby. Grace goes to Didiju and meets a new guy named Daniel who later becomes her boyfriend . Jack and Madison break up forcing Jack to do all the senior stuff with Grace who he is still in love with . Adrian is depressed as she lost her baby and Ben wants to leave , but does n't have the heart to do so . Adrian figures out that he wants to leave , and tries to seduce him so she can get pregnant again . Later Adrian sets her goal towards Ricky . Ricky proposes to Amy and she accepts . Afterwards , Jesse has a graduation party and everyone is invited . Adrian goes with Omar , her new boyfriend . Daniel 's ex-girlfriend shows up at the party and says she wants him back . Ricky kisses Adrian one last time as per her wish and she claims she is `` free '' from him , after which her new boyfriend Omar breaks up with her claiming that the kiss was `` totally disrespectful . '' The next morning outside , Grace asks Jack about Adrian 's theory , and then end up kissing which is caught on a picture sent to Daniel by Raven ( his ex-girlfriend ) , causing him to break up with Grace . Madison also sleeps with Jesse ending with 2 broken friendships and 1 broken relationship . Ben also shuns Henry when he sleeps with Adrian at the party because he was disloyal . Ben meets the lake house neighbor , Dylan , and she and her friends turn out to be a bad influence on him . Kathleen goes to Africa to learn that Marshall was cheating with her and already had a girlfriend and a son there who comes back to live with their family . In the last episode , Anne comes out with the fact that she really is gay , but when Amy is told , she is very upset and believes she is saying that because George is trying to have a good excuse as of why he cheated and also got back with Kathleen . season 5 : ugh , just ugh . amy leaves ricky to go to new york , where , conveniently , ben just moved . my amy and ricky heart is broken , thanks for 5 seasons of ramy hope just to kill me . ben boik - a-whatever is officially the worst person . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager characters This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens Kenny Baumann as Ben Boykewich Mark Derwin as George Juergens ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; special guest star season 5 ) India Eisley as Ashley Juergens ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 5 ) Greg Finley as Jack Pappas Daren Kagasoff as Ricky Underwood Jorge - Luis Pallo as Marc Molina ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Megan Park as Grace Bowman Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; special guest star season 5 ) Steven R. Schirripa as Leo Boykewich ( seasons 3 -- 5 ; recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager first aired on ABC Family on July 1 , 2008 . Season 1 began with 11 episodes broadcast from July 1 , 2008 , to September 9 , 2008 . After a hiatus , 12 first - season episodes aired January 5 , 2009 , through March 23 , 2009 , despite being marketed as season 2 , for a total of 23 episodes . The first season was aired on Canadian broadcaster City starting on September 3 , 2008 . In early 2009 , City removed Secret Life from its schedule . Therefore , MuchMusic started to air the first season in Canada on November 30 , 2009 , followed by the second season on December 7 , 2009 . In the United Kingdom Secret Life is available on ABC Studios via sky on demand . It is however broken up into eight seasons in contrast to the original five . Following the success of its first season , ABC Family announced on January 31 , 2009 , plans to renew Secret Life . The official press release was released on February 9 and was added to ABC Family 's line up on April 7 , 2009 . The show was renewed for a 24 - episode second season , which began airing on June 22 , 2009 . Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22 , 2009 , through September 7 , 2009 . After a four - month hiatus , the second half of the season returned on January 4 , 2010 , and concluded on March 22 , 2010 . Following their record - breaking , mid-season returns , Make It or Break It , and Secret Life were both picked up for an additional season . The third - season premiere of Secret Life was aired on June 7 , 2010 , at 8 pm . On January 10 , 2011 , it was reported that Secret Life was picked up for a fourth season to be shown in Summer 2011 and season three would resume on March 28 , 2011 , after an extended season break . The second half of the fourth season is set to air on March 26 , 2012 . On February 2 , 2012 , it was announced ABC Family renewed The Secret Life of the American Teenager for a fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Secret Life received mixed reviews at the time of its debut . It currently has a score of 48 out of 100 from review aggregator Metacritic . The New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are `` ... real and come from families of all stripes -- from intact to single - parent households to one boy in foster care ... '' However , most mainstream critics have n't embraced the show , indicating it as a TV - series version of an after school special , `` filled with didactic messages and a lotta wooden acting , '' in the words of Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly . The New York Times claimed that `` Secret Life '' must surely be the collective effort of an anti-pregnancy cabal . ( ... ) ABC Family means well but could not have done worse . `` Secret Life '' does n't take the fun out of teenage pregnancy , it takes the fun out of television '' and calls the show a `` Prime - Time Cautionary Tale '' . Variety magazine reported that `` ABC Family 's latest original drama wants to be a slow - motion version of `` Juno '' but settles for being an obvious , stereotype - laden teen soap ( ... ) based on first impressions , `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' should probably stay a secret . '' ReporterMag 's Andrew Rees says , `` The show ... might be the worst scripted drama on television . Suffering from gag - worthy dialog , horrific plot twists , terrible acting , and characters who not even the best of 3 - D glasses could give depth to , it 's a wonder how this show stays on the air . '' Brenda Hampton does not mind the poor reviews , saying , `` I 'd rather get good ratings and bad reviews than bad ratings and good reviews . '' . Despite its lackluster critical reviews , Secret Life received the highest premiere viewership ratings ever for an ABC Family original program . The pilot episode brought in 2.82 million viewers and a 0.9 / 3 share in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . Secret Life also scored high in the female demographic , registering a 6.5 / 24 among female teenagers and a 3.1 / 11 among 12 - to 34 - year - old females . Secret Life 's mid-season finale episode of season one defeated the first hour of the much - publicized series premiere of 90210 on The CW in viewers 12 -- 34 and females 12 -- 34 , beating 90210 in total viewers and all their key demographics , and bringing in some of the best ratings of the season for Secret Life . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers and was the highest rated telecast on March 23 , 2009 in viewers aged 12 -- 34 and the number one scripted telecast that night . The episode also beat 90210 , which had 2.20 million viewers , more than half the usual number . On Monday , June 22 , 2009 , Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far , posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers , and second - best numbers ever in adults 18 -- 34 with 1.4 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale , adults 18 -- 49 with 2.1 million viewers and viewers 12 -- 34 with 2.9 million viewers . In June 2009 , Secret Life ranked as cable 's number one scripted telecast in females 12 -- 34 , and the number one scripted series telecast in viewers 12 -- 34 and female teens . Additionally , Secret Life stood as ad - supported cable 's number one telecast this month in female teens . The season debut became cable 's number one scripted series premiere of the 2008 / 2009 season to date in women 18 -- 34 , women 18 -- 49 , and viewers 12 -- 34 , and the number one scripted original premiere of summer 2009 in adults 18 -- 34 . Secret Life 's second season debut stands as cable 's number one scripted original series season premiere of summer 2009 in adults ages 18 -- 34 and across core female 18 -- 34 , 18 -- 49 and 12 -- 34 demos , ahead of such high profile series as USA 's Royal Pains and Burn Notice , and TNT 's The Closer . Some critics praised the new developments of the show 's second season , saying they could be `` interesting material to build on . '' Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole `` teen going through a pregnancy '' plot has played out and the `` frustrated young mother '' thing is going on , we have room to explore some other topics . She remained hopeful that the writers will not just turn these new problems into issues of the week , instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall 's death , deal with Ann 's accidental pregnancy , and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex . With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere , the episode became ABC Family 's most - watched telecast ever in the key 12 -- 34 and teen demos . The episode stands as the series ' second-most - watched episode in viewers and is TV 's number one telecast of the season in female teens , cable 's number one telecast in females 12 -- 34 , and cable 's number one scripted telecast in viewers 12 -- 34 . The season two mid-season premiere remains cable 's number one scripted premiere of the 2009 / 10 season . It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale , and was number one in all target demos for the hour . On Monday , June 7 , 2010 , Secret Life opened its third season as the number one summer premiere for the 2010 summer season . It drew 1.3 million women 18 -- 49 viewers , 2.3 million viewers 12 -- 34 , 1.8 million female 12 -- 34 viewers , and 1.0 million teen viewers , topping high profiles premieres of Burn Notice , Royal Pains , and Pawn Stars . Additionally , Monday 's `` Secret Life '' ranks as summer 's number one scripted premiere on cable with 1.2 million viewers adults 18 -- 34 . It improved over its season 2 finale , growing by 20 % in adults 18 -- 34 , by 21 % in adults 18 -- 49 , and by 10 % in viewers 12 -- 34 . Regarding The Secret Life 's advertising , Laura Caraccioli - Davis , executive vice president of the media buyer Starcom , says , `` Nielsen numbers will do the talking in the advertising community , which has a deep respect for success . '' U.S. Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode , each season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager on ABC Family . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 8 : 00PM ( 2008 ) Monday 8 : 00PM ( 2009 ) 23 July 1 , 2008 2.82 March 23 , 2009 4.50 2008 -- 2009 3.51 Monday 8 : 00PM 24 June 22 , 2009 4.68 March 22 , 2010 3.17 2009 -- 2010 3.24 26 June 7 , 2010 3.18 June 6 , 2011 3.56 2010 -- 2011 3.74 24 June 13 , 2011 3.07 June 4 , 2012 1.43 2011 -- 2012 2.14 5 24 June 11 , 2012 1.67 June 3 , 2013 1.50 2012 -- 2013 1.22 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Throughout its five seasons , Secret Life has been nominated for several Teen Choice Awards , and won a Gracie Allen Award . It won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season . In 2009 , it was nominated for three Teen Choice Awards , including Choice TV Show Drama , Choice TV Breakout Show , and Choice Summer TV . Kenny Baumann was nominated for Choice TV Actor Drama and Choice Summer TV Star : Male , Shailene Woodley was nominated for Choice TV Actress Drama and Choice Summer TV Star : Female , Daren Kagasoff was nominated for Choice TV Breakout Star : Male and won Choice Summer TV Star Male , and Molly Ringwald and Mark Derwin were nominated for Choice TV Parental Unit . A Gracie Allen Award was awarded to the show for Outstanding Drama in 2009 . In 2010 , the show was nominated as a Favorite TV Obsession at the 2010 People 's Choice Awards ; Shailene Woodley won a 2010 Gracie Award for Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series ; the show was nominated as the Choice Summer TV show at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards ; Ken Baumann and Daren Kagasoff were nominated as the Choice Male Summer TV Star ; and Shailene Woodley was also nominated as the Choice Female Summer TV Star . DVD releases ( edit ) Each Secret Life season is released on DVD in separate volumes . Season one , confusingly , is sold as season one and season two . Season two is sold as volume three and volume four , and similarly for the later seasons . The DVD releases include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes , deleted scenes , interviews with the cast , and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The season two , volume two DVD includes a preview of Ashley Juergen 's Secret Diary , a novella released on June 15 , 2010 . DVD release dates for The Secret Life of the American Teenager Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Volume One December 30 , 2008 TBA TBA 11 Incorrectly marketed as season one . Extras include deleted scenes , cast interviews , gag reel , episode commentaries , and 7 featurettes Volume Two June 16 , 2009 TBA TBA 12 Incorrectly marketed as season two . Extras include behind - the - Scenes featurettes with the cast , exclusive music video from The Strange Familiar Volume Three December 22 , 2009 TBA TBA 12 Extras include pilot episode `` Make It or Break It '' , Hot Chat , exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the cast Volume Four June 15 , 2010 TBA TBA 12 Extras include behind the `` Secret '' scenes , Cast on Family , interviews with cast and composer Volume Five December 21 , 2010 TBA TBA 14 On Set with Director Anson Williams , On Set Fist Bumps with Joey and Matthew Levinson , On Set with Shailene Woodley , On Set with Luke Zimmerman Volume Six June 7 , 2011 TBA TBA 12 Volume Seven March 20 , 2012 TBA TBA 13 Volume Eight TBA TBA TBA 11 Volume Nine TBA TBA TBA 12 Volume Ten TBA TBA TBA 12 Other media ( edit ) On June 15 , 2010 , The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens was published . Written by Kelly and Courtney Turk , whose previous credits include episodes of 7th Heaven and NCIS , it documents the thoughts of the character Ashley Juergens in the events chronicling the first and part of the second season . It also includes new characters that were not shown on Secret Life . `` We watched the episodes together and then talked briefly about ideas we each had and what we thought Ashley would have to say about whatever the storyline was . Then we separated and exchanged our chapters , '' Courtney stated while talking about the difference between writing a book and writing for television . Music ( edit ) The series theme , sung by Molly Ringwald , is an upbeat version of Cole Porter 's `` Let 's Do It ( Let 's Fall in Love ) . '' Other noteworthy music featured in the installments includes : Both the first and last episodes of the first season feature the song `` Girlfriend '' by Avril Lavigne . It was also featured in the second - season episode 22 . A piano version of the song was played during mid-4th - season finale . In the fifteenth episode of the second season , Jack plays `` She Do n't Wanna Man '' by Asher Roth while he and Madison dance . At the Mother - Daughter Dance ( Season 2 , Episode 19 ) , Love Story by Taylor Swift is played in the background while Amy , her mother , and Ashley sit on the bleachers . In the fourth episode of the third season , when Adrian sits sadly on the stairs in front of her house , Tom plays `` You Are So Beautiful '' performed by Joe Cocker on his cell phone before they dance . ( Season 3 , episode 4 ) . The song `` Kids '' by MGMT appears in the fifth episode of the third season when a slide show of Amy lost in New York is played . At a party in the Bowmans ' guesthouse , the song `` New Day '' performed by Tamar Kaprelian is played . Bruno Mars ' `` Just the Way You Are '' plays in the final moments of the first half of the third - season finale , including during Ben and Adrian 's wedding . Sarah McLachlan 's `` Angel '' plays after Ben and Adrian find out the baby is dead , and the montage is played to close the season . `` Daughters '' by John Mayer was featured in the season 's first episode during Amy 's visit to the clinic . In the fifth episode of the fourth season , `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele is played in the beginning during Adrian 's walk and at the end of the episode when she is sitting in the empty nursery after punching numerous holes in the wall . In the thirteenth episode of the fourth season `` S&M '' by Rihanna , `` Memories '' by David Guetta feat . Kid Cudi and `` Til ya make it '' by `` Jamie Lynn Noon '' are played at the end of the episode during the dance party . At the beginning of first episode of fifth season , when Amy and Ricky went from chapel , is played Bruno Mars ' song `` Marry You '' . In the last episode when Adrian recollects her school years and relationships is played `` Try with Me '' by Nicole Scherzinger . In the last episode during Ricky 's flashback , the song `` Blurry '' by Puddle of Mudd is played . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Falling in Love Season Episode Guide on '' . Tv.com. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Set Records for ABC Family -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' recap : A new life for a new mom EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Catlin , Roger ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Roger Catlin 's TV Eye -- TV Entertainment News '' . Blogs.courant.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens ( 9781401324070 ) : Ashley Juergens : Books '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Family Brings Back American Teenager , Kyle XY '' . TVWeek.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Citytv Announces Fall 2008 -- 2009 Programming Schedule '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : SaveSecretLifeinCanada Secret Life CANCELLED in CANADA '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com. 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Channel Canada . `` MuchMusic 's Secret Is Out : THE SECRET LIFE OF THE AMERICAN TEENAGER Begins Dec 7 '' . Channel Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABCFamily.com '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family announces upcoming programming slate -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager picked up for second season -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle XY Cancelled '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' secret life ' will return June 22 '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Spoilers '' . Slotat.tripod.com. 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Renewed for 3rd Season ; `` Make It or Break It '' Renewed for 2nd Season -- Both Return in Summer 2010 -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com. 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including `` Pretty Little Liars , '' `` Huge , '' and `` Melissa & Joey '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' Renewed For A 5th Season , ' Baby Daddy , ' ' Beverly Hills Nannies ' Picked Up By ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Good Daughter Comes Home with Bad News in Secret Life '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family scores with ' Teenager ' -- Entertainment News , Weekly TV , Media '' . Variety . 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Teenage Pregnancy , Packaged as a Prime - Time Cautionary Tale '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . Variety Magazine . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reporter Online TV Review : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . Reportermag.com. 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Review listing : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . MetaCritic.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` ABC 's Wipeout stays strong '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager Defeats the First Hour of CW 's Highly - Promoted 90210 '' . TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Family 's Secret Life Smacksdown CW and 90210 '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Claims Most - Watched June in Prime in Total Viewers -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cable ratings : WWE RAW , NCIS , SpongeBob , Secret Life and iCarly Top Weekly Cable Charts -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Third Season Opener is Cable 's number one Premiere This Summer Across Key Demos -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com. 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . ( 2009 - 03 - 25 ) ' Secret Life ' vs. ' Gossip Girl ' - Roger Catlin TV Eye . Blogs.courant.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cable TV Show Nielsen TV Ratings Week Ending June 28 , 2009 ; BET Awards 2009 , Jon & Kate Plus 8 , Royal Pains , The Closer , Burn Notice , Princess Protection Program , NASCAR Sprint Cup Loudon , WWE Raw , Cake Boss - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Secret Life of the American Teenager ratings , Real Housewives of New Jersey ratings , American Pickers ratings , Pawn Stars ratings , Tori & Dean : Home Sweet Hollywood ratings , Nurse Jackie ratings , United States of Tara ratings , Neighbors from Hell ratings , WWE Raw ratings , Cake Boss ratings , All Worked Up ratings , Operation Repo ratings , Saving Grace ratings - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Keeps Growing ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Real Housewives , ' ' American Pickers ' & More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Cajun Pawn Stars ' , ' Basketball Wives ' + More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Bunheads ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ratings - Monday 's Cable Ratings : Pacers / Heat Finale Delivers Big Numbers for TNT . TheFutonCritic.com ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Comment by Clara Hinson ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Oklahoma 's 2009 Gracie Allen Award winners : Dr. Phil , Bob Dotson Television Blog '' . Blog.newsok.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' Picks Up Award , Actors Shed Thoughts On Show 's Success '' . Buddytv.com. 2 September 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The 2009 Teen Choice Awards -- Photos & Winners List '' . Allie Is Wired. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . Chiff.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vampires dominate People 's Choice Awards nominations '' . USA Today . November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Gracie Awards ® Winners '' . The Gracies . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` ' Twilight Saga : Eclipse ' Leads New Teen Choice 2010 Nominees -- News Story Music , Celebrity , Artist News MTV News '' . Mtv . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Season One : Secret Life of the American Teenager , Brenda Hampton : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager DVD news : Announcement for The Secret Life of the American Teenager -- Season 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Season Two : Shailene Woodley , Daren Kagasoff , Ken Baumann , Molly Ringwald , Mark Derwin , Allen Evangelista , India Eisley , Megan Park , Amy Rider , Francia Raisa , Camille Winbush , Renee Olstead , . : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Three : Molly Ringwald , Allen '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Four : '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001UREJXQ Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Three : Molly Ringwald , Allen '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0043CT976 Jump up ^ http://videoeta.com/movie/129899 ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking In : Interview with TV Writers Kelley and Courtney Turk '' . Pink Raygun.com. 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official Website The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb Secret Life of the American Teenager : Episodes and Parent / Teen Episode Discussion Guides by NCPTUP The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com Episode List at MSN Episode List at TVGuide.com ABC Spark Canada ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & The Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Current Beyond ( since 2017 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( since 2017 ) Young & Hungry ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Alone Together ( 2018 ) Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) The Perfectionists ( TBA ) Siren ( 2018 ) Related 13 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of ABC Family original films VIAF : 176377567 LCCN : n2010014132 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager&oldid=819347958 '' Categories : 2000s American drama television series 2008 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series endings ABC Family shows American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs American high school television series American teen drama television series Teenage pregnancy in television Television shows set in Los Angeles The Secret Life of the American Teenager Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series created by Brenda Hampton Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Use mdy dates from June 2012 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2014 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 49 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the secret life of an american teenager end	[ "\n\nThe Secret Life of the American Teenager\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso known as\nSecret Life\n\n\nGenre\nTeen drama\n\n\nCreated by\nBrenda Hampton\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nBrenda Hampton\nJeffrey Rodgers\nCaroline Kepnes\nJeff Olsen\nChris Olsen\nElaine Arata\nPaul Perlove\nKelley Turk\nCourtney Turk\nAnne Ramsay\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nRon Underwood\nAnson Williams\nJason Priestley\nJohn Schneider\nGail Bradley\nLindsley Parsons III\nKeith Truesdell\nBarry Watson\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShailene Woodley\nKenny Baumann\nMark Derwin\nIndia Eisley\nGreg Finley\nDaren Kagasoff\nJorge-Luis Pallo\nMegan Park\nFrancia Raisa\nMolly Ringwald\nSteve Schirripa\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\nDan Foliart\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Let's Do It, Let's Fall In Love\", performed by Molly Ringwald\n\n\nComposer(s)\nDan Foliart\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n5\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n121 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nBrenda Hampton\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nLindsley Parsons III\nHrag Gaboudian\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nCinematography\n\n\n\nRonald E. High\nWilliam L. Asman\n\n\n\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nStephen Myers\nEllen Ring Jacobson\nMarilyn McMahon Adams\nJanet Weinberg\nJanet Gratz\n\n\n\n\n\nCamera setup\nSingle-camera\n\n\nRunning time\n45 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nBrendavision!\nProdCo Original\nAmerican Teenager Inc.\nABC Family Original Productions\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nDisney–ABC Domestic Television\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC Family\n\n\nPicture format\n1080i (HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\nJuly 1, 2008 – June 3, 2013\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nabcfamily.go.com/abcfamily/path/section_Shows+Secret-Life-Of-The-American-Teenager/page_Detail\n\n" ]	[ "June 3, 2013" ]
-2529208736712490712	2018 NBA Finals	2018 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2018 NBA Finals 2018 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Golden State Warriors Steve Kerr Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue 0 Dates May 31 -- June 8 MVP Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) Television U.S. : English : ABC Spanish : ESPN Deportes Canada : TSN ( Games 1 and 3 ) Sportsnet ( Games 2 and 4 ) Announcers ABC : Mike Breen ( play - by - play ) Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( analysts ) Doris Burke ( sideline reporter ) ESPN Deportes : Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) Carlos Morales ( analyst ) Radio network ESPN Radio ( National ) Cleveland Cavaliers Radio Network ( Cleveland ) Golden State Warriors Radio Network ( Golden State ) Announcers Marc Kestecher and Hubie Brown ( ESPN Radio ) John Michael and Jim Chones ( Cleveland ) Tim Roye , Jim Barnett and Tom Tolbert ( Golden State ) Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , Ed Malloy Game 2 : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Derrick Stafford Game 3 : Marc Davis , John Goble , Zach Zarba Game 4 : Scott Foster , James Capers , Jason Phillips Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Celtics , 4 -- 3 Western Finals Warriors defeated Rockets , 4 -- 3 < 2017 NBA Finals 2019 > The 2018 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2017 -- 18 season and conclusion of the season 's playoffs . In this best - of - seven playoff , the defending NBA champion and Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors swept the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 0 . This Finals was the first time in any of North America 's four major professional sports leagues that the same two teams met for the championship four years in a row . This was also the first time that a team was swept in the NBA Finals since 2007 , in which the Cavaliers were also the losing team . LeBron James , in his eighth consecutive NBA Finals appearance , suffered the second Finals sweeps of his career , having also played in the 2007 NBA Finals . Kevin Durant was named NBA Finals MVP for the second straight year . After his third appearance in the Finals , Durant became the only player to shoot over 50 -- 40 -- 90 for an NBA Finals career under the non-shortened 3 - point line . The Warriors had home - court advantage in the series since they had a better regular season record of 58 -- 24 , compared to the Cavaliers 50 -- 32 . Entering the Finals matchup , the Warriors were also noted by various sports media outlets as one of the biggest NBA Finals favorites in recent history . This was the first time since 2012 that the Finals did not feature either of the top seeds in each conference . The 2018 Finals began on May 31 and ended on June 8 . The series was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the 2018 NBA Finals presented by YouTube TV . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 1.2 Golden State Warriors 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 Series summary 3 NBA Finals Series 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 4 Rosters 4.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 4.2 Golden State Warriors 5 Player statistics 6 Sponsorship 7 Broadcast 7.1 Television ratings 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers season This was the Cleveland Cavaliers ' fourth consecutive trip to the NBA Finals , and fifth appearance overall . This is also the eighth consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James . LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers Prior to the 2017 -- 18 season , point guard Kyrie Irving demanded to be traded away from the Cavaliers . The Cavaliers agreed to his request , trading Irving to the Boston Celtics in exchange for point guard Isaiah Thomas , small forward Jae Crowder , center Ante Žižić , the first round pick from the Brooklyn Nets in the 2018 NBA Draft and the Miami Heat 's 2020 second round pick . Miami 's second round pick was added as compensation after Isaiah Thomas failed his physical . Other major changes included shooting guard Dwyane Wade signing with the Cavaliers , thus reuniting with James from their time together on the Big Three - era Miami Heat , and the signing of point guard Derrick Rose to a one - year contract . On February 8 , 2018 -- just before the NBA trade deadline -- the Cavaliers radically changed their roster in a little more than an hour , acquiring George Hill , Rodney Hood , Jordan Clarkson , and Larry Nance Jr. in exchange for Thomas , Rose , Crowder , Wade , Channing Frye , Iman Shumpert , and their own 2018 first - round pick . Multiple writers argued at the time that the trades made the Cavaliers significantly better . The Cavaliers finished the 2017 -- 18 regular season with a 50 -- 32 record , securing the 4th seed in the Eastern Conference . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Indiana Pacers in seven games in the first round , swept the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference semifinals , and defeated the Boston Celtics in seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals . Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season This was the Golden State Warriors ' fourth consecutive trip to the NBA Finals . During the 2017 -- 18 offseason , the Warriors resigned their core players , including Stephen Curry to a five - year contract worth $201 million , and Kevin Durant to a two - year , $53 million contract . Golden State also resigned Andre Iguodala , Shaun Livingston , Zaza Pachulia , and David West . A major free agent acquired during the offseason was guard Nick Young . The Warriors finished the 2017 -- 18 regular season with a 58 -- 24 record , winning the Pacific Division and securing the 2nd seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , Golden State defeated the San Antonio Spurs in five games in the first round , eliminated the New Orleans Pelicans in five games in the Western Conference semifinals , and defeated the Houston Rockets in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors entered the series as heavy favorites . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NBA Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference champion ) Golden State Warriors ( Western Conference champion ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Toronto Raptors * 59 23 . 720 -- 82 x -- Boston Celtics 55 27 . 671 4.0 82 x -- Philadelphia 76ers 52 30 . 634 7.0 82 y -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 50 32 . 610 9.0 82 5 x -- Indiana Pacers 48 34 . 585 11.0 82 6 y -- Miami Heat * 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 7 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 8 x -- Washington Wizards 43 39 . 524 16.0 82 9 Detroit Pistons 39 43 . 476 20.0 82 10 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 23.0 82 11 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 30.0 82 12 Brooklyn Nets 28 54 . 341 31.0 82 13 Chicago Bulls 27 55 . 329 32.0 82 14 Orlando Magic 25 57 . 305 34.0 82 15 Atlanta Hawks 24 58 . 293 35.0 82 4th seed in the East , 6th best league record Regular season Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Houston Rockets * 65 17 . 793 -- 82 y -- Golden State Warriors * 58 24 . 707 7.0 82 y -- Portland Trail Blazers * 49 33 . 598 16.0 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 5 x -- Utah Jazz 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 6 x -- New Orleans Pelicans 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 7 x -- San Antonio Spurs 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 8 x -- Minnesota Timberwolves 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 9 Denver Nuggets 46 36 . 561 19.0 82 10 Los Angeles Clippers 42 40 . 512 23.0 82 11 Los Angeles Lakers 35 47 . 427 30.0 82 12 Sacramento Kings 27 55 . 329 38.0 82 13 Dallas Mavericks 24 58 . 293 41.0 82 14 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 43.0 82 15 Phoenix Suns 21 61 . 256 44.0 82 2nd seed in the West , 3rd best league record Defeated the 5th seeded Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 3 First round Defeated the 7th seeded San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 1st seeded Toronto Raptors , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 6th seeded New Orleans Pelicans , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Boston Celtics , 4 -- 3 Conference Finals Defeated the 1st seeded Houston Rockets , 4 -- 3 Regular season series ( edit ) The Warriors won the regular season series 2 -- 0 . December 25 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 92 , Golden State Warriors 99 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 15 , 2018 Recap Golden State Warriors 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 108 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , May 31 Golden State Warriors 124 -- 114 ( OT ) ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 3 Golden State Warriors 122 -- 103 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Wednesday , June 6 Cleveland Cavaliers 102 -- 110 ( 0 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 4 Friday , June 8 Cleveland Cavaliers 85 -- 108 ( 0 -- 4 ) Golden State Warriors NBA Finals series ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) Game 1 ( edit ) Klay Thompson of the Warriors suffered a leg injury in the first quarter , but returned to the game in the second quarter . With the score tied at 107 in the last five seconds of regulation , J.R. Smith of the Cavaliers dribbled the ball towards half court rather than taking a final shot . Tyronn Lue , Cleveland 's coach , later said that Smith thought the Cavaliers were ahead , though Smith denied not knowing the correct score , and claimed he assumed his team would take a time - out . Cleveland was not able to score in the final seconds and the game went to overtime . In overtime , the Warriors outscored the Cavaliers 17 -- 7 to win the game . Tristan Thompson was ejected following a flagrant foul with 2.6 seconds remaining in overtime . Cleveland 's LeBron James scored 51 points in Game 1 , the sixth - highest point total for an NBA Finals game and the most in a loss . After Game 1 , James punched a whiteboard in the Cavaliers lockerroom due to frustration , suffering a bone contusion in his hand that he kept private for the remainder of the series . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) May 31 Cleveland Cavaliers 114 -- 124 0 ( OT ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 29 , 26 -- 27 , 22 -- 28 , 29 -- 23 , Overtime : 7 -- 17 ABC Pts : LeBron James 51 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 8 Boxscore Pts : Stephen Curry 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Green , Curry 9 each Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , Ed Malloy Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 7 SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 6 SF 23 LeBron James 51 8 8 PF 0 Kevin Love 21 13 13 Tristan Thompson 5 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson 0 32 Jeff Green 7 5 22 Larry Nance Jr . 9 11 0 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood DNP F / C 41 Ante Žižić DNP 16 Cedi Osman DNP 81 José Calderón DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors 0 Cavaliers Statistics Warriors 44 / 99 ( 44.4 % ) Field goals 46 / 90 ( 51.1 % ) 10 / 37 ( 27 % ) 3 - pt field goals 13 / 36 ( 36.1 % ) 16 / 22 ( 72 / 7 % ) Free throws 19 / 20 ( 95 % ) 19 Offensive rebounds 34 Defensive rebounds 34 53 Total rebounds 38 18 Assists 31 11 Turnovers 7 5 Steals 10 Blocks 6 18 Fouls 18 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 29 6 9 SG 11 Klay Thompson 24 SF 35 Kevin Durant 26 9 6 PF 23 Draymond Green 13 11 9 5 Kevon Looney 8 0 Reserves : C Jordan Bell 6 Nick Young 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 10 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 David West 0 JaVale McGee 0 Quinn Cook 0 0 0 27 Zaza Pachulia DNP 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 2 ( edit ) The Warriors employed more double teams against James in Game 2 , limiting him to 29 points . Cleveland had a 41 % field goal percentage , including 9 - for - 27 ( 33.3 % ) on three - point field goals . Meanwhile , Golden State 's Stephen Curry set an NBA Finals record in Game 2 with nine three - point field goals . He scored 33 points , while the Warriors got 26 points , nine rebounds , and seven assists from Kevin Durant , and 20 points from Klay Thompson . Smith struggled for Cleveland , shooting 2 - for - 9 ( 22.2 % ) with both baskets coming in the first quarter . The Warriors won 122 -- 103 over the Cavaliers . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 3 Cleveland Cavaliers 103 -- 122 Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 32 , 18 -- 27 , 34 -- 31 , 23 -- 32 ABC Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : Kevin Love 10 Asts : LeBron James 13 Boxscore Pts : Stephen Curry 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 9 Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Derrick Stafford Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 15 SG 5 J.R. Smith 5 SF 23 LeBron James 29 9 13 PF 0 Kevin Love 22 10 13 Tristan Thompson 11 5 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson 32 Jeff Green 6 22 Larry Nance Jr . 9 11 0 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood F / C 41 Ante Žižić 0 0 16 Cedi Osman 0 81 José Calderón Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors 0 Cavaliers Statistics Warriors 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) Field goals 47 / 82 ( 57.3 % ) 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 3 - pt field goals 15 / 36 ( 41.7 % ) 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) Free throws 13 / 21 ( 61 / 9 % ) 16 Offensive rebounds 7 26 Defensive rebounds 34 42 Total rebounds 41 25 Assists 28 10 Turnovers 12 9 Steals Blocks 8 15 Fouls 25 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 33 7 8 SG 11 Klay Thompson 20 SF 35 Kevin Durant 26 9 7 PF 23 Draymond Green 5 8 7 JaVale McGee 12 0 Reserves : C 5 Kevon Looney 0 Jordan Bell 5 6 Nick Young 0 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 10 5 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 0 David West Quinn Cook 0 0 27 Zaza Pachulia 6 0 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 3 ( edit ) Andre Iguodala of the Warriors , who missed the previous six games , including the first two games of the NBA Finals , due to a left leg injury , returned in Game 3 . He injured his right leg early in the game , not returning until after halftime . The Cavaliers started the game with a 14 -- 4 advantage and led for the entire first half , at one point leading by 13 . The Warriors trimmed Cleveland 's lead to six by halftime . The Cavaliers enjoyed strong contributions from Rodney Hood , who scored 15 points , Smith , who scored 13 points , and Kevin Love , who had 20 points and 13 rebounds . Durant scored a playoff career - high 43 points , while also contributing 13 rebounds and seven assists , in a 110 -- 102 win over the Cavaliers , helping the Warriors take a 3 -- 0 lead . Golden State withstood poor offensive performances from Curry and Klay Thompson , the Splash Brothers . Curry missed 13 out of his first 14 shot attempts in the game . The Cavaliers were 3 - for - 17 ( 17.6 % ) on three point shots in the second half , and Durant scored a three - pointer late in the game that ended Cleveland 's chances of a comeback . With the 110 -- 102 victory , the Warriors took a 3 -- 0 series lead . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 6 Golden State Warriors 110 -- 102 Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 29 , 24 -- 29 , 31 -- 23 , 27 -- 21 ABC Pts : Kevin Durant 43 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 33 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 11 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , John Goble , Zach Zarba Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 11 5 6 SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 SF 35 Kevin Durant 43 13 7 PF 23 Draymond Green 10 9 JaVale McGee 10 0 Reserves : G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 8 5 Kevon Looney 0 0 0 Jordan Bell 10 6 0 6 Nick Young 0 0 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 8 0 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 0 David West 0 0 Quinn Cook DNP 27 Zaza Pachulia DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers 0 Warriors Statistics Cavaliers 42 / 81 ( 51.9 % ) Field goals 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) 9 / 26 ( 34.6 % ) 3 - pt field goals 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 17 / 19 ( 89.5 % ) Free throws 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) 6 Offensive rebounds 16 31 Defensive rebounds 26 37 Total rebounds 42 27 Assists 25 10 Turnovers 10 6 Steals 9 5 Blocks 20 Fouls 15 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 5 SG 5 J.R. Smith 13 0 SF 23 LeBron James 33 10 11 PF 0 Kevin Love 20 13 13 Tristan Thompson 8 7 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson DNP 32 Jeff Green 0 22 Larry Nance Jr . 5 26 Kyle Korver 0 0 Rodney Hood 15 6 0 F / C 41 Ante Žižić DNP 16 Cedi Osman DNP 81 José Calderón DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 4 ( edit ) The Warriors led the game nearly from start to finish . Golden State led 13 -- 3 at the start of the game . Though the Cavaliers took the lead , 39 -- 38 , in the second quarter , the Warriors led 61 -- 52 at halftime . The Warriors expanded their lead in the third quarter and entered the last period of play with a 86 -- 65 advantage . With Golden State leading 102 -- 77 with 4 : 03 remaining , James came out of the game . Curry scored 37 points and made seven three - pointers , while Durant recorded a triple - double with 20 points , 12 rebounds and 10 assists . The Warriors won 108 -- 85 to sweep the series . Durant was named Finals MVP for the second straight year . The Warriors ' victory parade took place on June 12 in Downtown Oakland . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 8 Golden State Warriors 108 -- 85 ( Series : Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 25 , 27 -- 27 , 25 -- 13 , 22 -- 20 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 37 Rebs : Kevin Durant 12 Asts : Kevin Durant 10 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 23 Rebs : Kevin Love 9 Asts : LeBron James 8 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , James Capers , Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 37 6 SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 6 0 SF 35 Kevin Durant 20 12 10 PF 23 Draymond Green 9 9 JaVale McGee 6 0 Reserves : C 5 Kevon Looney 0 Jordan Bell 6 Nick Young 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 0 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 David West 0 Quinn Cook DNP 27 Zaza Pachulia 0 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 11 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers 0 Warriors Statistics Cavaliers 47 / 82 ( 57.3 % ) Field goals 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) 15 / 36 ( 41.7 % ) 3 - pt field goals 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 13 / 21 ( 61.9 % ) Free throws 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) 7 Offensive rebounds 16 34 Defensive rebounds 26 41 Total rebounds 42 28 Assists 25 12 Turnovers 10 Steals 9 8 Blocks 25 Fouls 15 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 SF 23 LeBron James 23 7 8 PF 0 Kevin Love 13 9 13 Tristan Thompson 6 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson DNP 32 Jeff Green 5 0 22 Larry Nance Jr . 7 8 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood 10 8 F / C 41 Ante Žižić 0 16 Cedi Osman 0 0 81 José Calderón 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Rosters ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Calderón , José 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1981 -- 09 -- 28 Spain 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Clarkson , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 06 -- 07 Missouri 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Green , Jeff 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1986 -- 08 -- 28 Georgetown 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Hill , George 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1986 -- 05 -- 04 IUPUI G / F 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Holland , John ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1988 -- 11 -- 06 Boston University G / F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Hood , Rodney 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 206 lb ( 93 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 20 Duke G / F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) G / F 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Korver , Kyle 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 1981 -- 03 -- 17 Creighton F / C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Love , Kevin ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 07 UCLA 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Nance Jr. , Larry 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 01 Wyoming G / F 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Osman , Cedi 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1995 -- 04 -- 08 Turkey 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Perkins , Kendrick 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 10 Clifton J. Ozen HS ( TX ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Perrantes , London ( TW ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 10 -- 03 Virginia G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Smith , J.R. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 09 Saint Benedict 's Prep ( NJ ) F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Thompson , Tristan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 13 Texas 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 White , Okaro 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1992 -- 08 -- 13 Florida State F / C 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Žižić , Ante 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1997 -- 01 -- 04 Croatia Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coach ( es ) Larry Drew ( Assoc . HC ) Jim Boylan Phil Handy Damon Jones Mike Longabardi James Posey Vitaly Potapenko Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : April 11 , 2018 Golden State Warriors ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From F / C 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 224 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 -- 01 -- 07 Oregon 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 11 Oregon 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cook , Quinn 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 29 Texas 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 06 -- 30 Vanderbilt 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 10 -- 25 UNLV 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 -- 01 -- 19 Nevada 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 -- 02 -- 10 Georgia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 -- 08 -- 29 Xavier G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : April 10 , 2018 Player statistics ( edit ) Kevin Durant won his second consecutive NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award . Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Golden State Warriors Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Kevin Durant 41.3 . 526 . 409 . 963 10.8 7.5 0.8 2.3 28.8 Stephen Curry 40.6 . 402 . 415 1.000 6.0 6.8 1.5 0.8 27.5 Klay Thompson 37.0 . 480 . 429 . 800 3.8 1.0 0.5 0.3 16.0 Draymond Green 41.4 . 517 . 214 . 800 6.0 8.5 2.0 1.5 9.3 JaVale McGee 13.8 . 800 . 000 . 000 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 8.0 Shaun Livingston 0 16.2 . 867 . 000 1.000 2.8 1.5 0.3 0.0 7.5 Jordan Bell 0 13.5 . 714 . 000 . 500 3.3 1.0 0.3 0.5 5.8 Andre Iguodala 0 22.3 . 583 . 500 1.000 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 9.5 Kevon Looney 9.7 . 714 . 000 . 000 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.5 Zaza Pachulia 0 3.1 . 333 . 000 1.000 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.0 David West 0 7.0 . 600 1.000 . 000 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.8 1.8 Quinn Cook 0 1.8 . 333 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Nick Young 0 9.5 . 154 . 100 . 000 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 Patrick McCaw 0 2.7 . 000 . 000 1.000 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG LeBron James 44.7 . 527 . 333 . 842 8.5 10.0 1.3 1.0 34.0 Kevin Love 33.2 . 406 . 321 . 938 11.3 1.8 1.0 0.3 19.0 J.R. Smith 32.5 . 317 . 360 . 600 3.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 9.5 George Hill 29.2 . 323 . 438 . 500 2.3 2.3 0.8 0.3 7.5 Tristan Thompson 23.4 . 520 . 000 . 333 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 6.8 Rodney Hood 0 14.1 . 444 . 200 . 667 3.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 6.8 Larry Nance Jr . 0 17.1 . 500 . 000 . 417 7.0 1.5 0.5 0.5 5.8 Jeff Green 0 24.4 . 286 . 214 1.000 1.3 2.0 0.3 0.3 5.3 Jordan Clarkson 0 12.6 . 231 . 000 . 000 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 3.0 Kyle Korver 0 16.2 . 063 . 091 . 600 1.8 0.8 0.0 0.3 1.5 Ante Žižić 0 1.7 1.000 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 José Calderón 0 2.5 . 500 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 1.3 Cedi Osman 0 2.8 . 400 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , the NBA sold a presenting sponsorship to the Finals ; the internet television service YouTube TV became the first - ever presenting sponsor of the Finals . YouTube TV had previously been the presenting sponsor for the 2017 World Series , the first time that Major League Baseball 's championship series had a title sponsor as well . As part of a multi-year partnership deal , YouTube TV also broadcast the NBA Finals . Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play - by - play commentator , and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators . ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Marc Kestecher and Hubie Brown as commentators . ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish - language coverage of The Finals , with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales . Television ratings ( edit ) Game Ratings ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) Ref 10.0 17.4 10.3 18.5 10.4 17.9 11.2 16.5 Avg 12.2 17.6 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Death lineup Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors Dispatch Rockets , Setting Up Fourth Finals Against Cavs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder '' . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals Odds : Warriors - Cavs IV '' . Sports Illustrated . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purdum , David ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors open over Cavs in Vegas as largest Finals favorites in 16 seasons '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Christian ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` The Cleveland Cavaliers are historic NBA Finals betting underdogs '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA , YouTube TV announce first - ever partnership for 2018 Finals '' . USA Today . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff . `` ' He gives you a chance ' : Do n't take LeBron James ' incredible NBA Finals streak for granted '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Ellentuck , Matt ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kyrie Irving trade finalized with Celtics adding 2020 2nd - round pick '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Sign Dwyane Wade '' . NBA.com/cavaliers . September 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Chris ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Derrick Rose signs 1 - year , $2.1 million contract with Cavaliers '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellentuck , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Cavaliers traded nearly half their team just before the trade deadline '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers undergo series of reported trade makeovers '' . National Basketball Association . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Cavaliers won the trade deadline , and have emerged as a legit NBA finals contender again '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Win now and keep LeBron James ? NBA source says Cavaliers ' trades a ' win - win ' '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Numbers notebook : Cleveland Cavaliers upgrade at the trade deadline '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers Schedule and Results '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Get set for Warriors - Cavaliers , Version 4.0 '' . The Mercury News . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Marissa . `` Warriors keep stars , lose role players '' . The Pioneer . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors sign free agent guard Nick Young '' . NBA.com/warriors . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James , underdog : NBA 's top star once again faces long odds in NBA Finals '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors withstand James ' 51 points to win NBA Finals Game 1 '' . CBS News . Associated Press . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Anatomy of a Blunder : Inside J.R. Smith 's Devastating Game 1 Mistake '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Mollie ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` New footage shows LeBron James ' bench reaction to J.R. Smith 's blunder '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If LeBron James scored 51 points with one eye in Game 1 , what 's he need for Game 2 against the Warriors ? '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James injured hand punching whiteboard following Game 1 loss '' . USA Today . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Colin ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals 2018 : LeBron James shows he 's human in Game 2 , and that 's just not good enough for these Cavs '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam . `` Steph Curry 's historic NBA Finals Game 2 a window to Warriors before Kevin Durant '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curry dazzles from deep , Warriors take 2 -- 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs ' J.R. Smith struggles in Game 2 after Game 1 blunder '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors clear Andre Iguodala to play in Game 3 of finals '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals injury updates : Warriors ' Andre Iguodala will play in Game 4 vs. Cavs '' . CBSSports.com. April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin Durant Pulls Warriors Closer to Another N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cavaliers let chances slip away _ again _ in NBA Finals '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's Playoff Career - High 43 Points Leads Warriors to Game 3 Win , 3 -- 0 Series Lead ( Video ) '' . Yahoo !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Durant has 43 , Warriors take 3 -- 0 NBA Finals lead over Cavs '' . ESPN . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's Game 3 masterpiece leaves Warriors one win shy of NBA title NBA '' . Sporting News . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Jason . `` Warriors beat Cavs into submission , secure 3rd NBA championship in 4 years '' . Yahoo . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ; Hoffman , Benjamin ; Stein , Marc ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors , in Full Dynasty Mode , Sweep Cavaliers in N.B.A. Finals '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors sweep LeBron James , Cavaliers to claim second straight NBA championship '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Letourneau , Connor ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Sweep ! Warriors finish off Cavs for back - to - back championships '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Dowd , Katie ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors NBA title parade set for Tuesday in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland again celebrates NBA champion Golden State Warriors '' . NBA.com. 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , YouTube TV Announce Partnership To Air 2018 Finals '' . Sports Illustrated . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carafdo , Ben . `` 2018 NBA Finals Exclusively on ABC : Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers in Historic Fourth - Consecutive Championship Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Four is Enough : Finals Game 1 Behind Previous Cavs - Warriors Openers '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Interest in Cavs - Warriors Strong , But Slipping '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Strong , But Down Again , in Game 3 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Ends With Lowest Overnight of Warriors - Cavs Era '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` NBA Finals Ends With Lows , Particularly in Young Demos '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings : NBA Finals Take a Hit With Blowout Conclusion '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . 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'' `` The Block '' Christmas Day Rivalries Bryant -- O'Neal Lakers -- Pistons Celtics -- Lakers Cavaliers -- Warriors ESPN lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_Finals&oldid=857079640 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NBA season National Basketball Association Finals May 2018 sports events in the United States June 2018 sports events in the United States Cleveland Cavaliers games Golden State Warriors games 2018 in sports in Ohio 2018 in sports in California 2010s in Cleveland 2010s in Oakland , California Sports competitions in Cleveland Sports competitions in Oakland , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 12 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who had home court advantage in nba finals	[ "The Warriors had home-court advantage in the series since they had a better regular season record of 58–24, compared to the Cavaliers 50–32. Entering the Finals matchup, the Warriors were also noted by various sports media outlets as one of the biggest NBA Finals favorites in recent history.[3][4][5] This was the first time since 2012 that the Finals did not feature either of the top seeds in each conference. The 2018 Finals began on May 31 and ended on June 8. The series was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the 2018 NBA Finals presented by YouTube TV.[6]\n" ]	[ "The Warriors" ]
2143244057851264292	St. Petersburg, Florida mayoral election, 2017	St. Petersburg , Florida mayoral election , 2017 - wikipedia St. Petersburg , Florida mayoral election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search St. Petersburg mayoral election , 2017 ← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 → Nominee Rick Kriseman Rick Baker Party Nonpartisan Nonpartisan Popular vote 34,531 32,341 Percentage 51 % 49 % Mayor before election Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan Elected Mayor Rick Kriseman Nonpartisan Elections in Florida Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 2002 2006 2014 2018 Chief Financial Officer elections 2006 2014 2018 Agriculture Commissioner of Florida 1994 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 ) Other elections 2006 Jacksonville ( show ) Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miami ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 Miami - Dade County ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2012 2016 Orlando ( show ) Mayoral elections 2012 2015 St. Petersburg ( show ) Mayoral elections 2013 2017 Tampa ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 Government The 2017 St. Petersburg , Florida , mayoral election was held on November 7 , 2017 , to elect the next mayor of St. Petersburg , Florida , in a general election , with a primary election which took place on August 29 , 2017 . Incumbent mayor Rick Kriseman , a Democrat , opted to seek re-election . His opponent in the runoff was Republican former mayor Rick Baker ( 2001 -- 2010 ) . The election was officially non-partisan . Incumbent Rick Kriseman won the re-election . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Candidates 2.1 Declared 2.1. 1 Polling 3 Primary campaigns 3.1 Primary results 4 General election 5 References Background ( edit ) In the 2013 election , then incumbent mayor Bill Foster opted to seek re-election for that year 's mayoral election . With no candidates having a majority in the primary election , Foster and former Florida House of Representatives member Rick Kriseman faced off in the general election , where Kriseman was elected on November 5 , 2013 , by a 10 point margin . He assumed office on January 2 , 2014 . Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) In December 2016 , advocate and singer - songwriter Paul Congemi announced his bid for mayor . In January 2017 , current incumbent mayor Rick Kriseman filed for re-election . In March 2017 , African People 's Socialist Party activist Jesse Nevel filed for election , as well as Anthony Cates II , a salesman . In May 2017 , former St. Petersburg mayor Rick Baker filed for re-election , and Ernisa Barnwell . In June 2017 , activist Theresa Lassiter announced her bid for mayoral office . Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Rick Kriseman Rick Baker Anthony Cates Jesse Nevel Paul Congemi Theresa Lassiter Ernisa Barnwell Undecided St. Pete Polls June 28 , 2016 620 ± 3.9 % 36.1 % 37.3 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 26.6 % St. Pete Polls December 12 , 2016 1,100 ± 3.0 % 35.1 % 43.8 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 21.1 % St. Pete Polls January 30 , 2017 892 ± 3.3 % 37.3 % 46.5 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 16.3 % St. Pete Polls May 16 , 2017 1,237 ± 2.8 % 33.2 % 46.4 % N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 20.4 % St. Pete Polls June 27 , 2017 754 ± 3.6 % 38.8 % 43.5 % 2.0 % 2.1 % 1.7 % 3.0 % 0 % 8.9 % St. Pete Polls July 17 , 2017 1,011 ± 3.1 % 37.7 % 45.7 % 1.7 % 1.4 % 2.8 % 3.1 % N / A 7.6 % St. Pete Polls August 7 , 2017 862 ± 3.3 % 39.3 % 45.7 % 1.4 % 1.6 % 3.9 % 2.7 % N / A 5.3 % St. Pete Polls August 23 , 2017 1,524 ± 2.5 % 40.3 % 46.7 % 0.8 % 2.0 % 2.4 % 1.8 % N / A 5.9 % Primary campaigns ( edit ) Seven candidates ended up filing for the mayoral office before the cut - off date on June 23 . The front - runners include the incumbent mayor Kriseman and former mayor Baker , with minor candidates including Nevel , Lassiter , Cates , Congemi , and Barnwell . At the start of each campaign , Kriseman focused on the continuation of progress which included financing and construction of a new police headquarters and St. Petersburg Pier , poverty , and keeping the Tampa Bay Rays in the city . Baker aimed to win voters with his past management reputation , rebuilding the Sundial , and the Major League Soccer bid for the Tampa Bay Rowdies . Minor candidates such as Nevel and Lassiter vowed to focus on poverty and on St. Petersburg 's southern historical black community . Upon announcement of his re-election bid , Kriseman received endorsements from congressman Charlie Crist , U.S. senator Bill Nelson , the Sun Coast Police Benevolent Association , and four city council members in March . On June 27 , Kriseman and Baker participated in a debate which centered on local issues and questions as well as past campaigns . On July 10 , Barnwell was disqualified from the race due to a bounced check upon applying for candidacy . On the same day , the second public mayoral debate was held between both major candidates -- Kriseman and Baker -- and minor candidates - Nevel , Lassiter , Cates , Congemi , and Barnwell -- on issues involving the economy is south St. Petersburg , the police department , and homelessness before being halted due to protests . In the latter , mayoral candidate Congemi went viral after a comment he made on July 18 during a mayoral forum towards another mayoral candidate Nevel and his supporters . On August 9 , Ernisa Barnwell was officially disqualified from the mayoral race after a judge dismissed her injunction . Throughout the primary election , Baker had been endorsed by the Tampa Bay Times , various pastors in St. Petersburg , as well as realtors . In August , Kriseman was endorsed by Barack Obama . Primary results ( edit ) Kriseman and Baker obtained the most votes of any the candidates during the August 29 primary and both will advance a second election on November 7 as neither got the majority vote needed to avoid a runoff election . The day after the primary took place , it was reported Kriseman took 48.36 percent of the vote , or 27,322 votes with all 92 precincts reporting . Baker , a former two - term mayor , won 27,253 or 48.23 percent . Kriseman 's win in the actual primary vote was unexpected , since opinions polls conducted before the election showed Baker with not only a wide lead , but enough potential to win over enough voters needed to cross the more than 50 percent majority threshold ; at his post-election party , Baker had also given a speech claiming prematurely that he had won the primary as well . Primary election results Party Candidate Votes % Nonpartisan Rick Kriseman 27,322 48.36 Nonpartisan Rick Baker 27,253 48.23 Nonpartisan Jesse Nevel 944 1.67 Nonpartisan Theresa Lassiter 408 0.72 Nonpartisan Anthony Cates III 387 0.68 Nonpartisan Paul Congemi 187 0.33 Total votes 56,501 99.99 General election ( edit ) At the beginning of the general election on September 6 , both Kriseman and Baker temporarily suspended their campaigns to prepare for Hurricane Irma . General election results Party Candidate Votes % Nonpartisan Rick Kriseman 34,531 51 % Nonpartisan Rick Baker 32,341 49 % Total votes 66,872 -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Salomone , Julie ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Rick Kriseman wins re-election for mayor of Saint Petersburg '' . WFTS Tampa Bay . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Primary '' . Pinellas County Supervisor of Elections . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puente , Mark ; Cox , John Woodrow ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Rick Kriseman tops Bill Foster in St. Petersburg mayor 's race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kriseman defeats Foster in St. Pete mayor 's race '' . Tampa Bay Online . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puente , Mark ; Stanley , Kameel ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` St. Petersburg swears in Mayor Rick Kriseman with showy outdoor ceremony '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Rick Kriseman sworn in as St. Pete mayor '' . WFTS . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Perennial candidate throws his hat into ring for St. Pete Mayor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frago , Charlie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` St. Petersburg Mayor Rick Kriseman files for re-election '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Irwin , Janelle ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Rick Kriseman files for re-election as St. Pete mayor '' . Tampa Bay Business Journal . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bradshaw , Kate ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Social justice activist Jesse Nevel steps into St. Pete Mayor 's race , will challenge Kriseman from the left '' . Creative Loafing : Tampa Bay . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frago , Charlie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Rick vs. Rick : Former mayor Rick Baker will challenge incumbent St. Petersburg Mayor Rick Kriseman '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( 2017 ) Election -- Candidates '' ( PDF ) . City of St. Petersburg . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bergin , Mark ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Battle of the Ricks ' : Former St. Petersburg Mayor Rick Baker announces run for old office '' . WTSP . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frago , Charlie ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Do you need to vote in city elections to run for mayor of St. Petersburg ? Jesse Nevel says no '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frago , Charlie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` '' Momma Tee '' Lassiter jumps into St. Petersburg 's mayoral race `` . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Petersburg qualifying ends . Seven for mayor . Eight in primary for City Council District 6 seat '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Election Candidates '' . St. Pete Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Kate ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` As Battle of the Ricks heats up , Police Benevolent Association endorses Kriseman '' . Creative Loafing : Tampa Bay . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Kriseman nets council endorsements '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Axelbank , Evan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Kriseman , Baker debate in St. Pete town hall '' . Fox 13 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ; Moore , Waveney Ann ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` St. Petersburg showdown : Kriseman and Baker pull no punches in first forum '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Barnwell disqualified from St. Pete mayor 's race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Video : St. Pete mayoral debate marred by Uhuru protest , ended in shoving match '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Paul Congemi 's ' Go Back to Africa ' rant goes viral after St. Pete mayoral forum '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jr , Cleve R. Wootson ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fla. mayoral candidate had a message for activists who want reparations : ' Go back to Africa ' '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kekatos , Mary ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Mayoral candidate Paul Congemi says ' go back to Africa ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Ernisa Barnwell loses her bid to get back on ballot in St. Pete mayor 's race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sickler , Michael Van ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` TBT editorial board recommends Rick Baker in St. Pete mayoral race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Kate ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Color us shocked ! The Tampa Bay Times finally `` recommends '' Rick Baker in St. Pete mayor 's race `` . Creative Loafing : Tampa Bay . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Rick Baker releases endorsement of 40 Midtown pastors '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Realtors endorse Rick Baker for St. Pete Mayor '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama backs Kriseman in St. Petersburg mayor 's race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caputo , Marc ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Obama makes rare endorsement in crucial St. Petersburg race '' . Politico . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowden , John ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Obama backs old ally in St. Petersburg race '' . TheHill . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Mark ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Mayor Rick Kriseman pulls off unexpected win in St. Pete City primary '' . WTSP . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Mark ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kriseman , Baker will face off in November runoff for St. Petersburg mayor '' . WTSP . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ; Graves , Allison ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` St. Pete mayoral primary : Kriseman , Baker headed to runoff '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Primary Election '' . Pinellas County Supervisor of Elections . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma leaves St. Pete mayor 's race on hold -- for now '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ( hide ) ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Birmingham , AL Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg,_Florida_mayoral_election,_2017&oldid=819243331 '' Categories : 21st century in St. Petersburg , Florida Florida elections , 2017 Mayoral elections in St. Petersburg , Florida St. Petersburg , Florida United States mayoral elections , 2017 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 07 : 48 . About Wikipedia	who won the mayoral race in st petersburg	[ "Incumbent Rick Kriseman won the re-election.[1]" ]	[ "Incumbent Rick Kriseman" ]
5558209251123148845	Danny Boy	Danny Boy - wikipedia Danny Boy This article is about the folk song . For other uses , see Danny Boy ( disambiguation ) . `` Danny Boy '' Song Published 1913 Genre Folk Songwriter ( s ) Frederic Weatherly ( lyrics ) Danny Boy ( Londonderry Air ) A piano arrangement of the tune Derry Air . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Danny Boy '' is a ballad set to an ancient Irish melody . The words were written by English songwriter Frederic Weatherly and usually set to the Irish tune of the `` Londonderry Air '' . It is most closely associated with Irish communities . Contents 1 History 2 Meaning 3 Usage 4 Adaptation 5 Notable recordings 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) `` Danny Boy '' Ernestine Schumann - Heink ( 1917 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . 1940 recording by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra on RCA Bluebird , B - 10612 - B Initially written to a tune other than `` Londonderry Air '' , the words to `` Danny Boy '' were penned by English lawyer and lyricist Frederic Weatherly in Bath , Somerset in 1910 . After his Irish - born sister - in - law Margaret ( known as Jess ) in the United States sent him a copy of `` Londonderry Air '' in 1913 ( an alternative version of the story has her singing the air to him in 1912 with different lyrics ) , Weatherly modified the lyrics of `` Danny Boy '' to fit the rhyme and meter of `` Londonderry Air '' . Weatherly gave the song to the vocalist Elsie Griffin , who made it one of the most popular songs in the new century . In 1915 , Ernestine Schumann - Heink produced the first recording of `` Danny Boy '' . Jane Ross of Limavady is credited with collecting the melody of `` Londonderry Air '' in the mid-19th century from a musician she encountered . Meaning ( edit ) There are various suggestions as to the true meaning of `` Danny Boy '' . Some have interpreted the song to be a message from a parent to a son going off to a war or uprising ( as suggested by the reference to `` pipes calling glen to glen '' ) or leaving as part of the Irish diaspora . The 1918 version of the sheet music included alternative lyrics ( `` Eily Dear '' ) , with the instructions that `` when sung by a man , the words in italic should be used ; the song then becomes `` Eily Dear '' , so that `` Danny Boy '' is only to be sung by a lady `` . In spite of this , it is unclear whether this was Weatherly 's intent . Indeed , the song has been covered by a diverse range of male singers , including Mario Lanza , Bing Crosby , Andy Williams , Johnny Cash , Sam Cooke , Elvis Presley , Shane MacGowan , Jackie Wilson , Daniel O'Donnell , Harry Belafonte , Tom Jones , John Gary , Jacob Collier , Harry Connick Jr , and comedian Peter Kay amongst many others . All used the original lyrics . Usage ( edit ) `` Danny Boy '' is considered to be an unofficial signature song and anthem , particularly by Irish Americans and Irish Canadians . The song is popular for funerals ; but , as it is not liturgical , its suitability as a funeral song is sometimes contested . In 1928 , Weatherly himself suggested that the second verse would provide a fitting requiem for the actress Ellen Terry . On 13 April 2013 , the South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation released the concert album of the 2011 Girls ' Generation Asia Tour album . Girls ' Generation sang the song on CD 2 , track number 7 . Figure skating world champion Javier Fernández skated an exhibition program to Danny Boy choreographed by David Wilson , which Fernández debuted in Boston following his victory at the 2016 World Figure Skating Championships . Adaptation ( edit ) Southern gospel singer Dottie Rambo adapted the melody for her song , `` He Looked Beyond My Fault and Saw My Need '' , which was also notably sung by George Beverly Shea . Notable recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Danny Boy '' has been recorded multiple times by a variety of performers . Several versions performed by notable performers are listed below in chronological order . Year Artist Release Notes 1939 ( 1939 ) Gracie Fields Shipyard Sally soundtrack 1940 ( 1940 ) Judy Garland Little Nellie Kelly soundtrack Garland also sang it live at her concerts in Ireland and Scotland and most famously at her New York Palace Theatre debut in 1951 1940 ( 1940 ) Glenn Miller and His Orchestra Single only # 17 in `` Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 '' ( not from `` Billboard 's '' charts ) ; Arranged by Glenn Miller and pianist Chummy MacGregor 1941 ( 1941 ) Bing Crosby Merry Christmas Paired with `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' on its original single . Originally recorded July 5 , 1941 . 1950 ( 1950 ) Al Hibbler Single only # 9 on the R&B chart 1955 ( 1955 ) Slim Whitman Single only 1956 ( 1956 ) Ruby Murray The Voice of Ireland Released as part of her Irish songs album . 1959 ( 1959 ) Conway Twitty Saturday Night # 10 on Billboard Hot 100 and # 18 on R&B charts and # 1 in Italy ( banned by the BBC ) 1961 ( 1961 ) Jim Reeves The Blizzard / Danny Boy 7 '' 45rpm vinyl LP # 27 on RCA Victor 7855 in `` Music Vendor '' 1961 ( 1961 ) Andy Williams Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing # 15 on the U.S. adult contemporary and # 64 on the Hot 100 charts 1962 ( 1962 ) Connie Francis Connie Francis Sings Irish Favorites Released as an all - Irish album . 1964 ( 1964 ) Judith Durham / The Seekers ( numerous albums ) Judith Durham also performed it solo on many albums and TV appearances 1964 ( 1964 ) Harry James One Night Stand With Harry James on Tour in ' 64 Buddy Rich on drums 1964 ( 1964 ) Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles Sweethearts of the Apollo # 76 on Hot 100 1965 Johnny Cash Orange Blossom Special 1965 ( 1965 ) Jackie Wilson Single only # 94 on Hot 100 and # 25 on R&B charts 1967 ( 1967 ) Ray Price Danny Boy # 60 on Hot 100 and # 9 on Country charts 1967 ( 1967 ) Tom Jones 13 Smash Hits Also included in 1969 album Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas 1972 ( 1972 ) Roy Orbison Memphis 1972 ( 1972 ) Glen Campbell The Artistry of Glen Campbell 1976 ( 1976 ) Elvis Presley From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Recorded in response to a request from his father , Vernon , this is from Elvis ' penultimate studio recording session in February 1976 , recorded in the Jungle Room of Elvis ' home in Graceland . 1979 ( 1979 ) Thin Lizzy Black Rose : A Rock Legend Gary Moore and Phil Lynott of Thin Lizzy had previously recorded an instrumental version , titled Dan , on their Tribute to Deep Purple album in 1972 1990 ( 1990 ) Carly Simon My Romance 1990 ( 1990 ) Frank Patterson Miller 's Crossing soundtrack Also included in 1999 album , Ireland In Song 2017 ( 2017 ) Bill Evans Empathy Recorded in 1962 featuring 3 : 41 version with the trio - bonus 10 : 43 solo piano version added to JAZZTWINS 2017 vinyl release 1991 ( 1991 ) Bill Evans Time Remembered Recorded in 1963 ; released on the CD - version of the album in 1991 1992 ( 1992 ) John McDermott Independent recording 1998 ( 1998 ) Jacintha Abisheganaden Here 's To Ben -- A Vocal Tribute To Ben Webster Groove Note 2002 ( 2002 ) Johnny Cash American IV : The Man Comes Around American Recordings , Universal 2002 ( 2002 ) Eva Cassidy Imagine Blix Street 2005 Celtic Woman Celtic Woman Performed by Méav Ní Mhaolchatha . Rereleased in the 2015 album Decade . The Songs , The Show , The Traditions , The Classics 2009 ( 2009 ) Mormon Tabernacle Choir and Orchestra Danny Boy , Live at Red Rocks Performed live at the Red Rocks Amphitheater in Colorado during the 2009 Central US Tour . Arranged by Mack Wilberg . The performance was recorded and it is available at Mormon Tabernacle Choir 's YouTube Channel 2012 ( 2012 ) BYU 's Vocal Point Danny Boy Available on the Vocal Point YouTube Channel 2013 Girls ' Generation 2011 Girls ' Generation Tour CD 2 , # 7 , the song is sung by five members ( Taeyeon , Tiffany , Seohyun , Jessica , Sunny ) 2013 ( 2013 ) The Gothard Sisters Compass # 11 2015 ( 2015 ) Damien Leith Songs from Ireland # 11 in Australia 2015 ( 2015 ) Lisa Hannigan Fargo Season 2 , Episode 7 `` Did you do this ? No , you did it ! '' 2015 Jacob Collier Maida Vale session for BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXIApugIuqk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The ' Danny Boy ' Trivia Collection '' . Standingstones.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Weatherly 's own description of writing Danny Boy '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ In Sunshine And In Shadow : The family story of Danny Boy by Anthony Mann ( Weatherly 's great grandson ) ISBN 1300775017 Jump up ^ George Petrie : The Ancient Music of Ireland , 1855 ^ Jump up to : `` The true meaning of Danny Boy '' . Standingstones.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ McCourt , Malachy ( 30 Mar 2005 ) . Danny Boy : The Legend of the Beloved Irish Ballad ( Reprint ed . ) . New American Library . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 20806 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hinnesbusch , Patricia D. `` Irish Song Danny Boy Meaning and History of Irish Ballads . '' Symbol Meaning for Hundreds of Symbols & Symbol Resources . Living Arts Enterprises , LLC , 14 Sept. 2010 . Jump up ^ No byline ( 2001 - 08 - 10 ) , `` ' Danny Boy ' can not be played during Mass '' . National Catholic Reporter. 37 ( 36 ) : 11 Jump up ^ `` ( 121130 ) Danny Boy ( 2011 Girls ' Generation Tour ) '' . Youtube.com. 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny Boy ( Londonderry Air ) ( song by The Glenn Miller Orchestra ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Al Hibbler ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Murray -- The Voice Of Ireland '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Conway Twitty ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1959 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` HPI - Settimana del 26 / 03 / 60 '' . Hitparadeitalia.it. 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer ( 2008 ) . This Record Is Not to Be Broadcast Vol. 2 : 50 More Records Banned by the BBC ( liner notes ) . Fantastic Voyage . FVDD 038 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Andy Williams ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1961 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1964 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Jackie Wilson ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1965 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy ( song by Ray Price ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com. 1967 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mormon Tabernacle Choir and Orchestra . Danny Boy . Arranged by Mack Wilberg . Colorado , Red Rocks Amphitheater , 2009 . Live performance recorded '' . 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Boy - BYU Vocal Point '' . 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . or the `` Music Video Hits , Vol. 1 '' album External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Danny Boy The Legend and History of the Song Danny Boy Danny Boy 1913 sheet music from Duke University Libraries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Boy&oldid=854847510 '' Categories : 1913 songs Songs written by Frederic Weatherly Irish folk songs Folk ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 05 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the song danny boy come from	[ "Initially written to a tune other than \"Londonderry Air\", the words to \"Danny Boy\" were penned by English lawyer and lyricist Frederic Weatherly in Bath, Somerset in 1910. After his Irish-born sister-in-law Margaret (known as Jess) in the United States sent him a copy of \"Londonderry Air\" in 1913 (an alternative version of the story has her singing the air to him in 1912 with different lyrics), Weatherly modified the lyrics of \"Danny Boy\" to fit the rhyme and meter of \"Londonderry Air\".[2][3]\n" ]	[ "Bath, Somerset" ]
1332399138174226877	New Bern, North Carolina	New Bern , North Carolina - Wikipedia New Bern , North Carolina `` New Bern '' redirects here . For other uses , see Newbern . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) City in North Carolina , United States New Bern , North Carolina City City of New Bern New Bern City Hall Location of New Bern in Craven County , North Carolina New Bern Location within the contiguous United States of America Coordinates : 35 ° 06 ′ 30.6 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 38.8 '' W / 35.108500 ° N 77.044111 ° W / 35.108500 ; - 77.044111 Coordinates : 35 ° 06 ′ 30.6 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 38.8 '' W / 35.108500 ° N 77.044111 ° W / 35.108500 ; - 77.044111 Country United States State North Carolina County Craven Settled 1710 Incorporated 23 November 1723 Founded by The Baron of Bernberg Named for Bern , Switzerland Government Type Council -- Manager Mayor Dana Outlaw ( I ) Board of Aldermen Members ( show ) Sabrina Bengel ( I ) Jamee Harris ( I ) Bobby Aster ( I ) Johnnie Kinsey ( I ) Barbara Best ( I ) Jeffrey Odham ( I ) Manager Mark Stephens Area Total 29.7 sq mi ( 76.9 km ) Land 28.2 sq mi ( 73.1 km ) Water 1.4 sq mi ( 3.7 km ) Elevation 30 ft ( 3 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 29,524 Estimate ( 2016 ) 30,101 Density 990 / sq mi ( 380 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 28560 , 28562 Area code ( s ) 252 FIPS code 37 - 46340 GNIS feature ID 1013911 Website www.newbern-nc.org New Bern is a city in Craven County , North Carolina , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 29,524 , which had risen to an estimated 30,242 as of 2013 . It is the county seat of Craven County and the principal city of the New Bern Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is located at the confluence of the Neuse and the Trent rivers , near the North Carolina coast . It lies 112 miles ( 180 km ) east of Raleigh , 87 miles ( 140 km ) northeast of Wilmington , and 162 miles ( 261 km ) south of Norfolk . New Bern is the birthplace of Pepsi . New Bern was settled in 1710 by Bernese and Palatine immigrants under the auspices of Christoph von Graffenried , 1st Baron of Bernberg . The new colonists named their settlement after Bern , Switzerland , home state of their patron . The English connection with Switzerland had been established by some Marian exiles who sought refuge in Protestant parts of Switzerland . There were also marriages between the Royal House of Stuart and notable people in the history of Calvinism . The colonists later discovered they had started their settlement on the site of a former Tuscarora village named Chattoka . This caused conflicts with the Tuscaroras who were in the area . New Bern is the second - oldest European - American colonial town in North Carolina ( after Bath ) . It served as the capital of the North Carolina colonial government , then briefly as the state capital . After the American Revolution , New Bern became wealthy and quickly developed a rich cultural life . At one time New Bern was called `` the Athens of the South , '' renowned for its Masonic Temple and Athens Theater . These are both still very active today . New Bern has four historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places ; their numerous contributing buildings include residences , stores and churches dating back to the early eighteenth century . Within easy walking distance of the waterfront are more than 164 homes and buildings listed on the National Register . Also nearby are several bed and breakfasts , hotels , restaurants , banks , antiques stores and specialty shops . The historic districts contain many of the city 's 2,000 crape myrtles -- its official flower -- and developed gardens . New Bern has two `` Local Historic Districts '' , a municipal zoning overlay that affords legal protection to the exteriors of New Bern 's irreplaceable historic structures . These areas provide much of New Bern 's unique charm , appeal to retirees and heritage tourism , and contribute to the city 's economic success . The Local Historic Districts , while vitally important to New Bern , comprise only 2.43 % of New Bern 's 27 - square - mile area . There is considerable area available for new development . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Transportation 4 Demographics 5 Education 5.1 Colleges 5.2 High schools 5.3 Middle schools 5.4 Elementary schools 5.5 Private schools 6 Radio stations 7 In popular culture 8 Notable people 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Varying complex cultures of indigenous peoples had lived along the waterways of North Carolina for thousands of years before Europeans explored the area . The Tuscarora , an Iroquoian - speaking people , had migrated south from the Great Lakes area in some ancient time and occupied this area for hundreds of years before any Europeans arrived . They had an ancient village , Chattoka , here at the confluence of the rivers . They resisted encroachment by the Europeans , rising up in resistance in 1712 . New Bern was settled in 1710 by Bernese and Palatine immigrants under the auspices of Christoph von Graffenried , 1st Baron of Bernberg . The new colonists named their settlement after the Canton of Bern , Switzerland , home state of their patron . Graffenried had the original plat of the town laid out in the shape of a cross , though later development and additional streets have obscured this pattern within the regular street grid . This became the first permanent seat of the colonial government of North Carolina . Tryon Palace ( 2008 ) The Governor 's Palace , New Bern ( also known as Tryon Palace ) , served as the capital of North Carolina from 1770 until the state government relocated to Raleigh in 1792 . Baron de Graffenried Marker ( 2007 ) During the 19th - century Federal period , New Bern became the largest city in North Carolina , developed on the trade of goods and slaves associated with plantation agriculture . After Raleigh was named the state capital , New Bern rebuilt its economy by expanding on trade via shipping routes to the Caribbean and New England . It was part of the Triangle Trade in sugar , slaves , and desired goods . It reached a population of 3,600 in 1815 . In 1862 during the early stages of the American Civil War , the area was the site of the Battle of New Bern . Federal forces captured and occupied the town until the end of the war in 1865 . Nearly 10,000 enslaved blacks escaped during this period in the region and went to the Union camps for protection and freedom . The Union Army set up the Trent River contraband camp at New Bern to house the refugees . It organized the adults for work . Missionaries came to teach literacy to both adults and children . After the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln , slaves in Union - occupied territories were declared free ; more freedmen came to the Trent River camp for protection . The Army appointed Horace James , a Congregational chaplain from Massachusetts , as the `` Superintendent of Negro Affairs for the North Carolina District '' on behalf of the Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen and Abandoned Lands . In addition to the Trent River camp , James supervised development of the offshore Roanoke Island Freedmen 's Colony , which was intended to be self - supporting . Beginning in 1863 , a total of nearly 4,000 freedmen from North Carolina enlisted in the United States Colored Troops to fight with the Union for their permanent freedom , including 150 men from the colony on Roanoke Island . Journal of Luis Michel ( 1702 ) Due to the continuous occupation by the Union troops , New Bern avoided some of the destruction of the war years . There was much social disruption because of the occupation and the thousands of freedmen camped near the city . Still , it recovered more quickly than many cities after the war . By the 1870s the lumber industry was developing as the chief part of New Bern 's economy . Timber harvested could be sent downriver by the two nearby rivers . The city continued to be a center for freedmen , who created communities independent of white supervision : thriving churches , fraternal associations , and their own businesses . By 1877 the city had a majority - black population . The state legislature defined the city and county as part of North Carolina 's 2nd congressional district which , as former plantation territory , held a concentration of the state 's black residents . They elected four blacks to the US Congress in the late 19th century . The state 's passage of a constitutional suffrage amendment in 1900 used various devices to disenfranchise black citizens . As a result , they were totally closed out of the political process , including participation on juries and in local offices ; white Democrats maintained this suppression mostly , until after passage of federal civil rights legislation , including the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided for federal enforcement of constitutional rights . By 1890 New Bern had become the largest lumber center in North Carolina and one of the largest in all of the South . During this time , as many as 16 lumber mills were running and employing hundreds of men from New Bern and the area . The competitive nature of the lumber barons , the abundance of lumber and craftsmen , led to the construction in New Bern of some of the finest homes in the South , many of which have survived . The lumber boom lasted until the 1920s . One by one the lumber mills went out of business . Today only Weyerhaeuser manufactures lumber in the area . New Bern , N.C. ( 1864 ) The city has four National Historic Districts and two local ones , which have helped preserve the character of the architecture . The Downtown Local Historic District is 368.64 acres ( 149.18 ha ) or 0.576 square miles ( 1.49 km ) ; the Riverside Local Historic District covers 51.94 acres ( 21.02 ha ) or 0.081 square miles ( 0.21 km ) . Union Point Park borders the Neuse and Trent rivers . It is the site of the city 's major celebrations , such as Neuse River Days and the Fourth of July . Since 1979 the Swiss Bear Downtown Revitalization Corporation has worked to redevelop downtown ; it has stimulated the creation of art galleries , specialty shops , antiques stores , restaurants and inns . This area has become a social and cultural hub . James Reed Lane is a downtown mini-park and pedestrian walk - through on Pollock Street across from historic Christ Church . Private restoration efforts have returned many of the downtown buildings to their turn - of - the - twentieth - century elegance . In 2005 , a segment of NBC 's The Today Show noted that New Bern was one of the best places in the United States to retire . Retirees from the northern states have added to its population . The Attmore - Oliver House , J.T. Barber School , Baxter Clock , Bellair , Blades House , Bryan House and Office , Cedar Grove Cemetery , Cedar Street Recreation Center , Centenary Methodist Church , Central Elementary School , Christ Episcopal Church and Parish House , Coor - Bishop House , Coor - Gaston House , Craven Terrace , DeGraffenried Park Historic District , Ebenezer Presbyterian Church , First Baptist Church , First Church of Christ , Scientist , First Missionary Baptist Church , First Presbyterian Church and Churchyard , Ghent Historic District , Gull Harbor , Harvey Mansion , Hawks House , William Hollister House , Thomas Jerkins House , Jerkins - Duffy House , Jones - Jarvis House , Ulysses S. Mace House , Masonic Temple and Theater , Mount Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church , New Bern Battlefield Site , New Bern Historic District , New Bern Municipal Building , New Bern National Cemetery , Rhem - Waldrop House , Riverside Historic District , Rue Chapel AME Church , Slover - Bradham House , Eli Smallwood House , Isaac H. Smith , Jr. , House , Benjamin Smith House , Smith - Whitford House , St. John 's Missionary Baptist Church , St. Paul 's Roman Catholic Church , St. Peter 's AME Zion Church , Edward R. Stanly House , John Wright Stanly House , Stevenson House , Isaac Taylor House , Tisdale - Jones House , and York - Gordon House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Geography ( edit ) Aerial view of New Bern ( center left ) showing the confluence of the Trent ( bottom center ) and Neuse ( left to right ) rivers . East is up . The two larger bridges carry U.S. 70 , U.S. 17 , and NC 55 , bypassing New Bern to the south through the unincorporated community of James City . The smaller bridge crossing the mouth of the Trent River is Front Street , while the smaller bridge crossing the Neuse is a railroad bridge . New Bern is located in the center of Craven County at 35 ° 6 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 9 '' W / 35.10917 ° N 77.06917 ° W / 35.10917 ; - 77.06917 ( 35.109070 , − 77.069111 ) . It is sited at the junction of the Trent and Neuse rivers , two tidal waterways . U.S. Route 70 and U.S. Route 17 pass through the city , merging briefly as a four - lane expressway passing south of the city center . US 70 leads west 33 miles ( 53 km ) to Kinston and southeast 35 miles ( 56 km ) to Morehead City near the Atlantic Ocean . Raleigh , the state capital , is 112 miles ( 180 km ) west via US 70 . US 17 leads southwest 37 miles ( 60 km ) to Jacksonville , North Carolina , and crosses the Neuse River on a new bridge to lead north 36 miles ( 58 km ) to Washington , North Carolina . New Bern is located in North Carolina 's Inner Banks region . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 29.7 square miles ( 76.9 km ) , of which 28.2 square miles ( 73.1 km ) is land and 1.4 square miles ( 3.7 km ) , or 4.87 % , is water . Climate ( edit ) New Bern experiences a humid subtropical climate typical of the Atlantic coastal plain . Summers are hot and humid , with frequent afternoon thunderstorms that account for much of the higher summer precipitation . Spring and fall are generally mild , with fall foliage occurring from late October to early November . Winters are relatively mild and drier than the remainder of the year , with infrequent snowfall . hide Climate data for New Bern , North Carolina Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 81 ( 27 ) 88 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 95 ( 35 ) 100 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 106 ( 41 ) 103 ( 39 ) 101 ( 38 ) 97 ( 36 ) 87 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 106 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 55 ( 13 ) 58 ( 14 ) 65 ( 18 ) 74 ( 23 ) 80 ( 27 ) 87 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 88 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 75 ( 24 ) 66 ( 19 ) 58 ( 14 ) 73 ( 23 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 34 ( 1 ) 36 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 50 ( 10 ) 59 ( 15 ) 68 ( 20 ) 72 ( 22 ) 70 ( 21 ) 65 ( 18 ) 54 ( 12 ) 44 ( 7 ) 36 ( 2 ) 53 ( 12 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) ( − 17 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 32 ( 0 ) 44 ( 7 ) 55 ( 13 ) 50 ( 10 ) 43 ( 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 4 ( − 20 ) − 4 ( − 20 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 4.77 ( 121.2 ) 3.80 ( 96.5 ) 4.49 ( 114 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 4.19 ( 106.4 ) 4.80 ( 121.9 ) 6.48 ( 164.6 ) 6.84 ( 173.7 ) 5.45 ( 138.4 ) 3.39 ( 86.1 ) 3.23 ( 82 ) 3.84 ( 97.5 ) 54.68 ( 1,388.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 2.7 ( 6.9 ) Source # 1 : National Weather Service Source # 2 : Weatherbase Transportation ( edit ) Coastal Carolina Regional Airport is a public airport located 3 miles ( 5 km ) south of the central business district of New Bern . The airport offers connecting flights to the Atlanta and Charlotte airports daily . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 2,467 -- 1820 3,663 -- 1830 3,796 3.6 % 1840 3,690 − 2.8 % 1850 4,681 26.9 % 1860 5,432 16.0 % 1870 5,849 7.7 % 1880 6,443 10.2 % 1890 7,843 21.7 % 1900 9,090 15.9 % 1910 9,961 9.6 % 1920 12,198 22.5 % 1930 11,981 − 1.8 % 1940 11,815 − 1.4 % 1950 15,812 33.8 % 1960 15,717 − 0.6 % 1970 14,660 − 6.7 % 1980 14,557 − 0.7 % 17,363 19.3 % 2000 23,128 33.2 % 29,524 27.7 % Est. 2016 30,101 2.0 % U.S. Decennial Census The population of the area was 30,291 ( 95 % urban , 5 % rural ) people in 2014 , a 31 % increase in growth since 2000 . Gender distribution is 47.5 % male and 52.5 % female with a median resident age of 38.8 . The percentage of residents under the age of 18 was 24.2 % . The 2012 racial breakdown includes White alone -- 16,304 ( 54 % ) , Black alone -- 9,634 ( 31.9 % ) , Asian alone -- 1,844 ( 6.1 % ) , Hispanic -- 1,626 ( 5.4 % ) , Two or more races -- 747 ( 2.5 % ) , American Indian alone -- 50 ( 0.2 % ) and Other race alone -- 13 ( 0.04 % ) . The median income for a household in the city in 2015 was $41,285 . The City of New Bern 2010 Census information shows the population of the area was approximately 29,524 people . From 2000 to 2010 , the New Bern city population growth percentage was 27.7 % ( or from 23,128 people to 29,524 people ) . 22.8 % of the New Bern city residents were under 18 years of age . Census 2010 race data for New Bern city include the racial breakdown percentages of 57.0 white , 32.8 % black , 3.6 % Asian , 5.8 % Hispanic and less than 1 % Native American , Also , there were 14,471 housing units in the City of New Bern , 88.2 % of which were occupied housing units . Education ( edit ) Colleges ( edit ) Craven Community College University of Mount Olive at New Bern High schools ( edit ) New Bern High School Craven Early College High School West Craven High School Epiphany School Early College EAST High School Middle schools ( edit ) Grover C. Fields Middle School H.J. McDonald Middle School West Craven Middle School Elementary schools ( edit ) Trent Park Elementary School Oaks Road Elementary School J.T. Barber Elementary School Brinson Memorial Elementary School Ben D. Quinn Elementary School Albert H. Bangert Elementary School Creekside Elementary School Bridgeton Elementary School Private schools ( edit ) Calvary Baptist Christian School St. Paul Catholic School ( St. Paul Education Center ) The Epiphany School of Global Studies New Bern Christian Academy Radio stations ( edit ) 1450 AM / 97.1 FM WNOS -- News / Talk / Sports 1490 AM / 103.9 FM WWNB ESPN Radio -- sports talk 88.5 FM WZNB Public Radio East -- News / Talk 89.3 FM WTEB Public Radio East -- Classical Music 92.7 FM WBNK The Beacon Christian Contemporary 91.9 FM WAAE American Family Radio -- Religious 97.9 FM WNBB -- Classic Country 98.3 FM WLGT The Bridge -- Contemporary Christian 98.9 FM WNBB K - Love -- Christian Contemporary 99.5 FM WXNR -- Hot FM -- Top 40 101.9 FM WIKS Kiss FM -- Hip Hop & R&B 104.5 FM WSTK Surge Radio -- Rhythmic Hot AC / Dance Hits 105.5 FM WXQR -- Pure Rock 107.9 FM WNCT -- Beach Boogie & Blues 106.5 FM WSFL -- Classic Rock 107.1 FM WTKF - FM / WJNC - AM -- The Talk Station In popular culture ( edit ) Jules Verne 's 1896 novel Face au Drapeau ( Facing the Flag ) featured New Bern as the place where one of that story 's main characters is committed to an asylum by the U.S. government . Nicholas Sparks set his novels , The Notebook and A Bend in the Road , in the city . Notable people ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lewis Addison Armistead , Confederate Army brigadier general Shawn Armstrong , MLB pitcher with the Cleveland Indians George Edmund Badger , US Senator ( 1846 -- 1855 ) Graham Arthur Barden , 13 - term US congressman ( 1935 -- 1961 ) Cullen A. Battle , postbellum mayor of New Bern Samuel J. Battle , first African - American policeman in New York City Walt Bellamy , NBA Hall of Fame basketball player Caleb Bradham , inventor of Pepsi - Cola John Heritage Bryan , US congressman ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Chase Crawford , actor and producer Gary Downs , NFL player for the New York Giants , Atlanta Falcons , Denver Broncos ; assistant coach East Tennessee State Davon Drew , tight end for NFL 's Baltimore Ravens Elwood Edwards , voice of AOL 's `` You 've got mail '' William Gaston , jurist and US congressman ( 1813 -- 1817 ) Christoph von Graffenried , 1st Baron of Bernberg ( 1661 -- 1743 ) , British peer from Canton of Bern , who founded New Bern in 1710 Montario Hardesty , NFL running back for Cleveland Browns William J. Hutchins ( 1813 -- 1884 ) , mercantilist , railroad owner , and Mayor of Houston ( 1861 ) Donna Hutchinson , former member of Arkansas House of Representatives , born in New Bern in 1949 George Koonce , NFL player for Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks , Athletic Director of University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee Valentina Lisitsa , concert pianist Bob Mann , NFL player , first African American to play for Detroit Lions , later also Green Bay Packers Aaron Martin , former NFL player for Los Angeles Rams , Philadelphia Eagles , and Washington Redskins . Eliza Jane McKissack , director and founding member of Conservatory of Music at University of North Texas Linda McMahon , 25th administrator of the Small Business Administration and former CEO OF World Wrestling Entertainment Dan Neil , Pulitzer Prize - winning automotive journalist James E.C. Perry , justice of Supreme Court of Florida Teddy Shapou , Flying Tiger during World War II Brian Simmons , NFL player for Cincinnati Bengals and New Orleans Saints William Henry Singleton , former slave who became noted Civil War soldier Furnifold Simmons , U.S. senator Richard Dobbs Spaight , signer of Declaration of Independence Edward Stanly , son of John Stanly , congressman 1837 -- 1843 , appointed military governor of North Carolina in 1862 Fabius Maximus Stanly ( 1815 -- 1882 ) , rear admiral of U.S. Navy , namesake of WWII destroyer , USS Stanly , DD - 478 John Stanly , father of Edward Stanly , congressman ( 1801 -- 1803 , 1809 -- 1811 ) Adam Warren , MLB player for New York Yankees and Chicago Cubs George Henry White , attorney , banker , last of four African - American congressmen from North Carolina in the 19th century ; next was not elected until 1992 Kevin Meade Williamson , screenwriter , I Know What You Did Last Summer , television series Dawson 's Creek Bayard Wootten ( 1875 -- 1959 ) , photographer and suffragette References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Which Ward Do I Live in ? '' . City of New Bern . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : New Bern city , North Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 ( PEPANNRES ) : North Carolina Incorporated Places '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Colonial Records of North Carolina . n.d. pp. 985 -- 986 . LCCN 01006807 . OCLC 2864657 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ http://www.newbern-nc.org/visitor/city-history/ Jump up ^ Bishir , Catherine ( 2005 ) . North Carolina Architecture . UNC Press . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Wilhelmsburg , Colonial Williamsburg , Robert A. Selig , The Potomac Appalachian Trail Club History '' . Patc.us . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bishir , Catherine ( 2005 ) . North Carolina Architecture . UNC Press . p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Roanoke Island Freedmen 's Colony '' , provided by National Park Service , at North Carolina Digital History : LEARN NC , accessed November 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Click , Patricia C. `` The Roanoke Island Freedmen 's Colony '' , Roanoke Island Freedmen 's Colony website , 2001 , accessed November 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Listings '' . Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties : 8 / 18 / 14 through 8 / 23 / 14 . National Park Service . 2014 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Bern NC '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Channel : Historical Weather for New Bern , NC '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/New-Bern-North-Carolina.html#ixzz3HkVOfRmM Jump up ^ Backwards to Britain , edited by William Butcher ( Chambers , 1992 ) Jump up ^ Who Was Who in America , Historical Volume , 1607 -- 1896 . Marquis Who 's Who . 1963 . Jump up ^ Julia Beazley ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` HUTCHINS , WILLIAM J '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Hutchinson '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Todd , Vincent H. , ed. ( 1920 ) . Christoph von Graffenried 's Account of the Founding of New Bern . Publications of the North Carolina Historical Commission . Raleigh : Edwards & Broughton Printing Co . LCCN 21027196 . OCLC 1107613 . OL 6640211M -- via Internet Archive . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNew Bern , North Carolinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Government Official website General information Geographic data related to New Bern , North Carolina at OpenStreetMap New Bern Convention and Visitors Bureau New Bern - Craven County Public Library New Bern Sun Journal , daily newspaper Works by or about New Bern , North Carolina at Internet Archive Works by or about New Bern , North Carolina in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Texts on Wikisource : `` Newbern '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . `` Newbern '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Newbern '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Newbern , N.C. '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . `` New Berne '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Municipalities and communities of Craven County , North Carolina , United States County seat : New Bern Cities Havelock New Bern Towns Bridgeton Cove City Dover River Bend Trent Woods Vanceboro Harlowe CDPs Brices Creek Fairfield Harbour James City Neuse Forest Unincorporated communities Fort Barnwell Military base Cherry Point Air Station GND : 4042000 - 0 LCCN : n82003683 NARA : 10045952 VIAF : 137917550 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Bern,_North_Carolina&oldid=854309953 '' Categories : New Bern , North Carolina 1710 establishments in North Carolina Cities in Craven County , North Carolina Cities in North Carolina County seats in North Carolina Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States Former state capitals in the United States New Bern micropolitan area Planned cities in the United States Populated places established in 1710 Populated places on the Neuse River Swiss - American history Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Volapük Winaray 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 11 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what city is close to new bern nc	[ "It is located at the confluence of the Neuse and the Trent rivers, near the North Carolina coast. It lies 112 miles (180 km) east of Raleigh, 87 miles (140 km) northeast of Wilmington, and 162 miles (261 km) south of Norfolk. New Bern is the birthplace of Pepsi.\n", "It is located at the confluence of the Neuse and the Trent rivers, near the North Carolina coast. It lies 112 miles (180 km) east of Raleigh, 87 miles (140 km) northeast of Wilmington, and 162 miles (261 km) south of Norfolk. New Bern is the birthplace of Pepsi.\n", "It is located at the confluence of the Neuse and the Trent rivers, near the North Carolina coast. It lies 112 miles (180 km) east of Raleigh, 87 miles (140 km) northeast of Wilmington, and 162 miles (261 km) south of Norfolk. New Bern is the birthplace of Pepsi.\n" ]	[ "Norfolk", "Wilmington", "Raleigh" ]
4534940644476344800	Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (film)	Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ( film ) - wikipedia Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ( film ) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot Theatrical release poster Directed by Glenn Ficarra John Requa Produced by Lorne Michaels Tina Fey Ian Bryce Screenplay by Robert Carlock Based on The Taliban Shuffle : Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Kim Barker Starring Tina Fey Margot Robbie Martin Freeman Alfred Molina Christopher Abbott Billy Bob Thornton Music by Nick Urata Cinematography Xavier Grobet Edited by Jan Kovac Production companies Broadway Video Little Stranger Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $24.9 million Whiskey Tango Foxtrot is a 2016 American biographical war comedy - drama film directed by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa , and written by Robert Carlock , based on the memoir The Taliban Shuffle : Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Kim Barker . The film stars Tina Fey , Margot Robbie , Martin Freeman , Christopher Abbott , Alfred Molina , and Billy Bob Thornton . It was released on March 4 , 2016 by Paramount Pictures . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Release 3.3 Home media 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2003 New York City , dissatisfied with the state of her career covering low - profile stories , television journalist Kim Baker ( Tina Fey ) agrees to take a short assignment as a war correspondent in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom , to the disappointment of her boyfriend Chris ( Josh Charles ) , who also spends a lot of time traveling . Assigned low - budget living quarters with other international journalists , she begins friendships with noted BBC correspondent Tanya Vanderpoel ( Margot Robbie ) and lecherous Scottish freelance photographer Iain MacKelpie ( Martin Freeman ) . After a period of adjustment aided by her Afghan `` fixer '' Fahim Ahmadzai ( Christopher Abbott ) , she begins taking well to the assignment , eliciting frank remarks on camera from soldiers questioning the value of their assignment there , and putting herself in harm 's way to capture combat incidents on video . American Marine commander General ( previously Colonel ) Hollanek ( Billy Bob Thornton ) takes a dim view of her as an inexperienced nuisance . Despite the danger , Kim stays in Afghanistan for months , then years beyond her original assignment . She catches Chris unprepared with a middle - of - the - night video call , and finds him with another woman , ending their relationship . Against her better judgment , she begins a sexual relationship with Iain , which over time also develops into a more personal one . Although her status as a woman presents challenges in an Afghan Islamic society which places restrictive roles on women , she also uses it to her advantage , gaining access to women in a village who explain that they 've been sabotaging the US - built well because they welcome the daily walk to the river away from the men , and recklessly , carrying a camera under a burqa to record a religious demonstration . She also walks a tightrope , taking advantage of the thinly - veiled sexual interest of Afghan Attorney General Ali Massoud Sadiq ( Alfred Molina ) to use him as a source . Fahim -- who treated opium addicts before the war -- cautions her , pointing out that danger can be like a drug . Despite their mutual friendliness , Kim remains in competition with other journalists for stories and for resources from their employers back home . After three years in Afghanistan , Kim flies to New York to argue for more support from her network 's new boss , only to discover that Tanya is slated to take over from her . Meanwhile , Iain is kidnapped for ransom while traveling cross-country to cover a developing story that Iain had earlier offered to bring Kim in on . Kim returns `` home '' to Afghanistan , where she blackmails her `` special friend '' , Ali , for information about Iain 's whereabouts , and impresses upon Hollanek the political value to him of rescuing Iain . The mission -- accompanied by Kim 's cameraman -- is a success , both militarily and journalistically . However , shortly after Iain 's rescue Kim becomes disillusioned with both her tentative relationship and her station . She then bids farewell to her colleagues and to Fahim , and returns to the U.S. to stay . After returning , she looks up a Marine ( Evan Jonigkeit ) who was transferred , apparently because of his on - camera comments to her , and subsequently lost both of his legs to an IED . She tries to apologize for the consequences of her actions , but he refuses to let her take the blame . She moves on to an on - camera desk job , where she later finds herself interviewing Iain , who is going to be in New York soon as part of a tour for his new book , and who invites her to meet him for coffee . Cast ( edit ) Tina Fey as Kim Baker , a cable - news reporter Margot Robbie as Tanya Vanderpoel , a British BBC News TV journalist whom Kim admires and befriends . Martin Freeman as Iain MacKelpie , Kim 's unexpected love interest and a dedicated Scottish photojournalist . Christopher Abbott as Fahim Ahmadzai , who acts as driver , translator and all - around handyman for reporters . Billy Bob Thornton as Brigadier General Hollanek , US Marine Corps , a military man who initially scares Kim . Hollanek is referred to variously as `` Colonel '' and `` General '' throughout the film , but he is credited as `` General , '' despite his presence in the field . Alfred Molina as Ali Massoud Sadiq , a local official who has a romantic interest in her . Sheila Vand as Shakira El - Khoury , a Lebanese reporter who works alongside Kim and Tanya . Nicholas Braun as Tall Brian , Kim 's cameraman Steve Peacocke as Nic , Kim 's alpha male bodyguard Evan Jonigkeit as Lance Corporal Coughlin , a member of 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines when Baker is embedded . Scott Takeda as Ed Faber Josh Charles as Chris Cherry Jones as Geri Taub Sterling K. Brown as Sergeant Hurd , another member of 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines . Thomas Kretschmann as Airplane Passenger Production ( edit ) In February 2014 , Tina Fey confirmed that her production company , Little Stranger , would adapt the memoir The Taliban Shuffle : Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Kim Barker of the Chicago Tribune into a film . Fey would star in the lead role in the film , which would be produced by Lorne Michaels and written by Robert Carlock . On June 30 , 2014 , Paramount tapped Glenn Ficarra and John Requa to direct the film . On October 22 , 2014 , Margot Robbie joined the cast to play a competing reporter alongside Fey 's character . On November 20 , 2014 , Martin Freeman was in talks to play Fey 's character 's unexpected love interest , a dedicated Scottish photojournalist . On January 10 , 2015 , it was reported that Nikolaj Coster - Waldau was in talks to join the film for a male lead role , although he did not ultimately star in the film . On February 2 , 2015 , Christopher Abbott joined the film 's cast . On February 3 , 2015 , Nicholas Braun joined the film to play Tall Brian , Fey 's character 's cameraman , and the film was titled as Fun House . On February 9 , 2015 , Steve Peacocke was set to star in the film , playing Nic , Fey 's character 's alpha male bodyguard . On February 11 , 2015 , confirmed cast was announced , with Billy Bob Thornton , Alfred Molina , Sheila Vand , and Evan Jonigkeit also joining the cast of the film , in which Vand would play Shakira El - Khoury , a Lebanese reporter who works alongside Kim and Tanya . Fey confirmed that the film 's title would be Whiskey Tango Foxtrot in an interview with USA Today . Kim Barker was changed to a cable - news reporter named `` Baker . '' Margot Robbie is playing Tanya Vanderpoel , a British TV journalist whom Kim admires and befriends . Christopher Abbott plays Afghan `` fixer '' Fahim Ahmadzai , who acts as driver , translator and all - around handyman for reporters . Martin Freeman is Iain MacKelpie , a Scottish war photographer who is Kim 's love interest . Rounding out the ensemble cast is Billy Bob Thornton as General Hollanek , a military man who initially scares Kim , and Alfred Molina is a local official who has a romantic interest in her . The title is a NATO alphabet spelling of WTF , which stands for `` What the fuck ? '' Filming ( edit ) On February 3 , 2015 , the Albuquerque Journal reported that filming was underway in Santa Fe , New Mexico . Fey was spotted filming in the Santa Fe University of Art and Design . On February 11 , 2015 , Paramount also confirmed that principal photography had commenced on the film in New Mexico . It was filmed in part at the historic Scottish Rite Temple in Santa Fe . Production on the film concluded on April 10 , 2015 . Release ( edit ) The film was originally titled The Taliban Shuffle and Fun House , before settling on Whiskey Tango Foxtrot . It was released on March 4 , 2016 . At the beginning of the rolling credits is a dedication to Fey 's father , Donald Henry Fey , who died in 2015 . Home media ( edit ) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot was released on DVD and Blu - ray on June 28 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot grossed $23.1 million in North America and $1.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $24.9 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In the United States and Canada , pre-release tracking suggested the film would gross $10 -- 12 million from 2,374 theaters in its opening weekend , trailing fellow newcomers Zootopia ( $60 -- 70 million projection ) and London Has Fallen ( $20 -- 23 million projection ) . The film ended up grossing $7.6 million in its opening weekend , finishing below expectations and 4th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 68 % based on 179 reviews , with an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While WTF is far from FUBAR , Tina Fey and Martin Freeman are just barely enough to overcome the picture 's glib predictability and limited worldview . '' Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . See also ( edit ) Lara Logan , the first female reporter to cover the war in Afghanistan Whitewashing in film , due to casting of white actors in Afghan roles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WHISKEY TANGO FOXTROT ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Bob Thornton , Alfred Molina & Sheila Vand Join Tina Fey Paramount Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher Abbott Joins Tina Fey 's Wartime Dark Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Bob Thornton , Alfred Molina Join Tina Fey in Paramount Comedy '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicholas Braun Cast In ' Fun House ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Aussie TV Star Steve Peacocke Joins Tina Fey - Margot Robbie Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Linda Ge , `` Scott Takeda Joins Tina Fey and Margot Robbie in Paramount 's Middle East Comedy , '' TheWrap , February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tina Fey 's Untitled Movie Based on ' Taliban Shuffle ' Lands Release Date '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Fey To Star In Middle East War Comedy ' The Taliban Shuffle ' '' . The Huffington Post . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Crazy , Stupid , Love ' Directors Will Do the ' Taliban Shuffle ' With Tina Fey '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Margot Robbie in Talks to Join Tina Fey in ' Taliban Shuffle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Star Martin Freeman in Talks to Join Tina Fey in ' Taliban Shuffle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Nikolaj Coster - Waldau May Be Joining Tina Fey 's Taliban Shuffle '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : Tina Fey goes to war in ' Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jadrnak , Jackie ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Talk to us , Tina ! Tell us your Santa Fe adventures ! '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Fey begins filming ' Taliban Shuffle ' in Santa Fe , NM '' . onlocationvacations.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Starts for the Taliban Shuffle Adaptation , Starring Tina Fey '' . comingsoon.net . February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Film credits of Whiskey Tango Foxtrot : `` Filmed on location in Albuquerque , New Mexico / Santa Fe City and County , New Mexico / The Pueblo of Laguna , New Mexico / By Special Permission of the Pueblo of Laguna / Santa Fe Scottish Rite Temple / New Mexico Corrections Department / Atlas Mountains , Morocco '' Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 13 / 15 : Margot Robbie Wraps on ' Fun House ' & Starts ' Suicide Squad ' , Dave Franco Begins YA Adaptation ' Nerve ' '' . SSNInsider.com. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Unleashed : ' Zootopia ' Toon Expected To Roar Past $60 M -- Weekend Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' $73.7 M Opening Sets Record For Original Disney Toon ; ' London ' Raises $21.7 M ; ' Whiskey ' Trips '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ' and Hollywood 's enduring problem with whitewashing '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tina Fey : Whiskey Tango Foxtrot casting controversy addressed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Whiskey Tango Foxtrot on IMDb Whiskey Tango Foxtrot at AllMovie Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 2010s portal Films directed by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa I Love You Phillip Morris ( 2009 ) Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) Focus ( 2015 ) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whiskey_Tango_Foxtrot_(film)&oldid=844221724 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films 2010s comedy - drama films American comedy - drama films Films about journalism Films about journalists Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa Films set in Afghanistan Films shot in New Mexico Paramount Pictures films War films based on actual events War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 13 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie whisky tango foxtrot filmed	[ "On February 3, 2015, the Albuquerque Journal reported that filming was underway in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[17] Fey was spotted filming in the Santa Fe University of Art and Design.[18] On February 11, 2015, Paramount also confirmed that principal photography had commenced on the film in New Mexico.[19] It was filmed in part at the historic Scottish Rite Temple in Santa Fe.[20] Production on the film concluded on April 10, 2015.[21]\n" ]	[ "Santa Fe, New Mexico" ]
-1687705095111148689	Scientific revolution	Scientific revolution - wikipedia Scientific revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a period in the history of science . For the process of scientific progress via revolutions , proposed by Thomas Kuhn , see Paradigm shift . The scientific revolution is a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period , when developments in mathematics , physics , astronomy , biology ( including human anatomy ) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature . The scientific revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century , influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment . While its dates are debated , the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus 's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution . The concept of a scientific revolution taking place over an extended period emerged in the eighteenth century in the work of Jean Sylvain Bailly , who saw a two - stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new . The beginning of the scientific revolution , the Scientific Renaissance , was focused on the recovery of the knowledge of the ancients ; this is generally considered to have ended in 1632 with publication of Galileo 's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . The completion of the scientific revolution is attributed to the `` grand synthesis '' of Isaac Newton 's 1687 Principia , that formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation , and completed the synthesis of a new cosmology . By the end of the 18th century , the scientific revolution had given way to the `` Age of Reflection . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 1.1 Significance 2 Ancient and medieval background 3 Scientific method 3.1 Empiricism 3.2 Baconian science 3.3 Scientific experimentation 3.4 Mathematization 3.5 The mechanical philosophy 3.6 Institutionalization 4 New ideas 4.1 Astronomy 4.2 Biology and Medicine 4.3 Chemistry 4.4 Physical 5 New mechanical devices 5.1 Calculating devices 5.2 Industrial machines 5.3 Telescopes 5.4 Other devices 5.5 Materials , construction , and aesthetics 6 Scientific developments 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Introduction ( edit ) Great advances in science have been termed `` revolutions '' since the 18th century . In 1747 , Clairaut wrote that `` Newton was said in his own lifetime to have created a revolution '' . The word was also used in the preface to Lavoisier 's 1789 work announcing the discovery of oxygen . `` Few revolutions in science have immediately excited so much general notice as the introduction of the theory of oxygen ... Lavoisier saw his theory accepted by all the most eminent men of his time , and established over a great part of Europe within a few years from its first promulgation . '' In the 19th century , William Whewell described the revolution in science itself -- the scientific method -- that had taken place in the 15th -- 16th century . `` Among the most conspicuous of the revolutions which opinions on this subject have undergone , is the transition from an implicit trust in the internal powers of man 's mind to a professed dependence upon external observation ; and from an unbounded reverence for the wisdom of the past , to a fervid expectation of change and improvement . '' This gave rise to the common view of the scientific revolution today : `` A new view of nature emerged , replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years . Science became an autonomous discipline , distinct from both philosophy and technology and came to be regarded as having utilitarian goals . '' Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Leoni The scientific revolution is traditionally assumed to start with the Copernican Revolution ( initiated in 1543 ) and to be complete in the `` grand synthesis '' of Isaac Newton 's 1687 Principia . Much of the change of attitude came from Francis Bacon whose `` confident and emphatic announcement '' in the modern progress of science inspired the creation of scientific societies such as the Royal Society , and Galileo who championed Copernicus and developed the science of motion . In the 20th century , Alexandre Koyré introduced the term `` scientific revolution '' , centering his analysis on Galileo . The term was popularized by Butterfield in his Origins of Modern Science . Thomas Kuhn 's 1962 work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions emphasized that different theoretical frameworks -- such as Einstein 's relativity theory and Newton 's theory of gravity , which it replaced -- can not be directly compared . Significance ( edit ) The period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across mathematics , physics , astronomy , and biology in institutions supporting scientific investigation and in the more widely held picture of the universe . The scientific revolution led to the establishment of several modern sciences . In 1984 , Joseph Ben - David wrote : Rapid accumulation of knowledge , which has characterized the development of science since the 17th century , had never occurred before that time . The new kind of scientific activity emerged only in a few countries of Western Europe , and it was restricted to that small area for about two hundred years . ( Since the 19th century , scientific knowledge has been assimilated by the rest of the world ) . Many contemporary writers and modern historians claim that there was a revolutionary change in world view . In 1611 the English poet , John Donne , wrote : ( The ) new Philosophy calls all in doubt , The Element of fire is quite put out ; The Sun is lost , and th'earth , and no man 's wit Can well direct him where to look for it . Mid-20th - century historian Herbert Butterfield was less disconcerted , but nevertheless saw the change as fundamental : Since that revolution turned the authority in English not only of the Middle Ages but of the ancient world -- since it started not only in the eclipse of scholastic philosophy but in the destruction of Aristotelian physics -- it outshines everything since the rise of Christianity and reduces the Renaissance and Reformation to the rank of mere episodes , mere internal displacements within the system of medieval Christendom ... ( It ) looms so large as the real origin both of the modern world and of the modern mentality that our customary periodization of European history has become an anachronism and an encumbrance . The history professor Peter Harrison attributes Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the scientific revolution : historians of science have long known that religious factors played a significantly positive role in the emergence and persistence of modern science in the West . Not only were many of the key figures in the rise of science individuals with sincere religious commitments , but the new approaches to nature that they pioneered were underpinned in various ways by religious assumptions ... Yet , many of the leading figures in the scientific revolution imagined themselves to be champions of a science that was more compatible with Christianity than the medieval ideas about the natural world that they replaced . Ancient and medieval background ( edit ) Ptolemaic model of the spheres for Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn . Georg von Peuerbach , Theoricae novae planetarum , 1474 . Further information : Aristotelian Physics and Science in the Middle Ages The scientific revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and science in the Middle Ages , as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman / Byzantine science and medieval Islamic science . Some scholars have noted a direct tie between `` particular aspects of traditional Christianity '' and the rise of science . The `` Aristotelian tradition '' was still an important intellectual framework in the 17th century , although by that time natural philosophers had moved away from much of it . Key scientific ideas dating back to classical antiquity had changed drastically over the years , and in many cases been discredited . The ideas that remained , which were transformed fundamentally during the scientific revolution , include : Aristotle 's cosmology that placed the Earth at the center of a spherical hierarchic cosmos . The terrestrial and celestial regions were made up of different elements which had different kinds of natural movement . The terrestrial region , according to Aristotle , consisted of concentric spheres of the four elements -- earth , water , air , and fire . All bodies naturally moved in straight lines until they reached the sphere appropriate to their elemental composition -- their natural place . All other terrestrial motions were non-natural , or violent . The celestial region was made up of the fifth element , aether , which was unchanging and moved naturally with uniform circular motion . In the Aristotelian tradition , astronomical theories sought to explain the observed irregular motion of celestial objects through the combined effects of multiple uniform circular motions . The Ptolemaic model of planetary motion : based on the geometrical model of Eudoxus of Cnidus , Ptolemy 's Almagest , demonstrated that calculations could compute the exact positions of the Sun , Moon , stars , and planets in the future and in the past , and showed how these computational models were derived from astronomical observations . As such they formed the model for later astronomical developments . The physical basis for Ptolemaic models invoked layers of spherical shells , though the most complex models were inconsistent with this physical explanation . It is important to note that ancient precedent existed for alternative theories and developments which prefigured later discoveries in the area of physics and mechanics ; but in light of the limited number of works to survive translation in a period when many books were lost to warfare , such developments remained obscure for centuries and are traditionally held to have had little effect on the re-discovery of such phenomena ; whereas the invention of the printing press made the wide dissemination of such incremental advances of knowledge commonplace . Meanwhile , however , significant progress in geometry , mathematics , and astronomy was made in medieval times . It is also true that many of the important figures of the scientific revolution shared in the general Renaissance respect for ancient learning and cited ancient pedigrees for their innovations . Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 ) , Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) , Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) and Newton ( 1642 -- 1727 ) , all traced different ancient and medieval ancestries for the heliocentric system . In the Axioms Scholium of his Principia , Newton said its axiomatic three laws of motion were already accepted by mathematicians such as Huygens ( 1629 -- 1695 ) , Wallace , Wren and others . While preparing a revised edition of his Principia , Newton attributed his law of gravity and his first law of motion to a range of historical figures . Despite these qualifications , the standard theory of the history of the scientific revolution claims that the 17th century was a period of revolutionary scientific changes . Not only were there revolutionary theoretical and experimental developments , but that even more importantly , the way in which scientists worked was radically changed . For instance , although intimations of the concept of inertia are suggested sporadically in ancient discussion of motion , the salient point is that Newton 's theory differed from ancient understandings in key ways , such as an external force being a requirement for violent motion in Aristotle 's theory . Scientific method ( edit ) Under the scientific method as conceived in the 17th century , natural and artificial circumstances were set aside as a research tradition of systematic experimentation was slowly accepted by the scientific community . The philosophy of using an inductive approach to obtain knowledge -- to abandon assumption and to attempt to observe with an open mind -- was in contrast with the earlier , Aristotelian approach of deduction , by which analysis of known facts produced further understanding . In practice , many scientists and philosophers believed that a healthy mix of both was needed -- the willingness to question assumptions , yet also to interpret observations assumed to have some degree of validity . By the end of the scientific revolution the qualitative world of book - reading philosophers had been changed into a mechanical , mathematical world to be known through experimental research . Though it is certainly not true that Newtonian science was like modern science in all respects , it conceptually resembled ours in many ways . Many of the hallmarks of modern science , especially with regard to its institutionalization and professionalization , did not become standard until the mid-19th century . Empiricism ( edit ) The Aristotelian scientific tradition 's primary mode of interacting with the world was through observation and searching for `` natural '' circumstances through reasoning . Coupled with this approach was the belief that rare events which seemed to contradict theoretical models were aberrations , telling nothing about nature as it `` naturally '' was . During the scientific revolution , changing perceptions about the role of the scientist in respect to nature , the value of evidence , experimental or observed , led towards a scientific methodology in which empiricism played a large , but not absolute , role . By the start of the scientific revolution , empiricism had already become an important component of science and natural philosophy . Prior thinkers , including the early 14th century nominalist philosopher William of Ockham , had begun the intellectual movement toward empiricism . The term British empiricism came into use to describe philosophical differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon , described as empiricist , and René Descartes , who was described as a rationalist . Thomas Hobbes , George Berkeley , and David Hume were the philosophy 's primary exponents , who developed a sophisticated empirical tradition as the basis of human knowledge . The recognized founder of empiricism was John Locke who proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ( 1689 ) that the only true knowledge that could be accessible to the human mind was that which was based on experience . He argued that the human mind was created as a tabula rasa , a `` blank tablet , '' upon which sensory impressions were recorded and built up knowledge through a process of reflection . Baconian science ( edit ) Francis Bacon was a pivotal figure in establishing the scientific method of investigation . Portrait by Frans Pourbus the Younger ( 1617 ) . The philosophical underpinnings of the scientific revolution were laid out by Francis Bacon , who has been called the father of empiricism . His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry , often called the Baconian method , or simply the scientific method . His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science , much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today . Bacon proposed a great reformation of all process of knowledge for the advancement of learning divine and human , which he called Instauratio Magna ( The Great Instauration ) . For Bacon , this reformation would lead to a great advancement in science and a progeny of new inventions that would relieve mankind 's miseries and needs . His Novum Organum was published in 1620 . He argued that man is `` the minister and interpreter of nature '' , that `` knowledge and human power are synonymous '' , that `` effects are produced by the means of instruments and helps '' , and that `` man while operating can only apply or withdraw natural bodies ; nature internally performs the rest '' , and later that `` nature can only be commanded by obeying her '' . Here is an abstract of the philosophy of this work , that by the knowledge of nature and the using of instruments , man can govern or direct the natural work of nature to produce definite results . Therefore , that man , by seeking knowledge of nature , can reach power over it -- and thus reestablish the `` Empire of Man over creation '' , which had been lost by the Fall together with man 's original purity . In this way , he believed , would mankind be raised above conditions of helplessness , poverty and misery , while coming into a condition of peace , prosperity and security . For this purpose of obtaining knowledge of and power over nature , Bacon outlined in this work a new system of logic he believed to be superior to the old ways of syllogism , developing his scientific method , consisting of procedures for isolating the formal cause of a phenomenon ( heat , for example ) through eliminative induction . For him , the philosopher should proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to physical law . Before beginning this induction , though , the enquirer must free his or her mind from certain false notions or tendencies which distort the truth . In particular , he found that philosophy was too preoccupied with words , particularly discourse and debate , rather than actually observing the material world : `` For while men believe their reason governs words , in fact , words turn back and reflect their power upon the understanding , and so render philosophy and science sophistical and inactive . '' Bacon considered that it is of greatest importance to science not to keep doing intellectual discussions or seeking merely contemplative aims , but that it should work for the bettering of mankind 's life by bringing forth new inventions , having even stated that `` inventions are also , as it were , new creations and imitations of divine works '' . He explored the far - reaching and world - changing character of inventions , such as the printing press , gunpowder and the compass . Scientific experimentation ( edit ) Bacon first described the experimental method . There remains simple experience ; which , if taken as it comes , is called accident , if sought for , experiment . The true method of experience first lights the candle ( hypothesis ) , and then by means of the candle shows the way ( arranges and delimits the experiment ) ; commencing as it does with experience duly ordered and digested , not bungling or erratic , and from it deducing axioms ( theories ) , and from established axioms again new experiments . -- Francis Bacon . Novum Organum. 1620 . William Gilbert was an early advocate of this method . He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching . His book De Magnete was written in 1600 , and he is regarded by some as the father of electricity and magnetism . In this work , he describes many of his experiments with his model Earth called the terrella . From these experiments , he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north . Diagram from William Gilbert 's De Magnete , a pioneering work of experimental science De Magnete was influential not only because of the inherent interest of its subject matter , but also for the rigorous way in which Gilbert described his experiments and his rejection of ancient theories of magnetism . According to Thomas Thomson , `` Gilbert ( 's ) ... book on magnetism published in 1600 , is one of the finest examples of inductive philosophy that has ever been presented to the world . It is the more remarkable , because it preceded the Novum Organum of Bacon , in which the inductive method of philosophizing was first explained . '' Galileo Galilei has been called the `` father of modern observational astronomy '' , the `` father of modern physics '' , the `` father of science '' , and `` the Father of Modern Science '' . His original contributions to the science of motion were made through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics . On this page Galileo Galilei first noted the moons of Jupiter . Galileo revolutionized the study of the natural world with his rigorous experimental method . Galileo was one of the first modern thinkers to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical . In The Assayer he wrote `` Philosophy is written in this grand book , the universe ... It is written in the language of mathematics , and its characters are triangles , circles , and other geometric figures ; ... '' His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers , which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy . He ignored Aristotelianism . In broader terms , his work marked another step towards the eventual separation of science from both philosophy and religion ; a major development in human thought . He was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation . In order to perform his experiments , Galileo had to set up standards of length and time , so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion . This provided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical laws using inductive reasoning . Galileo showed an appreciation for the relationship between mathematics , theoretical physics , and experimental physics . He understood the parabola , both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate ( y ) varying as the square of the abscissa ( x ) . Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances . He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory , noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola , but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day , the deviation of a projectile 's trajectory from a parabola would be only very slight . Mathematization ( edit ) Scientific knowledge , according to the Aristotelians , was concerned with establishing true and necessary causes of things . To the extent that medieval natural philosophers used mathematical problems , they limited social studies to theoretical analyses of local speed and other aspects of life . The actual measurement of a physical quantity , and the comparison of that measurement to a value computed on the basis of theory , was largely limited to the mathematical disciplines of astronomy and optics in Europe . In the 16th and 17th centuries , European scientists began increasingly applying quantitative measurements to the measurement of physical phenomena on the Earth . Galileo maintained strongly that mathematics provided a kind of necessary certainty that could be compared to God 's : `` ... with regard to those few ( mathematical propositions ) which the human intellect does understand , I believe its knowledge equals the Divine in objective certainty ... '' Galileo anticipates the concept of a systematic mathematical interpretation of the world in his book Il Saggiatore : Philosophy ( i.e. , physics ) is written in this grand book -- I mean the universe -- which stands continually open to our gaze , but it can not be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and interpret the characters in which it is written . It is written in the language of mathematics , and its characters are triangles , circles , and other geometrical figures , without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it ; without these , one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth . The mechanical philosophy ( edit ) Isaac Newton in a 1702 portrait by Godfrey Kneller Main article : Mechanical philosophy Aristotle recognized four kinds of causes , and where applicable , the most important of them is the `` final cause '' . The final cause was the aim , goal , or purpose of some natural process or man - made thing . Until the scientific revolution , it was very natural to see such aims , such as a child 's growth , for example , leading to a mature adult . Intelligence was assumed only in the purpose of man - made artifacts ; it was not attributed to other animals or to nature . In `` mechanical philosophy '' no field or action at a distance is permitted , particles or corpuscles of matter are fundamentally inert . Motion is caused by direct physical collision . Where natural substances had previously been understood organically , the mechanical philosophers viewed them as machines . As a result , Isaac Newton 's theory seemed like some kind of throwback to `` spooky action at a distance '' . According to Thomas Kuhn , Newton and Descartes held the teleological principle that God conserved the amount of motion in the universe : Gravity , interpreted as an innate attraction between every pair of particles of matter , was an occult quality in the same sense as the scholastics ' `` tendency to fall '' had been ... By the mid eighteenth century that interpretation had been almost universally accepted , and the result was a genuine reversion ( which is not the same as a retrogression ) to a scholastic standard . Innate attractions and repulsions joined size , shape , position and motion as physically irreducible primary properties of matter . Newton had also specifically attributed the inherent power of inertia to matter , against the mechanist thesis that matter has no inherent powers . But whereas Newton vehemently denied gravity was an inherent power of matter , his collaborator Roger Cotes made gravity also an inherent power of matter , as set out in his famous preface to the Principia 's 1713 second edition which he edited , and contradicted Newton himself . And it was Cotes 's interpretation of gravity rather than Newton 's that came to be accepted . Institutionalization ( edit ) The Royal Society had its origins in Gresham College , and was the first scientific society in the world . The first moves towards the institutionalization of scientific investigation and dissemination took the form of the establishment of societies , where new discoveries were aired , discussed and published . The first scientific society to be established was the Royal Society of London . This grew out of an earlier group , centred around Gresham College in the 1640s and 1650s . According to a history of the College : The scientific network which centred on Gresham College played a crucial part in the meetings which led to the formation of the Royal Society . These physicians and natural philosophers were influenced by the `` new science '' , as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis , from approximately 1645 onwards . A group known as The Philosophical Society of Oxford was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library . On 28 November 1660 , the 1660 committee of 12 announced the formation of a `` College for the Promoting of Physico - Mathematical Experimental Learning '' , which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments . At the second meeting , Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings , and a Royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 creating the `` Royal Society of London '' , with Lord Brouncker serving as the first President . A second Royal Charter was signed on 23 April 1663 , with the King noted as the Founder and with the name of `` the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge '' ; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November . This initial royal favour has continued , and since then every monarch has been the patron of the Society . The French Academy of Sciences was established in 1666 . The Society 's first Secretary was Henry Oldenburg . Its early meetings included experiments performed first by Robert Hooke and then by Denis Papin , who was appointed in 1684 . These experiments varied in their subject area , and were both important in some cases and trivial in others . The society began publication of Philosophical Transactions from 1665 , the oldest and longest - running scientific journal in the world , which established the important principles of scientific priority and peer review . The French established the Academy of Sciences in 1666 . In contrast to the private origins of its British counterpart , the Academy was founded as a government body by Jean - Baptiste Colbert . Its rules were set down in 1699 by King Louis XIV , when it received the name of ' Royal Academy of Sciences ' and was installed in the Louvre in Paris . New ideas ( edit ) As the scientific revolution was not marked by any single change , the following new ideas contributed to what is called the scientific revolution . Many of them were revolutions in their own fields . Astronomy ( edit ) Heliocentrism For almost five millennia , the geocentric model of the Earth as the center of the universe had been accepted by all but a few astronomers . In Aristotle 's cosmology , Earth 's central location was perhaps less significant than its identification as a realm of imperfection , inconstancy , irregularity and change , as opposed to the `` heavens '' ( Moon , Sun , planets , stars ) , which were regarded as perfect , permanent , unchangeable , and in religious thought , the realm of heavenly beings . The Earth was even composed of different material , the four elements `` earth '' , `` water '' , `` fire '' , and `` air '' , while sufficiently far above its surface ( roughly the Moon 's orbit ) , the heavens were composed of different substance called `` aether '' . The heliocentric model that replaced it involved not only the radical displacement of the earth to an orbit around the sun , but its sharing a placement with the other planets implied a universe of heavenly components made from the same changeable substances as the Earth . Heavenly motions no longer needed to be governed by a theoretical perfection , confined to circular orbits . Portrait of Johannes Kepler Copernicus ' 1543 work on the heliocentric model of the solar system tried to demonstrate that the sun was the center of the universe . Few were bothered by this suggestion , and the pope and several archbishops were interested enough by it to want more detail . His model was later used to create the calendar of Pope Gregory XIII . However , the idea that the earth moved around the sun was doubted by most of Copernicus ' contemporaries . It contradicted not only empirical observation , due to the absence of an observable stellar parallax , but more significantly at the time , the authority of Aristotle . The discoveries of Johannes Kepler and Galileo gave the theory credibility . Kepler was an astronomer who , using the accurate observations of Tycho Brahe , proposed that the planets move around the sun not in circular orbits , but in elliptical ones . Together with his other laws of planetary motion , this allowed him to create a model of the solar system that was an improvement over Copernicus ' original system . Galileo 's main contributions to the acceptance of the heliocentric system were his mechanics , the observations he made with his telescope , as well as his detailed presentation of the case for the system . Using an early theory of inertia , Galileo could explain why rocks dropped from a tower fall straight down even if the earth rotates . His observations of the moons of Jupiter , the phases of Venus , the spots on the sun , and mountains on the moon all helped to discredit the Aristotelian philosophy and the Ptolemaic theory of the solar system . Through their combined discoveries , the heliocentric system gained support , and at the end of the 17th century it was generally accepted by astronomers . This work culminated in the work of Isaac Newton . Newton 's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation , which dominated scientists ' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries . By deriving Kepler 's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity , and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets , the tides , the precession of the equinoxes , and other phenomena , Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the cosmos . This work also demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles . His prediction that the Earth should be shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by other scientists . His laws of motion were to be the solid foundation of mechanics ; his law of universal gravitation combined terrestrial and celestial mechanics into one great system that seemed to be able to describe the whole world in mathematical formulae . Gravitation Isaac Newton 's Principia , developed the first set of unified scientific laws . As well as proving the heliocentric model , Newton also developed the theory of gravitation . In 1679 , Newton began to consider gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679 -- 80 with Robert Hooke , who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society 's correspondence , and who opened a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions . Newton 's reawakening interest in astronomical matters received further stimulus by the appearance of a comet in the winter of 1680 -- 1681 , on which he corresponded with John Flamsteed . After the exchanges with Hooke , Newton worked out proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector ( see Newton 's law of universal gravitation -- History and De motu corporum in gyrum ) . Newton communicated his results to Edmond Halley and to the Royal Society in De motu corporum in gyrum , in 1684 . This tract contained the nucleus that Newton developed and expanded to form the Principia . The Principia was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley . In this work , Newton stated the three universal laws of motion that contributed to many advances during the Industrial Revolution which soon followed and were not to be improved upon for more than 200 years . Many of these advancements continue to be the underpinnings of non-relativistic technologies in the modern world . He used the Latin word gravitas ( weight ) for the effect that would become known as gravity , and defined the law of universal gravitation . Newton 's postulate of an invisible force able to act over vast distances led to him being criticised for introducing `` occult agencies '' into science . Later , in the second edition of the Principia ( 1713 ) , Newton firmly rejected such criticisms in a concluding General Scholium , writing that it was enough that the phenomena implied a gravitational attraction , as they did ; but they did not so far indicate its cause , and it was both unnecessary and improper to frame hypotheses of things that were not implied by the phenomena . ( Here Newton used what became his famous expression `` hypotheses non fingo '' ) . Biology and medicine ( edit ) Medical discoveries Vesalius 's intricately detailed drawings of human dissections in Fabrica helped to overturn the medical theories of Galen . The writings of Greek physician Galen had dominated European medical thinking for over a millennium . The Flemish scholar Vesalius demonstrated mistakes in the Gaelic 's ideas . Vesalius dissected human corpses , whereas Galen dissected animal corpses . Published in 1543 , Vesalius ' De humani corporis fabrica was a groundbreaking work of human anatomy . It emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the `` anatomical '' view of the body , seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three - dimensional space . This was in stark contrast to many of the anatomical models used previously , which had strong Galenic / Aristotelean elements , as well as elements of astrology . Besides the first good description of the sphenoid bone , he showed that the sternum consists of three portions and the sacrum of five or six ; and described accurately the vestibule in the interior of the temporal bone . He not only verified the observation of Etienne on the valves of the hepatic veins , but he described the vena azygos , and discovered the canal which passes in the fetus between the umbilical vein and the vena cava , since named ductus venosus . He described the omentum , and its connections with the stomach , the spleen and the colon ; gave the first correct views of the structure of the pylorus ; observed the small size of the caecal appendix in man ; gave the first good account of the mediastinum and pleura and the fullest description of the anatomy of the brain yet advanced . He did not understand the inferior recesses ; and his account of the nerves is confused by regarding the optic as the first pair , the third as the fifth and the fifth as the seventh . Further groundbreaking work was carried out by William Harvey , who published De Motu Cordis in 1628 . Harvey made a detailed analysis of the overall structure of the heart , going on to an analysis of the arteries , showing how their pulsation depends upon the contraction of the left ventricle , while the contraction of the right ventricle propels its charge of blood into the pulmonary artery . He noticed that the two ventricles move together almost simultaneously and not independently like had been thought previously by his predecessors . Image of veins from William Harvey 's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus . Harvey demonstrated that blood circulated around the body , rather than being created in the liver . In the eighth chapter , Harvey estimated the capacity of the heart , how much blood is expelled through each pump of the heart , and the number of times the heart beats in a half an hour . From these estimations , he demonstrated that according to Gaelen 's theory that blood was continually produced in the liver , the absurdly large figure of 540 pounds of blood would have to be produced every day . Having this simple mathematical proportion at hand -- which would imply a seemingly impossible role for the liver -- Harvey went on to demonstrate how the blood circulated in a circle by means of countless experiments initially done on serpents and fish : tying their veins and arteries in separate periods of time , Harvey noticed the modifications which occurred ; indeed , as he tied the veins , the heart would become empty , while as he did the same to the arteries , the organ would swell up . This process was later performed on the human body ( in the image on the left ) : the physician tied a tight ligature onto the upper arm of a person . This would cut off blood flow from the arteries and the veins . When this was done , the arm below the ligature was cool and pale , while above the ligature it was warm and swollen . The ligature was loosened slightly , which allowed blood from the arteries to come into the arm , since arteries are deeper in the flesh than the veins . When this was done , the opposite effect was seen in the lower arm . It was now warm and swollen . The veins were also more visible , since now they were full of blood . Various other advances in medical understanding and practice were made . French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today , and he has been named `` the father of modern dentistry '' . Surgeon Ambroise Paré ( c. 1510 -- 1590 ) was a leader in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine , especially the treatment of wounds , and Herman Boerhaave ( 1668 -- 1738 ) is sometimes referred to as a `` father of physiology '' due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and his textbook Institutiones medicae ( 1708 ) . Chemistry ( edit ) Title page from The Sceptical Chymist , a foundational text of chemistry , written by Robert Boyle in 1661 Chemistry , and its antecedent alchemy , became an increasingly important aspect of scientific thought in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries . The importance of chemistry is indicated by the range of important scholars who actively engaged in chemical research . Among them were the astronomer Tycho Brahe , the chemical physician Paracelsus , Robert Boyle , Thomas Browne and Isaac Newton . Unlike the mechanical philosophy , the chemical philosophy stressed the active powers of matter , which alchemists frequently expressed in terms of vital or active principles -- of spirits operating in nature . Practical attempts to improve the refining of ores and their extraction to smelt metals was an important source of information for early chemists in the 16th century , among them Georg Agricola ( 1494 -- 1555 ) , who published his great work De re metallica in 1556 . His work describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores , metal extraction and metallurgy of the time . His approach removed the mysticism associated with the subject , creating the practical base upon which others could build . English chemist Robert Boyle ( 1627 -- 1691 ) is considered to have refined the modern scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy . Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition , Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist , and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry , and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method . Although Boyle was not the original discover , he is best known for Boyle 's law , which he presented in 1662 : the law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas , if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system . Boyle is also credited for his landmark publication The Sceptical Chymist in 1661 , which is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry . In the work , Boyle presents his hypothesis that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion . Boyle appealed to chemists to experiment and asserted that experiments denied the limiting of chemical elements to only the classic four : earth , fire , air , and water . He also pleaded that chemistry should cease to be subservient to medicine or to alchemy , and rise to the status of a science . Importantly , he advocated a rigorous approach to scientific experiment : he believed all theories must be tested experimentally before being regarded as true . The work contains some of the earliest modern ideas of atoms , molecules , and chemical reaction , and marks the beginning of the history of modern chemistry . Physical ( edit ) Optics Newton 's Opticks or a treatise of the reflections , refractions , inflections and colours of light Important work was done in the field of optics . Johannes Kepler published Astronomiae Pars Optica ( The Optical Part of Astronomy ) in 1604 . In it , he described the inverse - square law governing the intensity of light , reflection by flat and curved mirrors , and principles of pinhole cameras , as well as the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies . Astronomiae Pars Optica is generally recognized as the foundation of modern optics ( though the law of refraction is conspicuously absent ) . Willebrord Snellius ( 1580 -- 1626 ) found the mathematical law of refraction , now known as Snell 's law , in 1621 . Subsequently René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) showed , by using geometric construction and the law of refraction ( also known as Descartes ' law ) , that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 ° ( i.e. the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow and the rainbow 's centre is 42 ° ) . He also independently discovered the law of reflection , and his essay on optics was the first published mention of this law . Christiaan Huygens ( 1629 -- 1695 ) wrote several works in the area of optics . These included the Opera reliqua ( also known as Christiani Hugenii Zuilichemii , dum viveret Zelhemii toparchae , opuscula posthuma ) and the Traité de la lumière . Isaac Newton investigated the refraction of light , demonstrating that a prism could decompose white light into a spectrum of colours , and that a lens and a second prism could recompose the multicoloured spectrum into white light . He also showed that the coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects . Newton noted that regardless of whether it was reflected or scattered or transmitted , it stayed the same colour . Thus , he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already - coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves . This is known as Newton 's theory of colour . From this work he concluded that any refracting telescope would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours . The interest of the Royal Society encouraged him to publish his notes On Colour ( later expanded into Opticks ) . Newton argued that light is composed of particles or corpuscles and were refracted by accelerating toward the denser medium , but he had to associate them with waves to explain the diffraction of light . In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675 , Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles . In 1704 , Newton published Opticks , in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light . He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles , that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation `` Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one another , ... and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Composition ? '' Electricity Otto von Guericke 's experiments on electrostatics , published 1672 Dr. William Gilbert , in De Magnete , invented the New Latin word electricus from ἤλεκτρον ( elektron ) , the Greek word for `` amber '' . Gilbert undertook a number of careful electrical experiments , in the course of which he discovered that many substances other than amber , such as sulphur , wax , glass , etc. , were capable of manifesting electrical properties . Gilbert also discovered that a heated body lost its electricity and that moisture prevented the electrification of all bodies , due to the now well - known fact that moisture impaired the insulation of such bodies . He also noticed that electrified substances attracted all other substances indiscriminately , whereas a magnet only attracted iron . The many discoveries of this nature earned for Gilbert the title of founder of the electrical science . By investigating the forces on a light metallic needle , balanced on a point , he extended the list of electric bodies , and found also that many substances , including metals and natural magnets , showed no attractive forces when rubbed . He noticed that dry weather with north or east wind was the most favourable atmospheric condition for exhibiting electric phenomena -- an observation liable to misconception until the difference between conductor and insulator was understood . Robert Boyle also worked frequently at the new science of electricity , and added several substances to Gilbert 's list of electrics . He left a detailed account of his researches under the title of Experiments on the Origin of Electricity . Boyle , in 1675 , stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a vacuum . One of his important discoveries was that electrified bodies in a vacuum would attract light substances , this indicating that the electrical effect did not depend upon the air as a medium . He also added resin to the then known list of electrics . This was followed in 1660 by Otto von Guericke , who invented an early electrostatic generator . By the end of the 17th Century , researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction with an electrostatic generator , but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century , when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity . The first usage of the word electricity is ascribed to Sir Thomas Browne in his 1646 work , Pseudodoxia Epidemica . In 1729 Stephen Gray ( 1666 -- 1736 ) demonstrated that electricity could be `` transmitted '' through metal filaments . New mechanical devices ( edit ) As an aid to scientific investigation , various tools , measuring aids and calculating devices were developed in this period . Calculating devices ( edit ) An ivory set of Napier 's Bones , an early calculating device invented by John Napier John Napier introduced logarithms as a powerful mathematical tool . With the help of the prominent mathematician Henry Briggs their logarithmic tables embodied a computational advance that made calculations by hand much quicker . His Napier 's bones used a set of numbered rods as a multiplication tool using the system of lattice multiplication . The way was opened to later scientific advances , particularly in astronomy and dynamics . At Oxford University , Edmund Gunter built the first analog device to aid computation . The ' Gunter 's scale ' was a large plane scale , engraved with various scales , or lines . Natural lines , such as the line of chords , the line of sines and tangents are placed on one side of the scale and the corresponding artificial or logarithmic ones were on the other side . This calculating aid was a predecessor of the slide rule . It was William Oughtred ( 1575 -- 1660 ) who first used two such scales sliding by one another to perform direct multiplication and division , and thus is credited as the inventor of the slide rule in 1622 . Blaise Pascal ( 1623 -- 1662 ) invented the mechanical calculator in 1642 . The introduction of his Pascaline in 1645 launched the development of mechanical calculators first in Europe and then all over the world . Gottfried Leibniz ( 1646 -- 1716 ) , building on Pascal 's work , became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators ; he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator , in 1685 , and invented the Leibniz wheel , used in the arithmometer , the first mass - produced mechanical calculator . He also refined the binary number system , foundation of virtually all modern computer architectures . John Hadley ( 1682 -- 1744 ) was the inventor of the octant , the precursor to the sextant ( invented by John Bird ) , which greatly improved the science of navigation . Industrial machines ( edit ) The 1698 Savery Engine was the first successful steam engine Denis Papin ( 1647 -- 1712 ) was best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester , the forerunner of the steam engine . The first working steam engine was patented in 1698 by the inventor Thomas Savery , as a `` ... new invention for raising of water and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill work by the impellent force of fire , which will be of great use and advantage for drayning mines , serveing townes with water , and for the working of all sorts of mills where they have not the benefitt of water nor constant windes . '' ( sic ) The invention was demonstrated to the Royal Society on 14 June 1699 and the machine was described by Savery in his book The Miner 's Friend ; or , An Engine to Raise Water by Fire ( 1702 ) , in which he claimed that it could pump water out of mines . Thomas Newcomen ( 1664 -- 1729 ) perfected the practical steam engine for pumping water , the Newcomen steam engine . Consequently , Thomas Newcomen can be regarded as a forefather of the Industrial Revolution . Abraham Darby I ( 1678 -- 1717 ) was the first , and most famous , of three generations of the Darby family who played an important role in the Industrial Revolution . He developed a method of producing high - grade iron in a blast furnace fueled by coke rather than charcoal . This was a major step forward in the production of iron as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution . Telescopes ( edit ) Refracting telescopes first appeared in the Netherlands in 1608 , apparently the product of spectacle makers experimenting with lenses . The inventor is unknown but Hans Lippershey applied for the first patent , followed by Jacob Metius of Alkmaar . Galileo was one of the first scientists to use this new tool for his astronomical observations in 1609 . The reflecting telescope was described by James Gregory in his book Optica Promota ( 1663 ) . He argued that a mirror shaped like the part of a conic section , would correct the spherical aberration that flawed the accuracy of refracting telescopes . His design , the `` Gregorian telescope '' , however , remained un-built . In 1666 , Isaac Newton argued that the faults of the refracting telescope were fundamental because the lens refracted light of different colors differently . He concluded that light could not be refracted through a lens without causing chromatic aberrations . From these experiments Newton concluded that no improvement could be made in the refracting telescope . However , he was able to demonstrate that the angle of reflection remained the same for all colors , so he decided to build a reflecting telescope . It was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope . 50 years later , John Hadley developed ways to make precision aspheric and parabolic objective mirrors for reflecting telescopes , building the first parabolic Newtonian telescope and a Gregorian telescope with accurately shaped mirrors . These were successfully demonstrated to the Royal Society . Other devices ( edit ) Air pump built by Robert Boyle . Many new instruments were devised in this period , which greatly aided in the expansion of scientific knowledge . The invention of the vacuum pump paved the way for the experiments of Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke into the nature of vacuum and atmospheric pressure . The first such device was made by Otto von Guericke in 1654 . It consisted of a piston and an air gun cylinder with flaps that could suck the air from any vessel that it was connected to . In 1657 , he pumped the air out of two conjoined hemispheres and demonstrated that a team of sixteen horses were incapable of pulling it apart . The air pump construction was greatly improved by Robert Hooke in 1658 . Evangelista Torricelli ( 1607 -- 1647 ) was best known for his invention of the mercury barometer . The motivation for the invention was to improve on the suction pumps that were used to raise water out of the mines . Torricelli constructed a sealed tube filled with mercury , set vertically into a basin of the same substance . The column of mercury fell downwards , leaving a Torricellian vacuum above . Materials , construction , and aesthetics ( edit ) Surviving instruments from this period , tend to be made of durable metals such as brass , gold , or steel , although examples such as telescopes made of wood , pasteboard , or with leather components exist . Those instruments that exist in collections today tend to be robust examples , made by skilled craftspeople for and at the expense of wealthy patrons . These may have been commissioned as displays of wealth . In addition , the instruments preserved in collections may not have received heavy use in scientific work ; instruments that had visibly received heavy use were typically destroyed , deemed unfit for display , or excluded from collections altogether . It is also postulated that the scientific instruments preserved in many collections were chosen because they were more appealing to collectors , by virtue of being more ornate , more portable , or made with higher - grade materials . Intact air pumps are particularly rare . The pump at right included a glass sphere to permit demonstrations inside the vacuum chamber , a common use . The base was wooden , and the cylindrical pump was brass . Other vacuum chambers that survived were made of brass hemispheres . Instrument makers of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century were commissioned by organizations seeking help with navigation , surveying , warfare , and astronomical observation . The increase in uses for such instruments , and their widespread use in global exporation and conflict , created a need for new methods of manufacture and repair , which would be met by the Industrial Revolution . Scientific developments ( edit ) People and key ideas that emerged from the 16th and 17th centuries : First printed edition of Euclid 's Elements in 1482 . Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 ) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543 , which advanced the heliocentric theory of cosmology . Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 -- 1564 ) published De Humani Corporis Fabrica ( On the Structure of the Human Body ) ( 1543 ) , which discredited Galen 's views . He found that the circulation of blood resolved from pumping of the heart . He also assembled the first human skeleton from cutting open cadavers . Franciscus Vieta ( 1540 -- 1603 ) published In Artem Analycitem Isagoge ( 1591 ) , which gave the first symbolic notation of parameters in literal algebra . William Gilbert ( 1544 -- 1603 ) published On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies , and on the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600 , which laid the foundations of a theory of magnetism and electricity . Tycho Brahe ( 1546 -- 1601 ) made extensive and more accurate naked eye observations of the planets in the late 16th century . These became the basic data for Kepler 's studies . Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 -- 1626 ) published Novum Organum in 1620 , which outlined a new system of logic based on the process of reduction , which he offered as an improvement over Aristotle 's philosophical process of syllogism . This contributed to the development of what became known as the scientific method . Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) improved the telescope , with which he made several important astronomical observations , including the four largest moons of Jupiter ( 1610 ) , the phases of Venus ( 1610 - proving Copernicus correct ) , the rings of Saturn ( 1610 ) , and made detailed observations of sunspots . He developed the laws for falling bodies based on pioneering quantitative experiments which he analyzed mathematically . Johannes Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion in 1609 . William Harvey ( 1578 -- 1657 ) demonstrated that blood circulates , using dissections and other experimental techniques . René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) published his Discourse on the Method in 1637 , which helped to establish the scientific method . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) constructed powerful single lens microscopes and made extensive observations that he published around 1660 , opening up the micro-world of biology . Christiaan Huygens ( 1629 -- 1695 ) published major studies of mechanics ( he was the first one to correctly formulate laws concerning centrifugal force and discovered the theory of the pendulum ) and optics ( being one of the most influential proponents of the wave theory of light ) . Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) built upon the work of Kepler , Galileo and Huygens . He showed that an inverse square law for gravity explained the elliptical orbits of the planets , and advanced the law of universal gravitation . His development of infinitesimal calculus ( along with Leibniz ) opened up new applications of the methods of mathematics to science . Newton taught that scientific theory should be coupled with rigorous experimentation , which became the keystone of modern science . Criticism ( edit ) See also : Historical revisionism Matteo Ricci ( left ) and Xu Guangqi ( right ) in Athanasius Kircher , La Chine ... Illustrée , Amsterdam , 1670 . The idea that modern science took place as a kind a revolution has been debated among historians . A weakness of the idea of scientific revolution is the lack of a systematic approach to the question of knowledge in the period comprehended between the 14th and 17th centuries , leading to misunderstandings on the value and role of modern authors . From this standpoint , the continuity thesis is the hypothesis that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the Middle Ages and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period and has been deeply and widely documented by the works of scholars like Pierre Duhem , John Hermann Randall , Alistair Crombie and William A. Wallace , who proved the preexistence of a wide range of ideas used by the followers of the scientific revolution thesis to substantiate their claims . Thus , the idea of a scientific revolution following the Renaissance is -- according to the continuity thesis -- a myth . Some continuity theorists point to earlier intellectual revolutions occurring in the Middle Ages , usually referring to either a European `` Renaissance of the 12th century '' or a medieval `` Muslim scientific revolution '' , as a sign of continuity . Another contrary view has been recently proposed by Arun Bala in his dialogical history of the birth of modern science . Bala proposes that the changes involved in the Scientific Revolution -- the mathematical realist turn , the mechanical philosophy , the atomism , the central role assigned to the Sun in Copernican heliocentrism -- have to be seen as rooted in multicultural influences on Europe . He sees specific influences in Alhazen 's physical optical theory , Chinese mechanical technologies leading to the perception of the world as a machine , the Hindu - Arabic numeral system , which carried implicitly a new mode of mathematical atomic thinking , and the heliocentrism rooted in ancient Egyptian religious ideas associated with Hermeticism . Bala argues that by ignoring such multicultural impacts we have been led to a Eurocentric conception of the scientific revolution . However , he clearly states : `` The makers of the revolution -- Copernicus , Kepler , Galileo , Descartes , Newton , and many others -- had to selectively appropriate relevant ideas , transform them , and create new auxiliary concepts in order to complete their task ... In the ultimate analysis , even if the revolution was rooted upon a multicultural base it is the accomplishment of Europeans in Europe . '' Critics note that lacking documentary evidence of transmission of specific scientific ideas , Bala 's model will remain `` a working hypothesis , not a conclusion '' . A third approach takes the term `` Renaissance '' literally as a `` rebirth '' . A closer study of Greek Philosophy and Greek Mathematics demonstrates that nearly all of the so - called revolutionary results of the so - called scientific revolution were in actuality restatements of ideas that were in many cases older than those of Aristotle and in nearly all cases at least as old as Archimedes . Aristotle even explicitly argues against some of the ideas that were espoused during the scientific revolution , such as heliocentrism . The basic ideas of the scientific method were well known to Archimedes and his contemporaries , as demonstrated in the well - known discovery of buoyancy . Atomism was first thought of by Leucippus and Democritus . Lucio Russo claims that science as a unique approach to objective knowledge was born in the Hellenistic period ( c. 300 B.C ) , but was extinguished with the advent of the Roman Empire . This approach to the scientific revolution reduces it to a period of relearning classical ideas that is very much an extension of the Renaissance . This view does not deny that a change occurred but argues that it was a reassertion of previous knowledge ( a renaissance ) and not the creation of new knowledge . It cites statements from Newton , Copernicus and others in favour of the Pythagorean worldview as evidence . In more recent analysis of the scientific revolution during this period , there has been criticism of not only the Eurocentric ideologies spread , but also of the dominance of male scientists of the time . Science as we know it today , and the original theories that we base modern science on , was built by males , regardless of the input women might have made . The incorporation of women 's work in the sciences during this time tends to be obscured . Scholars have tried to look into the participation of women in the 17th century in science , and even with sciences as simple as domestic knowledge women were making advances . With the limited history provided from texts of the period we are not completely aware if women were helping these scientists develop the ideas they did . Another idea to consider is the way this period influenced even the women scientists of the periods following it . Annie Jump Cannon was an astronomer who benefitted from the laws and theories developed from this period ; she made several advances in the century following the scientific revolution . It was an important period for the future of science , including the incorporation of women into fields using the developments made . See also ( edit ) Chemical revolution Information revolution The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( Book ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Galilei , Galileo ( 1974 ) Two New Sciences , trans . Stillman Drake , ( Madison : Univ. of Wisconsin Pr . pp. 217 , 225 , 296 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Moody , Ernest A. ( 1951 ) . `` Galileo and Avempace : The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment ( I ) '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 12 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 193 . doi : 10.2307 / 2707514 . JSTOR 2707514 . ^ Jump up to : Clagett , Marshall ( 1961 ) The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages . Madison , Univ. of Wisconsin Pr . pp. 218 -- 19 , 252 -- 5 , 346 , 409 -- 16 , 547 , 576 -- 8 , 673 -- 82 Jump up ^ Maier , Anneliese ( 1982 ) `` Galileo and the Scholastic Theory of Impetus , '' pp. 103 -- 123 in On the Threshold of Exact Science : Selected Writings of Anneliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy . Philadelphia : Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr . ISBN 0812278313 ^ Jump up to : Hannam , p. 342 ^ Jump up to : Grant , pp. 29 -- 30 , 42 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I. Bernard ( 1976 ) . `` The Eighteenth - Century Origins of the Concept of Scientific Revolution '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 37 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 288 . doi : 10.2307 / 2708824 . JSTOR 2708824 . Jump up ^ The Scientific Renaissance , 1450 - 1630 Jump up ^ Newton 's Laws of Motion Jump up ^ Clairaut , Alexis - Claude ( 1747 ) . `` Du système du monde , dans les principes de la gravitation universelle '' . Jump up ^ Whewell , William ( 1837 ) . History of the inductive sciences . 2 . pp. 275 , 280 . Jump up ^ Whewell , William ( 1840 ) . Philosophy of the Inductive sciences . 2 . p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Sciences '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 ( 15th ed . ) . 1993 . p. 830 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Shelby D. ( 2003 ) . Controversy in marketing theory : for reason , realism , truth , and objectivity . M.E. Sharpe . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0932 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donne , John An Anatomy of the World , quoted in Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 1957 ) The Copernican Revolution : Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought . Cambridge : Harvard Univ . Pr . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Herbert Butterfield , The Origins of Modern Science , 1300 -- 1800 , ( New York : Macmillan Co. , 1959 ). p. viii . Jump up ^ Harrison , Peter . `` Christianity and the rise of western science '' . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Noll , Mark , Science , Religion , and A.D. White : Seeking Peace in the `` Warfare Between Science and Theology '' ( PDF ) , The Biologos Foundation , p. 4 , retrieved 14 January 2015 Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ; Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1986 ) , `` Introduction '' , God & Nature : Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , pp. 5 , 12 , ISBN 0520055381 , It would be indefensible to maintain , with Hooykaas and Jaki , that Christianity was fundamentally responsible for the successes of seventeenth - century science . It would be a mistake of equal magnitude , however , to overlook the intricate interlocking of scientific and religious concerns throughout the century . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 55 -- 63 , 87 -- 104 Jump up ^ Pedersen , pp. 106 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 63 -- 8 , 104 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , p. 25 Jump up ^ Pedersen , pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas ( 1957 ) The Copernican Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard Univ . Pr . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Fernando ( 2005 ) . `` An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching '' . Physics Education . 40 ( 2 ) : 141 . Bibcode : 2005PhyEd ... 40 ... 139E . doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 40 / 2 / 002 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) . `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus , I , 10 '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 126 : 367 -- 394 . reprinted in Eastwood , B.S. ( 1989 ) Astronomy and Optics from Pliny to Descartes , London : Variorum Reprints . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , J.E. ; Rattansi , P.M. ( 1966 ) . `` Newton and the ' Pipes of Pan ' '' ( PDF ) . Notes and Records of the Royal Society https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160304064640/http://ls.poly.edu/~jbain/mms/texts/66McGuire(Pipes).pdf. 21 ( 2 ) : 108 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 1966.0014 . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ( 1962 ) . Hall , A.R. ; Hall , M.B. , eds . Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton . Cambridge University Press . pp. 310 -- 11 . All those ancients knew the first law ( of motion ) who attributed to atoms in an infinite vacuum a motion which was rectilinear , extremely swift and perpetual because of the lack of resistance ... Aristotle was of the same mind , since he expresses his opinion thus ... ( in Physics 4.8. 215a19 - 22 ) , speaking of motion in the void ( in which bodies have no gravity and ) where there is no impediment he writes : ' Why a body once moved should come to rest anywhere no one can say . For why should it rest here rather than there ? Hence either it will not be moved , or it must be moved indefinitely , unless something stronger impedes it . ' Jump up ^ Sorabji , R. ( 2005 ) . The Philosophy of the Commentators , 200 -- 600 AD : Physics . G -- Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Cornell University Press . p. 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8988 - 4 . LCCN 2004063547 . An impetus is an inner force impressed into a moving body from without . It thus contrasts with purely external forces like the action of air on projectiles in Aristotle , and with purely internal forces like the nature of the elements in Aristotle and his followers. ... Impetus theories also contrast with theories of inertia which replaced them in the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. ... Such inertial ideas are merely sporadic in Antiquity and not consciously attended to as a separate option . Aristotle , for example , argues in Phys. 4.8 that in a vacuum a moving body would never stop , but the possible implications for inertia are not discussed . Jump up ^ Heath , Thomas L. ( 1949 ) Mathematics in Aristotle . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 115 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Drake , S. ( 1964 ) . `` Galileo and the Law of Inertia '' . American Journal of Physics. 32 ( 8 ) : 601 . Bibcode : 1964AmJPh ... 32 ... 601D . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1970872 . Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 162 Jump up ^ `` Empiricism : The influence of Francis Bacon , John Locke , and David Hume '' . Sweet Briar College . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Francis . `` Novum Organum '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bacon , Francis ( 1605 ) , Temporis Partus Maximus . Jump up ^ Zagorin , Perez ( 1998 ) , Francis Bacon , Princeton : Princeton University Press , p. 84 , ISBN 069100966X Jump up ^ Durant , Will . The Story of Philosophy . Page 101 Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 1926 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 69500 - 2 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary , 2000 , CD - ROM , version 2.5 . Jump up ^ Gimpel , Jean ( 1976 ) The Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages . New York , Penguin . ISBN 0760735824 . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Thomas ( 1812 ) History of the Royal Society : from its Institution to the End of the Eighteenth Century . R. Baldwin . p. 461 Jump up ^ Singer , Charles ( 1941 ) . `` A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century '' . Clarendon Press : 217 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , David ( 2009 ) . Renaissance Genius : Galileo Galilei & His Legacy to Modern Science . Sterling Publishing Company . p. 219 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6977 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Weidhorn , Manfred ( 2005 ) . The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History . iUniverse . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 36877 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hetnarski , Richard B. ; Ignaczak , Józef ( 2010 ) . The Mathematical Theory of Elasticity ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 4398 - 2888 - 1 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 2007 ) . `` The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History ? By Manfred Weidhorn '' . The Historian. 69 ( 3 ) : 601 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2007. 00189_68. x . Jump up ^ Sharratt , pp. 204 -- 05 Jump up ^ Drake , Stillman ( 1957 ) . Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo . New York : Doubleday & Company . pp. 237 -- 238 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 09239 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William A. ( 1984 ) Galileo and His Sources : The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo 's Science , Princeton : Princeton Univ . Pr . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08355 - X Jump up ^ Sharratt , pp. 202 -- 04 Jump up ^ Sharratt , 202 -- 04 Jump up ^ Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . 8 . Florence : Barbera . pp. 274 -- 75 . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dear , Peter ( 2009 ) Revolutionizing the Sciences . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691142068 . pp. 65 -- 67 , 134 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 101 -- 03 , 148 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , p. 231 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Stephen C. ( 1998 ) Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr . pp. 180 -- 84 , 198 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Galilei , Galileo ( 1967 ) ( Composed in 1632 ) . Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . Translated by Stillman Drake ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 103 . In the 1661 translation by Thomas Salusbury : `` ... the knowledge of those few comprehended by humane understanding , equalleth the divine , as to the certainty objectivè ... '' p. 92 ( from the Archimedes Project ) In the original Italian : `` ... ma di quelle poche intese dall'intelletto umano credo che la cognizione agguagli la divina nella certezza obiettiva , poiché arriva a comprenderne la necessità ... '' ( from the copy at the Italian Wikisource ) Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Il Saggiatore ( The Assayer , 1623 ) , as translated by Stillman Drake ( 1957 ) , Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo pp. 237 -- 8 Jump up ^ Westfall , pp. 30 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas ( 1970 ) , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226458075 . pp. 105 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Chartres , Richard and Vermont , David ( 1998 ) A Brief History of Gresham College . Gresham College . ISBN 094782216X . p. 38 Jump up ^ `` London Royal Society '' . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Wales opens Royal Society 's refurbished building '' . The Royal Society . 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 1941 ) p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Philosophical Transactions − the world 's first science journal '' . The Royal Society . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 2012 ) , The Discarded Image , Canto Classics , pp. 3 , 4 , ISBN 978 - 1107604704 Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 303 Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 329 Jump up ^ Hannam , p. 283 Jump up ^ Correspondence of Isaac Newton , vol. 2 , 1676 -- 1687 ed . HW Turnbull , Cambridge University Press 1960 ; at page 297 , document No. 235 , letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679 . Jump up ^ Westfall , pp. 391 -- 2 Jump up ^ Whiteside DT ( ed . ) ( 1974 ) Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton , vol. 6 , 1684 -- 1691 , Cambridge University Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) , BBC -- History Jump up ^ Halley biography . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Edelglass et al. , Matter and Mind , ISBN 0 - 940262 - 45 - 2 . p. 54 Jump up ^ On the meaning and origins of this expression , see Kirsten Walsh , Does Newton feign an hypothesis ? , Early Modern Experimental Philosophy , 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Page through a virtual copy of Vesalius 's ' ' De Humanis Corporis Fabrica ' ' . Archive.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Harvey , William De motu cordis , cited in Debus , Allen G. ( 1978 ) Man and Nature in the Renaissance . Cambridge Univ . Pr . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl . ( 2004 ) Soul Made Flesh : The Discovery of the Brain -- and How It Changed the World . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0743272056 Jump up ^ Hannaway , O. ( 1986 ) . `` Laboratory Design and the Aim of Science : Andreas Libavius versus Tycho Brahe '' . Isis. 77 ( 4 ) : 584 . doi : 10.1086 / 354267 . Jump up ^ Westfall , Richard S. ( 1983 ) Never at Rest . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521274354 . pp. 18 -- 23 . Jump up ^ AGRICOLA , GEORG ( 1494 -- 1555 ) . Scs.uiuc.edu . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . 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London ^ Jump up to : Maver , William , Jr. : `` Electricity , its History and Progress '' , The Encyclopedia Americana ; a library of universal knowledge , vol . X , pp. 172ff. ( 1918 ) . New York : Encyclopedia Americana Corp . ^ Jump up to : Dampier , W.C.D. ( 1905 ) . The theory of experimental electricity . Cambridge physical series . Cambridge ( Eng. : University Press . Jump up ^ Benjamin , P. ( 1895 ) . A history of electricity : ( The intellectual rise in electricity ) from antiquity to the days of Benjamin Franklin . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( 1676 ) . Experiments and notes about the mechanical origin or production of particular qualities . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( 1675 ) Experiments on the Origin of Electricity Jump up ^ Jenkins , Rhys ( 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Ayer Publishing . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2167 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Napier , John '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Jump up ^ Marguin , Jean ( 1994 ) . Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer , trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642 -- 1942 . Hermann . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7056 - 6166 - 3 . citing Taton , René ( 1963 ) . Le calcul mécanique . Paris : Presses universitaires de France . Jump up ^ Schum , David A. ( 1979 ) . `` A Review of a Case against Blaise Pascal and His Heirs '' . Michigan Law Review . 77 ( 3 ) : 446 -- 483 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288133 . JSTOR 1288133 . Jump up ^ Pascal biography . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1929 ) . A Source Book in Mathematics . New York and London : McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . pp. 173 -- 181 . Jump up ^ McEvoy , John G. ( March 1975 ) . `` A `` Revolutionary '' Philosophy of Science : Feyerabend and the Degeneration of Critical Rationalism into Sceptical Fallibilism `` . Philosophy of Science . 42 ( 1 ) : 49 . doi : 10.1086 / 288620 . JSTOR 187297 . Jump up ^ Denis Papin . NNDB Jump up ^ Jenkins , Rhys ( 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Ayer Publishing . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2167 - 4 . Jump up ^ Savery , Thomas ( 1827 ) . The Miner 's Friend : Or , an Engine to Raise Water by Fire . S. Crouch . Jump up ^ Thomas Newcomen ( 1663 -- 1729 ) , BBC -- History Jump up ^ galileo.rice.edu The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope by Al Van Helden `` The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans Lipperhey of Middelburg , and then of Jacob Metius of Alkmaar ... another citizen of Middelburg , Sacharias Janssen had a telescope at about the same time but was at the Frankfurt Fair where he tried to sell it '' Jump up ^ Loker , Aleck ( 2008 ) . Profiles in Colonial History . Aleck Loker . pp. 15 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928874 - 16 - 4 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac . Optics , bk . i . pt . ii . prop . 3 Jump up ^ Treatise on Optics , p. 112 Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 1999 ) . Isaac Newton : The Last Sorcerer . Perseus Books . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7382 - 0143 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hall , Alfred Rupert . Isaac Newton : adventurer in thought . p. 67 Jump up ^ King , Henry C. ( 2003 ) . The History of the Telescope . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 77 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43265 - 6 . Jump up ^ telescopeѲptics.net -- 8.2 . Two - mirror telescopes . Telescope-optics.net . Retrieved on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hadley 's Reflector '' . amazing-space.stsci.edu . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lienhard , John ( 2005 ) . `` Gases and Force '' . Rain Steam & Speed . KUHF FM Radio . Jump up ^ Wilson , George ( 15 January 1849 ) . `` On the Early History of the Air - pump in England '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1868 ) . Wonderful Inventions : From the Mariner 's Compass to the Electric Telegraph Cable . London : George Routledge and Sons . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1172827800 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments '' . chsi.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Search Home '' . collections.peabody.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` University of Toronto Scientific Instruments Collection '' . utsic.escalator.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Adler Planetarium Collections Department '' . Adler Planetarium . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dioptrice : pre-1775 refracting telescopes '' . www.dioptrice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dioptrice : Accession # : M - 428a '' . www.dioptrice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Martin ( 1991 ) . `` ' Intellectual Ornaments ' : Style , Function , and Society in Some Instruments of Art '' . Interpretation and Cultural History . St. Martin 's Press : 135 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffer , Simon . `` Easily Cracked : Scientific Instruments in States of Disrepair '' . Isis. 102 ( 4 ) : 706 -- 717 . Bibcode : 2011Isis ... 102 ... 706S . doi : 10.1086 / 663608 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Katharine . `` REFA , Revista Electrónica de Fuentes y Archivos del Centro de Estudios Históricos Prof. Carlos S.A. Segreti , publicacion periodica digital '' . www.refa.org.ar ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Jim ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Early Modern Mathematical Instruments '' . Isis. 102 ( 4 ) : 697 -- 705 . doi : 10.1086 / 663607 . ISSN 0021 - 1753 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Collections : Online Exhibitions : Boyle 's air - pump '' . www.kingscollections.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Abbé Jean - Antoine Nollet Air Pump '' . waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Grant Jump up ^ Hannam , James ( 31 October 2012 ) Medieval Christianity and the Rise of Modern Science , Part 2 . biologos.org Jump up ^ Hassan , Ahmad Y and Hill , Donald Routledge ( 1986 ) , Islamic Technology : An Illustrated History , p. 282 , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Salam , Abdus , Dalafi , H.R. and Hassan , Mohamed ( 1994 ) . Renaissance of Sciences in Islamic Countries , p. 162 . World Scientific , ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0713 - 7 . Jump up ^ Briffault , Robert ( 1919 ) . The Making of Humanity . London , G. Allen & Unwin ltd . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Huff , Toby E. ( 2003 ) The Rise of Early Modern Science : Islam , China and the West , 2nd . ed. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52994 - 8 . pp. 54 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . Jump up ^ Bala , Arun ( 2006 ) Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0230609791 Jump up ^ `` Book Review of The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science by Arun Bala '' . MuslimHeritage.com Jump up ^ Sobol , Peter G. ( December 2007 ) . `` Review of The Dialogue of Civilizations and the Birth of Modern Science '' . Isis. 98 ( 4 ) : 829 -- 830 . doi : 10.1086 / 529293 . Jump up ^ Russo , Lucio ( 1996 ) . The Forgotten Revolution . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 18904 - 3 . Jump up ^ Africa , Thomas W. ( 1961 ) . `` Copernicus ' Relation to Aristarchus and Pythagoras '' . Isis. 52 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 409 . doi : 10.1086 / 349478 . JSTOR 228080 . Jump up ^ A survey of the debate over the significance of these antecedents is in Lindberg , D.C. ( 1992 ) The Beginnings of Western Science : The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical , Religious , and Institutional Context , 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450 . Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Pr . ISBN 0226482316 . pp. 355 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Khun , Thomas ( 1962 ) . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226458113 . Jump up ^ Silva , Vanessa ( 2014 ) . `` Beyond the Academy - Histories of Gender and Knowledge '' . Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology : 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Des Jardins , Julie ( 2010 ) . The Madame Curie Complex . The Feminist Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 9781558616134 . Further reading ( edit ) Burns , William E. The Scientific Revolution in Global Perspective ( Oxford University Press , 2016 ) xv + 198 pp . Cohen , H. Floris . The Rise of Modern Science Explained : A Comparative History ( Cambridge University Press , 2015 ) . vi + 296 pp . Grant , E. ( 1996 ) . The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages : Their Religious , Institutional , and Intellectual Contexts . Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 0521567629 . Hannam , James ( 2011 ) . The Genesis of Science . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 155 - 5 . Henry , John . The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science ( 2008 ) , 176pp Knight , David . Voyaging in Strange Seas : The Great Revolution in Science ( Yale U.P. , 2014 ) viii + 329 pp . Lindberg , D.C. The Beginnings of Western Science : The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical , Religious , and Institutional Context , 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450 ( Univ. of Chicago Press , 1992 ) . Pedersen , Olaf ( 1993 ) . Early Physics and Astronomy : A Historical Introduction . Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40899 - 7 . Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Shapin , Steven ( 1996 ) . The Scientific Revolution . Chicago : Chicago University Press . ISBN 0226750205 . Weinberg , Steven . To Explain the World : The Discovery of Modern Science ( 2015 ) xiv + 417 pp . Westfall , Richard S. Never at Rest : A Biography of Isaac Newton ( 1983 ) . Westfall , Richard S. ( 1971 ) . The Construction of Modern Science . New York : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29295 - 6 . Wootton , David . The Invention of Science : A New History of the Scientific Revolution ( Penguin , 2015 ) . xiv + 769 pp. ISBN 006175952X Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things names after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose History of science Background Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience By era Early cultures Classical Antiquity The Golden Age of Islam Renaissance Scientific Revolution Romanticism By culture African Byzantine Medieval European Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Botany Chemistry Ecology Evolution Geology Geophysics Paleontology Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Economics Geography Linguistics Political science Psychology Sociology Sustainability Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal Category Philosophy of science Concepts Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Causality Commensurability Consilience Construct Creative synthesis Demarcation problem Empirical evidence Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Feminist method Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Intertheoretic reduction Inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice Theory - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why is the birth of modern science called a revolution	[ "The scientific revolution is a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The scientific revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution." ]	[ "developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature" ]
6063661015726988302	The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)	The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) - wikipedia The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( film ) '' redirects here . For the pilot of the 1970s television series , see Spider - Man ( 1977 film ) . The Amazing Spider - Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Webb Produced by Avi Arad Matt Tolmach Laura Ziskin Screenplay by James Vanderbilt Alvin Sargent Steve Kloves Story by James Vanderbilt Based on The Amazing Spider - Man by Stan Lee Steve Ditko Starring Andrew Garfield Emma Stone Rhys Ifans Denis Leary Campbell Scott Irrfan Khan Martin Sheen Sally Field Music by James Horner Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Alan Edward Bell Michael McCusker Pietro Scalia Production company Marvel Entertainment Laura Ziskin Productions Arad Productions , Inc . Matt Tolmach Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 30 ) ( Tokyo ) July 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 -- 230 million Box office $757.9 million The Amazing Spider - Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider - Man , and sharing the title of the character 's longest - running comic book . It is the fourth theatrical Spider - Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment , and a reboot of Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man 2002 - 2007 trilogy preceding it . The film was directed by Marc Webb . It was written by James Vanderbilt , Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and it stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider - Man , Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy , Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors , Denis Leary as NYPD Captain George Stacy , along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker , Ben Parker and May Parker . The film tells the story of Peter Parker , a teenager from New York who becomes Spider - Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider . Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard , from spreading a mutation serum to the city 's human population . Development of the film began with the cancellation of Spider - Man 4 in 2010 , ending director Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man film series that had starred Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero . Columbia Pictures opted to reboot the franchise with the same production team along with James Vanderbilt to stay on with writing the next Spider - Man film while Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves helped with the script as well . During pre-production , the main characters were cast in 2010 . New designs were introduced from the comics , such as artificial web - shooters . Using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera , principal photography started in December 2010 in Los Angeles before moving to New York City . The film entered post-production in April 2011 . 3ality Technica provided 3D image processing , and Sony Pictures Imageworks handled CGI . This was also the final American film to be scored by James Horner and released during his lifetime , before his death in 2015 from an aircraft accident . Sony Pictures Entertainment built a promotional website , releasing many previews and launched a viral marketing campaign , among other moves . Tie - ins included a video game by Beenox . The film premiered on June 30 in Tokyo , and was released in the United States on July 3 , ten years after release of Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D and released in home media in November 2012 . The reboot received generally favorable reviews , with critics praising mostly Andrew Garfield 's performance , the visual style , James Horner 's musical score , and the realistic portrayal of the title character . The film was a box office success , grossing over $757 million worldwide , becoming the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2012 , and the highest - grossing reboot of all time . The film 's sequel , The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , was released on May 2 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.4. 1 Stunts 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.1. 1 Merchandising 4.1. 2 Previews 4.1. 3 Viral campaign 4.1. 4 Philanthropy 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Themes and analysis 6 Legacy 6.1 Other media 6.2 Sequels and reboot 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A young Peter Parker discovers that his father Richard Parker 's study has been burgled . Peter 's parents gather hidden documents , take Peter to the home of his Aunt May and Uncle Ben , and then mysteriously depart . Years later , a teenage Peter attends Midtown Science High School , where he is bullied by Flash Thompson , and has caught the eye of Gwen Stacy . At home , Peter finds his father 's papers , and learns his father worked with fellow scientist Dr. Curt Connors at Oscorp in the field of cross-species genetics . Sneaking into Oscorp , Peter enters a lab where a `` biocable '' is under development from genetically modified spiders , one of which bites him . He later discovers he has developed spider - like abilities , such as sharp senses , reflexes and speed . After studying Richard 's papers , Peter visits the one - armed Connors , reveals he is Richard 's son and gives Connors his father 's `` decay rate algorithm '' , the missing piece in Connors ' experiments on regenerating limbs . Connors is being pressed by his superior , Dr. Ratha , to devise a cure for the dying head of Oscorp , Norman Osborn . In school , Peter is exposed after a basketball challenge with Flash , in which Peter accidentally shatters the backboard glass . His uncle changes work shifts to meet with the principal , and asks Peter to walk May home for him that night . Peter forgets to do so , distracted while at Oscorp helping Connors regenerate the limb of a laboratory mouse . At home , he and Ben argue , and Peter leaves . At a nearby deli , a cashier refuses to let Peter buy milk when Peter is two cents short ; when a thief suddenly raids the store , Peter indifferently observes . While searching for Peter , Ben attempts to stop the thief , and is killed . The thief escapes as Peter finds Ben dead on the sidewalk . Afterward , Peter uses his new abilities to track down criminals matching the killer 's description . After a fall lands him inside an abandoned gym , a luchador - wrestling poster inspires him to create a mask to hide his identity . He adds a spandex suit and builds mechanical devices to attach to his wrists to shoot a biocable `` web '' . Later , at dinner with Gwen 's family , he has a tense conversation with her father , police captain George Stacy , over the new masked vigilante 's motives . After dinner , Peter reveals his identity to Gwen , and they kiss . After seeing success with the mouse using lizard DNA , Ratha demands Connors begin human trials immediately . Connors refuses to rush the drug - testing procedure and put innocent people at risk . Ratha fires Connors and decides to test Connors ' serum at a Veterans Administration hospital under the guise of a flu shot . In an act of desperation , Connors tries the formula on himself . After passing out , he awakens to find his missing arm has regenerated . Discovering that Ratha is on his way to the VA hospital , Connors , whose skin is turning green and scaly , goes to intercept him . By the time he gets to the Williamsburg Bridge , Connors has become a violent hybrid of lizard and man , tossing cars , including Ratha 's , over the side . Peter , now calling himself Spider - Man , snatches each falling car with his web - lines . Peter suspects Connors is the Lizard and unsuccessfully confronts the creature in the sewers . The Lizard learns Spider - Man 's real identity via the name on an abandoned camera and follows Peter to school , where they fight . Police start a manhunt for both Spider - Man and the Lizard . The Police corner Spider - Man by taking off his mask and Captain Stacy discovers that Spider - Man is really Peter . The Lizard plans to make all humans lizard - like by releasing a chemical cloud from Oscorp 's tower , to eliminate the weaknesses he believes plague humanity . Spider - Man eventually disperses an antidote cloud instead , restoring Connors and earlier victims to normal , but not before the Lizard mortally wounds Captain Stacy . Before his death , Captain Stacy requests Peter avoid Gwen , in order to keep her safe . Peter initially does so , but later at school , suggests to Gwen he may see her after all . In a mid-credits scene , Connors , in a prison cell , speaks with a man in the shadows who asks if Peter knows the truth about his father . Connors does n't know , and demands Peter to be left alone before the man disappears . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Spider - Man films cast members and List of Spider - Man supporting characters Andrew Garfield ( top ) and Emma Stone ( bottom ) at 2013 San Diego Comic Con Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager struggling to find his place in life ever since his parents disappeared when he was a child . A spider bites him on the back of his neck , giving him spider - powers . He becomes Spider - Man . Garfield described Parker as someone he can relate to and stated that the character had been an important influence on him since he was little . Garfield drew from his life experiences as inspiration for the role , revealing , `` I was thinking of my history and thinking of the kid at school who I was n't as strong as , who behaved badly to a lot of people -- including myself -- and who I constantly tried to stand up to but never had the physical prowess to '' . Discussing his predecessor , Garfield said he respects Tobey Maguire as an actor and that when he first saw Maguire play Spider - Man he `` was blown away by his interpretation . '' Garfield said in interviews , including one in which he was interviewed by Maguire , that when he watched the film Spider - Man when he was younger , he would jokingly recite Maguire 's lines in the mirror with a friend who joked that he would never be Spider - Man . On accepting the role Garfield explained , `` I see it as a massive challenge in many ways ... To make it authentic . To make the character live and breathe in a new way . The audience already has a relationship with many different incarnations of the character . I do , as well . I 'm probably going to be the guy in the movie theater shouting abuse at myself . But I have to let that go . No turning back . And I would n't want to . '' After taking the role , Garfield studied the movements of athletes and spiders and tried to incorporate them , saying Parker is `` a boy / spider in terms of how he moves , and not just in the suit . '' He did yoga and Pilates for the role in order to be as flexible as possible . When first wearing his costume Garfield admitted to shedding tears and trying to imagine `` a better actor in the suit '' , which he described as `` uncomfortable '' and admitted to wearing nothing beneath it since it is skintight . When filming Garfield explained that he had four months of training and described his physical roles on stunts as terribly challenging and exhausting . Max Charles portrayed Young Peter Parker Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard : One of Oscorp 's leading scientific minds who attempts to engineer a revolutionary regeneration serum to help regrow limbs and human tissue . Something goes wrong , and he is transformed into the monster known as the Lizard . Ifans said his character spends the majority of the film as a human . While playing the 9 - foot - tall reptile , Ifans was required to wear a CGI suit . Initially , a large stunt - double was used as a stand - in for the role , but Ifans insisted on portraying the transformed character . Commenting on the technology used to bring his character to life , Ifans continued , `` I had a green suit on , and then this cardboard head , and these small claws ... Each and every time you see the Lizard , the technology is so advanced now that when the Lizard 's eyes move , they 're my eyes . If I frown or show any emotion , they 're my emotions . That 's how spectacularly advanced technology is . '' Ifans said that he voiced the man - beast as well , explaining , `` I 'm sure the voice will be toyed with in the eventual edits , but when I was shooting the CGI moments , when I was n't actually human , when I was Lizard , I looked like a crash - test dummy in a green leotard thing . There were many moments when I had to speak to Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone as the Lizard . '' Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy A high school classmate and love interest of Parker 's , a smart and charismatic girl who is the chief Intern at Oscorp . For the role , Stone kept her natural blonde hair color , rather than maintaining her usual dyed red hair . She felt that she had a responsibility to educate herself on Spider - Man , admitting she `` had n't read the comic book growing up , and my experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love '' , and having only been familiar with her The Help co-star Bryce Dallas Howard 's portrayal in Spider - Man 3 . Stone said , `` There 's a part of me that really wants to please people ( who ) love Spider - Man or Gwen Stacy and want her to be done justice . I hope they 'll give me license to interpret her my way . '' Denis Leary as Captain Stacy : `` This is a Denis Leary you 've never seen before -- he 's not the cool cat bucking the system , he is the system . He 's got wit , he 's got an attitude , and he 's got 500 officers looking for Spider - Man -- who just happens to be dating his daughter . '' -- Matt Tolmach explaining Leary 's character . Gwen 's father and a New York City Police Department captain who hunts both Spider - Man out of distrust and the Lizard for his rampage . Leary explained that he did not know much about Spider - Man in the comics and was `` more of a Batman guy . Not the ' 60s ( TV version ) but the really dark Batman . But my wife was a Spider - Man nut , which was why I went to Tobey Maguire ones . '' He added that long before he was cast as George Stacy his friend Jeff Garlin , a Spider - Man fan , `` said to me , ' The first time I met you , I thought you were George Stacy ! ' This was like 30 years ago . I was like , ' What ? ! ' '' Director Webb said of his casting , `` ( W ) e all trust Denis Leary . He 's got this attitude , but you love him . In this movie , he puts pressure on Peter Parker . He 's on Spider - Man 's case , but you understand him . I 've said this before , but good drama comes from competing ideas of what 's good . '' Martin Sheen as Uncle Ben : Peter 's uncle . Sheen admitted he was unfamiliar with Spider - Man other than Maguire 's portrayal , and knew little of the character Ben Parker except for knowing Cliff Robertson had played the part . Sheen described his character as a surrogate father , saying , `` I 'm dealing with this adolescent who is having problems with changes , with hormones changing and his getting out of hand . I have to give him the marching orders and so forth . '' Webb said , `` You think of Martin Sheen as President Bartlet ( of TV 's The West Wing ) . He has that sense of benevolent authority , but there 's something else that 's important , in terms of the dynamic that I wanted to explore , vis - à - vis Peter 's relationship with his absent parents . '' Webb felt that unlike the scientifically inclined Peter , Uncle Ben represented the blue - collar working man , a gap that could create a dynamic between the characters . Sally Field as Aunt May : Ben Parker 's wife and Peter 's aunt . Field said the main reason she felt she had to be in the film was because of producer Laura Ziskin ( they worked together on the 1985 film Murphy 's Romance ) because she had an instinct that this was to be Ziskin 's last film . After Ziskin 's death Field expressed her gratitude at being a part of both Ziskin 's first and last films . Director Webb felt that `` when you cast someone like Sally , they come with a certain level of awareness and real genuine affection , which for Aunt May is an incredibly important thing to have . '' Webb said that while `` we all love Aunt May '' , he wanted to create a tension between May and Peter . `` He 's got bruises on his face , and what happens in that moment ? That can create some tension , but you want there to be love there . That 's what someone like Sally Field gives you . '' Irrfan Khan as Rajit Ratha : An Oscorp executive , Connors ' immediate superior . Khan said he was offered what he described as this `` pivotal role '' after appearing in the TV drama series In Treatment . Webb described himself as a fan of the actor when watching the series along with the films The Namesake and The Warrior . Khan said he was uninterested in the project at first , but that his sons were excited about it and insisted he take the role . Chris Zylka as Flash Thompson : A high school bully who is also the captain of the Midtown Science High basketball team and typically picks on Parker . On playing the role , Zylka said , `` You just try to focus . As an artist or as an actor , you just try to focus and stay in that world and block it all out . '' Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portray Peter 's parents , Richard and Mary Parker . Leif Gantvoort plays the burglar who robs the convenience store . Hannah Marks portrays Missy Kallenback , an unpopular girl who has a crush on Peter . Kelsey Asbille 's brief role is simply credited as `` Hot Girl '' during the end credits of the film , but the actress revealed to media outlets around the time of the film 's release that her character is in fact Sally Avril . Similarly , C. Thomas Howell 's character is credited as `` Jack 's Father '' at the end of the film ( Jack being a boy that Spider - Man rescues on the Williamsburg Bridge ) but he is referred to as Troy by one of his fellow construction workers in the film itself . Unlike the previous films , J. Jonah Jameson does not appear . Spider - Man co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance , as he did in the previous films . At the 2011 Dallas Comic Con , Lee detailed that he plays a librarian listening to music on his headphones while stamping books , oblivious to the ongoing battle . Michael Massee plays the mysterious man in the shadows who talks with Connors in his prison cell in a teaser scene during the end credits . As to the man 's identity , director Marc Webb said , `` It 's intentionally mysterious . And I invite speculation ... '' In The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , the character was revealed to be Gustav Fiers . Michael Papajohn , who played Uncle Ben 's killer in the 2002 film , has a cameo as Alfred , Dr. Ratha 's limo driver . Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man in film § Spider - Man 4 Following the release of Spider - Man 3 , Sony Pictures Entertainment had announced a May 5 , 2011 , release date for Sam Raimi 's next film in the earlier series . By this time , screenwriters James Vanderbilt , David Lindsay - Abaire and Gary Ross had all written rejected versions of a script and Ziskin 's husband Alvin Sargent , who wrote the second and third films , was working on yet another attempt . Raimi wanted John Malkovich to play his next villain . However , on January 11 , 2010 , Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that rather than continue the earlier saga , they were rebooting the series with a new cast and crew . Industry reports claimed that Raimi had admitted that he could not meet the scheduled release date and retain creative integrity . Avi Arad , Matt Tolmach and Ziskin continued as producers . Arad later explained , `` We were working on what we called Spider - Man 4 and it was the same team ( as with the first three films ) . The problem was we did n't have a story that was strong enough and warranted ... another movie . And Sam Raimi ... realized we ( did n't ) have a good reason to make another one . And between ( him ) and Tobey and obviously the studio , we all went into it not feeling good about the next story . '' Tolmach said one reason to restart the series was that the producers felt the core Spider - Man story was that of a boy becoming a man . Screenwriter Steve Kloves did a polish of Sargent 's script , saying he had originally declined the opportunity to do so but relented `` as a favor '' to the filmmakers . `` I also really wanted to write for Emma Stone , because I like to write for women and I particularly like Emma , '' he explained . `` So ... I did basically character and dialogue , and that was enjoyable for me . So that was my hand in it . And I did a little plot work , but a lot of the plot was done . '' He did `` a little bit '' of dialog for Peter Parker / Spider - Man . In April 2012 , writer - director Paul Feig said that Webb `` invited me on set , and I did a little bit of writing for that movie , for one of the high school scenes '' . `` When you walk out of the theater , I want the world you see to resemble what you saw on the screen . Part of the joy of cinema ( is that ) you make the impossible look real . I wanted it to be more grounded and more realistic and that went for the emotion of the scenes , the physical action and wardrobe . It 's less based in Steve Ditko world and probably closer visually and more influenced by `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' but it is also very much a world of our own devising . '' -- Marc Webb in an interview with the Los Angeles Times Days after announcing Raimi 's departure , the studio announced that Webb , whose previous film ( 500 ) Days of Summer was his directorial debut , would direct the reboot . Tolmach , now president of Columbia Pictures and Amy Pascal , co-chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment , said they looked for a director who could give sharp focus to Parker 's life . Webb said he `` was a little sceptical at first -- you feel the presence of those other movies . But then I was like , ' How could I walk away from this ? What an opportunity ! ' '' Webb said in the press release announcing him that , `` Sam Raimi 's virtuoso rendering of Spider - Man is a humbling precedent to follow and build upon . The first three films are beloved for good reason . But I think the Spider - Man mythology transcends not only generations but directors as well . I am signing on not to ' take over ' from Sam . That would be impossible . Not to mention arrogant . I 'm here because there 's an opportunity for ideas , stories , and histories that will add a new dimension , canvas , and creative voice to Spider - Man . '' Webb felt Spider - Man is different from the Harry Potter franchise , which is based on a few novels and `` more like James Bond '' because `` there 's so much material in Spider - Man that there are so many stories to tell and so many characters . '' He described the film as `` not a remake '' explaining that `` we 're not making Sam 's movie again . It 's a different universe and a different story with different characters . '' Casting ( edit ) Chosen supporting cast for comic book characters roles Rhys Ifans Denis Leary Martin Sheen Sally Field In May 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter said the actors who met with Webb to be considered for the lead role included Jamie Bell , Alden Ehrenreich , Frank Dillane , Ose Hayble , Garfield and Josh Hutcherson . In June 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Aaron Johnson and Anton Yelchin . At least Bell , Ehrenreich , Garfield , Yelchin , Logan Lerman and Michael Angarano had screen tests . On July 1 , 2010 , the choice of Garfield was confirmed . Webb stated that he felt he knew Garfield was the right guy when they were filming a cutscene where he was eating a cheeseburger while telling Gwen to calm down . Sony then held auditions for the role of the young Peter , who needed to resemble Garfield . Webb said , `` I think we saw the origin of Spider - Man before but not the origin of Peter Parker . '' Webb felt that when you try to build the film you must build the protagonist from the ground up . That 's why he wanted Parker to begin as a child . It was reported originally that the film would feature both Mary Jane Watson and Gwen Stacy as love interests , but the website The Wrap later reported that only Gwen Stacy would appear . In August 2010 , the list of candidates included Lily Collins , Ophelia Lovibond , and Imogen Poots , with Teresa Palmer , Emma Roberts , and Mary Elizabeth Winstead cited by The Hollywood Reporter as `` potentially in the mix '' . In September 2010 , Variety reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Stone and Mia Wasikowska . The shortlist was reported to then include Dianna Agron , Georgina Haig and Dominique McElligott . On October 5 , 2010 , the choice of Stone was confirmed . Webb noted that the chemistry between Stone and Garfield made her the clear choice . That chemistry inspired their off - screen romance . On October 11 , 2010 , Rhys Ifans was confirmed to be the unnamed villain , and two days later his character was revealed to be Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard . Arad said that Lizard is his favorite Spider - Man villain , and he had long wanted to use him in a film . Well before the choice of villain , Arad had had conceptual drawings prepared for the character . In November , Martin Sheen was reported to be Uncle Ben while Sally Field was in negotiations to play Aunt May . That same month , Denis Leary was reported to accept the role of George Stacy . In December 2010 , Campbell Scott and Julianne Nicholson were in negotiations to play Peter 's parents . Khan was originally reported as playing Van Adder until the character 's name was revealed to be Dr. Ratha . Embeth Davidtz then replaced Nicholson . Annie Parisse was originally reported to play `` the villain 's wife '' , and Miles Elliot was reported to portray Billy Connors , son of Dr. Connors ; but they did not appear in the final cut of the film . Design ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man 's powers and equipment Webb felt a responsibility to reinvent Spider - Man . One departure from the preceding trilogy was to have Spider - Man build artificial web - shooters , as the character does in the comics . In February 2011 , with the launch of the official website , the title and first official image of Garfield as Spider - Man depicting both his costume and web - shooters for the first time were revealed . Writer Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times was skeptical of the change , feeling that it was too hard to believe that a financially strapped young man could conceive a wrist - worn device that can instantly produce a strand of synthetic webbing and noted `` the suit lives up to the challenge of being different from the Sam Raimi films but not too different from the classic suit that stands as one of the great comic - book costumes ever . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider admitted that he was not crazy about the costume , explaining that the bug - yellow eyes felt weird to him and the mesh - pattern felt too busy . He explained that the design of the gloves caused flashbacks to the Spider - Man 2099 costume which he did not like , although he felt that the web - shooters looked fine . Webb explained that he felt that `` the web - shooters were able to dramatize Peter 's intellect '' . Webb paid attention to the question of `` How would a kid make it ? '' and then took some license with it . About the new costume , Webb explained that he and the crew `` wanted a design that would make the body longer and more lithe , more of an acrobat , someone incredibly agile and the legs of the spider ( symbol on the chest ) were something we used to emphasize that . '' He revealed that the film used varying suits for different lighting conditions . They made the webbing on the costume a little darker . Webb stated that `` With the costume and the web - shooters we wanted to emphasize that these are things that Peter Parker made '' . Webb also looked at the Mark Bagley art in Ultimate Spider - Man for the hero 's body . While Webb introduced a few elements from Ultimate Spider - Man , he wanted to keep the mainstream version of Gwen Stacy instead of that world 's punk rocker , though he states that the `` texture '' of the romantic relationship between her and Peter is based on that of the Ultimate versions of Peter and Mary Jane . The release of Lizard merchandise designs along with unconfirmed concept art featuring a humanoid - shape with a layer of scales on top instead of a pronounced snout ( similar to a dinosaur or crocodile ) as in the most recent comics , produced a mixed reaction . Many commenters compared it to other fictional characters instead of his rendering in comics . Russ Fischer of / Film described the character as looking more `` Steve Ditko derived '' ( the character 's original artist ) . Webb felt that there are different incarnations of Lizard in the comic book . He felt that he should do it without the snout because he was interested more in human emotions and wanted to keep Rhys ' presence in the creature . Webb wanted him to have emotion , have a face and have feeling . He stated `` that in a comic book , you just put that thing up there , and you can say , oh , thought bubble , whatever . But when you try to do that and make it look real , it 's a different challenge , and I 'm creating a movie , I 'm not creating a comic book . That was part of the design . '' Webb `` wanted to do something that felt more contemporary , and was less based in representing panels from the comics '' and focus on spirit over style . Filming ( edit ) Some filming locations in New York were near East River close to the Williamsburg Bridge as shown above . However , most action scenes could not be done there . A 150 - foot replica of a piece of the bridge near a tank had to be replaced for some scenes in Los Angeles and some tighter shots and close - ups were done on a soundstage in New York City . Principal photography began on December 6 , 2010 , in Los Angeles . The working title was Fiona 's Tale . The 90 - day shoot included two weeks in New York City , while the bulk of filming occurred in and around Los Angeles , including such locations as the Henry Fonda Theater in Hollywood , St. John Bosco High School 's Gym , Immanuel Presbyterian Church in Mid-Wilshire , and various locations around South Pasadena , San Pedro and Woodland Hills . Sony Entertainment spokesman Steve Elzer explained , `` ( T ) here is a comfort level in producing a project of this size and scope on your own backlot ... Basing the film on the lot also makes it easier for producers to interact with Sony 's in - house visual effects team , and gives the studios greater control of quality and security . '' Some location shooting took place in New York City . The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House served as the exterior for NYPD headquarters , and an apartment house at 15 West 81st Street , on Manhattan 's Upper West Side , was used as the exterior for the home of Gwen Stacy and her family . A row of houses on Fuller Place in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Windsor Terrace stood in for the Forest Hills , Queens neighborhood of Ben and May Parker . A web - swinging stunt sequence takes place along the Riverside Drive Viaduct in Harlem . The film was the first Hollywood production to be filmed with the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera and was shot in 3 - D at 5K resolution . Cinematographer John Schwartzman had this to say about the camera : `` Today was Epic , Monday December 6 marks the first day the Red Epic camera was used to shoot a major studio motion picture . I can say for certainty the camera does exist and boy is it ready for primetime , as a matter of fact it 's a true game changer . '' Schwartzman felt that the 3D would have been impossible without it . He said , `` I can tell you without these cameras it would be impossible to move a 3D rig in the ways that THIS story demands , if Jim and the crew had n't made these cameras available to us I do n't think we could have shot this movie the way our director envisioned it in 3D . '' Webb wanted cameras small enough to fit on the rigs and swing around very fast , saying that the `` RED Epic cameras were the right cameras to do that . '' Webb continued that `` you need to shoot it with a level of velocity and 3D cameras can be very large ... and so we need those cameras to mount on rigs that could fly to the air and run to the streets in a certain pace . That allowed us to do it . '' The Amazing Spider - Man 's climax was filmed in a 1 : 78 : 1 aspect ratio for its IMAX DMR release . On April 2011 , Stone revealed that the cinematography had wrapped and that post-production began in May although some reshooting took place in New York City in November 2011 and in Los Angeles in December 2011 . Stunts ( edit ) Webb stated that he and the crew wanted to keep the stunts more grounded physically , a challenge for a superhuman character . The stunt performers included the Armstrong family , Vic and Andy , along with Richard Norton who plays a SWAT team member . Andy Armstrong was the stunt coordinator while Vic was the second unit director . To determine how Spider - Man should swing , Andy videotaped an Olympic Games gymnast swinging on a horizontal bar . Andy noted that in the computer - generated swing in the earlier Spider - Man films , `` he swings down at the same speed as he swings up , '' and this `` constant '' speed is unlike a real gymnast 's movement where `` he 's accelerating until he reaches the bottom , then as he starts to come up , he 's decelerating until he gets to the top of his swing and he actually gets negative gravity , where he 'll go weightless for a second , and then the next swing starts , and it becomes another violent swing again . '' Vic felt that Spider - Man 's moves were comparable to those of Tarzan , and he wanted to add that in the film . While filming in New York City , they swung a man through traffic down the street . Then , while the crew built a rig hundreds of feet long over Riverside Drive in Harlem , Andy built a car rig with a series of wires to help with effects which Webb said required an `` incredible wealth of acrobatics '' . These rigs were over 200 -- 300 feet long and demanded months of rehearsals and design . According to Andy , operating the rigs `` was a combination of a lot of human skills and mechanical engineering . '' The purpose of the rigs was to depict Spider - Man 's swing in a way that was n't computer - generated . Garfield was reported to be involved with some of the stunts . Leaked pictures reveal Garfield with a nosebleed that reports claimed was from swinging . Arad explained that `` Andrew is not only a brilliant actor but he is a sportsman . This gave us the opportunity to try things with him that were it not so it would have been almost impossible . '' Effects ( edit ) External video The Amazing Spider - Man : Sewer Battle Shot Build on YouTube . How Sony Imageworks brought Spider - Man 's poses and environments to life on YouTube The Amazing Spider - Man : The Lizard Shot Build on YouTube . The Amazing Spider - Man : High School Fight Shot Build on YouTube . The company 3ality Technica of Burbank , California produced some of the equipment . The film was reported to be the first to adopt 3ality Digital 's TS - 5 wireless and handheld beamsplitter mirror rig . 3ality technology helped make it possible to avoid 2D to 3D conversion . Webb wanted a new 3D experience for Spider - Man : `` Because we 're shooting in 3D , I wanted to conceive of certain things very specifically for 3D . There 's an experimental component to 3D that 's fascinating and we 're experimenting with generating that point of view -- so you feel what Peter Parker feels , you feel what Spider - Man feels when he 's jumping over buildings and over the streets . '' He felt that Spider - Man was ideal for 3D , admitting that they `` started making the movie around the time Avatar came out '' which made every studio want 3D . This was Webb 's first film using the technique , and he did not want a force - fit or clumsy conversion as he had seen in other films . Webb cited childhood films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon and House of Wax for inspirations to push the 3D in his film even further than the type of depth that James Cameron uses in his film . The Vancouver branch of Sony Pictures Imageworks was responsible for the digital touch - up . The group improved the sewer and high school battle scene with many of Spider - Man 's poses and environments that were used in the film . The comic book was cited as a basic source for Spider - Man 's poses . The visual designers helped bring the Lizard to life by first building a digital version of a production design maquette . Many of the staff were involved with the process . They also started by thinking about lizard biology and how his muscles would work . A large man referred to as `` Big John '' stood in as the character during shooting , performing much of the interaction with other characters . The computer - generated Lizard replaced him in post-production . The creators would then fuse the design of the Lizard with the actor Rhys Ifans . Ifans then used motion capture for the Lizard 's speaking parts , which Webb found challenging to incorporate into the character 's final version . Music ( edit ) Further information : The Amazing Spider - Man ( soundtrack ) `` Main Title -- Young Peter '' Critics like Filmtracks.com 's Christian Clemmensen felt that `` Horner 's mix of the electronic elements into the major ensemble cues is tastefully handled '' in this score . He also felt that the instruments such as the piano like played in this score is one of the heart of the score following Parker 's relationships in their tender and mysterious turns . Problems playing this file ? See media help . James Horner scored the film . Webb described Horner 's first musical cue as `` spectacular '' . Webb said , `` I wanted to create a score that felt massive and huge but also intimate and small . '' The film also features the Coldplay song `` ' Til Kingdom Come '' from the album X&Y . In May 2012 , Sony Classical revealed details about the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) On February 10 , 2010 , Sony announced that the film would be released in 3D and IMAX 3D on July 3 , 2012 . Release dates outside the US were moved up to June in other countries to increase first - week sales . Premieres took place in Tokyo , Japan on June 13 . The film is rated PG - 13 for sequences of action and violence . Marketing ( edit ) Merchandising ( edit ) Spider - Man 's stunt double shoots a Hardee 's / Carl 's Jr. commercial promoting the film . Spider - Man and Lizard PEZ dispensers were revealed at the November 2011 Comic - Con first depicted the film 's Lizard . In December 2011 , it was revealed that Mega Brands had the rights to produce construction sets . A Marvel Select Spider - Man action figure by Diamond Select Toys was announced on January 2012 -- the fifth Marvel Select Spider - Man figure , but the first based on a film . The first look at a Hasbro action figure of the film 's version of Spider - Man was revealed at the July 2011 Comic - Con . Hasbro made a radio control speed - climbing figure . Minimates made action figures from the film . Other companies releasing action figures for the film include Hot Toys , MediCom and Kaiyodo . OPI Products released a collection of The Amazing Spider - Man nail polish . Trading cards were also available . CKE Restaurants , parent company of Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's , helped sponsor the film . Chief marketing officer Brad Haley said they would market a new burger as part of the promotion . The burger was dubbed `` The Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger '' . It was promoted through film - themed commercials and radio ads featuring Stan Lee . Spider - Man - themed premiums were offered as part of the Cool Kid 's Combo . Tours and PlayStation 3 game prizes were part of the promotion along with a video game . Stan Lee then helped spread the word that fans would also have been treated for a free Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger in Independence Day if dressed as Spider - Man . Big Cola was reported to enter a deal for promoting the film . The Kellogg Company and the Keebler Company built marketing campaigns around clips from the film . Sony launched a new augmented reality mobile application for the film using Qualcomm 's Vuforia platform . Sony 's Dwight Caines felt that the `` use of augmented reality technology is a fun way of embracing the 3D aspects of the movie while nurturing the playful kid inside all of us who wants to collect items from their favorite superhero character to share with their friends and family . '' Twizzlers challenged fans nationwide to help the hero build a virtual web of Twizzlers Twists to unlock prizes and exclusive content . D - Box Technologies provide motion simulation for the film in select theaters . As is common in Sony films , Sony product placements abounded , replacing the ubiquitous Apple Computer products often used by other studios . The film 's mobile phones , tablets , monitors and laptops all came from other Sony divisions . Other placements included Microsoft 's Bing search engine . Previews ( edit ) Play media The point of view shot in the teaser trailer that was compared to the 2008 first person video game , Mirror 's Edge by writers . This was the first preview audiences had of Spider - Man fully in the new costume in video . Only a few of these scenes appeared in the final cut of the film . A teaser trailer was leaked on the Internet and aired at San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2011 , attached to the superhero film Captain America : The First Avenger . Rob Keyes of Screen Rant felt that `` it takes on a noticeably different tone from that of Raimi trilogy of Spider - Man movies , and presents itself in a similar fashion to what Christopher Nolan did with Batman Begins . '' Some writers observed that the trailer very closely resembles the 2008 video game Mirror 's Edge . After the third trailer was released , Webb defended the point of view footage , saying it was an early rendering and that the CGI was still in production . A `` sneak peek screening '' of The Amazing Spider - Man was held on February 6 , 2012 in 13 cities internationally : Berlin , London , Los Angeles , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , New York City , Paris , Rio de Janeiro , Rome , Seoul , Sydney and Tokyo . On January 8 , 2012 , the Spider - Man logo appeared on some of the world 's most iconic buildings , such as the Sydney Opera House , the Colosseum of Rome , the Kremlin in Moscow and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . The screening revealed a second trailer in 3D , which thereafter appeared online . Glen Levy of Time magazine felt that the trailer 's `` dialogue goes hand in hand with the action , rather than be dominated by it '' and that the action scenes from the film looked `` polished and slick '' . The special screening included an eight and a half minute extended trailer . Scott Mantz of Access Hollywood felt that the extended footage seemed is edgier and more character - driven and that `` the Lizard looks like a great villain '' . Peter Sciretta of / Film said that the trailers had left him `` impressed '' and had captured a feeling of dark naturalism alongside Spider - Man 's trademark wisecracking . With the second official trailer and the sizzle reel , Webb felt that it was important to provide a more specific idea of the film , such as showcasing Peter and Gwen 's relationship and the visual effects , just to display the attitude of the film that he and the crew were trying to create . On February 7 , 2012 it was reported that the latest official trailer revealed a link to the viral marketing internet site for the film . A third official trailer debuted on iTunes on May 3 , 2012 . The trailer was attached to the 3D première of The Avengers , the day after . The trailer contains what most reporters called a better and more fleshed Lizard . Adam Chitwood of Collider said , `` The webslinging has an edge to it and The Lizard has much more texture . I like Andrew Garfield a whole lot , and the biggest draw for me here is the character work between Garfield and Emma Stone . They look to have some great chemistry and Garfield brings out a ... side of Peter Parker that we did n't really see in Sam Raimi 's trilogy . '' Sandy Schaefer of ScreenRant felt that `` the darker color palette and 3D visuals shown here look overall quite crisp , even without the benefit of the big screen . '' Webb felt that `` there 's a small , intimate little indie movie at the heart of Spider - Man '' . In May 9 , 2012 the first television trailer was revealed which teased an `` 4 minute Super Preview '' on NBC with the season premiere of America 's Got Talent on May 14 . The super preview revealed Spider - Man saving a boy near a bridge . Fans and writers rated that scene the highest in the trailer . Angela Watercutter of Wired called the rescue scene `` pretty freaking epic . '' Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant felt that the biggest thing to note `` is the tone and composition of the film '' and that most of the footage `` manages to showcase a version of Peter Parker / Spider - Man that is both familiar and fresh . '' A six - minute 3D preview was tied in with IMAX 3D showings of Men in Black 3 . Sony 's Rory Bruer explained that the audience of Men in Black 3 should be a perfect match for this footage and that the six minutes should get everyone excited . The footage revealed an exchange between Peter and Gwen that Brad Williams from WhatCulture.com described as `` brief and cutesy '' . Brad found the CGI fairly clean and felt that the film seemed like a perfect match for 3D . Viral campaign ( edit ) Graffiti of the Spider - Man logo in Seattle , Washington , painted by operatives for the viral campaign for The Amazing Spider - Man . The main viral marketing site was revealed in the second trailer in February 2012 . The official Twitter account revealed a scavenger hunt by posting `` Property of Peter Parker ... Lost '' with the longitude and latitude coordinates of direct markets in major US cities . The missing items included a JanSport backpack . One of the clues hidden in the backpack was a link to a page on the viral site that unlocked countdown timers for the cities of Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Denver , Seattle and Phoenix , Arizona . Once the countdown was up , each of the city - specific Twitter accounts for the marketing campaign sent out five locations in each city . A person at each spot waited to give the first person with the password a package and the tag - name `` operative '' . These operatives painted the Spider - Man logo as graffiti . The operatives then could view a scene related to the film . The main viral website revealed hints to other websites , such as a photo blog that expressed Peter Parker 's point of view . An unlocked puzzle there revealed the words `` evolve '' , `` through '' and `` engineering '' which when put together led to another website with design sketches on how to build a web - shooter . A Daily Bugle website revealed Denis Leary as George Stacy , lamenting the appearance of the wall - crawler and asking whoever spots Spider - Man to e-mail the police . The site hosted the best fan - made Spider - Man scenes . People who uploaded images of `` Spider - Man '' on the `` Webbed Menace '' viral site received a poster that sent them to a website for a boxing gym called `` Jerera 's Boxing Gym '' . The gym was funded by Peter Parker 's school . A viral website of that class was discovered . Entering the correct password revealed Parker 's class schedule . The Midtown High School site then revealed a Twitter user tracking down Lizard and asked people in Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Chicago , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , Phoenix , Austin , Tampa , Minneapolis and New Orleans to stay tuned for details . A viral site for Oscorp Industries was available . The Twitter account that coordinated a nationwide effort to track Lizard sightings revealed locations that had packages containing Connors ' shredded lab coat , an Oscorp ID badge and scientific samples of reptilian skin . When unscrambling the letters listed on each sample , the words `` animal dynamics lab '' led players to a new Oscorp Industries site focusing on a science program about reptile genetics . The site depicts Doctor Connors search for interns who could begin applying on May 14 . Completing the application and supplying the keyword `` Mutagen '' unveiled a Lizard featurette . The Oscorp Industries website contained puzzles that revealed two in - game documents , two video updates featuring Connors and a following cipher that as of July 2012 had yet to be cracked . From there images were then unscrambled , revealing a research project with spiders , a letter from Mary Parker to Richard Parker that exposed his workaholic habits and a Daily Bugle newspaper that contained notes about Oscorp . On May 30 , 2012 , the third ( and apparently final ) set of challenges in the Animal Dynamics Lab was launched with two new video updates of Doctor Connors , an image of Richard and Mary Parker , letters from Rajit Ratha to Doctor Connors , one from Doctor Connors to Richard Parker and another note to Richard from Mary . In June 1 , 2012 , a Carl 's Jr. in Glendale , California hosted the next viral campaign by decorating webs and declaring a crime scene due to Spider - Man 's apprehension of a serial car and motorcycle thief . It was announced via The Mark of the Spider - Man Twitter feed , and with the code word `` Web of Crime '' , a hidden message was discovered , entitled a `` Spider cipher '' . The code name `` adhere '' named another sub-site of the Mark of the Spider - Man campaign that revealed crime reports . Oliver Lyttleton of indieWire felt that viral ads such as the webbed menace website seemed a little forced and cribbed heavily from the example set by The Dark Knight with viral games . Silas Lesnick of SuperheroHype ! , on the other hand , described the film 's viral as `` one of the most comprehensive film virals to date '' . Philanthropy ( edit ) T - shirts depicting the film 's Spider - Man to help the cause for Stand Up to Cancer were available . Garfield wore the shirt , explaining that `` these shirts underscore the idea that anyone has the power to be a hero . Cancer is one of our greatest villains . I 'm proud to join others in standing up to this disease . '' Ziskin 's death from cancer was used as inspiration for the cause . Sony created a website for the cause . Columbia Pictures teamed up with New York City cultural institutions to create `` Spider - Man week '' by helping out in the community . Home Media ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and digital download on November 9 , 2012 in North America . These releases contain a ninety - minute behind - the - scenes documentary for the film along with UltraViolet download . Other special features include `` Rite of Passage : The Amazing Spider - Man reborn '' and `` The Oscorp Archives - Production Art Gallery '' . The discs also contain audio commentary from Marc Webb , Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach . The deleted scenes included relationship - building between Peter and Connors which Joey Esposito of IGN thought gives the Lizard a sense of sympathy that is lacking in the final film . The Blu - ray / DVD combo pack contains three disks and also contains a second screen app for the iPad . Sony also included a limited edition gift set on November 9 , 2012 containing four disks with the special editions along with figurines of Spider - Man and the Lizard from the film . While released , the film was reported as dominating the sales chart on its first release until the end of November 11 , 2012 while its rental chart had The Amazing Spider - Man at number two behind Prometheus . It then became number one in rental and dropped to number two in sales chart after its second week . FX has acquired the TV commercial rights to the film to air in late 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man earned $262 million in North America and $495.9 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $757.9 million . It is the 75th highest - grossing film , the seventh highest grossing film of 2012 , the 19th highest - grossing superhero film , the fourth grossing Spider - Man film , the sixth highest grossing film distributed by Sony / Columbia and the highest grossing reboot of all time worldwide . In North America , the film earned $7.5 million during its midnight run at 3,150 locations , including $1.2 million from 300 IMAX venues . On its opening day , a pre-holiday Tuesday , it set a Tuesday - gross record with $35 million ( previously held by Transformers ) . The next day , the film dropped 33.4 percent to $23.3 million -- the second highest non-opening Wednesday . Over the three - day weekend , it grossed $62.0 million . This pushed the film 's six - day gross to $137.0 million , which was smaller than those of Transformers ( $155.41 million ) and Spider - Man 2 ( $180.07 million ) among past Fourth of July releases . Although the film did not match its predecessors , Sony Pictures stated , `` In the world of re-launched franchises , this is a spectacular success by any measure '' . For example , both Batman Begins ( $79.5 million ) and X-Men : First Class ( $69.9 million ) ( both were non 3D - movies ) opened significantly below The Amazing Spider - Man . It remained at the number 1 spot for ten consecutive days , until the opening day of Ice Age : Continental Drift . Outside North America , The Amazing Spider - Man grossed $51.1 million on its five - day opening weekend ( June 27 -- July 1 , 2012 ) from 13 markets , with strong openings in many Asian countries . In India , it earned $6.0 million , a record opening for a Hollywood film . Its final box office collection in India was $20 million making it the eightth highest grossing Hollywood film in India of all time . Kercy Daruwala of Sony Pictures in India felt very confident that the presence of famed Indian actor Irrfan Khan would enhance attendance . Opening in an additional 61 markets , the film made $127.5 million over its second weekend . The movie ranked number one in over 30 countries . In Indonesia , it broke the opening - weekend record with $4.5 million while , in the UK , it opened to £ 11.1 million ( $18.1 million ) which is about equal with Spider - Man 3 ( £ 11.8 million ) . In its last market , China , The Amazing Spider - Man grossed $33.3 million over its seven - day debut , which is more than Spider - Man 3 's lifetime box office in China . China is also the movie 's highest - grossing territory with $48.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man was the last Marvel Comics - based film that Roger Ebert ever reviewed before he died . He regarded it as `` probably the second best '' within the Spider - Man film franchise ( after Spider - Man 2 ) . The Amazing Spider - Man received generally favorable reviews by critics upon release with critics praising the performance of Andrew Garfield . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 72 % based on 307 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A well - chosen cast and sure - handed direction allows The Amazing Spider - Man to thrill despite revisiting many of the same plot points from 2002 's Spider - Man . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . According to Rotten Tomatoes ' yearly lists ( by using a weighted formula of the critics review in the site ) , it was placed number 32 on its list of the all - time best comic book films in 2012 and had fallen to 36th in 2013 . CinemaScore 's audience graded it an `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter felt that the film was satisfying , explaining that Webb directed with emotional and comedic touches and provided a darker depiction and a stronger romance than the original . Boyd Van Hoeija of Variety described the film as a `` mostly slick , entertaining and emotionally involving recombination of fresh and familiar elements '' . A columnist of The Village Voice , Chris Pakham felt that the film was faithful to the comics and that `` Garfield 's spindly physicality evokes the Marvel illustrations of the 1960s . '' Conversely , Lou Lemenick of the New York Post wrote that the film was dull and uninspiring and felt that it did not compare to Batman Begins and was `` a pointless rehash in the mode of Superman Returns . '' New Yorker critic Anthony Lane described the film as `` running out of nimbleness and fun , and the promise contained in its title seems ever more tendentious . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film `` memorable in pieces but not as a whole '' and said that its best element is the relationship between Peter and Gwen , while the Lizard `` is not quite an opponent for the ages . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A - describing the film as `` a friskier , sweeter - natured variation '' when compared to Raimi 's work . She explained that the most `` amazing '' element was not the `` blockbuster wow ! '' but instead the `` intimate awww . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today explained that `` as a new chapter in the superpowered arachnid saga , it stands on its own quite nicely , focusing more on human emotions than on a panoply of special effects . '' She said `` where Tobey Maguire in the original Spider - Man trilogy was earnest , Garfield 's Spider - Man is whip - smart and likably cheeky , with an undercurrent of teenage angst . '' She also called the film `` as much a coming - of - age story as a crime - fighting action saga . '' Christy Lemire of the Associated Press described Garfield 's Spider - Man as an arrogant and misunderstood outsider , giving the film a `` restless , reckless energy and a welcome sense of danger . '' She also concluded that Webb was a different sort of director , saying that while Webb 's big set pieces lacked Raimi 's imagination , they conveyed `` emotional truth '' and `` a pervasive sense of humanity '' . However , Ty Burr of The Boston Globe felt that the film lacked the original 's pop grace and the pulpy joy , saying the film was `` dumbed down , tarted up '' and `` almost shockingly uninspired '' . Burr evaluated it as `` the worst superhero film since Green Lantern '' . Colin Covert of the Star Tribune also felt that The Amazing Spider - Man is weaker than its predecessor and described it as `` The Notebook in spandex '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times felt that the reboot provided better reasons for why Peter Parker adopts his superhero role , even if the origin story did n't need to be told once again . He also remarked that it was `` probably the second best '' of the four Spider - Man films after Spider - Man 2 , explaining that Lizard was lackluster compared to that film 's villain , Doctor Octopus , and had the dramatic range of Godzilla . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal , pointed out that `` the truly amazing thing is that most of what happens to Peter Parker in the first half of the film has already happened in previous chapters of the Spidey saga '' , that `` what 's old is old again . '' However , Randy Myers from the San Jose Mercury News found it `` the best Spidey yet '' , describing it as `` strong , bold and well - acted . '' He felt that a viewer could n't help but feel déjà vu , but that the work shows greater `` dimension '' . Dana Stevens at Slate magazine believed that the film was an `` absolutely unnecessary '' retelling of the origin story , although it avoided `` the common comic - book adaptation trap of gloomy self - seriousness '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also opined that the `` unnecessary '' reboot pulled stellar performances from Garfield and Stone and touches the heart . Andrew Garfield received good notices for his performance . Bob Mondello of NPR said , `` Here comes another Spider - dude : This Andrew Garfield guy . So he 'd better be really something , right ? Well , as it happens , he is . '' Tom Charity of CNN found Garfield 's `` combination of fresh - faced innocence , nervous agitation and wry humor ... immediately appealing . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Movieline said she `` had no specific desire to see the series resuscitated . But watching Garfield and Stone made me think doing so was n't such a bad idea '' . Mary F. Pols of Time said that even though the story was familiar Garfield and Webb made it feel `` convincingly fresh and exciting . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipients and nominees Result Annie Awards Best Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Stephen Marshall , Joseph Pepper , Dustin Wicke Nominated Best Character Animation in a Live Action Production Mike Beaulieu , Roger Vizard , Atushi Sato , Jackie Koehler , Derek Esparza , Richard Smith , Max Tyrie Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Motion / Title Graphics `` Domestic Trailer 2 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie : Action Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Rhys Ifans Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Andrew Garfield Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Emma Stone Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Action Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Franchise Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Emma Stone Nominated Favorite Movie Superhero Andrew Garfield as Spider - Man Nominated Favorite On - Screen Chemistry Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone Nominated Favorite Face of Heroism Emma Stone Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Themes and analysis ( edit ) `` I have tried to capture how Peter copes with the feelings of being an underdog , his confusions and his self - doubt . This , I hope , has brought , a certain empathy and sensitivity to his character that explains how it helps him become the hero that he eventually turns out to be . '' -- Andrew Garfield Webb described the film as `` a story about a kid who grows up looking for his father and finds himself . '' Both Webb and star Garfield described Parker as an outsider by choice , someone hard to get close to . As in the early comic books , the character `` is a science whiz . If you look back to the early Stan Lee and Steve Ditko comics , he 's a nerd with big glasses , '' said Webb . He explained `` the idea of what a nerd is has changed in 40 or 50 years . Nerds are running the world . Andrew Garfield made a movie ( called The Social Network ) about it ... What was important in those early comics was this notion that Peter Parker is an outsider and how we define that in a contemporary context . '' Garfield compared his Spider - Man façade as a metaphor for internet anonymity , saying , `` You feel the power of it , the power of not being seen , the power of the mask . Peter becomes witty when he 's got that protective layer . It 's like he 's on a message board . He 's got the anonymity of the Internet within that suit , and he can say whatever the @ # ! * % he likes , and he can get away with anything . '' Garfield tried to explore Parker as an orphan , whom he feels `` are the strongest human beings on the planet . '' He said Parker is `` a human hero ( who ) goes through all of the same struggles that we all have gone through , especially the skinny ones ( who ) want more power than they feel they have . '' He believes Parker represents `` a very inspiring , aspirational character that symbolizes goodness -- and how difficult it is to be good -- but how worth it it is . '' Rhys Ifans compared this film to William Shakespeare 's Hamlet on the grounds that Spider - Man can be redone over and over in different ways . He felt that they are similar in that they both represent meaningful archetypal young men grappling with the loss of their father . Critics like Claudia Puig of USA Today felt that Garfield 's character as the superhero `` embodies the nerdy Parker , the anguished fatherless teen and the cocky super-hero in equal doses '' . Boyd Hoij of Variety noted that Garfield 's character as Spider - Man makes an interesting hero in the film because of how it establishes early on that Peter 's growing pains along with his search for an identity are common to any teenager and that `` his struggles involve real people -- and real lives . '' Stone described her character as `` a daddy 's girl '' who is very responsible and protective of her family and loves science . She said of her character , `` she offers Parker a world of stability , of a family unit not marred with parental loss and , beyond physical allure , the two forge an intellectual connection over their shared love of science . '' Her character , she explained , `` is stuck between ( her father ) the Captain and Peter Parker and Spider - Man , who have different ways about going about finding justice in their lives '' which she felt was a fun thing to explore . Dana Stevens of Slate described her character `` as the stuff of a comic nerd 's dreams : a sweet , smart , wisecracking dame in demure sweaters , miniskirts , thigh - high stockings and boots . '' Webb felt that the Lizard was the best villain because , `` He 's the literal embodiment of the theme of the movie , which is we all have a missing piece . He has no arm . Peter has no parents , and he fills that void with Spider - Man . '' Producer Avi Arad felt likewise , explaining , `` ( Y ) ou look at Peter , he misses the parents , ( and ) Connors has one arm ... ( E ) motionally , ( it ) is a very similar problem . It is a cautionary tale . '' Webb said that the Lizard `` is not the worst villain on the planet . He 's not a mustache - twirling guy who wants to terrorize people . He believes he 's doing the right thing . '' Actor Rhys Ifans described his character as a flawed character comparable to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . `` Curt Connors is by no means an evil villain , '' Ifans stated . `` He 's not like the Batman villains , like the Joker , who are the embodiment of evil . Curtis Connors is a great man who makes a bad decision ... ( T ) hat 's the whole magic of the Spider - Man idea . These people are the embodiment of our flaws and our desires that lead to tragedy . '' Ifans described Connors as a force for good throughout his life : `` He 's a geneticist who wants to help people , like him , who are limbless . In his eagerness to advance that science , he makes a mistake and that 's an occurrence we 've seen throughout time , sometimes to our benefit , sometimes to our detriment . '' `` ... He is a broken man who wants to fix himself . '' Ifans added , `` I 'm not portraying a villain in any sense . Connors does feel cheated by God , and he 's looking for answers in science . God seems to intervene . '' Webb said that Oscorp Tower is pivotal as a part of a new mythology of the film . He liked that Parker was connected to the building in some way and to think of it as `` a Tower of Babel in the middle of Manhattan that has something dark and seedy going on in there . '' The critic Roger Ebert described the place as a `` typical comic - book mega-corporation with a madman at the top . '' Legacy ( edit ) The comic - book website Newsarama placed The Amazing Spider - Man on its top 10 list of comic - book films . Mark Hughes of Forbes ranked the film as the seventh greatest comic book superhero film being the highest Spider - Man film in the list while Jacob Hall of ScreenCrush ranked the film as 13th greatest modern Marvel film being the lowest Spider - Man film in the list . A scientist from Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center referenced the film to news organizations in explaining how scientists from the medical center are working on a long - term project involving spider silks and potential human regeneration along with deciphering fact and fiction from the film . Other Media ( edit ) Main articles : The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 video game ) and The Amazing Spider - Man ( soundtrack ) A video game of the same name developed by Beenox was announced at the 2011 New York Comic Con . They were the development team behind the previous two Spider - Man games , Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions and Spider - Man : Edge of Time . The game was released on June 26 , 2012 , in Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , personal computer , Nintendo Wii , Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS . Dee Brown of Beenox noted , `` The fact that our game is based on the movie , and the movie is re-approaching the universe in a completely different way -- a more grounded , more realistic approach -- gives us an incredible setting to play with '' . The game takes place after the events of the film . Sony and Gameloft teamed up again to create an official mobile game for the film . Sky Betting and Gaming 's online casino website Sky Vegas created a related casino game . The comic was released in June , named Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie # 1 -- 2 , written by Tom Cohen and illustrated by Neil Edwards . A trade paperback was published collecting the two - parter a week before the film 's release , entitled Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie Prelude , which also included The Amazing Spider - Man issues # 75 -- 77 . The soundtrack album of the film was released the same day as the film , under the Sony Classical banner . Sequels and reboot ( edit ) See also : Spider - Man in film § Marc Webb series The Amazing Spider - Man was originally reported as being the first of at least three planned sequels to the original trilogy . The second sequel , The Amazing Spider - Man 2 was released on May 2 , 2014 . On June 17 , 2013 Sony announced two more sequels to follow The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , which were scheduled to release on June 10 , 2016 and May 4 , 2018 , respectively . However , in July 2014 , the third film was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018 . In November 2013 , Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts , `` We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider - Man . There are a number of scripts in the works '' . A Venom spinoff had been in early stages of planning at the studio since 2008 . In December 2013 , Sony announced plans for spinoffs featuring the supervillains Sinister Six and Venom . In February 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider - Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , with the character first appearing in 2016 's Captain America : Civil War . Sony released Spider - Man : Homecoming , which was produced by Feige and Pascal , on July 7 , 2017 , and will continue to finance , distribute , own and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into future Spider - Man films . Notes ( edit ) ^ The official cost of The Amazing Spider - Man is unknown ; however , various estimates put its cost at $200 million , $215 million , $220 million , and $230 million . one of the top forty most expensive films of all time both adjusting for inflation and not by inflation but still second last in place compared to the Spider - Man films preceding it . ^ Ifans said of the scene , `` Connors is sent to an asylum , a high - security asylum ... ( a ) nd he 's visited by , shall we say , a representative from Oscorp . How he gets into that cell and how he leaves that cell without the guards knowing ? We have yet to find out . '' The unnamed character , played by Michael Massee , is credited as `` Man in the shadows '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mintzer , Jordan ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . Columbia Pictures . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Official Website for The Amazing Spider - Man Provides New Wallpapers and Character Bios '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Cover : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' -- plus , our annual Comic - Con preview ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . I related to Peter Parker ( Spidey 's alter ego ) so much because I felt like someone else inside . I loved the comic books and the animated TV series and I even dressed up as Spider - Man as a kid . Jump up ^ Rick , Katey ( September 11 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Andrew Garfield Says Playing Spider - Man Is Every Skinny Boy 's Dream '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . I 'm going to approach it like I approach any other role . I 'm just going to work as much as I can , because it 's been such an important symbol to me since I was four years old . ^ Jump up to : `` This Week 's Cover : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' heads up your Summer Must List '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rollings , Grant ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Andrew Garfield : Playing Spider - Man is a dream '' . The Sun . UK . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Andrew Garfield '' . V. March 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cina , Mark ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` BAFTA Rising Star Andrew Garfield : ' I Hope I Never Blow Up ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' star Andrew Garfield on fame : ' It terrifies me ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Garfield , Disappearing Into Spidey 's Suit '' . NPR . June 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . If you 're gon na do it and treat it real -- if my DNA is being mixed with that of an actual spider , then why not actually bring in the physicality of a spider ? The lightness , the stillness , the patience and how that changes a 17 - year - old boy . That 's a fun thing to play with , as well . Jump up ^ Villemarin , Jenalyn ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man 's Andrew Garfield Shows Off Bulging Biceps '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Garfield expounds on Spider - Man production '' . Crave Online . December 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man debuts three new clips , plus Andrew Garfield speaks out '' . IFC ( U.S. TV channel ) . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . It 's made of something that 's designed to make you irritated . I do n't know what the exact name is , but that 's the description on the ( label ) . Jump up ^ Schutte , Lauren ( January 19 , 2012 ) . - 283405 `` New ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Details Revealed : The Kiss , Stunts And What to Expect From the Reboot '' Check archiveurl = value ( help ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Rhys Ifans Talks Wearing A Green CGI Suit And Cardboard Head On The Amazing Spider - Man Set '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Villain Debuts His Lizard Voice '' . MTV . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed ! Emma Stone to Play Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Kendall ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Emma Stone goes blonde for Spiderman '' . InStyle . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Erik ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Star Emma Stone On Going Blonde , Science Class , And Becoming Gwen Stacy '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Spidey 's Other Woman '' . The Vancouver Sun . January 3 , 2012 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` '' Spider - Man '' Director and Star Talk Up `` Amazing '' New Film `` . NBC Chicago . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Stone on the Amazing Spider - Man '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who are Peter and Gwen ? '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' : Denis Leary dazzled by ' real thing ' Emma Stone '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Denis Leary to Join Spider - Man Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denis Leary talks Amazing Spider - Man '' . IGN . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb Talks New ' The amazing Spider - man ' Trailer , Running Time , the 3D , the Lizard , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Sheen to Play Uncle Ben in Spider - Man ! '' . Crave Online . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Sheen Talks Andrew Garfield '' . Total Film . March 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Skinner , Craig ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Martin Sheen Interview -- Argo , Spider - man Spoilers and Brando Impressions '' . UK : Hey u guys . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Sally Field in Talks for Spider - Man Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` Weekly Ketchup : Fresh Developments from 2010 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Butler , Karen ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Field proud to star in Ziskin 's first and last films '' . United Press International . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irrfan has a commanding presence : Spider - Man director Marc Webb '' . CNN - IBN / Press Trust of India . June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Off the Couch , Into the Multiplexes : Irrfan Khan on His New Big - Screen Roles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irrfan Khan turns baddie for ' Thank you ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Desi '' . The Indian Express . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Zylka Is Eugene Flash Thompson in Spider - Man '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Zylka Talks Shark Night 3D and The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Spider - Man Gets a Set of Parents and Another Villain '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man Richard and Mary Parker Photo '' . Movieweb.com . February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Angell , Sarah ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` The Meet & Greet : Hannah Marks Talks Kristen Stewart & Crushing on Spider - Man '' . Celebuzz . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Americ , Ngwije ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Pair of Kings ' Kelsey Chow Talks Fight Scenes , Spider - Man and True Blood '' . TV Equals . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Spotlight on J.K. Simmons '' . Crave Online . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick . `` Stan Lee reveals his cameo '' . MTV . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The ' Amazing Spider - Man ' credits sequence : So ... who was that ? '' . Entertainment Weekly ( spoiler ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' End Credits Scene : Director Marc Webb Explains '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do Audiences Realize ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' is Trying to Launch a Spinoff ? '' . The Wire . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Meet The Man In ' Spider - Man ' & ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Spider - Man 4 ' Officially Has No Start Date as of Today Because of Script Problems ; Sony ' Unlikely ' To Make Scheduled May 5 , 2011 , Release Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Sargent spit - shining ' Spider - Man ' reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . May 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ; Fleming , Mike ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Spider - Man 4 ' Scrapped ; Sam Rami & Tobey Maguire & Cast Out ; Franchise Reboot for 2012 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Includes separate full text of Columbia / Marvel Studios press release . Jump up ^ Collider video , 3 : 42 Jump up ^ Collider video , 5 : 48 ^ Jump up to : `` 8 Things We Learned About ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' from Our Exclusive Interview with Screenwriter Steve Kloves '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Bridesmaids Director Paul Feig Wrote Some of The Amazing Spider - Man '' . New York . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Spider - Man ' director Marc Webb feels a ' responsibility to reinvent ' the hero '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Untitled Columbia Pictures / Marvel Studios press release via Deadline.com ( January 19 , 2010 ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Director Marc Webb talks ' The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Total Film . September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Director Marc Webb Plays With ' Amazing ' Canon '' . MTV . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Marc Webb Talks New Story & Universe in ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Meet the Men Who Could Play Spider - Man '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Kick - @ # ! * % ' star Aaron Johnson on the shortlist for Spider - Man reboot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sony Views Screen Tests of ' Spider - Man ' Finalists ; Decision Expected Shortly '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official ! Andrew Garfield to Play Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . July 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' director Marc Webb reveals how Andrew Garfield won the role '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Casting Young Actors for Spider - Man ? '' . CraveOnline . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Exclusive Interview w / The Amazing Spider - Man 's Marc Webb '' . G4. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' female leads : they 're getting closer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Martin Sheen & Sally Field in Talks to Raise ' Spider - Man ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . 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December 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Son of Dr. Curt Connors Cast in Spider - Man '' . Crave Online . December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Beocher , Jeff ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' director : Why the web - shooters are back '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Reboot Officially Titled The Amazing Spider - Man , Full Costume Revealed '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Spidey reboot officially titled ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' : Andrew Garfield is ' glad that people like the suit ' -- but do they ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Goodsell , Luke ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Five Favorite Films with Stuntman Vic Armstrong '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fury , Mike ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` A Warrior 's Return : An Exclusive Interview with Richard Norton '' . MikeFury.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Cited article introduction links to PDF of article at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 7 , 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , Ben . `` Marc Webb on The Amazing Spider - Man 3D & First Person Shots '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pesce , Nicole Lyn ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' stunt coordinator reveals how the film got Andrew Garfield into the swing of things '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Rob ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` How the ' Amazing Spider - Man ' team made Spidey 's swing look so real '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . 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English - language video originally at `` O Espetacular Homem - Aranha KingCon Rio - parte 1 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` How 3ality Made Amazing Spider - Man 's 3D Not Suck '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb on Hulu 's `` Battleground '' And Making ' Spider - Man ' In 3D `` . CraveOnline . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' to Use Pioneering 3D Technology '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Neilson Company . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Kellvin . `` Marc Webb dishes out ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' tidbits '' . LatinoReview . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Duh : Andrew Garfield Wants To Return For ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Sequel Plus Even More Pics & Clips '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man worldwide release dates '' . Columbia Pictures . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Swings Into Theaters in 3D '' ( Press release ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man to release in India before US '' . Hindustan Times . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man moves up Philippine playdate to June 29 '' . GMA New Media . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Chris ; Lies , Elaine ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man Swings into Tokyo for `` Amazing '' Premiere `` . Yahoo ! News . Reuters . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Film ratings : Amazing Spider - Man , The '' . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricken , Rob ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Lizard and Spidey in PEZ Dispenser Form '' . Crave Online . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` New Amazing Spider - Man Toys Give Us Another Hint At What The Lizard Will Look Like '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Amazing Spider - Man '' toys spoil the film 's plot elements `` . IFC ( U.S. TV channel ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Select Toys offers behind - the - scenes look at `` Amazing Spider - Man '' Marvel Select Figures `` . Comic Book Resources . 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Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carl 's Jr. , Hardee 's Team up with Sony Pictures for Highly Anticipated Summer Release of The Amazing Spider - Man '' ( Press release ) . CKE Restaurants . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger Swings into Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's '' ( Press release ) . CKE Restaurants . March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man eats free at Carl 'S Jr. and Hardee 's on Fourth of July '' . CKE Restaurants . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cola aims for a big fizz '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cola Launches its New Avatar , Announces its Association with The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Washington Bangla Radio on Internet . June 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amos , Joel ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Three Clips from The Amazing Spider - Man '' . 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Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Sony Will Sneak Peek Parts of ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' in Select Cities on February 6 '' . / Film . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levy , Glen ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Today 's Movie Trailer : The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Time . Time Inc. / Time Warner . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' : On the scene for the eye - popping nine - minute global sneak peek ( part 3 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mantz , Scott ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer Review '' . MovieMantz . Access Hollywood . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter . `` Eight Minutes of ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Previewed , Trailer Coming Midnight Tonight '' . / Film . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Tod ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb on ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer Reactions , The Lizard and How His Take Differs From Sam Raimi 's '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt . `` New Trailer for ' The amazing Spider - man ' Begins the Viral Campaign '' . Collider . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Latest Amazing Spider - Man Trailer Online '' . Empire . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shaefer , Sandy ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer # 3 Teases A Stylish , Dark , ' Untold Story ' '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Lizard makes an ' Amazing Spider - Man ' trailer appearance '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . 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Thomas Howell 's Son From Bridge Fall ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kill , Jill ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' extended trailer : A fangirl review '' . New Jersey : The Star - Ledger . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` See Spidey Save a Bridge in New Amazing Spider - Man Preview '' . Wired . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Extended Preview Spins an Action - Packed Web '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , David ' Dave ' ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The amazing Spider - man ' Six - Minute Preview at Midnight Showings of ' Men in black ' 3D in IMax '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Six Minutes of `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' To Run Before `` Men In Black 3 '' In IMax ® 3D and Select Theaters `` . Market Watch . May 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brad ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Exclusive 6 - Minute 3D Preview Reactions '' . What Culture . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Hunt Begins ! '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man Viral Kicks Off with Peter Parker 's Backpack Clue Pickup '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Mark of the Spider - Man Viral Continues with Local Operative Drops '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' ARG paints the town red '' . Los Angeles Times . February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wales , George ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` New clip from The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Total Film . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` We 've Cracked The Amazing Spider - Man 's Viral Message ! '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Outlaw , Kofi ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` New ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Viral Images & Video : How to build a Web - Shooter . '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Reveals New Images and Video '' . CraveOnline. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Reveals Webshooter Images and Video '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Launches Webbed Menace Viral Campaign ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex . `` ' Spider - Man ' Viral Arrives at WonderCon with Webbed Menace Poster '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Teases Spidey 's Wrestling Outfit '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Wants You to Hunt the Lizard '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Viral Heads To Peter Parker 's High School '' . MTV . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Reveals Oscorp Industries Site '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Spider - Man Viral Brings You a Video Message From Oscorp Industries '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Featurette on The Lizard in The Amazing Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man promo video leads to new footage of The Lizard '' . IFC ( U.S. TV channel ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rhys Ifans Featured in More Viral Spider - Man Videos '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Two More Viral Videos From The Amazing Spider - Man Revealed '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Strikes Glendale '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyttleton , Oliver ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Watch : Denis Leary Talks To Daily Bugle TV In New ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Viral Video '' . indieWire . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Stand Up to Cancer 's Super ' Spider - Man ' Tees '' . People . Time Inc . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Be Amazing , Stand Up To Cancer ! '' Stand Up To Cancer And Columbia Pictures ' New Film `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' Collaborate On A Special Co-Branded T - Shirt Line '' ( Press release ) . Stand Up To Cancer . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Be Amazing , Stand Up And Volunteer : Celebrate `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' And The Hero In All of Us With A Nationwide Day of Volunteering Tuesday , June 26 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man Comes Home for A Celebration With Spider - Man Week in NYC June 25 -- July 1 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Get The Amazing Spider - Man on Blu - ray & DVD Today '' . Marvel . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Swings to Disc Nov. 9 '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man Comes to DVD and Blu - ray on November 9 '' . ComingSoon.net . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` THE SPIDER - MAN REBOOT GETS AN AMAZING BLU - RAY . '' . IGN . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Webb and the Visual Effects Team Talk THE AMAZING SPIDER - MAN on 3D Blu - ray and DVD '' . Collider . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Dominates Home Entertainment Charts '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Brave ' debuts atop DVD sales chart ; ' Spider - Man ' is No. 1 rental '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FX Acquires Commercial TV Premiere Rights To ' Amazing Spider - Man ' , ' Savages ' '' . Deadline.com . July 9 , 2012 . 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USA Today . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Garfield a restless , reckless ' Spider - Man ' '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man 's amazingly uninspired reboot '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Dumbed down , tarted up , and almost shockingly uninspired , it 's the worst superhero movie since ' Green Lantern . ' Jump up ^ `` ' Spider - Man ' has Petered out '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Spidey Senseless : Arachnid Retread Weaves Tangled Web '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . 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Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Saturn Awards '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2013 : The complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sethi , Atul ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` Being Spiderman is a terrifying thing '' . The Times of India . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Garfield talks The Amazing Spider - Mans Peter Parker '' . Total Film . April 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Peter is an outsider. Because that 's what he has to do to protect himself . He was dropped once ; he does n't want to be dropped again . It 's difficult to get close to him . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man : The Look Of The Lizard '' . SFX. April 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' costar : Like ' Hamlet , ' hero ' begs us to revisit ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Star Emma Stone Was ' Floored ' By ' Amazing ' Story '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Webb explains why his Spider - Man is n't a remake '' . Moviehole.com . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ifans , Rhys ; Webb , Marc ( May 11 , 2012 ) . The Amazing Spider - Man : The Lizard featurette . Columbia Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Featurette Highlights The Lizard 's Southpaw Stance '' . MTV . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC : Exclusive interview with the new Lizard , Rhys Ifans ! '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spider - Man ' star : ' We 're reclaiming the poetry of the hero ' '' . Los Angeles Times . August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rhys Ifans on Playing a Sympathetic Villain in The Amazing Spider - Man '' . ReelzChannel . February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connel , Sean ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Director Tells Us Why it Is n't Too Soon to Reboot the Webcrawler '' . Movies.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Comic Book - Based Movies of All Time . '' . Newsarama. 26 June 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huges , Mark ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` The New Top 20 Best Comic Book Superhero Films Of All Time - Revised Edition '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob . `` RANKING ALL THE MODERN MARVEL MOVIES # 15 -- # 6 '' . ScreenCrush . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . 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Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Spidey Foes to Rattle ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Game '' . San Francisco : ABC News . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man Official Mobile Game to Release Alongside Upcoming Film '' . Gameloft . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Win Cash Prizes with your Friendly Neighbourhood Spiderman at Sky Vegas '' ( Press release ) . Sky Vegas . June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Cohen ( w ) , Neil Edwards ( a ) . The Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie # 1 -- 2 ( June 2012 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie Prelude . Marvel Comics . June 20 , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 6499 - 9 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beiramar , Emmanuel ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Les brèves Geeks du blog du 14 mai 2012 '' ( in French ) . French : Fantasy . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Talking with the Producers of The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Crave Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warmer , Kara ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Sequel ' Holy Grail ' For Writing Duo '' . MTV . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sony Announces THE AMAZING SPIDER - MAN 3 and 4 for 2016 and 2018 '' . Collider . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2014/film/news/spider-man-spinoff-sinister-six-dated-for-nov-11-2016-amazing-spider-man-3-back-to-2018-1201267269/ Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Update : Sony Pictures Plans More Spider - Man Sequels And Spinoffs -- But Still No Marvel Reunion '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( March 2012 ) . `` ' Chronicle 's ' Josh Trank looks to spit some Venom '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pattern , Dominic ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sony Sets Spider - Man Spinoffs ' Venom , ' ' Sinister Six ' With New `` Franchise Brain Trust '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios Into The Amazing World Of Spider - Man '' . Marvel.com . February 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Release Date Pushed , ' Spider - Man ' Shifts Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios Into The Amazing World Of Spider - Man '' . Marvel . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodes , Rachel ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Spinning a Tangled Web -- Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ; Richwine , Lisa ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sony 's big summer bet starts strong with `` MIB 3 '' debut `` . Reuters . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man campaign aims to snare femmes '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sony 's new ' Spider - Man ' poised for amazing opening '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Post-Credits Scene : What Just Happened ? '' . MTV . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Paur , Joey . Sam Raimi finally sees The Amazing Spider - Man Geek Tyrant . March 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) . Official website The Amazing Spider - Man on IMDb The Amazing Spider - Man at AllMovie The Amazing Spider - Man at Rotten Tomatoes The Amazing Spider - Man at Metacritic The Amazing Spider - Man at Box Office Mojo Spider - Man in popular media Television Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) episodes Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 79 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 82 ) The Capture of Captain America Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 83 ) episodes characters Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 98 ) episodes characters Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 09 ) episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man / Spider - Man : Web Warriors / Spider - Man VS . Sinister 6 ( 2012 - 17 ) episodes Spider - Man ( 2017 ) Film Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Animated Spider - Man ( 2018 ) Live performances Spider - Man 's wedding Spider - Man Live ! Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark Video games Spider - Man ( 1982 ) Questprobe Featuring Spider - Man Doctor Doom 's Revenge The Amazing Spider - Man ( Amiga ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( Game Boy ) The Amazing Spider - Man vs. The Kingpin Spider - Man : The Video Game The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 1992 ) Return of the Sinister Six Arcade 's Revenge Invasion of the Spider - Slayers Maximum Carnage Lethal Foes Separation Anxiety Spider - Man ( 1995 ) Web of Fire Spider - Man ( 2000 ) The Sinister Six Enter Electro Mysterio 's Menace Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 Ultimate Spider - Man Battle for New York Spider - Man 3 Friend or Foe Web of Shadows Toxic City Total Mayhem Shattered Dimensions Edge of Time The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Spider - Man Unlimited ( 2014 ) Spider - Man ( 2018 ) Literature Novels book series Spider - Man : Down These Mean Streets Spider - Man : The Darkest Hours Comic strips The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- present ) Mr. and Mrs. Spider - Man ( 2008 ) Theme park attractions The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man Meet Spider - Man and the Marvel Super Heroes Fan films Spider - Man ( 1969 ) Viva Spider - Man ( 1989 ) The Green Goblin 's Last Stand ( 1992 ) Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story ( 2015 ) Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter ( 1974 ) Parody and unofficial films 3 Dev Adam ( 1973 ) SpiderBabe ( 2003 ) Spider - Plant Man ( 2005 ) Italian Spiderman ( 2007 ) Superhero Movie ( 2008 ) Spider - Man XXX : A Porn Parody ( 2011 ) Superman vs. Spider - Man XXX : An Axel Braun Parody ( 2012 ) Related articles Green Goblin in other media Spider - Man enemies in other media Category Spider - Man in film Films The Amazing Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Accolades The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Animated Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Soundtracks Music from and Inspired by Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Captain America : Civil War Spider - Man : Homecoming Songs `` Hero '' `` What We 're All About '' Spider - Man theme song `` Vindicated '' `` We Are '' `` Meant to Live '' `` Web of Night '' `` Najane Kyun '' `` Signal Fire '' `` It 's On Again '' Video games Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Spider - Man pinball The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Miscellaneous Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man 1969 fan film Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter 1974 fan film Viva Spider - Man 1989 fan film The Green Goblin 's Last Stand 1992 fan film Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story 2015 fan film Book Category Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Films directed by Marc Webb 500 Days of Summer ( 2009 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Gifted ( 2017 ) The Only Living Boy in New York ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Amazing_Spider-Man_(2012_film)&oldid=800791296 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2012 3D films 2010s action films 2010s superhero films American action films American films Bioterrorism in fiction Columbia Pictures films Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Films about terrorism Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films shot in Los Angeles Films based on works by Brian Michael Bendis Films directed by Marc Webb Film scores by James Horner Films using computer - generated imagery Performance capture in film IMAX films Reboot films Spider - Man films Teen superhero films American 3D films Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from July 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Comics navigational boxes purge Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays spider man in amazing spider man	[ "The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, and sharing the title of the character's longest-running comic book. It is the fourth theatrical Spider-Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, and a reboot of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man 2002-2007 trilogy preceding it. The film was directed by Marc Webb. It was written by James Vanderbilt, Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and it stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy, Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors, Denis Leary as NYPD Captain George Stacy, along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker, Ben Parker and May Parker. The film tells the story of Peter Parker, a teenager from New York who becomes Spider-Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider. Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard, from spreading a mutation serum to the city's human population." ]	[ "Andrew Garfield" ]
-7481033142571204302	Government of India	Government of India - Wikipedia Government of India Legislative , executive and judiciary powers of India Government of India Bhārata Sarakāra Emblem of India Formation January 26 , 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Country Republic of India Website india.gov.in Head of state President ( Ramnath Kovind ) Seat Rashtrapati Bhavan Legislature Legislature Parliament Upper house Rajya Sabha Leader Chairman ( Venkaiah Naidu ) Lower house Lok Sabha Leader Speaker ( Sumitra Mahajan ) Meeting place Sansad Bhavan Executive Head of government Prime minister ( Narendra Modi ) Main organ Cabinet Head of civil services Cabinet secretary ( Pradeep Kumar Sinha , IAS ) Meeting place Central secretariat Ministries 57 Responsible to Lok Sabha Judiciary Court Supreme court Chief judge Chief justice ( Dipak Misra ) India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Government of India ( IAST : Bhārata Sarakāra ) , often abbreviated as GoI , is the union government created by the constitution of India as the legislative , executive and judicial authority of the union of 29 states and seven union territories of a constitutionally democratic republic . It is located in New Delhi , the capital of India . Contents 1 Basic structure 2 Legislature 3 Executive 3.1 President 3.2 Vice president 3.3 Prime minister 3.4 Cabinet , ministries and agencies 3.4. 1 Secretaries 3.5 Civil services 3.5. 1 Cabinet secretary 4 Judiciary 4.1 Supreme court 5 Elections and voting 6 State and local governments 7 Finance 7.1 Taxation 7.2 Union budget 8 Issues 8.1 Corruption 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Basic structure ( edit ) Modelled after the Westminster system for governing the state , the union government is mainly composed of the executive , the legislature , and the judiciary , in which all powers are vested by the constitution in parliament , the prime minister and the supreme court . The President of India is the head of state and the commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces whilst the elected prime minister acts as the head of the executive , and is responsible for running the union government . The parliament is bicameral in nature , with the Lok Sabha being the lower house , and the Rajya Sabha the upper house . The judiciary systematically contains an apex supreme court , 24 high courts , and several district courts , all inferior to the supreme court . The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation , such as the civil procedure code , the penal code , and the criminal procedure code . Similar to the union government , individual state governments each consist of executive , legislative and judiciary . The legal system as applicable to the union and individual state governments is based on the English Common and Statutory Law . The full name of the country is the Republic of India . India and Bharat are equally official short names for the Republic of India in the Constitution , and both names appears on legal banknotes , in treaties and in legal cases . The terms `` union government '' , `` central government '' and `` Bhārata Sarakāra '' are often used officially and unofficially to refer to the Government of India . The term New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the central government , as the seat of government is in New Delhi . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of India Building of the Parliament of India The powers of the legislature in India are exercised by the Parliament , a bicameral legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha . Of the two houses of parliament , the Rajya Sabha is considered to be the upper house or the Council of States and consists of members appointed by the president and elected by the state and territorial legislatures . The Lok Sabha is considered the lower house or the House of the people . The parliament does not have complete control and sovereignty , as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court . However , it does exercise some control over the executive . The members of the cabinet , including the prime minister , are either chosen from parliament or elected thereto within six months of assuming office . The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha . The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved only when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house . The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and can never be dissolved . The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six - year term . Executive ( edit ) The executive of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy . The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers . President ( edit ) Main article : President of India The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India , as per Article 53 ( 1 ) of the constitution . The president has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53 ( 1 ) . The president is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the prime minister , who leads the council of ministers as described in Article 74 of the Constitution of India . The council of ministers remains in power during the ' pleasure ' of the president . However , in practice , the council of ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha . If a president were to dismiss the council of ministers on his or her own initiative , it might trigger a constitutional crisis . Thus , in practice , the council of ministers can not be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha . The president is responsible for appointing many high officials in India . These high officials include the governors of the 29 states ; the chief justice ; other judges of the supreme court and high courts on the advice of other judges ; the Attorney general ; the Comptroller and Auditor General ; the Chief Election Commissioner and other election commissioners ; the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission ; the officers of the All India Services ( IAS , IFoS and IPS ) and central civil services in group ' A ' ; and the ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries on the recommendations of the cabinet . The president , as the head of state , also receives the credentials of ambassadors from other countries , whilst the prime minister , as head of government , receives credentials of high commissioners from other members of the Commonwealth , in line with historical tradition . The president is the de jure commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces . The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person for one time , particularly in cases involving punishment of death . The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority . In most other cases , however , the president exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the prime minister . Vice president ( edit ) Main article : Vice President of India The vice president is the second highest constitutional position in India after the president . The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the president and takes charge as acting president in the incident of resignation impeachment or removal of the president . The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha . The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the houses of the parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by the election commission . Prime minister ( edit ) Main article : Prime Minister of India The Rashtrapati Bhawan complex , with North and South Block housing the Prime Minister 's Office , Cabinet Secretariat , Ministry of Defence , and others . The Prime Minister of India , as addressed in the Constitution of India , is the chief of the government , chief adviser to the president , head of the council of ministers and the leader of the majority party in the parliament . The prime minister leads the executive of the Government of India . The prime minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive of government in a parliamentary system . The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet ; allocates posts to members within the Government ; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing a proposal of legislation . The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet . The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive . Cabinet , ministries and agencies ( edit ) Main articles : Union Council of Ministers and List of Indian government agencies The organizational structure of a department of the Government of India . The Cabinet of India includes the prime minister and his cabinet ministers . Each minister must be a member of one of the houses of the parliament . The cabinet is headed by the prime minister , and is advised by the cabinet secretary , who also acts as the head of the Indian Administrative Service and other civil services . Other ministers are either as union cabinet ministers , who are heads of the various ministries ; or ministers of state , who are junior members who report directly to one of the cabinet ministers , often overseeing a specific aspect of government ; or ministers of state ( independent charges ) , who do not report to a cabinet minister . As per article 88 of the constitution , every minister shall have the right to speak in , and to take part in the proceedings of , either house , any joint sitting of the houses , and any committee of parliament of which he may be named a member , but shall not be entitled to a vote in the house where he is not a member . Secretaries ( edit ) Main article : Secretary to Government of India A secretary to the Government of India , a civil servant , generally an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer , is the administrative head of the ministry or department , and is the principal adviser to the minister on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry / department . Secretaries to the Government of India rank 23rd on Indian order of precedence . Secretaries at the higher level are assisted by one or many additional secretaries , who are further assisted by joint secretaries . At the middle they are assisted by directors / deputy secretaries and under secretaries . At the lower level , there are section officers , assistant section officers , upper division clerks , lower division clerks and other secretarial staff . Ministries and departments of the Government of India hide Ministry Department ( s ) President 's Secretariat Vice President 's Secretariat Prime Minister 's Office Atomic Energy Space Cabinet Secretariat Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Agriculture , Cooperation and Farmers Welfare Agricultural Research and Education Animal Husbandry , Dairying and Fisheries AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Chemicals and Petrochemicals Fertilizers Pharmaceuticals Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Commerce Industrial Policy and Promotion Communications Posts Telecommunications Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution Corporate Affairs Culture Defence Defence Defence Production Defence Research and Development Ex-servicemen Welfare Development of North Eastern Region Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affairs Finance Economic Affairs Expenditure Financial Services Investment and Public Asset Management Revenue Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Health and Family Welfare Health Research Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Heavy Industry Public Enterprises Home Affairs Border Management Internal Security Jammu Kashmir Affairs Home Official Language States Housing and Urban Affairs Human Resource Development Higher Education School Education and Literacy Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Justice Legal Affairs Legislative Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy NITI Aayog Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Personnel and Training Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances Pension and Pensioners ' Welfare Petroleum and Natural Gas Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Land Resources Rural Development Science and Technology Biotechnology Science and Technology Scientific and Industrial Research Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Water Resources , River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Women and Child Development Youth Affairs and Sports Sports Youth Affairs Total Ministries Departments 58 93 Civil services ( edit ) Main article : Civil Services of India The Civil Services of India are the civil services and the permanent bureaucracy of India . The executive decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants . In the parliamentary democracy of India , the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers . These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage . The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves . But the handful of ministers are not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration . Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it . Cabinet secretary ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet Secretary of India The cabinet secretary ( IAST : Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva ) is the top-most executive official and senior-most civil servant of the Government of India . The cabinet secretary is the ex-officio head of the Civil Services Board , the Cabinet Secretariat , the Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government . The cabinet secretary is generally the senior-most officer of the Indian Administrative Service . The cabinet secretary ranks 11th on the Indian order of precedence . The cabinet secretary is under the direct charge of the prime minister . Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of India India 's independent union judicial system began under the British , and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo - Saxon countries . The Supreme Court of India consists of the chief justice and 30 associate justices , all appointed by the president on the advice of the Chief Justice of India . The jury trials were abolished in India in the early 1960s , after the famous case KM Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra , for reasons of being vulnerable to media and public pressure , as well as to being misled . Unlike its United States counterpart , the Indian justice system consists of a unitary system at both state and union level . The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of India , high courts at the state level , and district courts and sessions courts at the district level . Supreme court ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of India Building of the Supreme Court of India . The Supreme Court of India is situated in New Delhi , the capital region of India . The supreme court is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India , the highest constitutional court , with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 30 sanctioned other judges , it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . As the final court of appeal of the country , it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals . It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country . As an advisory court , it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the constitution by the president . It also may take cognisance of matters on its own ( or ' suo moto ' ) , without anyone drawing its attention to them . The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments . Per Article 142 , it is the duty of the President to enforce the decrees of the supreme court . In addition , Article 32 of the constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme court in regard to enforcing fundamental rights . It is empowered to issue directions , orders or writs , including writs in the nature of habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them . The supreme court has been conferred with power to direct transfer of any civil or criminal case from one state high court to another state high court , or from a court subordinate to another state high court and the supreme court . Although the proceedings in the supreme court arise out of the judgment or orders made by the subordinate courts , of late the supreme court has started entertaining matters in which interest of the public at large is involved . This may be done by any individual or group of persons either by filing a writ petition at the filing counter of the court , or by addressing a letter to the Chief Justice of India , highlighting the question of public importance for redress . These are known as public interest litigations . Elections and voting ( edit ) Main articles : Elections in India and Politics of India See also : Election Commission of India India has a quasi-federal form of government , called `` union '' or `` central '' government , with elected officials at the union , state and local levels . At the national level , the head of government , the prime minister , is appointed by the President of India from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha . The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first - past - the - post voting system . Members of the Rajya Sabha , which represents the states , are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation , except for 12 members who are nominated by the president . India is currently the largest democracy in the world , with around 834 million eligible voters , as of 2014 . State and local governments ( edit ) Main articles : State governments of India , Local government § India , and Union territory State governments in India are the governments ruling States of India and the chief minister heads the state government . Power is divided between union government and state governments . State government 's legislature is bicameral in 7 states and unicameral in the rest . Lower house is elected with 5 years term , while in upper house 1 / 3 of the total members in the house gets elected every 2 years with 6 - year term . Local government function at the basic level . It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments . It consists of panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas . They are elected directly or indirectly by the people . Finance ( edit ) See also : Reserve Bank of India Taxation ( edit ) Main article : Taxation in India Reserve Bank of India 's headquarters in Mumbai , India 's financial capital India has a three - tier tax structure , wherein the constitution empowers the union government to levy income tax , tax on capital transactions ( wealth tax , inheritance tax ) , sales tax , service tax , customs and excise duties and the state governments to levy sales tax on intrastate sale of goods , tax on entertainment and professions , excise duties on manufacture of alcohol , stamp duties on transfer of property and collect land revenue ( levy on land owned ) . The local governments are empowered by the state government to levy property tax and charge users for public utilities like water supply , sewage etc . More than half of the revenues of the union and state governments come from taxes , of which 3 / 4 come from direct taxes . More than a quarter of the union government 's tax revenues is shared with the state governments . The tax reforms , initiated in 1991 , have sought to rationalise the tax structure and increase compliance by taking steps in the following directions : Reducing the rates of individual and corporate income taxes , excises , customs and making it more progressive Reducing exemptions and concessions Simplification of laws and procedures Introduction of permanent account number ( PAN ) to track monetary transactions 21 of the 29 states introduced value added tax ( VAT ) on 1 April 2005 to replace the complex and multiple sales tax system The non-tax revenues of the central government come from fiscal services , interest receipts , public sector dividends , etc. , while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government , interest receipts , dividends and income from general , economic and social services . Inter-state share in the union tax pool is decided by the recommendations of the Finance Commission to the president . Total tax receipts of Centre and State amount to approximately 18 % of national GDP . This compares to a figure of 37 -- 45 % in the OECD . Union budget ( edit ) Main article : Union budget of India The Finance minister of India usually presents the annual union budget in the parliament on the last working day of February . However , for the F.Y. 2017 - 18 , this tradition had been changed . Now budget will be presented on the 1st day of February . The budget has to be passed by the Lok Sabha before it can come into effect on 1 April , the start of India 's fiscal year . The Union budget is preceded by an economic survey which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial year India 's non-development revenue expenditure had increased nearly five-fold in 2003 -- 04 since 1990 -- 91 and more than tenfold since 1985 -- 1986 . Interest payments are the single largest item of expenditure and accounted for more than 40 % of the total non-development expenditure in the 2003 -- 04 budget . Defense expenditure increased fourfold during the same period and has been increasing because of India 's desire to project its military prowess beyond South Asia . In 2007 , India 's defence spending stood at US $26.5 billion . Issues ( edit ) Corruption ( edit ) Main article : Corruption in India Several ministers are accused of corruption and nearly a quarter of the 543 elected members of parliament had been charged with crimes , including murder , in 2009 . Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved high level government officials , including cabinet ministers and chief ministers , such as the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam ( ₹ 70,000 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1.1 trillion or US $16 billion in 2017 ) ) , the Adarsh Housing Society scam , the Coal Mining Scam ( ₹ 1.86 lakh crore ( equivalent to ₹ 3.0 trillion or US $43 billion in 2017 ) ) , the mining scandal in Karnataka and the cash for vote scandal . See also ( edit ) India portal Foreign relations of India National Portal of India National Social - media Portal Parliamentary democracy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Subramanian , K. ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` A prime ministerial form of government '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Government of India , Structure of Government India '' . www.elections.com. 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of India 's definition of India '' . Indiagovt.in . Jump up ^ `` Legal services India on Criminal laws in India '' . Legal Services India . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dheeraj Kumar Tiwari . `` Structure of Indian Legal System : Orignal Orign ( sic ) and Development '' . International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ A.M. , Buckley ( 2012 ) . India . Edina , Minnesota : ABDO Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1617876257 . OCLC 767886738 . Jump up ^ Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice : Connecting Theory , Policy and International Practise . p. 186 . ISBN 1137433973 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament 's actions subject to judicial review : court '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Constitution And Parliamentary Government Law Teacher '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Laxmikanth . Governance In India . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 9780071074667 . Jump up ^ `` Our Parliament '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arnull , Elaine ; Fox , Darrell ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) . Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice : Connecting Theory , Policy and International Practice . Springer . ISBN 9781137433978 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan ( March 2007 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan . Pratiyogita Darpan . p. 60 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bakshi , Parvinrai Mulwantrai ( 2010 ) . The Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . New Delhi : Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 8175348400 . OCLC 551377953 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Philip ( 31 August 2010 ) . India , Pakistan , and Democracy : Solving the Puzzle of Divergent Paths . Taylor & Francis . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 78018 - 6 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kumar ; Rajesh . Universal 's Guide to the Constitution of India Pg no . 72 . Jump up ^ `` Important India functions of vicepresident '' . Jump up ^ Cabinet Ministers ( as on 26.05. 2014 ) . Cabsec.nic.in . Retrieved on 6 December 2013 . Archived 27 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tikku , Aloke ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Parity between IAS and non-IAS ? The IAS will get to decide '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-IAS bureaucrats now eligible for secretary - level posts '' . The Asian Age . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Need Pay Parity With IAS Officers , Say Officials Of 20 Civil Services '' . NDTV . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dastidar , Avishek G ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Alleging bias , non-IAS officers petition PM Modi '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . pp. 3.1 -- 3.10 . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition ( 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . p. 6 . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Order of Precedence '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . President 's Secretariat . July 26 , 1979 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table of Precedence '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . President 's Secretariat . July 26 , 1979 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table of Precedence '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maheshwari , S.R. ( 2000 ) . Indian Administration ( 6th Edition ) . New Delhi : Orient Blackswan Private Ltd . ISBN 9788125019886 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index 2016 '' . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of Supreme Court of India '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PIL '' . LegalServicesIndia . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Ambrogio , Enrico . `` India : the biggest democracy in the world '' ( PDF ) . European Parliamentary Research Service . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bernardi , Luigi ; Fraschini , Angela ( 2005 ) . `` Tax System And Tax Reforms In India '' . Working paper n . 51 . Jump up ^ Tax revenue was 88 % of total union government revenue in 1950 -- 51 and has come down to 73 % in 2003 -- 04 , as a result of increase in non-tax revenue . Tax revenues were 70 % of total state government revenues in 2002 to 2003 . Indirect taxes were 84 % of the union governments total tax revenue and have come down to 62 % in 2003 -- 04 , mostly because of cuts in import duties and rationalisation . The states share in union government 's tax revenue is 28.0 % for the period 2000 to 2005 as per the recommendations of the eleventh finance commission . In addition , states that do not levy sales tax on sugar , textiles and tobacco , are entitled to 1.5 % of the proceeds . Datt , Ruddar ; Sundharam , K.P.M. ( 2005 ) . Indian Economy . S. Chand . pp. 938 , 942 , 946 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0298 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Indif_real_GDP_per_capitaa says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax '' . Daily Times . 25 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Datt , Ruddar ; Sundharam , K.P.M. `` 55 '' . Indian Economy . pp. 943 -- 945 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2017 - 18 '' . www.ibef.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Washington Post : When the Little Ones Run the Show ( quote from the New Delhi based Association for Democratic Reform ) retrieved 14 May 2009 Further reading ( edit ) Subrata K. Mitra and V.B. Singh ( 1999 ) . Democracy and Social Change in India : A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate . New Delhi : Sage Publications . ISBN 81 - 7036 - 809 - X ( India HB ) , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9344 - 4 ( US HB ) . 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-6688648318220484465	Let's Make a Deal	Let 's Make a Deal - wikipedia Let 's Make a Deal Let 's Make a Deal Also known as The All New Let 's Make a Deal ( 1984 -- 86 ) Genre Game show Created by Stefan Hatos Monty Hall Directed by Joe Behar ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 85 ) Geoff Theobald ( 1980 -- 81 ) Hank Behar ( 1985 -- 86 ) Barry Glazer ( 1990 -- 91 ) James Marcione ( 1990 -- 91 ) Morris Abraham ( 2003 ) Lenn Goodside ( 2009 -- present ) Presented by Monty Hall ( 1963 -- 86 , 1991 ) Bob Hilton ( 1990 ) Billy Bush ( 2003 ) Wayne Brady ( 2009 -- present ) Starring Assistant : Carol Merrill ( 1963 -- 77 ) Maggie Brown ( 1980 -- 81 ) Julie Hall ( 1980 -- 81 ) Karen LaPierre ( 1984 -- 86 ) Melanie Vincz ( 1984 -- 86 ) Diane Klimaszewski ( 1990 -- 91 ) Elaine Klimaszewski ( 1990 -- 91 ) Georgia Satelle ( 1990 -- 91 ) Alison Fiori ( 2009 -- 10 ) Tiffany Coyne ( 2010 -- present ) Danielle Demski ( 2013 -- 14 ) Narrated by Wendell Niles ( 1963 -- 64 ) Jay Stewart ( 1964 -- 77 ) Chuck Chandler ( 1980 -- 81 ) Brian Cummings ( 1984 -- 85 ) Dean Goss ( 1985 -- 86 ) Dean Miuccio ( 1990 -- 91 ) Vance DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Jonathan Mangum ( 2009 -- present ) Music by Sheldon Allman ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 86 ) Marilyn Hall ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 86 ) Michel Camilo for Score Productions , Inc. ( 1984 -- 86 ) Composer ( s ) Ivan Ditmars ( 1963 -- 76 ) Stan Worth ( 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 ) Sheldon Allman ( 1976 -- 77 , 1984 -- 85 ) Todd Thicke ( 1985 -- 86 ) Jerry Ray ( 1990 -- 91 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes NBC / ABC ( 1963 -- 76 ) : ~ 3,200 Syndicated ( 1971 -- 77 ) : 234 Syndicated ( 1981 ) : 195 Syndicated ( 1984 -- 86 ) : 390 NBC ( 1990 -- 91 ) : 128 NBC ( 2003 ) : 3 CBS ( 2009 -- present ) : 1,500 + ( as of February 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stefan Hatos ( 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 ) Dick Clark ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ron Greenberg ( 1990 -- 91 ) Monty Hall ( 2003 ) Sharon Hall ( 2003 ) David Garfinkle ( 2003 ) Jay Renfroe ( 2003 ) Jeff Mirkin ( 2003 ) Mike Richards ( 2009 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Stefan Hatos ( 1963 -- 77 ) Monty Hall ( 1980 -- 81 ) Ian MacClennan ( 1980 -- 81 ) Bob Synes ( 1984 -- 86 ) Alan Gilbert ( 1984 -- 86 ) Bruce Starin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Paul Pieratt ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ross Kaiman ( 2003 ) Gloria Fujita - O'Brien ( 2003 ) Location ( s ) NBC Studios , Burbank , California ( 1963 -- 68 , 1984 -- 85 , 2003 ) ABC Television Center , Hollywood , California ( 1968 -- 76 ) Las Vegas Hilton , Las Vegas , Nevada ( 1976 -- 77 ) Panorama Studios , Vancouver , British Columbia ( 1980 -- 81 ) Hollywood Center Studios , Hollywood ( 1985 -- 86 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Orlando , Florida ( 1990 -- 91 ) Tropicana Resort & Casino , Las Vegas ( 2009 -- 10 ) Sunset Bronson Studios , Hollywood ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Raleigh Studios Hollywood ( 2015 -- present ) Running time 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1963 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 , 1990 -- 91 ) 44 -- 52 minutes ( 2003 , 2009 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Stefan Hatos - Monty Hall Productions ( 1963 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 , 2009 -- present ) Catalena Productions ( 1980 -- 81 ) Dick Clark Productions ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ron Greenberg Productions ( 1990 -- 91 ) Monty Hall Enterprises , Inc. ( 2003 ) FremantleMedia North America ( 2009 -- present ) Distributor ABC Films / Worldvision Enterprises ( 1971 -- 77 ) Rhodes Productions ( 1980 -- 81 ) Telepictures Corporation ( 1984 -- 86 ) FremantleMedia Enterprises ( 2009 -- present ) Release Original network NBC ( 1963 -- 68 , 1990 -- 91 , 2003 ) ABC ( 1968 -- 76 ) Syndicated ( 1971 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 ) CBS ( 2009 -- present ) Picture format SDTV ( 480i ) ( 1963 -- 2014 ) HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2014 -- ) Original release December 30 , 1963 ( 1963 - 12 - 30 ) -- present External links Website Let 's Make a Deal is a television game show that originated in the United States in 1963 and has since been produced in many countries throughout the world . The program was created and produced by Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall , the latter serving as its host for many years . The format of Let 's Make a Deal involves selected members of the studio audience , referred to as `` traders , '' making deals with the host . In most cases , a trader will be offered something of value and given a choice of whether to keep it or exchange it for a different item . The program 's defining game mechanism is that the other item is hidden from the trader until that choice is made . The trader thus does not know if he or she is getting something of greater value or a prize that is referred to as a `` zonk , '' an item purposely chosen to be of little or no value to the trader . Let 's Make a Deal is also known for audience members who dress up in outrageous or crazy costumes in order to increase their chances of being selected as a trader . The most recent edition of Let 's Make a Deal has been airing on CBS since October 5 , 2009 , when it took over the spot on the network 's daytime schedule vacated by the long running soap opera Guiding Light . Wayne Brady is the host of the current series , with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer / assistant . Tiffany Coyne is the current model , joining in 2010 , with musician Cat Gray in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Broadcast history 2 Past personnel 2.1 Production locations 3 Format 3.1 Game play 3.2 Quickie Deals 3.3 Other deal formats 3.3. 1 Trading deals 3.3. 2 Games of chance 3.3. 3 Pricing games 3.3. 4 Quiz games 3.4 Big Deal 3.4. 1 Super Deal 3.4. 2 Mega-Deal week 3.4. 3 Mash - Up Week 4 Reception 5 Episode status 6 International versions 7 Merchandise 8 The Monty Hall Problem 9 References 10 External links Broadcast history ( edit ) Let 's Make a Deal first aired on NBC in 1963 as part of its daytime schedule . The show moved to ABC in 1968 , where it remained until 1976 ; and on two separate occasions the show was given a weekly nighttime spot on those networks . The first syndicated edition of Let 's Make a Deal premiered in 1971 . Distributed by ABC Films , and then by its successor Worldvision Enterprises once the fin - syn rules were enacted , the series ran until 1977 and aired weekly . A revival of the series based in Hall 's native Canada was launched in 1980 and aired in syndication on American and Canadian stations for one season . This series was produced by Catalena Productions and distributed in America by Rhodes Productions , Catalena 's partner company . In the fall of 1984 , the series returned for a third run in syndication as The All - New Let 's Make a Deal . Running for two seasons until 1986 , this series was distributed by Telepictures . NBC revived Let 's Make a Deal twice in a thirteen - year span . The first was a daytime series in 1990 that was the first to not be produced or hosted by Monty Hall . Instead , the show was a production of Ron Greenberg and Dick Clark , and featured Bob Hilton ( best known for announcing other game shows ) as host ( although Hall would eventually return as host for special episodes ) . A primetime edition was launched in 2003 but drew poor ratings and was cancelled after three of its intended five episodes had aired . This version had CNN reporter Billy Bush as host , and had a significantly larger budget . A partial remake called Big Deal , hosted by Mark DeCarlo , was broadcast on Fox in 1996 . In 1998 and 1999 , Buena Vista Television ( now Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ) was in talks with Stone - Stanley ( the producers of Big Deal ) to create a revival hosted by Gordon Elliott , but it was never picked up . The show was one of several used as part of the summer series Gameshow Marathon on CBS in 2006 , hosted by Ricki Lake . Alison Fiori models one of the CBS version 's zonk prizes , a live llama As noted above , CBS revived Let 's Make a Deal in 2009 . The revival premiered on October 5 , 2009 , and CBS airs the show daily at 10 : 00 am and 3 : 00 pm Eastern time ( 9 : 00 am and 2 : 00 pm in other time zones ) . Like the program that it replaced , the long - running soap opera Guiding Light , affiliates can choose to air it in either time slot ; most affiliates , however , prefer the early slot in order to pair the two CBS daytime game shows together . From September 20 to October 15 , 2010 , Let 's Make a Deal and The Price Is Right aired two episodes a day on alternating weeks . CBS did this to fill a gap between the final episode of As the World Turns , which ended a fifty - four year run on September 17 , 2010 , and the debut of The Talk . The double - run games aired at 2 : 00 pm Eastern . Although the current version of the show debuted in September 2009 , long after The Price Is Right ( which made the switch in September 2008 ) and the two Sony Pictures Television daytime dramas had made the switch to high definition , Let 's Make a Deal was , along with Big Brother , one of only two programs across the five major networks that was still being actively produced in standard definition . For the start of production for its 2014 -- 15 season in June 2014 , Let 's Make a Deal began being produced in high definition , with Big Brother 16 making the switch later in June . Let 's Make a Deal was the last remaining CBS program to make the switch by air date , with the first HD episode airing on September 22 , 2014 . Past personnel ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monty Hall hosted the original daytime network series for its entire run ( with the exception of a short time in early 1972 when Hall fell ill and early television pioneer Dennis James substituted in his stead ) ; Hall also hosted its accompanying primetime and syndicated series as well as the two 1980s syndicated efforts , and he served as consultant for the current version until his death . Game show announcer Bob Hilton became the new host for the NBC 1990 series , however due to low ratings , Hilton was fired from the show and in October 1990 , Hall returned to the show ( but was announced as `` guest host '' ) and remained as host until the series was canceled in January 1991 . Access Hollywood host Billy Bush emceed the 2003 series , with Hall making a cameo appearance in one episode . Each Let 's Make a Deal announcer also served as a de facto assistant host , as many times the announcer would be called upon to carry props across the trading floor . The original announcer for the series was Wendell Niles , who was replaced by Jay Stewart in 1964 . Stewart remained with Let 's Make a Deal until the end of the syndicated series in 1977 . The 1980 Canadian - produced syndicated series was announced by Chuck Chandler . The 1984 syndicated series employed voice actor Brian Cummings in the announcer / assistant role for its first season , with disc jockey Dean Goss taking the position for the following season . The 1990 NBC revival series was announced by Dean Miuccio , with the 2003 edition featuring Vance DeGeneres in that role . The longest tenured prize model on Let 's Make a Deal was Carol Merrill , who stayed with the series from its debut until 1977 . The models on the 1980s series were Maggie Brown , Julie Hall ( 1980 ) , Karen LaPierre , and Melanie Vincz ( 1984 ) . For the 1990 series , the show featured Georgia Satelle and identical twins Elaine and Diane Klimaszewski , who later gained fame as the Coors Light Twins . Hall ( 2010 and 2013 ) and Merrill ( 2013 ) both appeared on the current Brady version , each making one - week appearances each . The 2013 celebration of the franchise 's 50th anniversary was Hall 's last official appearance on the show prior to his death , but Hall also appeared in 2017 CBS publicity shots with Brady as part of a CBS Daytime publicity photo celebrating the network 's daytime ratings . When the current version debuted in 2009 at Las Vegas , Alison Fiori was the show 's original model , lasting for much of the first season in Las Vegas before the show moved to Los Angeles . During the 2013 - 14 season , Danielle Demski was the show 's model for most of the season while Tiffany Coyne was on maternity leave . Production locations ( edit ) The original daytime series was recorded at NBC Studios in Burbank , California and then at ABC Television Center in Los Angeles once the program switched networks in 1968 . The weekly syndicated series also taped at ABC Television Center , doing so for its first five seasons . After ABC cancelled the daytime series in 1976 , production of the syndicated series ceased there as well and the sixth and final season was recorded in the ballroom of the Las Vegas Hilton hotel in Las Vegas , Nevada . The 1980 Canadian series taped at Panorama Studios in Vancouver , BC , which production company Catalena Productions used as its base of operations . The All - New Let 's Make a Deal taped its first season of episodes in Burbank at NBC Studios , then moved to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood , California for the second and final season . The 1990 NBC daytime series was recorded at Disney - MGM Studios on the grounds of Walt Disney World in Orlando , Florida . The 2003 revival returned production to Burbank . The current edition of the series originally emanated from the Tropicana in Las Vegas . The show returned to Hollywood in 2010 , first at Sunset Bronson Studios and later at Raleigh Studios . Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Game play ( edit ) Jay Stewart and Monty Hall on the original version of the show Each episode of Let 's Make a Deal consists of several `` deals '' between the host and a member ( or members , generally a married couple ) of the audience , referred to as `` traders . '' Audience members are picked at the host 's whim as the show moves along , and couples are often selected to play together as traders . The deals are mini-games within the show that take several formats . In the simplest format , a trader is given a prize of medium value ( such as a television set or a few hundred dollars in cash ) , and the host offers them the opportunity to trade for another prize . However , the offered prize is unknown . It might be concealed on the stage behind one of three curtains , or behind `` boxes '' onstage ( large panels painted to look like boxes ) , within smaller boxes brought out to the audience , or occasionally in other formats . The initial prize given to the trader may also be concealed , such as in a box , wallet or purse , or the trader might be initially given a box , envelope or curtain . The format varies widely . Technically , traders are supposed to bring something to trade in , but this rule has seldom been enforced . On several occasions , a trader is actually asked to trade in an item such as their shoes or purse , only to receive the item back at the end of the deal as a `` prize '' . On at least one occasion , the purse was taken backstage and a high - valued prize was placed inside of it . Prizes generally are either a legitimate prize , such as a trip , electronics , furniture , appliances , or a car . Certain contestants also win cash , or a junked booby prize called the `` zonk '' ( e.g. , live animals , large amounts of food , fake money , fake trips , junked cars , etc. or something outlandish such as a giant article of clothing , a room full of junked furniture , etc . ) . Sometimes zonks are legitimate prizes but of a low value ( e.g. , Matchbox cars , wheelbarrows , T - shirts , groceries , etc . ) . On rare occasions , a trader appears to get zonked , but the zonk is a cover - up for a legitimate prize . Also on rare occasions , a contestant who is zonked is given an opportunity to play for the Big Deal of the Day ; usually , this happens only if there are very few or no big winners during the show . Though usually considered joke prizes , traders legally win the zonks . However , after the taping of the show , any trader who had been zonked is offered a consolation prize ( currently $100 ) instead of having to take home the actual zonk . This is partly because some of the zonks are impractical or physically impossible to receive or deliver to the traders ( such as live animals or the guy in an animal costume ) , or the props are owned by the studio . A disclaimer at the end of the credits of later 1970s episodes read `` Some traders accept reasonable duplicates of zonk prizes . '' Starting in the 2012 -- 13 season , CBS invited viewers to provide zonk ideas to producers . At the end of the season , the zonk declared the most creative was worth $2,500 to the winner , and other viewers ' zonk ideas were also used . For every viewer - developed zonk , the host announced the viewer who provided the zonk . The contest has been continued throughout the past several seasons after its 2012 introduction . Quickie deals ( edit ) As the end credits of the show roll , it is typical for the host to ask random members of the studio audience to participate in fast deals . In the current Wayne Brady version , these are often referred to as `` quickie deals '' , and are conducted by the host , announcer , and model each . CBS will post information on the show 's Twitter address ( @ LetsMakeADeal ) days before taping to encourage audience members to carry certain items in their pockets in order to win an additional $500 cash , when one of the hosts approaches them at the end of the show and asks to see such items . The deals are usually in the form of the following : Offering cash to a person for possessing a certain item . Paying a small cash amount for each instance of a certain item ( coins , paperclips , etc . ) that a person can produce . Offering cash for each instance of a particular digit in the serial number on a dollar bill , driver 's license , etc . Offering to pay the last check in the person 's checkbook , if they had one , up to a certain limit ( usually $500 or $1,000 ) . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly guess how much the Big Deal of the Day was worth exactly , or the name of the contestant who played for it . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly choose which one of two photos appeared on the show 's Instagram account . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly answer a question relating to their costume . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly guess how much money ( $100 , $200 , or $300 ) was in the announcer 's hand . Other Deal formats ( edit ) Deals were often more complicated than the basic format described above . Additionally , some deals took the form of games of chance , and others in the form of pricing games . Trading deals ( edit ) Choosing an envelope , purse , wallet , etc. , which conceal dollar bills . One of them conceals a pre-announced value ( usually $1 or $5 ) , which awards a car or trip . The other envelopes contain a larger amount of money as a consolation prize . The trader must decide whether to keep their choice or trade . In some playings it is possible for more than one trader to win the grand prize . Making decisions for another person , such as a spouse or a series of unrelated traders . Sometimes after several offers , the teams are broken up to make an individual decision . Being presented with a large grocery item ( e.g. , a box of candy bars ) -- almost always containing a hidden cash amount -- or a `` claim check '' at the start of the show . Throughout the show , the trader is given several chances to trade the item and / or give it to another trader in exchange for a different box or curtain . The final trader in possession of the item prior to the Big Deal is usually offered first choice of the three doors in exchange for giving up the item . The contents of the item are only revealed after the Big Deal is awarded ( or prior to the Big Deal if the last trader with the item elected to choose one of the three doors ) . A variation included a cash box with at various points the host inserting packets of money inside , with the trader allowed to give it to another trader in exchange for a curtain or box . As with the above deal , the host revealed the contents only after the last trader with the box goes for the Big Deal ( again , he / she is given first choice of the doors ) or after the Big Deal segment and before the closing credits . Games of chance ( edit ) A wide variety of chance - based games have been used on the show . Examples : Collecting a certain amount of money hidden inside wallets , envelopes , etc. , or by pressing unlabeled buttons on a cash register , in order to reach a pre-stated `` selling price '' for a larger prize , such as a car , trip or larger amount of cash . Typically , there may also be one or more zonk items hidden which end the game immediately if found . In the cash register game , if the zonk button -- the one that rings up `` No Sale '' -- is found , the trader was offered a chance to find the second `` No Sale '' sign to win the grand prize , otherwise the trader won whatever amount was rang up , often double the amount . In the current CBS version , a board with thirteen cash amounts and two zonks is used . Choosing one from among several items ( e.g. , one of three keys that unlocks a safe , one of three diamond rings that is genuine , one of three eggs that is raw , etc . ) in order to win money or a prize . Sometimes , two or perhaps all three of the items would pay off with the stated prize , especially if multiple traders played . Games involving a deck of cards in which a trader must find matching cards , draw cards that reach a cumulative total within a certain number of draws , draw a certain number of cards from a certain suit to win a designated prize ( with one suit always designated as going toward a `` zonk , '' which ends the game with nothing won ) , etc. to win a prize or additional money . Receiving clues about an unknown prize ( such as a partial spelling of the prize or clues in the form or rap , rhyme , etc . ) and deciding whether to take the unknown prize or a cash prize . Receiving money in the form of a long strip of bills dispensed one at a time from a machine . The trader can end the game at any time and keep the accumulated money , but he / she forfeits it if a blank sheet appears . Updated versions of the game involve an ATM . Depositing a card withdraws cash , but if the ATM displays `` overdrawn '' on the screen the trader loses everything . Being given a choice between a cash prize or one spin of a wheel that can award larger / smaller amounts , a zonk , or a car . Rolling dice to receive cash based upon the roll or achieving a cumulative score within a certain number of rolls to win a larger prize . Depending on the game , the trader is given the opportunity to stop the game at various points and take a `` sure thing '' deal or cash / prizes already accumulated or continue on and risk possibly losing . Pricing games ( edit ) Other deals related to pricing merchandise are featured in order to win a larger prize or cash amounts . Sometimes traders are required to price individual items ( either grocery products or smaller prizes generally valued less than $100 ) within a certain range to win successively larger prizes or a car . Other times traders must choose an item that a pre-announced price , order grocery items or small prizes from least to most expensive , or two items with prices that total a certain amount to win a larger prize . These games are not used on the CBS version because of their similarities to The Price is Right . Quiz games ( edit ) On the CBS version , due to the similarities of the pricing game concept with The Price is Right , quiz games are used instead . These deals involve products in the form of when they were introduced to the market , general knowledge quizzes , currency exchange rates ( at the time of taping ) , or knowledge of geography of trips to certain locales used as prizes . Big Deal ( edit ) The Big Deal serves as the final segment of the show and offers a chance at a significantly larger prize for a lucky trader . Before the round , the value of the day 's Big Deal is announced to the audience . The process for choosing traders was the same for every series through the 2003 NBC primetime series . Monty Hall ( or his successors ) would begin asking the day 's traders , starting with the highest winner , if they wanted to give back what they had managed to win earlier in the show for a chance to choose one of three numbered doors on the stage . The process continued until two traders agreed to play , and the biggest winner of the two got first choice of Door # 1 , Door # 2 , or Door # 3 . The other trader then chose from the remaining two doors . Since the 2009 series , the Big Deal has been played with just one trader . Each of the doors conceals either a prize package of some sort , or a cash award hidden inside a prop such as `` Monty 's Piggy Bank '' or the `` Let 's Make a Deal Vault . '' On occasion , a door containing an all - cash prize is opened before the traders make their choices , but the amount of the prize is not revealed . Most often , the value of the `` Low '' Door ( the lowest - valued door ) is less than the value of the player 's original winnings , while the `` Medium '' Door 's value is at least $1,000 more than the player 's traded winnings . When the Big Deal is not behind the selected door , one of the non-Big Deal doors is opened first , then the chosen door , with the Big Deal revealed last . If the Big Deal door IS selected , the other two doors are usually revealed first , although on rare occasions , the Big Deal door has been revealed second , after one of the other two doors ( usually the `` Medium '' door ) is revealed . The Big Deal prize is usually the most extravagant on each episode , and is often a car or a vacation with first - class accommodations . On occasion , the Big Deal consists of one of the all - cash prizes mentioned above ; at other times , a cash bonus is added to the prizes in the Big Deal to bring the total up to the announced value . On other occasions , the Big Deal is revealed to include `` Everything in the Big Deal '' , meaning the prizes behind all 3 doors are won if the player chose the Big Deal . The Big Deal is the one time in the show where a trader is guaranteed to not walk away with a Zonk . Super Deal ( edit ) During the 1975 -- 76 syndicated season , winners of the Big Deal were offered a chance to win the `` Super Deal '' . At this point , Big Deals were limited to a range of $8,000 to $10,000 . The trader could risk their Big Deal winnings on a shot at adding a $20,000 cash prize , which was hidden behind only one of three mini-doors onstage . The other two doors contained cash amounts of $1,000 or $2,000 ; however , the $1,000 value was later replaced with a `` mystery '' amount between $1,000 and $9,000 . A trader who decided to play risked their Big Deal winnings and selected one of the mini-doors . If the $20,000 prize was behind the door , the trader kept the Big Deal and added the $20,000 prize , for a potential maximum total of $30,000 . However , if a trader selected one of the other two doors , he or she forfeited the Big Deal prizes but kept the cash amount behind the door . The Super Deal was discontinued when the show permanently moved to Las Vegas for the final season ( 1976 -- 77 ) , and Big Deal values returned to the previous range of $10,000 to $15,000 . From 2012 to 2016 of the Brady version , the Super Deal was offered as a limited event ( usually for a week of shows promoted as `` Super Deal Week '' ) and was not played regularly . The show designated one or two weeks of episodes , typically airing during a special event ( e.g. , the 500th episode , 50th anniversary of franchise , etc . ) . In this version , the top cash prize was $50,000 while the other two cash prizes were $1,000 and $2,000 . In addition , instead of using mini-doors , the cash amounts were hidden in three large colored envelopes of red , green , and purple , respectively referred by Brady as ruby , emerald , and sapphire . Mega-Deal week ( edit ) For season premiere weeks in 2015 and 2016 of the Brady version , Big Deal of the Day winners had an opportunity to win every non-zonk , non-cash prize from that day 's episode as a `` Mega-Deal '' . Prior to the start of the Big Deal , the contestant picked both a Big Deal curtain and one of seven Mega Deal cards ( reduced by one for each day that the Mega Deal was not won that week ) . Unlike the Super Deal , the contestant does not risk their winnings in the Mega Deal . Only if the contestant won the Big Deal would the contestant 's card be revealed . If the card was the Mega Deal , they won every non-zonk , non-cash prize on the show that day . Regardless , at the end of the Big Deal , whichever door was chosen was the contestant 's to keep . Mash - up week ( edit ) The week of May 9 , 2016 was designated Mash - Up Week . During each of the five broadcast days , Deal and The Price Is Right each featured one game from the other 's lineup . The games were slightly modified to reflect the nature of the shows on which they were played ; those on TPIR required contestants to price items , while those on Deal used random draws and the offer of cash / prize deals to stop a game early . Reception ( edit ) Upon the original Let 's Make a Deal 's debut , journalist Charles Witbeck was skeptical of the show 's chances of success , noting that the previous four NBC programs to compete with CBS 's Password had failed . Some critics described the show as `` mindless '' and `` demeaning to traders and audiences alike '' . By 1974 , however , the show had spent more than a decade at or near the top of daytime ratings , and became the highest - rated syndicated primetime program . At the time , the show held the world 's record for the longest waiting list for tickets in show - business history -- there were 350 seats available for each show , and a wait time of two - to - three years after requesting a ticket . In 2001 , Let 's Make a Deal was ranked as # 18 on TV Guide 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . In 2006 , GSN aired a series of specials counting down its own list of the `` 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' , on which Let 's Make a Deal was # 7 . In 2014 , the American series won a Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song for `` 30,000 Reasons to Love Me '' , composed by Cat Gray and sung by Wayne Brady . Episode status ( edit ) ABC Daytime : A clip from the ABC daytime premiere was used on Monty Hall 's `` Biography '' , which aired during Game Show Week on A&E . Another episode from 1969 was found , which features a gaffe that Hall himself rated as his most embarrassing moment on Let 's Make a Deal -- at the end of the show , he attempted to make a deal with a woman carrying a baby 's bottle . Noting that it had a removable rubber nipple , he offered the woman $100 if she could show him another nipple ( she did n't ) . Episodes substitute - hosted by Dennis James exist in his personal library ; a portion of one such episode is widely circulated as part of a pitch film for James 's version of The Price Is Right . ABC Nighttime / 1971 -- 77 Syndicated : Episodes have been seen on GSN in the past . The CBN Cable Network reran the syndicated series in the 1980s and its successor , The Family Channel , from June 7 , 1993 to March 29 , 1996 . The 1984 -- 86 syndicated version has been seen on GSN in the past . Reruns previously aired on the USA Network from December 29 , 1986 to December 30 , 1988 and The Family Channel from August 30 , 1993 to March 29 , 1996 . Buzzr began airing episodes from 1985 on June 1 , 2016 . The 1990s NBC version has not been seen since its cancellation . The 2003 NBC prime time version only aired three of the five episodes produced , with no rebroadcasts since . International versions ( edit ) RTL Group holds international ( and as of February 2009 , American ) rights to the show , and has licensed the show to 14 countries . Region or country Local name Host Network Dates Australia Let 's Make A Deal Mike Dyer John Laws Jimmy Hannan Garry Meadows Nine Network 1968 -- 69 1976 -- 77 Vince Sorrenti Network Ten 1990 -- 91 Brazil Topa um Acordo ? Rodrigo Faro Rede Record April 26 , 2014 -- December 2014 Canada ( in English ) Let 's Make A Deal Monty Hall Syndication 1980 -- 81 * Egypt لعبة الحياة -- ليتس ميك آي ديل Lebet el hayat Moutaz Al - Demirdash Al Hayat 1 2013 -- present France Le Bigdil Vincent Lagaf ' and Bill TF1 1998 -- 2004 Germany Geh aufs Ganze ! Jörg Draeger Elmar Hörig Sat. 1 ( 1992 -- 97 ) tm3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) kabel eins ( 1999 -- 2003 ) 1992 -- 2003 Greece Τo Μεyάλo Παζάρi To Megalo Pazari Andreas Mikroutsikos Mega Channel 1992 -- 93 Parta Ola Τα σουτιέν και ο Αντρέας -- Το πιο Μεγάλο Παζάρι Ta soutien kai o Antreas -- To pio Megalo Pazari Alpha TV 2006 -- 07 Hungary Zsákbamacska Rozsa Gyorgy MTV 1 1994 -- 98 India Khullja Sim Sim Aman Verma Hussain Kuwajerwala Star Plus BIG Magic 2001 -- 04 2012 -- 13 Indonesia Super Deal 2 Milyar Nico Siahaan Aditya Herpavi Rachman Indra Bekti and Indy Barends antv 2006 -- 07 April 29 , 2010 -- December 31 , 2010 July 25 , 2011 -- November 21 , 2011 Super Deal Uya Kuya 2014 -- 2015 Raffi Ahmad and Ruben Onsu 2016 Israel עשינו עסק Asinu eseq Avri Gilad Zvika Hadar Channel 2 1994 -- 95 Italy Facciamo un affare Iva Zanicchi Canale 5 1985 -- 86 Lebanon قصة كبيرة Ossa kbireh Michel Kazi Future TV 2002 Mexico Trato Hecho 1999 Poland Idź na całość Zygmunt Chajzer ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Krzysztof Tyniec ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Polsat 1997 -- 2001 Portugal Negócio Fechado Henrique Mendes SIC 1999 -- 2000 Romania Batem palma ! Dan Negru Antena 1 2002 -- 03 Spain Fem Un Pacte Joan Monleón Canal Nou Trato Hecho Bertín Osborne Antena 3 1998 -- 2000 2002 ¿ Hay Trato ? Carlos Sobera Turkey Seç Bakalım Erhan Yazıcıoğlu Kanal 6 ATV 1992 -- 95 1995 -- 98 United Kingdom Trick or Treat Mike Smith and Julian Clary ITV U.S. ( in English ) Let 's Make a Deal Monty Hall NBC 1963 -- 67 ABC Daytime 1968 -- 76 Primetime 1969 -- 71 Syndication 1971 -- 77 Syndication 1980 -- 81 * The All - New Let 's Make a Deal Syndication 1984 -- 86 Let 's Make a Deal Bob Hilton NBC 1990 -- 91 Big Deal Mark DeCarlo FOX Let 's Make a Deal Billy Bush NBC 2003 Wayne Brady CBS 2009 -- present U.S. ( in Spanish ) Trato Hecho Guillermo Huesca Univision January 10 , 2005 -- December 9 , 2005 Vietnam Ô cửa bí mật Trần Ngọc VTV3 January 6 , 2008 -- February 19 , 2012 * The 1980 -- 81 version aired in both the U.S. and Canada . Merchandise ( edit ) In 1964 , Milton Bradley released a home version of Let 's Make a Deal featuring gameplay somewhat different from the television show . In 1974 , Ideal Toys released an updated version of the game featuring Hall on the box cover , which was also given to all traders on the syndicated version in the 1974 -- 75 season . An electronic tabletop version by Tiger Electronics was released in 1998 . In the late summer of 2006 , an interactive DVD version of Let 's Make a Deal was released by Imagination Games , which also features classic clips from the Monty Hall years of the show . In 2010 , Pressman Toy Corporation released an updated version of the box game , with gameplay more similar to the 1974 version , featuring Brady on the box cover . Various U.S. lotteries have included instant lottery tickets based on Let 's Make a Deal . In 1999 , Shuffle Master teamed up with Bally 's to do a video slot machine game based on the show with the voice and likeness of Monty Hall . In 2004 , IGT ( International Gaming Technology ) did a new video slot game based on the show still featuring Monty Hall . In 2013 , Aristocrat Technology did an all - new video slot machine game based on the Wayne Brady version . The Monty Hall problem ( edit ) Main article : Monty Hall problem The Monty Hall Problem , also called the Monty Hall paradox , is a veridical paradox because the result appears impossible but is demonstrably true . The Monty Hall problem , in its usual interpretation , is mathematically equivalent to the earlier Three Prisoners problem , and both bear some similarity to the much older Bertrand 's box paradox . The problem examines the counterintuitive effect of switching one 's choice of doors , one of which hides a `` prize '' . The problem has been analyzed many times , in books , articles and online . In an interview with The New York Times reporter John Tierney in 1991 , Hall gave an explanation of the solution to that problem , stating that he played on the psychology of the trader , and why the solution did not apply to the case of the actual show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LetsMakeADeal.com -- Show Info '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Wearing costumes was the audience 's idea . To attract Monty 's attention , the traders got creative to out - do each other . Jump up ^ `` New Let 's Make a Deal gets Zonked '' . CNN . 2003 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Petrozzello , Donna ( 4 April 1999 ) . `` The secret words are : game show '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Big Brother 16 Twist Revealed : The Show Will ( Finally ) Be Seen in HD '' . Vulture . New York . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LMAD 50th Anniversary '' . CBS . CBS . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Monty Hall '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Make a Deal '' . On Camera Audiences . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Witbeck , Charles ( 1964 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Two New Daytime Shows Aired '' . The Blade . The Toledo Blade Company : 10H . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monty Hall 's `` Let 's Make a Deal '' Most Successful Television Program `` . Boca Raton News . South Florida Media Company : 9B. 1974 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Buck , Jerry ( 1974 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Monty Hall Deals in Entertainment '' . St. Petersburg Times : 10D . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time slideshow '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sesame Street , ' ' Ellen DeGeneres ' Lead Daytime Emmy Creative Arts Winners '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Let 's Make A Deal ' Host Monty Hall Shares His Most Embarrassing Moment ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- June 7 , 1993 Jump up ^ TV Guide -- March 23 -- 29 , 1996 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- December 29 , 1986 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- December 30 , 1988 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- August 30 , 1993 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- March 29 , 1996 Jump up ^ http://tv.r7.com/record-tv/hora-do-faro/videos/plateia-fantasiada-ganha-muitos-premios-no-topa-um-acordo-21022018 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKFsAIXTq1g Jump up ^ http://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/dossiers/r1608/r1607W/le-bon-deal-du-bigdil.html Jump up ^ http://tvtotal.prosieben.de/videos/TV-total-Hilft--Geh-aufs-Ganze--/4562/ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8lEylvynd8 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f4M3i7PfIE Jump up ^ http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep68.htm Jump up ^ https://www.antvklik.com/hiburan/superdeal_2miliar.php Jump up ^ Oggi , 1985 Jump up ^ https://www.tvpolsat.info/news.php?readmore=8020 Jump up ^ http://sic.sapo.pt/video/2008-01-16-Negocio-fechado Jump up ^ http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/television/carlos-sobera-presentara-antena-3-hay-trato_89688.html Jump up ^ `` Let 's Make a Deal merchandise '' . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lovel , Jim ( 2002 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Agency to Put TV Classics onto State Lottery Tickets '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle ( American City Business Journals ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Gary R. ( 2010 ) . The World 's 200 Hardest Brain Teasers . Google Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 3857 - 4 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` On `` Let 's Make a Deal , '' you pick Door # 1 . Monty opens Door # 2 -- no prize . Do you stay with Door # 1 or switch to # 3 ? `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 25 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John ( July 21 , 1991 ) . `` Behind Monty Hall 's Doors : Puzzle , Debate and Answer ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official website CBS 's website for the show Let 's Make A Deal at TV.com Let 's Make a Deal ( 1963 -- 77 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1980 -- 81 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1984 -- 86 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1990 -- 91 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 2003 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 2009 -- present ) on IMDb Big Deal ( 1996 ) on IMDb Le Bigdil ( 1998 -- 2004 ) on IMDb Geh aufs Ganze ! ( 1992 -- 2003 ) on IMDb To megalo pazari ( 1992 -- 93 ) on IMDb Asinu Esek ( 1994 -- 96 ) on IMDb Negócio Fechado ( 1999 -- 2000 ) on IMDb Trato Hecho ( 1999 -- 2000 ) on IMDb CBC Television Archives profile of Monty Hall with behind - the - scenes footage of Let 's Make a Deal ( 1970 ) `` Geh Aufs Ganze ! '' the 1992 -- 2003 ( German version ) of `` Let 's Make A Deal '' courtesy of Grundy Light Entertainment description of `` Geh Aufs Ganze ! '' ( Original website ) Official site of Super Deal 2 Milyar ( 2010 ) via internet archive ) Article about the 2004 Spain version Monty Hall interview on TVParty.com Let 's Make a Deal Video Slots @ Bally Gaming Systems at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 17 , 2001 ) hide CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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( 2018 ) Murphy Brown ( 1988 -- 1998 ; 2018 ) The Neighborhood ( 2018 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) The Code ( 2019 ) Fam ( 2019 ) The Red Line ( 2019 ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let%27s_Make_a_Deal&oldid=846487131 '' Categories : Let 's Make a Deal American game shows Canadian game shows CBS network shows NBC network shows American Broadcasting Company network shows First - run syndicated television programs in the United States 1963 American television series debuts 1977 American television series endings 1980 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1984 American television series debuts 1986 American television series endings 1990 American television series debuts 1991 American television series endings 2003 American television series debuts 2003 American television series endings 2009 American television series debuts 1960s American television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series Television series by Stefan Hatos - Monty Hall Productions Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Dick Clark Productions American television series revived after cancellation English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 02 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does let's make a deal film	[ "The current edition of the series originally emanated from the Tropicana in Las Vegas. The show returned to Hollywood in 2010, first at Sunset Bronson Studios and later at Raleigh Studios." ]	[ "Raleigh Studios" ]
-3435266241415468545	1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase	1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase - wikipedia 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Jump to : navigation , search The 1998 Major League Baseball home run chase in Major League Baseball was the race between first baseman Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals and right fielder Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs that resulted in both players breaking Roger Maris 's long - standing and highly coveted record of 61 home runs . McGwire broke Maris 's record on September 8 against the Cubs and finished with 70 home runs . Sosa finished with 66 . Several players had come close to breaking Maris 's record in the years before 1998 . Before the 1994 season was cut short by a labor dispute , Matt Williams of the San Francisco Giants and Ken Griffey , Jr. of the Seattle Mariners were both on a pace which threatened Maris 's record : they hit 43 and 40 home runs respectively in a season which was shortened by approximately 50 of the scheduled 162 games . In 1995 , Albert Belle became the first player since Cecil Fielder in 1990 to hit 50 home runs in a season . Belle was only the 4th player in the previous three decades to reach the 50 home run - milestone ( George Foster hit 52 in 1977 , following Willie Mays in 1965 ) . In 1996 , Brady Anderson of the Baltimore Orioles hit 50 home runs , twice the number he hit during any other season . Of more note was Mark McGwire of the Oakland Athletics , who first drew attention by hitting a league - leading 52 home runs that season while only playing in 130 games . The 1997 home run chase featured McGwire against Ken Griffey , Jr. of the Seattle Mariners . It was during that season that full - fledged interest over the record kicked in as both players were on record pace well into the summer . McGwire finished with 58 home runs following his mid-season trade to the St. Louis Cardinals , besting Griffey 's total of 56 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Breaking the record 2 Aftermath 2.1 Steroid controversy 3 Home run log 4 References Breaking the record ( edit ) Speculation on the potential of McGwire or Griffey breaking the Roger Maris ' home run record was a popular story heading into spring training , and was even promoted by MLB itself , in an effort to draw fans back to the game who felt disenfranchised by the 1994 strike and cancellation of the World Series . With the spotlight still on Griffey and McGwire ( entering his first full season as a Cardinal ) , the latter opened the 1998 season by hitting home runs in each of his first four games . McGwire would ultimately find himself ahead of record pace for all but two games of the season ; his pace hit a low of 58.9 on May 7 following a five - game drought . After hitting 16 home runs in May ( only two short of Rudy York 's ill - fated record of 18 home runs in August 1937 ) , McGwire led the league with 27 home runs , ahead of Griffey 's 19 and on pace for more than 80 . June , however , would be Sosa 's month to catch up . His 13 home runs entering the month represented less than half of rival McGwire 's total . Sosa had his first of four multi-home run games that month on June 1 , and went on to break Rudy York 's record with 20 home runs in the month of June , a record that still stands . By the end of his historic month , the outfielder 's 33 home runs tied him with Griffey and left him only four behind McGwire 's 37 . The three remained competitive entering August , a period which saw McGwire go on a season - high eight - game home run drought . After hitting a home run on August 8 , McGwire 's lead had dwindled to two , his 46 home runs just above Sosa 's 44 and Griffey 's 41 . His relative lull in production continued , hitting only three home runs over the next ten days . His pace at the end of August 18 , 61.9 would be his lowest for the rest of the season . On August 19 , he returned to form , hitting two home runs and beginning the stretch that would see him hit 23 home runs in his final 39 games . Sosa , meanwhile , had followed up his 20 home runs in June with a combined total of only 22 for July and August . At the end of the month , however , the two sluggers were locked at 55 home runs , putting them on pace for about 65 in total and , for the first time in 37 years , leaving the single - season home run record in imminent jeopardy . They were also each one short of Hack Wilson 's National league record . By this point , Griffey 's total of 47 home runs left him well behind the pace of his two rivals , indicating that even in the event he could pass Maris 's total , it would be unlikely that he would also be able to beat McGwire and Sosa . McGwire began September with four home runs in his first two games against the Florida Marlins and took back the lead , 59 -- 56 . His September 5 home run set the stage for one of baseball 's classic moments , as he sat on 60 home runs entering a two - game set against Sosa 's Chicago Cubs . On September 7 , McGwire hit a Mike Morgan pitch 430 feet to become the first player since 1961 to hit 61 home runs in a season . The next day , September 8 , 1998 , in a game against Sosa 's Cubs and with members of the Maris family in attendance , he hit Steve Trachsel 's pitch 341 feet - his shortest home run of the season - just over the left field wall , breaking the record for the most home runs ever hit in a single season . The ball did not even make it to the stands , and the crew member who found it later gave the ball to McGwire . In what was a show of both admiration as well as respect , Mark Grace , the Cubs first baseman shared a half - hug high five as McGwire rounded first , and after he touched home , Sosa charged in from right field and engaged McGwire in a celebratory embrace . Afterwards , however , McGwire went six consecutive games without a home run , allowing Sosa to tie him again at 62 after hitting four home runs in three games against the Milwaukee Brewers . The two battled back and forth for the lead , and entering the final series of the season on September 25 , were tied at 65 home runs . Sosa hit a 462 - foot home run off Houston Astros pitcher José Lima for his 66th home run of the season . McGwire , however , while the Cardinals hosted the Montreal Expos , hit five home runs against five different pitchers , setting the record at 70 with a 370 - foot home run off Carl Pavano . Throughout the season , Sosa gave a `` V '' sign after every home run , dedicating it to the memory of Cubs broadcaster Harry Caray , who died that February . Aftermath ( edit ) The Cardinals , despite McGwire 's efforts , finished the season 83 -- 79 , 3rd place in the Central and behind division rival Chicago . Chicago finished 90 -- 73 , earning them 2nd in the Central and a wild card berth . Sosa finished with a . 308 batting average , 66 home runs , and 158 RBI , besting McGwire , who finished with a . 299 batting average , 70 home runs , and 147 RBI for the NL MVP award . The Cubs , however , were swept in the first round of the 1998 playoffs by the Atlanta Braves . In 2001 , only three years after McGwire and Sosa finally toppled Maris 's record , the mark fell again , this time to San Francisco Giants left fielder Barry Bonds . Bonds broke the record on October 5 against Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers and , two days later , hit his 73rd home run of the season off the Dodgers pitcher Dennis Springer . The ' 97 and ' 98 home run record chases are widely credited by sports analysts as having restored Major League Baseball among its fan base in the preceding years , as many had lost interest and felt betrayed by the strike in 1994 , although others contest this . The embrace , along with the constant praising of one another between McGwire and Sosa was spoofed in the fall of 1998 on Saturday Night Live by Will Ferrell ( as McGwire ) and Tracy Morgan ( as Sosa ) who try to one - up praising each other endlessly and then begin to slow - dance . Steroid controversy ( edit ) Bonds ' record still stands , though the controversy over possible use of performance - enhancing drugs by McGwire and Sosa gained momentum when Bonds hit his 73 home runs despite having never hit as many as 50 in any other season . In the Congressional Hearing on Steroids , McGwire repeatedly stressed that any answer he gave regarding his alleged steroid use would not be believed by the public at - large anyway . Sosa seemed to not understand the questions . Bonds has also been linked to steroids . He admitted to taking them , but he claims that he did not know what he was taking was steroids . Bonds and Sosa have been linked to illegal use of steroids in the Mitchell Report and other sources . McGwire has never been named by any official investigation ; however , on January 11 , 2010 , McGwire admitted to Bob Costas of the MLB Network that he did take steroids throughout his career , including during the 1998 season where he broke the record . Home run log ( edit ) The following table outlines home runs that Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa hit during 1998 season . Date Batter Distance ( ft ) Hit Against ( Pitcher ) Hit Against ( Team ) McGwire Total Sosa Total 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 McGwire 364 Martínez , Ramón Ramón Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers 0 000000002017 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 McGwire 368 Lankford , Frank Frank Lankford Los Angeles Dodgers 0 000000002017 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 McGwire 364 Langston , Mark Mark Langston San Diego Padres 0 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 McGwire 419 Wengert , Don Don Wengert San Diego Padres 0 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 Sosa 371 Valdes , Marc Marc Valdes Montreal Expos 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 Sosa 350 Telford , Anthony Anthony Telford Montreal Expos 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 McGwire 424 Suppan , Jeff Jeff Suppan Arizona Diamondbacks 5 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 McGwire 347 Suppan , Jeff Jeff Suppan Arizona Diamondbacks 6 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 McGwire 462 Manuel , Barry Barry Manuel Arizona Diamondbacks 7 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Sosa 430 Cook , Dennis Dennis Cook New York Mets 7 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 McGwire 419 Whiteside , Matt Matt Whiteside Philadelphia Phillies 8 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 McGwire 437 Moore , Trey Trey Moore Montreal Expos 9 000000002017 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 Sosa 420 Miceli , Dan Dan Miceli San Diego Padres 9 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 Sosa 430 Valdez , Ismael Ismael Valdez Los Angeles Dodgers 9 5 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 McGwire 419 Spradlin , Jerry Jerry Spradlin Philadelphia Phillies 10 5 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 Sosa 434 Hamilton , Joey Joey Hamilton San Diego Padres 10 6 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 McGwire 371 Pisciotta , Marc Marc Pisciotta Chicago Cubs 11 6 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 McGwire 362 Beck , Rod Rod Beck Chicago Cubs 12 6 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 Sosa 370 Politte , Cliff Cliff Politte St. Louis Cardinals 12 7 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 McGwire 358 Reed , Rick Rick Reed New York Mets 13 7 000000002017 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 McGwire 527 Wagner , Paul Paul Wagner Milwaukee Brewers 14 7 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 McGwire 381 Millwood , Kevin Kevin Millwood Atlanta Braves 15 7 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 McGwire 545 Hernández , Liván Liván Hernández Florida Marlins 16 7 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 Sosa 441 Sullivan , Scott Scott Sullivan Cincinnati Reds 16 8 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 McGwire 478 Sanchez , Jesus Jesus Sanchez Florida Marlins 17 8 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 McGwire 440 Green , Tyler Tyler Green Philadelphia Phillies 18 8 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 McGwire 471 Green , Tyler Tyler Green Philadelphia Phillies 19 8 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 McGwire 451 Gomes , Wayne Wayne Gomes Philadelphia Phillies 20 8 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 McGwire 425 Gardner , Mark Mark Gardner San Francisco Giants 21 8 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 Sosa 440 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves 21 9 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 McGwire 366 Rodriguez , Rich Rich Rodriguez San Francisco Giants 22 9 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 McGwire 477 Johnstone , John John Johnstone San Francisco Giants 23 9 000000002017 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 McGwire 397 Nen , Robb Robb Nen San Francisco Giants 24 9 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 McGwire 433 Thomson , John John Thomson Colorado Rockies 25 9 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 Sosa 410 Millwood , Kevin Kevin Millwood Atlanta Braves 25 10 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 Sosa 420 Cather , Mike Mike Cather Atlanta Braves 25 11 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 Sosa 460 Winston , Darrin Darrin Winston Philadelphia Phillies 25 12 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 Sosa 400 Gomes , Wayne Wayne Gomes Philadelphia Phillies 25 13 000000002017 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 McGwire 388 Miceli , Dan Dan Miceli San Diego Padres 26 13 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 McGwire 423 Ashby , Andy Andy Ashby San Diego Padres 27 13 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 Sosa 430 Dempster , Ryan Ryan Dempster Florida Marlins 27 14 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 Sosa 410 Henriquez , Oscar Oscar Henriquez Florida Marlins 27 15 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 Sosa 370 Hernández , Liván Liván Hernández Florida Marlins 27 16 000000002017 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 McGwire 409 Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser San Francisco Giants 28 16 000000002017 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 Sosa 370 Parque , Jim Jim Parque Chicago White Sox 28 17 000000002017 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 Sosa 410 Castillo , Carlos Carlos Castillo Chicago White Sox 28 18 000000002017 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 Sosa 380 Baldwin , James James Baldwin Chicago White Sox 28 19 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 McGwire 356 Bere , Jason Jason Bere Chicago White Sox 29 19 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 Sosa 340 Hawkins , LaTroy LaTroy Hawkins Minnesota Twins 29 20 000000002017 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 McGwire 409 Parque , Jim Jim Parque Chicago White Sox 30 20 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 McGwire 438 Benes , Andy Andy Benes Arizona Diamondbacks 31 20 000000002017 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 Sosa 410 Portugal , Mark Mark Portugal Philadelphia Phillies 31 21 000000002017 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 Sosa 420 Eldred , Cal Cal Eldred Milwaukee Brewers 31 22 000000002017 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 Sosa 410 Eldred , Cal Cal Eldred Milwaukee Brewers 31 23 000000002017 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 Sosa 415 Eldred , Cal Cal Eldred Milwaukee Brewers 31 24 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 McGwire 437 Lima , José José Lima Houston Astros 32 24 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Sosa 430 Patrick , Bronswell Bronswell Patrick Milwaukee Brewers 32 25 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 McGwire 449 Reynolds , Shane Shane Reynolds Houston Astros 33 25 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 Sosa 380 Loewer , Carlton Carlton Loewer Philadelphia Phillies 33 26 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 Sosa 380 Loewer , Carlton Carlton Loewer Philadelphia Phillies 33 27 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 Sosa 366 Beech , Matt Matt Beech Philadelphia Phillies 33 28 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 Sosa 500 Borland , Toby Toby Borland Philadelphia Phillies 33 29 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 Sosa 380 Green , Tyler Tyler Green Philadelphia Phillies 33 30 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 McGwire 433 Wright , Jaret Jaret Wright Cleveland Indians 34 30 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 Sosa 390 Greisinger , Seth Seth Greisinger Detroit Tigers 34 31 000000002017 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 McGwire 461 Burba , Dave Dave Burba Cleveland Indians 35 31 000000002017 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 Sosa 400 Moehler , Brian Brian Moehler Detroit Tigers 35 32 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 McGwire 431 Trombley , Mike Mike Trombley Minnesota Twins 36 32 000000002017 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 McGwire 472 Rusch , Glendon Glendon Rusch Kansas City Royals 37 32 000000002017 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 Sosa 364 Embree , Alan Alan Embree Arizona Diamondbacks 37 33 000000002017 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 Sosa 432 Juden , Jeff Jeff Juden Milwaukee Brewers 37 34 000000002017 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 Sosa 428 Karl , Scott Scott Karl Milwaukee Brewers 37 35 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 McGwire 485 Wagner , Billy Billy Wagner Houston Astros 38 35 000000002017 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 McGwire 405 Bergman , Sean Sean Bergman Houston Astros 39 35 000000002017 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 McGwire 415 Elarton , Scott Scott Elarton Houston Astros 40 35 000000002017 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 McGwire 511 Bohanon , Brian Brian Bohanon Los Angeles Dodgers 41 35 000000002017 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 McGwire 425 Osuna , Antonio Antonio Osuna Los Angeles Dodgers 42 35 000000002017 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 Sosa 440 Ojala , Kirt Kirt Ojala Florida Marlins 42 36 000000002017 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 McGwire 452 Boehringer , Brian Brian Boehringer San Diego Padres 43 36 000000002017 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Sosa 365 Batista , Miguel Miguel Batista Montreal Expos 43 37 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 McGwire 452 Thomson , John John Thomson Colorado Rockies 44 37 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 Sosa 420 Reed , Rick Rick Reed New York Mets 44 38 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 Sosa 347 Blair , Willie Willie Blair Arizona Diamondbacks 44 39 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 Sosa 438 Embree , Alan Alan Embree Arizona Diamondbacks 44 40 000000002017 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 McGwire 408 Myers , Mike Mike Myers Milwaukee Brewers 45 40 000000002017 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 Sosa 390 Wolcott , Bob Bob Wolcott Arizona Diamondbacks 45 41 000000002017 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 Sosa 375 Wright , Jamey Jamey Wright Colorado Rockies 45 42 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 Sosa 374 Benes , Andy Andy Benes Arizona Diamondbacks 45 43 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 McGwire 374 Clark , Mark Mark Clark Chicago Cubs 46 43 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 Sosa 400 Croushore , Rich Rich Croushore St. Louis Cardinals 46 44 000000002017 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 Sosa 361 Ortiz , Russ Russ Ortiz San Francisco Giants 46 45 000000002017 - 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08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 McGwire 393 Rincón , Ricardo Ricardo Rincón Pittsburgh Pirates 53 49 000000002017 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 Sosa 440 Lima , José José Lima Houston Astros 53 50 000000002017 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 Sosa 380 Lima , José José Lima Houston Astros 53 51 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 McGwire 509 Speier , Justin Justin Speier Florida Marlins 54 51 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 Sosa 438 Tomko , Brett Brett Tomko Cincinnati Reds 54 52 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 Sosa 414 Thomson , John John Thomson Colorado Rockies 54 53 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 McGwire 501 Martínez , Dennis Dennis Martínez Atlanta Braves 55 53 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 Sosa 482 Kile , Darryl Darryl Kile Colorado Rockies 55 54 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 Sosa 364 Tomko , Brett Brett Tomko Cincinnati Reds 55 55 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 McGwire 450 Hernández , Liván Liván Hernández Florida Marlins 56 55 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 McGwire 472 Pall , Donn Donn Pall Florida Marlins 57 55 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 McGwire 497 Edmondson , Brian Brian Edmondson Florida Marlins 58 55 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 McGwire 458 Stanifer , Rob Rob Stanifer Florida Marlins 59 55 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 Sosa 363 Bere , Jason Jason Bere Cincinnati Reds 59 56 000000002017 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 Sosa 374 Schmidt , Jason Jason Schmidt Pittsburgh Pirates 59 57 000000002017 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 McGwire 381 Reyes , Dennys Dennys Reyes Cincinnati Reds 60 57 000000002017 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 Sosa 417 Lawrence , Sean Sean Lawrence Pittsburgh Pirates 60 58 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 McGwire 430 Morgan , Mike Mike Morgan Chicago Cubs 61 58 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 McGwire 341 Trachsel , Steve Steve Trachsel Chicago Cubs 62 58 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Sosa 464 Pulsipher , Bill Bill Pulsipher Milwaukee Brewers 62 59 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Sosa 430 de los Santos , Valerio Valerio de los Santos Milwaukee Brewers 62 60 000000002017 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 Sosa 480 Patrick , Bronswell Bronswell Patrick Milwaukee Brewers 62 61 000000002017 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 Sosa 480 Plunk , Eric Eric Plunk Milwaukee Brewers 62 62 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 McGwire 385 Christiansen , Jason Jason Christiansen Pittsburgh Pirates 63 62 000000002017 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 Sosa 434 Boehringer , Brian Brian Boehringer San Diego Padres 63 63 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 McGwire 423 Roque , Rafael Rafael Roque Milwaukee Brewers 64 63 000000002017 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 McGwire 423 Karl , Scott Scott Karl Milwaukee Brewers 65 63 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 Sosa 344 Roque , Rafael Rafael Roque Milwaukee Brewers 65 64 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 Sosa 410 Henderson , Rod Rod Henderson Milwaukee Brewers 65 65 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 Sosa 462 Lima , José José Lima Houston Astros 65 66 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 McGwire 375 Bennett , Shayne Shayne Bennett Montreal Expos 66 66 000000002017 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 McGwire 403 Hermanson , Dustin Dustin Hermanson Montreal Expos 67 66 000000002017 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 McGwire 435 Bullinger , Kirk Kirk Bullinger Montreal Expos 68 66 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 McGwire 377 Thurman , Mike Mike Thurman Montreal Expos 69 66 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 McGwire 370 Pavano , Carl Carl Pavano Montreal Expos 70 66 References ( edit ) 1990s portal Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year League Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Anderson '' . baseball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 1996 Batting Gamelogs '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 1997 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Griffey 1997 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Month of Rudy York by Lee Panas '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 1998 Batting Gamelogs '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Griffey 1998 Batting Gamelogs '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run in a Month Records by Baseball Almanac '' . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Sosa 1998 Batting Gamelogs '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dedman , Bill ( September 29 , 1998 ) . `` Unlikely Season Of Dreams For Cubs '' . The New York Times . p . D3 . Since Caray died at the start of spring training , Sosa has honored him with a ' V ' sign after every home run this season , along with his heart thumps and kisses for the Sosa family . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds 73 Home Run Season & Home Run Logs by Baseball Almanac '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Myth of men who saved baseball '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://snl.jt.org/imp.php?i=1611 Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 's Seventy Home Run Season by Baseball Almanac '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Sosa 's 66 Home Run Season by Baseball Almanac '' . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 1998 Game by Game Batting Logs '' . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Bibliography Home run ! : the year the records fell . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . Associated Press . 1998 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 026 - 6 . Links to related articles Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the most home runs in 1998	[ "The 1998 Major League Baseball home run chase in Major League Baseball was the race between first baseman Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals and right fielder Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs that resulted in both players breaking Roger Maris's long-standing and highly coveted record of 61 home runs. McGwire broke Maris's record on September 8 against the Cubs and finished with 70 home runs. Sosa finished with 66." ]	[ "Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals" ]
-5121508316240613431	Count von Count	Count von Count - wikipedia Count von Count Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Count von Count Sesame Street character First appearance November 27 , 1972 Portrayed by Jerry Nelson ( 1972 -- 2012 ) Matt Vogel ( 2013 -- present ) Information Aliases The Count Count Species Muppet vampire Gender Male Count von Count , often known simply as `` the Count '' or `` Count Count '' , is one of the Muppet characters on Sesame Street . The Count is a vampire modeled after Bela Lugosi 's interpretation of Count Dracula . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description and personality 2 History and `` physicality '' of the character 3 Internationally 4 Appearances outside Sesame Street 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 External links Description and personality ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Count 's main role in the show is to educate children about simple mathematical concepts , most notably , as his name implies , counting . The Count loves counting so much that he often will count anything and everything regardless of size or amount , and the other characters can sometimes be quite annoyed by this . In Season 6 , for example , he once prevented Ernie from answering a telephone because he wanted to continue counting the number of times the telephone rang . At another time , while serving as an elevator operator , he refused to let Kermit the Frog get out at his selected floor so he could count every floor in the building . The Count can occasionally lose his temper when somebody or something interrupts his counting , or feel sad when there is nothing around for him to count , but apart from these , he is typically portrayed as friendly and cheerful . The Count lives in an old cobweb - infested castle which he shares with many bats and a cat named Fatatita . He spent his childhood in the Carpathian Mountains , which makes it clear he is Romanian . Perhaps not surprising , he speaks in an accent from that area of the world . His pet bats tend to have Slavic names , such as Grisha , Misha , Sasha , and Tatiana . He views the bats as his `` children '' and sometimes counts them . As a running gag , his castle has a squeaky door , which visitors always point out , only for the Count to instantly change the subject to his counting addiction . The Count drives a special car , the Countmobile , designed to look like a bat . ( cf . Batmobile ) The Count has been shown with a number of girlfriends , who tend to be vampire Countesses . These include Countess von Backwards ( debuting in Sesame Street 's 28th season ) who counts backwards ; Countess Dahling von Dahling ( debuted in the 12th season ) ; and one simply named `` The Countess '' ( first appearing in season 8 ) . The von Count family includes an unnamed brother and mother as well as an Uncle Uno and grandparents . According to BBC News , during an interview with the More or Less team 's Tim Harford , the Count said his favorite number is 34,969 . The Count was quoted as saying , `` It 's a square - root thing . '' : 34,969 is a perfect square , being 187 . The Count mentions 2 : 30 at any chance he can get and often makes jokes about it . This number is likely a tooth - related pun ( `` Tooth Hurty '' ) . During the afternoon , his segments of the show always come on at exactly 2 : 30 p.m. or during the `` fashionably late '' segment , which airs at 2 : 31 . The Count 's signature song is `` The Song of the Count '' . History and `` physicality '' of the character ( edit ) The Count debuted on Sesame Street in Season 4 ( 1972 -- 73 ) , and was conceived by Norman Stiles , who wrote the first script . The Count was performed by Jerry Nelson , who brought the character to life . He was originally made out of the Large Lavender Live Hand Anything Muppet pattern . Nelson voiced the Count until his death on August 23 , 2012 . At that time , Matt Vogel had taken over performing the puppetry of the Count . Upon Nelson 's death , Vogel started performing both the Count 's voice and puppetry . His first performance of the Count was in a YouTube video called `` Counting the Yous in YouTube '' , a song about the celebration of Sesame Street 's YouTube channel reaching 1 billion views . In the early 1970s , following a counting session , the Count would laugh maniacally , `` AH AH AH AH AH ! '' , accompanied by thunder and lightning flashes . He would n't let anything interrupt his counting , and used hypnotic powers to temporarily stun people with a wave of his hands . This practice , however , was discontinued in the mid-1970s because of concern that young viewers would become frightened . In the mid-1970s , the Count became friendlier , did not have hypnotic powers , and interacted more with the characters ( both live actors and Muppets ) . His laugh also changed from maniacal laughter to a more triumphant , stereotypical Dracula - style laugh . Belvedere Castle , in New York 's Central Park , was used for exterior establishing shots of the Count 's castle on the show . The Count made an appearance in the film The Muppets Take Manhattan at Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy 's wedding , then in the Sesame Street movies Follow That Bird and The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland . Notably , the Count appeared on - screen during the closing credits of Follow That Bird where he proceeded to read and count the credits . He also says `` Hi , Mom '' when a credit appears for Joan Ganz Cooney , creator of Sesame Street . In Season 33 , the Count got a daily segment on Sesame Street , simply called The Number of the Day . Internationally ( edit ) In the Dutch version of the series , Sesamstraat , the Count 's name is Graaf Tel ( literally , `` Count ( nobleman ) Count ( process of counting ) '' ) . In the French series 1 , Rue Sésame , his name is Comte von Compte . In the German series Sesamstraße , his name is Graf Zahl ( literally , `` Count Number '' ) . In the Hebrew series Rechov Sumsum , his name is ' מר סופר ' , phonetically pronounced ' Mar Sofer ' , which literally means `` Mr. Counter '' . In the Mexican series Plaza Sésamo , his name is Conde Contar ( literally , `` Count of Counting '' ) . In the Polish series Ulica Sezamkowa , his name is Liczyhrabia ( literally , `` Countcount '' ) . In the Portuguese series Rua Sésamo , his name is Conde de Contar ( translated as `` Count of Counting '' ) . In the Russian series Улица Сезам , his name is Graf Znak ( Граф Знак ) ( translated as `` symbol '' or `` sign '' as the mathematical categories ) . In the Spanish series , Barrio Sésamo , his name is Conde Draco . In the Turkish series Susam Sokağı , his name is Sayıların Kontu ( literally , `` The Count of Numbers '' ) Appearances outside Sesame Street ( edit ) The Count appeared on a video package aired on the first episode of the Late Show with David Letterman that was shown after Letterman 's emergency quintuple bypass operation . He appeared as a surgeon in an operating theater , counting `` One bypass ... AH AH AH ! Two bypass ... '' The Count was interviewed in character on the BBC Radio 4 economics programme More or Less on December 11 , 2009 , where he mentioned his favorite number , 34969 . He appeared on the Halloween edition of SportsCenter to count down the top ten trick plays of the 2010 college football season . He was a guest on Countdown with Keith Olbermann for the first anniversary episode . He was animated in Family Guy counting bats , then Peter Griffin asked if the Count had ever `` done someone in . '' In a later episode , when he 's dating Meg Griffin , he counts , `` One nipple ! Two nipples ! Three ... '' and then beats a hasty disgusted retreat . He was also animated in The Simpsons , this time counting coconuts . Marge Simpson admits her dislike towards the Count . She gets upset and yells , `` Go back to your own country ! '' . In another episode , Homer Simpson and Count Dracula asked him where they could find Lisa Simpson and Edmund , who had run away together . The Count is also seen sucking Big Bird 's blood . In the Mormon Tabernacle Choir 2014 PBS Christmas Concert Keep Christmas with You , Tabernacle organist Richard Elliott along with the Count performed The Twelve Days of Christmas on the 7,667 pipe Conference center organ . He was a guest on Late Night with Seth Meyers on March 27 , 2015 , to help out in the feature `` This Week in Numbers '' . In the video game Plague Inc. , an achievement references The Count , which is triggered when the player 's vampire makes 123 victims in USA . An animated form of himself appears as Count Dracula in the `` Yo Mama '' series on YouTube . In one `` Yo Mama So Fat '' jokes , The Count contracts diabetes after sucking a fat woman 's blood wherein he says `` One ... Two ... Type 2 Diabetes '' and makes his signature laugh before breaking down to despair by saying that it was never funny . A second fat joke depicts the fat woman 's blood as Nutella and after sucking her blood once more wherein the show 's host , Brody Foxx tastes the blood and compliments it , The Count announces that he forgot of his ailment and manically laughs before breaking down once more by stating that it was still not funny . In Cars 2 , Mater 's vampire disguise looks similar to the Count . He was interviewed in character by WIRED in a video released February 22 , 2017 . In the interview , he can not decide on a single favorite number , and says he will be 6,523,728 years old `` next October . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The St. Paul Saints , an independent minor - league baseball team in St. Paul , Minnesota known for unique and sometimes over-the - top promotions , announced that it would give away 2,500 bobblehead dolls dressed as the Count at its May 23 , 2009 game . However , instead of the Count 's regular head , this doll 's head featured Al Franken on one side and Norm Coleman on the other , and was called `` Count von Re-Count '' -- referring to the extraordinarily prolonged recount and legal battle surrounding the 2008 U.S. Senate election between the two men . The team made further jabs at the election during the game . Australian rugby league football international Anthony Minichiello has been nicknamed ' The Count ' due to his striking resemblance to the character . See also ( edit ) Arithmomania # In folklore and Vampire # Creating vampires for other vampires with a compulsion to count Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Why was 34,969 Count von Count 's magic number ? '' . BBC America Online . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dentist Jokes at jokes4us.com Jump up ^ Sesame Street Episode 0406 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ WIRED ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) , The Cast of ' Sesame Street ' Answer the Web 's Most Searched Questions WIRED , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2009 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Saints ' gimmick jabs at Senate race '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Movie star Muppets at dailytelegraph.com.au External links ( edit ) Count von Count on Muppet Wiki , an external wiki Count von Count on IMDb Sesame Street General Fictional location Sesame Workshop productions Characters Muppets human animated Educational goals Format Influence Licensing Recurring segments Accolades People Joan Ganz Cooney Lloyd Morrisett Gerald S. 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Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_von_Count&oldid=803037342 '' Categories : Fictional counts and countesses Fictional vampires Sesame Street Muppet characters Fictional characters introduced in 1972 Fictional Romanian people Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Galego Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of the count on sesame street	[ "The Count debuted on Sesame Street in Season 4 (1972–73), and was conceived by Norman Stiles, who wrote the first script. The Count was performed by Jerry Nelson, who brought the character to life. He was originally made out of the Large Lavender Live Hand Anything Muppet pattern. Nelson voiced the Count until his death on August 23, 2012. At that time, Matt Vogel had taken over performing the puppetry of the Count. Upon Nelson's death, Vogel started performing both the Count's voice and puppetry. His first performance of the Count was in a YouTube video called \"Counting the Yous in YouTube\", a song about the celebration of Sesame Street's YouTube channel reaching 1 billion views." ]	[ "Matt Vogel" ]
5007018641495288318	John Muir	John Muir - wikipedia John Muir Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Scottish - American naturalist and preservationist . For other people of the same name , see John Muir ( disambiguation ) . John Muir John Muir , c. 1902 ( 1838 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1838 Dunbar , East Lothian , Scotland December 24 , 1914 ( 1914 - 12 - 24 ) ( aged 76 ) Los Angeles , California Occupation Engineer , naturalist , philosopher , writer , botanist , geologist , environmentalist Known for Founder of Sierra Club Spouse ( s ) Louisa Wanda Strentzel ( 1847 -- 1905 ) ( m . 1880 -- 1905 ) Children Signature John Muir ( / mjʊər / ; April 21 , 1838 -- December 24 , 1914 ) also known as `` John of the Mountains '' and `` Father of the National Parks '' , was an influential Scottish - American naturalist , author , environmental philosopher , glaciologist and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States . His letters , essays , and books describing his adventures in nature , especially in the Sierra Nevada , have been read by millions . His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley , Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas . The Sierra Club , which he co-founded , is a prominent American conservation organization . The 211 - mile ( 340 km ) John Muir Trail , a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada , was named in his honor . Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument , Muir Beach , John Muir College , Mount Muir , Camp Muir , Muir Grove , and Muir Glacier . In Scotland , the John Muir Way , a 130 - mile - long route , was named in honor of him . In his later life , Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests . As part of the campaign to make Yosemite a national park , Muir published two landmark articles on wilderness preservation in The Century Magazine , `` The Treasures of the Yosemite '' and `` Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park '' ; this helped support the push for U.S. Congress to pass a bill in 1890 establishing Yosemite National Park . The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings has inspired readers , including presidents and congressmen , to take action to help preserve large nature areas . John Muir has been considered `` an inspiration to both Scots and Americans '' . Muir 's biographer , Steven J. Holmes , believes that Muir has become `` one of the patron saints of twentieth - century American environmental activity , '' both political and recreational . As a result , his writings are commonly discussed in books and journals , and he is often quoted by nature photographers such as Ansel Adams . `` Muir has profoundly shaped the very categories through which Americans understand and envision their relationships with the natural world , '' writes Holmes . Muir was noted for being an ecological thinker , political spokesman , and religious prophet , whose writings became a personal guide into nature for countless individuals , making his name `` almost ubiquitous '' in the modern environmental consciousness . According to author William Anderson , Muir exemplified `` the archetype of our oneness with the earth '' , while biographer Donald Worster says he believed his mission was `` saving the American soul from total surrender to materialism . '' On April 21 , 2013 , the first ever John Muir Day was celebrated in Scotland , which marked the 175th anniversary of his birth , paying homage to the conservationist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Boyhood in Scotland 1.2 Immigration to America 2 Explorer of nature 2.1 California 2.1. 1 Experiencing Yosemite 2.1. 2 Friendships 2.1. 3 Geological studies and theories 2.1. 4 Botanical studies 2.2 Pacific Northwest 3 Activism and controversies 3.1 Preservation efforts 3.1. 1 Establishing Yosemite National Park 3.2 Co-founding the Sierra Club 3.3 Preservation vs conservation 3.4 Native Americans 3.5 Hetch Hetchy dam controversy 4 Nature writer 4.1 Jeanne Carr : friend and mentor 4.2 Writing becomes his work 5 Philosophical beliefs 5.1 Of Nature and Theology 5.2 Of sensory perceptions and light 5.3 Seeing nature as home 6 Personal life 7 Death 8 Legacy 9 Tributes and honors 10 Bibliography 10.1 Books 10.2 Essays online 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Boyhood in Scotland ( edit ) Muir was born in the small house at left . His father bought the adjacent building in 1842 , and made it the family home . John Muir 's Birthplace is a four - story stone house in Dunbar , East Lothian , Scotland . His parents were Daniel Muir and Ann Gilrye . He was the third of eight children : Margaret , Sarah , David , Daniel , Ann and Mary ( twins ) , and the American - born Joanna . His earliest recollections were of taking short walks with his grandfather when he was three . In his autobiography , he described his boyhood pursuits , which included fighting , either by re-enacting romantic battles from the Wars of Scottish Independence or just scrapping on the playground , and hunting for birds ' nests ( ostensibly to one - up his fellows as they compared notes on who knew where the most were located ) . Author Amy Marquis notes that he began his `` love affair '' with nature while young , and implies that it may have been in reaction to his strict religious upbringing . `` His father believed that anything that distracted from Bible studies was frivolous and punishable . '' But the young Muir was a `` restless spirit '' and especially `` prone to lashings . '' As a young boy , Muir became fascinated with the East Lothian landscape , and spent a lot of time wandering the local coastline and countryside . It was during this time that he became interested in natural history and the works of Scottish naturalist Alexander Wilson . Although he spent the majority of his life in America , Muir never forgot his roots in Scotland . He held a strong connection with his birthplace and Scottish identity throughout his life and was frequently heard talking about his childhood spent amid the East Lothian countryside . He greatly admired the works of Thomas Carlyle and poetry of Robert Burns ; he was known to carry a collection of poems by Burns during his travels through the American wilderness . He returned to Scotland on a trip in 1893 , where he met one of his Dunbar schoolmates and visited the places of his youth that were etched in his memory . He also never lost his strong Scottish accent despite having lived in America for many years . Immigration to America ( edit ) In 1849 , Muir 's family immigrated to the United States , starting a farm near Portage , Wisconsin , called Fountain Lake Farm . It has been designated a National Historic Landmark . Stephen Fox recounts that Muir 's father found the Church of Scotland insufficiently strict in faith and practice , leading to their emigration and joining a congregation of the Campbellite Restoration Movement , called the Disciples of Christ . By the age of 11 , the young Muir had learned to recite `` by heart and by sore flesh '' all of the New Testament and most of the Old Testament . In maturity , while remaining a deeply spiritual man , Muir may have changed his orthodox beliefs . He wrote , `` I never tried to abandon creeds or code of civilization ; they went away of their own accord ... without leaving any consciousness of loss . '' Elsewhere in his writings , he described the conventional image of a Creator , `` as purely a manufactured article as any puppet of a half - penny theater . '' Entrance to Fountain Lake Farm near Portage , Wisconsin When he was 22 years old , Muir enrolled at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison , paying his own way for several years . There , under a towering black locust tree beside North Hall , Muir took his first botany lesson . A fellow student plucked a flower from the tree and used it to explain how the grand locust is a member of the pea family , related to the straggling pea plant . Fifty years later , the naturalist Muir described the day in his autobiography . `` This fine lesson charmed me and sent me flying to the woods and meadows in wild enthusiasm . '' As a freshman , Muir studied chemistry with Professor Ezra Carr and his wife Jeanne ; they became lifelong friends and Muir developed a lasting interest in chemistry and the sciences . Muir took an eclectic approach to his studies , attending classes for two years but never being listed higher than a first - year student due to his unusual selection of courses . Records showed his class status as `` irregular gent '' and , even though he never graduated , he learned enough geology and botany to inform his later wanderings . In 1863 , his brother Daniel left Wisconsin and moved to Southern Ontario ( then known as Canada West in the United Canadas ) , to avoid the draft during the U.S. Civil War . Muir left school and travelled to the same region in 1864 , and spent the spring , summer , and fall exploring the woods and swamps , and collecting plants around the southern reaches of Lake Huron 's Georgian Bay . Muir hiked along the Niagara Escarpment , including much of today 's Bruce Trail . With his money running low and winter coming , he reunited with his brother Daniel near Meaford , Ontario , who persuaded him to work with him at the sawmill and rake factory of William Trout and Charles Jay . Muir lived with the Trout family in an area called Trout Hollow , south of Meaford , on the Bighead River . While there , he continued `` botanizing '' , exploring the escarpment and bogs , collecting and cataloging plants . One source appears to indicate he worked at the mill / factory until the summer of 1865 , while another says he stayed on at Trout Hollow until after a fire burned it down in February 1866 . In March 1866 , Muir returned to the United States , settling in Indianapolis to work in a wagon wheel factory . He proved valuable to his employers because of his inventiveness in improving the machines and processes ; he was promoted to supervisor , being paid $25 per week . In early - March 1867 , an accident changed the course of his life : a tool he was using slipped and struck him in the eye . He was confined to a darkened room for six weeks , worried about whether he would ever regain his sight . When he did , `` he saw the world -- and his purpose -- in a new light '' . Muir later wrote , `` This affliction has driven me to the sweet fields . God has to nearly kill us sometimes , to teach us lessons . '' From that point on , he determined to `` be true to ( himself ) '' and follow his dream of exploration and study of plants . Photo of Muir by Carleton Watkins , circa 1875 In September 1867 , Muir undertook a walk of about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Kentucky to Florida , which he recounted in his book A Thousand - Mile Walk to the Gulf . He had no specific route chosen , except to go by the `` wildest , leafiest , and least trodden way I could find . '' When Muir arrived at Cedar Keys , he began working for Richard Hodgson at Hodgson 's sawmill . However , three days after accepting the job at Hodgson 's , Muir almost died of a malarial sickness . One evening in early January 1868 , Muir climbed onto the Hodgson house roof to watch the sunset . He saw a ship , the Island Belle , and learned it would soon be sailing for Cuba . Muir boarded the ship , and while in Havana , he spent his hours studying shells and flowers and visiting the botanical garden in the city . Afterwards , he sailed to New York City and booked passage to California . Muir served as an officer in the United States Coast Survey , a uniformed government service agency . Explorer of nature ( edit ) California ( edit ) Experiencing Yosemite ( edit ) Finally settling in San Francisco , Muir immediately left for a week - long visit to Yosemite , a place he had only read about . Seeing it for the first time , Muir notes that `` He was overwhelmed by the landscape , scrambling down steep cliff faces to get a closer look at the waterfalls , whooping and howling at the vistas , jumping tirelessly from flower to flower . '' He later returned to Yosemite and worked as a shepherd for a season . He climbed a number of mountains , including Cathedral Peak and Mount Dana , and hiked an old trail down Bloody Canyon to Mono Lake . Muir built a small cabin along Yosemite Creek , designing it so that a section of the stream flowed through a corner of the room so he could enjoy the sound of running water . He lived in the cabin for two years and wrote about this period in his book First Summer in the Sierra ( 1911 ) . Muir 's biographer , Frederick Turner , notes Muir 's journal entry upon first visiting the valley and writes that his description `` blazes from the page with the authentic force of a conversion experience . '' Friendships ( edit ) During these years in Yosemite , Muir was unmarried , often unemployed , with no prospects for a career , and had `` periods of anguish , '' writes naturalist author John Tallmadge . He was sustained by the natural environment and by reading the essays of naturalist author Ralph Waldo Emerson , who wrote about the very life that Muir was then living . On excursions into the back country of Yosemite , he traveled alone , carrying `` only a tin cup , a handful of tea , a loaf of bread , and a copy of Emerson . '' He usually spent his evenings sitting by a campfire in his overcoat , reading Emerson under the stars . As the years passed , he became a `` fixture in the valley , '' respected for his knowledge of natural history , his skill as a guide , and his vivid storytelling . Visitors to the valley often included scientists , artists , and celebrities , many of whom made a point of meeting with Muir . In 1871 , after Muir had lived in Yosemite for three years , Emerson , with a number of academic friends from Boston , arrived in Yosemite during a tour of the Western United States . The two men met , and according to Tallmadge , `` Emerson was delighted to find at the end of his career the prophet - naturalist he had called for so long ago ... And for Muir , Emerson 's visit came like a laying on of hands . '' Emerson spent one day with Muir , and he offered him a teaching position at Harvard , which Muir declined . Muir later wrote , `` I never for a moment thought of giving up God 's big show for a mere profship ! '' Muir also spent time with photographer Carleton Watkins and studied his photographs of Yosemite . Geological studies and theories ( edit ) John Muir in 1907 Pursuit of his love of science , especially geology , often occupied his free time . Muir soon became convinced that glaciers had sculpted many of the features of the Yosemite Valley and surrounding area . This notion was in stark contradiction to the accepted contemporary theory , promulgated by Josiah Whitney ( head of the California Geological Survey ) , which attributed the formation of the valley to a catastrophic earthquake . As Muir 's ideas spread , Whitney tried to discredit Muir by branding him as an amateur . But Louis Agassiz , the premier geologist of the day , saw merit in Muir 's ideas and lauded him as `` the first man I have ever found who has any adequate conception of glacial action . '' In 1871 , Muir discovered an active alpine glacier below Merced Peak , which helped his theories gain acceptance . A large earthquake centered near Lone Pine in Owens Valley strongly shook occupants of Yosemite Valley in March 1872 . The quake woke Muir in the early morning , and he ran out of his cabin `` both glad and frightened , '' exclaiming , `` A noble earthquake ! '' Other valley settlers , who believed Whitney 's ideas , feared that the quake was a prelude to a cataclysmic deepening of the valley . Muir had no such fear and promptly made a moonlit survey of new talus piles created by earthquake - triggered rockslides . This event led more people to believe in Muir 's ideas about the formation of the valley . Botanical studies ( edit ) In addition to his geologic studies , Muir also investigated the plant life of the Yosemite area . In 1873 and 1874 , he made field studies along the western flank of the Sierra on the distribution and ecology of isolated groves of Giant Sequoia . In 1876 , the American Association for the Advancement of Science published Muir 's paper on the subject . Pacific northwest ( edit ) Muir made four trips to Alaska , as far as Unalaska and Barrow . Muir , Mr Young ( Fort Wrangell missionary ) and a group of Native American Guides first traveled to Alaska in 1879 and were the first Euro - Americans to explore Glacier Bay . Muir Glacier was later named after him . He traveled into British Columbia a third of the way up the Stikine River , likening its Grand Canyon to `` a Yosemite that was a hundred miles long '' . Muir recorded over 300 glaciers along the river 's course . He returned for further explorations in southeast Alaska in 1880 and in 1881 was with the party that landed on Wrangel Island on the USS Corwin and claimed that island for the United States . He documented this experience in journal entries and newspaper articles -- later compiled and edited into his book The Cruise of the Corwin . In 1888 after seven years of managing the Strentzel fruit ranch in Alhambra Valley , California , his health began to suffer . He returned to the hills to recover , climbing Mount Rainier in Washington and writing Ascent of Mount Rainier . Activism and controversies ( edit ) Preservation efforts ( edit ) Yosemite Valley and the Merced River Establishing Yosemite National Park ( edit ) Muir threw himself into the preservationist role with great vigor . He envisioned the Yosemite area and the Sierra as pristine lands . He thought the greatest threat to the Yosemite area and the Sierra was domesticated livestock -- especially domestic sheep , which he referred to as `` hoofed locusts '' . In June 1889 , the influential associate editor of The Century magazine , Robert Underwood Johnson , camped with Muir in Tuolumne Meadows and saw firsthand the damage a large flock of sheep had done to the grassland . Johnson agreed to publish any article Muir wrote on the subject of excluding livestock from the Sierra high country . He also agreed to use his influence to introduce a bill to Congress to make the Yosemite area into a national park , modeled after Yellowstone National Park . On September 30 , 1890 , the U.S. Congress passed a bill that essentially followed recommendations that Muir had suggested in two Century articles , `` The Treasures of the Yosemite '' and `` Features of the Proposed National Park '' , both published in 1890 . But to Muir 's dismay , the bill left Yosemite Valley under state control , as it had been since the 1860s . Co-founding the Sierra Club ( edit ) Main article : Sierra Club In early 1892 , Professor Henry Senger , a philologist at the University of California , Berkeley , contacted Muir with the idea of forming a local ' alpine club ' for mountain lovers . Senger and San Francisco attorney Warren Olney sent out invitations `` for the purpose of forming a ' Sierra Club . ' Mr. John Muir will preside . '' On May 28 , 1892 , the first meeting of the Sierra Club was held to write articles of incorporation . One week later Muir was elected president , Warren Olney was elected vice-president , and a board of directors was chosen that included David Starr Jordan , president of the new Stanford University . Muir remained president until his death 22 years later . The Sierra Club immediately opposed efforts to reduce Yosemite National Park by half , and began holding educational and scientific meetings . At one meeting in the fall of 1895 that included Muir , Joseph LeConte , and William R. Dudley , the Sierra Club discussed the idea of establishing ' national forest reservations ' , which were later called National Forests . The Sierra Club was active in the successful campaign to transfer Yosemite National Park from state to federal control in 1906 . The fight to preserve Hetch Hetchy Valley was also taken up by the Sierra Club , with some prominent San Francisco members opposing the fight . Eventually a vote was held that overwhelmingly put the Sierra Club behind the opposition to Hetch Hetchy Dam . Preservation vs conservation ( edit ) In July 1896 , Muir became associated with Gifford Pinchot , a national leader in the conservation movement . Pinchot was the first head of the United States Forest Service and a leading spokesman for the sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of the people . His views eventually clashed with Muir 's and highlighted two diverging views of the use of the country 's natural resources . Pinchot saw conservation as a means of managing the nation 's natural resources for long - term sustainable commercial use . As a professional forester , his view was that `` forestry is tree farming , '' without destroying the long - term viability of the forests . Muir valued nature for its spiritual and transcendental qualities . In one essay about the National Parks , he referred to them as `` places for rest , inspiration , and prayers . '' He often encouraged city dwellers to experience nature for its spiritual nourishment . Both men opposed reckless exploitation of natural resources , including clear - cutting of forests . Even Muir acknowledged the need for timber and the forests to provide it , but Pinchot 's view of wilderness management was more resource - oriented . Their friendship ended late in the summer of 1897 when Pinchot released a statement to a Seattle newspaper supporting sheep grazing in forest reserves . Muir confronted Pinchot and demanded an explanation . When Pinchot reiterated his position , Muir told him : `` I do n't want any thing more to do with you . '' This philosophical divide soon expanded and split the conservation movement into two camps : the preservationists , led by Muir ; and Pinchot 's camp , who co-opted the term `` conservation . '' The two men debated their positions in popular magazines , such as Outlook , Harper 's Weekly , Atlantic Monthly , World 's Work , and Century . Their contrasting views were highlighted again when the United States was deciding whether to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley . Pinchot favored damming the valley as `` the highest possible use which could be made of it . '' In contrast , Muir proclaimed , `` Dam Hetch Hetchy ! As well dam for water - tanks the people 's cathedrals and churches , for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the hearts of man . '' Theodore Roosevelt and Muir , 1906 In 1899 , Muir accompanied railroad executive E.H. Harriman and esteemed scientists on the famous exploratory voyage along the Alaska coast aboard the luxuriously refitted 250 - foot ( 76 m ) steamer , the George W. Elder . He later relied on his friendship with Harriman to pressure Congress to pass conservation legislation . In 1903 , President Theodore Roosevelt accompanied Muir on a visit to Yosemite . Muir joined Roosevelt in Oakland , California , for the train trip to Raymond . The presidential entourage then traveled by stagecoach into the park . While traveling to the park , Muir told the president about state mismanagement of the valley and rampant exploitation of the valley 's resources . Even before they entered the park , he was able to convince Roosevelt that the best way to protect the valley was through federal control and management . After entering the park and seeing the magnificent splendor of the valley , the president asked Muir to show him the real Yosemite . Muir and Roosevelt set off largely by themselves and camped in the back country . The duo talked late into the night , slept in the brisk open air of Glacier Point , and were dusted by a fresh snowfall in the morning . It was a night Roosevelt never forgot . Muir then increased efforts by the Sierra Club to consolidate park management . In 1906 Congress transferred the Mariposa Grove and Yosemite Valley to the park . Native Americans ( edit ) Muir 's attitude toward Native Americans evolved over his life . His earliest encounters , during his childhood in Wisconsin , were with Winnebago Indians , who begged for food and stole his favorite horse . In spite of that , he had a great deal of sympathy for their `` being robbed of their lands and pushed ruthlessly back into narrower and narrower limits by alien races who were cutting off their means of livelihood . '' His early encounters with the Paiute in California left him feeling ambivalent after seeing their lifestyle , which he described as `` lazy '' and `` superstitious '' . Ecofeminist philosopher Carolyn Merchant has criticized Muir , believing that he wrote disparagingly of the Native Americans he encountered in his early explorations . Later , after living with Indians , he praised and grew more respectful of their low impact on the wilderness , compared to the heavy impact by European - Americans . Muir was given the Stickeen ( Muir 's spelling , coastal tribe ) name `` Ancoutahan '' meaning `` adopted chief '' . Hetch Hetchy dam controversy ( edit ) Hetch Hetchy Valley With population growth continuing in San Francisco , political pressure increased to dam the Tuolumne River for use as a water reservoir . Muir passionately opposed the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley because he found Hetch Hetchy as stunning as Yosemite Valley . Muir , the Sierra Club and Robert Underwood Johnson fought against inundating the valley . Muir wrote to President Roosevelt pleading for him to scuttle the project . Roosevelt 's successor , William Howard Taft , suspended the Interior Department 's approval for the Hetch Hetchy right - of - way . After years of national debate , Taft 's successor Woodrow Wilson signed the bill authorizing the dam into law on December 19 , 1913 . Muir felt a great loss from the destruction of the valley , his last major battle . He wrote to his friend Vernon Kellogg , `` As to the loss of the Sierra Park Valley ( Hetch Hetchy ) it 's hard to bear . The destruction of the charming groves and gardens , the finest in all California , goes to my heart . '' Nature writer ( edit ) Lake Tenaya , Yosemite In his life , Muir published six volumes of writings , all describing explorations of natural settings . Four additional books were published posthumously . Several books were subsequently published that collected essays and articles from various sources . Miller writes that what was most important about his writings was not their quantity , but their `` quality '' . He notes that they have had a `` lasting effect on American culture in helping to create the desire and will to protect and preserve wild and natural environments . '' His first appearance in print was by accident , writes Miller ; a person he did not know submitted , without his permission or awareness , a personal letter to his friend Jeanne Carr , describing Calypso borealis , a rare flower he had encountered . The piece was published anonymously , identified as having been written by an `` inspired pilgrim '' . Throughout his many years as a nature writer , Muir frequently rewrote and expanded on earlier writings from his journals , as well as articles published in magazines . He often compiled and organized such earlier writings as collections of essays or included them as part of narrative books . Jeanne Carr : friend and mentor ( edit ) Muir 's friendship with Jeanne Carr had a lifelong influence on his career as a naturalist and writer . They first met in the fall of 1860 , when , at age 22 , he entered a number of his homemade inventions in the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society Fair . Carr , a fair assistant , was asked by fair officials to review Muir 's exhibits to see if they had merit . She thought they did and `` saw in his entries evidence of genius worthy of special recognition , '' notes Miller . As a result , Muir received a diploma and a monetary award for his handmade clocks and thermometer . During the next three years while a student at the University of Wisconsin , he was befriended by Carr and her husband , Ezra , a professor at the same university . According to Muir biographer Bonnie Johanna Gisel , the Carrs recognized his `` pure mind , unsophisticated nature , inherent curiosity , scholarly acumen , and independent thought . '' Jeanne Carr , 35 years of age , especially appreciated his youthful individuality , along with his acceptance of `` religious truths '' that were much like her own . The Muirs ' home in Martinez , California , is a National Historic Site . Muir was often invited to the Carrs ' home ; he shared Jeanne 's love of plants . In 1864 , he left Wisconsin to begin exploring the Canadian wilderness and , while there , began corresponding with her about his activities . Carr wrote Muir in return and encouraged him in his explorations and writings , eventually having an important influence over his personal goals . At one point she asked Muir to read a book she felt would influence his thinking , Lamartine 's The Stonemason of Saint Point . It was the story of a man whose life she hoped would `` metabolize in Muir , '' writes Gisel , and `` was a projection of the life she envisioned for him . '' According to Gisel , the story was about a `` poor man with a pure heart , '' who found in nature `` divine lessons and saw all of God 's creatures interconnected . '' After Muir returned to the United States , he spent the next four years exploring Yosemite , while at the same time writing articles for publication . During those years , Muir and Carr continued corresponding . She sent many of her friends to Yosemite to meet Muir and `` to hear him preach the gospel of the mountains , '' writes Gisel . The most notable was naturalist and author Ralph Waldo Emerson . The importance of Carr , who continually gave Muir reassurance and inspiration , `` can not be overestimated , '' adds Gisel . It was `` through his letters to her that he developed a voice and purpose . '' She also tried to promote Muir 's writings by submitting his letters to a monthly magazine for publication . Muir came to trust Carr as his `` spiritual mother , '' and they remained friends for 30 years . In one letter she wrote to Muir while he was living in Yosemite , she tried to keep him from despairing as to his purpose in life . The value of their friendship was first disclosed by a friend of Carr 's , clergyman and writer G. Wharton James . After obtaining copies of their private letters from Carr , and despite pleadings from Muir to return them , he instead published articles about their friendship , using those letters as a primary source . In one such article , his focus was Muir 's debt to Carr , stating that she was his `` guiding star '' who `` led him into the noble paths of life , and then kept him there . '' Writing becomes his work ( edit ) Muir 's friend , zoologist Henry Fairfield Osborn , writes that Muir 's style of writing did not come to him easily , but only with intense effort . `` Daily he rose at 4 : 30 o'clock , and after a simple cup of coffee labored incessantly ... he groans over his labors , he writes and rewrites and interpolates . '' Osborn notes that he preferred using the simplest English language , and therefore admired above all the writings of Carlyle , Emerson and Thoreau . `` He is a very firm believer in Thoreau and starts by reading deeply of this author . '' His secretary , Marion Randall Parsons , also noted that `` composition was always slow and laborious for him ... Each sentence , each phrase , each word , underwent his critical scrutiny , not once but twenty times before he was satisfied to let it stand . '' Muir often told her , `` This business of writing books is a long , tiresome , endless job . '' Miller speculates that Muir recycled his earlier writings partly due to his `` dislike of the writing process . '' He adds that Muir `` did not enjoy the work , finding it difficult and tedious . '' He was generally unsatisfied with the finished result , finding prose `` a weak instrument for the reality he wished to convey . '' However , he was prodded by friends and his wife to keep writing and as a result of their influence he kept at it , although never satisfied . Muir wrote in 1872 , `` No amount of word - making will ever make a single soul to ' know ' these mountains . One day 's exposure to mountains is better than a cartload of books . '' In one of his essays , he gave an example of the deficiencies of writing versus experiencing nature . Philosophical beliefs ( edit ) Of nature and theology ( edit ) Muir believed that to discover truth , he must turn to what he believed were the most accurate sources . Muir had a strict , Scottish Presbyterian upbringing . In his book , The Story of My Boyhood and Youth ( 1913 ) , he writes that during his childhood , his father made him read the Bible every day . Muir eventually memorized three - quarters of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament . Muir 's father read Josephus 's War of the Jews to understand the culture of first - century Palestine , as it was written by an eyewitness , and illuminated the culture during the period of the New Testament . But as Muir became attached to the American natural landscapes he explored , Williams notes that he began to see another `` primary source for understanding God : the Book of Nature . '' According to Williams , in nature , especially in the wilderness , Muir was able to study the plants and animals in an environment that he believed `` came straight from the hand of God , uncorrupted by civilization and domestication . '' As Tallmadge notes , Muir 's belief in this `` Book of Nature '' compelled him to tell the story of `` this creation in words any reader could understand . '' As a result , his writings were to become `` prophecy , for ( they ) sought to change our angle of vision . '' Williams notes that Muir 's philosophy and world view rotated around his perceived dichotomy between civilization and nature . From this developed his core belief that `` wild is superior '' . His nature writings became a `` synthesis of natural theology '' with scripture that helped him understand the origins of the natural world . According to Williams , philosophers and theologians such as Thomas Dick suggested that the `` best place to discover the true attributes of deity was in Nature . '' He came to believe that God was always active in the creation of life and thereby kept the natural order of the world . As a result , Muir `` styled himself as a John the Baptist , '' adds Williams , `` whose duty was to immerse in ' mountain baptism ' everyone he could . '' Williams concludes that Muir saw nature as a great teacher , `` revealing the mind of God , '' and this belief became the central theme of his later journeys and the `` subtext '' of his nature writing . During his career as writer and while living in the mountains , Muir continued to experience the `` presence of the divine in nature , '' writes Holmes His personal letters also conveyed these feelings of ecstasy . Historian Catherine Albanese stated that in one of his letters , `` Muir 's eucharist made Thoreau 's feast on wood - chuck and huckleberry seem almost anemic . '' Muir was extremely fond of Thoreau and was probably influenced more by him than even Emerson . Muir often referred to himself as a `` disciple '' of Thoreau . Of sensory perceptions and light ( edit ) Yosemite scene During his first summer in the Sierra as a shepherd , Muir wrote field notes that emphasized the role that the senses play in human perceptions of the environment . According to Williams , he speculated that the world was an unchanging entity that was interpreted by the brain through the senses , and , writes Muir , `` If the creator were to bestow a new set of senses upon us ... we would never doubt that we were in another world ... '' While doing his studies of nature , he would try to remember everything he observed as if his senses were recording the impressions , until he could write them in his journal . As a result of his intense desire to remember facts , he filled his field journals with notes on precipitation , temperature , and even cloud formations . However , Muir took his journal entries further than recording factual observations . Williams notes that the observations he recorded amounted to a description of `` the sublimity of Nature , '' and what amounted to `` an aesthetic and spiritual notebook . '' Muir felt that his task was more than just recording `` phenomena , '' but also to `` illuminate the spiritual implications of those phenomena , '' writes Williams . For Muir , mountain skies , for example , seemed painted with light , and came to `` ... symbolize divinity . '' He often described his observations in terms of light . Muir biographer Steven Holmes notes that Muir used words like `` glory '' and `` glorious '' to suggest that light was taking on a religious dimension : `` It is impossible to overestimate the importance of the notion of glory in Muir 's published writings , where no other single image carries more emotional or religious weight , '' adding that his words `` exactly parallels its Hebraic origins , '' in which biblical writings often indicate a divine presence with light , as in the burning bush or pillar of fire , and described as `` the glory of God . '' Seeing nature as home ( edit ) Posthumous portrait by Orlando Rouland ( 1917 ) Muir often used the term `` home '' as a metaphor for both nature and his general attitude toward the `` natural world itself , '' notes Holmes . He often used domestic language to describe his scientific observations , as when he saw nature as providing a home for even the smallest plant life : `` the little purple plant , tended by its Maker , closed its petals , crouched low in its crevice of a home , and enjoyed the storm in safety . '' Muir also saw nature as his own home , as when he wrote friends and described the Sierra as `` God 's mountain mansion . '' He considered not only the mountains as home , however , as he also felt a closeness even to the smallest objects : `` The very stones seem talkative , sympathetic , brotherly . No wonder when we consider that we all have the same Father and Mother . '' In his later years , he used the metaphor of nature as home in his writings to promote wilderness preservation . Not surprisingly , Muir 's deep - seated feeling about nature as being his true home led to tension with his family at his home in Martinez , California . He once told a visitor to his ranch there , `` This is a good place to be housed in during stormy weather , ... to write in , and to raise children in , but it is not my home . Up there , '' pointing towards the Sierra Nevada , `` is my home . '' Personal life ( edit ) Muir and family circa 1888 . In 1878 , when he was nearing the age of 40 , Muir 's friends `` pressured him to return to society . '' Soon after he returned to the Oakland area , he was introduced by Jeanne Carr to Louisa Strentzel , daughter of a prominent physician and horticulturist with a 2,600 - acre ( 11 km ) fruit orchard in Martinez , California , northeast of Oakland . In 1880 , after he returned from a trip to Alaska , Muir and Strentzel married . John Muir went into partnership with his father - in - law , Dr. John Strentzel , and for ten years directed most of his energy into managing this large fruit ranch . Although Muir was a loyal , dedicated husband , and father of two daughters , `` his heart remained wild , '' writes Marquis . His wife understood his needs , and after seeing his restlessness at the ranch would sometimes `` shoo him back up '' to the mountains . He sometimes took his daughters with him . The house and part of the ranch are now the John Muir National Historic Site . Death ( edit ) John Muir died at California Hospital ( now California Hospital Medical Center ) in Los Angeles on December 24 , 1914 , of pneumonia at age 76 , after a brief visit to Daggett , California , to see his daughter Helen Muir Funk . His grandson Ross Hanna lived until 2014 , when he died at age 91 . Legacy ( edit ) A portrait of Muir , circa 1910 During his lifetime John Muir published over 300 articles and 12 books . He co-founded the Sierra Club , which helped establish a number of national parks after he died and today has over 2.4 million members . Muir has been called the `` patron saint of the American wilderness '' and its `` archetypal free spirit . '' As a dreamer and activist , his eloquent words changed the way Americans saw their mountains , forests , seashores , and deserts , said nature writer Gretel Ehrlich . He not only led the efforts to protect forest areas and have some designated as national parks , but his writings presented `` human culture and wild nature as one of humility and respect for all life . '' Robert Underwood Johnson , editor of Century Magazine , which published many of Muir 's articles , states that he influenced people 's appreciation of nature and national parks , which became a lasting legacy : The world will look back to the time we live in and remember the voice of one crying in the wilderness and bless the name of John Muir ... He sung the glory of nature like another Psalmist , and , as a true artist , was unashamed of his emotions . His countrymen owe him gratitude as the pioneer of our system of national parks ... Muir 's writings and enthusiasm were the chief forces that inspired the movement . All the other torches were lighted from his . Muir exalted wild nature over human culture and civilization , believing that all life was sacred . Turner describes him as `` a man who in his singular way rediscovered America ... an American pioneer , an American hero . '' The primary aim of Muir 's nature philosophy , writes Wilkins , was to challenge mankind 's `` enormous conceit , '' and in so doing , he moved beyond the Transcendentalism of Emerson to a `` biocentric perspective on the world '' . He did so by describing the natural world as `` a conductor of divinity , '' and his writings often made nature synonymous with God . His friend , Henry Fairfield Osborn , observed that as a result of his religious upbringing , Muir retained `` this belief , which is so strongly expressed in the Old Testament , that all the works of nature are directly the work of God . '' In the opinion of Enos Mills , a contemporary who established Rocky Mountain National Park , Muir 's writings would `` likely to be the most influential force in this century . '' Tributes and honors ( edit ) Mount Muir located one mile south of Mount Whitney in the High Sierra of California . John Muir on a 1964 U.S. commemorative stamp California celebrates John Muir Day on April 21 each year . Muir was the first person honored with a California commemorative day when legislation signed in 1988 created John Muir Day , effective from 1989 onward . Muir is one of three people so honored in California , along with Harvey Milk Day and Ronald Reagan Day . East Lothian in Scotland also celebrates John Muir day , the play Thank God for John Muir , by Andrew Dallmeyer is based on his life . The following places are named after Muir : Mount Muir Mount Muir ( elevation 4688 ' ) in Angeles National Forest north of Pasadena , California Muir 's Peak next to Mount Shasta , California ( also known as Black Butte ) Muir Glacier , Alaska John Muir Trails in California , Tennessee , Connecticut , and Wisconsin John Muir Wilderness ( southern and central Sierra Nevada ) Muir Pass Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks , the divide at 11,955 ' above sea level , between Evolution Creek and Middle Fork of Kings River Muir Woods National Monument just north of San Francisco , California Muir Beach , California John Muir National Historic Site in Martinez , California Camp Muir in Mount Rainier National Park Camp Muir on Mount Kilimanjaro John Muir College , one of the six undergraduate colleges of University of California , San Diego John Muir Highway - a section of California State Route 132 between Coulterville and Smith Station at California State Route 120 . This road roughly follows part of the route Muir took on his first walk to Yosemite . The main - belt asteroid 128523 Johnmuir John Muir was featured on two U.S. commemorative postage stamps . A 5 - cent stamp issued on April 29 , 1964 , was designed by Rudolph Wendelin , and showed Muir 's face superimposed on a grove of redwood trees , and the inscription , `` John Muir Conservationist '' . A 32 - cent stamp issued on February 3 , 1998 , was part of the `` Celebrate the Century '' series , and showed Muir in Yosemite Valley , with the inscription `` John Muir , Preservationist '' . An image of Muir , with the California condor and Half Dome , appears on the California state quarter released in 2005 . A quotation of his appears on the reverse side of the Indianapolis Prize Lilly Medal for conservation . On December 6 , 2006 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted John Muir into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History , Women , and the Arts . Muir and Hudson Stuck are honored with a feast day on the liturgical of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on April 22 . Muirite ( a mineral ) , Erigeron muirii , Carlquistia muirii ( two species of aster ) , Ivesia muirii ( a member of the rose family ) , Troglodytes troglodytes muiri ( a wren ) , Ochotona princeps muiri ( a pika ) , Thecla muirii ( a butterfly ) , and Amplaria muiri ( a millipede ) were all named after John Muir . Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Studies in the Sierra ( 1950 reprint of serials from 1874 ) Picturesque California 1888 The Mountains of California . New York : Century , 1894 . Stickeen : An Adventure with a Dog and a Glacier ( 1897 ) Our National Parks . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin , 1901 . My First Summer in the Sierra . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1911 . Edward Henry Harriman . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , Page , 1911 . The Yosemite . New York : Century , 1912 . The Story of My Boyhood and Youth . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1913 . Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1915 . Letters to a Friend . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1915 . A Thousand - mile Walk to the Gulf . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1916 . The Cruise of the Corwin . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1917 . Steep Trails . Boston : Houghton , 1918 . Nature Writings : The Story of My Boyhood and Youth ; My First Summer in the Sierra ; The Mountains of California ; Stickeen ; Selected Essays . New York : Library of America , 1997 . Gifford , Terry . John Muir : His Life and Letters and Other Writings . London : Seattle : Mountaineers , 1996 . ed . Tim Flinders . John Muir : Spiritual Writings Maryknoll , NY : Orbis Books , 2013 Essays online ( edit ) `` Alaska . The Discovery of Glacier Bay '' `` The American Forests '' `` Among the Animals of the Yosemite '' `` Among the Birds of the Yosemite '' `` The Coniferous Forests of the Sierra Nevada '' `` Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park '' `` The Forests of Yosemite Park '' `` Fountains and Streams of the Yosemite '' `` In the Heart of the California Alps '' `` Living Glaciers of California '' `` The New Sequoia Forests of California '' `` A Rival of the Yosemite , King 's River Canyon '' `` Snow - Storm on Mount Shasta '' `` Studies in the Sierra : The Glacier Meadows of the Sierra '' `` Studies in the Sierra : The Mountain Lakes of California '' `` Studies in the Sierra : The Passes of the Sierra '' `` The Treasures of the Yosemite '' `` The Wild Gardens of the Yosemite Park '' `` The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West '' `` The Wild Sheep of the Sierra '' `` The Yellowstone National Park '' `` The Yosemite National Park '' The standard author abbreviation J. Muir is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name . See also ( edit ) John Muir 's Birthplace John Muir Trust John Muir Way Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Muir '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGuckin , Travis ( 2015 ) . John Muir : Father of the National Parks . LULU Press . ISBN 9781329556317 . Jump up ^ Miller , Barbara Kiely ( 2008 ) . John Muir . Gareth Stevens . p. 10 . ISBN 0836883187 . Jump up ^ Kennedy White , Kim , ed. ( 2013 ) . America Goes Green : An Encyclopedia of Eco-Friendly Culture in the United States . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. xxiii . John Muir ( 1838 - 1914 ) was a Scottish - born American citizen ^ Jump up to : Fox , Stephen R. ( 1985 ) . The American conservation movement : John Muir and his legacy . Univ of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 10634 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wenk , Elizabeth ; Morey , Kathy ( 2007 ) . John Muir Trail : The Essential Guide to Hiking America 's Most Famous Trail . Berkeley , CA : Wilderness Press . ISBN 0899974368 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Documentary Chronology of Selected Events in the Development of the American Conservation Movement , 1847 - 1920 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Contributions of John Muir '' . Sierra Club . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Muir : The Life and Times '' . Scotland.org. 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ansel ( 2002 ) . America 's Wilderness : the Photographs of Ansel Adams , with the Writings of John Muir . Philadelphia , PA : Courage Books . ISBN 0762413905 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Steven ( 1999 ) . The Young John Muir : An Environmental Biography . Madison : Univ. of Wisconsin Press . Jump up ^ Anderson , William ( 1998 ) . Green Man : The Archetype of Our Oneness with the Earth . ISBN 0951703811 . ^ Jump up to : Worster , Donald ( 2008 ) . Passion for Nature . ISBN 0195166825 . Jump up ^ A Boyhood in Scotland , Chapter 1 , ' The Story of My Boyhood and Youth by John Muir ' by John Muir ( 1913 ) - John Muir Exhibit ( John Muir Education Project , Sierra Club California ... ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1916 ) . The Story of My Boyhood and Youth . Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 1 - 883011 - 24 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Marquis , Amy Leinbach ( Fall 2007 ) . `` A Mountain Calling '' . National Parks Magazine . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Hutchings and John Miller ( eds . ) . Transatlantic Literary Ecologies : Nature and Culture in the Nineteenth - Century Anglophone Atlantic World . New York : Routledge , Taylor & Francis Group , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State '' ( PDF ) . National Historic Landmarks Program . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Graham ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' . Journeys in the Wilderness , A John Muir Reader . Edinburgh : Birlinn . ISBN 1841586978 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Linnie Marsh ( 1945 ) . Son of the Wilderness : The Life of John Muir . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0299186342 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Rod ( 2005 ) . John Muir : Magnificent Tramp . New York : Forge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7653 - 1071 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` John Muir 's Wild Years '' . Mountain Life . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Following John Muir 's footsteps ... '' . Historical marker at the Epping Lookout , Meaford , Ontario . The Friends of John Muir . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1916 ) . Badè , William Frederic , ed . A Thousand - mile Walk to the Gulf . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. xxxii . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Frederick W. ( 2000 ) . John Muir : Rediscovering America . Madison : Da Capo Press . ISBN 9780738203751 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , Thurman ( 1995 ) . John Muir : Apostle of Nature . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 080612797X . Jump up ^ `` History of Coast Survey '' . Office of Coast Survey . NOAA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1901 ) . Our National Parks . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 1177228750 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ; Teale , Edwin Way ( 1954 ) . The Wilderness World of John Muir . Mariner Books . ISBN 0618127518 . ^ Jump up to : Tallmadge , John ( 1997 ) . Meeting the Tree of Life : A Teacher 's Path . Univ. of Utah Press . ISBN 0874805317 . Jump up ^ Carleton Watkins photographs saved Yosemite December 20 , 2011 Guardian Jump up ^ Terry Gifford ( re . ) ( 1996 ) . `` Trees and Travel '' . The life and letters of John Muir . The Mountaineers Books . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89886 - 463 - 2 . Letter to Robert Underwood Johnson ; Martinez , 3 March 1895 Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1901 ) . `` The Earthquake '' . Our National Parks . Sierra Club . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( August 1876 ) . `` On the Post-glacial History of Sequoia Gigantea '' . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . 25 : 242 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Muir , John , ( 1915 ) Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin ... Jump up ^ John Muir ( 1915 ) . `` Chapter X : The Discovery of Glacier Bay '' . Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . Jump up ^ Sorum , Alan ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` John Muir Comes to Alaska '' . Information About Alaska ( IAA ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis , Wade ( March 2004 ) . `` Deep North '' . National Geographic Magazine . National Geographic Society . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Muir ( 1917 ) . The Cruise of the Corwin . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 1140210408 . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( September 1890 ) . `` Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park '' . The Century Magazine . XL ( 5 ) . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Muir . `` The Treasures of the Yosemite '' . The Century Magazine , vol. 40 , no . 4 ( August , 1890 ) . ^ Jump up to : Colby , William ( December 1967 ) . `` The Story of the Sierra Club '' ( PDF ) . Sierra Club Bulletin . Sierra Club . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , John M. ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Gifford Pinchot , John Muir , and the Boundaries of Politics in American Thought '' . Polity . Palgrave MacMillan. 30 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 284 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235219 . JSTOR 3235219 . Jump up ^ Nash , Roderick ( 2001 ) . Wilderness & The American Mind . Yale University : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09122 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rinde , Meir ( 2017 ) . `` Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism '' . Distillations. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 29 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleck , Richard F. ( February 1978 ) . `` John Muir 's Evolving Attitudes toward Native American Cultures '' . American Indian Quarterly . University of Nebraska Press . 4 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . doi : 10.2307 / 1183963 . JSTOR 1183963 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Merchant . `` Shades of Darkness : Race and Environmental History '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1911 ) . My First Summer in the Sierra . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0618988513 . Jump up ^ John Muir ( 1915 ) . Travels in Alaska . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1912 ) . The Yosemite . New York : The Century Company . Jump up ^ Jones , Holway R ( 1965 ) . John Muir and the Sierra Club : the Battle for Yosemite . San Francisco : Sierra Club . ^ Jump up to : Gisel , Bonnie Johanna ( 2001 ) . Kindred & Related Spirits : The Letters of John Muir and Jeanne C. Carr . Univ. of Utah Press . ISBN 0874806828 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sally M ; Morrison , Daryl ( 2005 ) . John Muir : Family , Friends , and Adventures . Univ. of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0826335306 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Muir Memorial '' . Sierra Club Bulletin . 10 ( 1 ) . January 1916 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1915 ) . Travels in Alaska . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1918 ) . Parsons , Marion , ed . The Writings of John Muir : Steep Trails . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 1605977160 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Denis C ( 2002 ) . God 's Wilds : John Muir 's Vision of Nature . College Station : Texas A&M Univ . Press . ISBN 1585441430 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , John ( 1938 ) . Wolfe , Linnie Marsh , ed . John of the Mountains : the Unpublished Journals of John Muir . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0299078841 . Jump up ^ Albanese , Catherine L ( 1990 ) . Nature Religion in America : From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Bowman , Antonette ( 2012 ) Portrait of a Prophet : Orlando Rouland 's John Muir , 1917 . National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Most Often Asked Questions at the John Muir National Historic Site '' . Sierra Club . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Muir National Historic Site `` The park 's museum collection includes historic documents and artifacts that relate to the writing , travels , political activities and daily life of John Muir and his family in Martinez ... The collections are displayed in the home , carriage house and through exhibitions in the Visitor Center . '' Jump up ^ `` Obituary : John Muir '' . Claremont Colleges Digital Library . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ this Day . `` Obituary : John Muir '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Dixon mourns the loss of beloved resident Ross Erwin Hanna '' . The Reporter News . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Gretel ( 2000 ) . John Muir : Nature 's Visionary . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . OCLC 248316300 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan , John Muir , Harvey Milk : The Californian trinity '' . The Economist . July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hindery , Robin ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` California establishes annual day honoring Reagan '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Keith ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Arts News : '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre review : Thank God for John Muir '' . The Scotsman . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Muir 2015 '' . Visit East Lothian . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Peaks Committee List '' . Angeles Chapter , Sierra Club . Jump up ^ `` Mount Muir , California '' . Peakbagger.com . Jump up ^ USGS Map , Mt . Goddard Quadrangle Jump up ^ John Muir Highway Geotourism , Sierra Nevada Geotourism Mapguide Jump up ^ `` John Muir Stamps and First Day Covers '' . San Francisco , CA : Sierra Club . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lilly Medal Awarded Prize Winners '' . Indianapolis Zoological Society . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Names in Honor of John Muir '' . John Muir Exhibit . Sierra Club . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ IPNI. J. Muir . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Richard C. ( 1991 ) . Baptized into wilderness : A Christian perspective on John Muir . Creekside Press . ISBN 0 - 9625831 - 2 - X . Bilbro , Jeffrey . `` Preserving `` God 's Wildness '' for Redemptive Baptism : Muir and Disciples of Christ Theology , '' in Loving God 's Wildness : The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature . Tuscaloosa : U of Alabama P , 2015 . 63 - 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1857 - 4 . Blessing , Matt . `` ' The inventions , though of little importance , opened all doors for me ' : John Muir 's Years as an Inventor '' . Wisconsin Magazine of History , vol. 99 , no . 4 ( Summer 2016 ) : 16 - 27 . Ehrlich , Gretel ( 2000 ) . John Muir : Nature 's Visionary . National Geographic . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7954 - 9 . Engberg , Robert and Donald Wesling , 1999 . John Muir : To Yosemite and Beyond . University of Utah Press : Salt Lake City . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 580 - 2 Fleck , Richard F. , ed. , 1997 . Mountaineering Essays . University of Utah Press : Salt Lake City . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 544 - 4 . Gifford , Terry ( 2011 ) . John Muir 's Literary Science . The Public Domain Review . Hunt , James B. 2013 . Restless Fires : Young John Muir 's Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf in 1867 -- 68 . Mercer University Press . Lasky , Kathryn . John Muir : America 's first environmentalist ( Candlewick Press , 2014 ) Miller , Char ( 2001 ) . Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 822 - 2 . O'Casey , Terrence ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` John Muir : God 's Preacher of Creation '' . Christian Standard . Smith , Michael B. ( June 1998 ) . `` The Value of a Tree : Public Debates of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot '' . The Historian. 60 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 778 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1998. tb01414. x . ISSN 0018 - 2370 . Turner , Frederick . John Muir : From Scotland to the Sierra : A Biography ( Canongate Books , 2014 ) White , Graham ( ed ) ( 2009 ) . Journeys in the Wilderness , A John Muir Reader . Birlinn . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 697 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Williams , Dennis ( 2002 ) . God 's Wilds : John Muir 's Vision of Nature . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 143 - 0 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2002 ) . Traces of Gold : California 's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1117 - 3 . Worster , Donald ( January 2005 ) . `` John Muir and the Modern Passion for Nature '' . Environmental History . 10 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 19 . doi : 10.1093 / envhis / 10.1. 8 . Worster , Donald ( 2008 ) . A Passion for Nature : The Life of John Muir . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516682 - 8 . Wuerthner , George ( 1994 ) . Yosemite : A Visitor 's Companion . Stackpole Books . pp. 25 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2598 - 7 . Young , Samuel Hall ( 1915 ) . Alaska Days with John Muir . Fleming H. Revell . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Muir . Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Muir Wikisource has original works written by or about : John Muir Works by John Muir at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Muir at Internet Archive Works by John Muir at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) John Muir 's Ascent of Mt . Rainier , an essay by John Muir 's photographer A.C. Warner -- University of Washington Digital Collection The Story of My Boyhood and Youth by John Muir Video -- John Muir biography National Park Service -- 20 min . `` John Muir in the New World '' PBS American Masters Episodes , February 23 , 2011 John Muir Writings Sierra Club Complete text of a selection of first edition John Muir books John Muir 's Correspondence , 1856 -- 1914 , The Bancroft Library Manuscript letters , 1861 -- 1914 put online by the Wisconsin Historical Society John Muir Letters , online from Calisphere John Muir 's Clockwork Desk , Wisconsin Historical Society exhibit . John Muir Papers . Provides an overview of the John Muir Papers and related collections held at the University of the Pacific . John Muir Exhibit by the Sierra Club ; includes a detailed chronology . John Muir Global Network John Muir National Historic Site from National Park Service John Muir 's Birthplace , John Muir Birthplace Trust Scotland John Muir Trust Scotland Yosemite National Park Attractions Yosemite Valley Yosemite Village Hetch Hetchy Glacier Point Badger Pass Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias Tuolumne Meadows Tioga Pass Wawona Tree Chilnualna Falls Valley attractions Half Dome Northwest Face Yosemite Falls El Capitan Films : El Capitan , To the Limit The Nose Bridalveil Fall Happy Isles Mirror Lake North Dome Vernal Fall Nevada Fall Little Yosemite Valley LeConte Lodge Bracebridge Dinner Yosemite Firefall Yosemite Valley Chapel Hiking trails Mist Trail McGurk Meadow Ostrander Lake Taft Point Sentinel Dome Alder Creek Mariposa Grove Wapama Falls Lembert Dome John Muir Trail People John Muir Stephen T. Mather Galen Clark Shelton Johnson Buffalo Soldiers Chief Tenaya Ahwahnechee people Lodging & camping Yosemite Lodge at the Falls The Ahwahnee Camp Curry Wawona Hotel Housekeeping Camp High Sierra Camps Camp 4 Natural disasters 1938 TWA Yosemite crash ( crashed due to inclement weather ) 1996 Yosemite Valley landslide 1997 Merced River flood 2013 Rim Wildfire Transportation Nearby airports FAT MPI MMH YARTS Route 140 Route 41 Route 120 Nearby municipalities Foresta El Portal & Arch Rock Entrance Yosemite West & Chinquapin Wawona Bootjack Mariposa Briceburg Oakhurst Midpines Lee Vining Mammoth Merced Le Grand Chowchilla Additional information History of the Yosemite area Geology of the Yosemite area National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park List of waterfalls Yosemite Category California Portal Sequoia National Park Landmarks and attractions Ash Mountain Entrance Sign Atwell Mill Grove Cabin Creek Ranger Residence and Dormitory Cattle Cabin Crystal Cave Eagle Lake Forester Pass Franklin Garfield Grove General Sherman Tree Generals ' Highway Generals ' Highway Stone Bridges Giant Forest Giant Forest Lodge Hist . Dist . Giant Forest Village -- Camp Kaweah Hist . Dist . Great Western Divide Hazelwood Tree High Sierra Trail Hockett Mdw . Ranger Sta . Hospital Rock John Muir Trail Kaweah Gap Kern Plateau Salamander King Arthur Lilliput Glacier Lincoln Tree Mineral King Mineral King Road Cultural Landscape Monroe Moro Rock Muir Grove Pear Lake Ski Hut President Quinn Ranger Sta . Redwood Mdw . Ranger Sta . Smithsonian Institution Shelter Squatter 's Cabin Tharp 's Log Ursa Minor Cave Washington Tree Wuksachi Village and Lodge Mountains Alta Peak Mount Barnard Black Kaweah Florence Peak Junction Peak Kaweah Peaks Ridge Kaweah Queen Mount Kaweah Mount Langley Mount Le Conte Mount Mallory Mount McAdie Milestone Mountain Mount Muir Red Kaweah Mount Russell Sawtooth Peak Mount Stewart Table Mountain Triple Divide Peak Mount Tyndall Thunder Mountain Mount Whitney People John Muir Stephen T. Mather Hale Tharp John Tyndall Josiah Whitney George W. Stewart Yokut people Nearby municipalities Three Rivers Lemon Cove Kaweah Visalia Tulare Lone Pine Additional information Indian Basin Grove National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia - Kings Canyon National Parks Sequoia National Park Category California Portal Kings Canyon National Park Landmarks and attractions Barton -- Lackey Cabin Boole Cedar Grove Charlotte Lake Converse Basin Darwin Glacier Deadman Canyon Forester Pass General Grant Tree General Grant Grove Generals Highway Great Western Divide Indian Basin Grove Ishi Giant John Muir Trail Kern Plateau Salamander Kings River Slender Salamander Martha Lake Muir Pass Rae Lakes Redwood Mountain Grove Robert E. Lee Tree Shorty Lovelace Hist . Dist . Wilsonia Hist . Dist . Mountains Acrodectes Peak Mount Agassiz Mount Baxter Mount Brewer Charlotte Dome Mount Clarence King Mount Cotter Mount Darwin Mount Farquhar Mount Goddard Mount Gould Junction Peak Mount Keith Middle Palisade Milestone Mountain Norman Clyde Peak North Palisade Palisade Crest Palisades Mount Sill Split Mountain Mount Stanford Table Mountain Thunderbolt Peak Triple Divide Peak Thunder Mountain University Peak Mount Winchell People John Muir Stephen T. Mather Nearby municipalities Hume Squaw Valley Independence Auberry Fresno Additional information National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia - Kings Canyon National Parks Kings Canyon National Park Category California Portal VIAF : 68933311 LCCN : n79078692 ISNI : 0000 0001 2137 9847 GND : 119315343 SELIBR : 320585 SUDOC : 027042030 BNF : cb11917175x ( data ) ULAN : 500224954 NLA : 35367197 NDL : 00472012 NKC : jn19990005883 Botanist : J. Muir BNE : XX1348149 SNAC : w6v127gv Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Muir&oldid=837078330 '' Categories : John Muir 1838 births 1914 deaths 19th - century American writers 19th - century Scottish writers 20th - century American writers 20th - century Scottish writers Activists from California American botanical writers American botanists American conservationists American Disciples of Christ American engineers American environmentalists American essayists American explorers American geologists American inventors American male writers American mountain climbers American naturalists American nature writers American non-fiction environmental writers Hetch Hetchy Project History of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) People associated with Transcendentalism People from Dunbar People from Martinez , California People of the American Old West Progressive Era in the United States Scottish activists Scottish botanical writers Scottish botanists Scottish conservationists Scottish Disciples of Christ Scottish emigrants to the United States Scottish engineers Scottish essayists Scottish explorers Scottish geologists Scottish inventors Scottish mountain climbers Scottish naturalists Scottish nature writers Sierra Club presidents University of Wisconsin -- Madison alumni Writers from California Writers who illustrated their own writing Yosemite National Park Deaths from pneumonia Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Botanists with author abbreviations CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikisource تۆرکجه Башҡортса Bikol Central Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Italiano עברית Қазақша Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 15 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is credited as the founder of the sierra club	[ "John Muir (/mjʊər/; April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914)[1] also known as \"John of the Mountains\" and \"Father of the National Parks\",[2][3] was an influential Scottish-American[4][5]:42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. The 211-mile (340 km) John Muir Trail, a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada, was named in his honor.[6] Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Mount Muir, Camp Muir, Muir Grove, and Muir Glacier. In Scotland, the John Muir Way, a 130-mile-long route, was named in honor of him." ]	[ "John Muir" ]
6171354912254325767	Paulie	Paulie - wikipedia Paulie hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paulie Theatrical release poster Directed by John Roberts Produced by Mark Gordon Gary Levinsohn Allyson Lyon Segan Written by Laurie Craig Starring Gena Rowlands Tony Shalhoub Cheech Marin Bruce Davison Jay Mohr Music by John Debney Cinematography Tony Pierce - Roberts Edited by Bruce Cannon Production company Mutual Film Company Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date April 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 17 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $26.9 million Paulie is a 1998 American adventure fantasy comedy film about a disobedient bird named Paulie , starring Tony Shalhoub , Gena Rowlands , Hallie Eisenberg , and Jay Mohr . Mohr performs both the voice of Paulie and the on - screen supporting role of Benny , a character who has a lot of dialogue with Paulie . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is a picaresque tale about an intelligent talking blue - crowned conure named Paulie , and his long quest to return to his owner . Misha Vilyenkov ( Tony Shalhoub ) , a Russian immigrant and former teacher of literature , lives in America and works as a janitor at an animal testing lab . At the lab , Misha encounters Paulie and is shocked to see Paulie speaking fluent English . Subsequently , Paulie does not speak a word when Misha brings others to witness the talking bird . Misha woos Paulie to tell his story by offering him pieces of mango . Paulie tells Misha about his original owner , a little girl named Marie ( Hallie Eisenberg ) who suffers from a severe stutter . The story transitions to a flashback scene in which Paulie is a baby bird . As Marie learns to speak properly , so does Paulie , beginning with understanding the meaning of words and progressing to the construction of complex sentences . Marie 's father Warren ( Matt Craven ) , a soldier , returns home from Vietnam and decides that Paulie is not helping Marie . The father 's resentment of the close bond between Paulie and Marie , and their shared progress in speech development , is evident . It becomes obvious that he wants Marie to forget Paulie , when the father brings her a cat . The cat and Paulie do not get along . Once again , Warren blames Paulie for Marie 's speaking problems and believes she has imagined Paulie 's ability to speak . Eventually after a dramatic event in which Marie falls off the roof in an attempt to teach Paulie to fly , Warren convinces Marie 's mother Lila ( Laura Harrington ) to send him away . Paulie is passed from one owner to another , eventually ending up in a pawn shop , where he spends his time insulting the customers . One day a shady customer named Benny ( Jay Mohr ) shows interest in buying Paulie , thinking he could profit from the bird 's ability to talk . Before he can act , however , a widowed artist named Ivy ( Gena Rowlands ) purchases him with the intent of reforming his rude personality . She befriends the bird and agrees to help him find Marie who has moved across the country to Los Angeles . They begin traveling using her mobile home but when Ivy loses her sight in the middle of their trip , Paulie decides to stay and take care of her . After Ivy dies , Paulie , having finally learned to fly , continues his journey . In East Los Angeles , Paulie joins a group of performing conures owned by migrant musician Ignacio ( Cheech Marin ) , temporarily forgetting about Marie as he develops feelings for a female conure named Lupe . At one of his performances , Benny , having also moved to L.A. recognizes Paulie and attempts to purchase him from Ignacio . When Ignacio refuses his offer , Benny makes a phoney police call at one of his performances . As the police show up , Benny kidnaps Paulie amidst all the chaos and Ignacio is arrested and presumably deported . Under Benny 's influence , Paulie begins a life of crime . In a botched jewel theft , Paulie flies down through the chimney of a house , where he is trapped inside , then abandoned . Paulie is then brought to the institute , his current home , where employees and scientists are stunned by his intelligence . They subject him to testing , and promise that he will be reunited with Marie . When Paulie discovers that he has been lied to by way of his acquisition as institute property , he refuses to cooperate with any more tests , humiliating Dr. Reingold ( Bruce Davison ) , the head of the institute , in front of his scientific peers by acting like an ordinary parrot . As a result , his wings are clipped , and he is eventually imprisoned in the basement when he starts biting the researchers . Moved by Paulie 's story , Misha decides to give up his menial job to release Paulie and take him to Marie . After escaping from the institute and taking a bus to her address , they find her , now a full grown , beautiful young woman ( Trini Alvarado ) unrecognizable to Paulie , who believed Marie was her little friend . After a moment of confusion , Paulie and Marie are happily reunited as Marie sings Paulie 's favorite song and he remembers her . The film ends with the three characters happily entering the house . Cast ( edit ) Jay Mohr as the voice of Paulie , a blue - crowned conure Also Benny , a small - time thief Tony Shalhoub as Misha , a recent US immigrant from Russia Gena Rowlands as Ivy , a widowed artist Hallie Eisenberg as Marie Alweather , a young girl who stutters Trini Alvarado as Adult Marie Cheech Marin as Ignacio , an entertainer Bruce Davison as Dr. Reingold , a biological research Scientist Buddy Hackett as Artie , owner of a pawn shop Matt Craven as Warren Alweather , Marie 's father Bill Cobbs as Virgil , a janitor at the animal science facility Tia Texada as Ruby and the voice of Lupe , a Jandaya parakeet Laura Harrington as Lila Alweather , Marie 's mother Jerry Winsett as Mr. Tauper Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Directed by John Roberts and written by Laurie Craig , the film 's production budget was $23 million . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) The movie Paulie scored a 62 % `` Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes . It was distributed in 24 countries and 10 different languages between 1998 and 1999 . Box office receipts grossed $5,369,800 on the opening weekend , and $26,875,268 total . It was released in 1,812 North American theaters . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Result ALMA Award Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film - Cheech Marin Nomination ALMA Award Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film - Trini Alvarado Nomination BAFTA Children 's Award Best Children 's Feature Film Won Bronze Gryphon Early Screens - John Roberts Won Young Artist Award Best family feature - Comedy Nomination Young Artist Award Best performance in a feature film - Young Actress aged ten or under - Hallie Kate Eisenberg Nomination Young Artist Award Best performance by a young actress in a comedy film - Hallie Kate Eisenberg Nomination References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . IMDB.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Paulie ( 1998 ) '' . imdb.com . imdb.com. 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` PAULIE '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Paulie ( 1998 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc. 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angels Stays Aloft in Top Spot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Paulie Paulie on IMDb Paulie at Rotten Tomatoes Paulie at Box Office Mojo A bird 's review of the movie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulie&oldid=847932192 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s buddy films 1990s comedy films 1990s fantasy films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy - comedy films American films DreamWorks Pictures films Fictional parrots Films scored by John Debney Films about birds Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in 1978 Films set in 1998 Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New Jersey Mutual Film Company films Talking animals in fiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from December 2014 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Íslenska Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 19 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of paulie the bird	[ "Paulie is a 1998 American adventure fantasy comedy film about a disobedient bird named Paulie, starring Tony Shalhoub, Gena Rowlands, Hallie Eisenberg, and Jay Mohr. Mohr performs both the voice of Paulie and the on-screen supporting role of Benny, a character who has a lot of dialogue with Paulie.\n" ]	[ "Jay Mohr" ]
-1087163561633436788	Sydney Metro Northwest	Sydney Metro Northwest - Wikipedia Sydney Metro Northwest Jump to : navigation , search For the cancelled rapid transit line , see Sydney Metro ( 2008 proposal ) . Sydney Metro Northwest Sydney metropolitan rail area , with Sydney Metro Northwest alignment highlighted in green Overview Type Rapid transit line System Sydney Metro Status Under construction Locale Sydney , Australia Stations 13 ( 10 new stations ) Operation Opened 2019 ( projected ) Owner Transport for New South Wales Events Announced November 1998 Cancelled October 2008 Re-announced February 2010 Technical Line length 36 km ( 22 mi ) Sydney Metro Northwest is an under - construction rapid transit link to the north - western suburbs of Sydney , New South Wales . Australia . The Northwest Metro is being managed by Transport for New South Wales and is proposed to connect Rouse Hill to Chatswood via Castle Hill and Epping . Prior to June 2015 , the project was known as the North West Rail Link ( NWRL ) . Originally , `` North West Rail Link '' referred to the section between Epping and Rouse Hill . By June 2015 , the name had been extended to cover the route of the original NWRL and the existing Epping to Chatswood railway line between Epping and Chatswood , which will be converted to rapid transit standard . In June 2015 , it was announced that the entire project would be renamed the Sydney Metro Northwest , the first stage of the forthcoming Sydney Metro system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the original North West Rail Link 1.1 1998 ( original ) proposal 1.2 Cancellation and North West Metro 1.3 Resumption of original proposal 1.4 2011 proposal 1.4. 1 Call for tenders 1.4. 2 Impasse over Federal funding 2 History of Epping to Chatswood railway line 3 History of current project 4 Construction 4.1 2011 - 12 State Budget 4.2 Commencement of geotechnical work 4.3 Major contracts awarded 4.4 Closure of the Epping to Chatswood railway line 5 Operation of the line 5.1 Places serviced 6 Proposed route 6.1 Original proposal ( original North West Rail Link ) 6.2 2011 proposal ( original North West Rail Link ) 6.3 Current proposal 7 Possible future extensions 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History of the original North West Rail Link ( edit ) Planning for the original North West Rail Link was a long and complex affair . The line was announced , cancelled and re-announced several times beginning in the 1990s . There were differing plans as to how the line would integrate into the rest of Sydney 's transport system . The following proposals were endorsed at one time or another by the government : Main line rail connecting to the Main Northern line near Beecroft , with trains accessing the city via either Rhodes ( using the Main Northern line ) or Macquarie Park ( using the Epping to Chatswood line ) . Main line rail connecting directly to the Epping to Chatswood line at Epping , with trains accessing the city via Macquarie Park . Rapid transit line from the north west to the city via the Inner West , dubbed the North West Metro . Rapid transit line connecting to a modified Epping to Chatswood line at Epping . Trains terminate at Chatswood , with an extension to the city proposed for the future . This was the design which was ultimately selected . 1998 ( original ) proposal ( edit ) The North West Rail Link was originally announced on 23 November 1998 by Transport Minister Carl Scully , and was part of an $2.6 billion package of eight major rail projects due for construction by 2010 dubbed the Action for Transport 2010 . At the time , the proposal was for a $360 million heavy rail connection from Epping to Castle Hill , with potential extension to Mungerie Park and Rouse Hill after 2010 . Delays in 2000 by the Carr Government in releasing a draft report on the proposal led to concern about the viability of the proposed route . This led to a deadlock between the State Government and Baulkham Hills Shire Council regarding construction of the $200 million Mungerie Park industrial and residential development at Kellyville . On 5 June 2000 the Council voted to defer planning approval for the Mungerie Park development until the State Government demonstrated a commitment to improve local transport infrastructure , which included building the North West rail link . In response , the State Government threatened to remove the Council 's planning powers for the Rouse Hill Development Area if planning approval was not granted . Member for the then - State electorate of The Hills , Michael Richardson , submitted a Freedom of Information request for the draft report on 3 November 2000 . The State Government had not responded to the request by 13 December 2000 , well beyond the 21 - day response limit , leading to accusations that the Government was trying to hide something . The State Government formally rejected the Freedom of Information request on 9 January 2001 , despite acknowledging that release of the report would be in the public interest . As a result , the NSW Ombudsman began an investigation into NSW Transport 's refusal to release the report . News reports from March 2001 suggested that cost estimates for the Action for Transport 2010 plan had blown out so much that the scope of the plan was now reduced to an Epping to Chatswood rail link due for completion in 2008 . The completion date for the Parramatta to Epping section of the original Parramatta to Chatswood link was unspecified , which meant that the North West rail link proposal was effectively deferred indefinitely -- it would not be built until the Parramatta to Chatswood link was completed . The Action for Transport 2010 cost blowout was seen as the reason for the State Government 's refusal to release the draft report into the North West rail link route . According to Member for The Hills , Michael Richardson , the Premier Bob Carr effectively confirmed that the Epping to Castle Hill rail link was dead during a session of Parliament on 27 March 2001 when he refused to answer a specific question about the details of the proposed rail link . There was no mention of the rail link in the 2001 budget , released the week of 30 May . A 2002 NSW Treasury report mentioned the North West rail link , and that it was `` under development or investigation '' , but no estimate of cost or start date were provided . On 10 March 2002 , Transport Minister Carl Scully released a report detailing the preferred route alignment . The 19 km ( 12 mi ) route was proposed to run from Epping to Mungerie Park at Rouse Hill via Castle Hill . The cost of construction was estimated at $1.4 billion . Public consultation on the proposal was conducted over eight weeks from 10 March to 3 May 2002 . The consultation received 118 written submissions , 73 % of which were in favour of the project proceeding , and only 5 % strongly opposed the project . On 3 October 2002 , the Minister announced a feasibility study for an extension of the proposed route beyond Rouse Hill to meet the existing Richmond Line . Various studies in support of the Epping to Castle Hill link were made during 2003 ; most of this work related to the proposed alignment of the route . It was revealed on 12 August 2003 that Railcorp was considering a new $6 billion rail link that would connect Hornsby with Campbelltown via the Sydney CBD and that the North West rail link could form an extension to this route . On 9 June 2005 the State Government announced the Metropolitan Rail Expansion Plan ( MREP ) , an $8 billion plan to add three new railway lines to the Sydney Trains network over the following 15 years . The North West Rail Link was one of the proposed railway lines , the other two being the South West Rail Link and the CBD Rail Link . In 2005 the schedule was revised and a new completion date of 2017 was set . In 2006 the construction schedule was revised with a new completion date of 2017 . In April 2006 , the NSW Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation released the North West Rail Link Project Application and Preliminary Environmental Assessment in support of the planning approval process . On 20 November 2006 , the government announced a staged plan for the North West Rail Link with train services to Castle Hill and Hills Centre in 2015 , two years ahead of the original completion date of 2017 . Cancellation and North West Metro ( edit ) In March 2008 , the Government changed the project to a metro line dubbed the North West Metro and expanded the line to run all the way to the Sydney CBD via the suburbs of Ryde , Gladesville , Drummoyne and Pyrmont . On 23 October 2008 , the NSW Government announced the CBD Metro instead , a shortened version of the North West Metro which would run from Rozelle to Central station , and the project was submitted to Infrastructure Australia for funding . It was announced that North West Metro may be extended to link from Rozelle to Epping and Macquarie Park in the future if the CBD Metro was built . Then , on 31 October 2008 , the NSW Government announced that the North West Metro would be indefinitely deferred due to budgetary cuts . Resumption of original proposal ( edit ) On 21 February 2010 , two and a half months after Kristina Keneally had become Premier , the NSW Government revealed the cancellation of the Sydney Metro project in its Metropolitan Transport Plan and returned to the North West Rail Link proposal . At the time , construction was anticipated to begin in 2017 . In August 2010 the State Government applied to Infrastructure Australia for funding to accelerate the delivery of the project , but no funding was granted . 2011 proposal ( edit ) Following his victory in the NSW state election on 26 March 2011 , newly elected Premier Barry O'Farrell announced that his first order of business would be to start construction on the North West Rail Link . On 6 April 2011 , Premier O'Farrell and newly installed Transport Minister Gladys Berejiklian announced the project team that will be responsible for construction and delivery of the North West Rail Link . It is expected that initial planning and geotechnical investigation of the route corridor will begin by the end of 2011 , with construction beginning before the 2015 state election . Hills Labor Councillor Raymond Harty doubted these estimates and stated his belief that a construction start date in 2017 was more realistic . Call for tenders ( edit ) On 15 May 2011 , Transport Minister Gladys Berejiklian announced that a tender had been called for engineering , rail systems and architecture services . A tender was called on 6 June 2011 for a financial and commercial services specialist . The tender documents indicate the Government 's desire to appoint a financial adviser to examine the possibility of securing funding from private sources . As of July 2011 , the preferred financial model ( public - private partnership or otherwise ) is unknown , but it is anticipated that the Government will finalise the funding plan by the end of 2011 . As of 5 July 2011 , no application for federal funding had been made to Infrastructure Australia , despite the need for federal funds for the project to proceed . Tenders were called on 10 June 2011 for a range of services including geotechnical work , master planning and urban design , scheduling and planning support , integrated transport and land use services , and legal services . Applications for the first six of twelve tenders closed the week of 8 July 2011 with 44 proposals having been received from a range of Australian and international companies . The first six tenders were for financial services , geotechnical investigations , integrated transport and land use studies , scheduling and program support , legal services , and master planning and urban design . As part of the tender process , applicants were asked to demonstrate how they would design station precincts at the Rouse Hill , Samantha Riley Drive and Cudgegong Road sites . The geotechnical information is required to determine the best method of tunnelling through the Hawkesbury sandstone that underlies much of the Sydney basin . Gladys Berejiklian announced on 14 July 2011 that the first major tender -- for design services -- had been awarded to a consortium of AECOM , Cox Architects , Grimshaw Architects and Parsons Brinckerhoff . The consortium were tasked with investigating route alignment options , rail systems , tunnel design , station locations and infrastructure planning . AECOM also lodged applications for the master plan and integrated transport tenders . Consulting firm Turner & Townsend were awarded the tender for cost planning services on 22 July 2011 . According to Turner & Townsend , the company 's role will be to `` manage the project budget and demonstrate to the taxpayer that they are receiving maximum value for money '' . Impasse over Federal funding ( edit ) The Gillard Federal Government refused to commit any funding to the North West Rail Link because it favoured completion of the Parramatta to Epping section of the Parramatta to Chatswood route . The refusal dates back to a promise made during the 2010 Federal election campaign , when Gillard 's Australian Labor Party announced the federal government would fund 80 per cent ( $2.1 billion ) of the construction of the Parramatta to Epping rail link if it were re-elected at the 2010 Federal election . NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell asked Prime Minister Gillard in his first official meeting with her after becoming Premier in April 2011 to divert the Federal funds allocated to the Parramatta to Epping rail link to the North West Rail Link project . Despite this , the Federal Government did not allocate any funds to the North West Rail Link in the 2011 Budget . At least part of the reason for the snub , apart from the Federal Government 's transport priorities , is the fact that the O'Farrell State Government did not submit a project proposal for the North West Rail Link to Infrastructure Australia . Results of a cost - benefit analysis released in November 2011 indicate that the North West Rail Link will be three times more beneficial to New South Wales than the Parramatta to Epping extension . The report also indicated that the cost of constructing the Parramatta -- Epping line would cost $1.78 billion more than initially expected . Infrastructure Australia formally rejected Infrastructure NSW 's request for $2.1 billion in funding in May 2012 , saying the project is `` not the highest priority '' transport project for Sydney . Instead , Infrastructure Australia suggested an expansion of the bus network and better transport links with Parramatta . Infrastructure Australia cited the lack of a completed proposal and lack of information on cost , infrastructure and development as reasons for the rejection . The State Government vowed to build the line with or without federal funding . History of Epping to Chatswood railway line ( edit ) Further information : Epping to Chatswood rail link North Ryde ( Delhi Road ) Station under construction in February 2005 . The Epping to Chatswood railway line opened in 2009 as a heavy rail line , initially as a shuttle service between Chatswood and Epping . The line was later integrated into the Northern Line . During O'Farrell's time as premier , the government announced that the line will be closed and converted to rapid transit standards . History of current project ( edit ) By June 2015 , media releases from Transport for NSW used the name `` North West Rail Link '' to address the whole section between Rouse Hill and Chatswood and not just the unbuilt part . On 4 June 2015 , Premier Mike Baird and Minister for Transport & Infrastructure Andrew Constance announced the rebranding of the Sydney Rapid Transit to the Sydney Metro . In conjunction with the rebranding , the North West Rail Link was renamed Sydney Metro Northwest , the first stage of the Sydney Metro . It is to link to the rest of Sydney Metro at Chatswood . Construction ( edit ) 2011 - 12 State Budget ( edit ) The NSW Government allocated $314 million towards the North West Rail Link in the 2011 - 12 State Budget . $222 million of this will go towards buying land along the proposed route alignment . $2.5 billion was provisionally allocated to the North West Rail Link over the next four years . Commencement of geotechnical work ( edit ) Coffey Geotechnics supported by AECOM were awarded the tender for geotechnical drilling services in August 2011 , and drilling began on 7 September 2011 . A drilling rig was set up in a park opposite the Castle Towers shopping centre at Castle Hill , where one of the underground stations will be built . At least 150 boreholes with a diameter of up to 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) will be drilled up to 75 metres ( 246 ft ) deep along the proposed alignment between Epping and Rouse Hill in order to develop an understanding of the geological profile . The drilling is anticipated to take about 9 weeks to complete . Dirt from the tunnelling process will be recycled and distributed across Sydney . Major contracts awarded ( edit ) There are three major contracts for the construction of the North West Rail Link . Northwest Metro ' Sky Rail ' under construction at Kellyville , New South Wales , 11 May 2017 . The photo shows the white Gantry that was used to hold the cement segments and lower them into place . In June 2013 , the tunnelling contract was awarded to a joint venture involving Leighton Holdings owned Thiess and John Holland , and Dragados . In December 2013 , the skytrain and surface construction contract was awarded to a joint venture between Italian firms Impregilo and Salini . The $340 million contract includes a 270 - metre cable - stayed bridge over Windsor Road at Rouse Hill . A third and final major contract to build the stations , operate the rail link and build single deck trains will be announced by the end of 2014 . Closure of the Epping to Chatswood railway line ( edit ) The Epping to Chatswood railway line will be closed in 2018 for around seven months and converted to rapid transit standards . More than 300 bus services on five temporary bus routes will replace trains during the closure . In addition Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink will introduce new timetables with extra train services on the North Shore Line to and from the Northern and Western lines with the Central to Epping via Strathfield section will be extended to Hornsby . Operation of the line ( edit ) As of December 2011 , the State Government had not ruled out the possibility of contracting the operation , rolling stock and signalling on the North West Rail Link to private operators as part of a public - private partnership . We are focused on the longer term rail options . It 's got to work as a single network , the whole network , but we are looking at private sector involvement in those as well . And we 've got an open mind . -- Les Wielinga , Director - General , Transport NSW In May 2013 it was announced that two consortium had been shortlisted to operate the line : Northwest Rapid Transit consisting of John Holland , Leighton Contractors , MTR Corporation , Plenary Group and UGL Rail TransForm consisting of Bombardier Transportation , John Laing Investments , Macquarie Capital , McConnell Dowell , Serco and SNC - Lavalin Capital On 24 June 2014 , the Northwest Rapid Transit consortium was selected as the preferred operator to deliver the North West Rail Link operations contract . Places serviced ( edit ) The Metro line at Rouse Hill under construction . Chatswood - Chatswood ( West ) North Ryde - North Ryde Macquarie Park - Macquarie Park Macquarie University - Macquarie Centre , Macquarie University , Marsfield Epping - Epping , North Epping , Marsfield , Carlingford Cherrybrook - Cherrybrook , Koala Park , West Pennant Hills , Dural Castle Hill - Castle Hill , Castle Towers , Baulkham Hills Showground - Showground , Glenhaven , Dural , Baulkham Hills Norwest - Norwest Business Park , Seven Hills Bella Vista - Bella Vista , Glenwood , Kings Langley Kellyville - Kellyville , Stanhope Gardens , Beaumont Hills Rouse Hill - Rouse Hill , Rouse Hill Town Centre , Box Hill , Vineyard , Riverstone Cudgegong Road - The Ponds Proposed route ( edit ) Original proposal ( original North West Rail Link ) ( edit ) Diagram of the North West Rail Link . The line is marked in black . The original North West Rail Link route proposal was planned to be 22 km ( 14 mi ) in length , consisting of a 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) tunnel ( underground ) section from Epping to the proposed Burns Road Station , followed by a 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) section above ground from Burns Road Station ( now Kellyville Station ) to Rouse Hill . A train stabling facility was proposed to the north west of Rouse Hill Town Centre . The latest version of the original proposal proposed to connect the North West Rail Link alignment to the Epping to Chatswood Rail Link via a tunnel between Epping and Franklin Road ( now Cherrybrook ) stations , whereas the earliest version of the original proposal had the route alignment connect with the existing Northern Line north of Cheltenham . The direct route proposed using the stub tunnels originally built for the deferred Parramatta Rail Link between Parramatta and Epping . New stub tunnels for the Parramatta Rail Link were to be constructed so that if the Epping to Parramatta line were completed , trains from Parramatta would have also been able to link into the Epping - Chatswood Line . Six new stations were proposed along the North West Rail Link : Epping Cherrybrook ( Franklin Road ) Castle Hill Hills Centre Norwest Kellyville ( Burns Road ) Rouse Hill The line was scheduled to open in two stages : the first stage from Epping to Hills Centre Station was scheduled for completion by 2015 ( originally 2017 ) , and the second stage from Hills Centre to Rouse Hill Station was scheduled for completion by 2017 . Construction was scheduled to begin in 2010 . The original proposal called for off - peak rail service of four trains per hour , with six to eight trains per hour in peak periods . The route was expected to carry six to eight million passengers per year . The line was originally part of the Metropolitan Rail Expansion Program ( MREP ) proposed by the Carr Government in 2005 . The MREP included the South West Rail Link , North West Rail Link and the CBD Rail Link and was intended to augment transport links between the major new growth and employment areas of the Sydney metropolitan region . The route proposal was abandoned in 2008 by the Iemma Government in favour of the development of a metro - style rapid transit system . Original proposed station at Castle Hill Franklin Road station proposal in the original North West Rail Link 2011 proposal ( original North West Rail Link ) ( edit ) When the O'Farrell Government took office , it proposed that the line would form part of the mainline network and would be served by double deck rolling stock , like other rail lines in Sydney . A report released in July 2011 indicated that upon opening of the line , four to six trains per hour would connect Rouse Hill station with Chatswood station via Epping . Of these , only as few as 2 trains per hour would be able to continue from Chatswood to the CBD due to capacity constraints on the North Shore line . The design was changed to a driverless rapid transit line , featuring more frequent , lower capacity single deck trains . All trains will terminate at Chatswood , with passengers required to change to North Shore line trains to continue to the city . The route proposal put forward in May 2011 by the State Government is a new 23 - kilometre ( 14 mi ) rail route that calls for six new stations , and the possibility of two more at some point in the future . The proposed stations are : ( connection with existing Sydney Trains system at Epping ) Cherrybrook Castle Hill Hills Centre Norwest 1 Norwest 2 Kellyville ( Burns Road ) Samantha Riley Drive ( possible ) Rouse Hill Cudgegong Road ( possible ) Current proposal ( edit ) By 2013 , the confirmed stations for the North West Rail Link were listed below , but were separated from the possible line extension to the city . After the rebranding of the project as Sydney Metro NorthWest , the current proposed stations are listed below : ( connection with future Sydney Metro City & South West sections ) Chatswood ( currently part of existing Sydney Trains system ) North Ryde ( currently part of existing Sydney Trains system ) Macquarie Park ( currently part of existing Sydney Trains system ) Macquarie University ( currently part of existing Sydney Trains system ) Epping ( currently part of existing Sydney Trains system ) Cherrybrook Castle Hill Showground Norwest Bella Vista Kellyville Rouse Hill Cudgegong Road Cudgegong Road and Cherrybrook stations are being built as stations in a cutting , open to the sky , but below ground level while Castle Hill , Showground and Norwest stations will be underground , whereas Kellyville and Rouse Hill will be above ground . The twin tunnels between Epping and Kellyville , at 15.5 km ( 9.6 mi ) long , will be the longest rail tunnels in Sydney when they are built . They will also be the deepest tunnels in Sydney : 67 m ( 220 ft ) below ground at the deepest point below the intersection of Pennant Hills Road and Castle Hill Road -- deeper than the floor of Sydney Harbour ( about 50 m ( 160 ft ) ) , and much deeper than the deepest point of the City Circle tunnels at St James ( about 11 m ( 36 ft ) ) . Most of the tunnel will be bored , although the section at Kellyville will be constructed using cut - and - cover techniques . Major tunnelling began in 2014 . A new train stabling yard will be constructed at Tallawong Road in Rouse Hill , with room for 16 train sets . 3,000 new parking spaces will be provided across proposed carparks at Cherrybrook , Hills Centre and Kellyville stations . Possible future extensions ( edit ) Previously there were long term plans to extend the proposed heavy - rail North West Rail Link to meet the existing Richmond railway line near Vineyard . However , the location of the alignments were never finalised and further investigation and studies would have been required . State Government documents , dated 13 May 2011 , suggest an intention to eventually extend the line to meet the Richmond line near Schofields , two stations south of Vineyard . A Transport Department report dated 9 June 2011 shed more light on such plans , suggesting an extension of the North West Rail Link beyond Rouse Hill to meet the Richmond line at Schofields , Riverstone , or beyond . If the extension is built , it would likely service the planned Sydney Business Park at Marsden Park . In 2013 , a new proposal was raised to extend the North West Rail Link , by building a metro - style tunnel from just south of Chatswood Station via St Leonards and North Sydney and under the Sydney Harbour towards Central and Redfern , before joining the newly converted metro lines towards Hurstville , Bankstown and Liverpool . This proposed extension to Bankstown was named the Sydney Metro City & Southwest in June 2015 when it was grouped together with the entire North West Rail Link to form the newly announced Sydney Metro system . As of 2016 the project is under advanced planning . It has also been discussed that a train line may run up the Northern Beaches from Chatswood , Frenchs Forest , Dee Why , Mona Vale , Manly , Mosman and St Leonards . Criticism ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) E-mails originating within the NSW Treasury by Principal Financial Analyst , Rodney Forrest to RailCorp Manager of Finance , Peter Crimp were released as part of a Parliamentary Standing Order 52 in October 2011 indicating that the North West Rail Link would have to be subsidised by the state government by about $80 per passenger based on predictions of population and passenger volumes in 2021 . Across the Sydney Trains network this equates to about $30 per passenger in 2021 , compared to $10 per passenger in 2010 . The modelling by NSW Treasury estimates that the North West Rail Link would generate only 9 million new passengers annually , or 2.15 % of all CityRail trips . A Hills Shire councillor questioned the size of these estimates based on the projected population increase in the region over the next 8 years . Criticism as been made that double - deck trains would permit more seats to be carried per hour , and that passengers on long trips prefer to be comfortably seated . A rebuttal to this claim has been made that longitudinal seating , which is actually the standard form of seating on most metro trains around the world , allows for ease of access for transient `` hop - on , hop - off '' passengers , and particularly for those with prams or trolleys . In the instance of journeys in which many people will be hopping on and off , longitudinal seating allows for people to stand and exit from their seat easily , as well as providing more standing or walking room along the carriage . The government has announced that the bus services which connect the Sydney CBD with the north - west using the M2 Hills Motorway will be withdrawn when the NWRL opens and be replaced by rail feeder services to stations on the NWRL . Research has shown that trips from most of the north - west will take longer on bus - train combination than on bus alone . Documents obtained after a Freedom of Information ( FoI ) request revealed that warnings had been made to government about the inconvenience to northern suburbs commuters from initially terminating the rail link at Chatswood . See also ( edit ) Sydney Metro City & Southwest Sydney Metro ( 2008 proposal ) Original railway to the Hills District Proposed railways in Sydney Rapid transit Transport in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Project Overview '' . Sydney Metro . Transport for NSW . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Funding secured : Sydney Metro to be a reality '' . Transport for NSW. 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eight major rail projects for Sydney '' ( Press release ) . Carl Scully MP . 23 November 1998 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Does study give rail link the thumbs down ? '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 26 October 2000 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thumbs up for Council stance on Mungerie Park '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 5 July 2000 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government prevaricates on rail link report '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 13 December 2000 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Hill rail link 's viability in doubt '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 9 January 2001 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ombudsman begins investigation into rail study '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 14 March 2001 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Hill rail line becomes the missing link '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 6 March 2001 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Hill rail link may never be built '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 22 March 2001 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carr confirms Castle Hill rail link is dead '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 27 March 2001 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Budget delivers $47 million for Windsor Road '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Michael Richardson MP . 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ State Infrastructure Strategic Plan : Emerging PFP Opportunities and Major Project Proposals Over $100 million ( PDF ) ( Report ) . New South Wales Government . 2002 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Release of preferred route for the proposed rail link for Sydney 's north west '' ( Press release ) . Carl Scully MP . 10 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New studies to progress North West rail link '' ( Press release ) . Carl Scully MP . 3 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Transport NSW Annual Report 2002 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Transport NSW. 2002 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Transport Annual Report 2003 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . NSW Ministry of Transport . 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Joseph ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` The fast track - $6 bn plan to unlock the rail grid '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 8 December 2005 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair Knight Merz ( April 2006 ) . North West Rail Link Project Application and Preliminary Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : North West Rail Link Project Overview ( Report ) . NSW Transport . 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Benson , Simon ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` Northwest Metro rail link officially shelved '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ NSW Government . `` Metropolitan Transport Plan : Connecting the City of Cities '' . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Sydney Metro ( 2010 ) . 2010 Annual Report ( PDF ) . NSW Government . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ ABC News ( 27 March 2011 ) . `` O'Farrell hails new political landscape '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Former CBD Metro chief to drive north - west rail link '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drillers called for Northwest Rail Link '' . Hills Shire Times . Castle Hill , New South Wales . 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test drilling tenders called for North West Rail Link '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Gladys Berejiklian MP . 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Petrinic , Isabell ( 8 November 2011 ) . `` North West Rail Link : Do n't give false expectations '' . Hills News . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Archived from the original on 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Trieste , Laura ( 19 May 2011 ) . `` Tenders called for northwest rail link design '' . Rouse Hill Times . Rouse Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tender called for major design works for north west rail link '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Gladys Berejiklian MP . 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Murray , Therese ( 6 June 2011 ) . `` Key tender called on northwest rail link today '' . Hills Shire Times . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 7 June 2011 ) . `` All aboard O'Farrell's rail funding express '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No funding deal for north - west rail link '' . ABC News . 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Drillers called for Northwest Rail Link '' . Hills Shire Times . Castle Hill , New South Wales . 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strong response to North West Rail Link tenders '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Gladys Berejiklian MP . 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Butson , Tyron ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` Searching far and wide for rail tenders '' . Hills Shire Times . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Spot on : light rail plan links Anzac Parade and Randwick '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` First major tender awarded for North West Rail Link design works '' ( Press release ) . AECOM. 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` First major tender awarded for North West Rail Link design works '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Gladys Berejiklian MP . 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Butson , Tyron ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Global giants fight to get on board North West Rail Link '' . Hills Shire Times . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Butson , Tyron ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Company to oversee North West Rail Link costings '' . Hills Shire Times . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turner & Townsend wins North West Rail Link contract '' ( Press release ) . Turner & Townsend. 1 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` O'Farrell Govt pressing ahead with North West Rail Link '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Gladys Berejiklian MP . 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Clennell , Andrew ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Barry O'Farrell offers Julia Gillard a rail switch '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Bev ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` Epping - Parramatta link panned '' . Rouse Hill Times . Rouse Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Coorey , Phillip ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` Gillard 's $2 b transport fix '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Farr , Malcolm ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` All aboard the PM 's Parramatta express '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sikora , Kate ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Barry O'Farrell ready to rail at Julia Gillard for the North West Rail Link '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Rhys ( 16 May 2011 ) . `` Alternate route to North West Rail Link has been rejected by the State Government '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Benson , Simon ( 5 July 2011 ) . `` Northwest link plan misses first stop '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , Sally ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` North West Rail Link : Transport Study '' . Hills News . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Clennell , Andrew ; Yamine , Evelyne ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` North West told to Link up with a bus instead '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Butson , Tyron ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` End of line for North West Rail Link says Treasurer Wayne Swan '' . Express Advocate . Gosford , New South Wales . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NW Rail Link to be built despite funding rejection '' . ABC News . 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Breaking new ground on Sydney 's mega-project as new station design revealed , Transport for NSW , Retrieved 6 August 2015 Jump up ^ Funding secured : Sydney Metro to be a reality , Transport for NSW , Retrieved 6 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` NSW Government Backs Key Sydney Rail Links '' ( Press release ) . Gladys Berejiklian MP . 6 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Steam Ahead on North West Rail Link '' ( Press release ) . Barry O'Farrell MP . 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Work begins on North West Rail Link '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , New South Wales . 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , Sally ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Budget : Costings of North West Rail Link '' . Hills News . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Ranke , Angela ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` 3.8 million tonnes of dirt from North West Rail Link to be recycled far and wide across Sydney '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Getting on with the job : $1.5 billion Tunnelling Contract on North West Rail Link '' ( Press release ) . Transport for NSW. 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` North West Rail Link $340 million skytrain contract awarded '' ( Press release ) . Transport for NSW. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Epping to Chatswood upgrade overview , Sydney Metro Northwest , Retrieved 5 August 2015 Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 3 December 2011 ) . `` Private operators in the mix for north - west rail link '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Detention company could run new rail link Sydney Morning Herald 2 May 2013 Jump up ^ Major milestones reached on North West Rail Link as preferred operator selected , Transport for New South Wales , Retrieved 24 June 2014 ^ Jump up to : New South Wales Government , TIDC North West Rail Link - Preferred Project Report Volume 1 May 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Besser , Linton ( 26 February 2008 ) . `` Bye heavy rail , now for a north - west metro '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Besser , Linton ( 19 March 2008 ) . `` Great idea , but white elephants trumpet '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Rhys ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` New northwest rail link more a shuttle '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Fears of too few services on north - west rail link '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` New north - west line might cause cuts to others , says advice '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trains on new Sydney line to be driverless '' . ABC News . 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rhys Haynes ; Andrew Clennell ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Let 's go forth by North West rail '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Saulwick , Jacob ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Rail link team considers adding three more stations '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North West Rail Link '' . Transport for New South Wales . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Butson , Tyron ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Northwest rail link tunnel deeper than harbour '' . Northern District Times . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rail link takes shape in Sydney 's north - west '' . ABC News . 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ North - west rail link tunnel carved out by boring Elizabeth , Sydney Morning Herald , Published 18 November 2014 , Retrieved 5 August 2015 Jump up ^ North West Metro Stakeholder Engagement Briefing and Consultation Forum Outcomes Report . 15 August 2008 Jump up ^ Haynes , Rhys ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Plans to extend North West rail link '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Clennell , Andrew ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Second Sydney Harbour crossing to follow North West Rail '' . The Telegraph News . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/northern-beaches/early-planning-under-way-for-possible-northern-beaches-rail-line/story-fngr8hax-1227451373044 Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-traffic/sydneys-northern-beaches-look-to-be-major-beneficiaries-of-state-budget-transport-plans-20140611-zs4cs.html Jump up ^ http://www.pedestrian.tv/news/arts-and-culture/sydneys-northern-beaches-may-finally-be-getting-a-/40e0fb59-0949-4cb9-a287-fbfc8e6c24cd.htm Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` North - west rail line costs revealed in emails '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , New South Wales . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Butson , Tyron ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` North West Rail Link passengers could prove costly '' . Rouse Hill Times . Rouse Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , Sally ; Saulwick , Jacob ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` North West Rail Link funded by the private sector ? '' . Hills News . Castle Hill , New South Wales . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Independent Public Inquiry , Appendix 3 by Alex Wardrop , Fitness for Duty : The Capabilities of double and single deck rolling stock Jump up ^ ( sydneymetro.info/home/documents/29348/download `` Early community consultation '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Transport for NSW . July 2015 . Jump up ^ Saulwick , Jacob ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` Bus services to go when rail link opens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , The North West Rail Link : winners and losers in the locality of the North West area , by Clifton , Hensher and Mulley - ATRF2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/warnings-on-northwest-rail-link-plan-ignored-20140129-31mvw.html External links ( edit ) Sydney Metro Northwest homepage ( hide ) Public transport in Sydney Train Sydney Trains T1 North Shore , Northern & Western T2 Airport , Inner West & South T3 Bankstown T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra T5 Cumberland T6 Carlingford T7 Olympic Park ( T8 South and Airport Line ) Sydney Metro Sydney Metro Northwest ( under construction ) Sydney Metro City & Southwest ( under construction ) Northwest Rapid Transit ( operator ) Lists List of Sydney Metro railway stations List of Sydney railway lines List of Sydney Trains railway stations Sydney rail rolling stock Bus Services Metrobus NightRide Rapid routes Suburban routes 144 190 400 Operators Busabout Busways Forest Hillsbus Interline Punchbowl Bus Company State Transit Transdev Transit Systems Infrastructure Liverpool - Parramatta T - way North - West T - way Ferry Sydney Ferries F1 Manly F2 Taronga Zoo F3 Parramatta River F4 Darling Harbour F4 Cross Harbour F5 Neutral Bay F6 Mosman F7 Eastern Suburbs Harbour City Ferries ( operator ) Lists List of Sydney Ferries wharves List of ships of Sydney Ferries Other Captain Cook Cruises Church Point Ferry Cronulla & National Park Ferry Cruises Manly Fast Ferry Light Rail L1 Dulwich Hill L2 / L3 CBD & South East ( under construction ) Parramatta ( proposed ) Point - to - point Taxis in New South Wales Ticketing Opal card Earlier ticketing systems Independent Pricing & Regulatory Tribunal Government Infrastructure NSW RailCorp Roads & Maritime Services Transport for New South Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Metro_Northwest&oldid=790108037 '' Categories : Proposed railway lines in Australia Railway lines in Sydney Sydney Metro 2019 in rail transport Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages with URL errors Use dmy dates from November 2012 Use Australian English from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages with no gauge entered in Infobox rail line NPOV disputes from December 2016 All NPOV disputes New South Wales articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2017 , at 17 : 25 . 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-895975473316479620	I Look to You (song)	I Look to You ( song ) - wikipedia I Look to You ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I Look to You '' Single by Whitney Houston from the album I Look to You Released July 23 , 2009 Format Digital download CD single Recorded 2009 Genre Gospel pop soul R&B Length 4 : 26 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Robert Kelly Producer ( s ) Emanuel Kiriakou Harvey Mason , Jr . Tricky Stewart Whitney Houston singles chronology `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' ( 2003 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2009 ) `` Million Dollar Bill '' ( 2009 ) `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' ( 2003 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2009 ) `` Million Dollar Bill '' ( 2009 ) Music video `` I Look To You '' on YouTube `` I Look to You '' is a pop - soul song performed by American recording artist Whitney Houston , from her seventh studio album of the same name . It was released as a worldwide promotional single and as the first US single from the album on July 23 , 2009 on US radio following highly favorable reviews at pre-release album listening parties . The single is one of two songs written by R. Kelly which appear on the album and was produced by Emanuel Kiriakou , Tricky Stewart and Harvey Mason , Jr ... Following its preview on US radio the single was released fully for airplay on July 27 , 2009 . On July 30 , just one week after its premiere ( and 3 days after its promotional release ) the song reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Chart , becoming her 30th top 20 hit . The song has since become her highest charting single in the United States in nine years , charting at # 70 . On February 18 , 2012 , R. Kelly ( who wrote `` I Look to You '' ) performed the song at Houston 's homegoing at New Hope Baptist Church in Newark , New Jersey . The service was broadcast and streamed live to a worldwide audience . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Promotion 4 Critical reception 5 Cover versions 6 Track listing 7 Commercial performance 8 Charts 9 Release history 10 Accolades 11 Duet version with R. Kelly 11.1 Track listing 11.2 Chart performance 11.3 Release history 12 Accolades 13 External links 14 References Background ( edit ) Initially Vibe magazine reported that another song titled `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' penned by Diane Warren and produced by David Foster would be released as the lead single . However , on July 14 , 21 and 23 Houston held 3 pre-release album listening parties in which 9 of the 11 songs where previewed , `` Call You Tonight '' was described as a possible lead single by mentor Clive Davis . Swizz Beatz producer of the song `` Million Dollar Bill '' ( written by Alicia Keys ) said that his record was definitely a potential comeback record and with critical acclaim at all three parties it was widely expected that the song would succeed the others as the lead single . However both Rap - Up and Houston 's official website have confirmed the title song will indeed be the first US single whilst `` Million Dollar Bill '' is being released as the worldwide lead single ( second US single , almost simultaneously with first single ) . `` I Look to You '' was the second single from the album in the United Kingdom , where it was released on December 14 , 2009 . Music video ( edit ) The video for `` I Look to You '' premiered on September 10 , 2009 on Whitney Houston 's official website and on Entertainment Tonight . The video , also directed by Melina Matsoukas , features the singer in front of a plain beige and gray backdrop with different angles of her . She is sitting on an applebox with a spotlight focused on her . Toward the end of the video , a shower of flowers are shown falling all around her . Houston is wearing a white dress in mood of the beige and grey background . The significance of the number was her humbleness to the Lord . Promotion ( edit ) Houston performed this song at Good Morning America on September 1 , 2009 . The show aired the following day . Houston sang `` I Look To You '' at German television Wetten , dass ... ? where she performed this song with great reviews . `` I Look To You '' was performed at 2nd annual BET Celebration of Gospel gala by Houston together with Kim Burrell and gospel choir . The performance was acclaimed as the best performance of the night . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston said that the powerful piano ballad sums up the album and was all she wanted to say at that stage of her life . From the album parties Rolling Stone said that with the two tracks from R. Kelly ( the chippy kiss - off `` Salute '' and the steely title track produced by Tricky Stewart , Emanuel Kiriakou and Harvey Mason , Jr . ) Houston seemed to be aiming for a younger audience and the radio . Showbiz411 's Richard Freidman called R. Kelly 's contributions `` excellent tracks , including the beautiful title song '' Billboard magazine 's Mark Surtherland wrote `` The overall feel of the album was notably contemporary , while retaining Houston 's trademark vocal flourishes . Clive Davis praised Houston by saying that on songs like `` I Look to You '' it is not difficult to say she is ' the premium balladeer of our time ' . Billboard 's Monica Herrera gave the song a positive review , writing that Houston is `` both vulnerable and in control '' . She adds that `` the minimalist production , which features a lone , sullen piano and soft synths , exists purely to cushion Houston 's moving vocal performance '' . Lastly , she stated that it `` stands firmly in the tradition of her most emotive hits ( '' Greatest Love of All , '' `` I Will Always Love You '' ) and signals the long - awaited return of a true diva `` . Cover versions ( edit ) The song was covered on the television show Glee during the second - season episode Grilled Cheesus . With Amber Riley on lead vocals , the song debuted and peaked at # 74 on the Hot 100 during the week of October 23 , 2010 . On February 18 , 2012 , singer / songwriter R. Kelly ( who wrote `` I Look to You '' ) performed the song at Houston 's funeral at New Hope Baptist Church in Newark , New Jersey . The service was broadcast and streamed live to a worldwide audience . The song is covered by Selah on his fourth album , Hope of the Broken World , which was released on 2011 . The song was also covered by English singer - songwriter Joe McElderry featuring London Community Gospel Choir on his fourth studio album Here 's What I Believe . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` I Look to You '' -- 4 : 25 German double A-side single `` I Look to You '' -- 4 : 25 `` Million Dollar Bill '' -- 3 : 24 UK digital single `` I Look to You '' -- 4 : 25 `` I Look to You '' ( Giuseppe D. Club Mix ) -- 7 : 39 `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Warehouse Club Mix ) -- 8 : 52 `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Club Mix ) -- 9 : 08 `` I Look to You '' ( Christian Dio Club Mix ) -- 7 : 53 UK digital remix EP `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Warehouse Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 08 `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Warehouse Club Mix ) -- 8 : 52 `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Warehouse Mixshow ) -- 5 : 50 `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 52 `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Mixshow ) -- 6 : 06 `` I Look to You '' ( Johnny Vicious Club Mix ) -- 9 : 08 `` I Look to You '' ( Christian Dio Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 01 `` I Look to You '' ( Christian Dio Mixshow ) -- 5 : 51 `` I Look to You '' ( Christian Dio Club Mix ) -- 7 : 53 `` I Look to You '' ( Giuseppe D. Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 47 `` I Look to You '' ( Giuseppe D. Club Mix ) -- 7 : 39 `` I Look to You '' ( Giuseppe D. Mixshow ) -- 5 : 52 Other versions 7th Heaven Radio Edit -- 4 : 10 Commercial performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number eighty six on the Billboard Hot 100 and two weeks later reached number 70 . The song also did well on the Adult R&B Songs chart peaking at number two the week of October 3 , 2009 . It spent six weeks on the Hot 100 and as of May 2012 has sold nearly 298,000 copies in the US . The song has sold over 550,000 copies worldwide and has since been Certified Gold by the RIAA . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 47 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Brazil ( Billboard Brazil ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 68 France ( SNEP ) 124 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Double - A-Side with `` Million Dollar Bill '' 41 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 40 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 65 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 85 US Billboard Hot 100 70 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 35 US Jazz Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot Gospel Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Top Gospel Streaming Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Top Gospel Streaming Songs ( Billboard ) US Top Digital Gospel Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Format Label North America July 23 , 2009 Premier / debut Arista Records , Sony Music Austria July 27 until July 31 , 2009 Limited free download Sony Music Entertainment Germany Italy North America Arista Records , Sony Music Spain Sony Music Entertainment Sweden United States August 11 , 2009 Airplay Arista Records August 4 , 2009 Digital download Germany October 2 , 2009 Double A-side Single Sony Music Entertainment United Kingdom November 6 , 2009 Digital Download Single remix album RCA Records December 14 , 2009 Digital Download 5 - track single Accolades ( edit ) Year Region Award Category Result United States NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Music Video Won Duet version with R. Kelly ( edit ) `` I Look To You '' Single by Whitney Houston and R. Kelly from the album I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston Released September 25 , 2012 Format Digital download CD Recorded 2012 Genre R&B soul gospel pop Length 3 : 39 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Robert Kelly Producer ( s ) Clive Davis Robert Kelly Whitney Houston singles chronology `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( 2012 ) His Eye Is on the Sparrow 2012 `` I Look To You '' ( 2012 ) I Look To You2012 `` Memories '' ( 2016 ) Memories 2016 R. Kelly singles chronology `` Feelin ' Single '' ( 2012 ) Feelin ' Single 2012 `` I Look To You '' ( 2012 ) I Look To You2012 `` When a Man Lies '' ( 2012 ) When a Man Lies 2012 The song was later re-recorded as a duet between Houston and R. Kelly and was released as a single on September 25 , 2012 , seven months after Houston 's death . This version marks Houston 's final single , and third posthumous release . One day before the release , a sneak peek of this version debuted on Ryan Seacrest 's website . The duet version of the song was released from and to promote Houston 's posthumous compilation album I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` I Look to You '' ( Whitney Houston and R. Kelly ) -- 3 : 39 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 90 Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Format Label Worldwide September 25 , 2012 Digital Download RCA Records United Kingdom November 11 , 2012 Accolades ( edit ) Year Region Award Category Result 2013 United States NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Song Won External links ( edit ) I Look To You ( Acharts ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ( ( ( Whitney Houston > Discography > Main Albums ) ) ) '' . allmusic . August 9 , 1963 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.billboard.com/artist/431329/whitney+houston/chart ^ Jump up to : Billboard I Look To You Review Archived August 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Album gets bumped up and free download '' . official website . July 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` the first single '' . Rap - Up Magazine . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY HOUSTON NEW SINGLE CONFIRMED '' . Vibe magazine . April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preview : Whitney Houston - ' I Look to You ' '' . Rap - Up Magazine . July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney Houston Announces Extra Tour Dates Due To Public Demand Jump up ^ `` : : That Grape Juice / / ThatGrapeJuice.net : : ... In Loving Memory Of Michael Jackson '' . Thatgrapejuice.net . March 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` : : '' I Look to You '' Video Premier ; The Official Whitney Houston Site `` . Arista Records . September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Returns : Diva Debuts `` I Look to You '' in New York `` . Rollingstone Magazine . March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Debuts New CD , Gets ABC Special '' . Showbiz411 . July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Premieres New Album In London '' . Billboard Magazine . July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Music Releases , Music Reviews , Album Releases & Song Releases '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney Houston : I Look To You : Amazon.co.uk MP3 Downloads ^ Jump up to : I Look To You Remixes : Whitney Houston : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ `` Adult R&B Songs & Music Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Whitney Houston -- I Look To You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Whitney Houston -- I Look To You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Whitney Houston -- I Look To You '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brazil ( in Portuguese ) . Brazil : Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 79 ( 2 ) . April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Look To You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Houston , Whitney Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Whitney Houston -- I Look To You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Look To You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Look To You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ CHART LOG UK : NEW ENTRIES UPDATE - 31.10. 2009 ( wk43 ) Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitney Houston Chart History : Gospel Streaming Songs '' . billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gospel Digital Songs : Week of January 31 , 2015 '' . billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . 2015 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : CHR / Top 40 '' . Radio & Records . August 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Look To You ( Single ) : Whitney Houston : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ I Look to You / Million Dollar Bill : Amazon.de : Musik Jump up ^ News The Official Whitney Houston Site Jump up ^ Winners of the 41st NAACP Image Awards Announced - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - I Look to You - Single by Whitney Houston & R. Kelly Jump up ^ Ryan Seacrest - SNEAK PEEK : Whitney Houston 's New Duet With R. Kelly ' I Look to You ' ( AUDIO ) - Ryan Seacrest Jump up ^ `` I Look To You : Whitney Houston & R. Kelly : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winners of the 41st NAACP Image Awards Announced - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal R. Kelly songs Discography Production Discography Videography Awards and nominations Born into the 90 's `` She 's Got That Vibe '' `` Honey Love '' `` Slow Dance ( Hey Mr. DJ ) '' `` Dedicated '' `` Hey Love ( Can I Have a Word ) '' 12 Play `` Sex Me ( Parts I and II ) '' `` Bump N ' Grind '' `` Your Body 's Callin ' '' `` Summer Bunnies '' `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' R. Kelly `` You Remind Me of Something '' `` Down Low ( Nobody Has to Know ) '' `` Thank God It 's Friday '' `` I Ca n't Sleep Baby ( If I ) '' R . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Half on a Baby '' `` Home Alone '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` When a Woman 's Fed Up '' `` Did You Ever Think '' `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' `` Only the Loot Can Make Me Happy '' TP-2.com `` I Wish '' `` The Storm Is Over Now '' `` Fiesta ( Remix ) '' `` Feelin ' on Yo Booty '' `` A Woman 's Threat '' Chocolate Factory `` The World 's Greatest '' `` Ignition ( Remix ) '' `` Snake '' `` Step in the Name of Love ( Remix ) '' The R. in R&B Collection , Vol. 1 `` Thoia Thoing '' Happy People / U Saved Me `` Happy People '' `` U Saved Me '' TP. 3 Reloaded `` In the Kitchen '' `` Trapped in the Closet ( Chapter 1 ) '' `` Playa 's Only '' `` Slow Wind '' `` Burn It Up '' Double Up `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' `` Same Girl '' `` Double Up '' `` Rock Star '' Untitled `` Supaman High '' `` Number One '' `` Religious '' `` Echo '' `` Be My # 2 '' Love Letter `` When a Woman Loves '' `` Love Letter '' `` Radio Message '' `` Number One Hit '' Write Me Back `` Share My Love '' `` Feelin ' Single '' `` When a Man Lies '' Black Panties `` My Story '' `` Genius '' `` Cookie '' `` Legs Shakin ' '' The Buffet `` Backyard Party '' `` Switch Up '' Other singles `` Soldier 's Heart '' `` Take You Home With Me ( A.K.A. Body ) '' `` Honey '' `` Big Chips '' `` Hair Braider '' `` Skin '' `` I Believe '' `` Sign of a Victory '' `` Platinum '' `` To the World '' `` I Look to You '' `` Bump & Grind 2014 '' `` Ignition ( Viceroy Remix ) '' Featured singles `` Down with the Clique '' `` Street Dreams ( Remix ) '' `` Be Careful '' `` Friend of Mine ( Remix ) '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Contagious '' `` We Thuggin ' '' `` Gigolo '' `` Hotel '' `` Gangsta Girl '' `` Till the World Ends '' `` So Sexy '' `` So Sexy : Chapter II ( Like This ) '' `` Wonderful '' `` That 's That Shit '' `` Go Getta '' `` Speedin ' '' `` All the Above '' `` Ms. Chocolate '' `` Throwin ' My Money '' `` We Been On '' `` Do What U Want '' `` PYD '' `` Make The World Go Round '' `` It 's Your World '' Soundtrack singles `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Bad Man '' `` World 's Greatest `` I Believe '' `` Christmas , I 'll Be Steppin ' '' Other songs `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' `` Sadie '' `` TP - 2 '' `` R&B Thug '' `` Heaven I Need a Hug '' `` I Need an Angel '' `` Real Talk '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Shut Up `` Betcha Gon ' Know '' `` Marching Band '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' Singles written and / or produced by R. Kelly `` Back & Forth '' `` At Your Best '' `` Stroke You Up '' `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' `` Down with the Clique '' `` The Thing I Like '' `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' `` Foolin ' Around '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` I Do n't Want To '' `` Fortunate '' `` 808 '' `` Cry '' `` Contagious '' `` One More Chance '' `` Any Time , Any Place '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` Hell Yeah '' `` Outrageous '' `` Out of this Club '' `` I Look To You '' `` Celebrate '' `` Sleeping with the One I Love '' Category : R. Kelly songs Category : Songs written by R. Kelly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Look_to_You_(song)&oldid=809673955 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2009 singles Whitney Houston songs Songs written by R. Kelly Song recordings produced by Tricky Stewart Rhythm and blues ballads Pop ballads Soul ballads Music videos directed by Melina Matsoukas 2009 songs Arista Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Tip Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song i look to you by whitney houston	[ "The single is one of two songs written by R. Kelly which appear on the album and was produced by Emanuel Kiriakou, Tricky Stewart and Harvey Mason, Jr.. Following its preview on US radio the single was released fully for airplay on July 27, 2009.[5] On July 30, just one week after its premiere (and 3 days after its promotional release) the song reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Chart, becoming her 30th top 20 hit. The song has since become her highest charting single in the United States in nine years, charting at #70." ]	[ "R. Kelly" ]
-4765145298510781258	Military leadership in the American Civil War	Military leadership in the American Civil War - wikipedia Military leadership in the American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search Military leadership in the American Civil War was influenced by professional military education and the hard - earned pragmatism of command experience . While not all leaders had formal military training , the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis created dedicated cadres of professional officers whose understanding of military science had profound effect on the conduct of the American Civil War and whose lasting legacy helped forge the traditions of the modern U.S. officer corps of all service branches . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Union 1.1 Civilian military leaders 1.2 Regular Army officers 1.3 Militia and political leaders appointed to Union military leadership 1.4 Native American and international officers in Union Army 1.5 Union naval leaders 2 The Confederacy 2.1 Civilian military leaders 2.2 Former Regular Army officers 2.3 Militia and political leaders appointed to Confederate military leadership 2.4 Native American and international officers in Confederate army 2.5 Confederate naval leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading The Union ( edit ) Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman George G. Meade Admiral David Farragut Civilian military leaders ( edit ) President Abraham Lincoln was Commander - in - Chief of the Union armed forces throughout the conflict ; after his April 14 , 1865 assassination , Vice President Andrew Johnson became the nation 's chief executive . Lincoln 's first Secretary of War was Simon Cameron ; Edwin M. Stanton was confirmed to replace Cameron in January 1862 . Thomas A. Scott was Assistant Secretary of War . Gideon Welles was Secretary of the Navy , aided by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox . Regular army officers ( edit ) When the war began , the American standing army or `` Regular army '' consisted of only 1080 commissioned officers and 15,000 enlisted men . Although 142 regular officers became Union generals during the war , most remained `` frozen '' in their regular units . That stated , most of the major Union wartime commanders had significant previous regular army experience . Over the course of the war , the Commanding General of the United States Army was , in order of service , Winfield Scott , George B. McClellan , Henry Halleck , and finally , Ulysses S. Grant . Robert Anderson Don Carlos Buell John Buford Ambrose Burnside Edward Canby Philip St. George Cooke Jacob Dolson Cox Thomas Turpin Crittenden Thomas Leonidas Crittenden Samuel Curtis Abner Doubleday James A. Garfield Quincy Adams Gillmore Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wager Halleck Winfield Scott Hancock Joseph Hooker Andrew A. Humphreys Henry Jackson Hunt George B. McClellan Irvin McDowell James B. McPherson Joseph K. Mansfield George Meade Montgomery C. Meigs Dixon S. Miles Edward Ord John Pope John F. Reynolds William Rosecrans John Schofield Winfield Scott John Sedgwick Philip Sheridan William T. Sherman Andrew Jackson Smith William Farrar Smith George Stoneman George Henry Thomas Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert Gouverneur K. Warren John E. Wool Militia and political leaders appointed to Union military leadership ( edit ) Under the United States Constitution , each state recruited , trained , equipped , and maintained local militia ; regimental officers were appointed and promoted by state governors . After states answered Lincoln 's April 15 , 1861 , ninety - day call for 75,000 volunteer soldiers , most Union states ' regiments and batteries became known as `` Volunteers '' to distinguish between state and regular army units . Union brigade - level officers ( generals ) could receive two different types of Federal commissions : U.S. Army or U.S. Volunteers ( ex : Major General , U.S.A. as opposed to Major General , U.S.V. ) . While most Civil War generals held volunteer or brevet rank , many generals held both types of commission ; regular rank was considered superior . Edward D. Baker Nathaniel Prentice Banks Francis Preston Blair , Jr . Benjamin Franklin Butler Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain John Adams Dix John C. Frémont John Alexander McClernand Daniel Sickles Native American and international officers in Union army ( edit ) Reflecting the multi-national makeup of the soldiers engaged , some Union military leaders derived from nations other than the United States . Philippe , Comte de Paris Michael Corcoran Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski Thomas Francis Meagher Ely Parker Albin F. Schoepf Carl Schurz Franz Sigel Régis de Trobriand Ivan Turchaninov Union naval leaders ( edit ) The rapid rise of the United States Navy during the Civil War contributed enormously to the North 's ability to effectively blockade ports and Confederate shipping from quite early in the conflict . Handicapped by an aging 90 ship fleet , and despite significant manpower losses to the Confederate Navy after secession , a massive ship construction campaign embracing technological innovations from civil engineer James Buchanan Eads and naval engineers like Benjamin F. Isherwood and John Ericsson , along with four years ' daily experience with modern naval conflict put the U.S. Navy onto a path which has led to today 's world naval dominance . John A. Dahlgren Charles Henry Davis Samuel Francis du Pont David Farragut Andrew Hull Foote Samuel Phillips Lee David Dixon Porter John Ancrum Winslow John Lorimer Worden The Confederacy ( edit ) Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee T.J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson James Longstreet Joseph E. Johnston James Waddell Civilian military leaders ( edit ) Jefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9 , 1861 , and assumed similar commander - in - chief responsibilities as would Lincoln ; on November 6 , 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution . Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18 , 1861 , and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did . Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War , including Leroy Pope Walker , Judah P. Benjamin , George W. Randolph , James Seddon , and John C. Breckinridge . Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict . Former regular army officers ( edit ) In the wake of secession , many regular officers felt they could not betray loyalty to their home state , as a result some 313 of those officers resigned their commission and in many cases took up arms for the Confederate Army . Himself a graduate of West Point and a former regular officer , Confederate President Jefferson Davis highly prized these valuable recruits to the cause and saw that former regular officers were given positions of authority and responsibility . Richard H. Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Milledge Luke Bonham Braxton Bragg Simon Bolivar Buckner , Sr . George B. Crittenden Samuel Cooper Jubal Anderson Early Richard S. Ewell Franklin Gardner Robert S. Garnett Josiah Gorgas William Joseph Hardee Ambrose Powell Hill Daniel Harvey Hill John Bell Hood Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson Albert Sidney Johnston Joseph E. Johnston Robert E. Lee Stephen D. Lee Mansfield Lovell James Longstreet John B. Magruder Humphrey Marshall Dabney Herndon Maury John Hunt Morgan John C. Pemberton George Pickett Edmund Kirby Smith Gustavus Woodson Smith J.E.B. Stuart William B. Taliaferro Earl Van Dorn Joseph Wheeler Henry A. Wise Militia and political leaders appointed to Confederate military leadership ( edit ) The land of Davy Crockett and Andrew Jackson , the state military tradition was especially strong in southern states , some of which were until recently frontier areas . Several significant Confederate military leaders emerged from state unit commands . John C. Breckinridge Benjamin F. Cheatham Nathan Bedford Forrest Wade Hampton James L. Kemper Ben McCulloch Leonidas Polk Sterling Price Richard Taylor Native American and international officers in Confederate army ( edit ) While no foreign power sent troops or commanders directly to assist the Confederate States , some leaders derived from countries other than the United States . Patrick Cleburne Stand Watie Camille Armand Jules Marie , Prince de Polignac Raleigh E. Colston Collett Leventhorpe George St. Leger Grenfell Confederate naval leaders ( edit ) The Confederate Navy possessed no extensive shipbuilding facilities ; instead , it relied on refitting captured ships or purchased warships from Great Britain . The South had abundant navigable inland waterways , but after the Union built a vast fleet of gunboats , they soon dominated the Mississippi , Tennessee , Cumberland , Red and other rivers , rendering those waterways almost useless to the Confederacy . Confederates did seize several Union Navy vessels in harbor after secession and converted a few into ironclads , like the CSS Virginia . Blockade runners were built and operated by British naval interests , although by late in the war the C.S. Navy operated some . A few new vessels were built or purchased in Britain , notably the CSS Shenandoah and the CSS Alabama . These warships acted as raiders , wreaking havoc with commercial shipping . Aggrieved by these losses , in 1871 the U.S. government was awarded damages from Great Britain in the Alabama Claims . John Mercer Brooke Isaac Newton Brown Franklin Buchanan James Dunwoody Bulloch Catesby ap Roger Jones Matthew Fontaine Maury Raphael Semmes Josiah Tattnall James Iredell Waddell See also ( edit ) History of Confederate States Army Generals Confederate States Armed Forces Union Army Union Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boatner 483 , 437 Jump up ^ Boatner 858 , 728 , 303 Jump up ^ Boatner 673 , 858 Jump up ^ Boatner 673 Jump up ^ Boatner 858 , 328 ^ Jump up to : Boatner 582 Jump up ^ Boatner 225 , 170 Jump up ^ Boatner 495 , 225 , 674 References ( edit ) Boatner , Mark Mayo , III . The Civil War Dictionary . New York : McKay , 1959 ; revised 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 1726 - X . Eicher , John and David Eicher , Civil War High Commands , Stanford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 Warner , Ezra J. , Generals in Blue : Lives of the Union Commanders , Louisiana State University Press , 1964 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0822 - 7 Warner , Ezra J. , Generals in Gray : Lives of the Confederate Commanders , Louisiana State University Press , 1959 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0823 - 5 Waugh , John C. , The Class of 1846 , From West Point to Appomattox : Stonewall Jackson , George McClellan and their Brothers , New York : Warner , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51594 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) American National Biography ( 20 vol. 2000 ; online and paper copies at academic libraries ) short biographies by specialists Current , Richard N. , et al. eds . Encyclopedia of the Confederacy ( 1993 ) ( 4 Volume set ; also 1 vol abridged version ) ( ISBN 0 - 13 - 275991 - 8 ) Dictionary of American Biography 30 vol , 1934 -- 1990 ; short biographies by specialists Faust , Patricia L. ( ed . ) Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War ( 1986 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 181261 - 7 ) 2000 short entries Heidler , David Stephen . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 2002 ) , 1600 entries in 2700 pages in 5 vol or 1 - vol editions Woodworth , Steven E. ed . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1996 ) ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 29019 - 9 ) , 750 pages of historiography and bibliography ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=822276068 '' Categories : Military history of the American Civil War People of the American Civil War Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 12 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the famous leader of the confederate military	[ "Jefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander-in-chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict.[7]" ]	[ "Jefferson Davis" ]
-2937557393295929891	Port and starboard	Port and starboard - wikipedia Port and starboard Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a longship with a steering oar on the starboard side Diagram showing the schematic view of a ship 's position lights . Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms for left and right , respectively . Port is the left - hand side of a vessel or aircraft , facing forward . Starboard is the right - hand side , facing forward . Since port and starboard never change , they are unambiguous references that are not relative to the observer . The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord , meaning the side on which the ship is steered . Before ships had rudders on their centrelines , they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship and , because more people are right - handed , on the right - hand side of it . The term is cognate with the Old Norse stýri ( rudder ) and borð ( side of a ship ) . Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat , it would tie up at wharf on the other side . Hence the left side was called port . Formerly , larboard was used instead of port . This is from Middle - English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load . Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead . The United States Navy followed suit in 1846 . Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers . In Old English the word was bæcbord , of which cognates are used in other European languages , for example as the present Dutch bakboord , the German backbord and the French term bâbord ( derived in turn from Middle Dutch ) . The navigational treaty convention , the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea -- for instance , as appears in the Merchant Shipping ( Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions ) Regulations of 1996 ( and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard ) , -- sets forth the rights of way for maritime vessels , whether by sail or powered , and whether a vessel is overtaking , approaching head - on , or crossing . To set forth these navigational rules , the terms starboard and port are absolutely essential , and to aid in in situ decision - making , the two sides of each vessel are marked , dusk to dawn , by navigation lights , the vessel 's starboard side by green and its port side by red . Aircraft are lit in the same way . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grape , Wolfgang ( 1994 ) . The Bayeux Tapestry : Monument to a Norman Triumph . Art and Design Series . Munich , DEU : Prestel . p. 95 . ISBN 3791313657 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NOS Staff ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do Ships use `` Port '' and `` Starboard '' Instead of `` Left '' and `` Right ? '' `` . NOAA National Ocean Service ( NOS ) Ocean Facts . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 -- via OceanService.NOAA.gov . ^ Jump up to : RMG Staff ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Port and Starboard : Why do Sailors say ' Port ' and ' Starboard ' , for `` Left '' and `` Right ? '' `` . Discover : Explore by Theme . Greenwich , ENG : Royal Museums Greenwich . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 -- via RMG.co.uk . Jump up ^ Norie , John William ; Hobbs , J.S. ( 1847 ) ( 1840 ) . Sailing directions for the Bay of Biscay , including the coasts of France and Spain , from Ushant to Cape Finisterre ( `` A new ed. , rev. and considerably improved '' ed . ) . C. Wilson . p. 1 . OCLC 41208722 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . An order , recently issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty , states , that in order to prevent mistakes , which frequently occur from the similarity of the words starboard and larboard , in future , the word port is to be substituted for larboard , in all Her Majesty 's ships or vessels . Jump up ^ George Bancroft ( February 18 , 1846 ) . `` Port and Starboard : General Order , 18 February 1846 '' . General Orders . Washington , DC : US Navy , Naval History and Heritage Command ( NHHC ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 -- via History.Navy.mil . ^ Jump up to : MCA Staff ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . The Merchant Shipping ( Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions ) Regulations 1996 ( PDF ) . Southampton , ENG : Crown Department of Transport , Maritime and Coastguard Agency ( MCA ) . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Parts of a sailing ship Aftercastle Afterdeck Anchor Anchor windlass Beakhead Bilge Bilgeboard Boom brake Bow Bowsprit Capstan Cathead Centreboard Chains Cockpit Crow 's nest Daggerboard Deck Figurehead Forecastle Gangway Gunwale Head Hull Jackline Jibboom Keel Keel ( Canting ) Kelson Leeboard Mast Orlop deck Poop deck Prow Quarter gallery Quarterdeck Rudder Ship 's wheel Skeg Stem Stern Sternpost Strake Taffrail Tiller Top Transom Whipstaff Winch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_and_starboard&oldid=801764481 '' Categories : Nautical terminology Orientation ( geometry ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español 한국어 Íslenska עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 18 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which side of the ship is the starboard side	[ "Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of a vessel or aircraft, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are unambiguous references that are not relative to the observer.[2][3]" ]	[ "right-hand side, facing forward" ]
2245686767334777763	President of Austria	President of Austria - wikipedia President of Austria President of Austria Bundespräsident der Republik Österreich Coat of Arms National flag Incumbent Alexander Van der Bellen since 26 January 2017 Executive branch in Austrian Politics Office of the President Style Mr. President ( formal ) His Excellency ( international correspondence ) Status Head of State Residence Leopoldine Wing , Hofburg Imperial Palace Seat Innere Stadt , Vienna Nominator Political parties or self - nomination Appointer Direct popular vote sworn in by the Federal Assembly Term length Six years , renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Austria Precursor Emperor of Austria ( as head of state ) Formation Constitutionally : 1 October 1920 Became active : 10 November 1920 First holder Karl Seitz as President of the Constituent National Assembly ( 4 March 1919 ) Michael Hainisch as President of Austria ( 9 December 1920 ) Salary € 328,000 annually Website bundespraesident.at ( in German ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of Austria Constitution ( show ) Federal Constitutional Law Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) Federal Assembly Joint sessions of both houses National Council President Sobotka Second President Bures Third President Kitzmüller Federal Council President Posch - Gruska Vice President Ledl - Rossmann Vice President Lindinger Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Alexander van der Bellen Chancellor ( list ) Sebastian Kurz Vice-Chancellor ( list ) Heinz - Christian Strache Government currently : Kurz Federal ministries Supreme Courts ( show ) Constitutional Court President Brigitte Bierlein Vice-President Christoph Grabenwarter Supreme Court of Justice President Eckart Ratz Supreme Administrative Court President Rudolf Thienel ( de ) Elections ( show ) Legislative : 2008 2013 2017 Presidential : 2004 2010 2016 European : 2004 2009 2014 Political parties ( show ) In government People 's Party Chairman : Sebastian Kurz Freedom Party Chairman : Heinz - Christian Strache In opposition Social Democratic Party Chairman : Christian Kern NEOS Chairman : Beate Meinl - Reisinger Peter Pilz List Chairman : Peter Pilz Other GRÜNE Chairman : Werner Kogler States ( show ) Burgenland Governor : Niessl Capital : Eisenstadt Carinthia Governor : Kaiser Capital : Klagenfurt Lower Austria Governor : Mikl - Leitner Capital : Sankt Pölten Salzburg Governor : Haslauer Capital : Salzburg Styria Governor : Schützenhöfer Capital : Graz Tyrol Governor : Platter Capital : Innsbruck Upper Austria Governor : Stelzer Capital : Innsbruck Vienna Mayor and Governor : Michael Ludwig Vorarlberg Governor : Wallner Capital : Bregenz Other countries Atlas The President of Austria , officially the Federal President of the Republic of Austria ( German : Bundespräsident der Republik Österreich ) is the head of state of the Austrian Republic . Though theoretically entrusted with great power by the Constitution of Austria , in practice the president is , for the most part , merely a ceremonial figurehead who acts mostly on the advice of the Chancellor and the Cabinet . The President of Austria is directly elected by universal suffrage every six years . The President 's offices are located in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna . Many presidents have gained tremendous popularity while in office , and no incumbent has ever lost a bid for re-election , although Kurt Waldheim did not run for a second term in office . Five presidents have died in office . From 2004 to 2016 , the office was occupied by social democrat Heinz Fischer . Since the establishment of direct election in 1951 , only members of the Social Democratic Party ( SPÖ ) and the People 's Party ( ÖVP ) ( and their predecessors ) had been elected to the post ( with the exception of Rudolf Kirchschläger , an independent endorsed by both the SPÖ and ÖVP ) until the election of Green - endorsed Alexander Van der Bellen in 2016 . Contents 1 History 2 Election 2.1 Latest elections 3 Oath of office 4 Powers and duties 4.1 Chief appointments officer 4.2 Legislation 4.3 Other duties 5 Impeachment and removal 6 Succession 7 List of Presidents of Austria 8 Living former Presidents 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the collapse of the multinational Austro - Hungarian empire towards the end of World War I , what now is the Republic of Austria had been part of a monarchy with an emperor as its head of state and chief executive . The empire noticeably began to fracture in late 1917 and manifestly disintegrated into a number of independent nation states over the course of the following year . Effective 21 October 1918 , the Imperial Council parliamentarians representing the empire 's ethnically German provinces formed a Provisional National Assembly for their paralyzed rump state and appointed veteran party leader Karl Seitz as one of their three largely coequal chairmen ( 21 October 1918 -- 16 February 1919 ) . As chairman , he also became a member ( ex officio ) of the Austrian State Council ( Deutschösterreichischer Staatsrat ) . On 12 November 1918 , the State Council collectively assumed the functions of head of state according to a resolution of the National Assembly . On 11 November , Emperor Karl I announced `` I relinquish every participation in the administration of the State . Likewise I have released the members of the Austrian Government from their offices . '' The next day , parliament proclaimed the Republic of German Austria . The assembly presidents ( Seitz , Franz Dinghofer and Johann Nepomuk Hauser ) continued to serve as acting heads of state until 4 March 1919 , when the National Constituent Assembly collectively assumed these functions . Anton David ( 4 March 1919 -- 5 March 1919 ) and Seitz ( 5 March 1919 -- 10 November 1920 ) were the presidents of the National Constituent Assembly . Karl Seitz performed the duties of head of state according to a law of 1 October 1920 , which transferred these duties to the `` former president of the National Constituent Assembly '' for the period from 10 November 1920 , to the day of swearing - in of the first Federal President ( 9 December 1920 ) . Since Austria had not finalized its decision to structure itself as a federation prior to the formal promulgation of the Constitution of Austria on 1 October 1920 , referring to Seitz as Federal President would have been inaccurate . Austria 's first Bundespräsident proper thus was Michael Hainisch , Karl Seitz ' immediate successor . In a related note , many popular sources quote some more or less random date between October 1918 and March 1919 as the beginning of Seitz ' tenure . While most of them are merely misleading , others are plainly wrong : even though Seitz was appointed President of the Provisional National Assembly in October 1918 , it would have been impossible for him to be President of Austria as of that month , the republic not even having been proclaimed by then . The constitution originally defined Austria to be a parliamentary republic . Originally , the constitution was radically parliamentarian in character . The bicameral parliament , called the Federal Assembly , not only possessed legislative power , but also a good deal of executive power as well . The cabinet was appointed by the National Council rather than the president , who in turn was elected by the both houses of the Federal Assembly rather than the people . The President 's term of office was four rather than six years . The president was answerable to the Federal Assembly and , in particular , had no authority to dissolve the National Council . Not even having much actual influence on the appointment of Constitutional Court justices , the President was confined to a nearly exclusively ceremonial role . The role and nature of the President was the result of a compromise reached during the drafting of the constitution . The Social Democrats would have preferred that the president of the National Council serve as ex officio head of state , while the Christian Socials wanted a president with executive powers similar to those of the President of Germany . In the end , the framers enacted a compromise -- while a separate presidency was created in accordance with the wishes of the Christian Socials , his role was almost entirely ceremonial to appease the Social Democrats . It was under this constitutional framework that Michael Hainisch and Wilhelm Miklas assumed office on 9 December 1920 and 10 December 1928 , respectively . The parliamentary system prescribed by the constitution was highly unpopular , however , with the authoritarian Heimwehr movement evolving during the 1920s . The Heimwehr was in favor of a system granting more powers to the president . On 7 December 1929 , under growing pressure from the Heimwehr , the constitution was amended to give the president the sweeping executive and legislative authority he formally still has . It also called for the office to be filled by popular vote for a term of six years . The first election was scheduled for 1934 . However , owing to the growing worldwide financial crisis , all parties agreed to suspend the election in favour of having Miklas reelected by parliament . Only three years later , however , the Fatherland Front -- an alliance of the Heimwehr and the Christian Social Party -- tore down Austrian parliamentarism altogether , formally annulling the constitution on 1 May 1934 . Though Austria now was a dictatorship in all but name , power was concentrated in the hands of the Chancellor , not those of the president . Wilhelm Miklas was stripped of the powers he 'd gained in 1929 , but agreed to act as a figurehead of institutional continuity anyway . He was not entirely powerless , however -- during the Anschluss crisis , he provided some of the stiffest resistance to the Nazi demands . He technically remained in office until 13 March 1938 , the day Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany and thus lost sovereignty . When Austria re-established itself as an independent nation on 27 April 1945 , the party leaders forming the provisional government decided not to frame a new constitution , reverting instead to that of 1920 , as amended in 1929 . Even though this revision was still somewhat controversial at that point , it was part of Austria 's most recent constitutional framework , giving it at least some much - needed form of democratic legitimacy , and the party chairs were afraid that lengthy discussion might provoke the Red Army then in control of Vienna to barge in . The constitution thus reenacted effective 1 May therefore still included the provision calling for a president elected by popular vote . Following the November 1945 National Council elections , however , the National Assembly temporarily suspended this provision and installed Karl Renner as the President of Austria as of 20 December . The suspension in question seems to have been motivated mainly by lack of cash : no attempt was ever made to prolong it , and the benign septuagenarian Renner had been the universally respected provisional head of state anyway . Starting with the 1951 election of Renner 's successor Theodor Körner , all presidents have in fact been elected by the people . Election ( edit ) The President of Austria is elected by popular vote for a term of six years and is limited to two consecutive terms of office . Voting is open to all people entitled to vote in general parliamentary elections , which in practice means that suffrage is universal for all Austrian citizens over the age of sixteen that have not been convicted of a jail term of more than one year of imprisonment . ( Even so , they regain the right to vote six months after their release from prison . ) Until 1 October 2011 , with the exception of members of any ruling or formerly ruling dynastic houses ( a measure of precaution against monarchist subversion , and primarily aimed at members of the House of Habsburg ) , anyone entitled to vote in elections to the National Council who is at least 35 years of age is eligible for the office of president . The exception of ruling or formerly ruling dynasties has been abolished meanwhile within the Wahlrechtsänderungsgesetz 2011 ( Amendment of the law on the right to vote 2011 ) due to an initiative by Ulrich Habsburg - Lothringen . The President is elected under the two - round system . This means that if no candidate receives an absolute majority ( i.e. more than 50 % ) of votes cast in the first round , then a second ballot occurs in which only those two candidates who received the greatest number of votes in the first round may stand . However the constitution also provides that the group that nominates one of these two candidates may instead nominate an alternative candidate in the second round . If there is only one candidate standing in a presidential election then the electorate is granted the opportunity to either accept or reject the candidate in a referendum . While in office the President can not belong to an elected body or hold any other occupation . Latest elections ( edit ) Main article : Austrian presidential election , 2016 e d Summary of the 2016 Austrian presidential election results Candidates ( party membership ) First round Second round ( annulled ) Second round ( re-run ) Votes % Votes % Votes % Norbert Hofer ( Freedom Party of Austria ) 1,499,971 35.1 2,220,654 49.7 2,124,661 46.2 Alexander Van der Bellen ( The Greens ) 913,218 21.3 2,251,517 50.3 2,472,892 53.8 Irmgard Griss ( independent ) 810,641 18.9 Rudolf Hundstorfer ( Social Democratic Party of Austria ) 482,790 11.3 Andreas Khol ( Austrian People 's Party ) 475,767 11.1 Richard Lugner ( independent ) 96,783 2.3 Valid votes 4,279,170 97.9 4,472,171 96.4 4,597,553 96.8 Invalid votes 92,655 2.1 164,875 3.6 151,851 3.2 Total votes 4,371,825 68.5 4,637,046 72.7 4,749,404 74.2 Eligible voters 6,382,507 6,382,507 6,399,572 Source : Bundesministerium für Inneres Oath of office ( edit ) Article 62 of the Austrian Constitution provides that the President must take the following oath or affirmation of office in the presence of the Federal Assembly ( although the addition of a religious asseveration is admissible ) : I solemnly promise that I shall faithfully observe the Constitution and all the laws of the Republic and shall fulfill my duty to the best of my knowledge and belief . Powers and duties ( edit ) The Leopoldine Wing of Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna , home to the offices of the Federal President Although granted powers comparable to that of the chief executive of a semi-presidential system , Austria actually operates under a parliamentary system of government , and the President is mainly a figurehead . Officially , the President has free rein in appointing the Chancellor , federal cabinet ministers , Supreme Court justices , military officers , and most major bureaucrats . The President even has the authority to dissolve the National Council ( the more powerful lower house of the Austrian parliament ) at will . However , in practice , the President takes a mostly ceremonial role similar to that of a British monarch . By convention , Presidents are expected to be nonpartisan and to serve as symbols of national identity , and not to intervene in actual politics . Chief appointments officer ( edit ) The president appoints and swears in the Federal Chancellor and , upon the advice of the chancellor , the federal ministers . In theory , the President can name as chancellor , and by extension a federal minister , anyone who is eligible to serve in the National Council . However , it is impossible for a President to appoint a government entirely of his own choice or keep it in office against the will of parliament . The National Council can remove an individual minister or the entire Cabinet from office through a motion of no confidence . Also , a cabinet without enough support in the National Council could easily end up paralyzed . In practice , therefore , the Chancellor and the cabinet are responsible to the National Council . The Chancellor is usually the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition , and cabinet composition reflects National Council election results rather than presidential election results . The President also appoints and swears in judges , military officers , and federal civil servants . Responsibility for the less relevant of these appointments is largely conferred upon the federal ministers , but vacancies in top - level positions such as those of Constitutional Court justices are in fact filled by the president in person . Finally , the governors of Austria 's federal states are sworn in by the President . Legislation ( edit ) The President signs bills into law , and some Presidents have vetoed bills . A bill can be vetoed on the grounds that its genesis is in violation of the basic law . Adjudicating upon the constitutionality of the bill itself is the exclusive prerogative of the Constitutional Court . Other duties ( edit ) Austrian President Heinz Fischer meets Iranian President Hassan Rouhani , 8 September 2015 The President represents Austria in international relations . Actual foreign policy being cabinet matter , however , this responsibility is exclusively ceremonial . Mainly , the president accredits foreign ambassadors and symbolically acts as the host for state visits to Austria . The President is commander in chief of Austria 's armed forces . This , too , is largely nominal , the actual head of command being the Minister of Defense . The President has the authority to dissolve the National Council ( on advice of the Federal Government ) , or , in this case pending approval of the Federal Council , a state parliament , but exercising this power without good reason would be an unprecedented breach of constitutional convention . The President does need to give a reason , and may only use that reason once during his term of office . The President is a plenipotentiary authorized to rule by emergency decree in times of crisis . However , this is still a strong power and not a ceremonial responsibility . The President can , and frequently does , pardon criminals ( this is also still a strong power and not a ceremonial responsibility like in parliamentary systems ) . The President confers the honours and decorations of the Austrian national honours system . From the day of being elected , he is entitled to wear the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria for life . The President has the right to legitimise children born out of wedlock , upon request by the parents . Since Austrian law , for ( almost ) all intents and purposes , no longer differentiates between legitimate and illegitimate children , this is no longer of any practical importance . Impeachment and removal ( edit ) The Austrian constitution provides that the federal president can be removed from office by a referendum initiated by the Federal Assembly . The Federal Assembly can also impeach the president before the Constitutional Court . However , neither of these courses has ever been taken . To hold a referendum on the deposition of the president the National Council must first pass a resolution requiring that the Federal Assembly be convened to consider the matter . This resolution must be endorsed by two - thirds of all votes cast in a meeting at which at least one half of the total number of members are present . If the resolution is passed the president is immediately suspended from the exercise of Presidential powers and the Federal Assembly is convoked by the federal chancellor . A referendum may then be held on the demand of the assembly . If a proposal , in a referendum , to depose the president is rejected then the President is deemed to have been re-elected , the National Council is dissolved and a general election must be held . Succession ( edit ) The Constitution of Austria makes no provision for an office of Vice President . Should the president fall ill , or for some other reason be temporarily incapacitated , presidential powers and responsibilities devolve upon the Chancellor . Should the President die , be impeached , be removed from office as a result of impeachment or recall , or for some other reason be unable to fulfill the duties of office for a period of more than twenty days , presidential powers and responsibilities devolve upon the college of the three presidents of the National Council . List of Presidents of Austria ( edit ) Main article : List of Presidents of Austria Living former Presidents ( edit ) There is one living former Austrian President : Heinz Fischer ( 2004 -- 2016 ) ( 1938 - 10 - 09 ) 9 October 1938 ( age 79 ) See also ( edit ) History of Austria Politics of Austria Chancellor of Austria List of Chancellors of Austria Vice-Chancellor of Austria Emperor of Austria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kundmachung des Anpassungsfaktors '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Website des Rechnungshofes. 14 December 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Maurice Duverger , 1980 : A New Political System Model : Semi-Presidential Government . European Journal of Political Research 8 ( 2 ) , 165 - 187 . ( 168 : `` Figurehead presidency ; '' 184 : `` In Austria , Ireland and Iceland , figurehead presidents play a far smaller role than that allowed by their constitutional prerogatives . '' ) Jump up ^ Ceren Senkul , 2017 - 10 - 15 : Austria 's snap election : Everything you need to know . Sky News Jump up ^ Sean Sheehan , 2003 : Austria , 2nd edition . Marshall Cavendish. ( 28 : `` In reality , the president is more of a figurehead and usually follows the suggestions of the chancellor in making important decisions . '' ) Jump up ^ Sputnik News Staff , 2017 - 01 - 16 : Alexander Van der Bellen Sworn in as President of Austria . Sputnik News . Jump up ^ Owen Jones , 2016 - 05 - 24 : The far right 's narrow defeat in Austria should be a wake - up call for Europe . The Guardian . Jump up ^ The Local Staff , 2016 - 04 - 26 : What is the role of the President in Austria ? The Local . ( `` The President is an authority in reserve . It can in some way be compared to the Queen in Great Britain . The Austrian President probably has more of a busy daily schedule that the Queen but lots of the political power is symbolic power . '' ) Jump up ^ Marcelo Jenny , 2016 : Austria 's presidential election . London School of Economics . ( `` The Austrian president ( ... ) is often been described as a figurehead and `` state notary '' who signs bills passed by parliament into law. `` ) Jump up ^ Reuters , 2017 - 09 - 12 : Austrian president to insist on pro-EU government after election . Business Insiders . ( `` he is mainly a figurehead '' ) Jump up ^ `` Emperor Karl I 's Abdication Proclamation , 11 November 1918 '' . firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wahlrechtsänderungsgesetz 2011 ( in German ) https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2011_I_43/BGBLA_2011_I_43.pdf External links ( edit ) Official Website of the Austrian President Austria : Heads of State : 1918 -- 1938 Presidents of Austria First Republic Karl Seitz Michael Hainisch Wilhelm Miklas Second Republic Karl Renner Theodor Körner Adolf Schärf Franz Jonas Rudolf Kirchschläger Kurt Waldheim Thomas Klestil Heinz Fischer Alexander Van der Bellen Acting Leopold Figl Julius Raab Bruno Kreisky Heads of state of the European Union member states Van der Bellen ( AT ) Philippe ( BE ) Radev ( BG ) Grabar - Kitarović ( HR ) Anastasiades ( CY ) Zeman ( CZ ) Margrethe II ( DK ) Kaljulaid ( EE ) Niinistö ( FI ) Macron ( FR ) Steinmeier ( DE ) Pavlopoulos ( GR ) Áder ( HU ) Higgins ( IE ) Mattarella ( IT ) Vējonis ( LV ) Grybauskaitė ( LT ) Henri ( LU ) Coleiro Preca ( MT ) Willem - Alexander ( NL ) Duda ( PL ) Rebelo de Sousa ( PT ) Iohannis ( RO ) Kiska ( SK ) Pahor ( SI ) Felipe VI ( ES ) Carl XVI Gustaf ( SE ) Elizabeth II ( UK ) Heads of state and government of Europe Heads of state UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Partially recognised Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Unrecognised states Artsakh Transnistria Former countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Heads of government UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Partially recognised Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Unrecognised states Artsakh Transnistria Former countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia 1 . Partially or entirely in Asia , depending on geographical definition . 2 . Recognised by at least one United Nations member . 3 . Not recognised by any United Nations members . Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Former monarchies Afghanistan Albania Anhalt Austria - Hungary Baden Bavaria Brazil Bulgaria China Egypt France Bonapartist Legitimist Orléanist / Unionist Georgia Germany Greece Hanover Hesse Iran Iraq Italy Mecklenburg Mexico Montenegro Nepal Oldenburg Ottoman Parma Portugal Romania Russia Saxony Tunisia Two Sicilies Waldeck and Pyrmont Württemberg Yugoslavia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Austria&oldid=856120301 '' Categories : Government of Austria Presidents of Austria Presidents by country Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 01 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what is the name of the president of austria	[ "President of Austria \n Bundespräsident der Republik Österreich\nCoat of Arms\nNational flag\nIncumbentAlexander Van der Bellensince 26 January 2017\nExecutive branch in Austrian Politics Office of the PresidentStyle\nMr. President (formal) His Excellency (international correspondence)Status\nHead of StateResidence\nLeopoldine Wing, Hofburg Imperial PalaceSeat\nInnere Stadt, ViennaNominator\nPolitical parties or self-nominationAppointer\nDirect popular votesworn in by the Federal AssemblyTerm length\nSix years, renewable onceConstituting instrument\nConstitution of AustriaPrecursor\nEmperor of Austria (as head of state)Formation\nConstitutionally: 1 October 1920\nBecame active: 10 November 1920\nFirst holder\nKarl Seitz as President of the Constituent National Assembly (4 March 1919) Michael Hainisch as President of Austria (9 December 1920)Salary\n€328,000 annually[1]Website\nbundespraesident.at (in German)" ]	[ "Alexander Van der Bellen" ]
1011615579726883493	Ireland's Got Talent	Ireland 's Got Talent - wikipedia Ireland 's Got Talent Jump to : navigation , search Ireland 's Got Talent Genre Reality talent show Created by Simon Cowell Presented by Lucy Kennedy Judges Louis Walsh Michelle Visage Jason Byrne Denise van Outen Voices of Peter Dickson Country of origin Ireland Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 13 ( as of 7th April 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Darren Smith Stephen Stewart Producer ( s ) Shane Byrne Location ( s ) TLT Concert Hall & Theatre , Drogheda ( auditions ) The Helix , Dublin ( live shows ) Running time 60 - 120 minutes Production company ( s ) Kite Productions Green Inc Release Original network TV3 Original release 3 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Got Talent Britain 's Got Talent The All Ireland Talent Show External links Official Website Ireland 's Got Talent is the Irish version of the international Got Talent series . The series launched on 3 February 2018 on TV3 and is hosted by Lucy Kennedy , accompanied by a sister show entitled Ireland 's Got Mór Talent presented by Glenda Gilson and James Kavanagh . Cork dance troupe RDC won the competition on 24 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Development 3 Semi-finalists 4 Semi-finals 4.1 Semi-final 1 ( 19 March ) 4.2 Semi-final 2 ( 21 March ) 4.3 Semi-final 3 ( 22 March ) 4.4 Final ( 24 March ) 5 References Format ( edit ) The winner of Ireland 's Got Talent will receive a € 50,000 cash prize as well as their own primetime Christmas television special . Development ( edit ) In May 2015 , it was announced that current The X Factor judge , Louis Walsh , would be launching a new Irish talent show , produced by Simon Cowell as a judge . The show was expected to be premiered in 2017 or 2018 . Walsh later stated that he would like to broadcast an Irish edition of Got Talent , though he stated that the untitled talent show was only in early development . RTÉ One and TV3 showed interest in ordering the programme , however TV3 originally turned down the show in 2016 . Simon Cowell announced that he will be a special guest judge on the programme during the series ' launch . In February 2016 , RTÉ One denied that The Voice of Ireland would be cancelled in order to broadcast the new talent show . However , the show was later replaced by Dancing with the Stars . In August 2017 , it was reported that Lucy Kennedy would host the show , with Walsh later confirming himself and Michelle Visage on ITV 's This Morning as two of the judges on the show which will launch in January 2018 . The series was announced during a press conference at the National Concert Hall in Dublin on 30 August 2017 , with Denise van Outen and comedian Jason Byrne confirmed as the other two judges . Glenda Gilson and James Kavanagh present the sister show , Ireland 's Got Mór Talent . Semi-finalists ( edit ) Winner Runners - up Finalist Semi-finalist ( lost judges ' or public vote ) Golden buzzer Name of act Age ( s ) Genre Act Semi-final Result Aaron J. Hart 24 Music Rapper Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Affia Ni Fhaolin 18 Singing Singer / Pianist Eliminated Atlantic Rhythm Unknown Dance Musicians Group / Dance Group Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Christopher King 29 Singing Singer Eliminated Deaftones 13 - 22 Singing Choir Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Double Impact 9 & 12 Dance Dance Duo Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evelyn Williams 81 Singing Singer Eliminated FKFT Unknown Dance Hip - Hop Dance Troupe Runners - up Grim Squeaker 33 Danger Sideshow Act Eliminated Keeva Air Candy 32 Acrobatics Aerialist Eliminated Linda McLoughlin 38 Singing Singer Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Martin McGuinness 51 Singing Drag Act Eliminated Matt Dodd 68 Singing Singer Finalist ( Wildcard ) Mini Puppet Popstars Unknown Comedy Puppeteer Group Eliminated Paul Ryder 30 Singing Drag Act Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Philip Murphy 72 Singing Singer Eliminated RDC 12 - 22 Dance Dance Troupe Winner Ronan Brady 31 Acrobatics Cyr Wheel Acrobat Eliminated Sean Hegarty 34 Comedy Comedian Eliminated Shania Rollo 13 Singing Singer Eliminated Steve Barry 31 Singing Opera Singer Eliminated Tamara Operi 28 Music Singer / Rapper Eliminated Xquisite 8 - 11 Dance Ballroom Dance Group Runners - up Zacc Milne 19 Dance Dancer Finalist ( Wildcard ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Semi-finals Summary Buzzed out Judges ' vote Won the public vote Won the judges ' vote ( or public vote if split decision ) Lost the judges ' vote ( or public vote if split decision ) Wildcard ( previously eliminated act reinstated to the final ) Semi-final 1 ( 19 March ) ( edit ) Guest performer : Tokio Myers Contestant Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Walsh 0 ! Visage 0 ! Byrne 0 ! Outen FKFT Hip - Hop Dance Troupe 1st ( Won Public Vote ) Matt Dodd Singer Wildcard - 5th Tamara Operi Singer / Rapper Eliminated - 8th Keeva Air Candy Aerialist Eliminated - 7th Christopher King 5 Singer Eliminated - 4th Mini Puppet Popstars 6 Puppeteer Group Eliminated - 6th Linda McLoughlin 7 Singer 2nd ( Won Judges ' Choice ) Paul Ryder 8 Singer / Drag Act 3rd ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) Semi-final 2 ( 21 March ) ( edit ) Contestant Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Walsh 0 ! Visage 0 ! Byrne 0 ! Outen RDC Dance Troupe 1st ( Won Public Vote ) Steve Barry Opera Singer Eliminated - 7th Double Impact Dance Duo 2nd ( Won Judges ' Choice ) Martin McGuinness Singer / Drag Act Eliminated - 5th Shania Rollo 5 Singer Eliminated - 6th Sean Hegarty 6 Comedian Eliminated - 8th Deaftones 7 Choir 3rd ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) Zacc Milne 8 Dancer Wildcard - 4th Semi-final 3 ( 22 March ) ( edit ) Contestant Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Walsh 0 ! Visage 0 ! Byrne 0 ! Outen Atlantic Rhythm Dance Group 3rd ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) Affia Ni Fhaolin Singer / Pianist Eliminated - 6th Xquisite Dance Group 1st ( Won Public Vote ) Ronan Brady Cyr Wheel Acrobat Eliminated - 5th Evelyn Williams 5 Singer Eliminated - 4th Grim Squeaker 6 Sideshow Act Eliminated - 8th Aaron J Hart 7 Rapper 2nd ( Won Judges ' Choice ) Philip Murphy 8 Singer Eliminated - 7th Final ( 24 March ) ( edit ) Contestant Order Act Finished Double Impact Dance Duo 8th Linda McLoughlin Singer 5th RDC Dance Troupe 1st FKFT Hip - Hop Dance Troupe 2nd / 3rd Aaron J. Hart 5 Rapper 6th Matt Dodd 6 Singer 7th Xquisite 7 Dance Group 2nd / 3rd Zacc Milne 8 Dancer 4th References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Louis Walsh confirmed for Ireland 's Got Talent '' . RTE. 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2018/0324/949872-corks-rdc-win-irelands-got-talent/ Jump up ^ `` TV3 - Ireland 's Got Talent '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louis Walsh : ' Ireland 's Got Talent ' could hit our screens soon - Independent.ie '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean . `` Louis Walsh ' not happy ' as TV3 REJECTS Ireland 's Got Talent - Goss '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean . `` Simon Cowell lined up for Ireland 's Got Talent promo - Goss '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RTE denies The Voice of Ireland will be axed in favour of Ireland 's Got Talent '' . The Independent . 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ drops The Voice for Dancing with the Stars '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : The television star who will host Ireland 's Got Talent on TV3 - Independent.ie '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Walsh to be judge on Ireland 's Got Talent '' . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's Got Talent is COMING To TV3 '' . TV3 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-news/irelands-got-talent-gets-broadcast-date-and-6-nations-kicks-off-in-tv3s-new-spring-schedule-36471849.html ( hide ) Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL - TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP SIC Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia World 's Got Talent ( cancelled ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=837283367 '' Categories : 2018 Irish television series debuts 2010s Irish television series TV3 ( Ireland ) television programmes Got Talent series Irish talent shows Irish variety television programmes Irish television series based on non-Irish television series English - language television programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 21 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the judges on irish got talent	[ "\n\nIreland's Got Talent\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nReality talent show\n\n\nCreated by\nSimon Cowell\n\n\nPresented by\nLucy Kennedy\n\n\nJudges\nLouis Walsh\nMichelle Visage\nJason Byrne\nDenise van Outen\n\n\nVoices of\nPeter Dickson\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIreland\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of series\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n13 (as of 7th April 2018)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nDarren Smith\nStephen Stewart\n\n\nProducer(s)\nShane Byrne\n\n\nLocation(s)\nTLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda (auditions)\nThe Helix, Dublin (live shows)\n\n\nRunning time\n60-120 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nKite Productions\nGreen Inc\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nTV3\n\n\nOriginal release\n3 February 2018 (2018-02-03) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nGot Talent\nBritain's Got Talent\nThe All Ireland Talent Show\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial Website\n\n", "\n\nIreland's Got Talent\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nReality talent show\n\n\nCreated by\nSimon Cowell\n\n\nPresented by\nLucy Kennedy\n\n\nJudges\nLouis Walsh\nMichelle Visage\nJason Byrne\nDenise van Outen\n\n\nVoices of\nPeter Dickson\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIreland\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of series\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n13 (as of 7th April 2018)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nDarren Smith\nStephen Stewart\n\n\nProducer(s)\nShane Byrne\n\n\nLocation(s)\nTLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda (auditions)\nThe Helix, Dublin (live shows)\n\n\nRunning time\n60-120 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nKite Productions\nGreen Inc\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nTV3\n\n\nOriginal release\n3 February 2018 (2018-02-03) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nGot Talent\nBritain's Got Talent\nThe All Ireland Talent Show\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial Website\n\n", "\n\nIreland's Got Talent\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nReality talent show\n\n\nCreated by\nSimon Cowell\n\n\nPresented by\nLucy Kennedy\n\n\nJudges\nLouis Walsh\nMichelle Visage\nJason Byrne\nDenise van Outen\n\n\nVoices of\nPeter Dickson\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIreland\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of series\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n13 (as of 7th April 2018)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nDarren Smith\nStephen Stewart\n\n\nProducer(s)\nShane Byrne\n\n\nLocation(s)\nTLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda (auditions)\nThe Helix, Dublin (live shows)\n\n\nRunning time\n60-120 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nKite Productions\nGreen Inc\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nTV3\n\n\nOriginal release\n3 February 2018 (2018-02-03) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nGot Talent\nBritain's Got Talent\nThe All Ireland Talent Show\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial Website\n\n", "\n\nIreland's Got Talent\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nReality talent show\n\n\nCreated by\nSimon Cowell\n\n\nPresented by\nLucy Kennedy\n\n\nJudges\nLouis Walsh\nMichelle Visage\nJason Byrne\nDenise van Outen\n\n\nVoices of\nPeter Dickson\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIreland\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of series\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n13 (as of 7th April 2018)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nDarren Smith\nStephen Stewart\n\n\nProducer(s)\nShane Byrne\n\n\nLocation(s)\nTLT Concert Hall & Theatre, Drogheda (auditions)\nThe Helix, Dublin (live shows)\n\n\nRunning time\n60-120 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nKite Productions\nGreen Inc\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nTV3\n\n\nOriginal release\n3 February 2018 (2018-02-03) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nGot Talent\nBritain's Got Talent\nThe All Ireland Talent Show\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial Website\n\n" ]	[ "Louis Walsh", "Michelle Visage", "Denise van Outen", "Jason Byrne" ]
1441682718751489437	Riverview, Hillsborough County, Florida	Riverview , Hillsborough County , Florida - wikipedia Riverview , Hillsborough County , Florida Census - designated place in Florida , United States Riverview , Florida Census - designated place Location in Hillsborough County and the state of Florida Coordinates : 27 ° 51 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 19 ′ 25 '' W / 27.86556 ° N 82.32361 ° W / 27.86556 ; - 82.32361 Coordinates : 27 ° 51 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 19 ′ 25 '' W / 27.86556 ° N 82.32361 ° W / 27.86556 ; - 82.32361 Country United States State Florida Counties Hillsborough Area Total 48.0 sq mi ( 124.3 km ) Land 46.2 sq mi ( 119.6 km ) Water 1.8 sq mi ( 4.6 km ) Elevation 16 ft ( 5 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 71,050 Density 1,538 / sq mi ( 593.9 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) Eastern ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP Codes 33568 , 33569 , 33578 , 33579 Area code ( s ) 813 FIPS code 12 - 60950 GNIS feature ID 289753 Riverview is an unincorporated census - designated place in Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is located south of Brandon . The population was 71,050 in the 2010 census , up from 12,035 in the 2000 census . Many of Tampa Bay 's radio and television stations broadcast from an antenna farm in the Riverview area , on Boyette Road , southeast of town . Riverview is home to Bell Creek Nature Preserve . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3.1 Languages 4 Education 5 Notable people 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Riverview was founded in 1885 on the Alafia River 's north shore . However , in the 1830s settlers arrived on the south side of the river at an area formerly known as `` Peru '' ( pronounced `` Pe - Roo '' ) because Peru was an indigenous name for `` straight part of the river '' . Peru existed for nearly 100 years and was one of the oldest settlements in central Florida . It was n't until the 1940s that Riverview absorbed Peru , and now claims the south side of the Alafia River . The Peruvian Mining Company , which mined phosphate from the Alafia , took its name from the settlement . The term `` Alafia '' is translated as `` River of Fire '' due to the phosphorus on the early riverbottom glowing at night . The area 's first school was built in 1893 , inside the Peru Baptist Church . The area called Riverview began to be populated on the north side of the river . The two communities were connected by a river ferry . Soon after , a bridge was constructed from sections of a bridge that once spanned the Hillsborough River in downtown Tampa . The post office periodically was moved from the Riverview side to the Peru side of the river and back , causing much tension . The Riverview name eventually came into usage in the early 1940s by the post office to relieve just such confusion with the mail . Peru has disappeared from all but the earliest maps . Some of Peru 's or Riverview 's settlers include the Barnes , Bourgees , Boyettes , Brandons , Buzbees , Hackneys , Hancocks , Hartleys , Mansfields , Moodys , Simmons , Scotts , Symmes , Topes , Thompsons , Whitts , and the Yeomans . The area founded by the Boyette family is now the community of Boyette , located in the eastern part of the Riverview CDP . The first commercial poultry farm in Florida was established by Emmet and Myrtle Tope in Riverview in 1921 . Geography ( edit ) Riverview is located southeast of the center of Hillsborough County . The Alafia River flows through the northern part of the CDP and forms part of its northeastern border , separating Riverview from Bloomingdale to the northeast . Other neighboring communities , all unincorporated , are Brandon to the north , Palm River - Clair Mel to the northwest , Progress Village and Gibsonton to the west , Apollo Beach to the southwest , Balm to the south , and FishHawk to the east . Interstate 75 forms the western edge of the Riverview CDP , with access from Exits 246 , 250 , 254 , and 256 . U.S. Route 301 runs through the western side of the CDP , parallel to I - 75 and through the original settlement of Riverview at the Alafia River . Downtown Tampa is 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the northwest via US - 301 and the Selmon Expressway . According to the United States Census Bureau , the Riverview CDP has a total area of 48.0 square miles ( 124.3 km ) , of which 46.2 square miles ( 119.6 km ) are land and 1.8 square miles ( 4.6 km ) , or 3.72 % , are water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1970 2,225 -- 6,478 -- 2000 12,035 85.8 % 71,050 490.4 % source : Riverview Demographics 2010 Census Riverview Hillsborough County Florida Total population 71,050 1,229,226 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 + 490.4 % + 23.1 % + 17.6 % Population density 1,538.1 / sq mi 1,204.9 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 70.2 % 71.3 % 75.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 56.8 % 53.7 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 17.0 % 16.7 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 21.0 % 24.9 % 22.5 % Asian 3.1 % 3.4 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 4.0 % 3.1 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 5.2 % 5.0 % 3.6 % As of 2010 , there were 27,513 housing units , out of which 11.0 % were vacant . Out of the 24,488 occupied households in the community , 45.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 57.0 % were headed by married couples living together , 14.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 23.5 % were non-families. 17.4 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 4.4 % were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.27 . Within the CDP , 29.1 % of the population were under the age of 18 , 7.6 % were from 18 to 24 , 31.9 % were from 25 to 44 , 23.8 % were from 45 to 64 , and 7.7 % were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34.1 years . For every 100 females , there were 92.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 88.7 males . For the period 2011 - 15 , the estimated median annual income for a household in the community was $66,497 , and the median income for a family was $71,517 . Male full - time workers had a median income of $47,554 versus $38,000 for females . The per capita income for the community was $26,126. 9.5 % of the population and 7.2 % of families were below the poverty line . 11.7 % of people under 18 and 7.9 % of people 65 or older were living in poverty . Languages ( edit ) For the period 2011 - 15 , English spoken at home accounted for 76.64 % of all residents , while 23.36 % spoke some other language at home . Spanish speakers ( of whom 75.5 % spoke English `` very well '' ) made up 16.98 % of the population . No other language accounted for more than 1 % of the population . Education ( edit ) Riverview High School Spoto High School Pepin Academies Bell Creek Academy Notable people ( edit ) Jahleel Addae , NFL safety Dioner Navarro , an MLB catcher Tom Daugherty , a PBA bowler Mike Perry , Chief Engineer of the merchant ship Maersk Alabama , hijacked by Somali pirates in April 2009 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Riverview CDP , Florida '' . American Factfinder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell Creek Nature Preserve Archived 2014 - 05 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Florida Communities Trust Parks Directory Jump up ^ Sunland Tribune : Journal of the Tampa Historical Society , November 1992 Jump up ^ `` CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING ( 1790 - 2000 ) '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Census Summary File 1 ( DP - 1 ) : Riverview CDP , Florida '' . American Factfinder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Economic Characteristics : 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates ( DP03 ) : Riverview CDP , Florida '' . American Factfinder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over : 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates ( B16001 ) : Riverview CDP , Florida '' . American Factfinder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Brandon ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` Ex Riverview star earns a spot with the Chargers '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dioner Navarro '' . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Riverview man relives ' Captain Phillips ' piracy on big screen '' . External links ( edit ) Greater Riverview Chamber of Commerce hide Municipalities and communities of Hillsborough County , Florida , United States County seat : Tampa Cities Plant City Tampa Temple Terrace CDPs Apollo Beach Balm Bealsville , Florida Bloomingdale Brandon Carrollwood Cheval Citrus Park Dover East Lake - Orient Park Egypt Lake - Leto FishHawk Gibsonton Keystone Lake Magdalene Lutz Mango Northdale Palm River - Clair Mel Pebble Creek Progress Village Riverview Ruskin Seffner Sun City Center Thonotosassa Town ' n ' Country University Valrico Westchase Wimauma Unincorporated communities Adamsville Alafia Antioch Bay Crest Park Boyette Carrollwood Carrollwood Village Castor Town Clair - Mel City Del Rio Durant East Lake East Tampa Egypt Lake Fort Lonesome Gulf City Hopewell Hopewell Gardens Keysville Knights Lake Fern Leto Lithia North Ruskin Nowatney Orient Park Palm River Port Sutton Rocky Creek Sun City Sweetwater Creek Sydney Turkey Creek Indian reservation Tampa Indian Reservation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverview,_Hillsborough_County,_Florida&oldid=844287635 '' Categories : Census - designated places in Hillsborough County , Florida Census - designated places in Florida 1885 establishments in Florida Populated places established in 1885 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 23 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is riverview florida located on the map	[ "Riverview is an unincorporated census-designated place in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. It is located south of Brandon. The population was 71,050 in the 2010 census,[1] up from 12,035 in the 2000 census.\n" ]	[ "south of Brandon" ]
-715127796839568837	New England Patriots	New England Patriots - wikipedia New England Patriots Jump to : navigation , search New England Patriots Current season Established November 16 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( November 16 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Gillette Stadium Foxborough , Massachusetts Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Red , Silver , White Mascot Pat Patriot Personnel Owner ( s ) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick ( de facto ) Head coach Bill Belichick Team history Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Bay State Patriots ( 1971 ) New England Patriots ( 1971 -- present ) Team nicknames The Pats Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) , 2003 ( XXXVIII ) , 2004 ( XXXIX ) , 2014 ( XLIX ) , 2016 ( LI ) Conference championships ( 10 ) AFC : 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Division championships ( 20 ) AFL East : 1963 AFC East : 1978 , 1986 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) AFL : 1963 NFL : 1976 , 1978 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Home fields Nickerson Field ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Fenway Park ( 1963 -- 1968 ) Alumni Stadium ( 1969 ) Harvard Stadium ( 1970 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1971 -- 2001 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2002 -- present ) The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . An original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues . The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971 . The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl ten times in franchise history , the most of any team , eight of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 . The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , winning 15 AFC East titles in 17 seasons since 2001 , without a losing season in that period . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten - year period ( 126 , in 2003 -- 2012 ) , an undefeated 16 - game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21 - game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( won nine straight division titles from 2009 to 2017 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached ( eight ) and won ( five ) by a head coach -- quarterback tandem . Currently , the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five , after the Steelers , who have six . Patriot fans rally in front of Boston City Hall following the Super Bowl XXXVIII championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Season - by - season records 1.2 Records 2 Rivalries 2.1 New York Jets 2.2 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 2.3 Buffalo Bills 2.4 Miami Dolphins 2.5 Baltimore Ravens 3 Controversies 3.1 `` Spygate '' 3.2 `` Deflategate '' 4 Strategy 5 Stadium 6 Logos and uniforms 6.1 Logos 6.2 Uniforms 6.2. 1 1960 -- 1992 6.2. 2 1993 -- present 6.2. 3 Alternate uniforms 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members 7.4 All - decade teams 7.4. 1 1960s ( AFL ) 7.4. 2 1970s , 1980s , 1990s 7.4. 3 2000s 7.5 Anniversary teams 7.5. 1 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) 7.5. 2 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Key 9 Staff 9.1 Head coaches 9.2 Current staff 10 Culture 10.1 Cheerleaders and mascot 10.2 Radio and television 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise history Further information : History of the New England Patriots `` Pat Patriot '' logo , used through 1992 . On November 16 , 1959 , Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) . The following winter , locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . The most popular choice -- and the one that Sullivan selected -- was the `` Boston Patriots , '' with `` Patriots '' referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo . The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL , and they never had a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . They played in only one AFL championship game , following the 1963 season , in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years . When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which would serve as their home for the next 30 years . As a result of the move , they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots . The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22 , 1971 , the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card team -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They lost in the first round both times . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . During the 1990 season , the Patriots went 1 -- 15 . They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri ( where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions ) , but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft . Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team , first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993 . Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo , and changed their primary colors from the traditional red , white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells 's successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season . The Patriots ' current coach , Bill Belichick , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium , was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years ( 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 ) . The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games . After advancing to Super Bowl XLII , the team 's fourth Super Bowl in seven years , the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19 -- 0 season . With the loss , the Patriots ended the year at 18 -- 1 , becoming only one of three teams to go 18 -- 1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Patriots ' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants , 21 -- 17 . In 2015 , they won Super Bowl XLIX , defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI , which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory , tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history , 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6 ; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime . The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017 -- 18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII , on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Season - by - season records Further information : List of New England Patriots seasons Sam `` Bam '' Cunningham is the franchise 's all - time leading rusher Records All - time Patriots leaders Leader Player Record number Years played for Patriots Passing Tom Brady 66,159 passing yards 2000 -- present Rushing Sam Cunningham 5,453 rushing yards 1973 -- 1982 Receiving Stanley Morgan 10,352 receiving yards 1977 -- 1989 Scoring Stephen Gostkowski 1,537 points 2006 -- present Coaching wins Bill Belichick 280 wins 2000 -- present Rivalries Super Bowl banners at Gillette Stadium prior to the Patriots winning Super Bowl XLIX In terms of number of games played , the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division . This includes the current teams , the New York Jets , the Miami Dolphins , and the Buffalo Bills , as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts . Among those , however , a few run deeper than others . New York Jets Main article : Jets -- Patriots rivalry Patriots ' head coach Bill Belichick was `` traded '' from the Jets to the Patriots in 2000 The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets . The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division ( what is now the AFC East ) since both teams ' foundings in 1960 , and have played each other at least twice a year since then . The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996 , when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets ; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll . Four years later Carroll was fired , and Parcells 's assistant , Bill Belichick , resigned the day he was named the Jets ' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots . Six years after that , Eric Mangini , an assistant under Belichick , became the head coach of the Jets . Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win ( regular season and playoffs ) on November 22 , 2012 , defeating the Jets 49 -- 19 ; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach . The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30 -- 23 , to give them a 6 -- 0 record to date . Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Main article : Colts -- Patriots rivalry See also : Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs ' tenure together in the AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . The two clubs clashed in several close games , such as on December 19 , 1971 , as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21 -- 17 New England win ; on September 18 , 1978 , the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34 -- 27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one - man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington ; on September 4 , 1983 , the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29 -- 23 in their final season in Baltimore . The Patriots defeated the Colts in back - to - back overtime games , 23 -- 17 on December 8 , 1991 , and 37 -- 34 on November 15 , 1992 . The Pats facing the Colts in 2011 Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL 's 2002 divisional realignment , their rivalry did not diminish . At that time , both teams were among the best in the AFC , and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Peyton Manning ( for the Colts ) and Tom Brady ( for the Patriots ) The teams met three times in four years ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ) in the playoffs , with the winner going on to win that season 's Super Bowl each time . The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning 's rookie season , 1998 ; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31 -- 28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28 -- 7 Colts lead , then defeated the Patriots 20 -- 15 in Indianapolis on December 12 . The Brady -- Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30 , 2001 , as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44 -- 13 Patriots win at Foxboro ; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38 -- 17 . After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002 , they first met on November 30 , 2003 , in a 38 -- 34 Patriots win decided on a last - second goal line stand by the Patriots . The Colts broke a six - game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005 , then won twice in 2006 ; in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21 -- 6 halftime lead ; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38 -- 34 Colts win . The November 4 , 2007 , meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point ; the 8 -- 0 Patriots and the 7 -- 0 Colts . The Patriots rallied to win 24 -- 20 . The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009 's 4th and 2 game . Manning 's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010 ; a late interception sealed a 31 -- 28 Patriots win . In 2012 , the Patriots faced the Colts , quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck , on November 18 ; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59 -- 24 . The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12 , 2014 , 43 -- 22 . The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18 , 2015 , in the AFC title game , winning 45 -- 7 . Buffalo Bills Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL , and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game . They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL - AFL merger . Prior to the rise of Tom Brady , the two teams shared a mellow , yet occasionally competitive rivalry , featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson , Steve Grogan , Joe Ferguson , Jim Kelly , and Drew Bledsoe . However , Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots ' franchise quarterback , holding a 26 - 3 regular season record over them . Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills , Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival . The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams , the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots , and the presence of Rex Ryan , who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash - talk . Miami Dolphins Main article : Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL , when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league . The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s , but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady . Brady , however , struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s . The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records , with Miami going 14 - 0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16 - 0 in 2007 . Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game , three playoff matchups , and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots . Baltimore Ravens Main article : Ravens -- Patriots rivalry The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996 , but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27 -- 24 loss in the Patriots ' quest for perfection . The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27 -- 21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs . Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game . The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game , 33 -- 14 . This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots . The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season . The Patriots ended up winning 23 -- 20 in overtime ; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather . Tom Brady has a career record of 8 -- 3 against the Ravens The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game , which the Ravens lost 23 -- 20 . The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this , the second career playoff game between the two clubs . The Ravens clawed to a 20 -- 16 lead in the fourth quarter , but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23 -- 20 with around 11 minutes remaining ; this proved to be the winning touchdown . On the Ravens ' last possession of the game , quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game - winning touchdown , before a last - second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans , forcing the game to be decided on a last - minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff . With 11 seconds remaining on the clock , the kicker missed the 32 - yard field goal attempt , allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants . The Ravens ' first regular - season win over the Patriots came on September 23 , 2012 . The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before . Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game ; the Ravens erased a 13 -- 0 lead in the first half and led 14 -- 13 , but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20 -- 14 lead . The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30 -- 21 in the fourth , but the Ravens scored on Smith 's second touchdown catch . The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt ; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7 - yard line ; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27 - yard field goal on the final play ; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good ; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field , leading to a $50,000 fine later that week . Massachusetts native Robert Kraft has owned the team since 1994 The two teams met again on January 20 , 2013 , in the AFC Championship , where the Ravens won 28 -- 13 . The Patriots led at halftime , 13 -- 7 , but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half . It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime , and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship . The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10 , 2015 . The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice , before beating the Ravens 35 -- 31 to advance to the AFC Championship . Controversies See also : List of conspiracy theories § New England Patriots This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) `` Spygate '' Main article : 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy `` Deflategate '' Main article : Deflategate During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts , allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under - inflated footballs . It was even suggested that the Patriots ' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs . A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards , with a full report being published in May 2015 . The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots , who were the home team , indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts . Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants , indicating Brady was likely `` generally aware '' of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs . A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report `` deeply flawed '' and `` unreliable '' . In the aftermath of the incident , the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season , fined the Patriots $1 million , and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick . Brady appealed his suspension , which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season . Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016 , but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it . Strategy Further information : New England Patriots strategy Under head coach Bill Belichick , the Patriots have employed specific on - field and off - field strategies . On the field , the Patriots have typically utilized an `` Erhardt -- Perkins '' offense and a `` Fairbanks -- Bullough '' 3 -- 4 defense , referred to commonly as a two - gap 3 -- 4 defensive system . Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the `` team '' concept , stressing preparation , strong work ethic , versatility , and lack of individual ego . This approach , which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick , was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign . When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994 , he did so for $175 million . Since then , the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium . By 2009 , the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion , to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion , third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins . As of July 2015 , the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine . Stadium Main article : Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium , home of the Patriots Since 2002 , the Patriots ' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium , a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft . It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity , The Kraft Group , as well as the Kraft - owned Major League Soccer team , the New England Revolution . The field , which was originally natural grass , was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season . The area around the stadium was developed , beginning in 2007 , into a $375 million `` lifestyle and entertainment center '' called Patriot Place ; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene . Prior to 2002 , the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971 , the team 's second year in the NFL after the AFL -- NFL merger . During the team 's days in the American Football League , the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston -- they played at Braves Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium . Logos and uniforms Logos The current New England Patriots wordmark logo , first unveiled on July 3 , 2013 . The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat , used only for the 1960 season . From 1961 to 1992 , the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football . The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western - style font . The minuteman logo became known as the `` Pat Patriot '' logo , which later became the name of the team 's mascot . In 1979 , the Patriots worked with NFL Properties to design a new , streamlined logo , to replace the complex Pat Patriot logo . The new logo featured the blue and white profile of a minuteman in a tricorne hat set against a flag showing three red stripes separated by two white stripes . Team owner Billy Sullivan decided to put the new logo up to a vote against Pat Patriot with the fans at the September 23rd home game against the San Diego Chargers , using a sound level meter to judge the crowd 's reaction . The new logo was decidedly rejected by the crowd in favor of Pat , and the concept was shelved . In 1993 , a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red , white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner - like design . The logo bears some superficial resemblance to the aborted 1979 logo . It became popularly known as the `` Flying Elvis '' due to many observing its resemblance to the profile of a young Elvis Presley . In 2000 , the blue color was darkened . On July 3 , 2013 , the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo . Uniforms 1960 -- 1992 The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home , and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road . Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets , first with the hat logo over the player 's number , then with the `` Pat Patriot '' logo starting in 1961 . A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964 . The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973 . In 1979 , the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys . The red pants were dropped in 1981 , but returned in 1984 . After being dropped again in 1988 , they were used again from 1990 to 1992 . 1993 -- present The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season , starting with the introduction of the aforementioned `` Flying Elvis '' logo . The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey . The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping . Both uniforms used silver pants , originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis , but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season . When they debuted , both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline , but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now - familiar white with a red outline . In 1995 , the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow . The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers , a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years . However , in 2000 , the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers . Also that year , the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue . The Patriots , unsatisfied with the white - on - silver road look , also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey , offering a better contrast . To better match the blue pants , the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue . Alternate uniforms In 1994 , the Patriots wore the `` Pat Patriot '' helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary celebration . In 2002 , NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games . The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate , complimented with the old - style `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . In 2003 , the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants . For this uniform , the `` Flying Elvis '' helmet was utilized . The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver . These uniforms were dropped after 2007 . No alternate uniform was used in 2008 . In 2009 , the red alternate was reintroduced , again accompanied by the `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game , using red numbers , in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL . The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012 . The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013 , thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets . In 2016 , the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program , wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans . Players Further information : List of New England Patriots players , List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks , and List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Current roster New England Patriots roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Tom Brady 2 Brian Hoyer Running backs 38 Brandon Bolden 46 James Develin FB 35 Mike Gillislee 28 James White Wide receivers 85 Kenny Britt 14 Brandin Cooks 13 Phillip Dorsett 11 Julian Edelman 15 Chris Hogan 19 Malcolm Mitchell 17 Bernard Reedy Tight ends 83 Dwayne Allen 88 Martellus Bennett 87 Rob Gronkowski 47 Jacob Hollister Offensive linemen 60 David Andrews C 61 Marcus Cannon T 74 Cole Croston G 66 Chase Farris G 63 Antonio Garcia T 76 Andrew Jelks T 75 Ted Karras G 69 Shaq Mason G 62 Joe Thuney G Defensive linemen 97 Alan Branch DT 90 Malcom Brown DT 70 Adam Butler DT 42 Keionta Davis DE 98 Trey Flowers DE 96 Geneo Grissom DE 93 Lawrence Guy DE 55 Eric Lee DE 95 Derek Rivers DE 99 Vincent Valentine DT 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . DE Linebackers 50 Nicholas Grigsby MLB 54 Dont'a Hightower MLB 48 Harvey Langi OLB 58 Shea McClellin OLB 52 Elandon Roberts MLB 53 Kyle Van Noy OLB Defensive backs 23 Patrick Chung SS 24 Stephon Gilmore CB 30 Duron Harmon FS 41 Cyrus Jones CB 31 Jonathan Jones CB 32 Devin McCourty FS 37 Jordan Richards SS 25 Eric Rowe CB Special teams 6 Ryan Allen P 49 Joe Cardona LS 3 Stephen Gostkowski K Reserve lists 64 James Ferentz C ( Future ) 81 Cody Hollister WR ( Future ) 26 David Jones FS ( Future ) 72 Jason King G ( Future ) 27 Ryan Lewis CB ( Future ) 84 Riley McCarron WR ( Future ) 39 Damarius Travis SS ( Future ) 82 Will Tye TE ( Future ) 22 Jomal Wiltz CB ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 80 Danny Amendola WR 29 Johnson Bademosi CB 34 Rex Burkhead RB 21 Malcolm Butler CB 43 Nate Ebner SS 71 Cameron Fleming OT 59 Marquis Flowers OLB 92 James Harrison OLB 94 Ricky Jean Francois DT 33 Dion Lewis RB 18 Matthew Slater WR 77 Nate Solder OT 68 LaAdrian Waddle OT Restricted FAs 36 Brandon King SS Exclusive - Rights FAs 64 Caleb Kidder DE Rookies in italics Roster updated February 24 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 52 Active , 9 Inactive , 15 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA John Hannah played on the Pats ' offensive line from 1973 to 1985 Retired numbers New England Patriots retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 20 Gino Cappelletti WR , K 1960 -- 1970 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 79 Jim Lee Hunt DL 1960 -- 1971 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame , established in 1991 . A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001 , before a six - year span of no selections . In 2007 , in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place , the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates , with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame . In order to be eligible , players and coaches must be retired for at least four years . Beginning in 2011 , and meeting every five years , a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame . Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009 , the Patriots ' 50th season , as a contributor . Additionally , four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers . New England Patriots Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 1991 ( Pro : 1991 ) 87 Ben Coates TE 1991 -- 1999 2008 85 Nick Buoniconti LB 1962 -- 1968 1992 ( Pro : 2001 ) 35 Jim Nance FB 1965 -- 1971 2009 20 Gino Cappelletti WR / K 1960 -- 1970 1992 39 Sam Cunningham RB 1973 -- 1982 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 1993 11 Drew Bledsoe QB 1993 -- 2001 2011 79 Jim Lee Hunt DT 1960 -- 1971 1993 56 Jon Morris 1964 -- 1974 2011 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 1993 80 Troy Brown WR / PR / CB 1993 -- 2007 2012 15 Vito `` Babe '' Parilli QB 1961 -- 1967 1993 54 Tedy Bruschi LB 1996 -- 2008 2013 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 1994 ( Pro : 1997 ) 24 Ty Law CB 1995 -- 2004 2014 14 Steve Grogan QB 1975 -- 1990 1995 55 Willie McGinest LB / DE 1994 -- 2005 2015 56 Andre Tippett LB 1982 -- 1993 1999 ( Pro : 2008 ) 65 Houston Antwine DL 1961 -- 1971 2015 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 2001 33 Kevin Faulk RB 1999 -- 2011 2016 86 Stanley Morgan WR 1977 -- 1989 2007 26 Raymond Clayborn CB 1977 - 1989 2017 Contributors No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted -- Billy Sullivan Owner & founder 1960 -- 1988 2009 -- Gil Santos Broadcaster 1972 -- 1979 , 1991 -- 2012 2013 Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots : 28 Curtis Martin , RB ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , elected in 2012 . Bill Parcells , head coach ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , elected in 2013 . 55 Junior Seau , LB ( 2006 -- 2009 ) , elected in 2015 . All - decade teams 1960s ( AFL ) In November 1971 , fans voted on a 10 - year Patriots anniversary team , which coincided with the team 's 10 years in the then - defunct American Football League : Additional selections for returner , special teamer , and coach were added in 2009 : ( show ) Boston Patriots All - 1960s Team Offense Parilli ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Garron ( RB ) Colclough ( WR ) Graham ( WR ) Whalen ( TE ) Long ( T ) Neville ( T ) Neighbors ( G ) St. Jean ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Dee ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Hunt ( DT ) Addison ( OLB ) Philpott ( OLB ) Buoniconti ( MLB ) Shonta ( CB ) Johnson ( CB ) Webb ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Garron ( Ret . ) Cappelletti ( PK ) Yewcic ( P ) Webb ( ST ) Coach Holovak 1970s , 1980s , 1990s In March 2009 , as part of the Patriots ' 50th anniversary , a group of local media and other team figures selected all - decade teams for the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 1970s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Johnson ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Vataha ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Gray ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Lenkaitis ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) McGee ( DE ) Hamilton ( NT ) Zabel ( OLB ) King ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Hunt ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Haynes ( CB ) Fox ( S ) McCray ( S ) Special Teams Herron ( Ret . ) Smith ( PK ) Patrick ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Fairbanks New England Patriots All - 1980s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Collins ( RB ) C. James ( RB ) Fryar ( WR ) Morgan ( WR ) Dawson ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Holloway ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Wooten ( G ) Brock ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Veris ( DE ) Bishop ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Blackmon ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Rembert ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Lippett ( CB ) R. James ( S ) Marion ( S ) Special Teams Fryar ( Ret . ) Franklin ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Berry New England Patriots All - 1990s Team Offense Bledsoe ( QB ) Martin ( RB ) Russell ( RB ) Glenn ( WR ) Jefferson ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Harlow ( T ) Rucci ( G ) Lane ( G ) Wohlabaugh ( C ) Defense McGinest ( DE ) Williams ( DE ) Goad ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Slade ( OLB ) Brown ( ILB ) Johnson ( ILB ) Hurst ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Clay ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Meggett ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Tupa ( P ) Whigham ( ST ) Coach Parcells 2000s On March 16 , 2010 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all - decade team for the 2000s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 2000s Team Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick Anniversary teams 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) In 1994 , a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team ( 1994 ) Offense Grogan ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Cappelletti ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) J. Hunt ( DT ) Tippett ( LB ) Buoniconti ( LB ) Nelson ( LB ) S. Hunt ( LB ) Haynes ( CB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Cappelletti ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) In 2009 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Key Table key Indicates the player was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . * Selected number one overall † Indicates the player was selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career . -- The Patriots did not draft a player in the first round that year . Year Each year links to an article about that particular AFL , Common , or NFL Draft . Pick Indicates the number of the pick within the first round Position Indicates the position of the player in the NFL College The player 's college football team Positions key Center CB Cornerback DB Defensive back DE Defensive end DL Defensive lineman DT Defensive tackle FB Fullback FS Free safety Guard HB Halfback Placekicker KR Kick returner LB Linebacker LS Long snapper OT Offensive tackle OL Offensive lineman NT Nose tackle Punter PR Punt returner QB Quarterback RB Running back Safety SS Strong safety TB Tailback TE Tight end WR Wide receiver New England Patriots first - round draft picks Year Pick Player name Position College Notes Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) 1960 -- Schwedes , Gerhard Gerhard Schwedes RB Syracuse 1961 Mason , Tommy Tommy Mason RB Tulane 1962 6 Collins , Gary Gary Collins WR Maryland 1963 7 Graham , Art Art Graham WR Boston College 1964 Concannon , Jack Jack Concannon * QB Boston College 1965 7 Rush , Jerry Jerry Rush OT Michigan State 1966 Singer , Karl Karl Singer OT Purdue 1967 21 Charles , John John Charles CB Purdue 1968 6 Byrd , Dennis Dennis Byrd DE NC State 1969 6 Sellers , Ron Ron Sellers WR Florida State 1970 Olsen , Phil Phil Olsen DT Utah State New England Patriots ( 1971 -- present ) 1971 Plunkett , Jim Jim Plunkett * QB Stanford 1972 -- -- No pick -- -- 1973 Hannah , John John Hannah ^ OG Alabama 1973 11 Cunningham , Sam Sam Cunningham † RB USC 1973 19 Stingley , Darryl Darryl Stingley WR Purdue -- -- No pick -- -- 16 Francis , Russ Russ Francis † TE Oregon 1976 5 Haynes , Mike Mike Haynes ^ CB Arizona State 1976 12 Brock , Pete Pete Brock Colorado 1976 21 Fox , Tim Tim Fox † Ohio State 1977 16 Clayborn , Raymond Raymond Clayborn † CB Texas 1977 25 Morgan , Stanley Stanley Morgan † WR Tennessee 1978 18 Cryder , Bob Bob Cryder OG Alabama 1979 25 Sanford , Rick Rick Sanford CB South Carolina 1980 14 James , Roland Roland James CB Tennessee 25 Ferguson , Vagas Vagas Ferguson RB Notre Dame 1981 19 Holloway , Brian Brian Holloway † OT Stanford 1982 Sims , Kenneth Kenneth Sims * DE Texas 27 Williams , Lester Lester Williams DT Miami ( FL ) 15 Eason , Tony Tony Eason QB Illinois 1984 Fryar , Irving Irving Fryar * WR Nebraska 1985 28 Matich , Trevor Trevor Matich BYU 1986 26 Dupard , Reggie Reggie Dupard RB SMU 23 Armstrong , Bruce Bruce Armstrong † OT Louisville 1988 17 Stephens , John John Stephens † RB Northwestern State 1989 16 Dykes , Hart Lee Hart Lee Dykes WR Oklahoma State 1990 8 Singleton , Chris Chris Singleton LB Arizona 10 Agnew , Ray Ray Agnew DE NC State 1991 11 Harlow , Pat Pat Harlow OT USC 14 Russell , Leonard Leonard Russell RB Arizona State 1992 13 Chung , Eugene Eugene Chung OT Virginia Tech 1993 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe * QB Washington State 1994 McGinest , Willie Willie McGinest † DE USC 1995 23 Law , Ty Ty Law † CB Michigan 7 Glenn , Terry Terry Glenn † WR Ohio State 1997 29 Canty , Chris Chris Canty CB Kansas State 1998 18 Edwards , Robert Robert Edwards RB Georgia 22 Jones , Tebucky Tebucky Jones CB Syracuse 1999 17 Woody , Damien Damien Woody † Boston College 28 Katzenmoyer , Andy Andy Katzenmoyer LB Ohio State 2000 -- -- No pick -- -- 2001 6 Seymour , Richard Richard Seymour † DT Georgia 2002 21 Graham , Daniel Daniel Graham TE Colorado 2003 13 Warren , Ty Ty Warren DT Texas A&M 21 Wilfork , Vince Vince Wilfork † DT Miami ( FL ) 32 Watson , Benjamin Benjamin Watson TE Georgia 2005 32 Mankins , Logan Logan Mankins † OG Fresno State 2006 21 Maroney , Laurence Laurence Maroney RB Minnesota 2007 24 Meriweather , Brandon Brandon Meriweather † Miami ( FL ) 2008 10 Mayo , Jerod Jerod Mayo † LB Tennessee 2009 -- -- No pick -- -- 27 McCourty , Devin Devin McCourty † CB / S Rutgers 2011 17 Solder , Nate Nate Solder OT Colorado 2012 21 Jones , Chandler Chandler Jones † DE Syracuse 25 Hightower , Dont'aDont'a Hightower † LB Alabama 2013 -- -- No pick -- -- 2014 29 Easley , Dominique Dominique Easley DT Florida 2015 32 Brown , Malcom Malcom Brown DT Texas 2016 -- -- No pick -- -- 2017 -- -- No pick -- -- Staff Head coaches Main article : List of New England Patriots head coaches # Number of coaches GC Games coached Wins Losses Ties Win % Winning percentage 00 † Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach 00 ‡ Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player 00 * Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Patriots Note : Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2016 NFL season . # Name Term Regular season Playoffs Awards Reference GC Win % GC Boston Patriots Lou Saban 1960 -- 1961 19 7 12 0 . 368 -- -- -- Mike Holovak 1961 -- 1968 107 52 46 9 . 528 UPI AFL Coach of the Year ( 1966 ) Clive Rush * 1969 -- 1970 21 5 16 0 . 238 -- -- -- John Mazur * 1970 7 6 0 . 143 -- -- -- New England Patriots -- John Mazur * 1971 -- 1972 23 8 15 0 . 348 -- -- -- 5 Phil Bengtson 1972 5 0 . 200 -- -- -- 6 Chuck Fairbanks * 1973 -- 1978 85 46 39 0 . 541 0 UPI NFL Coach of the Year ( 1976 ) Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year ( 1976 ) 7 Ron Erhardt 1979 -- 1981 49 21 28 0 . 428 -- -- -- 8 Ron Meyer 1982 -- 1984 33 18 15 0 . 545 0 9 Raymond Berry * ‡ 1984 -- 1989 * 87 48 39 0 . 551 5 UPI NFL Coach of the Year ( 1985 ) AFC Championship ( 1985 ) 10 Rod Rust * 1990 16 15 0 . 062 -- -- -- 11 Dick MacPherson * 1991 -- 1992 32 8 24 0 . 250 -- -- -- 12 Bill Parcells 1993 -- 1996 64 32 32 0 . 500 AP NFL Coach of the Year ( 1994 ) Pro Football Weekly NFL Coach of the Year ( 1994 ) Maxwell Football Club NFL Coach of the Year ( 1994 ) UPI NFL Coach of the Year ( 1994 ) AFC Championship ( 1996 ) 13 Pete Carroll 1997 -- 1999 48 27 21 0 . 562 14 Bill Belichick 2000 -- present 272 201 71 0 . 739 34 25 9 AP NFL Coach of the Year ( 2003 , 2007 , 2010 ) Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year ( 2003 ) Pro Football Weekly NFL Coach of the Year ( 2003 ) Maxwell Football Club NFL Coach of the Year ( 2007 ) 5 Super Bowl Championships ( 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2014 , 2016 ) 8 AFC Championships ( 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Current staff New England Patriots staff Front office Chairman / CEO -- Robert Kraft President -- Jonathan Kraft General Manager -- Bill Belichick Director of Player Personnel -- Nick Caserio Director of College Scouting -- Monti Ossenfort Director of Pro Personnel -- Dave Ziegler Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brian Smith Director of Scouting Administration -- Nancy Meier Football Research Director -- Ernie Adams Director of Football / Head Coach Administration -- Berj Najarian Head Coach Head Coach -- Bill Belichick Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks Coach -- Josh McDaniels Assistant Quarterbacks -- Jerry Schuplinski Running Backs -- Ivan Fears Wide Receivers -- Chad O'Shea Tight Ends -- Nick Caley Offensive Line -- Dante Scarnecchia Offensive Assistant -- Cole Popovich Coaching Assistant -- DeMarcus Covington Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Vacant Defensive Line -- Brendan Daly Linebackers -- Brian Flores Cornerbacks -- Josh Boyer Safeties -- Steve Belichick Defensive Assistant -- Mike Pellegrino Coaching Assistant -- Brian Belichick Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Joe Judge Assistant Special Teams -- Vacant Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Moses Cabrera Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- James Hardy → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Culture Cheerleaders and mascot Main article : New England Patriots Cheerleaders The Patriots Cheerleaders performing a routine in 2007 The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders . In 2005 , cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts , in part from her local commitment with the Patriots . The Patriots ' mascot is Pat Patriot , a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey . The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia . During each game , about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone . When the Patriots score a touchdown , field goal , point - after - touchdown or safety , the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets . Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX , said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does , specifically 200 grains , in order to be heard throughout the stadium . ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007 . Radio and television Main article : List of New England Patriots broadcasters The Patriots ' flagship radio station is WBZ - FM 98.5 FM , owned by CBS Radio . The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network , whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states . Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season . Santos was replaced by Bob Socci . Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst , and in 2013 , he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator . Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS 's O&O WBZ - TV , who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games ; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the `` CBS Scene '' bar / restaurant . During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team , the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT - TV , and NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by the `` NBC Boston '' network of stations led by WBTS - LD . Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB - TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009 . Don Criqui was play - by - play announcer for the 1995 -- 2012 seasons , with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter . Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009 . See also American football portal The Kraft Group Notes and references Jump up ^ `` The History of the New England Patriots '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Patriots Logo and Uniform '' . New England Patriots. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palma , Briana ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` How much do you know about the Patriots ? '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Dates -- Patriots History '' . New England Patriots . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` For this dandy doodle , designer was more like a 30 - minute man '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship instant analysis : Patriots pound Steelers to reach another Super Bowll '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Here 's How the Patriots Won Their Fifth Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots win wild , historic Super Bowl '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/nfl/2018/01/22/eagles-patriots-super-bowl-52-nick-foles-tom-brady-peter-king-mmqb Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Passing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Rushing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Receiving Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Scoring Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Time Coaching Wins '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Exactly Will History Judge Parcells ? ( Pt 3 ) '' . patsfans.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bisman , Neil ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` History Fuels Rivalry Between Jets and Patriots '' . NBC New York . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin W. Ryan ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Best Moments of the Jets - Pats Rivalry '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jets - Patriots rivalry through the years ( Belichick resigns as head coach ) '' . Newsday . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jets hire Mangini as head coach '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Humiliated in a New York Minute '' . The New York Times . November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boxscore finder : Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts vs New England Patriots '' . Pro Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts - Recap - November 4 , 2007 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - November 21 , 2010 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts at New England Patriots - November 18th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - January 12 , 2014 '' . ESPN . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` New England Beats Indianapolis 45 - 7 In AFC Championship : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . Jump up ^ `` New Bills coach Rex Ryan says Patriots still his top target - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A closer look at the Patriots - Ravens rivalry '' . Boston.com . December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Baltimore Ravens 12 / 03 / 2007 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 04 / 2009 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Wild Card Round : Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 17 / 2010 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 AFC Championship Game Rapid Reaction '' . ESPN . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Torey Smith 's brother dies in a motorcycle crash '' . USA Today . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Baltimore Ravens - September 23rd , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick to receive fine Wednesday for grabbing referee '' . National Football League . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Golen , Jimmy ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens Win AFC Championship Game , Hold Off Patriots in Rematch to Reach Super Bowl '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots -- Box Score -- January 10 , 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL was ready to check New England Patriots ' footballs against Colts , report says - Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Colts Raised Concerns About Under - Inflated Balls After Game vs. Patriots in Indianapolis '' . Boston.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` What the heck is Deflategate anyway ? '' . CNN . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wells Jr. , Theodore V. ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Wells Report '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Borges , Ron ( September 1 , 2000 ) . `` Coming to terms with the system '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guregian , Karen ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Scott Pioli starts life as lone boss in Kansas City '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Versatile Vrabel vaults into Super Bowl lore '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( January 24 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots all about the rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 3 New England Patriots '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` The NFL 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports '' . Gillette Stadium . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Select FieldTurf for Gillette Stadium '' . FieldTurf . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Place '' . Patriot Place . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` New England Patriots debut new , bolder logo '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots ' Uniform Evolves From Flying Elvis Over The Years '' . NESN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` The untold story behind the Patriots logo '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms : New England Patriots '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Patriots ' Uniform '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New NFL Safety Rule Forbids Alternate Helmets '' . Bleacher Report . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Angelique ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Check out the 2016 Patriots Color Rush Jerseys '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Coates elected to Patriots Hall of Fame '' . New England Patriots . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place Presented by Raytheon Hall of Fame ! '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Hall of Fame Senior Selection Committee formed '' . New England Patriots . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Sullivan inducted into team 's Hall '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Anniversary Teams '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots All - Decade teams announced '' . New England Patriots . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Decade Team '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Saban '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gruver , Ed ( 1997 ) . The American Football League : A Year - by - year History , 1960 -- 1969 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . p. 276 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0399 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Holovak '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Rush '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Grossfeld , Stan ( 2005 - 12 - 01 ) . `` For Mazur , the scars remain '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Phil Bengtson was the interim head coach for five games during the 1972 season . Jump up ^ Bengtson , Phil . `` New England Patriots ( 1960 -- present ) '' . sports e-cyclopedia . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Chuck Fairbanks was suspended for the last game of the 1978 regular season . He was reinstated for the playoffs , and lost in the first round . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Fairbanks Head Coach '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Fairbanks '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ron Erhardt 's record includes one game where he shared head coaching duties with Hank Bullough during Chuck Fairbanks 1978 suspension . His first official year as head coach of the Patriots was 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Erhardt '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Meyer '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond Berry '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond Berry '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Rust '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dick MacPherson '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Parcells '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Parcells '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Carroll '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Cheerleaders and Appearances '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN . Josh Pahigian . December 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Media Center -- Radio Stations '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Further reading Fox , Larry ( 1979 ) . The New England Patriots : Triumph & Tragedy . Macmillan Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10992 - X Hyldburg , Bob ( 2009 ) . Total Patriots : The Definitive Encyclopedia of the World - Class Franchise . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 099 - 7 Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriot Reign : Bill Belichick , the Coaches , and the Players Who Built a Champion . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 Price , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Blueprint : How the New England Patriots Beat the System to Create the Last Great NFL Superpower . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36838 - 0 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 1 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 5 - 2 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 2 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 8 - 7 Glennon , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Good , the Bad & the Ugly New England Patriots : Heart - pounding , Jaw - dropping , and Gut - wrenching Moments from New England Patriots History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 118 - 7 Felger , Michael ( 2004 ) . Tales from the Patriots Sideline . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 525 - X Donaldson , Jim ( 2009 ) . Then Belichick Said to Brady : The Best New England Patriots Stories Ever Told . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 239 - 6 Donaldson , Jim ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New England Patriots . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3788 - 3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Patriots . Official website Works by or about New England Patriots in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` New England Patriots collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	new england patriots are from what us state	[ "The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region. The Patriots compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Boston, Massachusetts and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium." ]	[ "Massachusetts" ]
3877198265077954744	Sealed with a Kiss	Sealed with a Kiss - wikipedia Sealed with a Kiss Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sealed with a kiss ( disambiguation ) . `` Sealed with a Kiss '' Single by The Four Voices B - side `` You 're All There Is '' Released May 1960 Genre Pop Length 2 : 03 Songwriter ( s ) Peter Udell , Gary Geld The Four Voices singles chronology `` Tell Me You Love Me , Tell Me You 're Mine '' ( 1958 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' ( 1960 ) `` Tell Me You Love Me , Tell Me You 're Mine '' ( 1958 ) `` Sealed With a Kiss '' ( 1960 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' Single by Brian Hyland from the album Sealed with a Kiss B - side `` Summer Job '' `` Ginny Come Lately '' Released June 1962 Genre Pop Length 2 : 38 Label ABC Records - Paramount Songwriter ( s ) Peter Udell , Gary Geld Brian Hyland singles chronology `` Ginny Come Lately '' ( 1962 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' ( 1962 ) `` Warmed Over Kisses ( Left Over Love ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Ginny Come Lately '' ( 1962 ) `` Sealed With a Kiss '' ( 1962 ) `` Warmed Over Kisses ( Left Over Love ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' Single by Gary Lewis and the Playboys from the album Gary Lewis Now ! B - side `` Sara Jane '' Released 1968 Genre Pop Length 2 : 22 Label Liberty Songwriter ( s ) Peter Udell , Gary Geld Producer ( s ) Snuff Garrett Gary Lewis and the Playboys singles chronology `` Has She Got The Nicest Eyes '' ( 1967 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' ( 1968 ) `` Main Street '' ( 1968 ) `` Has She Got The Nicest Eyes '' ( 1967 ) `` Sealed With a Kiss '' ( 1968 ) `` Main Street '' ( 1968 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' German 7 '' vinyl single Single by Bobby Vinton from the album Sealed with a Kiss B - side `` All My Life '' Released 1972 Genre Pop Length 2 : 48 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Peter Udell , Gary Geld Producer ( s ) Bobby Vinton Bobby Vinton singles chronology `` Ev'ry Day of My Life '' ( 1972 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' ( 1972 ) `` But I Do '' ( 1972 ) `` Ev'ry Day of My Life '' ( 1972 ) `` Sealed With a Kiss '' ( 1972 ) `` But I Do '' ( 1972 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' is a song written by Peter Udell and Gary Geld and was most successful as a 1962 hit single for Brian Hyland , who recalls Geld saying the song was `` based on , but not totally based on , a Bach finger exercise ( see five - finger exercise ) . '' The original recording of `` Sealed With a Kiss '' was that by The Four Voices which was released as a single in May of 1960 without becoming a hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brian Hyland version 1.1 Chart performance 2 Gary Lewis and the Playboys version 2.1 Chart performance 3 Bobby Vinton version 4 Jason Donovan version 4.1 Chart performance 5 Notable cover versions 6 References 7 External links Brian Hyland version ( edit ) In 1962 , Brian Hyland , who often performed Udell and Geld 's material , covered the song . Hyland 's single began its run on June 6 , 1962 and became a hit , reaching No. 3 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . The personnel on the original Brian Hyland recording included Mundell Lowe , Al Caiola on guitar , Gary Geld on piano , George Duvivier on bass , Blackie Shackner on harmonica and Gary Chester on drums and Sticks Evans and Al Rogers on percussion . When re-released in 1975 , Hyland 's recording charted in the UK at No. 7 . Hyland also recorded a version in German . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Singles ( Billboard Hot 100 ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Gary Lewis and the Playboys version ( edit ) Gary Lewis & the Playboys covered the song in 1968 on the album Gary Lewis Now ! . Their cover version of the single was a Billboard Hot 100 No. 19 hit . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Australia 74 Canada RPM Top Singles 7 US ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 19 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 32 Bobby Vinton version ( edit ) A third Top 40 Hot 100 version came in 1972 , when Bobby Vinton released a single , reaching No. 19 in the Billboard singles chart . This version also placed high on Billboard 's adult contemporary chart ( # 2 ) . Vinton arranged the song himself , with a modern sound including a unique bongo opening that made the song stand out from the pack . The success of the single led to the release of an album , also titled Sealed With A Kiss that charted as a best seller . This single , which was a follow up to `` Every Day of My Life '' marked a Vinton comeback in 1972 , with the artist appearing on American Bandstand and other television shows on the strength of the single . Billboard ranked it as the No. 87 song for 1972 . Vinton 's recording was used in both the trailer and end credits of the 2007 horror film All the Boys Love Mandy Lane . Jason Donovan version ( edit ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' Single by Jason Donovan from the album Ten Good Reasons B - side `` Just Call Me Up '' Released 29 May 1989 Format CD maxi , 7 '' single Genre Pop Length 2 : 28 Label PWL Songwriter ( s ) Peter Udell , Gary Geld Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman Jason Donovan singles chronology `` Too Many Broken Hearts '' ( 1989 ) `` Sealed with a Kiss '' ( 1989 ) `` Every Day ( I Love You More ) '' ( 1989 ) `` Too Many Broken Hearts '' ( 1989 ) `` Sealed With a Kiss '' ( 1989 ) `` Every Day ( I Love You More ) '' ( 1989 ) Music video `` Sealed with a Kiss '' on YouTube In 1989 , Jason Donovan released a cover version as the third single from his debut album , Ten Good Reasons . His version went straight into the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for two weeks , also reaching the top in Finland and Ireland . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Notable cover versions ( edit ) The American R&B all - girl trio The Toys covered it in 1968 reaching number 43 on the U.S. R&B charts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moser , John J. `` INTERVIEW : ' Sealed with a Kiss ' singer Brian Hyland , coming to Easton 's State Theatre , says ' American Bandstand ' lineup 's hits are all ' masterpieces ' '' . Mccall.com . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ James Christopher Monger ( 1996 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Teen Dreams - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny ( 1943 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Brian Hyland Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Sealed with a Kiss '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Lewis & the Playboys Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1968 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Vinton Awards '' . AllMusic. 1935 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1972 Jump up ^ `` Ten Good Reasons - Jason Donovan Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jason Donovan -- Sealed with a Kiss '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jason Donovan -- Sealed with a Kiss '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jason Donovan -- Sealed with a Kiss '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jason Donovan -- Sealed with a Kiss '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jason Donovan Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jason Donovan '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jason Donovan -- Sealed with a Kiss '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Jason Donovan -- Sealed with a Kiss '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jason Donovan -- Sealed with a Kiss '' . Swiss Singles Chart . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Achievements Preceded by `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' by The Christians , Paul McCartney , Gerry Marsden & Stock , Aitken and Waterman UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Jason Donovan version ) June 4 , 1989 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) '' by Soul II Soul feat . Caron Wheeler ( hide ) Jason Donovan Studio albums Ten Good Reasons Between the Lines All Around the World Let It Be Me Soundtrack of the 80s Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 1991 ) Greatest Hits ( 2006 ) Singles `` Especially for You '' `` Too Many Broken Hearts '' `` Sealed with a Kiss '' `` Every Day ( I Love You More ) '' `` When You Come Back to Me '' `` Rhythm of the Rain '' `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Happy Together '' `` As Time Goes By '' Related topics Stock Aitken Waterman Scott Robinson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sealed_with_a_Kiss&oldid=829189370 '' Categories : Songs with music by Gary Geld Songs with lyrics by Peter Udell 1962 singles 1968 singles 1972 singles 1989 singles Song recordings produced by Stock Aitken Waterman Brian Hyland songs Gary Lewis & the Playboys songs Bobby Vinton songs Jason Donovan songs The Lettermen songs The Toys songs Bobby Vee songs Mud ( band ) songs The Shadows songs Agnetha Fältskog songs Chris de Burgh songs Shelley Fabares songs Spanky and Our Gang songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles The Flying Pickets songs 1960 songs Epic Records singles Pete Waterman Entertainment singles Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 04 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song sealed with a kiss	[ "\"Sealed with a Kiss\" is a song written by Peter Udell and Gary Geld and was most successful as a 1962 hit single for Brian Hyland, who recalls Geld saying the song was \"based on, but not totally based on, a Bach finger exercise (see five-finger exercise).\"[1] The original recording of \"Sealed With a Kiss\" was that by The Four Voices which was released as a single in May of 1960 without becoming a hit.[2]", "\"Sealed with a Kiss\" is a song written by Peter Udell and Gary Geld and was most successful as a 1962 hit single for Brian Hyland, who recalls Geld saying the song was \"based on, but not totally based on, a Bach finger exercise (see five-finger exercise).\"[1] The original recording of \"Sealed With a Kiss\" was that by The Four Voices which was released as a single in May of 1960 without becoming a hit.[2]" ]	[ "Peter Udell", "Gary Geld" ]
-605513368292554053	History of WWE	History of WWE - wikipedia History of WWE World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc . Acronym WWE Founded January 7 , 1952 Style Professional wrestling Sports entertainment Headquarters Stamford , Connecticut Founder ( s ) Jess McMahon Toots Mondt Parent Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. ( 1952 -- 1982 ) Titan Sports , Inc. ( 1982 -- 1998 ) World Wrestling Federation , Inc. ( 1998 ) World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. ( 1999 -- 2002 ) World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. ( 2002 -- present ) Formerly Capitol Wrestling Corporation World Wide Wrestling Federation World Wrestling Federation The history of WWE dates back to the early 1950s when it was founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt in 1952 as Capitol Wrestling Corporation ( CWC ) . It underwent numerous name changes throughout the years , from World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) to World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) to World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) in 2002 . WWE is the largest professional wrestling company in the world . It has promoted some of the most successful wrestlers and storylines , and featured some of the most iconic and significant matches and moments in the history of the sport . WWE currently airs several high - profile programs such as Raw and SmackDown in more than 150 countries , hosts 12 pay - per - view events a year including WrestleMania , and holds approximately 320 live events a year throughout the world . In 2014 , WWE launched the first ever 24 / 7 streaming network which would eventually showcase the entire WWE video library . Contents 1 World Wide Wrestling Federation 1.1 1963 -- 1979 : WWWF 2 World Wrestling Federation 2.1 1979 -- 1982 : Transition 2.2 1982 -- 1993 : The Golden Era 2.3 1993 -- 1997 : New Generation Era 2.4 1997 -- 2002 : The Attitude Era 2.4. 1 2001 -- 2002 : The Alliance Invasion and the nWo 3 World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc . ( WWE ) 3.1 2002 -- 2008 : Ruthless Aggression Era 3.1. 1 2005 : Money in the Bank 3.1. 2 2005 -- 2006 : The return of ECW 3.2 2008 -- 2013 : PG Era 3.2. 1 2010 : Launch of NXT 3.3 2014 -- 2016 : The Reality Era 3.4 2016 -- present : The `` New '' Era 4 Other 4.1 WWE Online 4.2 Death of Owen Hart 4.3 Legends program and the WWE Hall of Fame 4.4 Death of Eddie Guerrero 4.5 Chris Benoit 's double - murder and suicide 4.6 Social media and WWE HD 4.7 WWE Network 4.8 Pink Ribbon campaigning 4.9 Backstage harassment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links World Wide Wrestling Federation ( edit ) 1963 -- 1979 : WWWF ( edit ) The official WWWF logo from 1963 to 1979 The National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) recognized an undisputed NWA World Heavyweight Champion that went to several different professional wrestling promotions in the NWA . The championship was defended around the world . The NWA generally promoted strong shooters as champions , to give their worked sport credibility and guard against double - crosses . While doing strong business in the Midwest ( the NWA 's core region ) , these wrestlers attracted little interest in the Capitol Wrestling Corporation territory . In 1961 , the NWA board decided instead to put the championship on bleach blond showman `` Nature Boy '' Buddy Rogers , a much more effective drawing card in the region . The rest of the NWA was unhappy with Mondt because he rarely allowed Rogers to wrestle outside of the Northeast . Mondt and McMahon wanted Rogers to keep the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , but Rogers was unwilling to sacrifice his $25,000 deposit on the championship belt ( championship holders at the time had to pay a deposit to insure they honored their commitments as champion ) . Rogers lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Lou Thesz in a one - fall match in Toronto , Ontario , Canada on January 24 , 1963 , which led to Mondt , McMahon , and the CWC leaving the NWA in protest , creating the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) in the process . In April 25 that year , Rogers was awarded the new WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , supposedly winning an apocryphal tournament in Rio de Janeiro . He lost the championship to Bruno Sammartino a month later on May 17 , 1963 , after suffering a heart attack shortly before the match . To accommodate Rogers ' condition , the match was booked to last under a minute . Bruno Sammartino ( right ) is the all - time longest - reigning WWWF World Heavyweight Champion and one of the most prolific wrestlers in the sport André the Giant ( middle right ) , King Kong Bundy ( center ) , Hillbilly Jim ( right turnbuckle ) , and Big John Studd ( middle corner ) Sammartino would retain the title for seven years , eight months and one day ( 2,803 days ) , making his the longest continuous world championship reign in men 's wrestling history . Although Sammartino was the face of the WWWF , wrestlers such as Superstar Billy Graham and Bob Backlund were also hugely popular . The WWWF gained notoriety in the 1970s by holding their biggest shows at Shea Stadium or Madison Square Garden and doing strong business across the entire Northeast megalopolis . They leveraged former , but still popular , wrestlers such as Captain Lou Albano , `` Grand Wizard of Wrestling '' Ernie Roth and `` Classy '' Freddie Blassie to act as managers for Sammartino 's heel ( villainous ) opponents . At this time , only babyface ( fan favorite ) wrestlers were allowed to have long championship reigns , such as Bruno Sammartino , Pedro Morales and Bob Backlund , who all retained for more than one year each . The heel champions , such as Ivan Koloff and Stan Stasiak , were used to `` transition '' the championship from one wrestler to another , and they generally kept the title for no more a single month - long program before dropping it to the next babyface . Graham was the only heel character to keep his championship for longer than one month , as the WWWF felt it needed time to build Backlund up as championship material . The WWWF was relatively conservative for promotions of its day ; running its major arenas monthly rather than weekly or bi-weekly . Programs generally involved a babyface champion facing a heel challenger for one to three meetings in each scheduled town ; for longer programs the heel would often win the first match in a non-decisive manner such as a countout or via excessive blood loss , and the champion would then retain in an ultraviolent blow - off match such as a steel cage match or Texas Death match . Unlike most of the NWA territories , the main event would occur in the middle of the arena show cards , allowing the company to build upon the match 's finish in order to sell tickets to the next event ; reliable , popular workers such as Chief Jay Strongbow would then wrestle at the end of the show to send the crowd home happy . The WWWF also featured popular wrestlers based out of non-WWWF territories such as Dusty Rhodes and retained the services of ( at the time ) the most popular and highly paid wrestler in the world , André the Giant , in between his territorial and international obligations . Toots Mondt left the WWWF in the late sixties , and Vincent J. McMahon assumed complete control of the organization in 1971 . Later that year , The Mongols created controversy after they left the WWWF with the WWWF International Tag Team Championship . The championship would be considered inactive as a result until Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler won a tournament to claim the championship . They then defeated the Mongols in November 1971 , voiding any claim The Mongols had to the championship . In March 1979 , for marketing purposes , the World Wide Wrestling Federation was renamed the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . World Wrestling Federation ( edit ) 1979 -- 1982 : transition ( edit ) In 1980 , Vincent K. McMahon , the son of Vincent J. McMahon , founded Titan Sports , Inc. and applied trademarks for the initials `` WWF '' . 1982 -- 1993 : the Golden era ( edit ) Main article : 1980s professional wrestling boom Vince McMahon , the owner of WWE In 1983 , McMahon purchased Capitol Sports , the parent company of WWF , from his father and associates Gorilla Monsoon and Arnold Skaaland . Seeking to make WWF the premier wrestling promotion in the world , he began an expansion process that fundamentally changed the industry . In an interview with Sports Illustrated , McMahon noted : `` In the old days , there were wrestling fiefdoms all over the country , each with its own little lord in charge . Each little lord respected the rights of his neighboring little lord . No takeovers or raids were allowed . There were maybe 30 of these tiny kingdoms in the U.S. and if I had n't bought out my dad , there would still be 30 of them , fragmented and struggling . I , of course , had no allegiance to those little lords . '' Upon taking over the company , McMahon immediately worked to get WWF programming on syndicated television all across the United States . This angered other promoters and disrupted the well - established boundaries of the different wrestling promotions . In addition , the company used income generated by advertising , television deals , and tape sales to secure talent from rival promoters . Capitol Sports already controlled most of the northeastern territory , but the younger McMahon wanted WWF to be a national wrestling promotion ; something the NWA did not approve of . He shortly defected his promotion from the NWA , much like the American Wrestling Association , which controlled the U.S. Northern Midwest . To become a national promotion , WWF would have to become bigger than AWA or any NWA promotion . McMahon 's vision for his promotion was starting to become possible when he signed AWA talent Hulk Hogan , who had achieved popularity outside of wrestling -- notably for his appearance in Rocky III as Thunderlips . McMahon signed Rowdy Roddy Piper as Hogan 's rival , and shortly afterward signed Jesse `` The Body '' Ventura . Other significant wrestlers who were part of the roster included : Big John Studd , André the Giant , Jimmy `` Superfly '' Snuka , `` The Magnificent '' Don Muraco , Junkyard Dog , `` Mr. Wonderful '' Paul Orndorff , Greg `` The Hammer '' Valentine , Ricky `` The Dragon '' Steamboat , and Nikolai Volkoff . In 1984 , Hogan was pushed to main event status . He defeated WWF Heavyweight Champion The Iron Sheik at Madison Square Garden on January 23 , 1984 and thus evolved into one of the most recognizable and popular faces in professional wrestling . Hulk Hogan ( left ) , Sergeant Slaughter ( centre ) and Brutus Beefcake ( right ) were mainstays of 1980 's WWF wrestling With reasonable revenue being made , McMahon was able to secure television deals , and WWF was being shown across the United States . McMahon also began selling videotapes of WWF events outside the Northeast through his Coliseum Video distribution company , again angering other promoters . The syndication of WWF programming forced promotions to engage in direct competition with the WWF . The increased revenue allowed McMahon to sign more talent , such as Brutus Beefcake , Tito Santana , Jake `` The Snake '' Roberts , Butch Reed , and `` Hacksaw '' Jim Duggan . However , for McMahon to truly turn WWF into a national promotion , he needed to have WWF touring the entire United States . Such a venture was impossible with the revenue WWF currently had , so McMahon envisioned a way to obtain the necessary capital through a risky all - or - nothing gamble on a supercard concept called WrestleMania in 1985 . WrestleMania would be a pay - per - view extravaganza , viewable on closed - circuit television and marketed as the Super Bowl of professional wrestling . WrestleMania was not the first supercard seen in professional wrestling , as the NWA had previously ran Starrcade in 1983 . However , McMahon 's vision was to make WWF and the industry itself mainstream , targeting more of the general television audience by exploiting the entertainment side of the industry . With the inaugural WrestleMania , WWF initiated a joint - promotional campaign with MTV , which featured a great deal of WWF coverage and programming , in what was termed the Rock ' n ' Wrestling Connection . The mainstream media attention brought on by celebrities including Muhammad Ali , Mr. T and Cyndi Lauper at the event helped propel WrestleMania to become a staple in popular culture , and the use of celebrities has been a staple of the company to the present day . With the success of WrestleMania , other promotions which tried hard to keep the regional territory system alive started to merge under Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) . Starrcade and The Great American Bash were the JCP versions of WrestleMania , but even when operating inside of its territory , JCP had trouble matching the success of WWF . After Ted Turner purchased majority of JCP 's assets , the promotion would become World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , providing WWF with a competitor until 2001 , when WCW and its trademarks were purchased by WWF . WrestleMania would become an annual pay - per - view phenomenon , being broadcast in nearly 150 countries and in almost 20 different languages . Perhaps the peak of the 1980s wrestling boom was WrestleMania III at the Pontiac Silverdome , which set an attendance record of 93,173 . In the main event Hulk Hogan retained the WWF Championship against André the Giant . McMahon used the success of WrestleMania to create more pay - per - views and traditions such as SummerSlam , Survivor Series and the Royal Rumble , the latter two both receiving their names from unique stipulation matches featured at the event . McMahon 's focus on entertainment rather than giving his product a legitimate sports feel , the policy that became the concept of sports entertainment , led to great financial success for WWF . During the 1980s , Hulk Hogan would crossover into mainstream prominence presented as an all - American hero . Hogan 's time as the face of the WWF would last until he departed from the company in the summer of 1993 . Other stars such as `` Macho Man '' Randy Savage , `` Rowdy '' Roddy Piper , The Ultimate Warrior , The Honky Tonk Man , `` Million Dollar Man '' Ted DiBiase , and others also helped make WWF a financial success in this time period . Jim Duggan won the first ever Royal Rumble match in 1988 . While these talents were recognizable as individuals , some talent became better known for their teamwork as part of tag teams . Stables or groups such as Demolition , Strike Force , The Hart Foundation , The British Bulldogs , The Rockers and The Fabulous Rougeaus helped create a strong tag team division for WWF . Towards the end of the `` Golden Age '' , Bret Hart of the Hart Foundation began to break out on his own as a singles competitor , with his most memorable match early on taking place at SummerSlam in 1992 against `` The British Bulldog '' Davey Boy Smith . Hart would eventually capture the WWF World Heavyweight Championship from Ric Flair later that year and would win the King of the Ring tournament the following year . In January 1993 , WWF created their prime time cable TV program Monday Night Raw , which aired on the USA Network . 1993 -- 1997 : New Generation era ( edit ) Logo used for the era from 1995 - 1997 Sycho Sid was one of WWF 's big names during the 1990s , managing to earn the WWF World Heavyweight Championship by defeating the champion at the time , Shawn Michaels . In 1991 , it was reported that Hulk Hogan , Roddy Piper , Rick Martel , Brian Blair , and Dan Spivey were to testify that they had purchased steroids from WWF physician Dr. George T. Zahorian , who was being charged with the illegal distribution of the drug . Two years later , Vince McMahon was indicted due to his connection to Zahorian , and faced a possible eight - year prison term and a $500,000 fine if convicted . The trial began on July 7 , 1994 , with the prosecutor , who promised to expose `` the dark , corrupt underbelly '' of WWF , claimed McMahon distributed steroids `` like candy '' and pressured wrestlers into taking the drug . Wrestler Nailz testified that McMahon had once said to him : `` I strongly suggest you go on the gas '' . Days later , Hogan admitted that steroid use amongst WWF wrestlers was common , but denied ever being pressured into doing so by McMahon . A week later , McMahon was acquitted of all charges , and was quoted as saying `` I 'm elated . Just like in wrestling , in the end the good guys always win '' . With business down in 1992 because of bad press from the steroid scandal , Vince McMahon began pushing younger talent into the spotlight over the next several years . By mid 1993 , Bret `` Hit Man '' Hart , Shawn Michaels , The Undertaker , Razor Ramon , Diesel , Lex Luger , The 1 -- 2 -- 3 Kid , Owen Hart and others all became the stars of what the WWF eventually branded as the `` New Generation '' . Hulk Hogan would leave the company in the summer of 1993 and Hart would become one of the most popular stars of this period until his departure in 1997 . Meanwhile , competition between the major wrestling companies increased . In 1994 , WCW signed Hulk Hogan and other former WWF stars to multi-year contracts , and in 1995 launched Monday Nitro on TNT , to go head to head with Raw , starting the Monday Night Wars . By mid-1996 , with the introduction of the New World Order ( nWo ) , a stable led by former WWF wrestlers Hulk Hogan , Scott Hall ( Razor Ramon ) , and Kevin Nash ( Diesel ) , Nitro started a near two years of ratings domination . More talent left WWF to go to WCW , including Ted DiBiase , Curt Hennig , reigning WWF Women 's Champion Alundra Blayze and The 1 - 2 - 3 Kid while Bret Hart decided to stay with the WWF in spite of a lucrative offer by WCW . At Badd Blood : In Your House in 1997 the first Hell in a Cell match would be held between The Undertaker and Shawn Michaels , which Michaels won after interference from Undertaker 's storyline half brother Kane . The Hell in a Cell match has since become one of the most popular gimmick match in wrestling history . 1997 -- 2002 : the Attitude era ( edit ) Main article : Attitude Era Logo December 1997 -- May 2002 In 1997 , Vince McMahon responded to WCW 's big success by taking the WWF in a different direction with more realistic characters and edgier storylines . Rising stars included the D - Generation X group ( consisting of Shawn Michaels , Triple H , Rick Rude and Chyna ) and Stone Cold Steve Austin , whose rise to popularity began with his 1996 King of the Ring win and famous `` Austin 3 : 16 '' speech . Despite starting out as a villain , Austin 's popularity would start to gradually exceed those of the top fan favorites in the promotion . At Survivor Series in November 1997 , WWF debuted the `` scratch '' logo which would be the company 's signature throughout the Attitude Era and on December 15 , 1997 , Vince McMahon aired a promo on Raw Is War addressing the audience on the company embarking on a `` more innovative and contemporary campaign '' , which would advise parent discretion for a younger audience . This same episode also marked the beginning of the scratch logo being officially used for WWF television broadcasts and went into full effect on March 2 , 1998 . WrestleMania XIV marked the last time that the New Generation logo was used . In 1997 , McMahon also informed Bret Hart that he could not longer afford to pay him what his contract stated , and suggested that he go back to the more lucrative deal that WCW had offered him . Hart signed with WCW but a behind - the - scenes controversy developed over Hart 's final matches , resulting in the Montreal Screwjob . Hart was defending the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Shawn Michaels at 1997 Survivor Series , when McMahon ordered the referee to award the match and the championship to Michaels as if Hart had submitted . While Hart went on to WCW , McMahon received enormous backlash from the media , wrestlers and fans alike , inspiring him to create the Mr. McMahon character , a villainous extension of his status as promoter . Following Hart 's departure the company implemented a heavy push of popular anti hero character , Stone Cold Steve Austin whose popularity was rising and was similar to Hulk Hogan 's popularity in the 1980s . During an angle involving Mike Tyson at WrestleMania XIV in March 1998 , Austin became WWF Champion by beating Shawn Michaels , giving rise to the Austin era and the despotic Mr. McMahon character which began a long - lasting feud with Austin this feud would be very important in the WWF turning the tides in the ratings war with rival company WCW . Later in the year , new talent began to emerge for WWF : The Rock , Triple H , Mick Foley , and Kane strengthened WWF 's singles division while stables such as D - Generation X and the Nation of Domination , helped the fight against rival company WCW . Stone Cold Steve Austin is often called one of the most popular stars in WWE history WWF rebounded in its ratings and popularity , with Raw Is War finally beating Nitro for the first time in 84 weeks on April 13 , 1998 . Ratings would continue to rise through 1998 and 1999 a 12 - minute match between Stone Cold Steve Austin and the Undertaker drew a 9.5 rating on June 28 , 1999 . It currently stands as the highest - rated segment in Raw history . The Rock 's popularity was fueled by his charisma and speaking abilities , which led to many catchphrases and merchandising opportunities The Attitude Era saw WWF expand its television coverage and its business structure as well . During this period , WWF 's parent company Titan Sports was renamed World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc . ( WWFE , Inc. or WWFE ) and on October 19 , 1999 became a publicly traded company , offering 10 million shares priced at $17 each , and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange in October 2000 . In 1999 , WWF launched a secondary program known as SmackDown ! on the UPN network to compete with WCW 's Thunder . SmackDown ! 's pilot debuted as a special on April 29 , 1999 . Beginning on August 26 , 1999 , the WWF program was aired weekly . In 2000 , WWF , in collaboration with television network NBC , created XFL , a new professional football league . XFL , however , was a failure , having only lasted a single year before closing its doors . Head writer Chris Kreski replaced Vince Russo and Ed Ferrara , who defected to WCW in 1999 . Kreski 's work was admired for well planned and detailed storylines , and the transitional period saw feuds and storylines such as the Triple H / Cactus Jack feud , the Triple H / Kurt Angle / Stephanie McMahon love triangle , and a highly successful feud between The Hardy Boyz , Edge and Christian , and The Dudley Boyz . At Survivor Series , WWF 's top star Stone Cold Steve Austin was run over by a limousine to write him off of television due to a serious neck injury . Prior to WrestleMania 2000 , the McMahon family had gone into an on - screen rivalry with each other for the first time , setting up the `` McMahon in Every Corner '' four - way elimination main event between Big Show ( managed by Shane McMahon ) , The Rock ( managed by Mr. McMahon ) , Triple H ( managed by Stephanie McMahon - Helmsley ) , and future WWF Commissioner Mick Foley ( managed by Linda McMahon ) . Triple H won after Mr. McMahon turned on The Rock and thus retained the WWF Championship . Stone Cold Steve Austin would make his return to the company at Unforgiven 2000 and then would make his in ring return at No Mercy , to gain revenge on Rikishi , who had been revealed as the driver of limousine that had struck Austin at Survivor Series . Austin would go on to win the next year 's Royal Rumble match and come out victorious against The Rock for the WWF Championship at WrestleMania X-Seven with help from his former rival , Mr. McMahon , turning into a villain in the process . 2001 -- 2002 : the Alliance Invasion and the nWo ( edit ) Main articles : The Invasion ( professional wrestling ) and New World Order ( professional wrestling ) Kevin Nash was a key member of nWo In the Invasion storyline , Shane McMahon ( kayfabe ) acquired World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in April 2001 and WCW personnel invaded WWF . For the first time since the Monday Night Wars , WWF 's purchase of WCW had made a major American inter-promotional feud possible , but the Invasion turned out to be a disappointment to many fans . One main reason would be that many of WCW 's big name stars were still under contract to WCW 's old parent company , AOL Time Warner , rather than WCW itself , and their contracts were not included in the purchase of the company . These wrestlers chose to sit out the duration of their contracts and be financially supported by AOL Time Warner rather than work for WWF for a cheaper salary . On July 9 , 2001 , the stars of WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling ( acquired by Stephanie McMahon in a related storyline ) joined forces , forming `` The Alliance '' with WCW owner Shane McMahon and the new owner of ECW Stephanie McMahon leading charge , with the support and influence of original ECW owner Paul Heyman . At Invasion , Stone Cold Steve Austin turned on WWF and helped the Alliance win the Inaugural Brawl . At Survivor Series , WWF finally defeated WCW and ECW in a `` Winner Takes All Match '' and the angle was concluded . In the aftermath of the Invasion angle , WWF made several major changes to their product . Ric Flair returned to the WWF as `` co-owner '' of the company , feuding with Vince McMahon . Jerry Lawler returned to the company after a nine - month hiatus , after his replacement on commentary Paul Heyman was fired on - screen by Vince McMahon . Several former Alliance stars were absorbed into the regular WWF roster , such as Booker T , The Hurricane , Lance Storm , and Rob Van Dam . At Vengeance 2001 , Chris Jericho went on to unify the WCW Championship and WWF Championship , beating both The Rock and Steve Austin on the same night . Eventually Vince McMahon brought back Hollywood Hulk Hogan , Kevin Nash , and Scott Hall to reunite the nWo at the No Way Out pay - per - view in February 2002 . However , the storyline proved unpopular with fans and Hogan soon turned face at WrestleMania X8 after his classic match with The Rock . On the March 25 , 2002 on Raw the World Wrestling Federation had the first time ever WWF draft lottery , which meant the WWF superstars are separated between two brands , Raw and SmackDown ! . This became effective from April 01 , 2002 on Raw , thus leading to a brand new era , and ending the Attitude Era . World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. . ( WWE ) ( edit ) The official WWE logo from 2002 to 2014 In 2002 , the World Wrestling Federation lost a lawsuit initiated by the World Wildlife Fund over the WWF trademark . World Wrestling Federation was forced to rebrand itself , and in May 6 , 2002 the company changed its business name to World Wrestling Entertainment Inc . ( WWE ) . Shortly thereafter , they eliminated all elements that used the term Federation ; this affected licensed merchandise such as action figures , video games , and home video releases with its previous logo , which was replaced by a new `` scratch '' logo . The last - ever WWF - branded pay - per - view event was the UK - exclusive Insurrextion in May 4 , 2002 . During this time , the company launched WWE Studios , which was originally formed as WWE Films . 2002 -- 2008 : Ruthless Aggression era ( edit ) Main article : WWE brand extension The Undertaker ( pictured here in March 2008 ) has been a highly popular figure in WWE for 25 years , holding an undefeated WrestleMania streak until 2014 In April 01 , 2002 , with an excess of talent employed as a result of having purchased WCW and ECW , WWE needed a way to provide exposure for all of its talent . This problem was solved by introducing a `` Brand Extension '' , with the roster split in half and the talent assigned to either Raw or SmackDown ! in a mock draft lottery . Wrestlers , commentators and referees became show - exclusive , and the shows were given separate on - screen General Managers . Shortly thereafter , on the June 24 , 2002 episode of Raw , Vince McMahon officially referred to the new era as `` Ruthless Aggression '' . Later in 2002 , after WWE Champion Brock Lesnar announced himself exclusive property of the SmackDown ! brand and with the creation of the World Heavyweight Championship , all the championships became show - exclusive too . Additionally , both Raw and SmackDown ! began to stage individual pay - per - view events featuring only performers from that brand -- only the major four pay - per - views Royal Rumble , WrestleMania , SummerSlam and Survivor Series remained dual - branded . The practice of single - brand pay - per - view events was abandoned following WrestleMania 23 . In effect , Raw and SmackDown were operated as two distinct promotions , with a draft lottery taking place each year to determine which talent was assigned to each brand . This lasted until August 2011 , when the rosters were merged and the Brand Extension was quietly phased out . The two top stars of the Attitude Era , Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock , eventually left the company in 2003 and 2004 respectively , while newcomers such as Brock Lesnar , who would become the youngest WWE Champion and Randy Orton , who became the youngest World Heavyweight Champion , saw huge success . Triple H would also be featured prominently during this time , winning several of his fourteen world championships , as would The Undertaker whose WrestleMania win streak started gaining fame . Rey Mysterio , Kurt Angle , Edge , Eddie Guerrero , Chris Benoit , Randy Orton , John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield and Rob Van Dam were also given main event opportunities and all ended up becoming multiple - time world champions . From mid 2002 to 2003 , WWE brought several prominent WCW stars to the company , including Eric Bischoff , Scott Steiner , Goldberg , Kevin Nash and Ric Flair . The Great American Bash , originally a WCW pay - per - view event , made its debut in WWE . In August 2002 , Shawn Michaels would also return as a wrestler at SummerSlam after a hiatus of over four years . He would achieve great success , and won a World Championship in the first ever Elimination Chamber match at Survivor Series . In 2006 , Michaels would reunite with Triple H to once again form the popular 1990s group D - Generation X . They would have major feuds with The Spirit Squad , the McMahon family , and the newly established Rated - RKO ( Edge and Randy Orton ) , which ended prematurely when Triple H suffered a torn quadriceps muscle in 2007 . Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero , the two most successful Mexican wrestlers in WWE history and a popular tag team as WWE Tag Team Champions in 2005 . Eddie Guerrero from the famous Mexican Guerrero wrestling family achieved huge stardom during this period . He gained a large fanbase in 2003 on SmackDown ! , which lead to a rapid increase in his popularity , promoting him to main event status and he ultimately won his first world championship , the WWE Championship at No Way Out in 2004 defeating Brock Lesnar in a highly acclaimed match . He remained the top wrestler of the company after winning the WWE title , until his untimely death on November 13 , 2005 . He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame , the following year in 2006 . Guerrero 's death due to his drug addictions caused WWE to implement WWE Wellness Policy to prevent wrestlers from taking drugs . The circumstances of his death would provide a medium to his off - screen friend Rey Mysterio to emerge as a major main eventer and win the 2006 Royal Rumble match and the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 22 . However the biggest breakout stars of the Ruthless Aggression era would be both John Cena and Batista . Upon his debut , Cena quickly proved popular due to his `` Doctor of Thuganomics '' white rapper gimmick on the SmackDown brand , receiving a WWE Championship match against Brock Lesnar in the spring at Backlash in 2003 , and had a major feud with The Undertaker during the summer . At WrestleMania 21 , he won his first world championship when he defeated John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield the WWE Champion at that time . Cena 's popularity soared when he was drafted to Raw , where he quickly became the face of WWE , a rise not seen since Austin and Hulk Hogan . Cena 's popularity has led to him becoming the all - time record `` wish maker '' for the Make - A-Wish Foundation , granting over 500 wishes as of August 2017 . Another popular wrestler during the period was Bobby Lashley from the ECW brand . Cena would defeat Lashley at The Great American Bash in 2007 , shortly after which Lashley left the WWE . John Cena was the biggest star to emerge following the end of the Attitude Era Beginning in early 2005 , Batista 's popularity would soar much like Cena 's , winning the 2005 Royal Rumble and the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 21 from Triple H. Later in 2005 Batista would go on to defeat Triple H in a highly acclaimed Hell in a Cell match at Vengeance . Although Batista would have major success in the months following his championship win , he would suffer an injury in early 2006 and miss that year 's WrestleMania . After returning and eventually winning another world championship , at WrestleMania 23 in 2007 , Batista would defend the title to The Undertaker in a classic bout . Both Cena and Batista would not face each other for the first time until SummerSlam in 2008 , with Batista winning . Rising star CM Punk made his WWE debut in 2006 , wrestling his first main roster match at Survivor Series that year , in a 5 - on - 5 Survivor Series elimination match as part of Team DX in a clean sweep victory over Team Rated - RKO . In 2008 he won the money in the bank brief case and on the June 30 episode of Raw he cashed it on the then World Heavyweight Champion Edge , winning the title . The same night he had to defend the title against John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield in the main event , but retained it . 2005 : Money in the Bank ( edit ) Main article : Money in the Bank ladder match The concept for the Money in the Bank match was introduced in March 2005 by Chris Jericho . Jericho pitched the idea on an episode of Raw to general manager Eric Bischoff , who liked it and promptly signed it for WrestleMania 21 assigning Jericho , Christian , Chris Benoit , Edge , Shelton Benjamin , and Kane to participate in the match . Edge won this inaugural match , and since , many times the match became a way to help elevate new stars to the main event , with winners such as CM Punk , The Miz , Daniel Bryan , Alberto Del Rio , Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose . The match format was originally exclusive to the annual WrestleMania until 2010 , when the Money in the Bank pay - per - view debuted . In 2017 Shane McMahon announced the first - ever women 's Money in the Bank match , which was won by Carmella . 2005 -- 2006 : the return of ECW ( edit ) Paul Heyman , the owner of ECW Main article : ECW ( WWE ) By 2005 , WWE began reintroducing Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) through content from the ECW video library and a series of books , which included the release of The Rise and Fall of ECW . On May 26 , 2006 , WWE officially announced the relaunch of the franchise with its own show on NBC Universal 's Sci Fi Channel , later to be known as Syfy , starting June 13 , 2006 . Despite initial concerns that professional wrestling would not be accepted by Sci Fi Channel 's demographic , network President Bonnie Hammer stated that she believed ECW would fit the channel 's theme of `` stretching the imagination '' . On June 13 , Paul Heyman , former ECW owner and newly appointed figurehead for the ECW brand , recommissioned the ECW World Heavyweight Championship to be the brand 's world championship and awarded it to Rob Van Dam as a result of winning the WWE Championship at One Night Stand 2006 . Under the WWE banner , ECW was presented in a modernized style to that when it was an independent promotion and was produced following the same format of the other brands , with match rules , such as count outs and disqualifications , being standard . Matches featuring the rule set of the ECW promotion were classified as being contested under `` Extreme Rules '' and were only fought when specified otherwise . The brand would continue to operate until February 16 , 2010 , when the brand was rendered defunct . 2008 -- 2013 : PG era ( edit ) CM Punk became the most popular and high profile wrestler in the WWE during this period , and holds a record 434 days long WWE Championship reign , the longest reign of the title in the company in 25 years . In the Summer of 2008 , WWE began distancing itself from the edgier content of years past , going with a more conservative approach . While no true start date is given , the July 22 , 2008 episode of SmackDown was the first show that would use a PG television rating as opposed to using a PG DVL rating . While fans would dub this the `` PG Era '' early on , references from wrestlers themselves would come later such as Triple H in his `` Thy Kingdom Come '' documentary and Natalya on an episode of `` Table for 3 '' . Another most notable example was that John Cena 's famous finishing move , the F-U was renamed Attitude Adjustment . In 2009 , WWE debuted a Raw guest host concept , initially with Donald Trump ( in storyline a one - night only kayfabe owner of Raw ) , in which various celebrities , athletes or past wrestlers made weekly appearances and were incorporated to the shows and stories until 2010 . Also in 2009 D - Generation X reunited and would win the unified WWE tag team titles from Chris Jericho and The Big show in a Tables , Ladders and Chairs match . On January 4 , 2010 , Bret Hart returned to a WWE ring after a thirteen - year absence , where he reconciled with Shawn Michaels on screen . At WrestleMania XXVI , Michaels retired following a loss to The Undertaker . Another top performer Edge also retired a year later . Also in 2010 , Bret Hart served briefly as the Raw general manager before being replaced by the Anonymous Raw General Manager . In early 2011 , The Rock returned to WWE when he was announced as the host for WrestleMania XXVII . Rock started a cross-generational feud with John Cena , which saw him defeating Cena in a match at WrestleMania XXVIII . In August 2011 , WWE began to phase out the brand extension when they gave Raw the tagline `` SuperShow '' , meaning wrestlers could appear on both Raw and SmackDown . Throughout the original WWE brand extension , the company held 9 draft lotteries total . Starting with Raw 's 1,000 th episode , airing on July 23 , 2012 , Raw has removed the `` SuperShow '' tagline and has extended from two - hours to become a three - hour broadcast , a format that was previously been reserved for special episodes . Superstars such as CM Punk , Alberto Del Rio , Daniel Bryan , Sheamus , The Miz , Dolph Ziggler , Wade Barrett , Ryback , Kofi Kingston and John Morrison were pushed to the spotlight around this period . The year 2011 saw a highly acclaimed feud between the company 's two most high - profile superstars , John Cena and CM Punk . Their match at Money in the Bank on July 17 was named one of the greatest matches in WWE history . Punk , who had become a top star during the summer of 2011 due to his infamous `` Pipe bomb '' promo , would hold the WWE Championship for 434 days before losing to The Rock in 2013 at the 2013 Royal Rumble , a reign recognized by WWE as the sixth - longest championship reign of all - time and the longest in 25 years . The Rock defended the championship until he was defeated by John Cena at WrestleMania 29 in a rematch from their bout the previous year . Cena would later drop the title to Daniel Bryan at SummerSlam , immediately after which it started The Authority storyline that saw underdog Bryan feuding with WWE COO Triple H , his prodigy Randy Orton and other members of The Authority . After losing the title CM Punk would feud with his advocate Paul Heyman , that saw him face Heyman 's other client Brock Lesnar at SummerSlam . WWE officially named the match between Punk and Lesnar as the best match that year on their official website wwe.com . After Bryan was stripped off the WWE Championship on the Raw following Night of Champions and later removed from his main event push , on several occasions , fans would successfully hijacked segments in which Bryan was either not involved in , or involved only secondarily , with his `` Yes ! '' chant . In the case of the `` Championship Ascension Ceremony '' , the fan 's continuing `` Yes ! '' chants would force John Cena to go off - script and acknowledge Bryan ( especially since the show was held in Seattle ) , since that segment was supposed to be about Cena and Randy Orton 's impending championship unification match at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs . On December 15 , 2013 , the World Heavyweight Championship and WWE Championship were unified in a Tables , Ladders and Chairs match between Cena and Orton , which would be won by Orton and the unified championship was briefly called the WWE World Heavyweight Championship , but wound soon be renamed as just the WWE Championship . 2010 : launch of NXT ( edit ) Main article : WWE NXT ( TV series ) On February 23 , 2010 , WWE launched a new program on SyFy called NXT . The premise of the show was a reality - like show which saw eight new stars ( Rookies ) being mentored by Superstars from the main roster ( Pros ) , and ran for just over three months , with the last episode of the first season being on June 1 , 2010 . The winner of the season was Wade Barrett , mentored by Chris Jericho . Six days after the end of the first season , the rookies , now calling themselves The Nexus , interfered in the Raw main event match between John Cena and CM Punk , attacking both competitors as well as the announcing team , before dismantling the ring area and surrounding equipment . During the segment , Daniel Bryan strangled ring announcer Justin Roberts with the announcer 's own tie , which WWE reportedly felt was too violent for their family - friendly programming . As a consequence , WWE announced via their official website four days later that Bryan had been ( legitimately ) released from his contract . NXT lasted for a further three complete seasons , which were won respectively by Kaval , Kaitlyn , and Johnny Curtis . A fifth season , dubbed NXT Redemption , featuring former NXT participants , never announced a winner and quietly ended with Derrick Bateman being the sole remaining participant . Eventually , the show morphed into both a television show and WWE 's new official development territory , replacing Florida Championship Wrestling , and is permanently located at Full Sail University . 2014 -- 2016 : the reality era ( edit ) Brock Lesnar broke The Undertaker 's undefeated Wrestlemania streak The night after the 2014 Royal Rumble , CM Punk quit WWE due to feeling mistreated by officials within the company while also dealing with a misdiagnosed staph infection . Meanwhile , when fan favorite Daniel Bryan 's push had been halted by WWE and after the Royal Rumble , fan outrage over the misuse of Bryan 's character resulted in an unplanned change for the WrestleMania XXX main event . On the March 24 , 2014 episode of Raw , Bryan 's rival at the time Triple H dubbed this point in WWE as `` The Reality Era '' where he acknowledged the Internet and fans being more knowledgeable than ever as well as having more influence on the company than ever before as seen in the Daniel Bryan scenario . Bryan would eventually be inserted into the main event of WrestleMania , capturing the WWE World Heavyweight Championship in the process . Also at WrestleMania XXX , The Undertaker was defeated for the first time at the event by Brock Lesnar , following 21 consecutive victories dating back to 1991 . Lesnar then went on to defeat John Cena at SummerSlam to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship , winning his first WWE title in a decade . The introduction of the WWE Network and the WWE Performance Center were major breakthroughs during this period as well . WCW legend Sting , who had previously been dubbed the `` greatest wrestler to never wrestle in WWE '' , made his debut at the 2014 Survivor Series and had his first - ever match in WWE at WrestleMania 31 against Triple H , a match he would lose . At the same event , Undertaker returned to defeat Bray Wyatt . Former Shield member Seth Rollins would also find success during this era , going on to win and hold the WWE World Heavyweight Championship for most of 2015 before having to vacate the championship due to injury . This era also saw the retirement of Daniel Bryan , a wildly popular competitor who had previously won the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXX . Longtime TNA Impact wrestler and international superstar AJ Styles finally made his debut in WWE at the 2016 Royal Rumble as well . Shane McMahon made his return to WWE television in February 2016 , where he would be placed in a Hell in a Cell match against The Undertaker at WrestleMania 32 where he lost . WrestleMania 32 in Arlington , Texas ( billed as Dallas ) garnered the largest crowd to ever attend a WrestleMania event , surpassing a disputed 100,000 attendees . In the main event , Roman Reigns defeated Triple H to capture the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . The Authority officially disbanded on May 1 , 2016 . 2016 -- present : the `` New '' era ( edit ) Charlotte Flair made history in 2016 by being the first woman to main event a WWE pay per view and has been the symbolic female superstar of the `` New '' era , which is credited as the era of women 's revolution in the WWE . At Wrestlemania 34 in 2018 , Charlotte ended Asuka 914 days undefeated streak . Roman Reigns , who has main evented WrestleMania 31 , 32 , 33 and 34 , is considered the face of the men 's division in the `` New '' era . Following WrestleMania 32 , major changes occurred in the WWE , as a new beginning for the company was dubbed `` The New Era . '' In its first pay - per - view on May 1 , the Payback main event saw Roman Reigns retain the WWE World Heavyweight Championship against AJ Styles . Later in May 2016 , WWE announced that a roster split would take place beginning in July , similar to the one in 2002 . The three former members of The Shield : Dean Ambrose , Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins have been heavily featured since the start of the New Era , with all three men exchanging the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at Money in the Bank in June 2016 . While the now renamed WWE World Championship would be moved to the SmackDown brand , the new WWE Universal Championship was introduced for the Raw brand , with Finn Bálor becoming the inaugural champion . Besides The Shield , male wrestlers to be prominently featured in the New Era includes AJ Styles , Baron Corbin , Braun Strowman , Bray Wyatt , Bobby Roode , Cesaro , Jinder Mahal , Kevin Owens , Sami Zayn , Samoa Joe and Shinsuke Nakamura ; along with female wrestlers such as Alexa Bliss , Asuka , Bayley , Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Carmella , Natalya , Naomi , Nia Jax and Sasha Banks ; and tag teams like Cesaro and Sheamus , Gallows and Anderson , The Hardy Boyz , Heath Slater and Rhyno , The Revival , The Usos and The New Day , whose second reign as champions would be the longest for any tag team championship in WWE history at 483 days . The Divas division was rebranded as the Women 's division and the company introduced a new WWE Women 's Championship and retired the Divas Championship . Female Superstars also began receiving more air time for their matches , and begun receiving as much spotlight as male superstars , thus the `` New era '' has been credited as being the start of the `` women 's revolution '' . Shane McMahon would continue to appear in WWE , where he currently serves as SmackDown ( rebranded as SmackDown Live with live episodes ) Commissioner , while his sister Stephanie served as Raw Commissioner . Shane McMahon is credited with giving this era of the company its name . On the Raw - branded Hell in a Cell pay - per - view event , Charlotte Flair and Sasha Banks made history by not only being in the first WWE pay - per - view event main evented by women , but squaring off in the first ever women 's Hell in a Cell match for the renamed Raw Women 's Championship ( after the creation of the SmackDown Women 's Championship ) , which Flair won . Around this time , Goldberg briefly returned to WWE and would defeat Brock Lesnar at Survivor Series on November 20 and go on to win the WWE Universal Championship at Fastlane on March 6 against Kevin Owens , before losing it to Brock Lesnar at WrestleMania 33 . Popular tag team The Hardy Boyz ( Matt and Jeff Hardy ) , made their return to WWE in 2017 . Top wrestler John Cena became a part timer around this time and lost to Roman Reigns in what is considered as a `` passing the torch match '' at No Mercy . This would also mark Roman Reigns ' rise as the face of the WWE . After WrestleMania 33 , Kurt Angle returned to WWE and became the new Raw General Manager . WWE would also go on to establish Braun Strowman as one of the biggest superstars of the company in 2017 after he attacked and injured Reigns during an interview on Raw . Strowman went on to beat down other wrestlers on the roster and have a decisive victory over Reigns at Payback on April 30 . In June 2017 , Carmella won the first - ever women 's Money in the Bank ladder match at Money in the Bank . However , due to a controversial ending , involving James Ellsworth helping Carmela win the match at the event , a Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match rematch was held on the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live , in which Carmella won once again , making her the only woman in history to have won two Women 's Money in the Bank ladder matches , both in one year . In January 2018 , Asuka won the first ever 30 Women 's Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble . In February 2018 , Alexa Bliss won the first ever women 's Elimination Chamber Match at the Elimination Chamber , where she would retained the Raw women 's championship . At WrestleMania 34 , former UFC fighter Ronda Rousey made her WWE in ring debut , teaming with Kurt Angle to defeat Triple H and Stephanie McMahon in a mixed tag team match . Daniel Bryan returned to in ring competition at WrestleMania 34 , teaming with Shane McMahon to defeat Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a tag team match . Bobby Lashley made his return to the WWE on the following episode of Raw . At the Greatest Royal Rumble , Braun Strowman won the first - ever 50 - men Royal Rumble match , the largest royal rumble match in history , where he would receive the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt and a trophy . Other ( edit ) WWE online ( edit ) In 1998 , Shane McMahon helped form WWE 's digital media department and launched WWF.com on May 21 , 1998 ( now known as WWE.com ) , a site that receives more than seven million visitors a month . Death of Owen Hart ( edit ) Main article : Owen Hart Owen Hart On May 23 , 1999 , Owen Hart fell to his death in Kansas City , Missouri during the Over the Edge pay - per - view event . Hart was in the process of being lowered via harness and grapple line into the ring from the rafters of Kemper Arena for a booked Intercontinental Championship match against The Godfather . In keeping with his Blue Blazer 's new `` buffoonish superhero '' character , he was to begin a dramatic entrance , being lowered to just above ring level , at which time he would act `` entangled '' , then release himself from the safety harness and fall flat on his face for comedic effect -- this necessitated the use of a quick release mechanism . It was an elaboration on a Blue Blazer stunt done previously on the Sunday Night Heat before Survivor Series in 1998 . While being lowered into the ring , Hart fell 78 feet ( 24 m ) , landing chest - first on the top rope ( approximately a foot from the nearest turnbuckle ) , throwing him into the ring . Hart had performed the stunt only a few times before . Hart 's widow Martha has suggested that , by moving around to get comfortable with both the harness and his cape on , Hart unintentionally triggered an early release . Television viewers did not see the incident . Moments after the fall , a pre-taped vignette was being shown on the pay - per - view broadcast as well as on the monitors in the darkened arena . Afterward , while Hart was being worked on by medical personnel inside the ring , the live event 's broadcast showed only the audience . Meanwhile , WWF television announcer Jim Ross repeatedly told those watching live on pay - per - view that what had just transpired was not a wrestling angle or storyline and that Hart was hurt badly , emphasizing the seriousness of the situation . Hart was transported to Truman Medical Center in Kansas City . While several attempts to revive him were made , he died from his injuries ; some believe he died in the ring . The cause of death was later revealed to be internal bleeding from blunt force trauma . Legends program and the WWE Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : WWE Hall of Fame The Legends program began informally with the return of the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony in 2004 , held annually during WrestleMania weekends . The introduction of WWE 24 / 7 , WWE 's on - demand television service , the WWE Network , WWE 's over-the - top streaming service and the success of career retrospective home video releases such as The Ultimate Ric Flair Collection , Roddy Piper : Born to Controversy , and Brian Pillman : Loose Cannon have ingrained WWE 's modern product with a sense of heritage , and allows a new generation of wrestling fans to witness matches and events they may only previously have heard of . WWE will also offer a select group of former or retired WWE wrestlers , billing them publicly as `` WWE Legends '' , contracts to make periodic appearances -- either on WWE TV or for promotional events -- and to serve as `` Ambassadors '' ( public representatives / spokespeople ) for the company . Death of Eddie Guerrero ( edit ) Main article : Eddie Guerrero Eddie Guerrero as one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions On the morning of November 13 , 2005 , Chavo Guerrero checked into a hotel with his uncle , Eddie Guerrero , in Minneapolis , Minnesota where they were both scheduled be a part of a planned Raw and SmackDown ! `` Supershow '' ( a show where both Raw and SmackDown ! would take place the same night in the same arena ) . After Eddie missed a wake - up call , security opened his hotel room and Chavo found his uncle unconscious . Chavo attempted CPR , but 38 - year - old Eddie was declared dead at the scene . Vickie Guerrero , Eddie 's wife , later announced that an autopsy ruled the cause of death to be massive heart failure . Guerrero 's death fell on the day that he had been scheduled to compete in a match for the World Heavyweight Championship versus Batista and Randy Orton . The company held tributes to Guerrero on both Raw and SmackDown during the week following his death . On April 1 , 2006 at the WWE Hall of Fame induction ceremonies during WrestleMania 22 weekend , Guerrero 's wife Vickie accepted his posthumous induction into WWE Hall of Fame by Rey Mysterio , Chris Benoit and Chavo Guerrero . Following Guerrero 's death , Vince McMahon announced a new drug policy under which performers would be subject to random drug tests by an independent company and would receive regular medical physicals with an emphasis on cardiovascular health . Chris Benoit 's double - murder and suicide ( edit ) Main article : Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide Chris Benoit On June 25 , 2007 , the Fayette County Police notified WWE around 4 : 15 p.m. , informing them that they had discovered three bodies of Chris , Nancy , and their seven - year - old son Daniel Benoit at their home in Fayette County , Georgia , and the house was now ruled as a `` major crime scene '' . WWE canceled the scheduled three - hour - long live Raw show on June 25 ( which , coincidentally , was supposed to be a scripted memorial for the Mr. McMahon character ) , and replaced the broadcast version with a tribute to his life and career , featuring past matches , segments from the Hard Knocks : The Chris Benoit Story DVD , and comments from wrestlers and announcers from the Raw , SmackDown ! and the now - defunct ECW brands . Shortly after the program aired , many of the aired comments were posted on WWE.com . It was not until the program was nearly over that reports surfaced that police were working under the belief that Benoit murdered his wife and son before killing himself over a three - day period . The next night , after some of the details of the deaths became available , the company aired a recorded statement by its chairman Vince McMahon before their ECW broadcast : `` Good evening , ladies and gentlemen . Last night on Monday Night Raw , the WWE presented a special tribute show , recognizing the career of Chris Benoit . However , now some 26 hours later , the facts of this horrific tragedy are now apparent . Therefore , other than my comments , there will be no mention of Mr. Benoit 's name tonight . On the contrary , tonight 's show will be dedicated to everyone who has been affected by this terrible incident . This evening marks the first step of the healing process . Tonight , WWE performers will do what they do better than anyone else in the world : entertain you . '' Following the double - murder suicide committed by Chris Benoit , the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform began investigating WWE regarding their Wellness policy . After Benoit 's death , the WWE began to tone down the violence , swearing and sexual content of their product . Social media and WWE HD ( edit ) In January 2008 , WWE began broadcasting in high - definition , beginning with the January 21 episode of Raw , while the 2008 Royal Rumble was the first pay - per - view event presented in HD . On November 19 , 2008 , WWE officially launched their online social network , WWE Universe . It opened in April as WWE Fan Nation , and adopted the name WWE Universe a few months later . The website was similar to MySpace , with blogs , forums , photos , videos , and other features . Despite a heightened popularity the site was shut down on January 1 , 2011 and has since replaced with WWE InterAction . Since closing down their social media website , WWE has created accounts on social media websites such as Facebook , Twitter , YouTube , Tout , and Instagram , with executive vice president of digital media Perkins Miller stating that `` social media is going to transform our company '' . The SmackDown stage , an example of the universal WWE High Definition stage set In July 2012 , WWE invested $5 million into Tout , and a month later released an official app . In 2013 , WWE 's main Twitter account was cited as one of the top 25 most engaged brands on the website . In 2014 , WWE launched WWE SuperCard , a trading card app game , which was downloaded 1.5 million times in the first week of its launch . WWE Network ( edit ) Main article : WWE Network In September 2011 , WWE officially announced plans to launch the WWE Network in time for WrestleMania XXVIII . WWE 's official website featured a countdown clock that would have expired on April 1 , 2012 however , the clock was quietly removed , and the network did not launch as advertised . At the Consumer Electronics Show on January 8 , 2014 , WWE announced the WWE Network would launch on February 24 , 2014 in the United States . WWE called the network `` the first - ever 24 / 7 streaming network '' . On February 27 , 2014 , the WWE Network aired its first ever live event , NXT Arrival , which featured three championship matches and a well - received match between Cesaro and Sami Zayn . Despite # CancelWWENetwork trending on social media in early 2015 after angry fans were upset with the booking of the 2015 Royal Rumble match , the trend did not prevent the Network from its continued growth , reaching 1 million subscribers the very same week . Pink ribbon campaigning ( edit ) Starting in October 2012 , WWE formed a partnership with Susan G. Komen for the Cure to promote breast cancer awareness . As part of the campaign , WWE adorned their sets with pink ribbons , put up a pink middle rope on the ring , filmed numerous PSAs , and sold special John Cena `` Rise Above Cancer '' merchandise . All of these efforts culminated in a donation from WWE of $1 million , which was presented to Susan G. Komen representatives in an in - ring ceremony during the October 29 , 2012 episode of Raw . The widespread pinkwashing continued into 2013 and every year since , this time with a wider variety of Superstar merchandising . Backstage harassment ( edit ) In April 2017 , WWE became embroiled in a scandal concerning the company allowing certain employees to harass others , most notably John Bradshaw Layfield . According to multiple sources including Dave Meltzer 's Wrestling Observer , hazing is something which is encouraged by the higher ups in the company and has been going on since the company 's inception . 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Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 3 April 2000 ) . `` WrestleMania 2000 a flop '' . Slam Sports . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2 April 2001 ) . `` Austin turns heel at WM X-Seven '' . Slam Sports . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 23 July 2001 ) . `` Austin turns at Invasion '' . Slam Sports . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Torch_Flashbacks_19/article_45922.shtml#.WlsKGq6WbZ4 Jump up ^ `` World Wildlife Fund and Titan Sports , Inc. legal settlement '' . Contracts.onecle.com. 20 January 1994 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWE creates new Los Angeles - based film division '' . WWE Official Website ( Corporate ) . July 31 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ WWE : Vince McMahon `` Ruthless Aggression '' Segment . YouTube . WHDYTv1 ( Ruthless Aggression Classics ) . Jump up ^ `` WWE Pay - Per - Views To Follow WrestleMania Formula '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 8 January 2007 ) . `` Cena retains , Triple H injured at Revolution '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena Grants 400th Request for ' Make - a-Wish ' '' . Yahoo . 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/2005 Jump up ^ http://www.wrestlingnewsworld.com/wwe-raw-results/wwe-raw-results-june-30-2008.php Jump up ^ https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1241717-wwe-flashback-the-impact-of-cm-punks-first-world-championship-victory Jump up ^ Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . WWE : History of WrestleMania . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Ocal , Arda ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` WWE Money in the Bank : How much does it elevate a superstar 's career ? '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE brings ECW to Sci Fi Channel '' . WWE . Retrieved June 2 , 2006 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the wwe ruthless aggression era start	[ "In April 01, 2002, with an excess of talent employed as a result of having purchased WCW and ECW, WWE needed a way to provide exposure for all of its talent. This problem was solved by introducing a \"Brand Extension\", with the roster split in half and the talent assigned to either Raw or SmackDown! in a mock draft lottery. Wrestlers, commentators and referees became show-exclusive, and the shows were given separate on-screen General Managers. Shortly thereafter, on the June 24, 2002 episode of Raw, Vince McMahon officially referred to the new era as \"Ruthless Aggression\".[30] Later in 2002, after WWE Champion Brock Lesnar announced himself exclusive property of the SmackDown! brand and with the creation of the World Heavyweight Championship, all the championships became show-exclusive too. Additionally, both Raw and SmackDown! began to stage individual pay-per-view events featuring only performers from that brand – only the major four pay-per-views Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam and Survivor Series remained dual-branded.[citation needed] The practice of single-brand pay-per-view events was abandoned following WrestleMania 23.[31] In effect, Raw and SmackDown were operated as two distinct promotions, with a draft lottery taking place each year to determine which talent was assigned to each brand. This lasted until August 2011, when the rosters were merged and the Brand Extension was quietly phased out.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "April 01, 2002" ]
-8306071407237909271	So God Made a Farmer	So God Made a Farmer - wikipedia So God Made a Farmer Paul Harvey , the deliverer of the `` So God Made a Farmer '' speech `` So God Made a Farmer '' was a speech given by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey at the 1978 Future Farmers of America convention . The speech was first published in 1986 in Harvey 's syndicated column . The speech borrowed a few phrases from a 1975 article written by Harvey in the Gadsden Times , which was itself inspired by parts of a 1940 definition of a dirt farmer published in The Farmer - Stockman . The 1940 article was copied verbatim by Tex Smith in a letter to the editor in the Ellensburg Daily Record in 1949 . The speech was given as an extension of the Genesis creation narrative referring to God 's actions on the 8th day of creation . Harvey described the characteristics of a farmer in each phrase , ending them with the recurring `` So God Made a Farmer '' . The speech was used in a commercial by Ram Trucks during the fourth quarter of Super Bowl XLVII . The ad featured photographs of rural America set to a narration of a portion of Harvey 's speech . In a collaboration with the FFA , Dodge agreed to donate $100,000 for every 1,000,000 views that the YouTube video of the ad received up to $1,000,000 . This goal was reached in less than five days . There were eight photographers who participated and photographed the images in this commercial Andy Anderson , Matt Turley , Olaf Veltman , Andy Mahr , Kurt Markus , David Beltra , David Spielman , Mark Gooch , Jim Arndt , William Allard , and Kurt Markus . Contents 1 The speech 1.1 Prior versions 2 Super Bowl XLVII commercial 2.1 Reception 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links The speech ( edit ) Paul Harvey , delivering the quoted portion of the speech not in the Ram full - size pickup ad Paul Harvey , a radio host who died in 2009 , delivered the speech at an FFA convention in 1978 . His speech began as a continuation of the Genesis creation narrative referring to the actions God took on the 8th day . In it , Harvey stated that God needed a caretaker for the land he created . The speech continues with God expressing the characteristics needed by the person he is creating : `` I need somebody with arms strong enough to wrestle a calf and yet gentle enough to deliver his own grandchild ; somebody to call hogs , tame cantankerous machinery , come home hungry , have to await lunch until his wife 's done feeding visiting ladies , then tell the ladies to be sure and come back real soon , and mean it . '' -- Paul Harvey , Multiple passages setting out characteristics of the sort end with the same refrain , by which the speech is now known : `` So God made a farmer . '' Harvey 's `` So God Made a Farmer '' speech was characterized , according to The Atlantic , by its `` folksy timbre '' . The New York Times spoke further on elements of his speaking style in its 2009 obituary : `` his style was stop - and - go , with superb pacing and silences that rivaled Jack Benny 's . He spoke directly to the listener , with punchy sentences , occasional exclamations of `` Good heavens ! '' or `` Oh , my goodness ! '' and pauses that squeezed out the last drop of suspense : the radio broadcaster 's equivalent of the raised eyebrow or the knowing grin . '' Bob Greene described the opening phrase of the speech as `` seemingly simple , and devastatingly direct '' . The speech also ran in Paul Harvey 's syndicated newspaper column in 1986 . Both the sound recording of the speech and the text of the article have been federally registered with the U.S. Copyright Office by Paulynne , Inc. , Paul Harvey 's company that is now owned by his son . In an introduction , Harvey claimed , in a typical rhetorical flourish , that he had found the essay in his mailbag . : `` This next arrived unsigned in my mailbag . I 've tried but can not trace its source . A farmer , perhaps ; more likely a farmer 's wife . I 've embellished the essay in places and cropped it in others but I hope the sense of it remains intact . '' -- Paul Harvey , 1986 Prior versions ( edit ) Paul Harvey ran a similar article in the column `` A Point of View '' for the Gadsden Times on August 26 , 1975 . Entitled `` What it is to be a farmer '' , the article did not contain the concept of God creating the farmer seen in his 1978 speech , but he still described the characteristics of a farmer . Many of the same phrases made their way into his 1978 speech . The 1975 column was largely similar to a definition of a dirt farmer given by Boston B. Blackwood from Hartshorne , Oklahoma in a 1940 copy of The Farmer - Stockman . This was copied verbatim in a September 10 , 1949 letter to the editor of the Ellensburg Daily Record written by Tex Smith from Ellensburg , Washington . Both the 1940 and 1975 columns share elements not included in the speech such as the statement that a farmer 's wife wo n't let him starve . In the `` So God Made a Farmer '' speech and Harvey 's 1986 column , only two phrases and a few words remain from Blackwood 's 1940 piece including the phrase , `` can shape an axe handle from a persimmon sprout '' . Super Bowl XLVII commercial ( edit ) The speech was used in a two - minute Ram Trucks Super Bowl commercial entitled `` Farmer '' in Super Bowl XLVII . The ad featured a voiceover of Harvey 's speech set to still photographs taken by ten photographers including William Albert Allard and Kurt Markus . Created by The Richards Group , the ad ran during the fourth quarter . It was noted for its religious imagery . The ad , like another Chrysler Super Bowl XLVII ad featuring Oprah Winfrey , advertised the brand without focusing on the vehicle . This was similar to ads run by Chrysler in Super Bowl XLVI and Super Bowl XLV . The ad was made in collaboration with the National FFA Organization and the National FFA Foundation and with permission from Harvey 's company , Paulynne , Inc. , and Ram agreed to donate up to $1,000,000 to the foundation based on the views received by the YouTube video . The goal , which was based on $100,000 for every 1,000,000 views , was reached in less than 5 days . Reception ( edit ) The ad received mostly positive reviews . Slate called it the `` most striking Super Bowl ad '' but also criticized it for being similar in concept to a 2011 YouTube video by Farms.com . While the Slate review was criticizing its originality , Farms.com released a statement reflecting their approval of the ad . While liveblogging the Super Bowl commercials for the Wall Street Journal , Cindy Gallop referred to it as the `` Great American Super Bowl Commercial '' . Dale Buss , of Forbes , wrote `` Chrysler managed to insert just enough of its vehicles and brands in each spot so as to make their inclusion seem part of the fabric of the paean , not at all intrusive , thereby lending the kind of authenticity to Ram and Jeep that fuels long - term brand success '' . The ad ranked third in the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter . Critics noted that the ad focused on the family farm despite the industrialization of agriculture in America . A Latino nonprofit organization called Cuéntame uploaded a remake to its Facebook page that featured more Latinos . Country music singer James Wesley 's 2013 single `` Thank a Farmer '' was inspired by the ad . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This section of the speech was not included in the Ram full - size pickup ad . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haglund , David ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Super Bowl Ad So Far Was Based on a YouTube Video '' . Slate . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidle , Jonathon ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Wow , Did That Dodge Ad With Paul Harvey Talking About Farmers Rock the Super Bowl '' . The Blaze . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Franke - Ruta , Garance ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Harvey 's 1978 ' So God Made a Farmer Speech ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Paul Harvey , Homespun Radio Voice of Middle America , Is Dead at 90 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl ad revives iconic American voice - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Paul ( May 19 , 1986 ) . `` On the eight day God made a farmer '' . Altus ( OK ) Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WebVoyage Record View 1 '' . Cocatalog.loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` WebVoyage Record View 1 '' . Cocatalog.loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Paul ( August 26 , 1975 ) . `` What it is to be a farmer '' . Gadsden Times . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dirt Farmers Gave All For Someone Else 's Land '' . The Oklahoman . November 14 , 1982 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tex ( September 10 , 1949 ) . `` Letter to the Editor '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buss , Dale ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Chrysler Scores Big -- Twice -- With Surprise Super Bowl Ads '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lisa Provence ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Ram tough : Allard made a Super Bowl commercial '' . The Hook . Charlottesville . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wayland , Michael ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chrysler airs photographic Super Bowl ad for Ram trucks '' . MLive.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura . `` You Will Either Love Or Hate Dodge 's ' God Made A Farmer ' Super Bowl Ad '' . Business Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Views of RAM 's Paul Harvey Commercial to Benefit FFA Foundation '' . USAgNet . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shepardson , David ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Chrysler 's Super Bowl ad seen , shared more than 10 million times '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Faguy , Denise ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Ram Trucks Super Bowl Commercial `` Farmer '' recognizes contribution of Farmers ! `` . Farms.com . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII : Live Blogging the Ads '' . Wall Street Journal . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Budweiser 's Clydesdale wins Ad Meter by a nose '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Godoy , Maria ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' God Made A Farmer ' And The Super Bowl Made Him A Star '' . NPR . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David . `` Latino group Cuéntame makes its own ' remix ' of Dodge 's ' So God Made a Farmer ' Super Bowl ad - NY Daily News '' . Daily News . pp. NYDaily News . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dauphin , Chuck ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` James Wesley Sets Up Debut Album With ' Thank a Farmer ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) FarmsVideos featuring the speech on YouTube Dodge Ram ad on YouTube Super Bowl commercials 1970s `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( In Perfect Harmony ) '' ( Coca - Cola ) Hey Kid , Catch ! ( Coca - Cola ) 1980s `` 1984 '' ( Apple Inc . ) I 'm going to Disney World ! ( The Walt Disney Company ) Spuds MacKenzie ( Bud Light ) 1990s Bud Bowl ( Budweiser ) `` You Got the Right One , Baby '' ( Diet Pepsi ) 2000s The Man Your Man Could Smell Like ( Old Spice ) 2010s `` Born of Fire '' ( Chrysler ) Born the Hard Way ( Anheuser - Busch ) The Force ( Volkswagen ) Never Miss a Super Bowl Club ( Visa Inc . ) Halftime in America ( Chrysler ) `` So God Made a Farmer '' ( Ram Trucks ) `` The ' 80s Called '' ( RadioShack ) `` Invisible '' ( Product Red ) Puppy monkey baby ( Mountain Dew ) List Dot - com commercials during Super Bowl XXXIV Super Bowl Ad Meter Adbowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_God_Made_a_Farmer&oldid=838366036 '' Categories : Super Bowl advertising Dodge American television commercials Poems 1978 speeches Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the author of so god made a farmer	[ "\"So God Made a Farmer\" was a speech given by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey at the 1978 Future Farmers of America convention. The speech was first published in 1986 in Harvey's syndicated column. The speech borrowed a few phrases from a 1975 article written by Harvey in the Gadsden Times, which was itself inspired by parts of a 1940 definition of a dirt farmer published in The Farmer-Stockman. The 1940 article was copied verbatim by Tex Smith in a letter to the editor in the Ellensburg Daily Record in 1949. The speech was given as an extension of the Genesis creation narrative referring to God's actions on the 8th day of creation. Harvey described the characteristics of a farmer in each phrase, ending them with the recurring \"So God Made a Farmer\".\n" ]	[ "radio broadcaster Paul Harvey" ]
4346287189836225719	Helena Bonham Carter	Helena Bonham Carter - Wikipedia Helena Bonham Carter This person 's surname is Bonham Carter , not Carter . Helena Bonham Carter CBE Bonham Carter at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 ( 1966 - 05 - 26 ) 26 May 1966 ( age 52 ) Islington , London , England Residence Hampstead , London , England Education South Hampstead High School Westminster School Occupation Actress Years active 1983 -- present Partner ( s ) Kenneth Branagh ( 1994 -- 99 ) Tim Burton ( 2001 -- 14 ) Children 2 ( with Burton ) Parent ( s ) Raymond Bonham Carter Family Bonham Carter Awards Full list Helena Bonham Carter CBE ( born 26 May 1966 ) is an English actress . She is known for her roles in both low - budget independent art films and large - scale blockbusters . She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Kate Croy in The Wings of the Dove ( 1997 ) . For her role as Queen Elizabeth in The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) , she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She also won the 2010 International Emmy Award for Best Actress for her role as British author Enid Blyton in the TV film Enid ( 2009 ) . Bonham Carter began her film career playing the title character in Lady Jane ( 1986 ) , and playing Lucy Honeychurch in A Room with a View ( 1985 ) . Her other film roles include Ophelia in Hamlet ( 1990 ) , Where Angels Fear to Tread ( 1991 ) , Howards End ( 1992 ) , Elizabeth Lavenza in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) , Woody Allen 's Mighty Aphrodite ( 1995 ) , Marla Singer in Fight Club ( 1999 ) , Bellatrix Lestrange in the Harry Potter series ( 2007 -- 11 ) , Skynet in Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) , Miss Havisham in Great Expectations ( 2012 ) , Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables ( 2012 ) , the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella ( 2015 ) and Rose Weil in Ocean 's 8 ( 2018 ) . She has frequently collaborated with director Tim Burton ; in Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) , Big Fish ( 2003 ) , Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) , and playing the Red Queen in Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) and its sequel Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) . Her other television films include A Pattern of Roses ( 1983 ) , Fatal Deception : Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald ( 1993 ) , Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) , Toast ( 2010 ) , and Burton & Taylor ( 2013 ) . She was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2012 New Year Honours list for services to drama , and in January 2014 , the British prime minister , David Cameron , announced that Bonham Carter had been appointed to Britain 's new national Holocaust Commission . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Later career 3 Personal life 3.1 Causes and politics 3.2 Family tragedy 3.3 Relationships 3.3. 1 Kenneth Branagh 3.3. 2 Tim Burton 4 In the media 5 Ancestry 5.1 Paternal 5.2 Maternal 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Music videos 6.4 Video games 7 Theatre and radio credits 7.1 Theatre 7.2 Radio 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Bonham Carter was born in Islington , London . Her father , Raymond Bonham Carter , who came from a prominent British political family , was a merchant banker and served as the alternative British director representing the Bank of England at the International Monetary Fund in Washington , D.C. , during the 1960s . Her mother , Elena ( née Propper de Callejón ) , is a psychotherapist who is of three quarters Jewish background , and whose own parents were diplomat Eduardo Propper de Callejón and painter , Baroness Hélène Fould - Springer . Helena 's paternal grandmother was politician and feminist icon Violet Asquith , daughter of H.H. Asquith , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the first half of the First World War . Bonham Carter is the youngest of three children , with two brothers , Edward and Thomas . They were brought up in Golders Green and she was educated at South Hampstead High School , and completed her A-levels at Westminster School . Bonham Carter was denied admission to King 's College , Cambridge , not because of her academic performance but because college officials were afraid that she would leave during the course to pursue her acting career . When Bonham Carter was five her mother had a serious nervous breakdown , from which it took her three years to recover . Upon her recovery , her experience in therapy led her to become a psychotherapist herself -- Bonham Carter has paid her to read her scripts and deliver her opinion of the characters ' psychological motivations . Five years after her mother 's recovery , her father was diagnosed with acoustic neuroma . He suffered complications during an operation to remove the tumour that led to a stroke that left him half - paralysed and using a wheelchair . With her brothers at college , Bonham Carter was left to help her mother cope . She later studied her father 's movements and mannerisms for her role in The Theory of Flight . He died in January 2004 . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Bonham Carter , who has no formal acting training , entered the field winning a national writing contest ( 1979 ) and used the money to pay for her entry into the actors ' Spotlight directory . She made her professional acting début at the age of 16 in a television commercial . She also had a part in a minor TV film , A Pattern of Roses . Her first lead film role was as Lady Jane Grey in Lady Jane ( 1986 ) , which was given mixed reviews by critics . Her breakthrough role was Lucy Honeychurch in A Room with a View ( 1985 ) , which was filmed after Lady Jane but released two months earlier . Bonham Carter also appeared in episodes of Miami Vice as Don Johnson 's love interest during the 1986 -- 87 season and then , in 1987 opposite Dirk Bogarde in The Vision , Stewart Granger in A Hazard of Hearts and John Gielgud in Getting It Right . Bonham Carter was originally cast in the role of Bess McNeill in Breaking the Waves , but backed out during production due to `` the character 's painful psychic and physical exposure '' , according to Roger Ebert . The role went to Emily Watson , who was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance . In 1994 , Bonham Carter appeared in a dream sequence during the second series of the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous , as Edina Monsoon 's daughter Saffron , who was normally played by Julia Sawalha . Throughout the series , references were made to Saffron 's resemblance to Bonham Carter . Her early films led to her being typecast as a `` corset queen '' , and `` English rose '' , playing pre - and early 20th century characters , particularly in Merchant - Ivory films . She played Olivia in Trevor Nunn 's film version of Twelfth Night in 1996 . One of the high points of her early career was her performance as the scheming Kate Croy in the 1997 film adaption of The Wings of the Dove which was highly acclaimed internationally and netted her first Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations . She has since expanded her range , with her more recent films being Fight Club , Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit , and her then - partner Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Corpse Bride , Big Fish , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , and Alice in Wonderland . Later career ( edit ) Bonham Carter at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival , promoting Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Bonham Carter speaks French fluently , and starred in a 1996 French film Portraits chinois . In August 2001 , she was featured in Maxim . She played her second Queen of England when she was cast as Anne Boleyn in the ITV1 mini-series Henry VIII ; however , her role was restricted , as she was pregnant with her first child at the time of filming . Bonham Carter was a member of the 2006 Cannes Film Festival jury that unanimously selected The Wind That Shakes the Barley as best film . In May 2006 , Bonham Carter launched her own fashion line , `` The Pantaloonies '' , with swimwear designer Samantha Sage . Their first collection , called Bloomin ' Bloomers , is a Victorian style selection of camisoles , mob caps , and bloomers . The duo are now working on Pantaloonies customised jeans , which Bonham Carter describes as `` a kind of scrapbook on the bum '' . Bonham Carter played Bellatrix Lestrange in the final four Harry Potter films ( 2007 -- 2011 ) . While filming Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , she accidentally ruptured the eardrum of Matthew Lewis ( playing Neville Longbottom ) when she stuck her wand in his ear . Bonham Carter received positive reviews as Bellatrix , described as a `` shining but underused talent '' . She played Mrs. Lovett , Sweeney Todd 's ( Johnny Depp ) amorous accomplice in the film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim 's Broadway musical , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , directed by Tim Burton . Bonham Carter received a nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . She won the Best Actress award in the 2007 Evening Standard British Film Awards for her performances in Sweeney Todd and Conversations With Other Women , along with another Best Actress award at the 2009 Empire Awards . Bonham Carter also appeared in the fourth Terminator film entitled Terminator Salvation , playing a small but pivotal role . Bonham Carter joined the cast of Tim Burton 's 2010 film , Alice in Wonderland as The Red Queen . She appears alongside Johnny Depp , Anne Hathaway , Mia Wasikowska , Crispin Glover and Harry Potter co-star Alan Rickman . Her role was an amalgamation of The Queen of Hearts and The Red Queen . In early 2009 , Bonham Carter was named one of The Times 's top 10 British Actresses of all time . She appeared on the list with fellow actresses Julie Andrews , Helen Mirren , Maggie Smith , Judi Dench , and Audrey Hepburn . Bonham Carter and Colin Firth in the 2010 film The King 's Speech In 2010 , Bonham Carter played Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon / Queen Elizabeth in the film The King 's Speech . As of January 2011 , she had received numerous plaudits for her performance , including nominations for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She won her first BAFTA Award , but lost the Academy Award to Melissa Leo for The Fighter . Bonham Carter signed to play author Enid Blyton in the BBC Four television biopic , Enid . It was the first depiction of Blyton 's life on the screen , and Bonham Carter starred with Matthew Macfadyen and Denis Lawson . She received her first Television BAFTA Nomination for Best Actress , for Enid . In 2010 , she starred with Freddie Highmore in the Nigel Slater biopic Toast , which was filmed in the West Midlands and received a gala at the 2011 Berlin International Film Festival . She received the Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year from BAFTA LA in 2011 . In 2012 , Bonham Carter appeared as Miss Havisham in Mike Newell 's adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel , Great Expectations . In April 2012 , she appeared in Rufus Wainwright 's music video for his single `` Out of the Game '' , featured on the album of the same name . Bonham Carter co-starred in a film adaptation of the musical Les Misérables , released in 2012 . She played the role of Madame Thénardier . On 17 May 2012 , it was announced that Bonham Carter would be appearing in the 2013 adaptation of Reif Larsen 's book The Selected Works of T.S. Spivet , entitled The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet . Her casting was announced alongside that of Kathy Bates , Kyle Catlett and Callum Keith Rennie , with Jean - Pierre Jeunet directing . She also appeared in a short film directed by Roman Polanski for the clothing brand Prada . The short was entitled A Therapy and she appeared as a therapy patient to Ben Kingsley 's therapist . In 2013 , she played Red Harrington , a peg - legged brothel madam , who assists Reid and Tonto in locating Cavendish , in the movie The Lone Ranger . Also that year , Bonham Carter narrated poetry for The Love Book App , an interactive anthology of love literature developed by Allie Byrne Esiri . Also in 2013 , Bonham Carter appeared as Elizabeth Taylor , alongside Dominic West as Richard Burton , in BBC4 's Burton & Taylor which premiered at the 2013 Hamptons International Film Festival . She played the Fairy Godmother in the 2015 live - action re-imagining of Walt Disney 's Cinderella . In 2016 , Bonham Carter reprised her role of the Red Queen in Alice Through the Looking Glass . In June 2018 , Bonham Carter starred in a spin - off of the Ocean 's Eleven Trilogy , titled Ocean 's 8 , alongside Sandra Bullock , Cate Blanchett , Anne Hathaway , and Sarah Paulson . Personal life ( edit ) Bonham Carter at the 26th Santa Barbara International Film Festival in 2011 Causes and politics ( edit ) In early October 2008 , it was reported that Bonham Carter had become a patron of the charity Action Duchenne , the national charity established to support parents and sufferers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy . In August 2014 , Bonham Carter was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run - up to September 's referendum on that issue . Family tragedy ( edit ) In August 2008 , four of her relatives were killed in a safari bus crash in South Africa , and she was given indefinite leave from filming Terminator Salvation , returning later to complete filming . Relationships ( edit ) Kenneth Branagh ( edit ) In 1994 , Bonham Carter and Kenneth Branagh met while filming Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein . They began an affair , while Branagh was still married to Emma Thompson , whom he had met in 1987 while filming the BBC Series Fortunes of War and married in 1989 . At the time , Thompson 's career was soaring , while Branagh was struggling to make a success of his first big - budget film ( Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ) . Following his affair with Bonham Carter , Branagh and Thompson divorced in 1995 . However , in 1999 , after five years together , Bonham Carter and Branagh also called it quits . Thompson has gone on to have `` no hard feelings , '' towards Bonham Carter , calling the past `` blood under the bridge . '' She explained , `` You ca n't hold on to anything like that . It 's pointless . I have n't got the energy for it . Helena and I made our peace years and years ago . She 's a wonderful woman . '' Thompson and Bonham Carter later went on to star together in the Harry Potter series . Tim Burton ( edit ) In 2001 , Bonham Carter began a relationship with American director Tim Burton , whom she met while filming Planet of the Apes . Burton subsequently took to casting her in his films , including Big Fish , Corpse Bride , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , Alice in Wonderland and Dark Shadows . After their separation , Bonham Carter mentioned , `` it might be easier to work together without being together any more . He always only cast me with great embarrassment . '' Bonham Carter and Burton lived in two adjoining houses in Belsize Park , London . Bonham Carter owned one of the houses , Burton later purchased the other and they connected the two . In 2006 , they bought the Mill House in Sutton Courtenay , England . It was previously leased by her grandmother , Violet Bonham Carter , and owned by her great - grandfather H.H. Asquith . Bonham Carter and Burton have two children together : son Billy Raymond Burton and daughter Nell Burton . Bonham Carter has stated that her daughter Nell is named after all the `` Helens '' in her family . Bonham Carter told The Daily Telegraph and several other interviewers of her struggles with infertility and the difficulties she had during her pregnancies . She noted that before the conception of her daughter , she and Burton had been trying for a baby for two years and although they conceived naturally , they were considering In Vitro Fertilisation . On 23 December 2014 , Bonham Carter and Burton announced that they had `` separated amicably '' earlier that year . Of the separation , Bonham Carter told Harper 's Bazaar : `` Everyone always says you have to be strong and have a stiff upper lip , but it 's okay to be fragile ... You 've got to take very small steps , and sometimes you wo n't know where to go next because you 've lost yourself . '' She added : `` With divorce , you go through massive grief -- it is a death of a relationship , so it 's utterly bewildering . Your identity , everything , changes . '' In the media ( edit ) Bonham Carter is known for her unconventional and eccentric sense of fashion . Vanity Fair named her on its 2010 Best - Dressed List and she was selected by Marc Jacobs to be the face of his autumn / winter 2011 advertising campaign . She has cited Vivienne Westwood and Marie Antoinette as her main style influences . Ancestry ( edit ) Paternal ( edit ) See also : Bonham Carter family Bonham Carter 's paternal grandparents were British Liberal politicians Sir Maurice Bonham Carter and Lady Violet Bonham Carter . Helena is descended on her father 's side from John Bonham Carter , Member of Parliament for Portsmouth . Helena 's paternal great - grandfather was H. H. Asquith , 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith and Prime Minister of Britain 1908 -- 1916 . She is the great - niece of Asquith 's son , Anthony Asquith , English director of such films as Carrington V.C. and The Importance of Being Earnest , and a first cousin of the economist Adam Ridley and of politician Jane Bonham Carter . Bonham Carter is a distant cousin of actor Crispin Bonham - Carter . Other prominent distant relatives include Lothian Bonham Carter , who played first - class cricket for Hampshire , his son , Vice Admiral Sir Stuart Bonham Carter , who served in the Royal Navy in both world wars , and pioneering English nurse Florence Nightingale . Maternal ( edit ) Her maternal grandfather , Spanish diplomat Eduardo Propper de Callejón , saved thousands of Jews from the Holocaust during the Second World War , for which he was recognised as Righteous Among the Nations ( his own father was a Bohemian Jew ) . He later served as Minister - Counselor at the Spanish Embassy in Washington , D.C. Her maternal grandmother , Baroness Hélène Fould - Springer , was from an upper class Jewish family ; she was the daughter of Baron Eugène Fould - Springer ( a French banker descended from the Ephrussi family and the Fould dynasty ) and Marie Cecile von Springer ( whose father was Austrian - born industrialist Baron Gustav von Springer , and whose mother was from the de Koenigswarter family ) . Hélène Fould - Springer converted to Catholicism after the Second World War . Hélène 's sister was the French philanthropist Liliane de Rothschild ( 1916 -- 2003 ) , the wife of Baron Élie de Rothschild , of the prominent Rothschild family ( who had also married within the von Springer family in the 19th century ) ; Liliane 's other sister , Therese Fould - Springer , was the mother of British writer David Pryce - Jones . show Ancestors of Helena Bonham Carter 16 . John Bonham Carter 8 . Henry Bonham Carter 17 . Joanna Maria Smith 4 . Sir Maurice Bonham Carter 18 . George Warde Norman 9 . Sibella Charlotte Norman 19 . Isabella Stone 2 . The Honourable Raymond Henry Bonham Carter 20 . Joseph Dixon Asquith 10 . Herbert , Earl of Oxford and Asquith 21 . Emily Willans 5 . Violet , Lady Asquith of Yarnbury 22 . Frederick Melland 11 . Helen Kelsall Melland 23 . Ann Heap Kelsall 1 . Helena Bonham Carter 24 . Aloys Propper 12 . Max Propper 25 . Jeanne Kohn 6 . Eduardo Propper de Callejón 26 . Juan de Callejón 13 . Jeanne Isabelle Héloïse Dolorès `` Juana '' de Callejón 27 . Heloise Kennedy 3 . Elena Propper de Callejón 28 . Léon Fould 14 . Baron Eugène Fould - Springer ( Eugène Charles Joachim Fould ) 29 . Thérèse Bacha Prascovie Ephrussi 7 . Hélène Fould - Springer 30 . Baron Gustav von Springer 15 . Marie - Cécile von Springer 31 . Hélène Königswarter Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A Pattern of Roses Netty Bellinger 1985 A Room with a View Lucy Honeychurch 1986 Lady Jane Lady Jane Grey Maurice Lady at Cricket Match Cameo A Hazard of Hearts Serena Staverley 1988 The Mask Iris Six Minutes with Ludwig The Star 1989 Francesco Chiara Offreduccio Arms and the Man Raina Petkoff Getting It Right Lady Minerva Munday Hamlet Ophelia The Early Life of Beatrix Potter Beatrix Potter 1991 Where Angels Fear to Tread Caroline Abbott Brown Bear 's Wedding White Bear ( voice ) 1992 Howards End Helen Schlegel 1993 Dancing Queen Pandora / Julie 1994 Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Elizabeth Frankenstein Fatal Deception : Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald Marina Oswald A Dark - Adapted Eye Faith Severn ( adult ) Butter Dorothy Short film 1995 Mighty Aphrodite Amanda Weinrib Margaret 's Museum Margaret MacNeil Jeremy Hardy Gives Good Sex Herself ( voice ) Twelfth Night : Or What You Will Olivia Portraits chinois Ada 1997 The Wings of the Dove Kate Croy Keep the Aspidistra Flying Rosemary The Petticoat Expeditions Narrator ( voice ) 1998 Sweet Revenge Karen Knightly Also known as The Revengers ' Comedies The Theory of Flight Jane Thatchard 1999 Carnivale Milly ( voice ) Fight Club Marla Singer Women Talking Dirty Cora The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything Lily Planet of the Apes Ari Novocaine Susan Ivey Football Mum Short film 2002 The Heart of Me Dinah Till Human Voices Wake Us Ruby 2003 Big Fish Jennifer Hill / The Witch Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Beatrice Baudelaire Uncredited cameo 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Mrs. Bucket Conversations with Other Women Woman Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Lady Tottington ( voice ) Corpse Bride Emily , the Corpse Bride ( voice ) 2006 Sixty Six Esther Reubens 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Bellatrix Lestrange Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Mrs. Lovett 2009 Terminator Salvation Dr. Serena Kogan / Skynet Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Bellatrix Lestrange The Gruffalo Mother Squirrel ( voice ) Short film Alice in Wonderland Red Queen / Iracebeth of Crims The King 's Speech Queen Elizabeth Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Bellatrix Lestrange 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Bellatrix Lestrange The Gruffalo 's Child Mother Squirrel ( voice ) Short film 2012 Dark Shadows Dr. Julia Hoffman A Therapy Patient Short film Great Expectations Miss Havisham Les Misérables Mme . Thénardier 2013 The Lone Ranger Red Harrington The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet Dr. Clair 2014 Night Will Fall Narrator Documentary film 2015 Cinderella The Fairy Godmother Suffragette Edith Ellyn 2016 Alice Through the Looking Glass Red Queen / Iracebeth of Crims 2017 Poles Apart Nanuk Short film 55 Steps Eleanor Riese 2018 Sgt . Stubby : An American Hero Margaret Conroy ( voice ) Ocean 's 8 Rose Weil Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Miami Vice Dr. Theresa Lyons 2 episodes 1988 Screen Two Jo Marriner Episode : `` The Vision '' 1989 Theatre Night Raina Petkoff Episode : `` Arms and the Man '' 1991 Jackanory Reader 5 episodes 1994 Absolutely Fabulous Dream Saffron Episode : `` Hospital '' The Good Sex Guide Herself Episode # 2.1 The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century Vera Brittain 2 episodes 1998 Merlin Morgan le Fay 3 episodes 2002 Live from Baghdad Ingrid Formanek Television film 2003 Henry VIII Anne Boleyn 2 episodes 2005 Magnificent 7 Maggi Jackson Television film 2009 Enid Enid Blyton Television film Toast Joan Potter Television film 2011 Life 's Too Short Herself Episode # 1.3 2013 Burton & Taylor Elizabeth Taylor Television film 2014 Turks & Caicos Margot Tyrrell Television film Salting the Battlefield Margot Tyrrell Television film 2015 Codes of Conduct Esther Kaufmann Pilot ( not picked up ) 2016 Love , Nina George 5 episodes 2017 Saying Goodbye Herself / Narrator ( voice ) Documentary 2019 The Crown Princess Margaret Main role Music videos ( edit ) Year Artist Song Ref . 2012 Rufus Wainwright `` Out Of The Game '' 2015 Bryan Adams `` Brand New Day '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2005 Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Lady Tottington ( voice ) Theatre and radio credits ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue The Tempest Unknown Oxford Playhouse 1988 The Woman in White Laura Fairlie Greenwich Theatre , London 1989 The Chalk Garden Unknown Windsor / Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford 1991 The House of Bernarda Alba Magdalena Nottingham Playhouse 1992 The Barber of Seville Rosina Palace Theatre , Watford 1992 Trelawney of the Wells Imogen Parrot Comedy Theatre , London Radio ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 The Reluctant Debutante Unknown BBC Radio 4 1989 The Happiest of All Princesses Unknown BBC Radio 4 1993 The Secret Garden Narrator By Frances Burnett 1993 The Whales ' Song Narrator By Dyan Sheldon 1994 The Seagull Nina Mikhailovna Zarechnaya BBC Radio 4 1994 A Dog So Small Narrator By Philippa Pearce 1994 The Way to Sattin Shore Narrator By Philippa Pearce 1995 Song of Love Unknown BBC Radio 4 1995 Remember Me Narrator I Capture the Castle Rose BBC Radio 4 1997 A House by the Sea Unknown BBC Radio 4 1997 The Diary of Anne Frank Narrator 1998 Lantern Slides Violet Bonham Carter BBC Radio 4 2000 As You Like It Rosalind BBC Radio 4 The Rubenstein Kiss Unknown Postponed Private Lives Amanda BBC Radio 4 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Helena Bonham Carter Bonham Carter has been the recipient of a BAFTA Award , a Critics ' Choice Movie Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award , as well as receiving further nominations for two Academy Awards , seven Golden Globe Awards and three Primetime Emmy Awards . She has received other prestigious awards such as a Satellite Award and two National Board of Review awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter honoured at Buckingham Palace '' . BBC News . 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dysch , Marcus ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Cameron commits to ' sacred , vital ' task '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter '' . familysearch.org . ^ Jump up to : Costa , Maddy ( 3 November 2006 ) . `` It 's all gone widescreen '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter Biography ( 1966 -- ) '' . FilmReference.com. 2007 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 13 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helena Bonham Carter Releases Daughter 's Name '' . Jewish Journal . 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scruffs up nicely '' . The Scotsman. 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Liam Lacey , `` ' English rose ' blossoms into other roles '' , 18 January 1996 , The Globe and Mail , D1 Jump up ^ Valerie Grove , `` How Helena Grew Up In a Violet Shadow '' , The Times , 10 May 1996 Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter Biography '' . Tiscali . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hodges , Dan ( 2 August 2001 ) . `` Zen and the inner ape '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , `` British Film Likely to Win The Top Award at Cannes '' , Chicago Sun - Times , 20 May 1996 , p. 40 Jump up ^ `` Breaking the Waves '' . Deep Focus. 7 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2008 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Day & Night , '' Kathryn Spencer , Julie Carpenter and Kate Bohdanowicz , 24 September 2003 , The Express , p 36 Jump up ^ `` Cannes Film Festival 2006 Official Juries '' . Go France . 7 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Betts , Hannah ( 22 April 2006 ) . `` English eccentric '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve . `` Helena Bonham Carter Gets Wicked '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Leo ( 28 June 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix : the first review '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 13 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 13 July 2007 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter Gets Wicked '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter Set to Play Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd Film '' . Broadway.com. 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terminator 4 Gets Helena Bonham Carter ! '' . ScreenRant. 1 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Burton brings Hollywood to Cornwall '' . This is Cornwall. 29 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bonham Carter and Hathaway Join `` Alice in Wonderland '' `` . JoBlo.com. 7 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter and Anne Hathaway in `` Wonderland '' `` . The Hollywood News . 7 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hathaway and Bonham Carter Join Alice in Wonderland '' . Cinematical. 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` The best British film actresses of all time '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The King 's Speech ' leads the pack in BAFTA nominations '' . CNN International . 18 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The King 's Speech ' usurps throne as Oscar leader '' . Beverly Hills , CA . Associated Press . 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Khan , Urmee ( 7 March 2009 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter to play Enid Blyton in new BBC biopic '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter to film new movie Toast in Birmingham and Black Country '' . Birmingham Post . 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` ' The King 's Speech , ' ' Toast , ' ' Sacrifice ' Get Galas in Berlin '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toast at the Berlin Film Festival '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Berlin Film Festival . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonham - Carter to receive BAFTA LA honour '' . Cine Europa . Berlin Film Festival . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Great Expectations , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rufus Wainwright teams with Helena Bonham Carter in new video '' . Digital Spy . Digital Spy . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Russell Crowe & Helena Bomham Carter in Les Misérables '' . First Showing . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Casting : Helena Bonham Carter and Kathy Bates Star in The Young and Prodigious Spivet '' . Collider . Collider . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter and Kathy Bates Sign On to Jean - Pierre Jeunet 's The Young and Prodigious Spivet '' . Indie Wire . Indie Wire . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prada presents A Therapy '' . Prada . Prada . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Love Book App '' . Iliterature.net . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Season 2013 : Episode 5 '' . In the Mixx . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Helena Bonham Carter to Play Fairy Godmother in Disney 's ' Cinderella ' ( Exclusive ) Retrieved 22 June 2013 Jump up ^ `` That all - female Ocean 's Eleven cast list adds three big names '' . The Independent . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Action Duchenne patron honoured with CBE '' Archived 12 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Action Duchenne . Retrieved 7 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Celebrities ' open letter to Scotland -- full text and list of signatories '' . The Guardian . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Heidi ( 23 August 2008 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter 's relatives killed in 75mph safari crash '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Terminator Salvation Halts For Bonham Carter '' . Filmonic. 24 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Glenda ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Emma Thompson 's revenge served with stellar sophistication '' . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter describes the grief following her split with Tim Burton '' . Metro. 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ravitz , Justin ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Emma Thompson : I Forgave Helena Bonham Carter for Kenneth Branagh Affair That Ended Our Marriage '' . Us Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Thompson said her heartbroken performance in ' Love Actually ' was inspired by real - life cheating by Kenneth Branagh '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helena Bonham Carter : ' With divorce , you go through massive grief ' '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Iggulden , Amy ( 24 March 2006 ) . `` Bonham Carter buys back family heritage for £ 2.9 m '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Honoured '' . The Oxford Times . Newsquest ( Oxfordshire ) Ltd . Press Association . 23 February 2012 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter - Biography '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved 7 May 2012 ^ Jump up to : Norman , Pete ( 7 August 2008 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter Reveals Her 7 - Month - Old 's Name '' . People . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter and Tim Burton Split '' . People . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton & Helena Bonham Carter Step Out With Kids Amid Split '' . eonline.com . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 18 February 2011 ) . `` Will Helena Bonham Carter bring her eccentric style to the Oscars ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonham Carter in normal dress shock at Oscars '' . ABS -- CBN News . Agence France - Presse. 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 International Best - Dressed List '' . Vanity Fair . September 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter models for Marc Jacobs '' . Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ L.G. Pine , The New Extinct Peerage 1884 -- 1971 : Containing Extinct , Abeyant , Dormant and Suspended Peerages with Genealogies and Arms ( London : Heraldry Today , 1972 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` Local Luminaries : Famous People from the Area '' . Buriton Heritage Bank . June 2001 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ADL Honors Spanish Diplomat Who Saved Jews & Others During Holocaust '' . Adl.org . Archived from the original on 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yad Vashem awards the title of Righteous Among the Nations to the late Eduardo Propper de Callejon of Spain '' . International Institute for Holocaust Research . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paid Notice : Deaths PROPPER DE CALLEJON , HELENE '' . New York Times . 7 July 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Frazer , Jenni ( 8 February 2008 ) . `` How Helena 's grandfather was finally recognised as a true hero '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Archived from the original on 10 February 2008 . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Barber , Lynn ( 20 April 1997 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter : Could n't she just wear a babygro ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Pfefferman , Naomi ( 30 July 2008 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter -- Jewish mother ? '' . Jewish Journal . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( 18 August 2008 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter as a Jewish mum '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Charles Mosley , editor , Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage , 107th edition , 3 volumes ( Wilmington , Delaware , U.S.A. : Burke 's Peerage ( Genealogical Books ) Ltd , 2003 ) , volume 3 , page 3415 . Hereinafter cited as Burke 's Peerage and Baronetage , 107th edition . Jump up ^ Rufus Wainwright , Helena Bonham Carter - Out Of The Game . YouTube . RufusWainwrightVEVO. 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryan Adams -- Brand New Day ( Official Video ) . YouTube . BryanAdamsVEVO. 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Private Lives '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHelena Bonham Carterat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Helena Bonham Carter on IMDb Helena Bonham Carter at the BFI 's Screenonline Helena Bonham Carter at Box Office Mojo Helena Bonham Carter at AllMovie Helena Bonham Carter at the TCM Movie Database Helena Bonham Carter at Emmys.com Awards for Helena Bonham Carter Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television award winners for Best Actress Canadian Film Award 1968 -- 1978 Geneviève Bujold ( 1968 ) Jackie Burroughs ( 1969 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1970 ) Ann Knox ( 1971 ) Micheline Lanctôt ( 1972 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1973 ) no award ( 1974 ) Margot Kidder ( 1975 ) Marilyn Lightstone ( 1976 ) Monique Mercure ( 1977 ) Helen Shaver ( 1978 ) Genie Award 1980 -- 2011 Kate Lynch ( 1980 ) Marie Tifo ( 1981 ) Margot Kidder ( 1982 ) Rae Dawn Chong ( 1983 ) Martha Henry ( 1984 ) Louise Marleau ( 1985 ) Margaret Langrick ( 1986 ) Martha Henry ( 1987 ) Sheila McCarthy ( 1988 ) Jackie Burroughs ( 1989 ) Rebecca Jenkins ( 1990 ) Pascale Montpetit ( 1991 ) Janet Wright ( 1992 ) Sheila McCarthy ( 1993 ) Sandra Oh ( 1994 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1995 ) Martha Henry ( 1996 ) Molly Parker ( 1997 ) Sandra Oh ( 1998 ) Sylvie Moreau ( 1999 ) Marie - Josée Croze ( 2000 ) Élise Guilbault ( 2001 ) Arsinée Khanjian ( 2002 ) Sarah Polley ( 2003 ) Pascale Bussières ( 2004 ) Seema Biswas ( 2005 ) Julie Le Breton ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2008 ) Karine Vanasse ( 2009 ) Lubna Azabal ( 2010 ) Vanessa Paradis ( 2011 ) Canadian Screen Award 2012 -- present Rachel Mwanza ( 2012 ) Gabrielle Marion - Rivard ( 2013 ) Anne Dorval ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Tatiana Maslany ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Celia Johnson ( 1969 ) Susannah York ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Diane Ladd ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1977 ) Geraldine Page ( 1978 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1979 ) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton ( 1982 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1983 ) Liz Smith ( 1984 ) Rosanna Arquette ( 1985 ) Judi Dench ( 1986 ) Susan Wooldridge ( 1987 ) Judi Dench ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Miriam Margolyes ( 1993 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Maggie Smith ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Thandie Newton ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) Britannia Awards Excellence in Film Albert R. 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Marie Duff ( 2009 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2010 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Imogen Poots ( 2013 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2014 ) Olivia Colman ( 2015 ) Avin Manshadi ( 2016 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2017 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Gena Rowlands ( 1980 ) Marília Pêra ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Rosanna Arquette ( 1983 ) Judy Davis ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Chloe Webb ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Geena Davis ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Julianne Moore ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Samantha Morton ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal ( 2002 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Anne Hathaway / Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock / Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Natalie Portman ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) International Emmy for Best Performance by an Actress Lin He ( 2005 ) Maryam Hassouni ( 2006 ) Muriel Robin ( 2007 ) Lucy Cohu ( 2008 ) Julie Walters ( 2009 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2010 ) Julie Walters ( 2011 ) Cristina Banegas ( 2012 ) Fernanda Montenegro ( 2013 ) Bianca Krijgsman ( 2014 ) Anneke von der Lippe ( 2015 ) Christiane Paul ( 2016 ) Anna Friel ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Daisy Ridley ( 2018 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year Miranda Richardson ( 1993 ) Crissy Rock ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1998 ) Emily Watson ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Lesley Manville ( 2002 ) Anne Reid ( 2003 ) Eva Birthistle / Kate Winslet ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Lesley Manville ( 2010 ) Olivia Colman ( 2011 ) Andrea Riseborough ( 2012 ) Judi Dench ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Kate Beckinsale ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Shelley Duvall ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Sandrine Bonnaire ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Christine Lahti ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Yolande Moreau ( 2009 ) Kim Hye - 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wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! 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-7121242283645893242	Blue Bell Creameries	Blue Bell Creameries - wikipedia Blue Bell Creameries Jump to : navigation , search Blue Bell Creameries Type Private Industry Ice cream Founded Brenham , Texas , U.S. ( 1907 ; 110 years ago ( 1907 ) ) Headquarters Brenham , Texas Key people Ricky Dickson , President Revenue Estimated US $680 million ( 2014 ) Website bluebell.com Blue Bell Creameries is an American food company that manufactures ice cream . It was founded in 1907 in Brenham , Texas . For much of its early history , the company manufactured both ice cream and butter locally . In the mid-20th century , it abandoned butter production and expanded to the entire state of Texas and soon much of the Southern United States . The company 's corporate headquarters are located at the `` Little Creamery '' in Brenham , Texas . Since 1919 , it has been in the hands of the Kruse family . Despite being sold in a limited number of states , as of 2015 Blue Bell is the fourth highest - selling ice cream brand in the United States as a whole . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operations 3 Products 4 2015 Listeriosis outbreak 4.1 Return 4.2 Justice Department investigation 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) A restored delivery truck at the Brenham factory . The company has its roots in the Brenham Creamery Company , which opened in 1907 to purchase excess cream from local dairy farmers and sell butter to people in Brenham , Texas , a town situated approximately 70 miles northwest of Houston . In 1911 , the creamery began to produce small quantities of ice cream . By 1919 , the creamery was in financial trouble and considered closing its doors . The board of directors hired E.F. Kruse , a 23 - year - old former schoolteacher , to take over the company on April 1 , 1919 . Kruse refused to accept a salary for his first few months in the position so that the company would not be placed in further debt . Under his leadership , the company expanded its production of ice cream to the surrounding Brenham area and soon became profitable . At his suggestion , the company was renamed Blue Bell Creameries in 1930 after the Texas Bluebell , a wildflower native to Texas , and which like ice cream thrives during the summer . Until 1936 , the creamery made ice cream by the batch . It could create a 10 - US - gallon ( 38 L ) batch of ice cream every 20 minutes . That same year , in 1936 , the company purchased its first continuous ice cream freezer , which could make 80 US gallons ( 300 L ) of ice cream per hour . The ice cream would run through a spigot , allowing it to be poured into any size container . Kruse was diagnosed with cancer in 1951 and died within 8 weeks . His sons Ed and Howard took over leadership of the company . By the 1960s , the company completely abandoned the production of butter and began focusing solely on ice cream . After many years of selling ice cream only in Brenham , the company began selling its ice cream in the Houston area , eventually expanding throughout most of Texas including the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex and the state capital of Austin . By the end of the 1970s , sales had quadrupled , and by 1980 the creamery was producing over 10 million gallons ( 37,850,000 liters ) of ice cream per year , earning $30 million annually . In 1989 , Blue Bell began selling its ice cream in Oklahoma , and throughout the 1990s expansion pushed throughout the South Central and Southern United States , eventually expanding out to New Orleans and Jackson , Mississippi . In 1992 , Blue Bell built a new manufacturing facility in Broken Arrow , Oklahoma . Four years later , in 1996 , Blue Bell opened a third manufacturing facility opened in Sylacauga , Alabama , east of Birmingham , and eventually expanded into Atlanta and Miami . Once Blue Bell establishes itself within a market , word - of - mouth usually ensures that consumers in adjacent areas become aware of the brand . Blue Bell has been slow to expand : company executives say they thoroughly research each new market and ensure that all employees in the new markets are fully trained in Blue Bell practices so that product quality can be upheld . Blue Bell often tends to expand to markets during March each year , expanding to Colorado on March 14 , 2011 , followed by the Richmond and Hampton Roads areas of Virginia in 2013 , and Las Vegas in 2014 . These expansions are accompanied with the purchase and / or construction of distribution centers in new markets that serve areas within a 75 - mile radius . In 2015 , Blue Bell issued a series of recalls that eventually shut down production and led to all of its products being recalled on April 20 , culminating in job cuts and furloughs ( as well as the reduction of its 23 - state sales territory ) resulting from the shutdown the following May . In conjunction with factory cleanup procedures and agreements with state and federal authorities , the company returned to production three months later on a limited basis , returning its products to the market on August 31 in portions of Texas and Alabama as part of a five - phase plan to return to much of its pre-recall distribution territory , which has been reduced to 16 states based on Blue Bell 's limited distribution capabilities in the near term . Operations ( edit ) The Blue Bell factory in Brenham As of 2015 , the company operated three manufacturing facilities , with the largest facility in Brenham , and auxiliary facilities in Broken Arrow , Oklahoma , and Sylacauga , Alabama . Before the 2015 recalls , there were 50 sales and distribution centers , known as branches , spread throughout its 23 - state market . These facilities employed a combined 2,800 employees , with 850 of the employees working out of Brenham . In 2006 , annual sales exceeded $400 million . Blue Bell retains control over all aspects of its business , primarily to ensure quality control and the use of the freshest ingredients available . The Kruses claim `` the milk we use is so fresh it was grass only yesterday . '' The company uses milk from approximately 60,000 cows each day , and the cream used during each day 's production run is always less than 24 hours old . All production and packaging takes place within Blue Bell facilities , which are able to produce over 100 pints per minute . Drivers of delivery vehicles personally stock store shelves so they can ensure it is handled properly . According to figures gathered by Statista , a market data and statistics portal , while combined private labels sold more , in 2014 Blue Bell was the best - selling ice cream brand in the United States . The sales area is primarily concentrated in the Southern United States , and has been sold as far west as Las Vegas , as far north as Indianapolis and Denver , and as far east as Richmond , Virginia . Overall , this area comprises only 20 % of the United States . By comparison , each of Blue Bell 's top four competitors sells its products in over 86 % of the United States . To become one of the three biggest ice cream manufacturers , Blue Bell has consistently been the top seller in the majority of the markets the company has entered . For example , in its home state of Texas , the company has a 52 % market share . Within five months of its entry into Baton Rouge , Louisiana , the company had garnered 35 % of the ice cream market . People living outside the sales area can have the ice cream shipped to them ( although this has temporarily been halted while the company is ramping up production after the recalls ) , and former President George W. Bush ( a former Governor of Texas ) often had the ice cream shipped to Camp David during his administration . In 2006 and 2012 , astronauts aboard the International Space Station were also treated to Blue Bell ice cream `` to help out ( the crew 's ) happiness quotient . '' Products ( edit ) Blue Bell shop at George Bush Intercontinental Airport Blue Bell produces over 250 different frozen products . Of these , 66 are flavors of ice cream . Twenty of the flavors are offered year - round , while an additional two to three dozen are offered seasonally . In addition to ice cream , the company produces frozen yogurt , sherbet , and an array of frozen treats on a stick . Unlike competitors which have reduced their standard containers to 48 - 56 fluid ounces ( 1.42 - 1.66 L ) , Blue Bell continues to sell true half - gallon ( 64 fl oz / 1.89 L ) containers , a fact it mentions prominently in its advertising . Blue Bell introduced its flagship flavor , Homemade Vanilla , in 1969 and was the first company to mass - produce the flavor Cookies ' n Cream . Although the company at one time made Cookies ' n Cream from Nabisco 's Oreo cookies , buying ordinary retail packages , today it bakes its own cookies . As of 1997 , Blue Bell Homemade Vanilla was the best - selling single flavor of ice cream in the United States , and in 2001 , Forbes named Blue Bell the best ice cream in the country . R.W. Apple , Jr. , of The New York Times claimed in 2006 that `` ( w ) ith clean , vibrant flavors and a rich , luxuriant consistency achieved despite a butterfat content a little lower than some competitors , it hooks you from the first spoonful . Entirely and blessedly absent are the cloying sweetness , chalky texture , and oily , gummy aftertaste that afflict many mass - manufactured ice creams . '' Occasionally , when Blue Bell enters a market the company marks the occasion with the introduction of a regional flavor within that market . For example , when it entered Colorado on March 14 , 2011 , Blue Bell introduced a new flavor exclusive to Colorado , Rocky Mountain Road , made with more premium ingredients ( including chocolate - covered nuts and a marshmallow swirl ) compared to its year - round Rocky Road . While the test market was in the Denver metropolitan area , there was speculation that the rest of the state would soon see Blue Bell on store shelves . Eventually , this flavor would be distributed to Blue Bell 's entire sales territory . 2015 Listeriosis outbreak ( edit ) In 2015 , Blue Bell issued its first recall in its 108 - year history . The recall was issued on an assortment of items produced at its creameries , due to the discovery of five cases of listeriosis in Kansas believed to be caused by products produced at its creamery in Broken Arrow , Oklahoma . Three of the five patients with listeria died . Despite a series of subsequent recalls , and the temporary shutdown of its Broken Arrow plant , `` an enhanced sampling program '' launched by Blue Bell produced `` several positive tests for Listeria in different places and plants '' , including three further cases in Texas . As a result , on the evening of April 20 , 2015 the company took precautionary measures and expanded its recall to cover all of its products -- a recall of over eight million gallons , to be disposed of in a sanitary landfill . At the same time , the company shut down production and commenced cleanup and repair operations at its manufacturing facilities . The FDA found that the company failed to follow standard practices to prevent contamination ; two years prior to the recalls , the company `` repeatedly found listeria '' in its Broken Arrow facility . At its main production facility in Brenham , one of its production machines ( which produced most of the recalled products ) was so contaminated that Blue Bell announced it would permanently stop using the machine , and condensation was also reported in parts of the Brenham facility . Although a spokeswoman for Blue Bell had previously demurred on the subject of job losses , on May 15 , Blue Bell announced a series of job cuts and furloughs . 1,450 ( or 37 percent ) of the company 's employees would be laid off , while another 1,400 employees were furloughed until cleanup / repair operations concluded , and the remaining 1,050 involved in essential operations and cleanup / repair operations had wage reductions imposed on them . In addition , due to limited supply and distribution capabilities expected in the near term , Blue Bell announced it would suspend operations at 15 of its over 50 distribution centers indefinitely , though it has not ruled out returning to these markets eventually . The affected distribution centers included : Phoenix , Arizona ( 2 branches ) Tucson , Arizona Denver , Colorado Indianapolis , Indiana Kansas City , Kansas Wichita , Kansas Louisville , Kentucky Las Vegas , Nevada Albuquerque , New Mexico Charlotte , North Carolina Raleigh , North Carolina Columbia , South Carolina Richmond , Virginia Suffolk , Virginia ( Hampton Roads area ) The recalls were so severe that they threatened to shut down the company ; executives warned shareholders that they faced a `` capital crisis . '' On July 14 , 2015 , Sid Bass , a prominent Texas investor , became a partner and investor with the company ; Blue Bell secured a $125 million loan to continue operations . Around the same time , Blue Bell 's plant in Sylacauga , Alabama resumed production , creating test batches as part of a `` test and hold '' procedure in which ice cream is not packaged for sale until the batch tests negative for all strains of bacteria including the strain of listeria responsible for the aforementioned recalls . Return ( edit ) On August 17 , 2015 , Blue Bell announced a five - phase plan to return to store shelves : Phase 1 : Houston and Austin areas of Texas , plus Birmingham and Montgomery areas of Alabama ( near the company 's Sylacauga facility ) . Phase 2 : North central Texas ( Dallas - Fort Worth ) and southern Oklahoma including Tulsa ( near the company 's Broken Arrow facility ) . Phase 3 : Southwest Texas ( San Antonio ) and central Oklahoma including Oklahoma City . Phase 4 : Majority of Texas plus southern Louisiana including Baton Rouge and New Orleans . Phase 5 : Remainder of Texas , Alabama , Oklahoma and Louisiana , plus all of Arkansas , Florida and Mississippi and parts of Georgia , Kentucky , Missouri , New Mexico , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia . Even in those states where Blue Bell plans to return , it will not necessarily return to all of its pre-recall markets by the final phase . However these markets , including Charlotte , Kansas City , Louisville , Phoenix and Richmond , may be added in the future based on whether or not Blue Bell can effectively service these areas . Phase 1 began on August 31 , 2015 . Phase 2 began in November , 2015 . A month later phases 3 and 4 began . The day following its initial rollout , September 1 , Blue Bell resumed production at its Broken Arrow , Oklahoma facility . On January 28 , 2016 , the company resumed distribution to large portions of the Southeastern US . Justice Department investigation ( edit ) External video `` Department of Justice investigating Blue Bell Listeria outbreak '' . CBS Evening News report dated December 29 , 2015 , outlining the United States Department of Justice investigation into Blue Bell Creameries . In December 2015 , CBS Evening News reported that the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) had launched a federal criminal investigation into Blue Bell Creameries , to determine `` what exactly Blue Bell executives knew about the contaminations and unsanitary conditions , when they knew , and what they did in response '' . The investigation , by the DOJ 's Consumer Protection Branch , is reportedly led by trial attorney Patrick Hearn , who successfully prosecuted executives of the Peanut Corporation of America in 2015 . Mark Abueg , a DOJ spokesman , told the Houston Press : `` As a matter of policy , the Justice Department generally neither confirms nor denies whether a matter is under investigation . '' See also ( edit ) List of dairy product companies in the United States Further reading ( edit ) Inampudi , Naveen and Debbie Z . Harwell . `` BLUE BELL : The Cream Rises to the Top . '' Houston History Magazine . Center for Public History , University of Houston . Volume 9 , No. 2 . p. 2 - 7 . Hlavaty , Craig . `` Who exactly are those people on the Blue Bell ice cream boxes ? '' Houston Chronicle . Wednesday September 4 , 2013 . Ed Kruse - MyBestYears.com INTERVIEW SPOTLIGHT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pulsinelli , Olivia ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Blue Bell names new president , new chairman '' . Houston Business Journal . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell Creameries '' . privco.com . ^ Jump up to : Blue Bell Creameries from the Handbook of Texas Online ^ Jump up to : Ferrell , David ( May -- June 2007 ) , `` Tasteful Celebration '' , Texas Aggie , p. 33 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ferrell , David ( May -- June 2007 ) , `` Tasteful Celebration '' , Texas Aggie , p. 32 access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Travis , Christopher K. ( 1997 ) , `` The Kings of Ice Cream '' , The Round Top Register , archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 03 , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 Jump up ^ Ferrell , David ( May -- June 2007 ) , `` Tasteful Celebration '' , Texas Aggie , pp. 34 -- 35 access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Pamela Accetta ( January 2002 ) . `` True blue '' . Dairy Field . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell expanding to Vegas due to popular demand '' . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell ice cream expanding to North Las Vegas area with distribution centre '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , David ( May -- June 2007 ) , `` Tasteful Celebration '' , Texas Aggie , p. 36 access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Apple Jr. , R.W. ( May 31 , 2006 ) , `` Making Texas Cows Proud '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 Jump up ^ Ferrell , David ( May -- June 2007 ) , `` Tasteful Celebration '' , Texas Aggie , pp. 36 -- 37 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Statista ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` The leading 10 ice cream brands of the United States in 2014 , based on sales ( in million U.S. dollars ) '' . Statista . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cornyn , John ( March 30 , 2007 ) , `` The Little Creamery that Could '' ( PDF ) , Texas Times Weekly , Office of Senator John Cornyn , retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 Jump up ^ cullar , Meg ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Second Helping '' . Baylor Line . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dexheimer , Ellen ( April 1990 ) . `` Blue Bell Creameries Inc - Movers & Shakers - company profile '' . Dairy Foods . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ma , Ji ( October 21 , 2004 ) , `` Blue Bell CEO encourages students to meet future challenges head - on '' , The Battalion , archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 Jump up ^ Watson , Traci ( September 14 , 2006 ) , `` Orbiting station gets solar panels , and then dessert '' , USA Today , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 ^ Jump up to : Levey , Kelli ( June 4 , 2004 ) , `` Recipe For Success '' , The Bryan - College Station Eagle , archived from the original on March 28 , 2006 , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell Ice Cream - Still a Half Gallon '' . Bluebell.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dudlicek , James ( 2007 ) . `` Homemade Success '' . Dairy Field . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 50 of America 's Best '' , Forbes , April 30 , 2001 , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell Ice Cream arrives in Denver '' . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell Recalls All Products After Listeria Outbreak '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Products ( Final Update ) '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Three of these people died as a result of their Listeria infection . Jump up ^ Yan , Holly ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Blue Bell recalls all its ice cream products over Listeria concerns '' . CNN . Atlanta . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell to dispose of 8 million gallons of ice cream after recall '' . Jump up ^ `` Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Ice Cream Products '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jesse Newman ( August 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ice - Cream Recall Sends Chill Through Food Industry '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Blue Bell : Grime and discontent '' . 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell : We have n't laid off anyone in 100 years and we wo n't do it now '' . CNNMoney . New York . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1,450 Blue Bell workers losing jobs after listeria problems '' . Associated Press . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An agonizing decision '' . Blue Bell Creameries . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Agonizing Decision '' . Blue Bell Creameries . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell receives investment '' . Blue Bell Creameries. 2015 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Owens , Marjorie ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Blue Bell will begin limited distribution Aug. 31 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Arrow facility begins production '' . cdn.bluebell.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bell Locator '' . cdn.bluebell.com . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Jim ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Dept. of Justice investigating Blue Bell for deadly Listeria outbreak '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heneghan , Carolyn ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` DOJ begins Blue Bell investigation '' . Food Dive . Washington , DC . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jesse ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` DOJ Investigating Blue Bell Creameries Response to Listeria Contamination '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS News Reports Department of Justice Opens Criminal Investigation of Blue Bell '' . Food Safety News . Seattle . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Justice probes into Blue Bell 's Lysteria outbreak '' . Food Processing Technology . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LaMotte , Sandee ; Perez , Evan ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Justice Department investigates Blue Bell Creameries over listeria response '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wray , Dianna ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Why would the Justice Department be investigating Blue Bell now ? '' . Houston Press . Houston . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Companies portal Food portal Texas portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Bell_Creameries&oldid=800904029 '' Categories : 1907 establishments in Texas Companies based in Texas Companies established in 1907 Dairy products companies of the United States Ice cream brands Ice cream manufacturers Texas culture Washington County , Texas Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 12 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the home of blue bell ice cream	[ "Blue Bell Creameries is an American food company that manufactures ice cream. It was founded in 1907 in Brenham, Texas. For much of its early history, the company manufactured both ice cream and butter locally. In the mid-20th century, it abandoned butter production and expanded to the entire state of Texas and soon much of the Southern United States. The company's corporate headquarters are located at the \"Little Creamery\" in Brenham, Texas.[3] Since 1919, it has been in the hands of the Kruse family. Despite being sold in a limited number of states, as of 2015 Blue Bell is the fourth highest-selling ice cream brand in the United States as a whole." ]	[ "Brenham, Texas" ]
-1007815302177817192	Continental drift	Continental drift - wikipedia Continental drift Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the development of the continental drift hypothesis before 1958 . For the contemporary theory , see plate tectonics . For the Russell Banks novel , see Continental Drift ( novel ) . For the fourth film in the Ice Age franchise , see Ice Age : Continental Drift . The continental drift of the last 150 million years Antonio Snider - Pellegrini 's Illustration of the closed and opened Atlantic Ocean ( 1858 ) . Continental drift is the movement of the Earth 's continents relative to each other , thus appearing to `` drift '' across the ocean bed . The speculation that continents might have ' drifted ' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 . The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 , but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism ( though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes ) . The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics , which explains how the continents move . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Wegener and his predecessors 1.3 Rejection of Wegener 's theory , 1910s -- 1950s 2 Evidence of continental drift 3 See also 4 Works cited 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of the development of tectonophysics ( before 1954 ) Early history ( edit ) Abraham Ortelius ( Ortelius 1596 ) , Theodor Christoph Lilienthal ( 1756 ) , Alexander von Humboldt ( 1801 and 1845 ) , Antonio Snider - Pellegrini ( Snider - Pellegrini 1858 ) , and others had noted earlier that the shapes of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean ( most notably , Africa and South America ) seem to fit together . W.J. Kious described Ortelius ' thoughts in this way : Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus ... suggested that the Americas were `` torn away from Europe and Africa ... by earthquakes and floods '' and went on to say : `` The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves , if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three ( continents ) . '' Writing in 1889 , Alfred Russel Wallace remarks , `` It was formerly a very general belief , even amongst geologists , that the great features of the earth 's surface , no less than the smaller ones , were subject to continual mutations , and that during the course of known geological time the continents and great oceans had again and again changed places with each other . '' He quotes Charles Lyell as saying , `` Continents , therefore , although permanent for whole geological epochs , shift their positions entirely in the course of ages . '' and claims that the first to throw doubt on this was James Dwight Dana in 1849 . In his Manual of Geology , 1863 , Dana says , `` The continents and oceans had their general outline or form defined in earliest time . This has been proved with respect to North America from the position and distribution of the first beds of the Silurian -- those of the Potsdam epoch. ... and this will probably prove to the case in Primordial time with the other continents also '' . Dana was enormously influential in America -- his Manual of Mineralogy is still in print in revised form -- and the theory became known as Permanence theory . This appeared to be confirmed by the exploration of the deep sea beds conducted by the Challenger expedition , 1872 - 6 , which showed that contrary to expectation , land debris brought down by rivers to the ocean is deposited comparatively close to the shore on what is now known as the continental shelf . This suggested that the oceans were a permanent feature of the Earth 's surface , and did not change places with the continents . Wegener and his predecessors ( edit ) Alfred Wegener The idea that the American continents had once formed a single landmass together with Europe and Asia before assuming their present shapes and positions was speculated by several scientists before Alfred Wegener 's 1912 paper . Although Wegener 's theory was formed independently and was more complete than those of his predecessors , Wegener later credited a number of past authors with similar ideas : Franklin Coxworthy ( between 1848 and 1890 ) , Roberto Mantovani ( between 1889 and 1909 ) , William Henry Pickering ( 1907 ) and Frank Bursley Taylor ( 1908 ) . In addition , Eduard Suess had proposed a supercontinent Gondwana in 1885 and the Tethys Ocean in 1893 , assuming a land - bridge between the present continents submerged in the form of a geosyncline , and John Perry had written an 1895 paper proposing that the earth 's interior was fluid , and disagreeing with Lord Kelvin on the age of the earth . For example : the similarity of southern continent geological formations had led Roberto Mantovani to conjecture in 1889 and 1909 that all the continents had once been joined into a supercontinent ; Wegener noted the similarity of Mantovani 's and his own maps of the former positions of the southern continents . In Mantovani 's conjecture , this continent broke due to volcanic activity caused by thermal expansion , and the new continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion of the rip - zones , where the oceans now lie . This led Mantovani to propose an Expanding Earth theory which has since been shown to be incorrect . Continental drift without expansion was proposed by Frank Bursley Taylor , who suggested in 1908 ( published in 1910 ) that the continents were moved into their present positions by a process of `` continental creep '' . In a later paper he proposed that this occurred by their being dragged towards the equator by tidal forces during the hypothesized capture of the moon in the Cretaceous , resulting in `` general crustal creep '' toward the equator . Although his proposed mechanism was wrong , he was the first to realize the insight that one of the effects of continental motion would be the formation of mountains , and attributed the formation of the Himalayas to the collision between the Indian subcontinent with Asia . Wegener said that of all those theories , Taylor 's , although not fully developed , had the most similarities to his own . In the mid-20th century , the theory of continental drift was referred to as the `` Taylor - Wegener hypothesis '' , although this terminology eventually fell out of common use . Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis to the German Geological Society on January 6 , 1912 . His hypothesis was that the continents had once formed a single landmass , called Pangea , before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations . Wegener was the first to use the phrase `` continental drift '' ( 1912 , 1915 ) ( in German `` die Verschiebung der Kontinente '' -- translated into English in 1922 ) and formally publish the hypothesis that the continents had somehow `` drifted '' apart . Although he presented much evidence for continental drift , he was unable to provide a convincing explanation for the physical processes which might have caused this drift . His suggestion that the continents had been pulled apart by the centrifugal pseudoforce ( Polflucht ) of the Earth 's rotation or by a small component of astronomical precession was rejected , as calculations showed that the force was not sufficient . The Polflucht hypothesis was also studied by Paul Sophus Epstein in 1920 and found to be implausible . Rejection of Wegener 's theory , 1910s -- 1950s ( edit ) The theory of continental drift was not accepted for many years . One problem was that a plausible driving force was missing . A second problem was that Wegener 's estimate of the velocity of continental motion , 250 cm / year , was implausibly high . ( The currently accepted rate for the separation of the Americas from Europe and Africa is about 2.5 cm / year ) . And it did not help that Wegener was not a geologist . Other geologists also believed that the evidence that Wegener had provided was not sufficient . It is now accepted that the plates carrying the continents do move across the Earth 's surface , although not as fast as Wegener believed ; ironically one of the chief outstanding questions is the one Wegener failed to resolve : what is the nature of the forces propelling the plates ? The British geologist Arthur Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable . He proposed in 1931 that the Earth 's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface . His Principles of Physical Geology , ending with a chapter on continental drift , was published in 1944 . David Attenborough , who attended university in the second half of the 1940s , recounted an incident illustrating its lack of acceptance then : `` I once asked one of my lecturers why he was not talking to us about continental drift and I was told , sneeringly , that if I could prove there was a force that could move continents , then he might think about it . The idea was moonshine , I was informed . '' Geological maps of the time showed huge land bridges spanning the Atlantic and Indian oceans to account for the similarities of fauna and flora and the divisions of the Asian continent in the Permian era but failing to account for glaciation in India , Australia and South Africa . As late as 1953 -- just five years before Carey introduced the theory of plate tectonics -- the theory of continental drift was rejected by the physicist Scheidegger on the following grounds . First , it had been shown that floating masses on a rotating geoid would collect at the equator , and stay there . This would explain one , but only one , mountain building episode between any pair of continents ; it failed to account for earlier orogenic episodes . Second , masses floating freely in a fluid substratum , like icebergs in the ocean , should be in isostatic equilibrium ( in which the forces of gravity and buoyancy are in balance ) . But gravitational measurements showed that many areas are not in isostatic equilibrium . Third , there was the problem of why some parts of the Earth 's surface ( crust ) should have solidified while other parts were still fluid . Various attempts to explain this foundered on other difficulties . Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with the article `` Seismology and the New Global Tectonics '' , published in 1968 , using data collected from seismologic stations , including those he set up in the South Pacific . It is now known that there are two kinds of crust : continental crust and oceanic crust . Continental crust is inherently lighter and its composition is different from oceanic crust , but both kinds reside above a much deeper `` plastic '' mantle . Oceanic crust is created at spreading centers , and this , along with subduction , drives the system of plates in a chaotic manner , resulting in continuous orogeny and areas of isostatic imbalance . The theory of plate tectonics explains all this , including the movement of the continents , better than Wegener 's theory . Evidence of continental drift ( edit ) Fossil patterns across continents ( Gondwanaland ) . Mesosaurus skeleton , MacGregor , 1908 . For more details on this topic , see Plate tectonics . Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive . Similar plant and animal fossils are found around the shores of different continents , suggesting that they were once joined . The fossils of Mesosaurus , a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile , found both in Brazil and South Africa , are one example ; another is the discovery of fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus in rocks of the same age at locations in Africa , India , and Antarctica . There is also living evidence -- the same animals being found on two continents . Some earthworm families ( e.g. Ocnerodrilidae , Acanthodrilidae , Octochaetidae ) are found in South America and Africa , for instance . The complementary arrangement of the facing sides of South America and Africa is obvious , but is a temporary coincidence . In millions of years , slab pull and ridge - push , and other forces of tectonophysics , will further separate and rotate those two continents . It was this temporary feature which inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift , although he did not live to see his hypothesis generally accepted . Widespread distribution of Permo - Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America , Africa , Madagascar , Arabia , India , Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift . The continuity of glaciers , inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites , suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana , which became a central element of the concept of continental drift . Striations indicated glacial flow away from the equator and toward the poles , based on continents ' current positions and orientations , and supported the idea that the southern continents had previously been in dramatically different locations , as well as being contiguous with each other . See also ( edit ) Geological history of Earth -- timeline of historical continental configurations Works cited ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Antonio Snider - Pellegrini , La Création et ses mystères dévoilés ( Creation and its mysteries revealed ) ( Paris , France : Frank et Dentu , 1858 ) , plates 9 and 10 ( between pages 314 and 315 ) . ^ Jump up to : USGS : Historical perspective on plate tectonics , last updated 19 September 2011 Jump up ^ Oreskes 2002 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Romm , James ( February 3 , 1994 ) , `` A New Forerunner for Continental Drift '' , Nature , 367 ( 6462 ) : 407 -- 408 , Bibcode : 1994Natur. 367 ... 407R , doi : 10.1038 / 367407a0 . ^ Jump up to : Schmeling , Harro ( 2004 ) . `` Geodynamik '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . University of Frankfurt . Jump up ^ Brusatte , Stephen , Continents Adrift and Sea - Floors Spreading : The Revolution of Plate Tectonics ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Kious , W.J. ; Tilling , R.I. ( February 2001 ) ( 1996 ) , `` Historical perspective '' , This Dynamic Earth : the Story of Plate Tectonics ( Online ed . ) , U.S. Geological Survey , ISBN 0 - 16 - 048220 - 8 , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 Jump up ^ Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1889 ) , `` 12 '' , Darwinism ... , Macmillan , p. 341 Jump up ^ Lyell , Charles ( 1872 ) , Principles of Geology ... ( 11 ed . ) , John Murray , p. 258 Jump up ^ Dana , James D. ( 1863 ) , Manual of Geology , Theodore Bliss & Co , Philadelphia , p. 732 Jump up ^ Oreskes , Naomi ( 2002 ) , Continental Drift ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Wallace 1889 ^ Jump up to : Wegener , Alfred ( 6 January 1912 ) , `` Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde ( Kontinente und Ozeane ) , auf geophysikalischer Grundlage '' ( PDF ) , Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen , 63 : 185 -- 195 , 253 -- 256 , 305 -- 309 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Wegener , A. ( 1966 ) ( 1929 ) , The Origin of Continents and Oceans , Courier Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 61708 - 4 Jump up ^ Wegener , A. ( 1929 ) , Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane ( 4 ed . ) , Braunschweig : Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt . Ges . Jump up ^ Coxworthy , Franklin ( 1924 ) . Electrical Condition ; Or , How and where Our Earth was Created . J.S. Phillips . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pickering , W.H ( 1907 ) , `` The Place of Origin of the Moon -- The Volcani Problems '' , Popular Astronomy : 274 -- 287 , Bibcode : 1907PA ... 15 ... 274P Jump up ^ Frank Bursley Taylor ( June 3 , 1910 ) `` Bearing of the Tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth 's plan '' , Bulletin of the Geological Society of America , 21 : 179 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Eduard Suess , Das Antlitz der Erde ( The Face of the Earth ) , vol. 1 ( Leipzig , ( Germany ) : G. Freytag , 1885 ) , page 768 . From p. 768 : `` Wir nennen es Gondwána - Land , nach der gemeinsamen alten Gondwána - Flora , ... '' ( We name it Gondwána - Land , after the common ancient flora of Gondwána ... ) Jump up ^ Edward Suess ( March 1893 ) `` Are ocean depths permanent ? '' , Natural Science : A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress ( London ) , 2 : 180 - 187 . From page 183 : `` This ocean we designate by the name `` Tethys '' , after the sister and consort of Oceanus . The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean . '' Jump up ^ Perry , John ( 1895 ) `` On the age of the earth '' , Nature , 51 : 224 -- 227 , 341 -- 342 , 582 -- 585 . Jump up ^ Mantovani , R. ( 1889 ) , `` Les fractures de l'écorce terrestre et la théorie de Laplace '' , Bull . Soc . Sc . Et Arts Réunion : 41 -- 53 Jump up ^ Mantovani , R. ( 1909 ) , `` L'Antarctide '' , Je m'instruis . La science pour tous , 38 : 595 -- 597 Jump up ^ Scalera , G. ( 2003 ) , `` Roberto Mantovani an Italian defender of the continental drift and planetary expansion '' , in Scalera , G. ; Jacob , K. - H. , Why expanding Earth ? -- A book in honour of O.C. Hilgenberg , Rome : Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia , pp. 71 -- 74 ^ Jump up to : Obituary : Frank Bursley Taylor ( 1860 -- 1938 ) , Proceedings of the American Academy , Vol. 75 , No. 6 ( Dec. 1944 ) , American Academy of Arts and Sciences , pp. 176 -- 178 ( retrieved 20 Oct. 2015 ) Jump up ^ Taylor , F.B. ( 1910 ) , `` Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth 's plan '' , GSA Bulletin , 21 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 226 , doi : 10.1130 / 1052 - 5173 ( 2005 ) 015 ( 29b : WTCCA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 Jump up ^ Henry R. Frankel , `` Wegener and Taylor develop their theories of continental drift '' , in The Continental Drift Controversy : Wegener and the Early Debate Volume 1 , Wegener and the Early Debate , pp. 38 -- 80 , Cambridge University Press , 2012 . ISBN 9780521875042 doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511842368. 004 ^ Jump up to : Powell , James Lawrence ( 2015 ) . Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences : From Heresy to Truth . Columbia University Press . pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 9780231538459 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , L.T. , Some considerations of , and additions to the Taylor - Wegener hypothesis of continental displacement , Los Angeles , 1946 . OCLC 1247437 OCLC Jump up ^ R.M. Wood , Coming Apart at the Seams , New Scientist , 24 Jan 1980 Jump up ^ `` Plate Tectonics : The Rocky History of an Idea '' . Wegener 's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the earth was solid and immovable resulted in the scientific dismissal of his theories . Jump up ^ University of California Museum of Paleontology , Alfred Wegener ( 1880 -- 1930 ) ( accessed 30 April 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Unavco Plate Motion Calculator ( accessed 30 April 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Holmes , Arthur ( 1931 ) . `` Radioactivity and Earth Movements '' ( PDF ) . Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow . Geological Society of Glasgow : 559 -- 606 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Arthur ( 1944 ) . Principles of Physical Geology ( 1st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Thomas Nelson & Sons . ISBN 0 - 17 - 448020 - 2 . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` David Attenborough : force of nature '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ See map based on the work of the American paleontologist Charles Schuchert in Wells , H.G. ; Huxley , Julian ; Wells , G.P. ( 1931 ) , The Science of life , p. 734 Jump up ^ Carey , S.W. ( 1958 ) . Carey , S.W. , ed . `` Continental Drift -- A symposium '' . Hobart : Univ. of Tasmania : 177 -- 363 . Jump up ^ Scheidegger , Adrian E. ( 1953 ) , `` Examination of the physics of theories of orogenesis '' , GSA Bulletin , 64 : 127 -- 150 , Bibcode : 1953GSAB ... 64 ... 127S , doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1953 ) 64 ( 127 : EOTPOT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 Jump up ^ `` Jack Oliver , Who Proved Continental Drift , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . 12 January 2011 . p . A16 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Isacks , Bryan ; Oliver , Jack ; Sykes , Lynn R. ( 15 September 1968 ) . `` Seismology and the New Global Tectonics '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 73 ( 18 ) : 5855 -- 5899 . Bibcode : 1968JGR ... 73.5855 I . doi : 10.1029 / JB073i018p05855 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rejoined continents ( This Dynamic Earth , USGS ) '' . USGS . References Le Grand , Homer Eugene ( 1988 ) , Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories , Cambridge University , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31105 - 5 . Oreskes , Naomi ( 1999 ) , The Rejection of Continental Drift , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511732 - 8 ( pb : 0 - 19 - 511733 - 6 ) . Oreskes , Naomi ( 2002 ) , `` Continental Drift '' ( PDF ) , in Munn , Ted ; MacCracken , Michael C. ; Perry , John S. , Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change , Vol. 1 , Chichester , West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons , pp. 321 -- 325 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 97796 - 9 , OCLC 633880622 Ortelius , Abraham ( 1596 ) ( 1570 ) , Thesaurus Geographicus ( in Latin ) ( 3 ed . ) , Antwerp : Plantin , OCLC 214324616 ( First edition published 1570 , 1587 edition online ) Snider - Pellegrini , Antonio ( 1858 ) , La Création et ses mystères dévoilés , Paris : Frank and Dentu . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Continental drift Resources in your library Resources in other libraries The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Continental drift A brief introduction to Plate Tectonics , based on the work of Alfred Wegener . Maps of continental drift , from the Precambrian to the future Observe an animation of the breakup of Pangaea -- Animation of continental drift for the last 150 million years Four main evidences of the Continental Drift theory Wegener and his proofs The theory of continental drift Benjamin Franklin ( 1782 ) and Ralph Waldo Emerson ( 1834 ) both made mention of Continental Drift GND : 4032288 - 9 NDL : 00572551 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_drift&oldid=799441461 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Geological history of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 19 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which phrase describes the movement of the continents	[ "Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to \"drift\" across the ocean bed.[2] The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism (though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes). The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the continents move.[3]" ]	[ "Continental drift" ]
6327506297735359946	Ken Kendrick	Ken Kendrick - wikipedia Ken Kendrick Ken Kendrick Earl G. `` Ken '' Kendrick Jr . 1943 Princeton , West Virginia Residence Paradise Valley , Arizona Alma mater West Virginia University Occupation Businessman Known for Owner of Arizona Diamondbacks Founder of Datatel , Inc . Earl G. `` Ken '' Kendrick Jr. is a baseball executive with the National League Arizona Diamondbacks . He became part - owner with the team 's inception in 1995 and Managing General Partner in 2004 , overseeing day - to - day operations and acting as the organization 's designated representative when the Major League Baseball owners convene . Prior to his position with the team , Kendrick founded Datatel , Inc. , a software development company , and served as a banking industry executive in Texas . Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Diamondbacks tenure 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Kendrick was born in 1943 , in Princeton , West Virginia , and graduated from West Virginia University in 1965 . While at West Virginia University , Kendrick was a member of Sigma Nu Fraternity . Kendrick was the Vice-President of the University 's Inter-Fraternity Council in the year 1964 . He was the founder of Datatel , Inc. , a software development company , and served as a banking industry executive in Texas in the 1980s and 1990s ; in 1989 he was an investor in Texas - based Woodforest National Bank . Diamondbacks tenure ( edit ) During his tenure as the Managing General Partner , the D - backs have twice captured the National League West Division ( 2007 , ' 11 ) , reaching the NLCS for just the second time in the franchise 's existence in 2007 . Under Kendrick 's leadership , through equity and debt restructures , the team has eliminated more than $200 million of debt . After leading negotiations on the team 's multi-billion dollar television rights deal with FOX Sports Arizona , Kendrick authorized the D - backs to sign pitcher Zack Greinke to a six - year deal with the largest annual average value in Major League Baseball history . During Kendrick 's time as Managing General Partner , the Diamondbacks have hosted an All - Star Game at Chase Field in 2011 , and opened a Spring Training facility that is widely considered the finest in all of baseball in Salt River Fields at Talking Stick . In 2013 , ESPN the Magazine rated the D - backs as the No. 6 team in Major League Baseball in its Ultimate Standings , which gauges success both on and off the field and Yahoo ! has referred to the Arizona Diamondbacks as the `` best workplace in sports . '' Personal life ( edit ) Kendrick is active in various philanthropic endeavors , beginning with his role as Chairman of the Arizona Diamondbacks Foundation . He also serves on boards for various charities including the Barrow Neurological Institute , Brophy College Prep , the Phoenix Art Museum , The Buddy Program , Childhelp USA , UMOM New Day Centers , Challenger Center for Space Science Education , TGen Foundation , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Roaring Fork Conservancy , Phoenix Children 's Hospital , Arizona Heart Foundation and is Founding Chairman of the Datatel Scholars Foundation . In politics , Kendrick and his wife Randy have made donations to conservative groups connected with the Koch brothers . Kendrick and his wife raised funds for Marco Rubio during the 2016 Republican primaries . As a prostate cancer survivor , Kendrick has made significant contributions over the years to fund research in that field and in 2013 , the Cleveland Clinic created The Kendrick Family Chair for Prostate Cancer Research . As of 2016 , Kendrick is the owner of the T - 206 Honus Wagner baseball card once owned by Wayne Gretzky , considered the most valuable trading card in the world . The Wagner card and 34 other iconic and rare baseball cards in Kendrick 's collection , titled `` The D - backs Collection , '' were previously displayed at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , N.Y. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.terry.uga.edu/multimedia/ken-kendrick Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/ARI/ Jump up ^ http://www.terry.uga.edu/multimedia/ken-kendrick Jump up ^ http://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/mlb/diamondbacks/2015/12/11/arizona-diamondbacks-introduce-zack-greinke-chase-field/77154092/ Jump up ^ http://www.wsmv.com/story/22478820/salt-river-fields-at-talking-stick-receives-prestigious-honor-from-architectural-record-magazine Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/sportsnation/story/_/page/2013UltimateStandingsDiamondbacks/2013-ultimate-standings-no-6-arizona-diamondbacks Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=sh-henson_derrick_hall_diamondbacks_best_work_cancer_013012 Jump up ^ VOGEL , KENNETH P. ( 29 May 2014 ) . `` Big Money , the Koch Brothers and Me '' . Politico . POLITICO LLC . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Stone , Peter . `` Koch donors divided over failure to stop Donald Trump '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gold , Mateo ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` With some donors doubting Jeb Bush , Marco Rubio seizes an opening '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Grail : The T206 Honus Wagner '' . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) List of Arizona Diamondbacks owners Kendrick 's bio on WVU alumni website Major League Baseball owners by team American League East Peter Angelos ( Baltimore Orioles ) John W. Henry ( Boston Red Sox ) Hal Steinbrenner ( New York Yankees ) Stuart Sternberg ( Tampa Bay Rays ) Rogers Communications ( Toronto Blue Jays ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago White Sox ) Larry Dolan ( Cleveland Indians ) Christopher Ilitch ( Detroit Tigers ) David Glass ( Kansas City Royals ) Jim Pohlad ( Minnesota Twins ) West Jim Crane ( Houston Astros ) Arte Moreno ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) John J. Fisher ( Oakland Athletics ) John W. Stanton ( Seattle Mariners ) Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson ( Texas Rangers ) National League East Liberty Media ( Atlanta Braves ) Bruce Sherman ( Miami Marlins ) Fred Wilpon ( New York Mets ) John S. Middleton ( Philadelphia Phillies ) Ted Lerner ( Washington Nationals ) Central Thomas S. Ricketts ( Chicago Cubs ) Bob Castellini ( Cincinnati Reds ) Mark Attanasio ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Robert Nutting ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) William DeWitt , Jr . ( St. Louis Cardinals ) West Ken Kendrick ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Monfort brothers ( Colorado Rockies ) Guggenheim Baseball Management ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) Ron Fowler ( San Diego Padres ) Larry Baer ( San Francisco Giants ) Arizona Diamondbacks Established in 1998 Based in Phoenix , Arizona Franchise History Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Seasons Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Ballparks Chase Field Spring training : Tucson Electric Park Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Culture Baxter the Bobcat D - backs Luchador The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Lore Randy Johnson 's perfect game Key personnel Owner : Ken Kendrick President and CEO : Derrick Hall General Manager : Mike Hazen Manager : Torey Lovullo World Series championships ( 1 ) 2001 National League pennants ( 1 ) 2001 Division titles ( 5 ) 1999 2001 2002 2007 2011 Wild Card berths ( 1 ) 2017 Minor league affiliates AAA : Reno Aces AA : Jackson Generals A Adv. : Visalia Rawhide A : Kane County Cougars Short A : Hillsboro Hops Rookie Adv : Missoula Osprey Rookie : AZL Diamondbacks DSL Diamondbacks 1 DSL Diamondbacks 2 Broadcasting Television Fox Sports Arizona Radio KMVP - FM KTAR ( AM ) Arizona Diamondbacks Radio Networks Broadcasters Steve Berthiaume Greg Schulte Bob Brenly Tom Candiotti Seasons ( 21 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Kendrick&oldid=832676610 '' Categories : Major League Baseball owners Living people West Virginia University alumni Arizona Diamondbacks owners People from Princeton , West Virginia 1943 births Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 11 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the owner of the arizona diamondbacks	[ "Ken Kendrick\nBorn\nEarl G. \"Ken\" Kendrick Jr.1943Princeton, West VirginiaResidence\nParadise Valley, ArizonaAlma mater\nWest Virginia UniversityOccupation\nBusinessmanKnown for\nOwner of Arizona DiamondbacksFounder of Datatel, Inc." ]	[ "Earl G. \"Ken\" Kendrick Jr." ]
4802904519251309665	Devin Hester	Devin Hester - wikipedia Devin Hester Jump to : navigation , search Devin Hester Hester with the Chicago Bears in 2008 No. 23 , 17 , 14 Position : Wide receiver Return specialist Born : ( 1982 - 11 - 04 ) November 4 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Riviera Beach , Florida Height : 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Weight : 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Career information High school : Riviera Beach ( FL ) Suncoast College : Miami ( FL ) NFL Draft : 2006 / Round : 2 / Pick : 57 Career history Chicago Bears ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2016 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2016 ) Career highlights and awards 4 × Pro Bowl ( 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2014 ) 3 × First - team All - Pro ( 2006 , 2007 , 2010 ) Second - team All - Pro ( 2011 ) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team NFL records 20 total return touchdowns , career 14 punt return touchdowns , career 6 total return touchdowns , season ( tied ) Career NFL statistics Receptions : 255 Receiving yards : 3,311 Receiving touchdowns : 16 Return yards : 11,028 Return touchdowns : 20 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Devin Devorris Hester ( born November 4 , 1982 ) is a former American football wide receiver and return specialist . He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at Miami , where he was the first player in the university 's recent history to play in all three phases of American football : offense , defense and special teams . In addition to Chicago , Hester also played for the Atlanta Falcons , Baltimore Ravens and Seattle Seahawks over his eleven - season NFL career . Originally drafted as a cornerback , Hester quickly made an impact as a kick returner , and later became one of the team 's starting wide receivers . He holds the NFL record for most all - time return touchdowns ( punt and kickoff combined ) and most all - time punt return touchdowns . He is widely regarded as one of the best return specialists in NFL history , and was the first person ever to return the opening kick of the Super Bowl back for a touchdown . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 High school career 2.1 Track and field 2.1. 1 Personal bests 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Chicago Bears 4.1. 1 2006 season 4.1. 2 2007 season 4.1. 3 2008 season 4.1. 4 2009 season 4.1. 5 2010 season 4.1. 6 2011 -- 2013 seasons 4.2 Atlanta Falcons 4.3 Baltimore Ravens 4.4 Seattle Seahawks 5 NFL career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 NFL records 5.3 Chicago Bears franchise records 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Early years ( edit ) Devin Hester was born to Juanita Brown and Lenorris Hester , Sr. in Riviera Beach , Florida . His parents separated when he was a toddler . Before he became a teenager , his mother was severely injured in a car accident , while his father died of cancer two years later . His step - father , Derrick Brown , and brother , Lenorris , Jr. , helped Hester escape his depression and rebuild his life by introducing him to football . He soon returned to his normal life and began to excel in sports and academics . During his youth , Hester enjoyed following the Dallas Cowboys . He especially idolized Deion Sanders , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin . He was also a fan of the Chicago Bulls during the Michael Jordan and Phil Jackson era . Fred Taylor of the University of Florida was Hester 's favorite athlete . In addition to football , he also enjoyed playing soccer and following baseball . High school career ( edit ) Hester attended first Palm Beach Gardens High , then on to Suncoast High School , where he played football as a cornerback , wide receiver , return specialist , and running back . He earned recognition from SuperPrep.com as the top high school prospect in Florida and Parade , who named Hester onto their All - American team . Hester also participated in the 2002 CaliFlorida Bowl , where he returned a kick for an 80 - yard touchdown . His success prompted his teammates to nickname him `` Sugar Foot . '' Considered a five - star recruit by Rivals.com , Hester was listed as the second best cornerback in the nation in 2002 . Track and field ( edit ) Hester was also a standout track athlete . While at Suncoast , he received All - America accolades , and he ranked second nationally in the long jump as a junior . He also captured the 2004 Big EAST Indoor long jump title as a member of the University of Miami track and field team , with a leap of 7.37 meters . He also competed in the 60 meters and 100 meters , posting personal bests of 6.77 seconds and 10.62 , 10.42 W seconds , respectively . Personal bests ( edit ) Event Time ( seconds ) Venue Date 60 meters 6.77 Syracuse , New York February 21 , 2004 100 meters 10.42 Piscataway , New Jersey May 1 , 2004 200 meters 22.23 New York , New York March 9 , 2002 Event Mark ( meters ) Venue Date Long Jump 7.37 Syracuse , New York February 21 , 2004 College career ( edit ) After completing high school , Hester enrolled at the University of Miami , where he played for the Miami Hurricanes football team from 2003 to 2005 . As a sophomore in 2004 , he earned national recognition as a kick returner after being named a first - team All - American by the Walter Camp Football Foundation and The Sporting News . His ability to thrust laterally and break away from pursuers made him one of the nation 's most dangerous return specialists . During his freshman year , Hester returned an opening kick for a 98 - yard touchdown against the Florida Gators . In a game against Duke in 2005 , Hester broke six tackles while returning an 81 - yard punt . Ultimately , Hester completed his college career with a total of six touchdowns from kick returns , including one blocked field goal return . He also scored one rushing and receiving touchdown and recorded five interceptions as a defensive back . Hester became the first football player in the Miami Hurricanes ' recent history to play as member of the special , offensive , and defensive teams . He was known as `` Hurricane Hester '' by his fans and teammates . During his productive tenure at the University of Miami , Hester befriended Deion Sanders through Ed Reed , an alumnus of the University of Miami , and friend of Sanders . Sanders counseled , advised , and encouraged Hester . Hester was also known as `` Anytime '' in college , which is a tribute to Sanders ' nickname , `` Prime Time '' . He also adopted Sanders ' signature touchdown dance , and showboating maneuvers , which he carried to his future NFL career . Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad BP 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 4.43 s 1.58 s 2.61 s 4.20 * s 6.78 * s 38 in ( 0.97 m ) 10 ft 4 in ( 3.15 m ) 16 reps All values from NFL Combine * Pro Day Results Source Chicago Bears ( edit ) 2006 season ( edit ) Hester began his professional career in the National Football League with the Chicago Bears , who selected him in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft with the 57th overall pick . The team originally drafted Hester as a cornerback , but they intended to play him as a return specialist , following the retirement of Jerry Azumah , and departure of Bobby Wade . The team 's decision to draft Hester was initially criticized by fans and sports analysts , who believed the Bears should have spent their early picks on offensive prospects . In his first thirteen weeks as a professional football player , Hester recorded six return touchdowns , including a punt return in his NFL debut , and a then - record tying 108 - yard touchdown from a missed field goal against the New York Giants . He also returned a punt for a clutch 83 - yard game - winning touchdown against the Arizona Cardinals to give the Bears the lead in a comeback win , and two kickoff returns in one game against the St. Louis Rams . Following his record - breaking game during Week 14 , opposing teams exercised additional caution when allowing Hester to return kicks . During the postseason Hester ran back a punt at a critical moment against the Seattle Seahawks , but it was called back on a blocking penalty . Regardless , the Bears won both NFC playoffs rounds , and advanced to Super Bowl XLI to play the Indianapolis Colts . He started the game on a high note for the Bears by returning the game 's opening kick for a touchdown . The feat was the first touchdown return of an opening kickoff in Super Bowl history . It also marked the quickest touchdown scored in Super Bowl history as well as the quickest lead ever taken by any team , though the latter record has since been surpassed by the Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII . Following the kick , the Colts did not kick the ball directly to Hester , significantly limiting the Bears ' return efforts . Hester 's feats in 2006 earned him three NFC Special Teams Player of the Week Awards and a trip to the 2007 Pro Bowl . After the 2006 season ended , he was named the NFC Player of the Month for December and was a finalist for 2006 Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year . He was also voted onto the Associated Press 's 2006 All - Pro team with 48 and a half votes , finishing fourth behind LaDainian Tomlinson , Champ Bailey , and Jason Taylor who all received 50 votes . He finished the 2006 season by accumulating three touchdowns for 600 yards on 47 punt returns , and two touchdowns for 528 yards on 20 kick returns , thus making him one of the league 's most productive kick and punt returners . Even without taking an offensive snap prior to Week 14 , Hester was the Bears ' second leading scorer , behind kicker Robbie Gould . On a negative note , Hester struggled to control the football at times , having games with multiple fumbles on at least two separate occasions . Many fans speculated that Hester 's speed and prior experience as a wide receiver would earn him a spot on the Bears ' offense , similar to teammate Rashied Davis . While Lovie Smith dismissed the speculation , he played Hester as a wide receiver for one play against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17 , 2006 . Hester attributes his talent to his mentor , Deion Sanders , who Hester claims helped him perfect his return game . Sanders , a former cornerback and kick returner , compliments Hester after every productive performance . However , Sanders also berated Hester for taunting another player en route to his second touchdown return against the St. Louis Rams . His teammates and coaches have also praised Hester . After the 2006 season , he was voted to receive the team 's Brian Piccolo Award , which is given to a player who possesses a good character and work ethic . Bears fans and the local media nicknamed Hester the `` Windy City Flyer '' during his first year in Chicago . 2007 season ( edit ) Hester fields a punt during Special Teams practice at the Chicago Bears ' 2007 Training Camp . Shortly after losing Super Bowl XLI , Hester and special teams coach Dave Toub spent a significant amount of time working on new return strategies and formations . Ultimately , Lovie Smith converted Hester into a wide receiver in order to increase the number of opportunities he would receive during a game . Hester , who originally played as a wide receiver at the University of Miami , was initially hesitant about making the switch to offense , as he wished to follow in the footsteps of Deion Sanders . However , the Bears ' coaching staff eventually persuaded Hester to make the transition over the summer . During the 2007 off - season , Hester won the Best Breakthrough Athlete ESPY Award . Although NFL rules generally require wide receivers to wear jersey numbers in the 10 - 19 and 80 - 89 range , players who later change positions are allowed to keep their previous number , as long as it is not within the 50 - 79 range for eligible receiver purposes . Hester was allowed to keep number 23 , a number normally used for cornerbacks , since it sits outside the 50 - 79 range . Along with former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Dwight Stone , who wore number 20 during his eight - year stint in Pittsburgh , Hester was one of two wide receivers to wear a 20 's jersey number since the NFL adopted the current uniform numbering system in 1973 . Hester returned his first touchdown of the season , a 73 - yard punt return , against the Kansas City Chiefs during Week 2 . He nearly recorded a second touchdown return , but the play was negated by a holding penalty . Hester established himself as a threat on offense , when he caught an 81 - yard touchdown pass from Brian Griese against the Minnesota Vikings . He also returned a punt for an 89 - yard touchdown , though the Bears lost the game . In the weeks to come , many opposing special teams began to kick the ball away from Hester , contributing to , according to Mike Pereira , a 132 % increase in kickoffs that went out - of - bounds . Rod Marinelli , the head coach of the Detroit Lions , placed a strong emphasis on kicking the ball away from Hester , saying , `` kick the ball into Lake Michigan and make sure it ( sinks ) to the bottom . '' Before the Bears ' Week 12 matchup against the Denver Broncos , Todd Sauerbrun infamously stated that he would kick the ball to Hester . Hester , who had not returned a kick for a touchdown in almost a month , responded by returning a punt and kickoff for touchdowns . Keith Olbermann , a commentator for NBC Sunday Night Football , awarded Sauerbrun with the dubious `` Worst Person in the NFL Award '' for kicking the ball to Hester and failing to tackle him . The two touchdowns gave Hester the most kick returns for touchdowns in the Bears ' franchise history . Hester concluded the season with a 64 - yard punt return for a touchdown and a 55 - yard touchdown reception against the New Orleans Saints . He was even given the opportunity to throw a pass on a variation of a wide receiver reverse , but he was sacked while motioning to Bernard Berrian . Hester finished the season with six kicks returned for touchdowns , which set a league record . He finished the season ranking fourth on the League 's all - time combined kick return list , behind Brian Mitchell ( 13 ) , Eric Metcalf ( 12 ) , and Dante Hall ( 12 ) . Additionally , he amassed 299 yards on twenty receptions as a receiver , though he was often used as a decoy . His play on offense received mixed commentary . While the Bears ' coaching staff believed Hester showed enough progress to become one of the team 's top receivers in 2008 , Hester was prone to making small errors , including running routes incorrectly or dropping catches . He drew a fifteen - yard facemask penalty while attempting to fend off a would - be tackler in a game against the Saints , and received a $5,000 fine . Nevertheless , Hester concluded the season with four Player of the Week Awards , giving him a franchise - high total of seven in his career , and an invitation to the 2008 Pro Bowl . Hester at Training Camp , 2008 2008 season ( edit ) Prior to the beginning of the 2008 season , Hester stated that he would not attend the Bears ' summer camp unless the team offered him a new contract . He further voiced his displeasure with his current contract in a phone interview with the Chicago Tribune , commenting , `` I ca n't go out and play this year making $445,000 . Come on , man . '' Adam Schefter believed that the Bears were puzzled over how Hester should be classified ( as a wide receiver or a return specialist of such a star caliber ) , and be offered a contract accordingly . After receiving a $30,000 fine for not attending two days of training , Hester returned to the team 's camp . The team later offered him a new four - year contract extension , worth over $40 million . Hester heading to Training Camp Hester missed the third game of the season after tearing cartilage in his ribs during the previous week . He returned to the field in the team 's Week 4 contest against the Philadelphia Eagles , where he caught his first touchdown of the season . Lovie Smith gave Hester his first starting job as a wide receiver the next week , in place of the injured Brandon Lloyd . Hester went on to catch five passes for 66 yards and one touchdown . In the following week , Hester totaled 87 yards on six receptions . After a Week 8 bye , Hester caught four passes for 42 yards and had an 11 - yard run against the Detroit Lions . He eventually lost his kick return duties to Danieal Manning , but began receiving more playing time as a wide receiver . Between Week 12 and 15 , Hester caught 17 passes for 250 yards and one touchdown . David Haugh of the Chicago Tribune regarded Hester as the team 's `` biggest threat in the passing game . '' He concluded the season by catching 51 passes for a team high 665 yards . Unlike his previous two seasons in the NFL , Hester did not record a single touchdown return and only averaged 6.2 yards per punt return . Lovie Smith commented on Hester at the end of the season by saying , `` I know his returns dropped off a little bit this year , but his plate was full there for a while . We think we have a happy medium now for him as a punt returner and continuing to develop as a receiver . '' Hester was also selected to play in the 2009 Pro Bowl as a third alternate . 2009 season ( edit ) After the acquisition of Jay Cutler , Hester took on the role as the de facto number one wide receiver . In the first game of the season , Hester caught seven passes from Cutler for 90 yards , including a 36 - yard touchdown reception . In the following weeks Hester began to develop a rapport with Cutler and amassed 634 receiving yards and three touchdowns though the first ten weeks of the season . He played the best game of the season on October 25 , 2009 against the Cincinnati Bengals , catching eight passes for 101 yards and a touchdown . In a game against the St. Louis Rams during the thirteenth week of the season , Hester injured his calf and missed three starts . Hester returned to play in the Bears season finale against the Detroit Lions , catching three passes for 75 yards . Despite missing the three starts , Hester led the team with 757 receiving yards , and finished behind Greg Olsen in receptions . Hester built his reputation around his kick returning abilities , but his kickoff - returning duties decreased significantly following the 2007 season finale . He told the Chicago Tribune that he plans on spending the offseason honing his receiving and returning skills by strengthening in his legs , especially to fully recover from the calf injury he sustained earlier . 2010 season ( edit ) During the off - season , Hester worked on his speed and conditioning by prioritizing running over weight training . Bears offensive coordinator , Mike Martz , gave Hester the opportunity to work with Isaac Bruce , who was part of Martz 's `` Greatest Show on Turf '' . Bruce advised Hester on route - running and basic wide receiver fundamentals . Hester appeared in three preseason games , where he recorded five receptions for 64 - yards . Hester on December 25 , 2011 . On September 19 , the regular season , Hester caught four passes for 77 yards and a one - handed catch for a touchdown against the Dallas Cowboys . The following week , Hester returned a punt for a 62 - yard touchdown in a close game against the Green Bay Packers . This was his first touchdown return since the final week of the 2007 season against the New Orleans Saints . On October 17 , Hester returned 2 punts for 93 yards and an 89 - yard touchdown , in a 23 -- 20 loss against the Seattle Seahawks . The touchdown tied the record for most combined kick and punt return touchdowns in a career with Brian Mitchell ( 13 ) . In week 10 of the regular season , Hester caught 4 passes for 38 yards and a 19 - yard touchdown against the Minnesota Vikings . Hester was given back his kick return duties , and returned 2 kicks for 100 yards including a run back of 68 yards . Hester also ran back 2 punts for 47 yards including a return of 42 yards . 2 weeks later , Hester caught 3 balls for 86 yards from Jay Cutler , and returned a kick 46 yards in a 31 -- 26 win against the Philadelphia Eagles . On December 20 in a game against the Minnesota Vikings , Hester scored on a 15 - yard touchdown pass from Jay Cutler . Later , Hester returned a Chris Kluwe punt 64 yards for a touchdown , which set the all - time NFL record for combined kickoff and punt returns for touchdown with 14 , passing Brian Mitchell . It was the tenth punt return for touchdown of his career , tying Eric Metcalf 's record for the most punt return touchdowns in a career . Hester finished the season with 40 receptions for 475 yards and 4 touchdowns . As a return specialist , he amassed 564 yards on punt returns , while averaging 17.1 yards per return and scored 3 touchdowns . Hester was the third leading scorer , behind running back Matt Forte and kicker Robbie Gould . His accomplishments in the 2010 season earned him 2 NFC Special Teams Player of The Week Awards , a trip to the 2011 Pro Bowl , and a selection to the All - Pro Team . Hester was ranked 32nd best player in the League in a poll where active NFL players ranked their top 100 peers . 2011 -- 2013 seasons ( edit ) Prior to the 2011 season , the NFL passed a new rule that moved kickoffs to the 35 - yard line from the 30 - yard line . The change was a result of a player safety initiative to reduce the amount of injuries and concussions that would occur during kick - offs . The rule change directly resulted in a higher number of touchbacks and fewer returns . Hester commented on the situation stating , `` They got a couple touchbacks but you 've still got guys bringing it out and at the end of the day that rule is pointless . '' On October 2 , 2011 , Hester became the NFL 's all - time leader in punt return touchdowns with 11 when he returned a punt 69 yards for a touchdown against the Carolina Panthers surpassing Eric Metcalf 's record . On October 16 , Hester returned a kickoff for a 98 - yard touchdown against the Minnesota Vikings . On November 13 , Hester returned a punt 82 yards for a touchdown against the Detroit Lions . On April 30 , 2012 , Bears offensive coordinator Mike Tice and general manager Phil Emery announced that Hester 's role would be reduced down to at least 4th - string , and Tice mentioned that the Bears would utilize Hester in a series of plays called the `` Hester Package '' , instead of an every - down receiver . In the season , Hester caught 23 passes , a career low , while only catching one touchdown , which occurred in Week 4 against the Dallas Cowboys . He also failed to return a kick / punt for a touchdown , and ranked 22nd in punt return average during 2012 . After Lovie Smith 's firing on December 31 , Hester stated that he considered retirement , though he tweeted that his consideration was not related to Smith . Hester exclusively saw playing time as a return specialist when Marc Trestman became the Bears ' head coach . In week two against the Minnesota Vikings , Hester broke the team record for most kickoff return yards in a game with 249 . Four weeks later against the New York Giants , Hester passed Glyn Milburn for the most all - time kickoff return yards in franchise history with 4,643 yards . Against the Washington Redskins , Hester returned a punt 81 yards for a touchdown for his 19th career return touchdown , tying Deion Sanders ' record . In addition to Hester 's NFL records , he is also the leader in career punt returns ( 264 ) and punt return yards ( 3,241 ) among active players . Hester ended the 2013 season having averaged 27.7 kickoff return yards and 14.2 punt return yards , while also leading the league in kickoff return yards with 1,442 . Hester became a free agent on March 11 , 2014 . He released a statement on March 5 , 2014 that the Bears did not intend to re-sign him . Hester thanked the Bears organization and fan base for their support throughout his time in Chicago . Phil Emery , the Bears ' general manager , commented on Hester 's legacy , stating , `` While Devin has redefined the pinnacle standard of the return position in the NFL , the memories and contributions he has given us can not be measured by stats or numbers . '' Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) Hester at Atlanta Falcons training camp , 2014 Hester signed a three - year contract with the Atlanta Falcons on March 20 , 2014 . In his debut game with the Falcons , Hester caught five passes for 99 yards , helping lead the Falcons to a 37 - 34 Week 1 overtime victory over the New Orleans Saints . During Week 3 , Hester brought back a 62 - yard punt for his 20th career touchdown return , breaking the record for career non-offensive touchdowns he previously shared with Deion Sanders . Also in the same game , Hester recorded a rushing touchdown , forced fumble and fumble recovery . Hester was named the NFC 's Special Teams Player of the Week for his accomplishments . Hester concluded the season with 504 receiving yards from 38 receptions and led the NFL with 1,128 kick - off return yards . He was also selected to play in the 2015 Pro Bowl . Hester missed a majority of the 2015 NFL season due to a turf toe injury . The Falcons activated him from the injury reserve for the final five games of the season , but only used Hester on special teams . He tallied 235 yards kick return yards and 34 punt return yards , but failed to record a touchdown . Hester underwent foot surgery in January 2016 to repair the toe injury he sustained earlier in the season . On July 26 , Hester was released by the Falcons . Hester attributed his dismissal to the lingering toe - injury he sustained in the previous season . He voiced interest in continuing his career in the NFL for the 2016 season once he has fully recovered . Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) On September 4 , 2016 , Hester agreed to a one - year deal with the Baltimore Ravens . Hester appeared in 12 games for the Ravens , where he was used exclusively on special teams . He recorded 180 punt return yards and 466 kick return yards but failed to return a touchdown during the 2016 season . The Ravens released Hester on December 13 . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) Hester signed with the Seattle Seahawks on January 3 , 2017 . He debuted for the Seahawks in the first round of the 2016 -- 17 playoffs against the Detroit Lions . Hester returned one kickoff for 20 yards and one punt for five yards against the Detroit Lions . During the Divisional Round , he returned five kickoffs for 194 yards , including 78 - and 50 - yard run backs against the Atlanta Falcons . The Falcons defeated the Seahawks , 36 -- 20 . Hester announced his intentions to retire from professional football after the game . On December 12 , Hester officially announced his retirement from the NFL . NFL career statistics ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) NFL record Led the league Year Team Receiving Rushing Kick returns Punt returns Fumbles Rec Yds Avg Lng YAC 1stD TD Att Yds Avg Lng TD KR Yds Avg Lng TD PR Yds Avg Lng TD Fum Lost 2006 Chicago 16 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 20 528 26.4 96T 47 600 12.8 84T 8 2007 Chicago 16 20 299 15.0 81T 7.0 11 7 - 10 - 1.4 5 0 43 934 21.7 97T 42 651 15.5 89T 7 2008 Chicago 15 51 665 13.0 65T 4.2 29 6 61 10.2 20 0 31 679 21.9 51 0 32 198 6.2 25 0 5 2009 Chicago 13 57 757 13.3 48 4.7 34 6 - 1 - 0.2 7 0 7 156 22.3 44 0 24 187 7.8 33 0 Chicago 16 40 475 11.9 39 5.8 23 7 30 4.3 11 0 12 427 35.6 79 0 33 564 17.1 89T 0 0 2011 Chicago 16 26 369 14.2 53 6.5 15 - 6 - 6.0 - 6 0 33 723 21.9 98T 28 454 16.2 82T 5 0 2012 Chicago 15 23 242 10.5 39 5 9 6 2.0 8 0 24 621 25.9 40 0 40 331 8.3 44 0 0 2013 Chicago 16 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 52 1,436 27.6 80 0 18 256 14.2 81T 5 2014 Atlanta 16 38 504 13.3 46 6.8 21 6 36 6.0 20T 45 1,128 25.1 66 0 18 240 13.3 68 2015 Atlanta 5 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 9 235 26.1 35 0 8 34 4.3 11 0 0 0 2016 Baltimore 12 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 19 466 24.5 60 0 25 180 7.2 28 0 5 Career 156 255 3,311 13.0 81T 5.2 142 16 36 116 3.2 20T 295 7,333 24.9 98 5 315 3,695 11.7 89 14 41 9 * Hester also returned a Jay Feely missed field goal 108 yards for a touchdown in a game against the New York Giants . NFL records ( edit ) Hester receiving a punt , December 25 , 2011 . Combined special teams return touchdowns , career : 20 ( 14 punts , 5 kickoffs , 1 missed field goal ) Most non-offensive touchdowns , career : 20 Most kickoff and punt return touchdowns , career : 19 Punt return touchdowns , career : 14 Punt return touchdowns , season : 4 ( 2007 ) Kickoff return touchdowns , game : 2 ( Chicago Bears at St. Louis Rams , December 11 , 2006 ) tied with many other players Combined return touchdowns , season : 6 ( 2007 ) ( 4 punts , 2 kickoffs ) Combined return touchdowns , rookie , season : 5 ( 2006 ) ( 3 punts , 2 kickoffs ) Combined return touchdowns , game : 2 , twice 2 , Chicago Bears at St. Louis Rams , December 11 , 2006 ( 2 kickoffs ) 2 , Chicago Bears vs. Denver Broncos , November 25 , 2007 ( 1 punt , 1 kickoff ) Non-offensive touchdowns , season : 6 , twice 6 , 2006 ( 3 punts , 2 kickoffs , 1 missed field goal ) 6 , 2007 ( 4 punts , 2 kickoffs ) Chicago Bears franchise records ( edit ) Most punt returns , lifetime : 264 Most punt return yards , lifetime : 3,241 yards Most punt return yards , season : 651 yards ( 2007 ) Most punt return yards , game : 152 yards , at Arizona Cardinals , October 16 , 2006 Highest average , yards per punt return , season ( min . 15 returns ) : 17.1 ( 2010 ) Hester returned 33 punts for 564 yards . Highest average , yards per punt return , game ( min . 3 returns ) : 40.7 , vs. Detroit Lions , November 13 , 2011 Hester returned 3 punts for 122 yards . Most punt return touchdowns , lifetime : 13 Most punt return touchdowns , season : 4 Most punt return touchdowns , game : 1 Achieved several times and tied with many players Most punt return fair catches , lifetime : 79 Most kickoff returns , lifetime : 222 Most kickoff return yards , lifetime : 5,510 yards Most kickoff return yards , game : 249 yards , vs. Minnesota Vikings , September 15 , 2013 Highest average , yards per kickoff return , game ( min . 3 returns ) : 56.3 , at St. Louis Rams , December 11 , 2006 Hester returned 4 kickoffs for 225 yards . Most kickoff return touchdowns , game : 2 , at St. Louis Rams , December 11 , 2006 Most combined return yards , lifetime : 8,751 yards ( p - 3,241 , k - 5,510 ) Most combined return yards , game : 314 yards , at Detroit Lions , September 30 , 2007 ( p - 95 , k - 219 ) Most combined return touchdowns , lifetime : 18 ( p - 13 , k - 5 ) Most combined return touchdowns , season : 6 in 2007 ( p - 4 , k - 2 ) Most combined return touchdowns , game : 2 , twice 2 , at St. Louis Rams , December 11 , 2006 ( 2 kickoffs ) 2 , vs. Denver Broncos , November 25 , 2007 ( 1 punt , 1 kickoff ) Longest play : 108 yards , at New York Giants , November 12 , 2006 tied with Nathan Vasher Personal life ( edit ) Hester was in a relationship with Tamara James , a women 's basketball player he met at the University of Miami . James played professionally for the Washington Mystics . Their engagement was later called off . Later , Hester married Zingha Walcott , an elementary school teacher , in 2010 . They have two sons . Hester 's family lives in Florida and was struck by Hurricane Wilma in 2005 . Hester has assisted his family financially in helping them rebuild their home . His brother Lenorris , Jr. , lived with Hester during his tenure with the Bears . Raised in a Christian household , Hester brings a Bible to every game he plays . Hester 's successful rookie year drew him much publicity and popularity . Ever since his record - breaking performance against the Rams , Hester has been offered marketing opportunities from Nike , soft drink , and cell phone companies . There has also been a surge in the demand for Hester 's jerseys within the Chicago area sporting stores . Also , Hester was invited to throw the ceremonial opening pitch and sing Take Me Out to the Ball Game at the Chicago Cubs ' 2007 home opener . Along with teammates Rex Grossman and Tommie Harris , Hester appeared on the February 2007 issue of Sports Illustrated for Kids . His reputation has also been bolstered by EA Sports ' Madden NFL 08 , where Hester 's perfect 100 speed rating made him the fastest player in the game 's history . Hester also appeared in a promotional video for the game . He appeared in commercials for Under Armour in 2008 and 2009 . In 2013 , Hester outran a cheetah in a race sponsored by National Geographic at Busch Gardens Tampa . The competition consisted of Hester running back and forth on a straight track to simulate laps , while the cheetah ran in a similar but separate track . In 2013 , Hester founded the Anytime 23 Empowerment Center Inc. , a non-profit organization that serves as a positive , nurturing and safe environment for kids ages 6 -- 18 . The organization was later renamed to `` Devin Hester Foundation '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Profile '' . cbssports.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester sets return TD mark '' . ESPN.com. 2014 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Devin Hester passes Deion Sanders for return TD mark '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Sam ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) . `` For Devin Hester , it 's been a career of many happy returns '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tom Pedulla ( 2007 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Big returns on Bears ' investment '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Tribune , Pilot episode is prime - time Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Devin Hester '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : University of Miami Athletics , Player Bio : Devin Hester : : Football Archived 2006 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Rivals.com , CaliFlorida Bowl : Final Comments Retrieved on March 20 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Sports Illustrated , December 3 , 2007 issue . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com '' . sports.yahoo.com . Jump up ^ `` PLAYER BIO - DEVIN HESTER '' . chicagobears.com. 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : All - Athletics , Profile of Devin Hester , Retrieved on Mary 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ESPN , Duke Blue Devils at Miami ( FL ) Hurricanes Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Black Sports Network , College Football : Devin Archived 2007 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on November 17 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : ChicagoBears.com , Free - agent splashes often leave NFL teams all wet , Retrieved on March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoSports.com , Ask David Haugh , Retrieved on February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ESPN , Hester 's record return pushes Bears past sleeping Giants Retrieved on March 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ RightWingNutHouse.com , PHOENIX RISING Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Hester 's electrifying return twice as nice for Bears Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : SuperBowl.com , Hester is Chicago 's not - so - secret weapon Archived 2007 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on February 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ TBO.com , A Force Of Nature Retrieved on February 24 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : UsaToday.com , Smashing entrance by Bears ' Hester at Super Bowl XLI Retrieved on March 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` What is quickest Super Bowl score ? '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Indianapolis 29 , Chicago 17 Archived 2014 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on February 5 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : ChicagoBears.com , Hester wins second straight player of week award Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Hester among seven Bears voted to Pro Bowl Retrieved on January 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Hester named player of month for December Retrieved on January 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Tomlinson , Taylor and Bailey unanimous All - Pros Retrieved on January 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ ESPN , ESPN.com -- NFL -- Devin Hester Retrieved on January 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ SuburbanChicagoNews.com , Offensive Hester a downer Retrieved on January 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , Precision drill team Retrieved on January 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Bears have no plans to play Hester on offense Retrieved on December 17 , 2006 Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Bears 34 , Buccaneers 31 , OT Retrieved on December 17 , 2006 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Electrifying Hester enjoying wild ride with humility Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Kansas City Star , The Windy City Flyer Retrieved on February 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Kreutz , Hester honored to win Piccolo Awards Retrieved on April 24 , 2007 Jump up ^ ESPN.com , Hester can now strike fear in Bears . Retrieved on December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Bears will look to counter game of keepaway Retrieved on March 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ ESPN.com , Bears to shake things up , move Hester to offense , Retrieved on May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Bears moving dynamic Hester to offense Retrieved on May 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Best of the ESPYs '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ AtlantaFalcons.com , BEHIND THE JERSEY NUMBER : DEVIN HESTER ( October 7 , 2014 ) , Retrieved on December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ChicagoBears.com , Defense , Hester lead Bears to win , Retrieved on September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Minnesota Vikings / Chicago Bears Box Score Sunday October 14 , 2007 , Retrieved on October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mike Pereira . `` Official Review '' ( January 3 , 2008 ) ( TV ) . NFL Network Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press , Lions face special threat in kick returner Devin Hester , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Sauerbrun says Broncos wo n't kick away from Hester , Retrieved on December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Chicago 37 , Denver 34 , OT , Retrieved on December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rocky Mountain News , Collinsworth still one of the best , Retrieved on December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Chicago 33 , New Orleans 25 , Retrieved on January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Free agent - to - be Ayanbadejo focuses on his future , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ RealFootball365 , Hester sets NFL record with sixth return touchdown Archived 2008 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Hester wins fourth player of week award of season Retrieved on January 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Chicago Sports Weekly , Making Sense of Devin Archived 2008 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NWI.com , Early returns say Hester a runaway winner , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Hester could be in mix for starting receiver spot in ' 08 , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Chicago Tribune , Briggs , Berrian have suitors , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Hester wins fourth player of week award of season , Retrieved on January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Bears surprised by Hester 's absence from camp , Retrieved on July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gano , Rick ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Hester holds out as Bears open training camp '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ NFL.com , Around The League -- July 24 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Hester ends two - day holdout , reports to training camp , Retrieved on 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ RotoWorld.com , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . , Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ USA Today , Extent of Devin Hester 's rib injury remains unclear , Retrieved on October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Lloyd to miss Sunday 's game in Detroit with knee injury , Retrieved on October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , NFL -- Chicago Bears / Detroit Lions Box Score Sunday October 5 , 2008 , Retrieved on October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DailyHerald.com , Manning the man on opening kickoff , Retrieved on December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Devin Hester -- Chicago Bears -- NFL , Retrieved on December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , 10 things to take away from the Bears ' victory , Retrieved on December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pro-Football-Reference.com , 2008 Chicago Bears , Retrieved on January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NFL.com , Devin Hester , Retrieved on January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2008 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Bears confident Hester will take next step as wide receiver '' . chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Veteran linebacker Briggs voted to fourth straight Pro Bowl , Retrieved on January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com Does Hester have what it takes to be No. 1 receiver , Retrieved on 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com Hester continuing to develop into all - around wide receiver , Retrieved on 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Hester , Payne removed from injury report '' . chicagobreakingsports.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Lage , Larry ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Bears beat Lions 37 -- 23 to finish disappointing 7 -- 9 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com , Devin Hester Game Log -- Chicago Bears -- ESPN : , Retrieved on 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ McClure , Vaughn ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Devin Hester looks to regain return form '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` August 1 , 2011 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times , Hester Learning from Ex-Rams Great Bruce Archived 2011 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . August 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , Hester Ties NFL Record , October 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ ESPN , Hester Breaks Record , Burns Vikings on Return again Archived 2011 - 07 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . December 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ ESPN , ESPN - Devin Hester Stats August 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ NFL , Devin Hester - Career Stats , August 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ ESPN , Hester Rewards Teammates for Pro Bowl Bid , December 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hester Hailed By Peers in Top 100 Poll , June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) . `` NFL moves up kickoff to 35 - yard line '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Stifling Returns Beyond Expectations '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( 2011 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Devin Hester on kickoff changes : `` That rule is pointless '' `` . Profootballtalk.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bears ' Hester Returns Record 11th Punt for TD '' . ABC News . Associated Press . October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Chicago Bears - November 13th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bears ready to give up on Hester as every - down receiver '' . NFL.com. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry . `` Hester : Retirement talk not related to Smith 's firing '' . Chicago Bears . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Devin Hester no longer wide receiver for Chicago Bears '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( September 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hester lifts Bears with record - breaking effort '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Marshall lifts Bears over Giants with two TD receptions '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Hester ties NFL record with 19th TD '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Season Highlights '' . Chicago Bears . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Gould gave Bears leg to stand on '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Devin Hester wo n't return to Bears , Retrieved on March 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ BearReport , Bears say goodbye to Devin Hester Archived 2014 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on March 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Falcons sign Devin Hester '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints vs. Atlanta Falcons '' . espn.com . September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Devin Hester passes Deion Sanders for all - time TD return mark '' . profootballtalk.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ AJC.com , Ryan , Hester honored as NFC players of week , Retrieved on September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jahns , Adam ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Falcons release former Bears returner Devin Hester '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jay ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) . `` JONES , HESTER NAMED TO PRO BOWL ROSTER '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons Place WR Hester on Short - Term IR '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Devin Hester unsure about his role in Falcons ' offense '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons ' Devin Hester : To begin rehab soon '' . CBS Sports . 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` FALCONS RELEASE WR DEVIN HESTER '' . AtlantaFalcons. 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ McClure , Vaughn ( 2016 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Devin Hester seeks full recovery before signing '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens plan to sign Devin Hester '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bartelson , Jacob ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Baltimore Ravens cut KR Devin Hester '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Ravens waive former Bears legend Devin Hester '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Seahawks sign veteran return man Devin Hester '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Michael ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Hester hurts Falcons in return '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Devin Hester plans to retire '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Return - man Devin Hester retires after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . ^ Jump up to : Rodkin , Dennis ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Devin Hester makes poor return on Riverwoods house sale '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Scout.com , Devin Hester Rookie Diary : Entry 1 Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on November 17 , 2006 Jump up ^ Sun Sentinel , `` Devin Hester 's kick returns can inspire cheers or cringing '' . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Retrieved on January 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ ChicagoBears.com , Devin Hester on success as a rookie ( Video ) Retrieved on December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ David Haugh ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Devin - Mania is gaining speed '' . Chicago Tribune . pp. 1 ; 4 . Jump up ^ CBS SportsLine.com , First Wrigley outing for Piniella , Soriano ends with defeat , Retrieved on October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com , Devin Hester : Maximum Speed Retrieved on April 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ Madden 08 Draft -- Devin Hester on YouTube , Retrieved on June 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ( 2008 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Under Armour inks endorsement deal with NFL 's Devin Hester '' . Baltimore Business Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scwartz , Nick ( 2013 - 11 - 30 ) . `` National Geographic 's ' Man vs. Cheetah ' pits NFL 's Devin Hester , Chris Johnson against cat '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Anytime23Empowerment.com , Anytime 23 Empowerment Center Inc . Archived 2014 - 08 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester Foundation Hosts Youth Football Camp '' . Boys & Girls Clubs of America . 2015 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devin Hester . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Devin Hester Devin Hester Foundation Chicago Bears bio Atlanta Falcons bio Devin Hester Chicago Bears 2006 NFL draft selections Danieal Manning Devin Hester Dusty Dvoracek Jamar Williams Mark Anderson J.D. Runnels Tyler Reed National Football League NFL 's 2000s All - Decade Team Tom Brady Peyton Manning LaDainian Tomlinson Edgerrin James Jamal Lewis Shaun Alexander Lorenzo Neal Tony Richardson Randy Moss Marvin Harrison Terrell Owens Torry Holt Tony Gonzalez Antonio Gates Walter Jones Jonathan Ogden Orlando Pace Willie Roaf Alan Faneca Steve Hutchinson Will Shields Larry Allen Kevin Mawae Olin Kreutz Dwight Freeney Michael Strahan Jason Taylor Julius Peppers Richard Seymour Warren Sapp Kevin Williams La'Roi Glover Ray Lewis Derrick Brooks Brian Urlacher Joey Porter Zach Thomas DeMarcus Ware Champ Bailey Charles Woodson Ty Law Ronde Barber Ed Reed Brian Dawkins Troy Polamalu Darren Sharper Adam Vinatieri David Akers Shane Lechler Brian Moorman Josh Cribbs Dante Hall Devin Hester Bill Belichick Tony Dungy VIAF : 63480908 LCCN : n2008038549 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devin_Hester&oldid=828339492 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people African - American Christians African - American players of American football American football cornerbacks American football return specialists American football wide receivers Atlanta Falcons players Baltimore Ravens players Chicago Bears players Miami Hurricanes football players National Conference Pro Bowl players People from Riviera Beach , Florida Players of American football from Florida Seattle Seahawks players Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 00 : 06 . 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About Wikipedia	most punt returns for touchdowns in nfl history	[ "\nDevin Hester\n\n\nHester with the Chicago Bears in 2008\n\n\n\nNo. 23, 17, 14\n\n\nPosition:\nWide receiver\nReturn specialist\n\n\nPersonal information\n\n\nBorn:\n(1982-11-04) November 4, 1982 (age 35)\nRiviera Beach, Florida\n\n\nHeight:\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\n\nWeight:\n190 lb (86 kg)\n\n\nCareer information\n\n\nHigh school:\nRiviera Beach (FL) Suncoast\n\n\nCollege:\nMiami (FL)\n\n\nNFL Draft:\n2006 / Round: 2 / Pick: 57\n\n\nCareer history\n\n\n\n\nChicago Bears (2006–2013)\nAtlanta Falcons (2014–2015)\nBaltimore Ravens (2016)\nSeattle Seahawks (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n\n\n\n\n4× Pro Bowl (2006, 2007, 2010, 2014)\n3× First-team All-Pro (2006, 2007, 2010)\nSecond-team All-Pro (2011)\nNFL 2000s All-Decade Team\n\n\nNFL records\n\n\n20 total return touchdowns, career\n14 punt return touchdowns, career\n6 total return touchdowns, season (tied)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer NFL statistics\n\n\n\n\n\nReceptions:\n255\n\n\nReceiving yards:\n3,311\n\n\nReceiving touchdowns:\n16\n\n\nReturn yards:\n11,028\n\n\nReturn touchdowns:\n20\n\n\nPlayer stats at NFL.com\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlayer stats at PFR\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Devin Hester" ]
5655845950105158886	I Can See Clearly Now	I Can See Clearly Now - wikipedia I Can See Clearly Now Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see I Can See Clearly Now ( Johnny Nash album ) and I Can See Clearly Now ( Gospel Gangstaz album ) . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Johnny Nash from the album I Can See Clearly Now B - side `` How Good It Is '' Released June 23 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 Genre Reggae Length 2 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Johnny Nash Johnny Nash singles chronology `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' is a song written , composed , and originally recorded by Johnny Nash . It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972 , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It was covered by many artists throughout the years , including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff , who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings , where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Johnny Nash version 1.1 Track listings 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.2. 1 Certifications 2.2. 2 Chart succession 3 Jimmy Cliff version 3.1 Charts and certifications 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 3.1. 3 Sales and certifications 3.1. 4 Chart succession 4 Other covers 5 References Johnny Nash version ( edit ) After Nash wrote and composed the original version , he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , and produced it himself . Its arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences . Nash had collaborated with Bob Marley in the past , and his approach drew strongly from Marley 's reggae style . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` How Good It Is '' -- 2 : 38 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` Cupid '' -- 3 : 30 Chart performance ( edit ) After making modest chart advances for a month , the RIAA - certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4 , 1972 , remaining atop this chart for four weeks , and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart . Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand ( Listener ) 5 UK Singles Chart 5 U.S. Billboard Black Singles 38 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 54 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 46 Canada 55 UK 39 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 47 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` My Ding - a-Ling '' by Chuck Berry Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' by The Temptations Preceded by `` If I Could Reach You '' by The Fifth Dimension Billboard Easy Listening Singles number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'd Love You to Want Me '' by Lobo Jimmy Cliff version ( edit ) Reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . It was released as a single in 1993 , reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff 's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years , and is his highest - charting single in the United States . The song reached number one in France , Iceland and New Zealand . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Jimmy Cliff from the album Cool Runnings soundtrack B - side `` Sweet Jamaica '' by Tony Rebel Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1993 Genre Pop - reggae Length 3 : 16 Label Chaos Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Paul Henton Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( RPM ) 16 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary Recurrents ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 98 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 66 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 285,000 Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` It Keeps Raining '' by Bitty McLean New Zealand RIANZ number - one single January 16 , 1994 - February 20 , 1994 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heater '' by The Mutton Birds Preceded by `` Je danse le Mia '' by IAM French SNEP number - one single June 18 , 1994 - July 2 , 1994 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Like To Move It '' by Reel 2 Real feat . The Mad Stuntman Other covers ( edit ) The song also appears in various other films , such as Grosse Pointe Blank , The Break - up , Thelma & Louise , Antz , Deep Blue Sea , Envy , Hitch , Igor , Shrek 2 's `` Far Far Away Idol , '' `` Viktor Vogel -- Commercial Man , '' and Jennifer 's Body , as well in a 2009 advertisement for Lipton in the Middle East and Russia . It is also briefly sung by Cheech in the movie Up in Smoke . It has also been covered by these artists : Grace VanderWaal During her Just the Beginning Tour Funk , Inc. in 1973 on Hangin ' Out Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1973 on Imagination Petula Clark ( 1974 Come On Home ) Ray Charles ( highest charting R&B version # 35 in 1978 ) Hothouse Flowers in 1990 on Home ( this version was a # 23 hit in the UK Singles Chart in August 1990 ) Holly Cole Trio in 1993 on Do n't Smoke in Bed Soul Asylum on After the Flood : Live from the Grand Forks Prom , June 28 , 1997 Neil Finn in 1998 to raise money for The Fred Hollows Foundation . Finn 's version also played in the movie Antz , where Z and Bala find Insectopia . Dream Sequence in 1999 , as `` Clearly , '' an uptempo eurodance remix Anne Murray ( 1999 What A Wonderful World and 2001 reissue of There 's a Hippo in My Tub ) R&B guitarist Jonathan Butler recorded a cover from his 2010 album So Strong . Simone Dinnerstein & Tift Merritt on their 2013 album , Night Nancy Sinatra on Shifting Gears in 2013 . Alex E Horace Andy Aswad Beat Crusaders Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François ' song Ken Boothe Doyle Bramhall Susan Cadogan Eagle - Eye Cherry for the romantic comedy Over Her Dead Body Rick Danko Elsa as `` Éternité , '' another French version Even in Blackouts on The Fall of the House of Even Everlife Claude François as `` Toi et le soleil , '' a French version Bobby Goldsboro Dobie Gray Lloyd Green Richie Havens Martin Kitcher ( On the Best Of ... ) James Last Lorie - cover of the French Toi et le Soleil Claude François version Susie McEntire Kaitlyn Maher The Mamas & the Papas Liza Minnelli Marisa Monte Geoff Moore and the Distance Willie Nelson Donny Osmond Procol Harum in concert medleys Francis Rossi on One Step at a Time ( Deluxe Edition only ) Kermit Ruffins Screeching Weasel on My Brain Hurts and the soundtrack of Jennifer 's Body Sonny and Cher Dusty Springfield ( recording unissued and subsequently lost or destroyed ) The Three Blind Mice during `` Far Far Away Idol '' in Shrek 2 Toots & the Maytals Lee Towers In November 2002 , the song was featured prominently in `` The Freak , '' an episode of the NBC police drama television series Boomtown . In November 2016 , a cover version of the song by the Hothouse Flowers was featured in the premiere episode of British Motoring show , The Grand Tour , causing the song to reach the number 1 position on the iTunes 's Top 40 UK Rock Song chart in late 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com. 1972 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart ( 1989 release ) Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1972 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Johnny Nash -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 341 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM - Top Singles - Volume 58 , No. 24 , December 25 , 1993 '' . RPM. 1993 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jimmy Cliff Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 14.04. 1994 - 20.04. 1994 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jimmy Cliff '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ 1994 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved January 30 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1994 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Argent : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Imagination '' . allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . I Can See Clearly Now - Nash Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Released : 1990 ( ... ) composed by ( ... ) 7 . Johnny Nash Jump up ^ `` So Strong overview '' . Allmusic.com . Johnny Nash Studio albums Hold Me Tight ( 1968 ) Let 's Go Dancing ( 1969 ) I Can See Clearly Now ( 1972 ) My Merry - Go - Round ( 1973 ) Celebrate Life ( 1974 ) Here Again ( 1986 ) Singles `` As Time Goes By '' `` Cupid '' `` Stir It Up '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` ( What a ) Wonderful World '' `` Rock Me Baby '' Related topics JAD Records Book : Johnny Nash Jimmy Cliff Studio albums Jimmy Cliff ( 1969 ) Another Cycle ( 1971 ) Give Thankx ( 1978 ) Cliff Hanger ( 1985 ) Humanitarian ( 1999 ) Rebirth ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Reggae Night ( 2004 ) Soundtrack albums The Harder They Come ( 1972 ) Songs `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Reggae Night '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_See_Clearly_Now&oldid=833716996 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1993 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Jimmy Cliff songs Johnny Nash songs Screeching Weasel songs SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Epic Records singles 1972 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for France Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 02 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang i can see clearly now the rain is gone	[ "\"I Can See Clearly Now\" is a song written, composed, and originally recorded by Johnny Nash. It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was covered by many artists throughout the years, including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff, who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings, where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100." ]	[ "Johnny Nash" ]
5755828158317581311	Exxon Valdez oil spill	Exxon Valdez oil spill - wikipedia Exxon Valdez oil spill Exxon Valdez oil spill Three days after Exxon Valdez ran aground Location Prince William Sound , Alaska Coordinates 60 ° 50 ′ 27 '' N 146 ° 51 ′ 45 '' W / 60.8408 ° N 146.8625 ° W / 60.8408 ; - 146.8625 Coordinates : 60 ° 50 ′ 27 '' N 146 ° 51 ′ 45 '' W / 60.8408 ° N 146.8625 ° W / 60.8408 ; - 146.8625 Date March 24 , 1989 ; 29 years ago ( 1989 - 03 - 24 ) Cause Cause Grounding of the Exxon Valdez oil tanker Operator Exxon Shipping Company Spill characteristics Volume 10.8 × 10 ^ US gal ( 260,000 bbl ; 41,000 m ) Area 11,000 sq mi ( 28,000 km ) Shoreline impacted 1,300 mi ( 2,100 km ) The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound , Alaska , March 24 , 1989 , when Exxon Valdez , an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company , bound for Long Beach , California , struck Prince William Sound 's Bligh Reef at 12 : 04 am local time and spilled 10.8 million US gallons ( 260,000 bbl ; 41,000 m ) of crude oil over the next few days . It is considered to be one of the most devastating human - caused environmental disasters . The Valdez spill is the second largest in US waters , after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill , in terms of volume released . Prince William Sound 's remote location , accessible only by helicopter , plane , or boat , made government and industry response efforts difficult and severely taxed existing response plans . The region is a habitat for salmon , sea otters , seals and seabirds . The oil , originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field , eventually covered 1,300 miles ( 2,100 km ) of coastline , and 11,000 square miles ( 28,000 km ) of ocean . According to official reports , the ship was carrying 53.09451 million US gallons ( 1,264,155 bbl ; 200,984.6 m ) of oil , of which about 10.8 million US gallons ( 260,000 bbl ; 41,000 m ) were spilled into the Prince William Sound . An approximate figure of 11 million US gallons ( 260,000 bbl ; 42,000 m ) was a commonly accepted estimate of the spill 's volume and has been used by the State of Alaska 's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club . During the first few days of the spill , heavy sheens of oil covered large areas of the surface of Prince William Sound . Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident : Beginning three days after the vessel grounded , a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil on to the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain . In this photograph , pooled black oil is shown stranded in the rocks Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for Exxon Valdez . The NTSB found this was widespread throughout the industry , prompting a safety recommendation to Exxon and to the industry . The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel , possibly due to fatigue or excessive workload . Exxon Shipping Company failed to properly maintain the Raytheon Collision Avoidance System ( RAYCAS ) radar , which , if functional , would have indicated to the third mate an impending collision with the Bligh Reef by detecting the `` radar reflector '' , placed on the next rock inland from Bligh Reef for the purpose of keeping ships on course . This cause has only been identified by Greg Palast ( without evidentiary support ) and is not present in the official accident report . Captain Joseph Hazelwood , who was widely reported to have been drinking heavily that night , was not at the controls when the ship struck the reef . However , as the senior officer , he was in command of the ship even though he was asleep in his bunk . In light of the other findings , investigative reporter Greg Palast stated in 2008 , `` Forget the drunken skipper fable . As to Captain Joe Hazelwood , he was below decks , sleeping off his bender . At the helm , the third mate never would have collided with Bligh Reef had he looked at his RAYCAS radar . But the radar was not turned on . In fact , the tanker 's radar was left broken and disabled for more than a year before the disaster , and Exxon management knew it . It was just too expensive to fix and operate . '' Exxon blamed Captain Hazelwood for the grounding of the tanker . Other factors , according to an MIT course entitled `` Software System Safety '' by Professor Nancy G. Leveson , included : Ships were not informed that the previous practice of the Coast Guard tracking ships out to Bligh Reef had ceased . The oil industry promised , but never installed , state - of - the - art iceberg monitoring equipment . Exxon Valdez was sailing outside the normal sea lane to avoid small icebergs thought to be in the area . The 1989 tanker crew was half the size of the 1977 crew , worked 12 - to 14 - hour shifts , plus overtime . The crew was rushing to leave Valdez with a load of oil . Coast Guard vessel inspections in Valdez were not performed , and the number of staff was reduced . Lack of available equipment and personnel hampered the spill cleanup . This disaster resulted in International Maritime Organization introducing comprehensive marine pollution prevention rules ( MARPOL ) through various conventions . The rules were ratified by member countries and , under International Ship Management rules , the ships are being operated with a common objective of `` safer ships and cleaner oceans '' . In 2009 , Exxon Valdez Captain Joseph Hazelwood offered a `` heartfelt apology '' to the people of Alaska , suggesting he had been wrongly blamed for the disaster : `` The true story is out there for anybody who wants to look at the facts , but that 's not the sexy story and that 's not the easy story , '' he said . Hazelwood said he felt Alaskans always gave him a fair shake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Clean - up and environmental impact 2 Litigation and cleanup costs 3 Political consequences and reforms 3.1 Coast Guard report 3.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 3.3 Alaska regulations 4 Economic and personal impact 5 Reactions 5.1 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Clean - up and environmental Impact ( edit ) Workers using high - pressure , hot - water washing to clean an oiled shoreline Chemical dispersant , a surfactant and solvent mixture , was applied to the slick by a private company on March 24 with a helicopter . But the helicopter missed the target area . Scientific data on its toxicity were either thin or incomplete . In addition , public acceptance of a new , widespread chemical treatment was lacking . Landowners , fishing groups , and conservation organizations questioned the use of chemicals on hundreds of miles of shoreline when other alternatives may have been available . '' According to a report by David Kirby for TakePart , the main component of the Corexit formulation used during cleanup , 2 - butoxyethanol , was identified as `` one of the agents that caused liver , kidney , lung , nervous system , and blood disorders among cleanup crews in Alaska following the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill . Mechanical cleanup was started shortly afterwards using booms and skimmers , but the skimmers were not readily available during the first 24 hours following the spill , and thick oil and kelp tended to clog the equipment . Despite civilian insistence for a complete clean , only 10 % of total oil was actually completely cleaned . Exxon was widely criticized for its slow response to cleaning up the disaster and John Devens , the mayor of Valdez , has said his community felt betrayed by Exxon 's inadequate response to the crisis . More than 11,000 Alaska residents , along with some Exxon employees , worked throughout the region to try to restore the environment . Clean - up efforts after the Exxon Valdez oil spill Because Prince William Sound contained many rocky coves where the oil collected , the decision was made to displace it with high - pressure hot water . However , this also displaced and destroyed the microbial populations on the shoreline ; many of these organisms ( e.g. plankton ) are the basis of the coastal marine food chain , and others ( e.g. certain bacteria and fungi ) are capable of facilitating the biodegradation of oil . At the time , both scientific advice and public pressure was to clean everything , but since then , a much greater understanding of natural and facilitated remediation processes has developed , due somewhat in part to the opportunity presented for study by the Exxon Valdez spill . Despite the extensive cleanup attempts , less than ten percent of the oil was recovered and a study conducted by NOAA determined that as of early 2007 more than 26 thousand U.S. gallons ( 98 m ) of oil remain in the sandy soil of the contaminated shoreline , declining at a rate of less than 4 % per year . Wildlife was severely affected by the oil spill . Both the long - term and short - term effects of the oil spill have been studied . Immediate effects included the deaths of 100,000 to as many as 250,000 seabirds , at least 2,800 sea otters , approximately 12 river otters , 300 harbor seals , 247 bald eagles , and 22 orcas , and an unknown number of salmon and herring . In 2003 , fourteen years after the spill , a team from the University of North Carolina found that the remaining oil was lasting far longer than anticipated , which in turn had resulted in more long - term loss of many species than had been expected . The researchers found that at only a few parts per billion , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons caused a long - term increase in mortality rates . They reported that `` species as diverse as sea otters , harlequin ducks and killer whales suffered large , long - term losses and that oiled mussel beds and other tidal shoreline habitats will take an estimated 30 years to recover . '' In 2006 , a study done by the National Marine Fisheries Service in Juneau found that about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of shoreline around Prince William Sound was still affected by the spill , with 101.6 tonnes of oil remaining in the area . Exxon Mobil denied any concerns over any remaining oil , stating that they anticipated a remaining fraction that they assert will not cause any long - term ecological impacts , according to the conclusions of the studies they had done : `` We 've done 350 peer - reviewed studies of Prince William Sound , and those studies conclude that Prince William Sound has recovered , it 's healthy and it 's thriving . '' However , in 2007 a NOAA study concluded that this contamination can produce chronic low - level exposure , discourage subsistence where the contamination is heavy , and decrease the `` wilderness character '' of the area . The effects of the spill continued to be felt for many years afterwards . As of 2010 there were an estimated 23,000 US gallons ( 87 m ) of Valdez crude oil still in Alaska 's sand and soil , breaking down at a rate estimated at less than 4 % per year . On March 24 , 2014 , the twenty - fifth anniversary of the spill , NOAA scientists reported that some species seem to have recovered , with the sea otter the latest creature to return to pre-spill numbers . Scientists who have monitored the spill area for the last 25 years report that concern remains for one of two pods of local orca whales , with fears that one pod may eventually die out . Federal scientists estimate that between 16,000 and 21,000 US gallons ( 61 to 79 m ) of oil remains on beaches in Prince William Sound and up to 450 miles ( 725 km ) away . Some of the oil does not appear to have biodegraded at all . A USGS scientist who analyses the remaining oil along the coastline states that it remains among rocks and between tide marks . `` The oil mixes with seawater and forms an emulsion ... Left out , the surface crusts over but the inside still has the consistency of mayonnaise -- or mousse . '' Alaska state senator Berta Gardner is urging Alaskan politicians to demand that the US government force ExxonMobil to pay the final $92 million ( £ 57 million ) still owed from the court settlement . The major part of the money would be spent to finish cleaning up oiled beaches and attempting to restore the crippled herring population . Litigation and cleanup costs ( edit ) Eagles rescued from the oil spill In the case of Exxon v. Baker , an Anchorage jury awarded $287 million for actual damages and $5 billion for punitive damages . To protect itself in case the judgment was affirmed , Exxon obtained a $4.8 billion credit line from J.P. Morgan & Co. , who created the first modern credit default swap so that they would not have to hold as much money in reserve against the risk of Exxon 's default . Meanwhile , Exxon appealed the ruling , and the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the trial judge , Russel Holland , to reduce the punitive damages . On December 6 , 2002 , Holland announced that he had reduced the damages to $4 billion , which he concluded was justified by the facts of the case and was not grossly excessive . Exxon appealed again and the case returned to Holland to be reconsidered in light of a recent Supreme Court ruling in a similar case . Holland increased the punitive damages to $4.5 billion , plus interest . After more appeals , in December 2006 the damages award was cut to $2.5 billion . The court of appeals cited recent Supreme Court rulings relative to limits on punitive damages . Exxon appealed again . On May 23 , 2007 , the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals denied ExxonMobil 's request for a third hearing and let stand its ruling that Exxon owed $2.5 billion in punitive damages . Exxon then appealed to the Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case . On February 27 , 2008 , the Supreme Court heard oral arguments . Justice Samuel Alito , who at the time , owned between $100,000 and $250,000 in Exxon stock , recused himself from the case . In a decision issued June 25 , 2008 , written by Justice David Souter , the court vacated the $2.5 billion award and remanded the case back to the lower court , finding that the damages were excessive with respect to maritime common law . Exxon 's actions were deemed `` worse than negligent but less than malicious . '' The punitive damages were further reduced to an amount of $507.5 million . The Court 's ruling was that maritime punitive damages should not exceed the compensatory damages , supported by a precedent dating from 1818 . Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick J. Leahy has decried the ruling as `` another in a line of cases where this Supreme Court has misconstrued congressional intent to benefit large corporations . '' Exxon 's official position was that punitive damages greater than $25 million were not justified because the spill resulted from an accident , and because Exxon spent an estimated $2 billion cleaning up the spill and a further $1 billion to settle related civil and criminal charges . Attorneys for the plaintiffs contended that Exxon bore responsibility for the accident because the company `` put a drunk in charge of a tanker in Prince William Sound . '' Exxon recovered a significant portion of clean - up and legal expenses through insurance claims associated with the grounding of the Exxon Valdez . Also , in 1991 , Exxon made a quiet , separate financial settlement of damages with a group of seafood producers known as the Seattle Seven for the disaster 's effect on the Alaskan seafood industry . The agreement granted $63.75 million to the Seattle Seven , but stipulated that the seafood companies would have to repay almost all of any punitive damages awarded in other civil proceedings . The $5 billion in punitive damages was awarded later , and the Seattle Seven 's share could have been as high as $750 million if the damages award had held . Other plaintiffs have objected to this secret arrangement , and when it came to light , Judge Holland ruled that Exxon should have told the jury at the start that an agreement had already been made , so the jury would know exactly how much Exxon would have to pay . As of December 15 , 2009 , Exxon had paid the entire $507.5 million in punitive damages , including lawsuit costs , plus interest , which were further distributed to thousands of plaintiffs . In October 1989 , Exxon filed suit against the State of Alaska , charging that the state had interfered with Exxon 's attempts to clean up the spill by refusing to approve the use of dispersant chemicals until the night of the 26th . The state disputed the claim , stating that there was a long - standing agreement to allow the use of dispersants to clean up spills , thus Exxon did not require permission to use them , and that in fact Exxon had not had enough dispersant on hand to effectively handle a spill of the size created by the Valdez . Exxon filed claims in October 1990 against the Coast Guard , asking to be reimbursed for cleanup costs and damages awarded to plaintiffs in any lawsuits filed by the State of Alaska or the federal government against Exxon . The company claimed that the Coast Guard was `` wholly or partially responsible '' for the spill , because they had granted mariners ' licenses to the crew of the Valdez , and because they had given the Valdez permission to leave regular shipping lanes to avoid ice . They also reiterated the claim that the Coast Guard had delayed cleanup by refusing to give permission to immediately use chemical dispersants on the spill . Political consequences and reforms ( edit ) The Oil Spill Recovery Institute was formed after United States Congress approved it to seek a solution . Collaborating with InnoCentive they found a partial solution for the flow of oil . Coast Guard report ( edit ) A report by the US National Response Team summarized the event and made a number of recommendations , such as changes to the work patterns of Exxon crew in order to address the causes of the accident . Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( edit ) In response to the spill , the United States Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( OPA ) . The legislation included a clause that prohibits any vessel that , after March 22 , 1989 , has caused an oil spill of more than 1 million US gallons ( 3,800 m ) in any marine area , from operating in Prince William Sound . In April 1998 , the company argued in a legal action against the Federal government that the ship should be allowed back into Alaskan waters . Exxon claimed OPA was effectively a bill of attainder , a regulation that was unfairly directed at Exxon alone . In 2002 , the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against Exxon . As of 2002 , OPA had prevented 18 ships from entering Prince William Sound . OPA also set a schedule for the gradual phase in of a double hull design , providing an additional layer between the oil tanks and the ocean . While a double hull would likely not have prevented the Valdez disaster , a Coast Guard study estimated that it would have cut the amount of oil spilled by 60 percent . The Exxon Valdez supertanker was towed to San Diego , arriving on July 10 . Repairs began on July 30 . Approximately 1,600 short tons ( 1,500 t ) of steel were removed and replaced . In June 1990 the tanker , renamed S / R Mediterranean , left harbor after $30 million of repairs . It was still sailing as of January 2010 , registered in Panama . The vessel was then owned by a Hong Kong company , who operated it under the name Oriental Nicety . In August 2012 , it was beached at Alang , India and dismantled . Alaska regulations ( edit ) In the aftermath of the spill , Alaska governor Steve Cowper issued an executive order requiring two tugboats to escort every loaded tanker from Valdez out through Prince William Sound to Hinchinbrook Entrance . As the plan evolved in the 1990s , one of the two routine tugboats was replaced with a 210 - foot ( 64 m ) Escort Response Vehicle ( ERV ) . Tankers at Valdez are no longer single - hulled . Congress enacted legislation requiring all tankers to be double - hulled as of 2015 . Economic and personal Impact ( edit ) In 1991 , following the collapse of the local marine population ( particularly clams , herring and seals ) the Chugach Alaska Corporation , an Alaska Native Corporation , filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . It has since recovered . According to several studies funded by the state of Alaska , the spill had both short - term and long - term economic effects . These included the loss of recreational sports , fisheries , reduced tourism , and an estimate of what economists call `` existence value '' , which is the value to the public of a pristine Prince William Sound . The economy of the city of Cordova , Alaska was adversely affected after the spill damaged stocks of salmon and herring in the area . The village of Chenega was transformed into an emergency base and media outlet. The local villagers had to cope with a tripling of their population from 80 to 250 . When asked how they felt about the situation , a village councillor noted that they were too shocked and busy to be depressed ; others emphasized the human costs of leaving children unattended while their parents worked to clean up . Many Native Americans were worried that too much time was spent on the fishery and not enough on the land that supports subsidence hunting . In 2010 , a CNN report alleged that many oil spill cleanup workers involved in the Exxon Valdez response had subsequently become sick . Anchorage lawyer Dennis Mestas found that this was true of 6,722 of 11,000 worker files he was able to inspect . Access to the records was controlled by Exxon . Exxon responded in a statement to CNN : After 20 years , there is no evidence suggesting that either cleanup workers or the residents of the communities affected by the Valdez spill have had any adverse health effects as a result of the spill or its cleanup . Reactions ( edit ) In 1992 , Exxon released a video titled Scientists and the Alaska Oil Spill , to be distributed to schools . Dr. Michael Fry called it a piece of `` corporate propaganda '' . In December 1994 , the Unabomber assassinated Burson - Marsteller executive Thomas Mosser , accusing him of having `` helped Exxon clean up its public image after the Exxon Valdez incident '' . The PR company claimed not to have been contracted during the actual crisis . In popular culture ( edit ) Several weeks after the spill , Saturday Night Live aired a pointed sketch featuring Kevin Nealon , Phil Hartman , and Victoria Jackson as cleanup workers struggling to scrub the oil off of animals and rocks on a beach in Prince William Sound . In the 1995 film Waterworld , the Exxon Valdez is the flagship of the movie 's villain , `` The Deacon , '' the leader of a band of scavenging raiders . In the ship is a portrait of their patron saint , Joseph Hazelwood . In the second Forrest Gump novel , Gump and Co. by Winston Groom , Gump commandeers the Exxon Valdez and accidentally crashes it . See also ( edit ) List of oil spills Deepwater Horizon oil spill Ixtoc I oil spill Dead Ahead : The Exxon Valdez Disaster , 1992 HBO movie References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skinner , Samuel K ; Reilly , William K. ( May 1989 ) . The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill : A Report to the President ( PDF ) . National Response Team . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EVOS : The Spill : Timeline '' . November 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Questions and Answers about the Spill '' . History of the Spill . Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About the Spill '' . Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division ( September 1992 ) . `` Oil Spill Case Histories 1967 -- 1991 , Report No . HMRAD 92 - 11 '' ( PDF ) . Seattle : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : 80 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brandon Keim ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Exxon Valdez Spill Is All Around Us '' . Wired Science . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shigenaka , Gary ( 2014 ) . `` Twenty - Five Years After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill : NOAA 's Scientific Support , Monitoring , and Research '' ( PDF ) . Office of Response and Restoration . Seattle : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Sarah ( December 19 , 2003 ) . `` Environmental Effects of Exxon Valdez Spill Still Being Felt '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Valdez disaster -- 15 years of lies '' . Greenpeace News . Greenpeace . March 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Years After Exxon Valdez Tragedy , Arctic Refuge , America 's Coasts Still At Risk '' ( Press release ) . Sierra Club . March 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Valdez Photos '' . NOAA . p. 7 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2005 . Beginning 3 days after the vessel grounded , a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain . ^ Jump up to : Practices that relate to the Exxon Valdez ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : National Transportation and Safety Board . September 18 , 1990 . pp. 1 -- 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten years after but who was to blame ? '' . Greg Palast . March 21 , 1999 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Palast , Greg ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Court Rewards Exxon for Valdez Oil Spill -- Greg Palast '' . Jump up ^ Leveson , Nancy G. ( July 2005 ) . `` Software System Safety '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . pp. 18 -- 20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Leveson , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Leveson , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Leveson , p. 19 Jump up ^ Spyrou , Andrew G. ( January 27 , 2017 ) . From T - 2 to Supertanker : Development of the Oil Tanker , 1940 -- 2000 , Revised . iUniverse . ISBN 9781462002344 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Bill ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Captain of Exxon Valdez offers ' heartfelt apology ' for ' 89 oil spill in Alaska 's Prince William Sound '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oil Spill Case Histories ( PDF ) . Report No . HMRAD 92 - 11 . NOAA . September 1992 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/static/PDFs/deccleanuptechniques.pdf Jump up ^ Council , Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee . `` Oil Spill Facts -- Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council '' . Jump up ^ Kirby , David ( Apr 22 , 2013 ) . `` Corexit : An Oil Spill Solution Worse Than the Problem ? '' . www.TakePart.com . Participant Media . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , Mallen . `` Companies in Crisis -- What not to do when it all goes wrong '' . Corporate Social Responsibility News . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marybeth Holleman ( March 22 , 2004 ) . `` The Lingering Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Spill '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : MacAskill , Ewan ( February 2 , 2007 ) . `` 18 years on , Exxon Valdez oil still pours into Alaskan waters '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SC Jewett ; TA Dean ; M Hoberg ( 2001 ) . `` Scuba Techniques Used to Assess the Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill '' . In : SC Jewett ( ed ) . Cold Water Diving for Science . Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences , 21st Annual Scientific Diving Symposium . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Valdez : Ten years on '' . BBC News . March 18 , 1999 . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Williamson , David ( December 18 , 2003 ) . `` Exxon Valdez oil spill effects lasting far longer than expected , scientists say '' . UNC / News . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Valdez oil spill still a threat : study '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules & Notices -- NOAA Fisheries Alaska Regional Office '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 25 years later , scientists still spot traces of oil from Exxon Valdez spill '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Exxon Valdez -- 25 years after the Alaska oil spill , the court battle continues '' . Jump up ^ Lanchester , John ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Books : Outsmarted '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 490 F. 3d 1066 '' . law.resource.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Supreme Court to review Exxon Valdez award '' . CNN . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` High Court may lower Exxon Valdez damages '' . CNN . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Justices slash Exxon Valdez verdict '' . articles.latimes.com . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Exxon v. Baker , 554 U.S. ( Supreme Court of the United States of America June 25 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Sharon . `` Exxon 's Legal Guardians '' . CounterPunch . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reaction Of Sen. Leahy On Supreme Court Ruling In Exxon v. Baker '' . Leahy.senate.gov . June 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( January 28 , 2006 ) . `` Punitive damages appealed in Valdez spill '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bandurka , Andrew ; Sloane , Simon ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` Exxon Valdez -- D.G. Syndicate 745 vs. Brandywine Reinsurance Company ( UK ) -- Summary of the Court of Appeal Judgment '' . Holman Fenwick & Willan . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Corporation 1993 Form 10 - K '' . EDGAR . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . March 11 , 1994 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Erb , George ( November 3 , 2000 ) . `` Exxon Valdez case still twisting through courts '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Exxon v. Baker , CV - 89 - 00095 - HRH ( 9th Cir. 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` News and Information '' . Exxon Qualified Settlement Fund . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . December 15 , 2009 ( ... ) Exxon has now paid to the EQSF all monies owed in the EVOS litigation pursuant to the punitive damages judgment Jump up ^ `` Exxon Sues Alaska , Charging Cleanup Delay '' . New York Times . October 25 , 1989 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon , Blaming Coast Guard , Says U.S. Is Liable in Alaska Spill '' . New York Times . October 2 , 1990 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travis , J. ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` SCIENCE AND COMMERCE : Science by the Masses '' . Science . 319 ( 5871 ) : 1750 -- 1752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 319.5871. 1750 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Pollution Act of 1990 -- Summary '' . Federal Wildlife and Related Laws Handbook . August 18 , 1990 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carrigan , Alison . `` The bill of attainder clause : a new weapon to challenge the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 '' . Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review ( Fall 2000 ) . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exxon Valdez Is Barred From Alaska Sound '' . The New York Times . November 2 , 2002 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kizzia , Tom ( May 13 , 1999 ) . `` Double - hull tankers face slow going '' . Anchorage Daily News . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fargo Balliett , James ( 2014 ) . Oceans : Environmental Issues , Global Perspectives . Routledge . p. 51 . ISBN 9781317463665 . Jump up ^ Loshbaugh , Doug ( 2000 ) . `` School of Hard Knocks '' . Juneau Empire . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1994 , Victor Goldberg , The Journal of Legal Studies , Recovery for Economic Loss Following the Exxon ' Valdez ' Oil Spill '' Jump up ^ Carson , Richard ; Hanemann , W. Michael ( December 18 , 1992 ) . `` A Preliminary Economic Analysis of Recreational Fishing Losses Related to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill '' ( PDF ) . Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` An Assessment of the Impact of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on the Alaska Tourism Industry '' ( PDF ) . Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council . August 1990 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Impacts of Spilled Oil '' . Publications . Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Years After Spill , Alaska Town Struggles Back From ' Dead Zone ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Native Alaskans Still Reeling 25 Years After Exxon - Valdez Oil Spill '' . www.wbur.org . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daley , Patrick ; O'Neill , Dan ( December 1 , 1991 ) . `` '' Sad Is Too Mild a Word `` : Press Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill '' . Journal of Communication . 41 ( 4 ) : 42 -- 57 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 2466.1991. tb02330. x . ISSN 0021 - 9916 . Jump up ^ `` Critics call Valdez cleanup a warning for Gulf workers - CNN.com '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warning To Gulf Volunteers : Almost Every Cleanup Worker From The 1989 Exxon Valdez Disaster Is Now Dead '' . Business Insider Australia . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D. Michael Fry ( November 19 , 1992 ) . `` How Exxon 's `` Video for Students '' Deals in Distortions `` . The Textbook Letter . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Pierre ; Weiser , Benjamin ( April 13 , 1996 ) . `` Reputed ' Manifesto ' Recovered '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiaasen , Rob ( 12 August 1995 ) . `` Remaking history with Gump sequel '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Lee , Douglas B. ( August 1989 ) . `` Tragedy in Alaska Waters '' . National Geographic . Vol. 176 no . 2 . pp. 260 -- 263 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) NTSB safety recommendation to address crew management deficiencies at Exxon and in industry Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council ExxonMobil updates and news on Valdez Images from the Exxon Valdez oil spill from the National Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration EVOS Damage Assessment and Restoration at National Marine Fisheries Service Oil Spill Profiles : Exxon Valdez at United States Environmental Protection Agency US National Response Team Exxon Valdez oil spill at Encyclopedia of Earth The story behind the oil spill verdict -- originally published in San Diego Union - Tribune Alaskan Regional Response Team report on the Exxon Valdez disaster BP Played Central Role in Botched Containment of 1989 Exxon Valdez Disaster -- video report by Democracy Now ! The short film Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Assessment ( April 24 , 1990 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Exxon Valdez : One Year Later ( March 22 , 1990 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Photos related to the oil spill from the Alaska Resources Library and Information Services ( ARLIS ) `` 25 Years After Exxon Valdez , BP Was the Hidden Culprit '' at Truthdig ( March 23 , 2014 ) History of Alaska Timeline of Alaska Prehistory Russian America ( 1733 -- 1867 ) Department of Alaska ( 1867 -- 1884 ) District of Alaska ( 1884 -- 1912 ) Territory of Alaska ( 1912 -- 1959 ) Recent history ( 1959 -- present ) Topics and events Russian - American Company Alaska Purchase Gold Rush era Klondike Nome Fairbanks Alaska boundary dispute 1925 serum run to Nome World War II Aleutian Islands Campaign Project Hula Alaska Statehood Act 1964 earthquake Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act Exxon Valdez oil spill History of Anchorage timeline History of Fairbanks Other topics ExxonMobil Divisions Aera Energy Esso Esso Australia Exxon Exxon Neftegas Humble Oil Imperial Oil Magnolia Petroleum Company Mobil Mobil Producing Nigeria Petron SeaRiver Maritime Superior Oil Company Syncrude Vacuum Oil Company XTO Energy People Michael Boskin Larry R. Faulkner William W. George James R. Houghton Samuel J. Palmisano Lee R. Raymond John D. Rockefeller Walter V. Shipley Walter C. Teagle Rex Tillerson Facilities Baton Rouge Refinery Baytown Refinery Milford Haven Exxon Building ( New York ) Fawley Refinery Imperial Oil Building Mossmorran Nanticoke Refinery Controversies Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Indonesia Allison v. ExxonMobil Corp . Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd ExxonMobil climate change controversy Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Oil spills 2010 ExxonMobil oil spill 2010 Port Arthur oil spill 2013 Mayflower oil spill Exxon Valdez oil spill Greenpoint oil spill SS Atlantic Empress SS Esso Brussels Brands Coolanol Enco Hefty Mobil 1 On the Run Speedpass Oil and gas fields Colony Shale Oil Project East - Prinovozemelsky field Goose Creek Oil Field Kearl Oil Sands Project Kizomba deepwater project Ormen Lange Pembina oil field Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Sable Offshore Energy Project Sakhalin - I Tengiz Field Tern oilfield Tuapse field West Qurna Field Other ExxonMobil Electrofrac Mobil Showcase Network Save the Tiger Fund Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989 Shipwrecks 7 Jan : SS Lavia 21 Jan : USS Muliphen 15 Feb : Maassluis 8 Apr : K - 278 Komsomolets 25 Apr : USS Parsons June ( unknown date ) : USS Blenny 20 Aug : Marchioness 10 Sep : Mogoşoaia 29 Oct : Murree 4 Dec : USCGC Mesquite Unknown date : HMS Leander , YO - 257 Other incidents 17 Jan : USS Norfolk , USS San Diego 16 Mar : NOAAS Oregon II 24 Mar : Exxon Valdez ( oil spill ) 19 Apr : USS Iowa ( turret explosion ) 19 Jun : Maxim Gorkiy 25 Jun : K - 131 19 Aug : Ross Revenge 29 Sep : USS Pennsylvania October ( unknown date ) : HMS Spartan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill&oldid=846420694 '' Categories : Exxon Valdez oil spill 1989 disasters in the United States 1989 in Alaska 1989 in the environment 1989 industrial disasters Disasters in Alaska Environment of Alaska ExxonMobil oil spills Maritime incidents in 1989 Maritime incidents in the United States Oil spills in the United States Transportation disasters in Alaska History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) 1989 controversies Trans - Alaska Pipeline System Valdez -- Cordova Census Area , Alaska March 1989 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto 한국어 Íslenska עברית 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 17 : 31 . 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About Wikipedia	how far did the exxon valdez oil spill travel	[ "The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company, bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef at 12:04 am[1][2] local time and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m3) of crude oil over the next few days.[3] It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters.[4] The Valdez spill is the second largest in US waters, after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume released.[5] Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and severely taxed existing response plans. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field, eventually covered 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline,[3] and 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2) of ocean.[6][7]" ]	[ "1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline,[3] and 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2) of ocean" ]
8549830842105688534	List of top international association football goal scorers by country	List of top International association football goal scorers by country - wikipedia List of top International association football goal scorers by country This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 August 2018 . This page lists the top all - time male goal scorer for each national football team where the top scorer has a minimum 20 goals in official international matches for his country . Players who are currently active at international level are indicated in bold type . This list is not an all - time top international goal scorers list , as some country 's second - top scorer could have scored more than another country 's top scorer . It lists only the top scorer for each country . This list is for Men 's association football only . Contents 1 List of players 2 Other countries ' players 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of Players ( edit ) As of 16 July 2018 . Players in bold are still active at international level . Players in italics also hold the record for most caps for their nation . # Country Name International goals Caps Goals per match Ref Iran Ali Daei 109 149 0.73 Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo 85 154 0.55 Hungary Ferenc Puskás 84 89 0.94 Japan Kunishige Kamamoto 80 84 0.95 5 Zambia Godfrey Chitalu 79 111 0.71 6 Iraq Hussein Saeed 78 137 0.57 7 Brazil Pelé 77 92 0.84 8 Kuwait Bashar Abdullah 75 133 0.56 9 Malawi Kinnah Phiri 71 115 0.61 Saudi Arabia Majed Abdullah 71 116 0.60 Thailand Kiatisuk Senamuang 71 134 0.53 Germany Miroslav Klose 71 137 0.52 13 Trinidad and Tobago Stern John 70 115 0.61 Egypt Hossam Hassan 70 169 0.41 15 Guatemala Carlos Ruiz 68 133 0.51 Republic of Ireland Robbie Keane 68 146 0.46 17 Ivory Coast Didier Drogba 65 105 0.62 Argentina Lionel Messi 65 128 0.51 19 India Sunil Chhetri 64 101 0.63 20 Sweden Zlatan Ibrahimović 62 116 0.53 21 Spain David Villa 59 98 0.60 22 South Korea Cha Bum - kun 58 134 0.43 23 Honduras Carlos Pavón 57 101 0.56 United States Clint Dempsey / Landon Donovan 57 / 57 141 / 157 0.40 / 0.36 25 Cameroon Samuel Eto'o 56 118 0.48 26 Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic Jan Koller 55 91 0.60 Poland Robert Lewandowski 55 97 0.57 Singapore Fandi Ahmad 55 101 0.54 East Germany Joachim Streich 55 102 0.54 30 Uruguay Luis Suárez 53 103 0.52 England Wayne Rooney 53 119 0.44 32 Denmark Poul Nielsen / Jon Dahl Tomasson 52 / 52 38 / 112 1.37 / 0.46 Maldives Ali Ashfaq 52 78 0.65 Bosnia and Herzegovina Edin Džeko 52 93 0.56 United Arab Emirates Adnan Al Talyani 52 161 0.32 . 36 Vietnam Lê Công Vinh 51 83 0.61 Ghana Asamoah Gyan 51 106 0.49 Turkey Hakan Şükür 51 112 0.46 France Thierry Henry 51 123 0.41 40 Philippines Phil Younghusband 50 97 0.52 Netherlands Robin van Persie 50 102 0.49 Mexico Javier Hernández 50 105 0.48 Australia Tim Cahill 50 107 0.47 44 Bulgaria Dimitar Berbatov / Hristo Bonev 48 / 48 78 / 96 0.62 / 0.50 Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko 48 111 0.43 46 Costa Rica Rolando Fonseca 47 113 0.42 47 Croatia Davor Šuker 45 69 0.65 48 Austria Toni Polster 44 95 0.46 49 Oman Hani Al - Dhabit 43 102 0.42 Panama Luis Tejada 43 107 0.40 51 Morocco Ahmed Faras 42 77 0.55 Antigua and Barbuda Peter Byers 42 82 0.52 Switzerland Alexander Frei 42 84 0.50 Soviet Union / Russia Oleh Blokhin 42 112 0.38 55 China PR Hao Haidong 41 107 0.38 56 Belgium Romelu Lukaku 40 75 0.53 Qatar Sebastián Soria 40 119 0.33 Malta Michael Mifsud 40 127 0.31 59 El Salvador Raúl Díaz Arce 39 72 0.54 Angola Akwá 39 78 0.50 Chile Alexis Sánchez 39 121 0.32 Bahrain Ismail Abdul - Latif 39 112 0.35 63 Yugoslavia / Serbia Stjepan Bobek 38 63 0.60 Indonesia Bambang Pamungkas 38 86 0.44 Estonia Andres Oper 38 134 0.28 Zimbabwe Peter Ndlovu 38 unk unk 67 Nigeria Rashidi Yekini 37 58 0.64 Hong Kong Chan Siu Ki 37 67 0.55 69 Tunisia Issam Jemâa 36 84 0.43 Northern Ireland David Healy 36 95 0.38 71 Italy Luigi Riva 35 42 0.83 Jamaica Luton Shelton 35 75 0.47 Romania Adrian Mutu / Gheorghe Hagi 35 / 35 77 / 125 0.45 / 0.28 Slovenia Zlatko Zahovič 35 80 0.44 Peru Paolo Guerrero 35 91 0.38 76 Uzbekistan Maksim Shatskikh 34 61 0.56 Kenya Dennis Oliech 34 72 0.47 Algeria Abdelhafid Tasfaout 34 79 0.43 Burkina Faso Moumouni Dagano 34 83 0.41 80 Norway Jørgen Juve 33 45 0.73 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Shandel Samuel 33 63 0.52 Israel Mordechai Spiegler 33 83 0.40 83 Bermuda Shaun Goater 32 36 0.89 Syria Raja Rafe 32 77 0.42 South Africa Benni McCarthy 32 80 0.40 Cyprus Michalis Konstantinou 32 84 0.38 Paraguay Roque Santa Cruz 32 111 0.29 Finland Jari Litmanen 32 137 0.23 89 Ecuador Agustín Delgado 31 70 0.44 Macedonia Goran Pandev 31 92 0.34 91 Scotland Denis Law / Kenny Dalglish 30 / 30 55 / 102 0.55 / 0.29 Colombia Radamel Falcao 30 77 0.39 Togo Emmanuel Adebayor 30 77 0.39 Jordan Hassan Abdel - Fattah 30 88 0.34 95 Cuba Lester Moré 29 69 0.42 Wales Gareth Bale 29 69 0.42 Greece Nikos Anastopoulos 29 73 0.39 Senegal Henri Camara 29 99 0.29 Latvia Māris Verpakovskis 29 104 0.28 100 New Zealand Vaughan Coveny 28 64 0.44 Yemen Ali Al - Nono 28 unk unk Guinea Pascal Feindouno 28 unk unk 103 Solomon Islands Commins Menapi 27 35 0.77 Mozambique Tico - Tico 27 unk unk Sri Lanka Kasun Jayasuriya 27 unk unk 106 Georgia Shota Arveladze 26 60 0.43 Iceland Eiður Guðjohnsen 26 88 0.30 108 Armenia Henrikh Mkhitaryan 25 70 0.36 Tanzania Mrisho Ngasa 25 100 0.25 Mali Seydou Keita 25 102 0.24 111 Montenegro Stevan Jovetić 24 48 0.50 Botswana Jerome Ramatlhakwane 24 60 0.30 Rwanda Olivier Karekezi 24 unk unk 114 Haiti Golman Pierre 23 35 0.66 Gabon Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang / Théodore Nzue Nguema 23 / 23 55 / 77 0.41 / 0.30 Malaysia Safee Sali 23 74 0.31 Slovakia Róbert Vittek 23 81 0.28 Venezuela Juan Arango 23 129 0.18 119 Belize Deon McCaulay 22 43 0.51 Canada Dwayne De Rosario 22 81 0.27 Fiji Esala Masi 22 unk unk 122 Ethiopia Getaneh Kebede 21 40 0.52 Grenada Ricky Charles 21 50 0.42 Benin Razak Omotoyossi / Stéphane Sessègnon 21 / 21 55 / 68 0.38 / 0.31 125 New Caledonia Bertrand Kaï 20 31 0.64 Sudan Haytham Tambal 20 41 0.49 Bolivia Joaquín Botero 20 48 0.42 Lebanon Roda Antar 20 58 0.34 Belarus Maksim Romaschenko 20 63 0.32 Other countries ' Players ( edit ) As of 15 May 2018 . Players in bold are still active at international level . Players in italics also hold the record for most caps for their nation . Country Name International goals Caps Goals per match Ref Afghanistan Balal Arezou 9 22 0.41 Albania Erjon Bogdani 18 74 0.24 American Samoa Ramin Ott 15 0.20 Andorra Ildefons Lima 11 112 0.10 Anguilla Richard O'Connor 5 6 0.83 Azerbaijan Gurban Gurbanov 14 68 0.21 Bahamas Lesly St. Fleur 6 12 0.50 Bangladesh Jahid Hasan Ameli 15 64 0.23 Barbados Norman Forde 16 69 0.23 Bhutan Chencho Gyeltshen 10 29 0.34 Brunei Shahrazen Said 8 20 0.40 Cambodia Chan Vathanaka 13 39 0.33 Cape Verde Héldon Ramos 15 47 0.32 Catalonia Sergio García 14 9 0.64 Cayman Islands Mark Ebanks 5 10 0.50 Central African Republic Hilaire Momi 9 27 0.33 Comoros El Fardou Ben Nabouhane 12 0.33 Congo Thievy Bifouma 13 25 0.52 Cook Islands Taylor Saghabi 6 12 0.50 Curaçao Felitciano Zschusschen 9 13 0.69 DR Congo Dieumerci Mbokani 17 40 0.43 Djibouti Ahmed Daher 14 0.29 Dominica Kurlson Benjamin 14 23 0.61 Dominican Republic Jonathan Faña 19 37 0.52 Equatorial Guinea Juvenal Edjogo 8 34 0.22 Eritrea Berhane Aregai 5 11 0.45 Faroe Islands Rógvi Jacobsen 10 53 0.18 Gibraltar Jake Gosling / Lee Casciaro / Liam Walker 12 / 19 / 29 0.17 / 0.11 / 0.07 Guam Jason Cunliffe 13 40 0.33 Guinea - Bissau Cícero Semedo 6 14 0.43 Guyana Nigel Codrington 17 33 0.51 Kazakhstan Ruslan Baltiev 13 73 0.18 Kosovo Elba Rashani / Albert Bunjaku 5 / 6 0.60 / 0.50 Kyrgyzstan Anton Zemlianukhin 12 25 0.47 Laos Visay Phaphouvanin 18 51 0.35 Lesotho Refiloe Potse 9 21 0.43 Liberia George Weah 10 48 0.22 Libya Ahmed Saad Osman 16 59 0.28 Liechtenstein Mario Frick 16 125 0.13 Lithuania Tomas Danilevicius 19 72 0.26 Luxembourg Leon Mart 16 24 0.67 Macau Chan Kin Seng 17 27 0.63 Madagascar Faneva Imà Andriatsima 11 29 0.38 Mauritania Cheikh Moulaye Ahmed 10 37 0.27 Mauritius Kersley Appou 10 24 0.42 Moldova Serghei Cleșcenco 11 69 0.16 Mongolia Donorovyn Lümbengarav 8 35 0.29 Montserrat Jaylee Hodgson 7 0.57 Myanmar Soe Myat Min 19 57 0.33 Namibia Rudolf Bester 13 46 0.28 Nepal Nirajan Rayamajhi 12 19 0.63 Nicaragua Juan Barrera 12 46 0.26 Niger Moussa Maâzou 13 45 0.29 North Korea Jong Il - gwan 18 59 0.31 Pakistan Muhammad Essa 11 37 0.23 Palestine Fahed Attal 14 40 0.35 Puerto Rico Héctor Ramos 11 27 0.41 Saint Lucia Titus Elva 14 24 0.58 Samoa Desmond Fa'aiuaso 7 12 0.58 San Marino Andy Selva 8 74 0.11 São Tomé and Príncipe Luis Leal 10 0.40 Seychelles Philip Zialor 11 28 0.39 Sierra Leone Umaru Bangura 43 0.10 South Sudan James Moga 6 17 0.36 Suriname Stefano Rijssel 10 31 0.32 Swaziland Felix Badenhorst 11 24 0.46 Tahiti Teaonui Tehau 16 26 0.62 Tajikistan Manuchekhr Dzhalilov 15 23 0.64 Timor - Leste Murilo de Almeida 6 7 0.86 Tonga Unaloto Feao 7 17 0.41 Turkmenistan Çariýar Muhadow 13 ? ? Turks and Caicos Islands Gavin Glinton 10 0.40 Vanuatu Richard Iwai 19 32 0.59 Notes ( edit ) Number is a count of nations . Seven nations ( Benin , Bulgaria , Denmark , Gabon , Romania , Scotland , and the United States ) have a pair of players tied for national leader . These are counted as one nation each . See also ( edit ) List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps References ( edit ) General Roberto Mamrud , Karel Stokkermans . `` Players with 100 + Caps and 30 + International Goals '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Ali Daei -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ferenc Puskás -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ 80 days to go -- With 80 goals in 84 appearances , Kunishige Kamamoto is Japan 's all - time leading goalscorer . ( FIFA.com ) Jump up ^ `` Kunishige Kamamoto -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godfrey Chitalu -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hussein Saeed Mohammed -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ PELÉ ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) -- The King of football ( FIFA.com ) Jump up ^ `` Edson Arantes do Nascimento `` Pelé '' -- Goals in International Matches `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bashar Abdullah Salem Abdulaziz -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kinnah Phiri -- Century of International Appearances '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Majed Abdullah Mohammed - Century of International Appearances '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kiatisuk Senamuang -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stern John -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hossam Hassan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Humberto Ruiz -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Keane -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Didier Yves Drogba Tébily - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Andrés Messi - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunil Chhetri -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zlatan Ibrahimovic -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bum - Kun Cha -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Alberto Pavón - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Timothy Donovan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Eto'o Fils -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Koller -- International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Lewandowski -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandi Ahmad -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joachim Streich -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Luis SUAREZ -- Profile at FIFA.com Jump up ^ `` Luis Alberto Suárez - Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Mark Rooney -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poul `` Tist '' Nielsen - Goals in International Matches `` . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson - Century of International Appearances '' . Jump up ^ `` Ali Ashfaq -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edin Dzeko -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adnan Khamees Al - Talyani -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robin van Persie -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hakan Sükür - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philip James Placer `` Phil '' Younghusband -- Goals in International Matches `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito sets Mexico 's all - time goal record -- Goal.com '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy Filiga `` Tim '' Cahill -- Century of International Appearances `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dimitar Berbatov -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andriy Shevchenko -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rolando Fonseca Jiménez - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anton `` Toni '' Polster -- Goals in International Matches `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hani Al - Dhabit Faraj Bait Al - Noobi -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Carlos Tejada Hansell -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 13 March 2016 ) . `` Faras : Our generation is unique '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Byers -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Frei -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Blokhin -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hao Haidong -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Strack - Zimmermann , Benjamin . `` Sebastián Soria Quintana '' . national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Mifsud -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Ignacio Díaz Arce - International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fabrice Alcebiades Maieco ' Akwá ' - International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Alexis Sanchez shining brightest for Chile 's golden generation -- Goal.com '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ismail Abdullatif Hasan -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stjepan Bobek -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bambang Pamungkas -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andres Oper -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Ndlovu -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rashidi Yekini -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Siu - Ki Chan -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Issam Jemaa -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Healy -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luigi Riva -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luton Shelton -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gheorghe Hagi -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Mutu -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zlatko Zahovic -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maksim Shatskikh -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Oguta Oliech -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Abdelhafid Tasfaout -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moumouni Dagano -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jørgen Juve -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shandel Samuel -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל '' . football.org.il . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Saul `` Benni '' McCarthy - International Appearances `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michalis Konstandinou -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roque Luis Santa Cruz -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jari Litmanen -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agustín Delgado - Goals in International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Mathieson `` Kenny '' Dalglish -- Century of International Appearances `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Law -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel Sheyi Adebayor -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hassan Abdel Fattah Mahmoud -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moré -- International Goals '' . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wales vs China live '' . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henri Camara -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maris Verpakovskis -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vaughan Coveny -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ali Al - Nono -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pascal Feindouno -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commins Menapi -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel José Luis `` Tico - Tico '' Bucuane - Goals in International Matches `` . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kasun Nadika Jayasuriya Weerarathne -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mrisho Khalfani Ngasa -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seydou Keïta - Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevan Jovetić -- Goals in International Matches Jump up ^ Roberto Mamrud . `` Jerome Ontiretse `` Jay - Jay '' Ramatlhakwane - Goals in International Matches `` . RSSSF . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier Kerekezi -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Théodore Nzué Nguéma - International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Safee Sali -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Vittek -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Arango Saez -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belize -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dwayne DeRosario -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Haytham Tambal '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joaquín Botero - Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon -- Record International Players '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maksim Romashchenko -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lesly St Fleur -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Forde '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chencho Gyeltshen '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shahrazen Said '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heldon Ramos -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ebanks '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hilaire Momi '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Fardou Ben Nabouhane '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Saghabi '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Felitciano Zschusschen '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dieumerci Mbokani '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kurlson Benjamin -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Berhane Aregai '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Cunliffe -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cicero Semedo '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Codrington -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruslan Baltiev -- International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anton Zemlianukhin '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Visay Phaphouvanin -- International Goals '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Frick -- Century of International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Danilevicius -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Mart -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chan Kin Seng -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faneva Andriatsima '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moulaye Ahmed Bessam '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kersley Appou '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serghei Clescenco -- International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donorovyn Lumbengarav -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaylee Hodgson '' . www.caribbeanfootballdatabase.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ min - intlg. html `` Soe Myat Min -- Goals in International Matches '' Check url = value ( help ) . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolf Bester -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nirajan Raymajhi '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Palacios -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moussa Maazou '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad Essa '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fahed Attal -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hector Ramos '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titus Elva '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Desmond Fa'aiuaso '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Selva -- International Appearances '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Zialor '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stefano Rijssel '' . www.caribbeanfootballdatabase.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Badenhorst '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teaonui Tehau '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MMurilo de Almeida '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unaloto Feao '' . www.national-football-teams.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Goals of Turkmenistan '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Iwai -- Goals in International Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) RSSSF More goals than caps . FIFA. 3 June 2009 Europe 's all - time top international goalscorers UEFA. 8 November 2011 Top 10 premier league - goals . 30 December 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_top_international_association_football_goal_scorers_by_country&oldid=854536379 '' Categories : National association football team records and statistics Lists of association football top scorers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with URL errors Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Português Română Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the leading all time goal scorer in international football	[ "\n\n\n#\n\nCountry\n\nName\n\nInternational goals\n\nCaps\n\nGoals per match\n\nRef\n\n\n1\n Iran\nAli Daei\n109\n149\n0.73\n[1]\n\n\n2\n Portugal\nCristiano Ronaldo\n85\n154\n0.55\n[2]\n\n\n3\n Hungary\nFerenc Puskás\n84\n89\n0.94\n[3]\n\n\n4\n Japan\nKunishige Kamamoto\n80\n84\n0.95\n[4][5]\n\n\n5\n Zambia\nGodfrey Chitalu\n79\n111\n0.71\n[6]\n\n\n6\n Iraq\nHussein Saeed\n78\n137\n0.57\n[7]\n\n\n7\n Brazil\nPelé\n77\n92\n0.84\n[8][9]\n\n\n8\n Kuwait\nBashar Abdullah\n75\n133\n0.56\n[10]\n\n\n9\n Malawi\nKinnah Phiri\n71\n115\n0.61\n[11]\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\nMajed Abdullah\n71\n116\n0.60\n[12]\n\n\n Thailand\nKiatisuk Senamuang\n71\n134\n0.53\n[13]\n\n\n Germany\nMiroslav Klose\n71\n137\n0.52\n[14]\n\n\n13\n Trinidad and Tobago\nStern John\n70\n115\n0.61\n[15]\n\n\n Egypt\nHossam Hassan\n70\n169\n0.41\n[16]\n\n\n15\n Guatemala\nCarlos Ruiz\n68\n133\n0.51\n[17]\n\n\n Republic of Ireland\nRobbie Keane\n68\n146\n0.46\n[18]\n\n\n17\n Ivory Coast\nDidier Drogba\n65\n105\n0.62\n[19]\n\n\n Argentina\nLionel Messi\n65\n128\n0.51\n[20]\n\n\n19\n India\nSunil Chhetri\n64\n101\n0.63\n[21]\n\n\n20\n Sweden\nZlatan Ibrahimović\n62\n116\n0.53\n[22]\n\n\n21\n Spain\nDavid Villa\n59\n98\n0.60\n[23]\n\n\n22\n South Korea\nCha Bum-kun\n58\n134\n0.43\n[24]\n\n\n23\n Honduras\nCarlos Pavón\n57\n101\n0.56\n[25]\n\n\n United States\nClint Dempsey / Landon Donovan\n57 / 57\n141 / 157\n0.40 / 0.36\n[26]\n\n\n25\n Cameroon\nSamuel Eto'o\n56\n118\n0.48\n[27]\n\n\n26\n Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic\nJan Koller\n55\n91\n0.60\n[28]\n\n\n Poland\nRobert Lewandowski\n55\n97\n0.57\n[29]\n\n\n Singapore\nFandi Ahmad\n55\n101\n0.54\n[30]\n\n\n East Germany\nJoachim Streich\n55\n102\n0.54\n[31]\n\n\n30\n Uruguay\nLuis Suárez\n53\n103\n0.52\n[32][33]\n\n\n England\nWayne Rooney\n53\n119\n0.44\n\n[34]\n\n\n\n32\n Denmark\nPoul Nielsen / Jon Dahl Tomasson\n52 / 52\n38 / 112\n1.37 / 0.46\n[35][36]\n\n\n Maldives\nAli Ashfaq\n52\n78\n0.65\n[37]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nEdin Džeko\n52\n93\n0.56\n[38]\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nAdnan Al Talyani\n52\n161\n0.32\n[39].\n\n\n36\n Vietnam\nLê Công Vinh\n51\n83\n0.61\n[40]\n\n\n Ghana\nAsamoah Gyan\n51\n106\n0.49\n[41]\n\n\n Turkey\nHakan Şükür\n51\n112\n0.46\n[42]\n\n\n France\nThierry Henry\n51\n123\n0.41\n[43]\n\n\n40\n Philippines\nPhil Younghusband\n50\n97\n0.52\n[44]\n\n\n Netherlands\nRobin van Persie\n50\n102\n0.49\n[40]\n\n\n Mexico\nJavier Hernández\n50\n105\n0.48\n[45]\n\n\n Australia\nTim Cahill\n50\n107\n0.47\n[46]\n\n\n44\n Bulgaria\nDimitar Berbatov / Hristo Bonev\n48 / 48\n78 / 96\n0.62 / 0.50\n[47]\n\n\n Ukraine\nAndriy Shevchenko\n48\n111\n0.43\n[48]\n\n\n46\n Costa Rica\nRolando Fonseca\n47\n113\n0.42\n[49]\n\n\n47\n Croatia\nDavor Šuker\n45\n69\n0.65\n[50]\n\n\n48\n Austria\nToni Polster\n44\n95\n0.46\n[51]\n\n\n49\n Oman\nHani Al-Dhabit\n43\n102\n0.42\n[52]\n\n\n Panama\nLuis Tejada\n43\n107\n0.40\n[53]\n\n\n51\n Morocco\nAhmed Faras\n42\n77\n0.55\n[54]\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\nPeter Byers\n42\n82\n0.52\n[55]\n\n\n Switzerland\nAlexander Frei\n42\n84\n0.50\n[56]\n\n\n Soviet Union / Russia\nOleh Blokhin\n42\n112\n0.38\n[57]\n\n\n55\n China PR\nHao Haidong\n41\n107\n0.38\n[58]\n\n\n56\n Belgium\nRomelu Lukaku\n40\n75\n0.53\n\n\n\n Qatar\nSebastián Soria\n40\n119\n0.33\n[59]\n\n\n Malta\nMichael Mifsud\n40\n127\n0.31\n[60]\n\n\n59\n El Salvador\nRaúl Díaz Arce\n39\n72\n0.54\n[61]\n\n\n Angola\nAkwá\n39\n78\n0.50\n[62]\n\n\n Chile\nAlexis Sánchez\n39\n121\n0.32\n[63]\n\n\n Bahrain\nIsmail Abdul-Latif\n39\n112\n0.35\n[64]\n\n\n63\n Yugoslavia / Serbia\nStjepan Bobek\n38\n63\n0.60\n[65]\n\n\n Indonesia\nBambang Pamungkas\n38\n86\n0.44\n[66]\n\n\n Estonia\nAndres Oper\n38\n134\n0.28\n[67]\n\n\n Zimbabwe\nPeter Ndlovu\n38\nunk\nunk\n[68]\n\n\n67\n Nigeria\nRashidi Yekini\n37\n58\n0.64\n[69]\n\n\n Hong Kong\nChan Siu Ki\n37\n67\n0.55\n[70]\n\n\n69\n Tunisia\nIssam Jemâa\n36\n84\n0.43\n[71]\n\n\n Northern Ireland\nDavid Healy\n36\n95\n0.38\n[72]\n\n\n71\n Italy\nLuigi Riva\n35\n42\n0.83\n[73]\n\n\n Jamaica\nLuton Shelton\n35\n75\n0.47\n[74]\n\n\n Romania\nAdrian Mutu / Gheorghe Hagi\n35 / 35\n77 / 125\n0.45 / 0.28\n[75][76]\n\n\n Slovenia\nZlatko Zahovič\n35\n80\n0.44\n[77]\n\n\n Peru\nPaolo Guerrero\n35\n91\n0.38\n\n\n\n76\n Uzbekistan\nMaksim Shatskikh\n34\n61\n0.56\n[78]\n\n\n Kenya\nDennis Oliech\n34\n72\n0.47\n[79]\n\n\n Algeria\nAbdelhafid Tasfaout\n34\n79\n0.43\n[80]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\nMoumouni Dagano\n34\n83\n0.41\n[81]\n\n\n80\n Norway\nJørgen Juve\n33\n45\n0.73\n[82]\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\nShandel Samuel\n33\n63\n0.52\n[83]\n\n\n Israel\nMordechai Spiegler\n33\n83\n0.40\n[84]\n\n\n83\n Bermuda\nShaun Goater\n32\n36\n0.89\n\n\n\n Syria\nRaja Rafe\n32\n77\n0.42\n\n\n\n South Africa\nBenni McCarthy\n32\n80\n0.40\n[85]\n\n\n Cyprus\nMichalis Konstantinou\n32\n84\n0.38\n[86]\n\n\n Paraguay\nRoque Santa Cruz\n32\n111\n0.29\n[87]\n\n\n Finland\nJari Litmanen\n32\n137\n0.23\n[88]\n\n\n89\n Ecuador\nAgustín Delgado\n31\n70\n0.44\n[89]\n\n\n Macedonia\nGoran Pandev\n31\n92\n0.34\n[90]\n\n\n91\n Scotland\nDenis Law / Kenny Dalglish\n30 / 30\n55 / 102\n0.55 / 0.29\n[91][92]\n\n\n Colombia\nRadamel Falcao\n30\n77\n0.39\n[93]\n\n\n Togo\nEmmanuel Adebayor\n30\n77\n0.39\n[94]\n\n\n Jordan\nHassan Abdel-Fattah\n30\n88\n0.34\n[95]\n\n\n95\n Cuba\nLester Moré\n29\n69\n0.42\n[96]\n\n\n Wales\nGareth Bale\n29\n69\n0.42\n[97]\n\n\n Greece\nNikos Anastopoulos\n29\n73\n0.39\n[98]\n\n\n Senegal\nHenri Camara\n29\n99\n0.29\n[99]\n\n\n Latvia\nMāris Verpakovskis\n29\n104\n0.28\n[100]\n\n\n100\n New Zealand\nVaughan Coveny\n28\n64\n0.44\n[101]\n\n\n Yemen\nAli Al-Nono\n28\nunk\nunk\n[102]\n\n\n Guinea\nPascal Feindouno\n28\nunk\nunk\n[103]\n\n\n103\n Solomon Islands\nCommins Menapi\n27\n35\n0.77\n[104]\n\n\n Mozambique\nTico-Tico\n27\nunk\nunk\n[105]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\nKasun Jayasuriya\n27\nunk\nunk\n[106]\n\n\n106\n Georgia\nShota Arveladze\n26\n60\n0.43\n[107]\n\n\n Iceland\nEiður Guðjohnsen\n26\n88\n0.30\n[108]\n\n\n108\n Armenia\nHenrikh Mkhitaryan\n25\n70\n0.36\n\n\n\n Tanzania\nMrisho Ngasa\n25\n100\n0.25\n[109]\n\n\n Mali\nSeydou Keita\n25\n102\n0.24\n[110]\n\n\n111\n Montenegro\nStevan Jovetić\n24\n48\n0.50\n[111]\n\n\n Botswana\nJerome Ramatlhakwane\n24\n60\n0.30\n[112]\n\n\n Rwanda\nOlivier Karekezi\n24\nunk\nunk\n[113]\n\n\n114\n Haiti\nGolman Pierre\n23\n35\n0.66\n\n\n\n Gabon\nPierre-Emerick Aubameyang / Théodore Nzue Nguema\n23 / 23\n55 / 77\n0.41 / 0.30\n[114][115]\n\n\n Malaysia\nSafee Sali\n23\n74\n0.31\n[116]\n\n\n Slovakia\nRóbert Vittek\n23\n81\n0.28\n[117]\n\n\n Venezuela\nJuan Arango\n23\n129\n0.18\n[118]\n\n\n119\n Belize\nDeon McCaulay\n22\n43\n0.51\n[119]\n\n\n Canada\nDwayne De Rosario\n22\n81\n0.27\n[120]\n\n\n Fiji\nEsala Masi\n22\nunk\nunk\n\n\n\n122\n Ethiopia\nGetaneh Kebede\n21\n40\n0.52\n\n\n\n Grenada\nRicky Charles\n21\n50\n0.42\n\n\n\n Benin\nRazak Omotoyossi / Stéphane Sessègnon\n21 / 21\n55 / 68\n0.38 / 0.31\n\n\n\n125\n New Caledonia\nBertrand Kaï\n20\n31\n0.64\n\n\n\n Sudan\nHaytham Tambal\n20\n41\n0.49\n[121]\n\n\n Bolivia\nJoaquín Botero\n20\n48\n0.42\n[122]\n\n\n Lebanon\nRoda Antar\n20\n58\n0.34\n[123]\n\n\n Belarus\nMaksim Romaschenko\n20\n63\n0.32\n[124]\n" ]	[ "Ali Daei" ]
-5122541339971005963	Histrionic personality disorder	Histrionic personality disorder - wikipedia Histrionic personality disorder Jump to : navigation , search Histrionic personality disorder Specialty Psychiatry ( edit on Wikidata ) Personality disorders Cluster A ( odd ) Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B ( dramatic ) Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C ( anxious ) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive -- compulsive Not specified Depressive Haltlose Passive -- aggressive Sadistic Self - defeating Psychopathic Histrionic personality disorder ( HPD ) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention - seeking emotions , usually beginning in early adulthood , including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval . Histrionic people are lively , dramatic , vivacious , enthusiastic , and flirtatious . HPD is diagnosed four times as frequently in women as men . It affects 2 -- 3 % of the general population and 10 -- 15 % in inpatient and outpatient mental health institutions . HPD lies in the dramatic cluster of personality disorders . People with HPD have a high need for attention , make loud and inappropriate appearances , exaggerate their behaviors and emotions , and crave stimulation . They may exhibit sexually provocative behavior , express strong emotions with an impressionistic style , and can be easily influenced by others . Associated features include egocentrism , self - indulgence , continuous longing for appreciation , and persistent manipulative behavior to achieve their own needs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Mnemonic 2 Causes 2.1 Psychoanalytic theory 2.2 HPD and antisocial personality disorder 3 Diagnosis 3.1 DSM - IV - TR 3.2 ICD - 10 3.3 Comorbidity 3.4 Millon 's subtypes 4 Treatment 4.1 Interviews and self - report methods 4.2 Functional analytic psychotherapy 4.3 Coding client and therapist behaviors 4.3. 1 Functional ideographic assessment template 5 Epidemiology 6 History 6.1 Ancient times 6.2 Middle Ages 6.3 Renaissance 6.3. 1 Modern age 6.4 Contemporary age 6.5 Social implications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) People with HPD are usually high - functioning , both socially and professionally . They usually have good social skills , despite tending to use them to manipulate others into making them the center of attention . HPD may also affect a person 's social and / or romantic relationships , as well as their ability to cope with losses or failures . They may seek treatment for clinical depression when romantic ( or other close personal ) relationships end . Individuals with HPD often fail to see their own personal situation realistically , instead dramatizing and exaggerating their difficulties . They may go through frequent job changes , as they become easily bored and may prefer withdrawing from frustration ( instead of facing it ) . Because they tend to crave novelty and excitement , they may place themselves in risky situations . All of these factors may lead to greater risk of developing clinical depression . Additional characteristics may include : Exhibitionist behavior Constant seeking of reassurance or approval Excessive sensitivity to criticism or disapproval Pride of own personality and unwillingness to change , viewing any change as a threat Inappropriately seductive appearance or behavior of a sexual nature Using somatic symptoms ( of physical illness ) to garner attention A need to be the center of attention Low tolerance for frustration or delayed gratification Rapidly shifting emotional states that may appear superficial or exaggerated to others Tendency to believe that relationships are more intimate than they actually are Making rash decisions Blaming personal failures or disappointments on others Being easily influenced by others , especially those who treat them approvingly Being overly dramatic and emotional Some people with histrionic traits or personality disorder change their seduction technique into a more maternal or paternal style as they age . Mnemonic ( edit ) A mnemonic that can be used to remember the characteristics of histrionic personality disorder is shortened as `` PRAISE ME '' : Provocative ( or seductive ) behavior Relationships are considered more intimate than they actually are Attention - seeking Influenced easily by others or circumstances Speech ( style ) wants to impress ; lacks detail Emotional lability ; shallowness Make - up ; physical appearance is used to draw attention to self Exaggerated emotions ; theatrical Causes ( edit ) Little research has been done to find evidence of what causes histrionic personality disorder and from where it stems . There are a few theories , however , that relate to the lineage of its diagnosis . Traits such as extravagance , vanity , and seductiveness of hysteria have similar qualities to women diagnosed with HPD . An example of over-zealousness could be compared to the famous `` grande hystérie '' , a well - known demonstration of hypnotism by Jean - Martin Charcot by using his best - known subject , Blanche Wittmann . Wittmann was known for her attractiveness and ability to make herself the center of attention , based on her hysteria and lavish performance . Psychoanalytic theory ( edit ) Psychoanalytic theories incriminate authoritarian or distant attitudes by one ( mainly the mother ) or both parents , along with conditional love based on expectations the child can never fully meet . Using psychoanalysis , Freud believed that lustfulness was a projection of the patient 's lack of ability to love unconditionally and develop cognitively to maturity , and that such patients were overall emotionally shallow . He believed the reason for being unable to love could have resulted from a traumatic experience , such as the death of a close relative during childhood or divorce of one 's parents , which gave the wrong impression of committed relationships . Exposure to one or multiple traumatic occurrences of a close friend or family member 's leaving ( via abandonment or mortality ) would make the person unable to form true and affectionate attachments towards other people . HPD and antisocial personality disorder ( edit ) Another theory suggests a possible relationship between histrionic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder . Research has found 2 / 3 of patients diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder also meet criteria similar to those of the antisocial personality disorder , which suggests both disorders based towards sex - type expressions may have the same underlying cause . Women are hypersexualized in the media consistently , ingraining thoughts that the only way women are to get attention is by exploiting themselves , and when seductiveness is n't enough , theatricals are the next step in achieving attention . Men can just as well be flirtatious towards multiple women yet feel no empathy or sense of compassion towards them . They may also become the center of attention by exhibiting the `` Don Juan '' macho figure as a role - play . Some family history studies have found that histrionic personality disorder , as well as borderline and antisocial personality disorders , tend to run in families , but it is unclear if this is due to genetic or environmental factors . Both examples suggest that predisposition could be a factor as to why certain people are diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder , however little is known about whether or not the disorder is influenced by any biological compound or is genetically inheritable . Little research has been conducted to determine the biological sources , if any , of this disorder . Diagnosis ( edit ) The person 's appearance , behavior , and history , along with a psychological evaluation , are usually sufficient to establish a diagnosis . There is no test to confirm this diagnosis . Because the criteria are subjective , some people may be wrongly diagnosed . DSM - IV - TR ( edit ) The previous edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , DSM IV - TR , defines histrionic personality disorder ( in Cluster B) as : A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention - seeking , beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts , as indicated by five ( or more ) of the following : is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail shows self - dramatization , theatricality , and exaggerated expression of emotion is suggestible , i.e. , easily influenced by others or circumstances considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are The DSM - IV requires that a diagnosis for any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria . ICD - 10 ( edit ) The World Health Organization 's ICD - 10 lists histrionic personality disorder as : A personality disorder characterized by : shallow and labile affectivity , self - dramatization , theatricality , exaggerated expression of emotions , suggestibility , egocentricity , self - indulgence , lack of consideration for others , easily hurt feelings , and continuous seeking for appreciation , excitement and attention . It is a requirement of ICD - 10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria . Comorbidity ( edit ) Most histrionics also have other mental disorders . Comorbid conditions include : antisocial , dependent , borderline , and narcissistic personality disorders , as well as depression , anxiety disorders , panic disorder , somatoform disorders , anorexia nervosa , substance use disorder and attachment disorders , including reactive attachment disorder . Millon 's subtypes ( edit ) Theodore Millon identified six subtypes of histrionic personality disorder . Any individual histrionic may exhibit none or one of the following : Subtype Description Personality Traits Appeasing histrionic Including dependent and compulsive features Seeks to placate , mend , patch up , smooth over troubles ; knack for settling differences , moderating tempers by yielding , compromising , conceding ; sacrifices self for commendation ; fruitlessly placates the unplacatable . Vivacious histrionic The seductiveness of the histrionic mixed with the energy typical of hypomania . Some narcissistic features can also be present Vigorous , charming , bubbly , brisk , spirited , flippant , impulsive ; seeks momentary cheerfulness and playful adventures ; animated , energetic , ebullient . Tempestuous histrionic Including negativistic features Impulsive , out of control ; moody complaints , sulking ; precipitous emotion , stormy , impassioned , easily wrought - up , periodically inflamed , turbulent . Disingenuous histrionic Including antisocial features Underhanded , double - dealing , scheming , contriving , plotting , crafty , false - hearted ; egocentric , insincere , deceitful , calculating , guileful . Theatrical histrionic Variant of `` pure '' pattern Affected , mannered , put - on ; postures are striking , eyecatching , graphic ; markets self - appearance ; is synthesized , stagy ; simulates desirable / dramatic poses . Infantile histrionic Including borderline features Labile , high - strung , volatile emotions ; childlike hysteria and nascent pouting ; demanding , overwrought ; fastens and clutches to another ; is excessively attached , hangs on , stays fused to and clinging . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment is often prompted by depression associated with dissolved romantic relationships . Medication does little to affect the personality disorder , but may be helpful with symptoms such as depression . Treatment for HPD itself involves psychotherapy , including cognitive therapy . Interviews and self - report methods ( edit ) In general clinical practice with assessment of personality disorders , one form of interview is the most popular ; an unstructured interview . The actual preferred method is a semi-structured interview but there is reluctance to use this type of interview because they can seem impractical or superficial . The reason that a semi-structured interview is preferred over an unstructured interview is that semi-structured interviews tend to be more objective , systematic , replicable , and comprehensive. Unstructured interviews , despite their popularity , tend to have problems with unreliability and are susceptible to errors leading to false assumptions of the client . One of the single most successful methods for accessing personality disorders by researchers of normal personality functioning is the self - report inventory following up with a semi-structured interview . There are some disadvantages with the self - report inventory method that with histrionic personality disorder there is a distortion in character , self - presentation , and self - image . This can not be assessed simply by asking most clients if they match the criteria for the disorder . Most projective testing depend less on the ability or willingness of the person to provide an accurate description of the self , but there is currently limited empirical evidence on projective testing to assess histrionic personality disorder . Functional analytic psychotherapy ( edit ) Another way to treat histrionic personality disorder after identification is through functional analytic psychotherapy . The job of a Functional Analytic Psychotherapist is to identify the interpersonal problems with the patient as they happen in session or out of session . Initial goals of functional analytic psychotherapy are set by the therapist and include behaviors that fit the client 's needs for improvement . Functional analytic psychotherapy differs from the traditional psychotherapy due to the fact that the therapist directly addresses the patterns of behavior as they occur in - session . The in - session behaviors of the patient or client are considered to be examples of their patterns of poor interpersonal communication and to adjust their neurotic defenses . To do this , the therapist must act on the client 's behavior as it happens in real time and give feedback on how the client 's behavior is affecting their relationship during therapy . The therapist also helps the client with histrionic personality disorder by denoting behaviors that happen outside of treatment ; these behaviors are termed `` Outside Problems '' and `` Outside Improvements '' . This allows the therapist to assist in problems and improvements outside of session and to verbally support the client and condition optimal patterns of behavior `` . This then can reflect on how they are advancing in - session and outside of session by generalizing their behaviors over time for changes or improvement '' . Coding client and therapist behaviors ( edit ) This is called coding client and therapist behavior . In these sessions there is a certain set of dialogue or script that can be forced by the therapist for the client to give insight on their behaviors and reasoning `` . Here is an example from '' the conversation is hypothetical . T = therapist C = Client This coded dialogue can be transcribed as : ECRB -- Evoking clinically relevant behavior CRB1 -- In - session problems CRB2 -- In - session improvements TCRB1 -- Clinically relevant response to client problems TCRB2 -- Responses to client improvement `` ( ECRB ) T : Tell me how you feel coming in here today ( CRB2 ) C : Well , to be honest , I was nervous . Sometimes I feel worried about how things will go , but I am really glad I am here . ( TCRB2 ) T : That 's great . I am glad you 're here , too . I look forward to talking to you . ( CRB1 ) C : Whatever , you always say that . ( becomes quiet ) . I do n't know what I am doing talking so much . ( TCRB1 ) T : Now you seem to be withdrawing from me . That makes it hard for me to give you what you might need from me right now . What do you think you want from me as we are talking right now ? '' . Functional ideographic assessment template ( edit ) Another example of treatment besides coding is Functional Ideographic Assessment Template . The functional ideographic assessment template , also known as FIAT , was used as a way to generalize the clinical processes of functional analytic psychotherapy . The template was made by a combined effort of therapists and can be used to represent the behaviors that are a focus for this treatment . Using the FIAT therapists can create a common language to get stable and accurate communication results through functional analytic psychotherapy at the ease of the client ; as well as the therapist . Epidemiology ( edit ) Approximately 1 -- 3 % of the general population may be diagnosed with HPD . Major character traits may be inherited , while other traits may be due to a combination of genetics and environment , including childhood experiences . This personality is seen more often in women than in men . It has typically been found that at least two thirds of persons with HPD are female , however there have been a few exceptions . Whether or not the rate will be significantly higher than the rate of women within a particular clinical setting depends upon many factors that are mostly independent of the differential sex prevalence for HPD . Those with HPD are more likely to look for multiple people for attention which leads to marital problems due to jealousy and lack of trust from the other party . This makes them more likely to become divorced or separated once married . History ( edit ) The history of histrionic personality disorder stems from the word hysteria . Hysteria can be described as an exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion that people , especially in groups , experience . Beliefs about hysteria have varied throughout time . It was n't until Sigmund Freud who studied histrionic personality disorder in a psychological manner . `` The roots of histrionic personality can be traced to cases of hysterical neurosis described by Freud . '' He developed the psychoanalytic theory in the late 19th century and the results from his development led to split concepts of hysteria . One concept labeled as hysterical neurosis ( also known as conversion disorder ) and the other concept labeled as hysterical character ( currently known as histrionic personality disorder ) . These two concepts must not be confused with each other , as they are two separate and different ideas . Histrionic Personality Disorder is also known as hysterical personality . Hysterical personality has evolved in the past 400 years and it first appeared in the DSM II ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 2nd edition ) under the name hysterical personality disorder . The name we know today as histrionic personality disorder is due to the name change in DSM III , 3rd edition . Renaming hysterical personality to histrionic personality disorder is believed to be because of possible negative connotations to the roots of hysteria , such as intense sexual expressions , demon possessions , etc . Histrionic Personality Disorder has gone through many changes . From hysteria , to hysterical character , to hysterical personality disorder , to what it is listed as in the most current DSM , DSM - 5 . `` Hysteria is one of the oldest documented medical disorders . '' Hysteria dates back to both ancient Greek and Egyptian writings . Most of the writings related hysteria and women together , similar to today where the epidemiology of histrionic personality disorder is generally more prevalent in women and also frequently diagnosed in women . Ancient times ( edit ) Ancient Egypt -- first description of the mental disorder , hysteria , dates back to 1900 BC in Ancient Egypt . Biological issues , such as the uterus movement in the female body , were seen as the cause of hysteria . Traditional symptoms and descriptions of hysteria can be found in the Ebers Papyrus , the oldest medical document . Ancient Greece -- Similar to ancient Egyptians , the ancient Greeks saw hysteria being related to the uterus . Hippocrates ( 5th century BC ) is the first to use the term hysteria . Hippocrates believed hysteria was a disease that lies in the movement of uterus ( from the Greek ὑστέρα hystera `` uterus '' ) . Hippocrates 's theory was that since a woman 's body is cold and wet compared to a man 's body which is warm and dry , the uterus is prone to illness , especially if deprived from sex . He saw sex as the cleansing of the body so that being overemotional was due to sex deprivation . According to History Channel 's Ancients Behaving Badly , Cleopatra and Nero had histrionic personality disorder . Middle ages ( edit ) The Trotula -- a group of three texts from the 12th century -- discusses women 's diseases and disorders as understood during this time period , including hysteria . Trota of Salerno , a female medical practitioner from 12th - century Italy , is an authoritative figure behind one of the texts of the Trotula . ( Authoritative in that it is her treatments and theories that are presented in the text ) . Some people believe Trota 's teachings resonated with those of Hippocrates . Renaissance ( edit ) The uterus was still the explanation of hysteria , the concept of women being inferior to men was still present , and hysteria was still the symbol for femininity . Modern age ( edit ) Thomas Willis ( 17th century ) introduces a new concept of hysteria . Thomas Willis believed that the causes of hysteria was not linked to the uterus of the female , but to the brain and nervous system . Hysteria was consequence of social conflicts during the Salem witch trials . Witchcraft and sorcery was later considered absurd during the Age of Enlightenment in the late 17th century and 18th century . Hysteria starts to form in a more scientific way , especially neurologically . New ideas formed during this time and one of them was that if hysteria is connected to the brain , men could possess it too , not just women . Franz Mesmer ( 18th century ) treated patients suffering from hysteria with his method called mesmerism , or animal magnetism . Jean - Martin Charcot ( 19th century ) studied effects of hypnosis in hysteria . Charcot states that hysteria is a neurological disorder and that it is actually very common in men . Contemporary age ( edit ) Sigmund Freud 's work with Josef Breuer , Studies on Hysteria , contributes to a psychoanalytic theory of hysteria . Freud believed that hysteria was caused by a lack of libidinal evolution . Social implications ( edit ) The prevalence of Histrionic Personality Disorder in women is apparent and urges a re-evaluation of culturally constructed ideas around what is considered normal emotional behaviour . The diagnostic approach classifies Histrionic Personality Disorder behaviour as `` excessive '' , considering it in reference to a social understanding of normal emotionality . See also ( edit ) Femme fatale Michael Alig , who was diagnosed with an extreme case of HPD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seligman , Martin E.P. ( 1984 ) . `` Chapter 11 '' . Abnormal Psychology . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 94459 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 16 : Personality Disorders '' . DSM - IV - TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . 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( 2003 ) . `` The treatment of histrionic and narcissistic personality disorder behaviors : A single - subject demonstration of clinical improvement using functional analytic psychotherapy '' . Journal of contemporary psychotherapy. 33 ( 4 ) : 321 -- 339 . doi : 10.1023 / b : jocp. 0000004502.55597. 81 . Jump up ^ Livesley , W. John ( 2001 ) Handbook of Personality Disorders : Theory , Research , and Treatment The Guilford Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57230 - 629 - 5 . Jump up ^ Suinn , Richard M. ( 1984 ) . Fundamentals of abnormal psychology ( Updated ed . ) . Chicago : Nelson - Hall . pp. 335 -- 336 . ISBN 0 - 8304 - 1071 - 6 . Jump up ^ Corbitt , E. , Widiger , T. ( 1995 ) . `` Sex differences among the personality disorders : An exploration of the data '' . Clinical Psychology : Science and Practice. 2 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 238 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2850.1995. tb00041. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Widiger , T. ( 1998 ) . `` Sex biases in the diagnosis of personality disorders '' . Journal of Personality Disorders. 12 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 118 . doi : 10.1521 / pedi. 1998.12. 2.95 . PMID 9661097 . Jump up ^ Disney , K.L. , Weinstein , Y. , & Oltmanns , T.F. ( 2012 ) . `` Personality disorder symptoms are differentially related to divorce frequency '' . Journal of Family Psychology . 26 : 959 -- 965 . doi : 10.1037 / a0030446 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Blais M.A. ; Hilsenroth M. ; Fowler C. ( 1998 ) . `` Rorschach correlates of the DSM - IV histrionic personality disorder '' . Journal of Personality Assessment . 70 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 365 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327752jpa7002_12 . Jump up ^ Hysteria ( Def. 1 ) . ( n.d. ) . In Google , Retrieved September 11 , 2013 , from https://www.google.com/search?q=hysteria.#q=hysteria+definition Jump up ^ Crimlisk H. ; Ron M. ( 1999 ) . `` Conversion hysteria : history , diagnostic issues , and clinical practice '' . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 4 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 180 . doi : 10.1080 / 135468099395909 . Jump up ^ Alam C.M. ; Merskey H. ( 1992 ) . `` The development of hysterical personality '' . History of Psychiatry . 3 : 135 -- 165 . doi : 10.1177 / 0957154x9200301001 . Jump up ^ Bakkevig J.F. ; Sigmund K. ( 2010 ) . `` Is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , fourth edition , histrionic personality disorder category a valid construct ? '' . Comprehensive Psychiatry . 51 : 462 -- 470 . doi : 10.1016 / j. comppsych. 2009.11. 009 . ^ Jump up to : Tasca C. ; Rapetti M. ; Carta M.G. ; Fadda B. ( 2012 ) . `` Women and hysteria in the history of mental health '' . Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health . 8 : 110 -- 119 . doi : 10.2174 / 1745017901208010110 . PMC 3480686 . PMID 23115576 . Jump up ^ http://gothicsea.com/Ancient-History/chronology_ancient_near_east__cable_series_pagan.html#abb Jump up ^ ' Histrionic Personality Disorder ' , in American Psychiatric Association , The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , American Psychiatric Association , Arlington , VA , pp. 667 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : F60. 4 ICD - 9 - CM : 301.50 MeSH : D006677 External resources MedlinePlus : 001531 A.D.A.M. Editorial Board ( 2013 ) . `` Histrionic personality disorder '' . A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia . PubMed . DSM personality disorders DSM - III - R only Sadistic Self - defeating ( masochistic ) DSM - IV only Personality disorder not otherwise specified Appendix B ( proposed ) Depressive Negativistic ( passive -- aggressive ) DSM - 5 ( Categorical model ) Cluster A ( odd ) Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B ( dramatic ) Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C ( anxious ) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive - compulsive DSM - 5 Alternative hybrid categorical and dimensional model in Section III included to stimulate further research ICD - 10 personality disorders Schizotypal Schizotypal Specific Anankastic Anxious ( avoidant ) Dependent Dissocial Emotionally unstable Histrionic Paranoid Schizoid Other Eccentric Haltlose type Immature Narcissistic Passive -- aggressive Psychoneurotic Unspecified Unspecified Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histrionic_personality_disorder&oldid=815313706 '' Categories : Cluster B personality disorders Histrionic personality disorder Personality disorders Psychiatric diagnosis Women and psychology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių مازِرونی Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is it called when someone always needs attention	[ "Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval. Histrionic people are lively, dramatic, vivacious, enthusiastic, and flirtatious. HPD is diagnosed four times as frequently in women as men.[1] It affects 2–3% of the general population and 10–15% in inpatient and outpatient mental health institutions.[2]" ]	[ "Histrionic personality disorder" ]
4583527583150970200	Heredity	Heredity - wikipedia Heredity This article is about the transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring . For other uses , see Heredity ( disambiguation ) . `` Bloodline '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bloodline ( disambiguation ) . `` Hereditary '' redirects here . For the 2018 film , see Hereditary ( film ) . Part of a series on Genetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Mutation Nucleotide Variation Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution ( molecular ) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template ) Medical genetics Branches of genetics Personalized medicine Personalized medicine Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring , either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction , the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents . Through heredity , variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection . The study of heredity in biology is genetics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Relation to theory of evolution 3 History 3.1 Gregor Mendel : father of genetics 3.2 Modern development of genetics and heredity 3.3 Common genetic disorders 4 Types 4.1 Dominant and recessive alleles 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Heredity of phenotypic traits : Father and son with prominent ears and crowns . DNA structure . Bases are in the centre , surrounded by phosphate -- sugar chains in a double helix . In humans , eye color is an example of an inherited characteristic : an individual might inherit the `` brown - eye trait '' from one of the parents . Inherited traits are controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism 's genome is called its genotype . The complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism is called its phenotype . These traits arise from the interaction of its genotype with the environment . As a result , many aspects of an organism 's phenotype are not inherited . For example , suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person 's phenotype and sunlight ; thus , suntans are not passed on to people 's children . However , some people tan more easily than others , due to differences in their genotype : a striking example is people with the inherited trait of albinism , who do not tan at all and are very sensitive to sunburn . Heritable traits are known to be passed from one generation to the next via DNA , a molecule that encodes genetic information . DNA is a long polymer that incorporates four types of bases , which are interchangeable . The sequence of bases along a particular DNA molecule specifies the genetic information : this is comparable to a sequence of letters spelling out a passage of text . Before a cell divides through mitosis , the DNA is copied , so that each of the resulting two cells will inherit the DNA sequence . A portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit is called a gene ; different genes have different sequences of bases . Within cells , the long strands of DNA form condensed structures called chromosomes . Organisms inherit genetic material from their parents in the form of homologous chromosomes , containing a unique combination of DNA sequences that code for genes . The specific location of a DNA sequence within a chromosome is known as a locus . If the DNA sequence at a particular locus varies between individuals , the different forms of this sequence are called alleles . DNA sequences can change through mutations , producing new alleles . If a mutation occurs within a gene , the new allele may affect the trait that the gene controls , altering the phenotype of the organism . However , while this simple correspondence between an allele and a trait works in some cases , most traits are more complex and are controlled by multiple interacting genes within and among organisms . Developmental biologists suggest that complex interactions in genetic networks and communication among cells can lead to heritable variations that may underlie some of the mechanics in developmental plasticity and canalization . Recent findings have confirmed important examples of heritable changes that can not be explained by direct agency of the DNA molecule . These phenomena are classed as epigenetic inheritance systems that are causally or independently evolving over genes . Research into modes and mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance is still in its scientific infancy , however , this area of research has attracted much recent activity as it broadens the scope of heritability and evolutionary biology in general . DNA methylation marking chromatin , self - sustaining metabolic loops , gene silencing by RNA interference , and the three dimensional conformation of proteins ( such as prions ) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level . Heritability may also occur at even larger scales . For example , ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is defined by the regular and repeated activities of organisms in their environment . This generates a legacy of effect that modifies and feeds back into the selection regime of subsequent generations . Descendants inherit genes plus environmental characteristics generated by the ecological actions of ancestors . Other examples of heritability in evolution that are not under the direct control of genes include the inheritance of cultural traits , group heritability , and symbiogenesis . These examples of heritability that operate above the gene are covered broadly under the title of multilevel or hierarchical selection , which has been a subject of intense debate in the history of evolutionary science . Relation to theory of evolution ( edit ) See also : Evolution When Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution in 1859 , one of its major problems was the lack of an underlying mechanism for heredity . Darwin believed in a mix of blending inheritance and the inheritance of acquired traits ( pangenesis ) . Blending inheritance would lead to uniformity across populations in only a few generations and then would remove variation from a population on which natural selection could act . This led to Darwin adopting some Lamarckian ideas in later editions of On the Origin of Species and his later biological works . Darwin 's primary approach to heredity was to outline how it appeared to work ( noticing that traits that were not expressed explicitly in the parent at the time of reproduction could be inherited , that certain traits could be sex - linked , etc . ) rather than suggesting mechanisms . Darwin 's initial model of heredity was adopted by , and then heavily modified by , his cousin Francis Galton , who laid the framework for the biometric school of heredity . Galton found no evidence to support the aspects of Darwin 's pangenesis model , which relied on acquired traits . The inheritance of acquired traits was shown to have little basis in the 1880s when August Weismann cut the tails off many generations of mice and found that their offspring continued to develop tails . History ( edit ) Aristotle 's model of inheritance . The heat / cold part is largely symmetrical , though influenced on the father 's side by other factors ; but the form part is not . Scientists in Antiquity had a variety of ideas about heredity : Theophrastus proposed that male flowers caused female flowers to ripen ; Hippocrates speculated that `` seeds '' were produced by various body parts and transmitted to offspring at the time of conception ; and Aristotle thought that male and female fluids mixed at conception . Aeschylus , in 458 BC , proposed the male as the parent , with the female as a `` nurse for the young life sown within her '' . Ancient understandings of heredity transitioned to two debated doctrines in the 18th century . The Doctrine of Epigenesis and the Doctrine of Preformation were two distinct views of the understanding of heredity . The Doctrine of Epigenesis , originated by Aristotle , claimed that an embryo continually develops . The modifications of the parent 's traits are passed off to an embryo during its lifetime . The foundation of this doctrine was based on the theory of inheritance of acquired traits . In direct opposition , the Doctrine of Preformation claimed that `` like generates like '' where the germ would evolve to yield offspring similar to the parents . The Preformationist view believed procreation was an act of revealing what had been created long before . However , this was disputed by the creation of the cell theory in the 19th century , where the fundamental unit of life is the cell , and not some preformed parts of an organism . Various hereditary mechanisms , including blending inheritance were also envisaged without being properly tested or quantified , and were later disputed . Nevertheless , people were able to develop domestic breeds of animals as well as crops through artificial selection . The inheritance of acquired traits also formed a part of early Lamarckian ideas on evolution . During the 18th century , Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) discovered `` animalcules '' in the sperm of humans and other animals . Some scientists speculated they saw a `` little man '' ( homunculus ) inside each sperm . These scientists formed a school of thought known as the `` spermists '' . They contended the only contributions of the female to the next generation were the womb in which the homunculus grew , and prenatal influences of the womb . An opposing school of thought , the ovists , believed that the future human was in the egg , and that sperm merely stimulated the growth of the egg . Ovists thought women carried eggs containing boy and girl children , and that the gender of the offspring was determined well before conception . Gregor Mendel : father of genetics ( edit ) Table showing how the genes exchange according to segregation or independent assortment during meiosis and how this translates into Mendel 's laws Main article : Gregor Mendel See also : Modern synthesis ( 20th century ) The idea of particulate inheritance of genes can be attributed to the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel who published his work on pea plants in 1865 . However , his work was not widely known and was rediscovered in 1901 . It was initially assumed that Mendelian inheritance only accounted for large ( qualitative ) differences , such as those seen by Mendel in his pea plants -- and the idea of additive effect of ( quantitative ) genes was not realised until R.A. Fisher 's ( 1918 ) paper , `` The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance '' Mendel 's overall contribution gave scientists a useful overview that traits were inheritable . His pea plant demonstration became the foundation of the study of Mendelian Traits . These traits can be traced on a single locus . Modern Development of genetics and heredity ( edit ) Main articles : History of genetics and History of evolutionary thought In the 1930s , work by Fisher and others resulted in a combination of Mendelian and biometric schools into the modern evolutionary synthesis . The modern synthesis bridged the gap between experimental geneticists and naturalists ; and between both and palaeontologists , stating that : All evolutionary phenomena can be explained in a way consistent with known genetic mechanisms and the observational evidence of naturalists . Evolution is gradual : small genetic changes , recombination ordered by natural selection . Discontinuities amongst species ( or other taxa ) are explained as originating gradually through geographical separation and extinction ( not saltation ) . Selection is overwhelmingly the main mechanism of change ; even slight advantages are important when continued . The object of selection is the phenotype in its surrounding environment . The role of genetic drift is equivocal ; though strongly supported initially by Dobzhansky , it was downgraded later as results from ecological genetics were obtained . The primacy of population thinking : the genetic diversity carried in natural populations is a key factor in evolution . The strength of natural selection in the wild was greater than expected ; the effect of ecological factors such as niche occupation and the significance of barriers to gene flow are all important . The idea that speciation occurs after populations are reproductively isolated has been much debated . In plants , polyploidy must be included in any view of speciation . Formulations such as ' evolution consists primarily of changes in the frequencies of alleles between one generation and another ' were proposed rather later . The traditional view is that developmental biology ( ' evo - devo ' ) played little part in the synthesis , but an account of Gavin de Beer 's work by Stephen Jay Gould suggests he may be an exception . Almost all aspects of the synthesis have been challenged at times , with varying degrees of success . There is no doubt , however , that the synthesis was a great landmark in evolutionary biology . It cleared up many confusions , and was directly responsible for stimulating a great deal of research in the post-World War II era . Trofim Lysenko however caused a backlash of what is now called Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union when he emphasised Lamarckian ideas on the inheritance of acquired traits . This movement affected agricultural research and led to food shortages in the 1960s and seriously affected the USSR . There is growing evidence that there is transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic changes in humans and other animals . Common genetic disorders ( edit ) Down syndrome sickle cell disease Phenylketonuria ( PKU ) Haemophilia Types ( edit ) An example pedigree chart of an autosomal dominant disorder . An example pedigree chart of an autosomal recessive disorder . An example pedigree chart of a sex - linked disorder ( the gene is on the X chromosome ) Dominant and recessive alleles ( edit ) An allele is said to be dominant if it is always expressed in the appearance of an organism ( phenotype ) provided that at least one copy of it is present . For example , in peas the allele for green pods , G , is dominant to that for yellow pods , g . Thus pea plants with the pair of alleles either GG ( homozygote ) or Gg ( heterozygote ) will have green pods . The allele for yellow pods is recessive . The effects of this allele are only seen when it is present in both chromosomes , gg ( homozygote ) . The description of a mode of biological inheritance consists of three main categories : 1 . Number of involved loci Monogenetic ( also called `` simple '' ) -- one locus Oligogenetic -- few loci Polygenetic -- many loci 2 . Involved chromosomes Autosomal -- loci are not situated on a sex chromosome Gonosomal -- loci are situated on a sex chromosome X-chromosomal -- loci are situated on the X-chromosome ( the more common case ) Y - chromosomal -- loci are situated on the Y - chromosome Mitochondrial -- loci are situated on the mitochondrial DNA 3 . Correlation genotype -- phenotype Dominant Intermediate ( also called `` codominant '' ) Recessive Overdominant Underdominant These three categories are part of every exact description of a mode of inheritance in the above order . In addition , more specifications may be added as follows : 4 . Coincidental and environmental interactions Penetrance Complete Incomplete ( percentual number ) Expressivity Invariable Variable Heritability ( in polygenetic and sometimes also in oligogenetic modes of inheritance ) Maternal or paternal imprinting phenomena ( also see epigenetics ) 5 . Sex - linked interactions Sex - linked inheritance ( gonosomal loci ) Sex - limited phenotype expression ( e.g. , cryptorchism ) Inheritance through the maternal line ( in case of mitochondrial DNA loci ) Inheritance through the paternal line ( in case of Y - chromosomal loci ) 6 . Locus -- locus interactions Epistasis with other loci ( e.g. , overdominance ) Gene coupling with other loci ( also see crossing over ) Homozygotous lethal factors Semi-lethal factors Determination and description of a mode of inheritance is also achieved primarily through statistical analysis of pedigree data . In case the involved loci are known , methods of molecular genetics can also be employed . 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( 2017 ) . `` Environmental stresses induce transgenerationally inheritable survival advantages via germline - to - soma communication in Caenorhabditis elegans '' . Nature Communications . 8 : 14031 . Bibcode : 2017NatCo ... 814031K . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms14031 . hdl : 2433 / 217772 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) External links ( edit ) Look up heredity in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Heredity and Heritability `` '' Experiments in Plant Hybridization '' ( 1866 ) , by Johann Gregor Mendel , '' by A. Andrei at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grandnephew and grandniece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse wife husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Son - in - law Daughter - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Australian Aboriginal kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Lineal descendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Father -- Daughter Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Parents ' Day Children 's Day Family Day Canada American Family Day National Family Week UK Related Wedding anniversary Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood Lysenkoism Lysenkoists Trofim Lysenko Nikita Khrushchev Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin Joseph Stalin VASKhNIL Dissidents Wacław Gajewski Tan Jiazhen Georgii Karpechenko Zhores Medvedev Georgii Nadson Nikolai Vavilov Concepts Heredity Heritability Hybridization Inheritance of acquired characteristics Lamarckism Mendelian inheritance Vernalization Soviet policies Bourgeois pseudoscience Collectivization in the Soviet Union Pavlovian session Socialist realism Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Wrecking Politicization of science Book GND : 4187668 - 4 NARA : 10636722 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heredity&oldid=841332665 '' Categories : Genetics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what part of the cell is heredity information found	[ "Heritable traits are known to be passed from one generation to the next via DNA, a molecule that encodes genetic information.[2] DNA is a long polymer that incorporates four types of bases, which are interchangeable. The sequence of bases along a particular DNA molecule specifies the genetic information: this is comparable to a sequence of letters spelling out a passage of text.[7] Before a cell divides through mitosis, the DNA is copied, so that each of the resulting two cells will inherit the DNA sequence. A portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit is called a gene; different genes have different sequences of bases. Within cells, the long strands of DNA form condensed structures called chromosomes. 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4949530714412572095	Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure	Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure - wikipedia Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Jump to : navigation , search Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Herek Produced by Scott Kroopf Michael S. Murphey Joel Soisson Written by Chris Matheson Ed Solomon Starring Keanu Reeves Alex Winter George Carlin Music by David Newman Cinematography Timothy Suhrstedt Edited by Larry Bock Patrick Rand Production companies Interscope Communications Nelson Entertainment Distributed by Orion Pictures International : De Laurentiis Entertainment Group Release date February 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $40.5 million This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure is a 1989 American science fiction comedy film directed by Stephen Herek and written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon . It stars Alex Winter , Keanu Reeves , and George Carlin . The plot follows slackers Bill ( Winter ) and Ted ( Reeves ) , who travel through time to assemble historical figures for their high school history presentation . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure received generally positive reviews and was commercially successful . It is now considered a cult classic . A sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released in 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Differences from original script 4 Soundtrack 5 Related productions 5.1 Sequels 5.2 Television 5.3 Comics 5.4 Video games 5.5 Theme parks 6 Reception 7 In cultural analysis 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 San Dimas , California , slackers Bill and Ted would rather pursue their band the Wyld Stallyns than schoolwork . Ted 's father , the local police chief , threatens to send Ted to military school if they should flunk their history class , ruining their dreams of success . The two struggle to assemble a final report for the class , which is to describe how historical figures would see modern - day San Dimas . In 2688 , humanity has built a utopia thanks to the music of Wyld Stallyns . The supreme beings of this world instruct Rufus to travel back in time by a time machine disguised as a phone booth to give aid to Bill and Ted to assure they pass their class . Rufus lands by the two as they work on their report near a Circle K. As he introduces himself , a second phone booth lands nearby and future versions Bill and Ted come out , proving their identity to their younger selves and telling them to trust Rufus before they leave . Rufus offers to show the teens how the machine works , taking them to Austria in 1805 where Napoleon Bonaparte is commanding the French army . Assured the machine works , Rufus , Bill and Ted return to the present , though Napoleon , knocked back by an explosion , is caught in the phone booth 's wake and dragged with them . Back at Ted 's house , Rufus provides the teens additional instructions and then leaves . The two find Napoleon nearby , and come upon an idea of taking historical figures from the past to bring them to the present to complete their report . They leave Napoleon with Ted 's younger brother Deacon and set out . Separately , they gain the trust of Billy the Kid from 1879 and Socrates from 410 BC and bring them along . They next land in medieval England and see two princesses who flirt with them . In their attempt to see the princesses , they are caught by their father , the local duke , and ordered to be beheaded , but they are rescued by Billy and Socrates . Ted suggests that since they still have time before their report is due , they go for extra credit and set out to obtain more historical figures , including Sigmund Freud , Ludwig van Beethoven , Joan of Arc , Genghis Khan and Abraham Lincoln . With no more space in the booth , they decide to return home , but end up at the Circle K , witnessing their younger selves on the night before the report . They repeat their advice to them about Rufus , and then ask Rufus how to get to their present time . Back in their current timeframe , with hours before the report presentation , Bill and Ted leave the historical figures at the local mall to experience San Dimas , while they try to track down Napoleon , whom Deacon had ditched the previous night . They find Napoleon at the Waterloo water park , but by the time they return to the mall , the historical figures had caused a commotion and are now in prison under Ted 's dad 's watch . They develop a plan to use the time machine to plant elements to help free the historical figures , and make their way to the school , barely arriving in time for their presentation . With the help of the historical figures , the two give an impressive presentation that assures they pass the course . After returning the historical figures , Bill and Ted return to practice , when Rufus shows up with the two princesses in tow , having rescued them himself since he knows they will be their wives and bandmates in the future . As the band starts to play , terribly , Rufus explains to the audience that they will get better . Cast ( edit ) Main Keanu Reeves as Ted `` Theodore '' Logan Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston Esq . George Carlin as Rufus Historical Figures Terry Camilleri as Napoleon Bonaparte Dan Shor as Billy the Kid Tony Steedman as Socrates Rod Loomis as Sigmund Freud Al Leong as Genghis Khan Jane Wiedlin as Joan of Arc Robert V. Barron as Abraham Lincoln Clifford David as Ludwig van Beethoven Supporting Hal Landon Jr. as Captain Jonathan `` John '' Logan , Ted 's father Bernie Casey as Mr. Ryan , Bill and Ted 's history teacher Amy Stock - Poynton as Missy / Mom Preston , Bill 's stepmother J. Patrick McNamara as Mr. Preston , Bill 's father Frazier Bain as Deacon Logan , Ted 's younger brother John Karlsen as Evil Duke Diane Franklin as Princess Joanna Kimberley LaBelle as Princess Elizabeth The Three Supreme Beings of the Future Clarence Clemons Martha Davis Fee Waybill Production ( edit ) The film was shot in 1987 in the Phoenix , Arizona metropolitan area , mostly in and around Scottsdale 's Coronado High School . Coronado 's auditorium was torn down during 2005 - 07 renovations , but its unique roof and intricate exterior mosaic , seen in an opening scene when Bill and Ted leave school in a red Mustang , was saved and moved , piece by piece , to the new auditorium . The interior shots of the auditorium were filmed inside the East High School auditorium , which was in Phoenix on 48th Street just north of Van Buren . East High School was demolished in 2002 as part of a redevelopment project . The production also shot a sequence on the Western Street on the back lot of Southwestern Studio in Carefree , Arizona . Odescalchi castle was used as Henry VI 's castle . The scenes at Waterloo are a combination of establishing shots at Raging Waters in San Dimas and shots with the actors at Golfland Sunsplash in Mesa , Arizona . The bowling alley was a Fair Lanes - branded alley at that time but is now the AMF Tempe Village Lanes on Rural Road at US 60 , three miles south of Arizona State University . The mall was Phoenix Metrocenter , between Peoria and Dunlap Avenues at Interstate 17 . It has since been renovated and no longer looks as it did in the film . The Circle K store is at the intersection of Southern and Hardy in Tempe . The film also employs computer - generated imagery for the scenes where Bill & Ted are travelling through the ' Circuits of Time ' , created by the VFX house Perpetual Motion Pictures . The film 's writers , Ed Solomon and Chris Matheson , appear in the film 's ice cream scene . Solomon is credited as the `` stupid '' waiter , and Matheson is credited as the `` ugly '' waiter . They are given similar credits in Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . When Rufus plays his guitar solo , the hands in the close - up are those of Stevie Salas , who composed the film 's guitar music . The film took nearly two years to make . Filming took place from February to May 1987 and it was planned to be released in 1988 . However , the film 's original distributor , De Laurentiis Entertainment Group , went bankrupt . Orion Pictures and Nelson Entertainment bought the rights to the movie in 1988 , and it was released theatrically on February 17 , 1989 . It was followed in 1991 by a sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . A longstanding urban legend has it that Reeves auditioned for Bill and Winter for Ted . According to Winters , the story emerged because the characters are so similar , and even he and Reeves sometimes became confused about who was who . Differences from original script ( edit ) In earlier drafts of the script , Rufus was 28 years old and historical figures Bill and Ted plucked from history included Charlemagne ( whom they referred to as `` Charlie Mangay '' ) , Babe Ruth , and a non-famous medieval person called `` John the Serf '' . John is listed in the credits . In a 1991 interview , co-writer Ed Solomon said the characters of Bill and Ted were originally envisaged as `` 14 - year - old skinny guys , with low - rider bell - bottoms and heavy metal T - shirts '' who were despised by the popular kids at school . Casting Reeves and Winter changed the filmmakers ' images of the characters because `` ... once you cast Alex and Keanu , who look like pretty cool guys , that was hard to believe '' . Originally , the time machine was to be a 1969 Chevrolet van , but the idea was abandoned as being too close in concept to the DeLorean used in the Back to the Future trilogy . Instead , despite the similarities to Doctor Who 's time machine , the TARDIS , the film 's time machine was styled after a 1960s American telephone booth , though a newer model Ford van would be used as the rock concert `` band wagon '' for the sequel . In April 2013 , Winter commented on Carlin 's casting : `` He was a very happy accident . They were going after serious people first . Like Sean Connery . And someone had the idea , way after we started shooting , of George . That whole movie was a happy accident . No one thought it would ever see the light of day . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released Genre Hard rock , heavy metal , glam rock , glam metal , pop rock , rock ' n ' roll Length 40 : 32 Label A&M Records The film 's soundtrack was released in 1989 . The tracks are as follows : `` Play with Me '' by Extreme `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' by Vital Signs `` Not So Far Away '' by Glen Burtnik `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' by Tora Tora `` Father Time '' by Shark Island `` Breakaway '' by Big Pig `` Dangerous '' by Shark Island `` Walk Away '' by Bricklin `` In Time '' by Robbie Robb featuring Stevie Salas `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' by Power Tool These tracks are ordered for the album differently than they are in the movie . In the movie , the songs show up in the following order : `` I Ca n't Break Away '' , `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' , `` Father Time '' , `` Dangerous '' , `` In Time '' , `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' , `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' , `` Play with Me '' , `` Walk Away '' , `` Not So Far Away '' and `` Two Heads '' ( reprised over the credits ) . The following songs appeared in the film but were not included in the soundtrack : `` No Right to Do Me Wrong '' by Range War `` Party Up '' by Rori `` Bad Guitar '' by Stevie ' No Wonder ' Salas `` Carlin 's Solo '' by Hands of Flutes `` Game of War '' by Warrant Related Productions ( edit ) Main article : Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Sequels ( edit ) A theatrical sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released in 1991 . A third theatrical film in the Bill & Ted franchise was planned , and a screenplay was written , though it never got past the pre-production phase . Although rumors claimed that the script was adapted into the 1996 film Bio-Dome , Alex Winter has said that it was not . In 2010 , Reeves indicated that Matheson and Solomon were working on a script for a third film , confirming in April 2011 that a draft was complete . Winter said in March 2012 that he and Reeves both liked the finished script , which revisits the two characters after the changes of the past twenty years . The current script does not feature the return of the Grim Reaper from Bogus Journey , but since actor William Sadler has expressed interest , the writers are considering ways to include the character . In August 2012 , Dean Parisot ( director of the sci - fi / comedy film Galaxy Quest ) signed on to direct the film , although MGM , which holds the rights to the Bill & Ted franchise , has yet to give the movie an official greenlight . In an April 2014 article on the original film 's 25th anniversary , Alex Winter reported that work on going ahead with the second sequel was still in progress . Bill and Ted Face the Music was officially announced to be in pre-production on May 8th , 2018 . Television ( edit ) Two spin - off television series were produced ; both were titled Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was an animated series that first ran on CBS in 1990 , and featured the voices of Winter , Reeves and Carlin returning to their roles in the film . A second season of eight episodes ran on Fox Kids , with the voice cast of Fox 's upcoming live - action series . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was a live - action series that ran only seven episodes on Fox in the summer of 1992 . It featured none of the cast from the film apart from Lisa Wilcox . Evan Richards and Christopher Kennedy played Bill and Ted . Comics ( edit ) DC Comics produced a tie - in comic following the plot of the first movie timed to coincide with that film 's release on home video . The sequel was adapted by DC 's competitor Marvel Comics , published to coincide with the second film 's release in theaters . Its popularity led to the ongoing Marvel series Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book by Evan Dorkin , which lasted for 12 issues . There was a weekly 2 / 4 page semi-adaptation of the animated series published for a year by UK 's defunct Look - In Magazine from 1991 to 1992 . Video games ( edit ) There were also Game Boy , NES and Atari Lynx games released , which were very loosely based on the film 's plot . A PC title and nearly identical Amiga and Commodore 64 port were made in 1991 by Off the Wall Productions and IntraCorp , Inc. under contract by Capstone Software and followed the original film very closely . Theme parks ( edit ) The annual Halloween Horror Nights events at Universal Studios Orlando and Hollywood have featured since 1992 ( Orlando ) and 1997 - 1999 / 2007 ( Hollywood ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure , a show satirizing pop culture of the year with Bill & Ted as the protagonists fighting villains who steal their phone booth for their own schemes . The show differs from year to year , with spoofs of various pop culture icons . The main plot involves Bill and Ted being threatened by an evil villain from a popular film of that year , with appearances by a host of villains , heroes , and celebrities . The show usually includes elaborate dance numbers , stunts , and multiple double - entendres for the late night event crowd . In 2013 , the Hollywood version of the show was cancelled in the middle of its run following complaints of homophobic humor . On August 15 , 2017 , Universal announced that 2017 will be the final year of Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure in Orlando . And on November 4 , 2017 , Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure came to a final close , but not before a surprise appearance of Rufus . Reception ( edit ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure grossed $40.4 million domestically on a budget of about $10 million . The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , finding the script written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon as `` made only the sketchiest attempts to draw their historical characters . They exist as foils and nothing else , and the gags that are hung on them are far from first - rate '' , and that if director `` Stephen Herek , has any talent for comedy , it 's not visible here . More than anything , the picture looks paltry and undernourished . '' Variety wrote about each historical figure that Bill & Ted meet , stating that `` Each encounter is so brief and utterly cliched that history has little chance to contribute anything to this pic 's two dimensions . '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times referred to the film as a `` painfully inept comedy '' and that the `` one dimly interesting thing about Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure is the way the two teen - age heroes communicate in superlatives . We are about to fail most egregiously , says Ted to Bill , or maybe it 's Bill to Ted . They are also fond of odd words , such as bodacious . '' In the Los Angeles Times , Chris Willman was also unimpressed , concluding : `` Make no mistake , Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( ... ) is not a satire of mindlessness ; it 's unabashed glorification of dumbness for dumbness ' sake . Bill and Ted are heroic in their ability to reduce some of history 's great minds to their level . However , writing for Radio Times , Alan Jones decided : `` A nonstop giggle from start to finish , this beguiling grab - bag of time - travel clichés , hard - rock music and Valley - speaking cool dudes is a flawless , purpose - built junk movie '' . The film has a 78 % `` Certified fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 45 reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter are just charming , goofy , and silly enough to make this fluffy time - travel Adventure work '' . The successes of the film and the animated series spawned a short - lived breakfast cereal called Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal . The phone booth used in the film was given away in a contest presented by Nintendo Power magazine , to promote Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure . It was won by Kenneth Grayson of Mississippi . In 2010 , the city of San Dimas celebrated 50 years of incorporation . The celebration 's slogan was San Dimas , 1960 -- 2010 -- An Excellent Adventure . Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure was selected as number 8 in Rolling Stone 's ' 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time ' in 2013 . Writing in The Guardian on the occasion of the film 's 25th anniversary , Hadley Freeman found : `` Of all the delightfully improbable scenarios depicted in Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure -- from Napoleon Bonaparte causing havoc on a waterslide to Billy the Kid and Socrates ( aka `` So - crayts '' , of course ) picking up chicks in a California mall to George Carlin acting in a film alongside Keanu Reeves and a member of the Go - Go 's -- none would have seemed more unlikely on its release than the idea that one day , with much media fanfare , the public would be celebrating the film 's 25th anniversary . By the time Bill & Ted was released in 1989 , the 80s teen film explosion was starting to taper out . ( ... ) Moreover , there had already been plenty of films about time - travelling teens by the time Bill & Ted rocked up in cinemas , such as Peggy Sue Got Married and Back to the Future . Few who were around then would have bet that a goofy movie about a pair of California metalheads skipping back through time in a phonebox collecting historical characters to bring back to 20th - century California for their history report would still be remembered today . But I am very much among those few `` . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Bill / Ted : `` Excellent ! '' -- Nominated In cultural analysis ( edit ) Writing in British Sunday newspaper The Observer , Tom Holland noted , Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure does not tend to be rated as one of cinema 's profounder treatments of the relationship between present and past . The story of two Californian slackers with a time machine who , for complicated reasons , have to assemble assorted celebrities from history in order to pass a high - school project , it is chiefly remembered for bringing Keanu Reeves to the attention of a mass audience . Classicists , however , will always cherish it as the only film ever to combine the music of Van Halen with Greek philosophy . When Bill and Ted embark on their quest , what should be their first destination if not classical Athens , and who should be the very first ' historical dude ' bundled into their time machine if not a bald - headed man in a sheet whom they persist in calling ' Soh - kraytz ' ? '' Holland continued : Even to metalheads , then , the philosophy of ancient Greece serves as something that is both primal and emblematic of civilisation as a whole . Socrates , in particular , the ' lover of wisdom ' who insisted that the most fundamental presumptions of his countrymen should be subjected to experimental investigation , and who ended up being made to drink hemlock for his pains , has always been admired as the very fountainhead of rationalism . Yet when it comes to identifying what he taught and believed , there is a problem , on which Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure , rather unexpectedly , puts its finger . Socrates , transplanted to 1980s California , can only communicate with his abductors by gesturing and gurning -- since Bill and Ted , it goes without saying , speak not a word of ancient Greek . Even the miracle of time travel , it appears , can not serve to alter what is , for any historian , a most awkward fact : that it is impossible to be certain of what Socrates actually said . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 1980s portal Deus ex machina Novikov self - consistency principle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( March 16 , 1989 ) . `` Profiting from youth In search for adult fare , studios overlook a hit '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 1989 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( 17 February 1989 ) . `` Movie Reviews : Adventure , Thy Name Is Not ' Bill & Ted ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 80s Rewind : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure '' . Fast-rewind.com. 1991 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Eighties Movie Locations That Really Exist '' . In The 80s . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Baamonde , Matt ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` Stevie Salas Interview '' . Modern Guitars Magazine . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Box office / business '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Trivia '' . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted at 25 : Dude , Bet You Did n't Know These 7 Gnarly Facts '' . Wired . San Francisco . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Us.imdb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Hadley ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted 's 25th birthday : party on , dudes ! '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ alxwinter ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Hey , Alex Winter here from Bill & Ted and Downloaded and noticed a lot of child stars memes today . That 's what my next documentary 's about . Thought it would be a good day to say hi . Ask me anything ! '' . reddit.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was Bill & Ted 3 Rewritten Into Bio-Dome ? '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reeve talks new ' Bill and Ted ' adventure '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted 3 ' screenplay actually exists , according to Bill '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted ' Sequel : ' There Probably Will Be Another One ' '' . 2012 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Reaper Could Return for Bill & Ted 3 , Says William Sadler '' . 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 3 Has a Director '' . August 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Steven ( June 28 , 1992 ) . `` Bill and Ted Make It to Prime Time , City Does n't '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - Collectibles - Books , Comics & Trading Cards - Excellent Adventure Comic Book '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Marvel Comics - Issues '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Look In ! - Overview '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Arthur Levine ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Universal Orlando is Out for Blood '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Teresa Plowright ( October 15 , 2004 ) . `` Halloween Horror at Universal '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Universal Studios Hollywood Pulls ' Anti-Gay ' ' Bill and Ted ' Halloween Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Brittani ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure to say farewell to Universal Orlando 's Halloween Horror Nights '' . Attractions Magazine . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Bill and Ted s Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Reviews / Film ; Teen - Agers On a Tour Of History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan . `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure : Review '' . Radio Times . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal , Reviewed '' . X-Entertainment. 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Error Macro ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Saturday Scan - Give It Away Now '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of phone booth winner '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2 . 50th Anniversary Celebration '' ( PDF ) . Minutes : City Of San Dimas Council . City of San Dimas . November 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York City . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , Tom ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` The Hemlock Cup : Socrates , Athens and the Search for the Good Life by Bettany Hughes -- review '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( animated TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at AllMovie Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at Rotten Tomatoes Bill & Ted Films Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey Bill & Ted Face the Music Television Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( animated series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( live - action series ) Music Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Go to Hell '' `` Tommy the Cat '' The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 Video games Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Game Boy Adventure : A Bogus Journey ! Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Atari Lynx ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure Related topics Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal Films directed by Stephen Herek Critters ( 1986 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Holy Man ( 1998 ) Rock Star ( 2001 ) Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) Man of the House ( 2005 ) Picture This ( 2008 ) Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) The Chaperone ( 2011 ) Jinxed ( 2013 ) Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure&oldid=843332219 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s buddy films 1980s comedy films 1980s science fiction films American adventure comedy films American films American independent films American buddy films American comedy science fiction films American space adventure films American teen comedy films Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Time travel films Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in film Cultural depictions of Billy the Kid Depictions of Genghis Khan on film Depictions of Napoleon on film Depictions of Ludwig van Beethoven on film Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc Cultural depictions of Socrates Cultural depictions of Sigmund Freud Films directed by Stephen Herek Films about Joan of Arc Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Italy Films shot in Los Angeles Science fiction adventure films Interscope Communications films Orion Pictures films Screenplays by Ed Solomon Films set in the 1st century BC Films set in the 13th century Films set in the 15th century Films set in 1805 Films set in the 1860s Films set in 1879 Films set in 1901 Films set in 1988 Films set in the 27th century San Dimas , California Films scored by David Newman Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 12 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was bill and ted's excellent adventure filmed	[ "The film was shot in 1987 in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area, mostly in and around Scottsdale's Coronado High School. Coronado's auditorium was torn down during 2005-07 renovations, but its unique roof and intricate exterior mosaic, seen in an opening scene when Bill and Ted leave school in a red Mustang, was saved and moved, piece by piece, to the new auditorium. The interior shots of the auditorium were filmed inside the East High School auditorium, which was in Phoenix on 48th Street just north of Van Buren. East High School was demolished in 2002 as part of a redevelopment project. The production also shot a sequence on the Western Street on the back lot of Southwestern Studio in Carefree, Arizona. Odescalchi castle was used as Henry VI's castle." ]	[ "in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area, mostly in and around Scottsdale's Coronado High School" ]
-3733775667875703652	Dining room	Dining room - wikipedia Dining room Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the room . For the play , see The Dining Room . For the band , see The Dining Rooms . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historical example of a domestic dining room in Germany . A dining room is a room for consuming food . In modern times it is usually adjacent to the kitchen for convenience in serving , although in medieval times it was often on an entirely different floor level . Historically the dining room is furnished with a rather large dining table and a number of dining chairs ; the most common shape is generally rectangular with two armed end chairs and an even number of un-armed side chairs along the long sides . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary usage 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Dining Room in the Łańcut Castle , Poland In the Middle Ages , upper class Britons and other European nobility in castles or large manor houses dined in the great hall . This was a large multi-function room capable of seating the bulk of the population of the house . The family would sit at the head table on a raised dais , with the rest of the population arrayed in order of diminishing rank away from them . Tables in the great hall would tend to be long trestle tables with benches . The sheer number of people in a Great Hall meant it would probably have had a busy , bustling atmosphere . Suggestions that it would also have been quite smelly and smoky are probably , by the standards of the time , unfounded . These rooms had large chimneys and high ceilings and there would have been a free flow of air through the numerous door and window openings . It is true that the owners of such properties began to develop a taste for more intimate gatherings in smaller ' parlers ' or ' privee parlers ' off the main hall but this is thought to be due as much to political and social changes as to the greater comfort afforded by such rooms . Over time , the nobility took more of their meals in the parlour , and the parlour became , functionally , a dining room ( or was split into two separate rooms ) . It also migrated farther from the Great Hall , often accessed via grand ceremonial staircases from the dais in the Great Hall . Eventually dining in the Great Hall became something that was done primarily on special occasions . Toward the beginning of the 18th Century , a pattern emerged where the ladies of the house would withdraw after dinner from the dining room to the drawing room . The gentlemen would remain in the dining room having drinks . The dining room tended to take on a more masculine tenor as a result . Contemporary usage ( edit ) Example of a modern - day dining room from the United States . A typical North American dining room will contain a table with chairs arranged along the sides and ends of the table , as well as other pieces of furniture , ( often used for storing formal china ) , as space permits . Often tables in modern dining rooms will have a removable leaf to allow for the larger number of people present on those special occasions without taking up extra space when not in use . Although the `` typical '' family dining experience is at a wooden table or some sort of kitchen area , some choose to make their dining rooms more comfortable by using couches or comfortable chairs . In modern American and Canadian homes , the dining room is typically adjacent to the living room , being increasingly used only for formal dining with guests or on special occasions . For informal daily meals , most medium size houses and larger will have a space adjacent to the kitchen where table and chairs can be placed , larger spaces are often known as a dinette while a smaller one is called a breakfast nook . Smaller houses and condos may have a breakfast bar instead , often of a different height than the regular kitchen counter ( either raised for stools or lowered for chairs ) . If a home lacks a dinette , breakfast nook , or breakfast bar , then the kitchen or family room will be used for day - to - day eating . This was traditionally the case in Britain , where the dining room would for many families be used only on Sundays , other meals being eaten in the kitchen . In Australia , the use of a dining room is still prevalent , yet not an essential part of modern home design . For most , it is considered a space to be used during formal occasions or celebrations . Smaller homes , akin to the USA and Canada , use a breakfast bar or table placed within the confines of a kitchen or living space for meals . See also ( edit ) A Japanese example : the dining room of the Fujiya Hotel in Hakone Cafeteria Refectory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` dinette - definition of dinette by the Free Online Dictionary , Thesaurus and Encyclopedia '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . ( hide ) Rooms and spaces of a house Shared residential rooms Billiard room Bonus room Common room Den Dining room Ell Family room Garret Great room Hearth room Home cinema Home office Kitchen Dirty kitchen Kitchenette Living room Man cave Recreation room Shrine Study Sunroom Spaces Atrium Balcony Breezeway Catio Conversation pit Deck Elevator Entryway / Genkan Foyer Hallway Lanai Loft Loggia Overhang Patio Porch screened sleeping Ramp Secret passage Stairs Terrace Veranda Vestibule Utility and storage Attic Basement Box room Carport Cloakroom Closet Electrical room Equipment room Furnace room / Boiler room Garage Janitorial closet Larder Laundry room / Utility room Mechanical room / floor Pantry Root cellar Semi-basement Spear closet Storm cellar / Safe room Studio Subbasement Wardrobe Wine cellar Wiring closet / Demarcation point Workshop Private rooms Bathroom Bedroom / Guest room Boudoir Cabinet Jack and Jill bathroom Nursery Suite Toilet Walk - in closet Great house areas Antechamber Ballroom Butler 's pantry Buttery Conservatory Courtyard Drawing room Fainting room Great chamber Great hall Long gallery Lumber room Parlour Porte - cochère Saucery Sauna Scullery Servants ' hall Servants ' quarters Smoking room Solar Spicery State room Still room Swimming pool Undercroft Other Building Furniture House plan Multi-family residential Secondary suite Single - family detached home Studio apartment Architectural elements Arch Baluster Ceiling Colonnade Column Floor Gate Lighting Medallion Ornament Portico Roof Vault GND : 4193061 - 7 NDL : 00572159 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dining_room&oldid=792911204 '' Categories : Types of restaurants Rooms Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Articles needing additional references from March 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Soomaaliga Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 14 : 42 . About Wikipedia	where is the location of the dining room in relation to kitchen and serving area	[ "A dining room is a room for consuming food. In modern times it is usually adjacent to the kitchen for convenience in serving, although in medieval times it was often on an entirely different floor level. Historically the dining room is furnished with a rather large dining table and a number of dining chairs; the most common shape is generally rectangular with two armed end chairs and an even number of un-armed side chairs along the long sides." ]	[ "usually adjacent to the kitchen for convenience in serving" ]
-1234664065727690218	College World Series	College World Series - wikipedia College World Series For NCAA Division II , see NCAA Division II Baseball Championship . For NCAA Division III , see NCAA Division III Baseball Championship . For the women 's softball championship , see Women 's College World Series . College World Series First played 1947 Most recently played 2018 Current champions Oregon State ( 3rd title ) Current runner - up Arkansas Most titles USC ( 12 ) The College World Series ( CWS ) is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha , Nebraska . The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Baseball Championship tournament -- featuring 64 teams in the first round -- which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion . The eight participating teams are split into two , four - team , double - elimination brackets , with the winners of each bracket playing in a best - of - three championship series . Contents 1 History 1.1 Contract extension 2 Format history and changes 3 Division I champions by year 4 Team appearances 5 Most CWS wins 6 Most CWS Finals appearances 7 Most appearances without a CWS championship 8 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year 9 Championships by conference 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Since 1950 , the College World Series ( CWS ) has been held in Omaha , Nebraska . It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010 ; starting in 2011 , it has been held at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Earlier tournaments were held at Hyames Field in Kalamazoo , Michigan ( 1947 -- 48 ) and Wichita , Kansas ( 1949 ) . The name `` College World Series '' is derived from that of the Major League Baseball World Series championship ; it is currently an MLB trademark licensed to the NCAA . Contract extension ( edit ) On June 10 , 2009 , the NCAA and College World Series of Omaha , Inc. , which is the non-profit group that organizes the event , announced a new 25 - year contract extension , keeping the CWS in Omaha through 2035 . A memorandum of understanding had been reached by all parties on April 30 . The currently binding contract began in 2011 , the same year the tournament moved from Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium to TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , a new ballpark across from CenturyLink Center Omaha . Format History and changes ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Baseball Championship § Past formats 2006 College World Series Championship game at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha , Nebraska . 1947 -- Eight teams were divided into two , four - team , single - elimination playoffs . The two winners then met in a best - of - three final in Kalamazoo , Michigan . 1948 -- Similar to 1947 , but the two , four - team playoffs were changed to double - elimination tournaments . Again in the finals , the two winners met in a best - of - three format in Kalamazoo . 1949 -- The final was expanded to a four - team , double - elimination format and the site changed to Wichita , Kansas . Eight teams began the playoffs with the four finalists decided by a best - of - three district format . 1950 -- 1987 -- An eight - team , double - elimination format for the College World Series coincided with the move to Omaha in 1950 . From 1950 to 1953 , a baseball committee chose one team from each of the eight NCAA districts to compete at the CWS , which constituted the entire Division I tournament , as there were no preliminary rounds . ( In 1948 and 1949 , a selection committee in each of the eight districts chose its district representative based on the committee 's own criteria , which might or might not include committee selections , conference champions , and district playoffs . ) Through 1987 the College World Series was a pure double - elimination event . That ended with the 1987 College World Series . In 1954 , the Division I tournament began having preliminary rounds to determine the eight CWS teams . From 1954 to 1975 , the number of teams in the first round of the overall tournament ranged from 21 to 32 . The number of first - round teams was increased to 34 in 1976 , 36 in 1982 , 38 in 1985 , 40 in 1986 , and 48 in 1987 . 1988 -- 1998 -- The format was changed beginning with the 1988 College World Series , when the tournament was divided into 2 four - team double - elimination brackets , with the survivors of each bracket playing in a single championship game . The single - game championship was designed for network television , with the final game on CBS on a Saturday afternoon . Before expanding to 64 teams in 1999 , the 1998 Division I tournament began with 48 teams , split into 8 six - team regionals . The 8 regional winners advanced to the College World Series . The regionals were a test of endurance , as teams had to win at least four games over four days , sometimes five if a team dropped into the loser 's bracket , placing a premium on pitching . In the last two years of the six - team regional format , the eventual CWS champion -- LSU in 1997 and Southern California in 1998 -- had to battle back from the loser 's bracket in the regional to advance to Omaha . 1999 -- 2002 -- With some 293 Division I teams playing , the NCAA expanded the overall tournament to a 64 - team Regional field in 1999 -- with 8 National Seed teams ( the top 8 seeds ) -- divided into 16 four - team regionals ( each region seeded 1 to 4 ) . The winners of the 16 `` Regionals '' advance to a second round , consisting of 8 two - team , best - of - three - format `` Super Regionals '' . ( The National Seed teams that win their regional bracket are placed in different Super Regionals , so that no National Seed teams meet each other in a Super Regional . ) The 8 Super Regional winners advance to the CWS in Omaha . While the CWS format remained the same , the expanded field meant that the eight CWS teams now are determined by the second - round Super Regionals . The 64 - team bracket is set at the beginning of the championship and teams are not reseeded for the CWS . Since the 1999 College World Series , the four - team brackets in the CWS have been determined by the results of super-regional play , much like the NCAA basketball tournament . Prior to 1999 , the four - team brackets were determined by the regional tournaments . 2003 -- present -- The championship final became a best - of - three series between the 2 four - team bracket winners , with games scheduled for Saturday , Sunday , and Monday evenings . In the results shown below , Score indicates the score of the championship game ( s ) only . In 2008 , the start of the CWS was moved back one day , and an extra day of rest was added in between bracket play and the championship series . Division I champions by year ( edit ) Year Champion Coach Score Runner - Up Most Outstanding Player 1947 California Clint Evans 17 -- 8 , 8 -- 7 Yale 1948 Southern California Sam Barry 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 8 , 9 -- 2 Yale 1949 Texas Bibb Falk 10 -- 3 Wake Forest Tom Hamilton , Texas 1950 Texas Bibb Falk 3 -- 0 Washington State Ray VanCleef , Rutgers 1951 Oklahoma Jack Baer 3 -- 2 Tennessee Sidney Hatfield , Tennessee 1952 Holy Cross Jack Barry 8 -- 4 Missouri James O'Neill , Holy Cross 1953 Michigan Ray Fisher 7 -- 5 Texas J.L. Smith , Texas 1954 Missouri Hi Simmons 4 -- 1 Rollins Tom Yewcic , Michigan State 1955 Wake Forest Taylor Sanford 7 -- 6 Western Michigan Tom Borland , Oklahoma A&M 1956 Minnesota Dick Siebert 12 -- 1 Arizona Jerry Thomas , Minnesota 1957 California George Wolfman 1 -- 0 Penn State Cal Emery , Penn State 1958 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 8 -- 7 Missouri Bill Thom , Southern California 1959 Oklahoma State Toby Greene 5 -- 3 Arizona Jim Dobson , Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota Dick Siebert 2 -- 1 Southern California John Erickson , Minnesota 1961 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Oklahoma State Littleton Fowler , Oklahoma State 1962 Michigan Don Lund 5 -- 4 Santa Clara Bob Garibaldi , Santa Clara 1963 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 5 -- 2 Arizona Bud Hollowell , Southern California 1964 Minnesota Dick Siebert 5 -- 1 Missouri Joe Ferris , Maine 1965 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 2 -- 1 Ohio State Sal Bando , Arizona State 1966 Ohio State Marty Karow 8 -- 2 Oklahoma State Steve Arlin , Ohio State 1967 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 11 -- 2 Houston Ron Davini , Arizona State 1968 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Southern Illinois Bill Seinsoth , Southern California 1969 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 10 -- 1 Tulsa John Dolinsek , Arizona State 1970 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 2 -- 1 Florida State Gene Ammann , Florida State 1971 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 2 Southern Illinois Jerry Tabb , Tulsa 1972 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Arizona State Russ McQueen , Southern California 1973 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Arizona State Dave Winfield , Minnesota Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 3 Miami ( FL ) George Milke , Southern California Texas Cliff Gustafson 5 -- 1 South Carolina Mickey Reichenbach , Texas 1976 Arizona Jerry Kindall 7 -- 1 Eastern Michigan Steve Powers , Arizona 1977 Arizona State Jim Brock 2 -- 1 South Carolina Bob Horner , Arizona State 1978 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 10 -- 3 Arizona State Rod Boxberger , Southern California 1979 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 2 -- 1 Arkansas Tony Hudson , Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona Jerry Kindall 5 -- 3 Hawaii Terry Francona , Arizona 1981 Arizona State Jim Brock 7 -- 4 Oklahoma State Stan Holmes , Arizona State 1982 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 9 -- 3 Wichita State Dan Smith , Miami ( FL ) Texas Cliff Gustafson 4 -- 3 Alabama Calvin Schiraldi , Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 3 -- 1 Texas John Fishel , Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 10 -- 6 Texas Greg Ellena , Miami ( FL ) 1986 Arizona Jerry Kindall 10 -- 2 Florida State Mike Senne , Arizona Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 5 Oklahoma State Paul Carey , Stanford 1988 Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 4 Arizona State Lee Plemel , Stanford 1989 Wichita State Gene Stephenson 5 -- 3 Texas Greg Brummett , Wichita State 1990 Georgia Steve Webber 2 -- 1 Oklahoma State Mike Rebhan , Georgia 1991 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 3 Wichita State Gary Hymel , LSU 1992 Pepperdine Andy Lopez 3 -- 2 Cal State Fullerton Phil Nevin , Cal State Fullerton 1993 LSU Skip Bertman 8 -- 0 Wichita State Todd Walker , LSU 1994 Oklahoma Larry Cochell 13 -- 5 Georgia Tech Chip Glass , Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 11 -- 5 Southern California Mark Kotsay , Cal State Fullerton LSU Skip Bertman 9 -- 8 Miami ( FL ) Pat Burrell , Miami ( FL ) 1997 LSU Skip Bertman 13 -- 6 Alabama Brandon Larson , LSU 1998 Southern California Mike Gillespie 21 -- 14 Arizona State Wes Rachels , Southern California 1999 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 6 -- 5 Florida State Marshall McDougall , Florida State 2000 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 5 Stanford Trey Hodges , LSU 2001 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 12 -- 1 Stanford Charlton Jimerson , Miami ( FL ) 2002 Texas Augie Garrido 12 -- 6 South Carolina Huston Street , Texas 2003 Rice Wayne Graham 4 -- 3 , 3 -- 8 , 14 -- 2 Stanford John Hudgins , Stanford Cal State Fullerton George Horton 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 2 Texas Jason Windsor , Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas Augie Garrido 4 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Florida David Maroul , Texas 2006 Oregon State Pat Casey 3 -- 4 , 11 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 North Carolina Jonah Nickerson , Oregon State 2007 Oregon State Pat Casey 11 -- 4 , 9 -- 3 North Carolina Jorge Luis Reyes , Oregon State 2008 Fresno State Mike Batesole 6 -- 7 , 19 -- 10 , 6 -- 1 Georgia Tommy Mendonca , Fresno State 2009 LSU Paul Mainieri 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 5 , 11 -- 4 Texas Jared Mitchell , LSU South Carolina Ray Tanner 7 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 UCLA Jackie Bradley , Jr. , South Carolina 2011 South Carolina Ray Tanner 2 -- 1 , 5 -- 2 Florida Scott Wingo , South Carolina 2012 Arizona Andy Lopez 5 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 South Carolina Rob Refsnyder , Arizona 2013 UCLA John Savage 3 -- 1 , 8 -- 0 Mississippi State Adam Plutko , UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt Tim Corbin 9 -- 8 , 2 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 Virginia Dansby Swanson , Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia Brian O'Connor 1 -- 5 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 2 Vanderbilt Josh Sborz , Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina Gary Gilmore 0 -- 3 , 5 -- 4 , 4 -- 3 Arizona Andrew Beckwith , Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida Kevin O'Sullivan 4 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 LSU Alex Faedo , Florida 2018 Oregon State Pat Casey 1 -- 4 , 5 -- 3 , 5 -- 0 Arkansas Adley Rutschman , Oregon State Team appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year School Appearances Titles Years Alabama 5 0 1950 , 1983 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 Arizona 17 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1963 , 1966 , 1970 , 1976 , 1979 , 1980 , 1985 , 1986 , 2004 , 2012 , 2016 Arizona State 22 5 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 Arkansas 9 0 1979 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2018 Auburn 0 1967 , 1976 , 1994 , 1997 Baylor 0 1977 , 1978 , 2005 Boston College 0 1953 , 1960 , 1961 , 1967 Bradley 0 1950 , 1956 BYU 0 1968 , 1971 California 6 1947 , 1957 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 2011 Cal State Fullerton 18 1975 , 1979 , 1982 , 1984 , 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 Cal State Los Angeles 0 1977 The Citadel 0 1990 Clemson 12 0 1958 , 1959 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Coastal Carolina 2016 Colgate 0 1955 Colorado State 0 1950 Connecticut 5 0 1957 , 1959 , 1965 , 1972 , 1979 Creighton 0 1991 Dartmouth 0 1970 Delaware 0 1970 Duke 0 1952 , 1953 , 1961 Eastern Michigan 0 1975 , 1976 Florida 12 1988 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Florida State 22 0 1957 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1970 , 1975 , 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2017 Fresno State 1959 , 1988 , 1991 , 2008 Georgia 6 1987 , 1990 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 Georgia Southern 0 1973 , 1990 Georgia Tech 0 1994 , 2002 , 2006 Harvard 0 1968 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 Hawaii 0 1980 Holy Cross 1952 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 Houston 0 1953 , 1967 Indiana 0 2013 Indiana State 0 1986 Iowa 0 1972 Iowa State 0 1957 , 1970 Ithaca 0 1962 James Madison 0 Kansas 0 1993 Kent State 0 2012 Lafayette 0 1953 , 1954 , 1958 , 1965 Long Beach State 0 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1998 Louisiana - Lafayette 0 2000 Louisville 0 2007 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 Loyola Marymount 0 1986 LSU 18 6 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Maine 7 0 1964 , 1976 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Massachusetts 0 1954 , 1969 Miami ( FL ) 25 1974 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2015 , 2016 Michigan 7 1953 , 1962 , 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 Michigan State 0 1954 Minnesota 5 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1973 , 1977 Mississippi State 10 0 1971 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1990 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2013 , 2018 Missouri 6 1952 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Missouri State 0 2003 Nebraska 0 2001 , 2002 , 2005 New Hampshire 0 1956 New Orleans 0 1984 NYU 0 1956 , 1969 North Carolina 11 0 1960 , 1966 , 1978 , 1989 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2018 NC State 0 1968 , 2013 Northeastern 0 1966 Northern Colorado 10 0 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1974 Notre Dame 0 1957 , 2002 Ohio 0 1970 Ohio State 1951 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 Oklahoma 10 1951 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 2010 Oklahoma State 20 1954 , 1955 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 1999 , 2016 Ole Miss 5 0 1956 , 1964 , 1969 , 1972 , 2014 Oral Roberts 0 1978 Oregon 0 1954 Oregon State 7 1952 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 , 2018 Penn State 5 0 1952 , 1957 , 1959 , 1963 , 1973 Pepperdine 1979 , 1992 Princeton 0 1951 Rice 7 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 Rider 0 1967 Rollins 0 1954 Rutgers 0 1950 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 0 1949 , 1960 , 1966 , 1968 , 1978 , 1980 St. Louis 0 1965 San Jose State 0 2000 Santa Clara 0 1962 Seton Hall 0 1964 , 1971 , 1974 , 1975 South Carolina 11 1975 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Southern California 21 12 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1955 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 Southern Illinois 5 0 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1974 , 1977 Southern Miss 0 2009 Springfield 0 1951 , 1955 Stanford 16 1953 , 1967 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2008 Stony Brook 0 2012 Syracuse 0 1961 TCU 5 0 2010 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Temple 0 1972 , 1977 Tennessee 0 1951 , 1995 , 2001 , 2005 Texas 36 6 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2018 Texas A&M 6 0 1951 , 1964 , 1993 , 1999 , 2011 , 2017 Texas Tech 0 2014 , 2016 , 2018 Texas -- Rio Grande Valley 0 1971 Tufts 0 1950 Tulane 0 2001 , 2005 Tulsa 0 1969 , 1971 UC Irvine 0 2007 , 2014 UCLA 5 1969 , 1997 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 UC Santa Barbara 0 2016 Utah 0 1951 Vanderbilt 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Virginia 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Wake Forest 1949 , 1955 Washington 0 2018 Washington State 0 1950 , 1956 , 1965 , 1976 Western Michigan 6 0 1952 , 1955 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1963 Wichita State 7 1982 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 Wisconsin 0 1950 Wyoming 0 1956 Yale 0 1947 , 1948 Most CWS wins ( edit ) Rank School Wins CWS Winning % Appearances Wins per appearance Texas 85 . 590 35 2.43 Southern California 74 . 740 21 3.52 Arizona State 61 . 616 22 2.77 Miami ( FL ) 48 . 533 25 1.92 5 Arizona 43 . 589 17 2.53 6 LSU 40 . 597 18 2.22 6 Oklahoma State 40 . 513 20 2.00 6 Stanford 40 . 580 16 2.50 9 Cal State Fullerton 34 . 523 18 1.89 10 South Carolina 32 . 615 11 2.91 Most CWS Finals appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year Regular indicates team was Runner - up that year Rank School Champion Runner - up Total Years Southern California 12 14 1948 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 Texas 6 6 12 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1975 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 Arizona State 5 5 10 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , 1998 Arizona 8 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , 2016 5 LSU 6 7 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2009 , 2017 6 Miami ( FL ) 6 1974 , 1982 , 1985 , 1996 , 1999 , 2001 6 South Carolina 6 1975 , 1977 , 2002 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 6 Oklahoma State 5 6 1959 , 1961 , 1966 , 1981 , 1987 , 1990 9 Cal State Fullerton 5 1979 , 1984 , 1992 , 1995 , 2004 9 Stanford 5 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Most appearances without a CWS championship ( edit ) ( Last updated 9 : 51am EDT 28 June 2018 ) Top 10 Rank School Appearances CWS Winning % Runner - up Wins Per Appearance Florida State 22 . 397 1.33 Clemson 12 . 333 0 1.00 North Carolina 11 . 439 1.64 Mississippi State 10 . 375 1.20 Northern Colorado 10 . 130 0 0.30 6 Arkansas 9 . 455 1.67 7 Maine 7 . 333 0 1.00 8 Western Michigan 6 . 429 1.50 8 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 . 333 0 1.00 8 Texas A&M 6 . 143 0 0.33 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year ( edit ) Minimum three participants Number Year Conference Programs CWS Winner 1997 SEC Alabama , Auburn , LSU , Mississippi State LSU SEC Arkansas , Georgia , LSU , South Carolina Cal State Fullerton 2006 ACC Clemson , Georgia Tech , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Oregon State 2015 SEC Arkansas , Florida , LSU , Vanderbilt Virginia 1988 Pac - 12 Arizona State , California , Stanford Stanford 1990 SEC Georgia , LSU , Mississippi State Georgia SEC Alabama , Florida , LSU LSU 1998 SEC Florida , LSU , Mississippi State Southern California 2005 Big 12 Baylor , Nebraska , Texas Texas 2008 ACC Florida State , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Fresno State 2011 SEC Florida , South Carolina , Vanderbilt South Carolina 2012 SEC Arkansas , Florida , South Carolina Arizona 2014 Big 12 TCU , Texas , Texas Tech Vanderbilt 2016 Big 12 Oklahoma State , TCU , Texas Tech Coastal Carolina 2017 SEC Florida , LSU , Texas A&M Florida 2018 SEC Arkansas , Florida , Mississippi State Oregon State Championships by Conference ( edit ) Rank Conference Titles Pac - 12 18 Southeastern ( SEC ) 11 Western Athletic ( WAC ) 7 Big Ten 6 PCC - CIBA 6 6 Independents 5 7 Big Eight 7 Southwest 9 Atlantic Coast ( ACC ) 9 Big 12 9 Big West ( BWC ) 9 Big West ( SCBA ) 13 Big South ( BSC ) 13 Missouri Valley ( MVC ) 13 West Coast ( WCC ) CIBA was California Intercollegiate Baseball Association that competed as a division under the Pacific Coast Conference which operated under its own Charter . Independents = Miami Hurricanes ( 4 ) and Holy Cross Crusaders ( 1 ) SCBA was Southern California Baseball Association ( 1977 -- 84 ) . The Big 12 does not claim any national championships , including baseball , that were won as members of the Big Eight and makes no claim to the history or records of the Big Eight . The Western Athletic Conference claims 7 national championships in baseball by former members . There are no gaps in its existence . The Conference has existed continuously since its inception . Coastal Carolina won the 2016 CWS as a member of the Big South Conference less than 24 hours before officially joining the Sun Belt Conference . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division II Baseball Championship NCAA Division III Baseball Championship National Club Baseball Association List of college baseball awards U.S. college baseball awards Pre-NCAA baseball champion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . At the same time , `` Colorado State '' referred to Colorado State College , now known as the University of Northern Colorado . Jump up ^ Prior to 1970 , Northern Colorado was known as Colorado State College . Not to be confused with Colorado State University , known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . Jump up ^ UTRGV , in full The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , entered into full operation in 2015 following the merger of the University of Texas -- Pan American ( UTPA ) and the University of Texas at Brownsville . UTRGV is credited with UTPA 's College World Series appearance because the UTPA athletic program was directly transferred to the new institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College World Series of Omaha , Inc . - Creighton University '' . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CWS History . CWS Omaha , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ NCAA Trademarks -- NCAA.org Archived 2017 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , footnote at bottom : `` College World Series and Women 's College World Series : The NCAA is the exclusive licensee of these marks , registered by Major League Baseball , in connection with the NCAA Division I Men 's Baseball Championship and the Division I Women 's Softball Championship . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Signs 25 - Year Agreement with College World Series of Omaha , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Memorandum of Understanding ... Jump up ^ `` GENERAL CWS RECORDS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . 19 April 2017 . p. 14 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE WORLD SERIES '' . NCAA . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General CWS Records , All - Time Won - Lost by Conference , Pg 19 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships '' . NeuLion , Inc . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The College Football Report 's Long ( Somewhat ) And Illustrious ( Kind Of ) History Of The Big Six '' . The Beachwood Media Company . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - National Champions '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - WAC Timeline '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball_Tournament_Records. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal Carolina to join Sun Belt Conference in July 2016 '' . Ncaa.com . External links ( edit ) College World Series of Omaha ( CWS Omaha , Inc . ) official website College World Series ( NCAA official website ) NCAA Division I Men 's College World Series Ballparks Hyames Field ( 1947 , 1948 ) Lawrence -- Dumont Stadium ( 1949 ) Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium ( 1950 -- 2010 ) TD Ameritrade Park Omaha ( 2011 -- present ) Tournaments 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Broadcasters CBS television coverage Most Outstanding Players NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division I Baseball Champions 1947 California 1948 USC 1949 Texas 1950 Texas 1951 Oklahoma 1952 Holy Cross 1953 Michigan 1954 Missouri 1955 Wake Forest 1956 Minnesota 1957 California 1958 USC 1959 Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota 1961 USC 1962 Michigan 1963 USC 1964 Minnesota 1965 Arizona State 1966 Ohio State 1967 Arizona State 1968 USC 1969 Arizona State 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC USC Texas 1976 Arizona 1977 Arizona State 1978 USC 1979 Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona State 1982 Miami Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami 1986 Arizona Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Wichita State 1990 Georgia 1991 LSU 1992 Pepperdine 1993 LSU 1994 Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton LSU 1997 LSU 1998 USC 1999 Miami 2000 LSU 2001 Miami 2002 Texas 2003 Rice Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas 2006 Oregon State 2007 Oregon State 2008 Fresno State 2009 LSU South Carolina 2011 South Carolina 2012 Arizona 2013 UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida 2018 Oregon State National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_World_Series&oldid=852303202 '' Categories : College World Series Sports in Omaha , Nebraska Organizations based in Omaha , Nebraska Non-profit organizations based in Nebraska Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Annual sporting events in the United States Baseball in Nebraska Tourism in Omaha , Nebraska Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 00 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who makes it to the college world series	[ "The College World Series (CWS) is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha, Nebraska. The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Baseball Championship tournament—featuring 64 teams in the first round—which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion. The eight participating teams are split into two, four-team, double-elimination brackets, with the winners of each bracket playing in a best-of-three championship series.\n" ]	[ "eight participating teams" ]
-7471278279831659485	The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)	The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current version of the series . For the overall franchise , see The Price Is Right . For the original version , see The Price Is Right ( 1956 U.S. game show ) . For other uses , see The Price Is Right ( disambiguation ) . `` Come on down ! '' redirects here . For other uses , see Come on down ! ( disambiguation ) . The Price Is Right Genre Game show Created by Bob Stewart Mark Goodson Bill Todman Directed by Marc Breslow ( 1972 -- 86 ) Paul Alter ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Bart Eskander ( 2000 -- 09 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2009 -- 11 ) Michael Dimich ( 2011 -- 12 ) Ryan Polito ( 2012 -- 13 ) Adam Sandler ( 2013 -- present ) Presented by Bob Barker ( 1972 -- 2007 ) Drew Carey ( 2007 -- present ) Nighttime : Dennis James ( 1972 -- 77 ) Bob Barker ( 1977 -- 80 ) Tom Kennedy ( 1985 -- 86 ) Narrated by Johnny Olson ( 1972 -- 85 ) Rod Roddy ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Rich Fields ( 2004 -- 10 ) George Gray ( 2011 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Edd Kalehoff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 46 No. of episodes 8,000 ( as of April 7 , 2014 ) Nighttime ( 1972 -- 80 ) : 300 Nighttime ( 1985 -- 86 ) : 170 Production Location ( s ) CBS Television City Running time 38 -- 48 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1972 -- 75 ; 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Production company ( s ) Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions ( 1972 -- 84 ) Price Productions ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ; 1972 -- 94 ) Mark Goodson Productions ( 1984 -- 2007 ) All American Television ( 1996 -- 98 ) Pearson Television ( 1999 -- 2002 ) FremantleMedia ( 2002 -- present ) in association with CBS Distributor FremantleMedia for CBS Viacom Enterprises ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ) The Television Program Source ( 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Release Original network CBS Syndicated ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1972 -- 2008 ) HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2008 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1972 -- 88 ) CBS StereoSound ( 1988 -- 97 ) Digital Stereo ( 1997 -- 2013 ) 5.1 Surround ( 2013 -- present ) Original release September 4 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Nighttime : September 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 10 ) -- September 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 13 ) ( weekly ) September 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) -- September 5 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 05 ) ( daily ) Chronology Preceded by The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) Related shows The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) External links Website Production website The Price Is Right is an American television game show created by Bob Stewart , Mark Goodson and Bill Todman . The show revolves around contestants competing to identify accurate pricing of merchandise to win cash and prizes . Contestants are selected from the studio audience when the announcer proclaims the show 's famous catchphrase , `` Come on down ! '' The program premiered on September 4 , 1972 on CBS . Bob Barker was the series ' longest - running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007 , when Drew Carey took over . Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers , beginning with Johnny Olson , followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields . In April 2011 , George Gray became the announcer . The show has used several models , most notably Anitra Ford , Janice Pennington , Dian Parkinson , Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley . While retaining some elements of the original version of the show , the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements . The Price Is Right has aired over 8,000 episodes since its debut and is one of the longest - running network series in United States television history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named The Price Is Right the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The show 's 46th season premiered on September 18 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 One Bid 1.2 Pricing games 1.3 Showcase Showdown 1.4 The Showcase 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Announcers 2.3 Models 2.4 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Audience and contestant selection 3.2 Taping 3.3 Production company 4 Broadcast history 4.1 Syndicated productions 4.1. 1 1972 -- 1980 4.1. 2 1985 -- 86 4.1. 3 The New Price Is Right 4.2 CBS primetime specials and series 4.3 Gameshow Marathon 5 Reality web show spinoffs 5.1 Road to Price 5.2 The Price is Right Male Model Search 6 Documentary film 7 Prizes 7.1 Automobiles 7.2 Winnings records 8 Reception 8.1 Awards 8.2 Critical reaction 9 Controversy 9.1 Lawsuits 9.2 Plinko board incident 9.3 40th anniversary 10 Merchandise 10.1 DVD release 10.2 Board games 10.3 Computer and electronic games 10.4 Slot machines 10.5 Scratch - off tickets 10.6 Live casino game 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay of the show consists of four distinct competition elements , in which nine preliminary contestants ( or six , depending on the episode 's running time ) are eventually narrowed to two finalists who compete in the game 's final element , the `` Showcase '' . One bid ( edit ) At the beginning of the show , four contestants are called from the audience by the announcer to take a spot on the front row behind bidding podiums , which are embedded into the front edge of the stage . This area is known as `` Contestants ' Row '' . The announcer shouts `` Come on down ! '' after calling each selected contestant 's name , a phrase which has become a trademark of the show . The four contestants in Contestants ' Row compete in a bidding round to determine which contestant will play the next pricing game ( the round is known as `` One Bid , '' which gets its name and format from one of two types of bidding rounds that existed on the 1950s version of the show ) . A prize is shown and each contestant gives a single bid for the item . In the first One - Bid game of each episode , bidding begins with the contestant on the viewer 's left - to - right . In subsequent One - Bid rounds , the order of bidding still moves from the viewer 's left - to - right , but it begins with the contestant most recently called down . Contestants are instructed to bid in whole dollars since the retail price of the item is rounded to the nearest dollar and another contestant 's bid can not be duplicated . If a contestant thinks the others have overbid , he or she bids $1 on the item . The contestant whose bid is closest to the actual retail price of the prize without going over wins that prize and gets to play the subsequent pricing game . If all four contestants overbid , short buzzer tones sound , the lowest bid is announced and the bids are erased . The host then instructs the contestants to re-bid below the lowest previous bid . If a contestant bids the actual retail price , a bell rings and the contestant wins a cash bonus in addition to the prize . From the introduction of the bonus in 1977 until 1998 , the `` perfect bid '' bonus was $100 ; it was permanently increased to the current $500 in 1998 . On The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular , the bonus was $1,000 . After each pricing game except the final one , another contestant is called to `` come on down '' to fill the spot of the contestant that won the previous round . The newest contestant bids first in each One Bid round . Contestants who fail to win a One Bid round -- thus never making it onstage to play a pricing game -- receive consolation prizes , currently $300 , often sponsored by companies revealed by the announcer near the end of the show , before the Showcase . Pricing games ( edit ) See also : List of The Price Is Right pricing games After winning the One Bid , the contestant joins the host onstage for the opportunity to win additional prizes or cash by playing a pricing game . After the pricing game ends , a new contestant is selected for Contestants ' Row and the process is repeated . Six pricing games are played on each hour - long episode ; three games per episode were played in the original half - hour format . Pricing game formats vary widely , ranging from simple dilemma games in which a contestant chooses one of two options to win to complex games of chance or skill in which guessing prices increases the odds of winning . On a typical hour - long episode , two games are played for a car , one game is played for a cash prize and the other three games offer expensive household merchandise or trips . Usually , at least one of the six games involves the pricing of grocery items , while another usually involves smaller prizes that can be used to win a larger prize package . Originally , five pricing games were in the rotation . Since then , more games have been created and added to the rotation and , starting with the 60 - minute expansion in 1975 , the rate at which games premiered increased . Some pricing games were eventually discontinued , while others have been a mainstay since the show 's debut in 1972 . As of 2017 , the rotation is among 77 games . On the 1994 syndicated version hosted by Doug Davidson , the rules of several games were modified and other aesthetic changes were made . Notably , the grocery products used in some games on the daytime version were replaced by small merchandise prizes , generally valued at less than $100 . Beginning in 2008 , episodes of The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular featured rule changes to some pricing games which rewarded a $1 million bonus to the contestant if specific goals were achieved while playing the pricing game . Showcase Showdown ( edit ) `` Showcase Showdown '' redirects here . For the band , see Showcase Showdown ( band ) . Since the show 's expansion to 60 minutes in 1975 , each episode features two playings of the Showcase Showdown , occurring after the third and sixth pricing games . Each playing features the three contestants who played the preceding pricing games spinning `` The Big Wheel '' to determine who advances to the Showcase , the show 's finale . The contestants play in the order of the value of his or her winnings thus far ( including the One Bid ) , with the contestant who has won the most spinning last . The wheel contains 20 sections showing values from 5 ¢ to $1.00 , in increments of five cents . Contestants are allowed a maximum of two spins . The first contestant spins the wheel and may choose to stop with his or her score or spin again , adding the value of the second spin to their first . The second contestant then spins the wheel and tries to match or beat the leader 's score ; if he or she fails to do so , the contestant must spin again . If the second contestant 's first spin matches or beats the score of the first contestant , he or she has the option of stopping or spinning again . The third contestant then spins ; if his or her score is less than the leader then he or she will be required to spin again . In the event the second or third contestant 's first spin ties the score of the leader , he or she will be given the option of spinning again as an alternative to entering a `` spin - off '' as described below . If their total score of any contestant is less than that of the current leader , is beaten by the score of any subsequent contestant , or over $1.00 , the contestant is eliminated from the game . The contestant whose score is nearest to $1.00 without going over advances to the Showcase at the end of the episode . Any spin that fails to make at least one complete revolution does not count ; the contestant is given the opportunity to spin again , and if the contestant has visible difficulty in physically performing the task , the host can assist them . If the first two contestants both spin twice and go over $1.00 , the last contestant automatically advances to the Showcase and is given only one spin to determine their score ; this is to ensure that a contestant advances to the showcase , avoiding a potential `` triple over '' scenario in which no one would advance . Any contestant whose score equals $1.00 ( from either the first spin or the sum of two spins ) receives a $1,000 bonus and , since December 1978 , is allowed a bonus spin . The contestant wins an additional $10,000 for landing on either 5 ¢ or 15 ¢ ( which are adjacent to the $1.00 space and painted green ) , or an additional $25,000 for landing on $1.00 . From December 1978 to September 22 , 2008 , the bonuses were $5,000 and $10,000 for landing on a green section and the $1.00 , respectively . If the wheel stops on any other amount or fails to make at least one revolution , the contestant wins no more money . The wheel is positioned on 5 ¢ prior to the bonus spin so that it can not land on a winning prize without making a complete revolution . Two or more contestants who are tied with the leading score compete in a `` spin - off '' . Each contestant is allowed one additional spin and the contestant with the higher score advances to the Showcase . Multiple spin - offs are played until the tie is broken . Those who hit $1.00 in their spin - off spin still get $1,000 and a bonus spin . If two or more contestants tie with a score of $1.00 , their bonus spins also determine their spin - off score . Only the spin - off score , not any bonus money won , determines which contestant moves on to the Showcase ; thus , a person who wins the $10,000 bonus for landing on 15 ¢ would still lose the spin - off if their opponent lands on 20 ¢ or more . A tie in a bonus spin spin - off means the ensuing second spin - off will be spun with no bonuses available . Each spin must make one complete revolution in order to qualify . If a player 's bonus spin spin - off does not make a complete revolution , the contestant must spin again , and the spin will be scored as in a second round of a spin - off ( no bonuses ) . The Showcase ( edit ) At the end of the episode , the two contestants with the highest winnings , or since 1975 on hour - long episodes , the two Showcase Showdown winners , advance to the Showcase . A `` showcase '' of prizes ( currently two or three prizes ) is presented and the top winner has the option of placing a bid on the total value of the showcase or passing the showcase to the runner - up , who is then required to bid . A second showcase is then presented and the contestant who had not bid on the first showcase makes his or her bid . Unlike the One Bid , the contestant bidding on the second showcase may bid the same amount as their opponent on the first showcase , since the two contestants are bidding on different prize packages . The contestant who has bid nearer to the price of their own showcase without going over wins the prizes in his or her showcase . Any contestant who overbids is disqualified regardless of their opponent 's result . A double overbid results in neither contestant winning a showcase . Since 1974 , any contestant who comes within a specified amount from the actual retail price of their own showcase without going over wins both showcases . Until 1998 , the amount was less than $100 . In 1998 , it became the current $250 or less . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Bob Barker ( host from September 1972 to June 2007 ) Drew Carey ( host since October 2007 ) Bob Barker began hosting The Price Is Right on September 4 , 1972 and completed a 35 - year tenure on June 15 , 2007 . Barker was hired as host while still hosting the stunt comedy show Truth or Consequences . His retirement coincided with his 50th year as a television host . His final show aired on June 15 , 2007 and was repeated in primetime , leading into the network 's coverage of the 34th Daytime Emmy Awards . In addition to hosting , Barker became Executive Producer of the show in March 1988 when Frank Wayne died and continued as such until his retirement , gaining significant creative control over the series between 2000 and his 2007 retirement . He also was responsible for creating several of the show 's pricing games , as well as launching The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime spin - off . Reruns of Barker 's final season were aired throughout the summer from the Monday after his final show ( June 18 , 2007 ) until the Friday before Drew Carey 's debut as host ( October 12 , 2007 ) , when the season 35 finale was re-aired . During his time as host , Barker missed only one taping of four episodes ; Dennis James , then hosting the syndicated nighttime version of the show , filled in for him on these shows in December 1974 . After he became a noted animal rights advocate in 1981 shortly after the death of his wife Dorothy Jo , Barker signed off each broadcast , informing viewers with the public service message , `` Help control the pet population : have your pets spayed or neutered . '' Carey continued the tradition upon becoming the new host . On October 31 , 2006 , Barker announced that he would retire from the show at the end of season 35 . In March 2007 , CBS and FremantleMedia began a search for the next host of the show . Carey , who was hosting Power of 10 at the time , was chosen and , in a July 23 , 2007 interview on Late Show with David Letterman , made the announcement . Carey 's first show aired October 15 , 2007 . Barker has made several guest appearances since Carey took over as host : on the April 16 , 2009 episode to promote his autobiography , Priceless Memories ; on the December 12 , 2013 , as part of `` Pet Adoption Week '' that coincided with his 90th birthday ; and on the episode which aired on April Fools ' Day in 2015 , hosting the first One Bid and pricing game as part of April Fool 's Day . The 2013 April Fools ' show featured Carey and announcer George Gray modeling the prizes while the show 's models performed hosting and announcing duties for the day . On the April Fools ' Day episode in 2014 , Craig Ferguson , Carey 's former castmate from The Drew Carey Show , and Shadoe Stevens hosted and announced , swapping places with Carey and Gray respectively , who performed the same roles on the previous night 's episode of The Late Late Show . Announcers ( edit ) Johnny Olson , the announcer for many Goodson - Todman shows of the era , was the program 's original announcer until his death in October 1985 . Olson was replaced by Rod Roddy in February 1986 , who remained with the program until shortly before his death in October 2003 . Los Angeles meteorologist Rich Fields took over as the announcer in April 2004 and stayed on until the end of season 38 in August 2010 . Following a change of direction and a search for an announcer with more experience in improvisational comedy , veteran TV host George Gray was confirmed as the show 's current announcer on the April 18 , 2011 episode . After Olson 's and Roddy 's deaths in 1985 and 2003 , respectively and Fields ' departure in 2010 , a number of announcers auditioned before a permanent replacement was hired . In addition to Roddy , Gene Wood , Rich Jeffries , and Bob Hilton auditioned to replace Olson . Former Family Feud announcer Burton Richardson , Paul Boland , and former Supermarket Sweep announcer Randy West substituted for Roddy during his illnesses . In addition to West and Richardson , Daniel Rosen , Art Sanders , Roger Rose , Don Bishop and current Wheel of Fortune announcer Jim Thornton also auditioned for the role eventually filled by Fields . Richardson substituted for Fields while he recovered from laryngitis in December 2006 . In addition to Gray , TV host JD Roberto , comedians Jeff B. Davis , Brad Sherwood , and David H. Lawrence XVII , and actor / comedian Steve White also auditioned for the role . Models ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right models To help display its many prizes , the show has featured several models who were known , during Barker 's time on the show , as `` Barker 's Beauties '' . Some longer - tenured Barker 's Beauties included Kathleen Bradley ( 1990 -- 2000 ) , Holly Hallstrom ( 1977 -- 1995 ) , Dian Parkinson ( 1975 -- 1993 ) , and Janice Pennington ( 1972 -- 2000 ) . Pennington and Bradley were both dismissed from the program in 2000 , allegedly because they had given testimony on Hallstrom 's behalf in the wrongful termination litigation she pursued against Barker and the show . Following the departures of Nikki Ziering , Heather Kozar and Claudia Jordan in the 2000s , producers decided to use a rotating cast of models ( up to ten ) until the middle of season 37 , after which the show reverted to five regular models . Since March 2008 , the models include Rachel Reynolds , Amber Lancaster and Gwendolyn Osbourne ( who left in 2017 ) ; Manuela Arbeláez joined the cast in April 2009 , replacing Brandi Sherwood and James O'Halloran joined the cast in December 2014 . Carey does not use a collective name for the models , but refers to them by name , hoping that the models will be able to use the show as a `` springboard '' to further their careers . In a change from previous policy , the models appearing on a given episode are named individually in the show 's credits and are formally referred as `` The Price Is Right models '' when collectively grouped at events . Since season 37 , the show often uses a guest model for certain prizes , often crossing over from another CBS property or come courtesy of the company providing the prize . Some such models have been male , especially for musical instruments , tools , trucks and motorcycles , and used in guest appearances during the Showcase . Owing to the traditionally female demographic of daytime television shows , along with the pregnancies of Reynolds and Osbourne , CBS announced that the game show would add a male model for a week during season 41 , fitting with other countries with the franchise that have used an occasional male model . The show held an internet search for the man in an online competition that featured Mike Richards , the show 's executive producer , Reynolds , Lancaster , Osbourne and Arbeláez serving as judges and mentors during the web series , narrated by Gray . Viewers selected the winner in October 2012 . On October 5 , 2012 , CBS announced that the winner of the male model online competition was Rob Wilson of Boston , Massachusetts . Wilson appeared as a model on episodes through April 15 , 2014 . This contest was scheduled to be repeated in 2014 , with auditions taking place during the FIFA World Cup break between May and July 2014 . On December 8 , 2014 , CBS announced that the winner of the second male model online competition was James O'Halloran . Production staff ( edit ) The game show production team of Mark Goodson and Bill Todman was responsible for producing the original as well as the revival versions of the game show . Goodson - Todman staffer Bob Stewart is credited with creating the original version of The Price Is Right . Roger Dobkowitz was the producer from 1984 to 2008 , having worked with the program as a production staffer since the show 's debut after graduating from San Francisco State University . Occasionally , Dobkowitz appeared on - camera when answering a question posed by the host , usually relating to the show 's history or records . When he left the show at the end of season 36 , Variety reported that it was unclear whether he was retiring or was fired , although Carey indicated in a later interview with Esquire that Dobkowitz was fired . As of 2011 , the show uses multiple producers , all long - time staffers . Adam Sandler ( not to be confused with the actor ) is the producer of the show . Stan Blits , who joined the show in 1980 and Sue MacIntyre are the co-producers . Kathy Greco joined the show in 1975 and became producer in 2008 ; she announced her retirement October 8 , 2010 on the show 's website , effective at the end of the December 2010 tapings . Her last episode as producer , which aired January 27 , 2011 , featured a theme in tribute to her . The show 's official website featured a series of videos including an interview with Greco as a tribute to her 35 years in the days leading up to her final episode . Frank Wayne , a Goodson - Todman staffer since the 1950s , was the original executive producer of the CBS version of the show . Barker assumed that role after Wayne 's death in March 1988 , as previously stated . Previous producers have included Jay Wolpert , Barbara Hunter and Phil Wayne Rossi ( Wayne 's son ) . Michael Dimich assumed the director 's chair in June 2011 . Marc Breslow , Paul Alter , Bart Eskander and Rich DiPirro each served long stints previously as director . Former associate directors Andrew Felsher and Fred Witten , as well as technical director Glenn Koch , have directed episodes strictly on a fill - in basis . Sandler began directing episodes in 2012 , and became the official director in 2013 . Aside from Barker , the show 's production staff remained intact after Carey became host . FremantleMedia executive Syd Vinnedge was named the program 's new executive producer , with Richards becoming co-executive producer after Dobkowitz 's departure . Richards was a candidate to replace Barker as host in 2007 , before Carey was ultimately chosen . Richards succeeded Vinnedge as executive producer when the 2009 -- 10 season started , with Tracy Verna Soiseth joining Richards as co-executive producer in 2010 . Vinnedge remains credited as an executive consultant to the show . Production ( edit ) Audience and contestant selection ( edit ) Many audience members arrive early on the day of a taping , and often camp out the night before to attend . Most have already received tickets for that day 's show , although some hope to get same - day tickets . Audience members are then given the iconic name tags with a temporary identification number , which is also written on the person 's ticket . A Social Security Number ( or some national I.D. number for non-U.S. audience members ) is also required to be submitted . Audience members are eventually brought through in groups of twelve for brief interviews with the production staff . Contrary to popular belief , contestant names are not chosen at random ; rather , the interviews determine possible selections for the nine contestants per taping from among the pool of approximately 325 audience members . Since 1988 , the minimum age for audience members has been 18 ; prior to 1988 , teenagers and children as young as 12 were present in the audience . With few exceptions , anyone at least 18 years old who attends a taping of the show has the potential to become a contestant . Those ineligible include current candidates for political office , employees of CBS Corporation or its affiliates , RTL Group or any firm involved in offering prizes for the show . Contestants who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year or either two other game shows or any version of The Price Is Right itself within the past ten years are also ineligible . The show 's staff alerts potential contestants -- in person , on the show 's website and on the tickets themselves -- to dress in `` street clothes '' and not to wear costumes , such as those used to attract attention on Let 's Make a Deal , another show that featured contestants selected from the audience . Those who have attended tapings in June 2008 noted that producers disallowed audience members from wearing fake eyeglasses designed to look similar to those worn by Carey , a restriction that has since been relaxed . Instead , contestants will often wear shirts with hand - decorated slogans . Members of the Armed Forces are often in uniform . Cell phones , tape recorders , backpacks , price lists and portable electronic devices are not allowed in the studio . Prospective contestants obtain tickets by contacting a third - party ticketing operator via the show 's website , which is promoted on - air during the broadcast . Prior to 2011 , ticketing was directly through CBS , originally via mail , with online ticket access added in 2005 . The mail practice ended after CBS began outsourcing ticketing to the third - party operator . Occasionally , episodes are taped with special audience restrictions . For Memorial Day in 1991 , an episode was taped with an audience composed entirely of those who had served in the Armed Forces . Similar primetime episodes were taped in 2002 , honoring each branch of the United States military and a sixth episode honoring police officers and firefighters . An annual military episode has been taped starting Season 38 in 2008 , originally on Veteran 's Day , but moved in Season 41 ( 2013 ) to Independence Day , features an all - military audience , a Marine band playing the winner 's service anthem , and contestants being called by rank . The 2008 episode contained a unique rule in which each One Bid featured one contestant from the Army , Navy , Air Force and Marines , and One Bid winners also won a $1,000 gift card . As each contestant won his / her way onstage , he / she was replaced by a member of the same branch of service . Most civilian attendees were retired or disabled veterans or family members of military . The 2009 version eliminated the service member from the same branch replacing another after advancing from Contestants ' Row rule . Additionally , members from the United States Coast Guard were invited to the show . Beginning in 2009 , some episodes have featured special themes with two contestants competing as teams , such as married or engaged couples for Valentine 's Day and the `` Ultimate Wedding Shower '' episode . There have also been episodes with children who are minors ( normally not allowed to compete ) teamed with a parent ( for Mother 's Day and Father 's Day ) or grandparent ( for Grandparents Day ) , as well as teen drivers and students for `` Ultimate Spring Break '' and `` Back to School '' . In these cases the adult player ( not the minor ) must make all final decisions in the game play , such as when calling numbers or prices . Two taped episodes had to be replaced as a contestant was related to a CBS employee and therefore ineligible to be on the show . The other contestants who appeared on that episode were awarded their prizes , but the episode was never aired and can not be shown because of policies imposed by Barker over prizes on the show . There have been similar instances over the years of ineligible contestants appearing on stage , but these individuals were not edited out of the final broadcast since it was discovered in post-production . Usually , these episodes air with a disclaimer from the announcer added in post-production that one of the contestants was found ineligible ( not specifying which one ) . Standards and Practices guidelines for game shows state that if an ineligible contestant wins a One - Bid and the other contestants on Contestants ' Row at the time do not win a subsequent One - Bid , they are not considered to have made an appearance on the show and are immediately eligible again once the error has been discovered . Taping ( edit ) Except for the 30th Anniversary Special , which was taped at Harrah 's Rio in Las Vegas , Nevada , The Price Is Right has been taped in Studio 33 in CBS Television City in Hollywood , California for its entire run . The studio , which is also used for other television productions , was renamed the Bob Barker Studio in the host 's honor on the ceremonial 5,000 th episode taped in March 1998 . When Carey became host , there was talk of the show traveling in the future . The program is usually produced in about an hour , although if there is a guest involved , some tapings will last longer because of question and answer sessions by the audience and the guest , which the host usually moderates . Two episodes are usually taped each day , normally with three taping days per week ( Monday through Wednesday , with one episode taped at 12 : 00 pm and another at 4 : 00 pm ) . The program is taped in advance of its airdate . For example , the show broadcast on February 28 , 2008 was taped on January 16 . As with many other shows that start production in the summer , the lead time varies during the season , as many as fifteen weeks to as little as one day . The audience is entertained by the announcer before taping begins and in case of guests , the guest will answer questions from the audience . After the taping session , there is a drawing for a door prize . On some episodes , all members of the audience receive a prize from a sponsor or celebrity guest ; those prizes are usually mentioned in the Showcase ( such as a complimentary slice of Papa John 's Pizza , an NHL Winter Classic game puck , a couples ' gift box from Hershey 's or a book authored by a guest ) . Television and Internet viewers have also been directed to the show 's official website to enter a drawing for a similar prize offered to all viewers or another prize related to the special offer ( such as the Rock of Ages signed CD ) . Some episodes are taped `` out - of - order '' so that a specific episode will air after other episodes have aired . Notably , the Christmas Week episodes are usually taped in early December outside of the regular rotation . An episode may be taped out - of - order if a prize package reflects a trip to an event that is taking place close to the date that episode will air ( primarily with CBS properties such as the Academy of Country Music Awards , NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , and various NFL on CBS games , most notably CBS Super Bowl years since Carey took over , but other games are offered ) . Other episodes may be aired out - of - order because of game - related incidents or situations beyond the network 's control . Most episodes which have aired out of order have occurred when the show is taped far in advance , but in the time between the show taping and its airdate , a natural disaster took place at the trip venue . This happened in June 2005 with episodes that featured trips to New Orleans ( which was later struck by Hurricane Katrina ) , with airdates moved to May and June 2006 and again in April 2010 with episodes that featured trips to Nashville , Tennessee ( due to the May 2010 Tennessee floods ) , with airdates moved to September 2010 . Production company ( edit ) The version of the series that began in 1972 was originally `` A Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Production '' in association with CBS . After Todman died in July 1979 , the unit became known as simply Mark Goodson Productions and was announced as such on The Price Is Right from 1984 to June 2007 . Today , the series is produced by FremantleMedia and copyrighted by The Price Is Right Productions , Inc. , a joint venture of RTL Group and CBS . For the sake of tradition and through special permission from RTL 's subsidiary FremantleMedia , the show continued to use the Mark Goodson Productions name , logo and announcement at the end of each episode until Barker 's retirement , even after FremantleMedia purchased and absorbed the Goodson - Todman holdings . The show is now credited as a FremantleMedia production . Broadcast history ( edit ) The Price Is Right premiered on September 4 , 1972 at 10 : 30 am ET ( 9 : 30 CT ) on CBS , one of three game shows to debut that day , the other two being The Joker 's Wild at 10 : 00 am ET and Gambit at 11 : 00 am ET . The show was first billed as The New Price Is Right to distinguish itself from the earlier / original version ( 1956 -- 65 ) hosted by Bill Cullen , but it proved so popular in its own right that , in June 1973 , the producers decided to drop the word `` New '' from its title . On March 26 , 1973 , CBS moved The Price Is Right to 3 : 00 pm ET , pairing it with Match Game as part of what became the highest - rated pairing in daytime . The show remained in that time slot until August 11 , 1975 when it permanently returned to the morning lineup at 10 : 30am ET . During one week ( September 8 -- 12 , 1975 ) , the show bumped Gambit off as it experimented with sixty - minute episodes . The result of the experiment led to the permanent expansion on November 3 , 1975 , moving its start time to 10 : 00 am EST . On March 7 , 1977 , The Price Is Right moved back to 10 : 30am and remained there until April 23 , 1979 , when it assumed its 11 : 00 am EST slot , where it has been since then . The format of the show has since remained virtually unchanged . New pricing games are generally added each year , while others are removed . In addition , prizes and pricing games have kept pace with inflation , with games originally designed for four - digit prices of prizes ( most often cars ) to be adjusted to allow for five - digit prices . While the set has been redesigned and upgraded , the show maintained a similar aesthetic element from its premiere in 1972 . In season 36 , CBS began offering full episodes of the show available for free viewing on the network 's website . The show also began broadcasting in high definition with The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime specials ( the normal daytime version continued to air in 4 : 3 standard definition ) . The show made the full transition to HD broadcasts beginning with season 37 . During the weeks of September 28 , 2009 , September 20 and October 4 , 2010 , two new episodes aired each weekday on CBS . In 2009 , the additional episodes filled a gap between the cancellation of the daytime drama Guiding Light and the debut of Let 's Make a Deal . In 2010 , the extra episodes aired between the cancellation of As the World Turns and the debut of The Talk . The intervening week offered a second episode of Let 's Make a Deal . The 2009 second episode aired in the time slot vacated by Guiding Light at 10 : 00 am or 3 : 00 pm ET / PT , depending on the affiliate 's choice . In 2010 , the second episode aired in the former As the World Turns time slot , at 2 : 00 pm ET / PT . Syndicated Productions ( edit ) Three syndicated versions of The Price Is Right have aired . The first two followed the same format as the half - hour daytime version but were intended to air on most stations in the early evening in the pre-prime time slot , and as such they were referred by the announcer as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' 1972 -- 1980 ( edit ) Dennis James hosted the original nighttime syndicated version of The Price Is Right from 1972 to 1977 . A weekly syndicated version debuted the week after the daytime show and continued to air until September 1980 . It was distributed by Viacom Enterprises , which had started as the syndication arm of CBS . When Mark Goodson devised the revival of Price for the 1972 -- 73 season , it was intended for a nighttime broadcast under new rules for early - prime syndication and Goodson named Dennis James to host the show . ( When CBS commissioned a new daily daytime version , Goodson also wanted James to host the show , but CBS wanted Barker , who was hosting Truth or Consequences at the time , to take it . Barker offered to compromise by hosting The Joker 's Wild , but CBS again insisted Barker host Price instead . ) James eventually hosted a taping day ( four half - hour episodes ) of the daytime show in December 1974 when Barker fell ill and was unable to participate in the episode tapings . The two versions were largely similar at the beginning , as both were called The New Price Is Right . Some games had rule differences because of the larger budget and less commercial time on the nighttime show ; for example , Double Prices was played for two prizes instead of one . This version retained the 1972 half - hour format for its entire run and never adopted the daytime show 's Double Showcase rule or the Showcase Showdown added to the daytime format when it expanded to an hour in 1975 . As of season two , the word `` New '' was dropped from the program 's name . It was titled The Price Is Right ( as the daytime show was by this time as well ) , often referred to on the air as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' In most of the U.S. , stations carried the syndicated Price as one of several weekly programs aired in one of the time slots in the hour before prime time which were created by the 1971 FCC Prime Time Access Rule . Though the nighttime version originally had higher ratings , by 1975 , the ratings started to drop . After the fifth nighttime season in 1977 , when the contract with NBC 's owned and operated stations ended , James ' contract was not renewed . CBS ' owned and operated stations picked the show up and the decision was made to hire Barker , whose Truth or Consequences was taped two years ahead and had stopped production in 1975 . The series taped its 300th and final episode on March 12 , 1980 and was canceled after weekly syndicated game shows had fallen out of popularity in favor of daily offerings ( such as Family Feud , which expanded to daily syndication the same year The Nighttime Price Is Right ended ) . With a run of eight seasons , it was one of the longest - running weekly syndicated game shows of the era and the longest - running regularly scheduled prime - time version of Price ( the 1957 -- 1964 run was seven seasons ) . 1985 -- 86 ( edit ) Five years later , veteran host Tom Kennedy starred in a new daily syndicated version , which also used the traditional half - hour format and was syndicated by The Television Program Source . Like the previous syndicated series , this version had a slightly larger budget than its daytime counterpart . A perfect bid during the One - Bids won that contestant a $500 bonus ( compared to $100 awarded on the daytime show during the same period ) ; this bonus would permanently carry over to the daytime show in 1998 . This version used the same models as the daytime show as well as announcer Johnny Olson , who as noted above died during the season . Unlike the daytime series , which employed a series of guest announcers until a permanent replacement was decided upon , the syndicated series brought Gene Wood in to fill in for Olson . When the daytime series decided on Rod Roddy as the permanent replacement for Olson , he took over the syndicated series from Wood as well . Like its predecessor , this syndicated edition of Price was intended to be aired in the Prime Time Access slots on local stations . However , local stations found themselves bombarded with game shows and other series looking for spots on stations in an increasingly crowded market . This often resulted in shows like Price airing anywhere that they could be fit into a station 's programming lineup , such as in the early morning period or in late - night slots . As a consequence , the show would not be able to find its intended audience and the ratings reports would reflect this . Price was no exception , as many of the stations that bought the series placed it in these less desirable slots and the show could not find a foothold against the popular shows of the day , such as the runaway success of the syndicated Wheel of Fortune . Compared to some of the other shows on the market during this period , Price was a modest success , but it did not meet the very high expectations stations and producers had for the series . As a result , the show was not renewed beyond its first season . A total of 170 episodes were produced , and they aired in first - run from September 9 , 1985 to May 30 , 1986 . During the six years it held the rights to Price , the Kennedy version is the only one of the three syndicated versions that was rerun by GSN . The New Price Is Right ( edit ) Main article : The New Price Is Right ( 1994 game show ) Eight years after the cancellation of Kennedy 's Price Is Right , a new syndicated version premiered on September 12 , 1994 , hosted by Doug Davidson and distributed by Paramount Domestic Television . This series featured several significant changes : eliminating Contestants ' Row , a different format for the Showcase Showdown , a Showcase featuring only one contestant , a completely different set and a much larger budget ( even when compared to the two previous syndicated runs ) that gave contestants the potential to win up to five times what they could win on the daytime show . However , this version found even more trouble finding an audience than the two previous syndicated series did and ended its run on January 27 , 1995 , after only 16 weeks of first - run shows . Several stylistic elements of this series , as well as many of its music cues , were later integrated into both the daytime version and nighttime specials . CBS primetime specials and series ( edit ) CBS attempted to break NBC 's dominance of Thursday night prime time by The Cosby Show and Family Ties with a six - episode summer series , The Price Is Right Special , beginning in August 1986 . On August 23 , 1996 , CBS aired an hour - long 25th Anniversary Special , using the half - hour gameplay format and featuring a number of retrospective clips . The 30th Anniversary Special was recorded at Harrah 's Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas and aired on January 31 , 2002 . This one - time road trip enticed 5,000 potential contestants to line up for 900 available tickets , causing an incident that left one person injured . A second six - episode primetime series saluting various branches of the United States armed forces , police officers and firefighters aired during the summer of 2002 , as a tribute to the heroes of the terrorist attacks of 2001 . During the series The Price Is Right Salutes , spinning $1.00 in a bonus spin during the Showcase Showdown was worth $100,000 instead of the usual $10,000 . The success of the primetime series , which aired mostly in the summer , along with the rise of `` million dollar '' game shows , led to CBS launching another primetime series in 2003 , titled The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . The 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike and original success in the Nielsen ratings led CBS to commission ten more episodes of the primetime series . This series introduced set changes as the show was broadcast in high definition television for the first time and the set used for these episodes ( except for the black floor ) was moved to the daytime show in 2008 . On the primetime series , larger and more expensive prizes were generally offered than on the daytime show . The Showcase frequently offered multiple or very - expensive cars . In the first sixteen $1,000,000 Spectaculars all hosted by Barker , the payoff for landing on the $1.00 during a bonus spin in the Showcase Showdown was increased to $1 million . Beginning with the seventh special , if nobody had received a bonus spin in either Showcase Showdown , the winner of the Showcase received one bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . If both contestants overbid , an audience member was chosen at random to spin the wheel . This rule was later changed so that in the event of a double overbid , the contestant who overbid by the lower amount received the bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . The million - dollar spin was eliminated in 2008 , and instead contestants were given two ways to winning the prize . One pricing game per episode was selected as a `` million - dollar game '' , with a secondary objective needing to be met in order for the contestant to win the money . Contestants were also awarded the million dollar bonus if they managed to win both Showcases , and the range the players had to come within was initially increased to $1,000 , then reduced to $500 . This format lasted one season ( 2008 ) , which was made as replacement programming . On February 12 , 2016 , CBS announced that it would air three primetime Price is Right specials themed around its reality show franchises The Amazing Race , Big Brother , and Survivor along with the appearance of their respective hosts from all three franchises Phil Keoghan , Julie Chen and Jeff Probst . The episodes featured fans of the three programs playing alongside past participants from them . The specials were filmed in March 2016 , and aired over three consecutive nights , May 23 -- 25 , 2016 . Gameshow Marathon ( edit ) On May 31 , 2006 , The Price Is Right was featured on the series Gameshow Marathon , one of seven classic game shows hosted by talk show host and actress Ricki Lake . This version combined aspects of the Barker and Davidson versions with the celebrity contestants playing three pricing games , followed by a Showcase Showdown where the two contestants with the highest scores moved on to the Showcase . The winner of the Showcase also earned a spot in Finalists ' Row . This version was announced by Fields and taped in Studio 46 . It also marked the first Price Is Right episode directed by DiPirro , who replaced Eskander as the director on the daytime show in January 2009 . Reality web show spinoffs ( edit ) Road to Price ( edit ) Road to Price is a six episode reality documentary show aired on the now - defunct CBS Innertube from September 20 to 27 in 2006 . The program featured nine teenage boys driving to Los Angeles in a refurbished mini-school bus as they leave their hometown of Merrimack , New Hampshire in order to be on The Price is Right . The episode of The Price is Right featuring the cast aired September 27 , 2006 . The Price Is Right male model search ( edit ) Five episodes aired on their official website priceisright.com from October 27 to November 11 , 2014 . The series was created in order to replace the first male Price model Rob Wilson as he pursued an acting career in the online version of the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children . During the webisode series , hopeful contestants attempt to be selected as the next male model . Judges included Mike Richards , Manuela Arbeláez , Amber Lancaster , Gwendolyn Osborne - Smith , Rachel Reynolds , Rob Wilson and former Miss America Shanna Moakler . The three finalists appeared on the CBS daytime talk show The Talk . Online voting determined the winner , and James O'Halloran became the newest cast member . He began appearing with the episode which aired December 15 , 2014 . Documentary film ( edit ) Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much was released on October 13 , 2017 and was directed by CJ Wallis and was produced by FortyFPS Productions and MK Ultra Productions , this documentary explores how contestant Ted Slauson became adept at memorizing the prices of the prizes and products on the show since its inception in 1972 by culminating with Slauson helping a contestant bid perfectly on a showcase in 2008 which resulted in one of the biggest controversies in game show history that was covered by Time , Esquire , TMZ and more . It also featured guest appearances by Bob Barker , Roger Dobkowitz , Kevin Pollak and Drew Carey . Prizes ( edit ) As of November 2009 , the show had given away approximately $250 million in cash and prizes . Furs have not been offered as prizes since Barker 's tenure as host ( although wool and leather are now permitted ) . Several Barker - imposed prohibitions have been lifted since his departure , such as offering products made of leather or leather seats in vehicles and showing simulated meat props on barbecues and in ovens . The show has also offered couture clothing and accessories , featuring designers such as Coach Inc. , Louis Vuitton and Limited Brands in an attempt to attract a younger demographic , as well as backyard play equipment such as JumpSport Trampolines and electronics such as smartphones , personal computer systems , video game systems and entertainment centers . Other prizes which have frequently appeared on the show since its beginnings include automobiles , furniture , trips and cash . The most expensive prize offered on this version of the show was a Ferrari 458 Italia Spider sports car , priced at $285,716 , that appeared on the April 25 , 2013 episode during `` Big Money Week '' . The prize was offered during the 3 Strikes pricing game . Prior to this , the most expensive prize was a Tesla Roadster ( 2008 ) ( valued at $112,845 ) , featured on the April 22 , 2010 episode in the pricing game Golden Road . Automobiles ( edit ) Since the show 's debut , automobiles have been a signature prize on The Price Is Right . Most hour - long episodes have two pricing games that are each played for an automobile and in most episodes ( although not all ) , at least one showcase will include an automobile . For special episodes , such as the 5,000 th episode , there will often be more cars offered . From 1991 to 2008 , almost all automobiles offered on the show were made by companies based in the United States , specifically Detroit 's Big Three ( although cars made by these companies ' foreign subsidiaries or in a joint - venture with a foreign company were also offered ) . The move was made by Barker , in his capacity as executive producer , as a sign of patriotism during the first Iraq war in 1991 and as a show of support to the American car industry , which was particularly struggling at that time . When Chrysler merged with German automaker Daimler - Benz in 1998 to form Daimler Chrysler AG ( now simply Daimler AG after Chrysler split from the automaker ; Chrysler is now controlled by Italian automaker Fiat ) , the foreign ownership of Chrysler did not affect carrying any Chrysler - related models . Since Barker 's retirement , cars made by foreign companies have been offered , most notably Honda , which has several factories throughout Ohio ( the home state of Carey and then - announcer Fields ) . Through product placement , certain episodes in 2008 and 2009 featured Honda as the exclusive automobile manufacturer for vehicles offered on that episode . The major European ( Volkswagen , BMW , Daimler , Fiat and Volvo ) and Asian ( Hyundai - Kia , Toyota , Mitsubishi , Mazda , Nissan and Honda ) manufacturers have all provided cars on the show since the ban was lifted , with premium foreign cars almost exclusively used for games that generally offer higher - priced cars , such as Golden Road and 3 Strikes . Starting around 2010 , vintage and classic cars have occasionally been offered as prizes for games which do not involve pricing them . Among them have been a 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air and a 1964 Bentley S3 . These cars are usually offered in games where their prices are irrelevant to gameplay , such as Hole in One and Bonus Game . Winnings records ( edit ) The record for the largest individual total in cash and prizes on a daytime episode is held by Christen Freeman . On the October 28 , 2016 episode , which aired during Big Money Week , Freeman won $210,000 in cash during a playing of Cliff Hangers . During the episode , game rules were modified to offer a top prize of $250,000 , which was reduced by $10,000 for every step the mountain climber took . In addition to her One Bid prize and an additional $1,000 won during the Showcase Showdown , Freeman 's grand total was $212,879 . The record for winnings on the primetime show is currently held by Adam Rose . On February 22 , 2008 , the first The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular episode since Carey became host , Rose won $20,000 playing Grand Game and won both showcases , which included a Cadillac XLR convertible in his own showcase and a Ford Escape Hybrid in his opponent 's showcase , plus a $1 million bonus for being within $1,000 of the actual retail price of his own showcase , bringing his total to $1,153,908 . Terry Kniess holds the record for the closest bid on a showcase without going over , guessing the exact price of the showcase he was given . Kniess , an avid viewer of the show , recorded and watched every episode for four months prior to when he and his wife had tickets to attend in September 2008 . Kniess learned that many prizes were repeatedly used ( always at the same price ) and began taking notes . Kniess was selected as a contestant on September 22 , 2008 , lost his pricing game ( the only contestant to do so that episode ) , made it to the final showcase and guessed the exact amount of $23,743 for his showcase . Many show staffers , including Carey , were worried that the show was rigged and that Kniess was cheating . Kniess later explained that he had seen all three items of the showcase before and knew the general prices in the thousands . The 743 he used because it was his PIN , based on his wedding date and his wife 's birth month . Carey attributed his subdued reaction to the perfect bid by saying , `` Everybody thought someone had cheated . We 'd just fired Roger Dobkowitz , and all the fan groups were upset about it ... I remember asking , ' Are we ever going to air this ? ' And nobody could see how we could . So I thought the show was never going to air . I thought somebody had cheated us , and I thought the whole show was over . I thought they were going to shut us down , and I thought I was going to be out of a job . '' Kniess later defended his actions , claiming that he never cheated , and in the end , was awarded his prizes . ( His feat can be comparable to the actions of Michael Larson , who appeared on the CBS 1980s game show Press Your Luck , and won $110,237 by memorizing the board sequence . ) Reception ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The Price Is Right has received seven Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show , in 1988 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2016 . Critical reaction ( edit ) The Price Is Right has generally been praised and remained a stalwart in television ratings over its long history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named the program the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The introduction of the program ushered in a new era of game shows -- moving away from the knowledge - based quiz show format , creating `` a noisy , carnival atmosphere that challenged cultural norms and assumptions represented in previous generations of quiz shows '' . The show 's early reception was not as universally positive , as critics lamented the show 's stark departure from the highbrow norms of the Golden Age of Television ; original nighttime host Dennis James admitted that even his own housekeeper did not watch the show for that reason , but also defended the series , saying `` CBS , who never wanted game shows , just put three game shows on the air , so they know they had better join the fight or lose out , because game shows have a tremendous appeal . The critics will always look down their noses , but you ca n't have The Bell Telephone Hour on and still stay in competition ( ... ) If you want to read books , read books . '' Controversy ( edit ) Lawsuits ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s , the program production company and in some cases the executive producer ( both Barker and Richards , the executive producer since September 2009 ) have been sued by numerous women . Most of the lawsuits involved models and other staff members in cases of sexual harassment , wrongful termination and racial discrimination . Allegations of sexual harassment brought by Parkinson led to Barker calling a press conference to admit a past consensual sexual relationship with her , while denying any harassment and alleging instead that she was only angry with him for calling off the relationship . Barker was widowed in 1981 following the death of his wife , Dorothy Jo . It has also been alleged that Barker and senior staff created a hostile work environment , particularly to those who testified for the plaintiffs suing Barker . Responding to the controversy just before his retirement , Barker told William Keck of USA Today , `` ( The allegations have ) been such a problem . I do n't want to say anything about them . They ( were ) disgusting ; I do n't want to mention them . '' The Barker - era lawsuits , except for one , were settled out of court . After Barker dropped his slander suit against Hallstrom , she eventually countersued and received millions in settlement . There are two lawsuits in litigation : a pregnancy discrimination suit involving Sherwood and a sexual harassment suit involving Lanisha Cole , filed in September 2011 . Plinko board incident ( edit ) The Plinko board is often used by RTL Group - licensed lottery promotions , CBS affiliates and Fremantle 's Ludia video game division to promote the show . For the promotions , two fishing lines ( one on each side of the board , hanging from the side down towards the center slot ) are used to rig the game so the dropped chip always lands in the $10,000 slot . After an advertisement for the show 's Ludia video game was taped , the wires were mistakenly left in place for the 1 : 00 pm taping of The Price Is Right on July 22 , 2008 . As a contestant was playing the game , three consecutive chips she dropped landed in the $10,000 slot . As the fourth chip was being dropped , a co-producer realized that the wires were still in place and stopped the chip as it bounced down the board , informing Carey of the situation . The wires were removed and the entire segment was re-shot for the show from the point where the contestant began dropping chips . CBS Standards and Practices allowed the contestant to keep the $30,000 won prior to the removal of the wires as well as the money won with the five chips after the mistake had been corrected . However , the segment that aired ( when the show was broadcast on December 5 , 2008 ) did not refer to the mistake or the amount of money won prior to the removal of the wires . 40th Anniversary ( edit ) The show aired a 40th Anniversary Special on September 4 , 2012 . The entire audience was made up of former contestants . Barker did not appear , stating that he believed that he had been excluded for criticizing some of the prizes given away after Carey became host , such as a trip to the Calgary Stampede rodeo . Although he did not appear in person , vintage clips of Barker hosting the show were shown during the episode . Barker appeared on the show twice afterwards , once in December 2013 during Pet Adoption Week , celebrating his 90th birthday , and again on April 1 , 2015 as the guest host for the first pricing game , part of an April Fool 's Day storyline involving Carey and Plinko being kidnapped to Let 's Make a Deal . Merchandise ( edit ) The Price Is Right has expanded beyond television to home and casino - based games . DVD release ( edit ) A four - disc DVD box set , titled The Best of `` The Price Is Right , '' was released on March 25 , 2008 . The set features four episodes of the 1956 -- 1965 Bill Cullen series , 17 episodes of the Barker 1972 -- 1975 daytime series and the final five daytime episodes hosted by Barker . In accordance with Barker 's animal - rights wishes , which remain in effect beyond his retirement , any episodes with fur coats as prizes can not be aired or released into home media formats . This includes the first three daytime shows recorded in 1972 , plus most of the 1970s syndicated run . Board games ( edit ) Seven board games have been produced . One of them was a variation of a card game , using prizes and price tags from the 1956 version . The second was based more closely on the original version of the show . Three games were produced during the 1970s by Milton Bradley , with Contestants ' Row , some pricing games and , in the case of the third version , a spinner for the Big Wheel . In the first two versions , decks of cards had various grocery items , small prizes and larger prizes . The third version simply had cards for each game that included ten sets of `` right '' answers , all using the same price choices . The instruction book specified what color cards were necessary for each round . The 1986 version , again by Milton Bradley , was similar in scope to the earlier version , with new prizes and more games , but lacking the Big Wheel , similar to the Davidson version . The instruction book refers to Contestants ' Row as the `` Qualifying Round '' and the pricing games as `` Solo Games . '' The book also instructs players to use items priced under $100 as One Bids . The 1998 version of the game , by Endless Games , was virtually identical to the 1986 release , with the same games , prizes and even the same prices . The only changes were that the number tiles were made of cardboard bits instead of plastic and the cars from the deck of prizes with four - digit prices were removed . The 2004 version , again by Endless Games , was a complete departure from previous home versions . Instead of different prize cards and games , the game consisted of everything needed to play 45 games and enough materials to create all the games not technically included if the `` host '' wished to and knew their rules . The Big Wheel spinner was also restored , this time with the numbers in the correct order . Additionally , the prices , instead of being random numbers that could change each time the game was played , were actual prices taken from episodes of the TV show . To fit everything in the box , grocery items and prizes were listed in the instruction book and games were played on dry erase boards . A spinner determined the game to be played next , although its use was not necessarily required if the `` host '' wished to build his own game lineup , or even use a pricing game not included in the lineup . Computer and electronic games ( edit ) In 1990 , GameTek created a Price Is Right computer game for the DOS and Commodore 64 platforms and other systems to fit in their line of other game show games . A handheld Tiger game was made in 1998 with four pricing games . A DVD game with 12 pricing games , live casino show host Todd Newton and video of prizes taken directly from the show was produced by Endless Games in 2005 . A 2008 DVD edition , also from Endless Games , featured many changes based on season 36 and included seven new games : Half Off , More or Less , Swap Meet , Secret X , That 's Too Much , Coming or Going and Hole in One . It also featured both host Drew Carey and announcer Rich Fields . CBS.com featured an online Price Is Right - based game in the late - 1990s , which was plugged in the closing credits of each episode . The game consisted of choosing which of the four bidders in Contestant 's Row was closest to the price of a prize without going over . Additionally , Mobliss provides a suite of pricing games for cellular phones . On March 26 , 2008 , Ludia ( in connection with Ubisoft ) launched The Price Is Right video game for PC . A version for the Wii and Nintendo DS platforms was released in September 2008 , while a version for the iOS was released in November 2008 . The show 's announcer , Fields , was the host of the computer version . The virtual set in the game resembles the set used in seasons 31 to 34 . Ludia announced that all three platforms will receive a new version of the video game that was previewed at the Target Bullseye Lounge during the Electronic Entertainment Expo trade show on June 2 -- 4 , 2009 . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition was released on September 22 , 2009 . In the fall of 2010 , Ludia developed a multi-player version for Facebook . A third Ludia adaptation , The Price Is Right Decades , featuring set designs , pricing games and prizes taken from the 1970s through 2000s ; was initially released for the Wii in October 2011 , with an Xbox 360 and iOS release following in November and December . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition and The Price Is Right Decades have also been released as downloads within the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 in May 2010 and April 2012 , respectively . Irwin Toys released an electronic tabletop version in 2008 featuring Contestant 's Row , the Big Wheel , a physical Plinko board with chips , Showcases and seven pricing games . Jakks Pacific released a Plug It in and Play version of The Price Is Right in 2009 , featuring Carey and Fields . Slot machines ( edit ) A series of video slot machines were manufactured for North American casinos by International Game Technology . Although gameplay varies by machine , each feature themes and motifs found on the show , including the Showcase Showdown , with themes used following Carey 's start as host . Others feature pricing games as gameplay elements , including Plinko , Cliff Hangers , Punch a Bunch , Dice Game , and Money Game . Scratch - off tickets ( edit ) A scratchcard version of the game is being offered by several U.S. and Canadian lotteries , featuring adaptations of Plinko , Cliff Hangers , the Showcase Showdown and the Showcase . The top prize varies with each version . Live casino game ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right Live ! After the 30th anniversary episode taped in Las Vegas in 2002 , Harrah 's and RTL Group began producing live licensed shows ( dubbed The Price Is Right Live ! ) at their venues , with several performers , including Roger Lodge , Newton and Gray hosting , with West , Rosen and Dave Walls announcing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' Celebrates its 8000th Episode on Monday , April 7 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Brings New Syndicated Shows '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan and Wostbrock , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes & Catchphrases Hits the Air With a Comprehensive List of TV 's Most Memorable Expressions Over the Past 60 Years '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 4 , 1972 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Games -- www.priceisright.com '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The sequence of the money values on the wheel is 5 ¢ , $1.00 , 15 ¢ , 80 ¢ , 35 ¢ , 60 ¢ , 20 ¢ , 40 ¢ , 75 ¢ , 55 ¢ , 95 ¢ , 50 ¢ , 85 ¢ , 30 ¢ , 65 ¢ , 10 ¢ , 45 ¢ , 70 ¢ , 25 ¢ , 90 ¢ . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Barker 's final ' Price ' airing June 15 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Bauder ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Price is Right for Drew Carey '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dovarganes , Damian ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Barker to mark his 90th birthday on `` The Price is Right '' `` . CBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 43 . Episode 7073K. April 1 , 2015 . CBS . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' and ' Let 's Make a Deal ' Both Celebrate April Fool 's Day with Themed Shows April 1 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` It 's no joke : Carey , Ferguson swap jobs on April Fool 's ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Olsen , Longtime Announcer On Television Game Shows , At Age 75 '' . Chicago Tribune . October 13 , 1985 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Announcer Chosen At Last for Price Is Right '' . Wichita Eagle . March 6 , 1986 . p. 14A . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hanashiro , Robert ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` Price is Right Announcer Rod Roddy Dies '' . USA Today . Los Angeles : Gannett Company . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` For announcer , ' Right ' job came along '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Welcomes Three Guest Announcers in its New Season '' . cbs.com . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fields , Rich . `` Statement from Fields announcing his departure from The Price is Right '' . richfields.tv . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Price is Right Has a New Announcer '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Su ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Bob Barker to face courtroom battle after model 's suit ruled valid '' . Court TV . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Drew Carey 's the big wheel at ' The Price Is Right ' '' . USA Today . Hollywood , California . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Price Is Right ' Looking For the Right Male Model '' . Associated Press . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Winner Announced '' . CBS . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 42 . Episode 6702 . April 15 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( ( cite title = Bob Stewart , Inventor of Game Shows , Is Dead at 91 url = http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/arts/television/bob-stewart-inventor-of-game-shows-is-dead-at-91.html publisher = The New York Times date = May 7 , 2012 accessdate = February 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price Is Right ' producer exits : Dobkowitz departs show after 36 seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Chris ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` TV 's Crowning Moment of Awesome '' . Esquire . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grece , Kathy ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Kathy Greco Makes a Difficult Decision '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Adam ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Farewell and Welcome '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price ' names executive producer '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5331 . October 18 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5273K . October 20 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ Smith , Ken ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Price ' is still ' Right ' for Bob Barker fans '' . MSNBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Just In : Price Revises Its Eligibility Rules '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . February 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On - Camera Audiences Connects Fans with Their Favorite TV Shows '' . RedOrbit . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The New Price Is Right . Episode # 0101 - 2 / 0013D . CBS. and The New Price Is Right . Episode # 0013D ( R ) . CBS . Jump up ^ Barker - hosted episodes that offered fur coats can not air or be released to DVD . The policy does not apply to episodes with other hosts and both wool coats and leather items have been offered on Carey episodes . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 5,000 th Price Is Right '' . TPIR.tv . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sterngold , James ( September 19 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Uncanned '' . New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right -- Ticket Information '' . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes from Guy Fieri ! '' . The Price Is Right . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark McDermott . `` Mark Goodson and Bill Todman '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maurice DuBois ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drew 's Debut : Carey ' Price Is Right ' Era Begins '' . WCBS . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Nighttime Price Is Right '' Station List `` . j-shea.com . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barker , Bob ( 2009 ) . Priceless Memories . Center Street . p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 59995 - 135 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` Bob Barker on saying goodbye to The Price Is Right '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Game Show Utopia . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nighttime Price Is Right with Tom Kennedy '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The New Price is Right ( 1994 ) '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Will `` Price '' Be Right for a CBS Win in Ratings Battle Against `` Cosby '' ? `` . Daily News of Los Angeles . August 14 , 1986 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Showdown in Vegas : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Show Producers Pay a Price for Free Tickets '' . Studio Briefing . Internet Movie Database . January 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Plans The Price Is Right Primetime Specials '' . Broadcasting and Cable . January 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Price Is Right to Air 3 Reality Show Crossover Primetime Specials '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Come on Down ... to Primetime ! CBS to Air Three Special Primetime Editions of Network Television 's # 1 Daytime Series , The Price Is Right '' . CBS Press Express . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to visiting TPIR in Person '' . PlanetRicki.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' ROAD TO PRICE '' A SIX - PART REALITY SERIES CHRONICLING NINE TEENAGERS ' CROSS-COUNTRY BUS TRIP TO `` THE PRICE IS RIGHT '' TO STREAM ON CBS 'S BROADBAND CHANNEL INNERTUBE `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Price Official Website ( via CBS.com ) '' . CBS.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' THE PRICE IS RIGHT 'S '' FIRST EVER NATIONWIDE SEARCH FOR THE SHOW 'S NEXT MALE MODEL CONTINUES WITH 30 FINALISTS `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Search Official Website ( via priceisright.com ) '' . priceisright.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much '' . FortyFPS Productions . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Come On Down ! Multiple Daytime Emmy Award - Winning `` The Price Is Right '' Celebrates Its 7,000 th Episode Thursday Nov. 5 on the CBS Television Network `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clayton Stairs ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Georgetown woman competes on The Price is Right '' . Georgetown , SC : South Strand News . After hearing her name called and then the iconic words , `` Come on down ... , '' she had the closest bid to win a JumpSport 14 - foot Stage Bounce Trampoline worth about $950 , according to Caly Johnson , spokesperson for CBS , the network that airs the show . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 6323 . April 25 , 2013 . 38 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Earth Day Prizelust : Tesla Roadster on Price is Right is most expensive freebie ever '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Price is Right . Season 45 . Episode 7665K. 28 October 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . Season 36 . Episode 0024SP . February 22 , 2008 . CBS . Carey : `` Adam 's won $1,153,908 worth of prizes today on The Price Is Right . '' ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Joanne ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Barker still a prize : Durable host gave ' Price Is Right ' a long spin '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show : Bob Barker '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hoerschelmann , Olaf . `` Quiz and Game Shows '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bob Barker '' . Larry King Live . December 26 , 2002 . CNN . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` The time is right for Barker '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Right time for farewell : Specials mark end of career for game - show host Bob Barker '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Time Is Right : At 83 , Barker Departs ' Price Is Right , ' And CBS Reminiscences With Two Specials '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shegerian & Associates Files Pregnancy Discrimination Lawsuit on Behalf of Former Miss USA Brandi Sherwood Against CBS 's Game Show The Price Is Right '' . Business Wire . Los Angeles . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Enrico ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Model Lanisha Cole sues `` Price is Right '' producers for sexual harassment `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . `` The Price is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker Speaks Out After Exclusion From ' The Price Is Right ' 40th Anniversary Special '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corneau , Allison ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker `` Fine '' With Exclusion from Price Is Right 40th Anniversary Special `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` The Best of The Price is Right '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right ( 1958 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Price Is Right ( 1974 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right 2nd DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Announces Three New Game Show Titles '' . IGN . May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everyone Can Be A Gamer With Jakks Pacific 's High - Tech Toys For a Low - Tech Budget '' . Kids Turn Central . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Showcase Showdown '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Video Slots Featuring Fishing Game '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Fort Knox Mystery Progressives '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Plinko '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Cliff Hangers '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Punch A Bunch '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Dice Game '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right Slots Featuring Money Game '' ( PDF ) . International Game Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Lottery Game -- New Jersey Lottery '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Works cited ( edit ) Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website at CBS.com Official website at FremantleMedia.com The Price Is Right on IMDb The Price Is Right at TV.com Awards Preceded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 1996 -- 97 2007 2013 2016 Succeeded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Cash Cab Jeopardy ! Incumbent The Price Is Right United States Versions The Price Is Right The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gameshow Marathon The Price Is Right Live ! Production List of The Price Is Right pricing games Models International Australia Current series 1957 -- 1974 original series United Kingdom France Mexico Philippines Italy Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! 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About Wikipedia	where do they tape the price is right	[ "Except for the 30th Anniversary Special, which was taped at Harrah's Rio in Las Vegas, Nevada, The Price Is Right has been taped in Studio 33 in CBS Television City in Hollywood, California for its entire run.[40] The studio, which is also used for other television productions, was renamed the Bob Barker Studio in the host's honor on the ceremonial 5,000th episode taped in March 1998.[41] When Carey became host, there was talk of the show traveling in the future.[22] The program is usually produced in about an hour, although if there is a guest involved, some tapings will last longer because of question and answer sessions by the audience and the guest, which the host usually moderates.[42] Two episodes are usually taped each day, normally with three taping days per week (Monday through Wednesday, with one episode taped at 12:00 pm and another at 4:00 pm). The program is taped in advance of its airdate. For example, the show broadcast on February 28, 2008 was taped on January 16.[43] As with many other shows that start production in the summer, the lead time varies during the season, as many as fifteen weeks to as little as one day. The audience is entertained by the announcer before taping begins and in case of guests, the guest will answer questions from the audience. After the taping session, there is a drawing for a door prize. On some episodes, all members of the audience receive a prize from a sponsor or celebrity guest; those prizes are usually mentioned in the Showcase (such as a complimentary slice of Papa John's Pizza, an NHL Winter Classic game puck, a couples' gift box from Hershey's or a book authored by a guest).[44] Television and Internet viewers have also been directed to the show's official website to enter a drawing for a similar prize offered to all viewers or another prize related to the special offer (such as the Rock of Ages signed CD). Some episodes are taped \"out-of-order\" so that a specific episode will air after other episodes have aired. Notably, the Christmas Week episodes are usually taped in early December outside of the regular rotation. An episode may be taped out-of-order if a prize package reflects a trip to an event that is taking place close to the date that episode will air (primarily with CBS properties such as the Academy of Country Music Awards, NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, and various NFL on CBS games, most notably CBS Super Bowl years since Carey took over, but other games are offered). Other episodes may be aired out-of-order because of game-related incidents or situations beyond the network's control. Most episodes which have aired out of order have occurred when the show is taped far in advance, but in the time between the show taping and its airdate, a natural disaster took place at the trip venue. This happened in June 2005 with episodes that featured trips to New Orleans (which was later struck by Hurricane Katrina), with airdates moved to May and June 2006 and again in April 2010 with episodes that featured trips to Nashville, Tennessee (due to the May 2010 Tennessee floods), with airdates moved to September 2010." ]	[ "Studio 33 in CBS Television City in Hollywood, California" ]
-1710034571411987476	macOS	MacOS - Wikipedia MacOS Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current Apple operating system for Mac computers . For pre-2001 versions , see Classic Mac OS . `` OSX '' and `` OS X '' redirect here . For other uses , see OSX ( disambiguation ) . macOS Screenshot of macOS High Sierra beta 1 Developer Apple Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Macintosh , Unix Working state Current Source model Closed source ( with open source components ) Initial release March 24 , 2001 ; 16 years ago ( 2001 - 03 - 24 ) Latest release 10.12. 6 ( 16G29 ) ( July 19 , 2017 ; 60 days ago ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) ) ( ± ) Latest preview 10.13. 0 GM candidate ( 17A362a ) ( September 14 , 2017 ; 3 days ago ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) ) ( ± ) Marketing target Personal computing Available in 34 languages List of languages ( show ) As of macOS Sierra : Arabic , Catalan , Croatian , Chinese ( Simplified ) , Chinese ( Traditional ) , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Malay , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Portuguese ( Portugal ) , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Spanish ( Mexico ) , Spanish ( Spain ) , Swedish , Thai , Turkish , Ukrainian , Vietnamese Update method Mac App Store ( 10.8 + ) Software Update ( 10.0 -- 10.7 ) Platforms x86 - 64 ( 10.4. 7 + ) IA - 32 ( 10.4. 4 -- 10.6. 8 ; discontinued ) PowerPC ( 10.0 -- 10.5. 8 ; discontinued ) Kernel type Hybrid ( XNU ) Default user interface Graphical ( Aqua ) License Commercial software , proprietary software Preceded by Classic Mac OS Official website www.apple.com/macos Support status Supported macOS ( pronounced / ˌmækoʊˈɛs / ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is the current series of Unix - based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple 's Macintosh computers ( `` Macs '' ) . It has been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002 . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows . Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X , the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems . Mac OS X succeeded `` classic '' Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . An initial , early version of the system , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , followed in March 2001 . Releases were code named after big cats from the original release up until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Beginning in 2013 with OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after landmarks in California . Apple changed the original name `` Mac OS X '' to `` OS X '' in 2012 and then to `` macOS '' in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version of macOS is macOS 10.12 Sierra , which was publicly released in September 2016 . macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997 , when Apple acquired the company . The `` X '' in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced `` ten '' , as it is the Roman numeral for the number 10 . The X was a prominent part of the operating system 's brand identity , and was used to showcase its Unix compatibility ; UNIX 03 certification was achieved for the Intel version of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and all releases from Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard up to the current version also have UNIX 03 certification . macOS shares its Unix - based core , named Darwin , and many of its frameworks with iOS , tvOS and watchOS . A heavily modified version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was used for the first - generation Apple TV . Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers . Beginning with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , the server functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store . Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC - based Macs from the time period . After Apple announced that they were switching to Intel CPUs from 2006 onwards , a separate version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was made and distributed exclusively with early Intel - based Macs ; it included an emulator known as Rosetta , which allowed users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel - based Macs . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary , meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors . In 2009 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard , which ran exclusively on Intel - based Macs . In 2011 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , which no longer supported 32 - bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta . All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64 - bit Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications . Part of a series on macOS Features ( show ) History Transition to Intel processors Architecture Technologies List of applications List of games Components Versions ( show ) Hera ( 1.0 ) Kodiak ( Public Beta ) Cheetah ( 10.0 ) Puma ( 10.1 ) Jaguar ( 10.2 ) Panther ( 10.3 ) Tiger ( 10.4 ) Leopard ( 10.5 ) Snow Leopard ( 10.6 ) Lion ( 10.7 ) Mountain Lion ( 10.8 ) Mavericks ( 10.9 ) Yosemite ( 10.10 ) El Capitan ( 10.11 ) Sierra ( 10.12 ) Applications ( show ) Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Dashboard Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Grapher iTunes ( version history ) Mac App Store Mail Messages Photo Booth Preview QuickTime Safari ( version history ) Stickies TextEdit Utilities ( show ) Activity Monitor AirPort Utility Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange ColorSync Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Remote Install Mac OS X Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Related ( show ) Classic Mac OS Copland NeXTSTEP Rhapsody Darwin Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Mac OS X 1.2. 1 Launch of Mac OS X 1.2. 2 Following releases 1.3 OS X 1.4 macOS 2 Architecture 2.1 Software compatibility 2.2 Hardware compatibility 2.3 PowerPC -- Intel transition 3 Features 3.1 Aqua user interface 3.2 Components 3.3 Multilingual support 3.4 Updating methods 4 Release history 4.1 Mac OS X Public Beta 4.2 Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 4.3 Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 4.4 Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 4.5 Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 4.6 Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 4.7 Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 4.8 Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 4.9 Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 4.10 OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 4.11 OS X 10.9 Mavericks 4.12 OS X 10.10 Yosemite 4.13 OS X 10.11 El Capitan 4.14 macOS 10.12 Sierra 4.15 macOS 10.13 High Sierra 5 Reception 5.1 Usage share 5.2 Malware and spyware 5.3 Promotion 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Simplified history of Unix - like operating systems Main article : History of macOS The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT , a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985 . There , the Unix - like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed , and then launched in 1989 . The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel , which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University , with additional kernel layers and low - level user space code derived from parts of BSD . Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object - oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective - C programming language . Throughout the early 1990s , Apple had tried to create a `` next - generation '' OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent , Copland and Gershwin projects , but all of them were eventually abandoned . This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996 , allowing NeXTSTEP , then called OPENSTEP , to serve as the basis for Apple 's next generation operating system . This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim , and then the permanent CEO , shepherding the transformation of the programmer - friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple 's primary market of home users and creative professionals . The project was first code named `` Rhapsody '' and then officially named Mac OS X . Mac OS X Launch of Mac OS X Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple 's operating system for Macintosh computers ; current versions of macOS retain the major version number `` 10 '' . Previous Macintosh operating systems ( versions of the classic Mac OS ) were named using Arabic numerals , e.g. Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 . The letter `` X '' in Mac OS X 's name refers to the number 10 , a Roman numeral . It is therefore correctly pronounced `` ten '' / ˈtɛn / in this context . However , it is also commonly pronounced like the letter `` X '' / ˈɛks / . The first version of Mac OS X , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was a transitional product , featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS , though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system . Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility . Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API ; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance . The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0 . Reviews were variable , with extensive praise for its sophisticated , glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance . With Apple 's popularity at a low , the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X . Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa , who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10 , described the early releases in retrospect as ' dog - slow , feature poor ' and Aqua as ' unbearably slow and a huge resource hog ' . Following releases Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X . Siracusa 's review of version 10.3 , Panther , noted `` It 's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases . '' Version 10.4 , Tiger , reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features , such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing , that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance . In 2006 , the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger . In 2007 , Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the first to run on both PowerPC and Intel Macs with the use of universal binaries . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of OS X to drop support for PowerPC Macs . As the operating system evolved , it moved away from the classic Mac OS , with applications being added and removed . Targeting the consumer and media markets , Apple emphasized its new `` digital lifestyle '' applications such as the iLife suite , integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser . With increasing popularity of the internet , Apple offered additional online services , including the . Mac , MobileMe and most recently iCloud products . It also began selling third - party applications through the Mac App Store . Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface , moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions . Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance , or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4 . In Leopard , Apple announced a unification of the interface , with a standardized gray - gradient window style . A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards . While Apple 's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system , the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X , which would later be called `` iPhone OS '' and then iOS . The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple , which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard . However , after Apple opened the iPhone to third - party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X , with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development . In two succeeding versions , Lion and Mountain Lion , Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS , at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use . This direction was , like brushed metal interfaces , unpopular with some users , although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility , which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula , and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard . In addition , with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X , selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store . A review described the trend in the server products as becoming `` cheaper and simpler ... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones . '' OS X OS X logo from 2012 - 2013 In 2012 , with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X . That year , Apple removed the head of OS X development , Scott Forstall , and design was changed towards a more minimal direction . Apple 's new user interface design , using deep color saturation , text - only buttons and a minimal , ' flat ' interface , was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013 . With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7 , the version released in 2013 , OS X 10.9 Mavericks , was something of a transitional release , with some of the skeuomorphic design removed , while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged . The next version , OS X 10.10 Yosemite , adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse . From 2012 onwards , the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS . It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards , before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards . Some journalists and third - party software developers have suggested that this decision , while allowing more rapid feature release , meant less opportunity to focus on stability , with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features . Apple 's 2015 update , OS X 10.11 El Capitan , was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements . MacOS In 2016 , with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra , the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple 's other primary operating systems : iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . macOS 10.12 Sierra 's main features are the introduction of Siri to macOS , Optimized Storage , improvements to included applications , and greater integration with Apple 's iPhone and Apple Watch . The Apple File System was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2016 as a replacement for HFS Plus , a highly criticized file system . This new file system will be implemented at a later date . At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS 10.13 High Sierra . Architecture Main article : Architecture of macOS At macOS 's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel , with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface . Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin . On top of Darwin , Apple layered a number of components , including the Aqua interface and the Finder , to complete the GUI - based operating system which is macOS . With its original introduction as Mac OS X , the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor , the classic Mac OS . For example , pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system 's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other . Many aspects of macOS 's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP , which was designed to be portable , to ease the transition from one platform to another . For example , NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k - based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple , and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project . The default macOS file system is HFS+ , which it inherited from the classic Mac OS . Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+ , saying it is `` probably the worst file system ever '' , whose design is `` actively corrupting user data '' . He criticized the case insensitivity of file names , a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode . Initially , HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS , which runs on big - endian 68K and PowerPC systems . When Apple switched Macintosh to little - endian Intel processors , it continued to use big - endian byte order on HFS+ file systems . As a result , macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data . These concerns are being addressed with the new Apple File System , which will be included in a later update . The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system , which includes the Unix permissions layer . In 2003 and 2005 , two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme ; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions `` the most common frustration '' in macOS , while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day , a process which can take up to 15 minutes . More recently , another Macworld editor , Dan Frakes , called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused . He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference , and resetting permissions should just be tried when problems emerge . The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design : the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks . Apple provides its own software development tools , most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode . Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C , C++ , Objective - C , and Swift . For the Apple -- Intel transition , it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary , which provides compatibility with both the Intel - based and PowerPC - based Macintosh lines . First and third - party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework , retained from the classic Mac OS , or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge . Software compatibility See also : List of Macintosh software List of macOS versions and the software they run Operating system Safari Mail QuickTime iTunes Messages / iChat iWork 10.12 `` Sierra '' 10.1 10.3 10.4 12.7 10.0 2016 10.11 `` El Capitan '' 9.0 10.10 `` Yosemite '' 9.1. 3 8.0 2014 10.9 `` Mavericks '' 7.3 10.3 12.6. 2 2013 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' 6.1 ? 10.2 12.4. 3 ' 09 10.7 `` Lion '' 10.1 12.2. 2 8.0 b or 6.0. 1 10.6 `` Snow Leopard '' 5.1. 10 4.5 11.4 5.0 10.5 `` Leopard '' 5.0. 6 3.6 7.7 10.6. 3 4.0 10.4 `` Tiger '' 4.1. 3 2.1. 3 7.6. 4 9.2. 1 3.0 10.3 `` Panther '' 1.3. 2 1. x 7.5 7.7. 1 2.1 ' 05 10.2 `` Jaguar '' 1.0. 3 6.5. 3 6.0. 5 2.0 Keynote 10.1 `` Puma '' N / A 6.3. 1 4.7. 1 N / A N / A 10.0 `` Cheetah '' 5.0 2.0. 4 Jump up ^ Messages 8.0 b was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12 , 2012 . Afterwards , users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X ( 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' for US $19.99 , or 10.9 `` Mavericks '' or newer for free ) to continue using Messages . Jump up ^ Keynote 1.0 is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 `` Jaguar '' . Two minor updates , 1.1 and 1.1. 1 , can be applied to this version . Jump up ^ iTunes 2.0. 4 can only run if Classic is installed . Otherwise , Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1. 1 natively . Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS : Cocoa and Carbon . Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS , while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs , allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X . The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems . This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers , since the `` NS '' prefix is ubiquitous in the framework , standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT / Sun . The official OPENSTEP API , published in September 1994 , was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the `` NS '' prefix . Traditionally , Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective - C , with Java as an alternative . However , on July 11 , 2005 , Apple announced that `` features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa - Java programming interface . '' macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a `` preferred software package '' -- in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible , and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces . Since 2014 , Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms . Apple 's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs . This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers , who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite , and the idea was shelved . To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X , the Carbon Application Programming Interface ( API ) was created . Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X , although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed . Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X : the little - used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0 , which also did not include the Aqua interface . Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards , announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at 64 - bit . As of 2015 , a small number of older Mac OS X apps with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS still used Carbon , including Microsoft Office . Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations ; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors . Because macOS is POSIX compliant , many software packages written for the other Unix - like systems such as Linux can be recompiled to run on it , including much scientific and technical software . Third - party projects such as Homebrew , Fink , MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages . Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look - and - feel . The current Apple - endorsed method is the open - source XQuartz project ; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple , or before that the XDarwin project . Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading ( with or without code signing , available via an Apple developer account ) or through the Mac App Store , a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company 's approval . Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox , restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features . This has been cited as an advantage , by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system , but also as a disadvantage , by blocking the Mac App Store 's use by professional applications that require elevated privileges . Applications without any code signature can not be run by default except from a computer 's administrator account . Apple produces macOS applications , some of which are included and some sold separately . This includes iWork , Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , iLife , and the database application FileMaker . Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS . Hardware compatibility List of macOS versions , the supported systems on which they run , and their RAM requirements Operating system Supported systems RAM requirement 10.12 -- 10.13 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2009 ( iMac and main MacBook line ) , 2010 ( other ) or later 2 GB 10.8 -- 10.11 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2007 ( prosumer and iMac ) , 2008 ( other consumer ) , 2009 ( Xserve ) or later 10.7 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and newer . 10.6 Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) 1 GB 10.5 G4 , G5 and Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) at 867 MHz or faster Classic support dropped from 10.5 and newer . 512 MB 10.4 Macs with built - in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor 256 MB 10.3 Macs with a New World ROM 128 MB 10.0 -- 10.2 G3 , G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook , Power Mac and iMac ( except PowerBook G3 `` Kanga '' ) Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple . This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , all G3 - based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger , and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac 's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater . Except for features requiring specific hardware ( e.g. graphics acceleration or DVD writing ) , the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware . As most Mac hardware components , or components similar to those , since the Intel transition are available for purchase , some technology - capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers . These are referred to as Hackintoshes , a portmanteau of the words `` hack '' and `` Macintosh '' . This violates Apple 's EULA ( and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support , warranties etc . ) , but communities that cater to personal users , who do not install for resale and profit , have generally been ignored by Apple . These self - made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware , but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine , such as on matter of data integrity or security . Psystar , a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware , was sued by Apple in 2008 . PowerPC -- Intel transition Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors Main article : Apple 's transition to Intel processors In April 2002 , eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code - named Marklar , which ran on Intel x86 processors . The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform . These rumors subsided until late in May 2005 , when various media outlets , such as The Wall Street Journal and CNET , announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months . On June 6 , 2005 , Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years , and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition . Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life . Intel - based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta , a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines . The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6. 8 . Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs . Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac , Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS . A new version of Xcode and the underlying command - line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture . PowerPC - only software is supported with Apple 's official emulation software , Rosetta , though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors . Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel . There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta . Moreover , some PowerPC software , such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins , are not supported on Intel Macs at all . Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all . Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari , so when Safari is running on Intel , it requires plug - ins that have been compiled as Intel - only or universal binaries , so PowerPC - only plug - ins will not work . While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC , Intel , and universal binaries ; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds . Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition . In 2009 , Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel - only . Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion . In addition , new versions of Mac OS X first - and third - party software increasingly required Intel processors , including new versions of iLife , iWork , Aperture and Logic Pro . Features Aqua user interface Main article : Aqua ( user interface ) The original Aqua user interface as seen in the Mac OS X Public Beta from 2000 One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua , a graphical user interface with water - like elements , in the first major release of Mac OS X . Every window element , text , graphic , or widget is drawn on - screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology . ColorSync , a technology introduced many years before , was improved and built into the core drawing engine , to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals . Also , drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth . New interface elements were integrated , including sheets ( dialog boxes attached to specific windows ) and drawers , which would slide out and provide options . The use of soft edges , translucent colors , and pinstripes , similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs , brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0 's `` Platinum '' appearance had offered . According to John Siracusa , an editor of Ars Technica , the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look `` hit like a ton of bricks . '' Bruce Tognazzini ( who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group ) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface . Third - party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance . To some extent , Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage , at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design . Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design , particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar . Since 2012 , Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high - resolution Retina displays , and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution - independent development on supporting high - resolution displays . Reviewers have described Apple 's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows . The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications , giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts . In addition , new services for applications are included , which include spelling and grammar checkers , special characters palette , color picker , font chooser and dictionary ; these global features are present in every Cocoa application , adding consistency . The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware - accelerated drawing . This technology , introduced in version 10.2 , is called Quartz Extreme , a component of Quartz . Quartz 's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format ( PDF ) imaging model , making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices . As a side result , PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built - in features . Reflecting its popularity with design users , macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library , featuring many prominent brand - name designs . Components Main article : List of macOS components The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer , which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS . Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5 . It allows for dynamic previews of files , including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications . Spotlight , a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4 , allows rapid real - time searches of data files ; mail messages ; photos ; and other information based on item properties ( metadata ) and / or content . macOS makes use of a Dock , which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows . Apple added `` Exposé '' in version 10.3 ( called Mission Control since version 10.7 ) , a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop . Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks , display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application , and hide all windows to access the desktop . Also , FileVault was introduced , which is an optional encryption of the user 's files with the 128 - bit Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES - 128 ) . Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator , an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks ; Dashboard , a full - screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke ; and Front Row , a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote . Moreover , the Sync Services were included , which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data , including calendar and contact items . The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency . All system icons are scalable up to 512 × 512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size , including for example the Cover Flow view , a three - dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes , the Finder , and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork . That version also introduced Spaces , a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé - like interface ; an automatic backup technology called Time Machine , which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data ; and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time . In more recent releases , Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font. Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text . Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS , its mobile operating system , to macOS in recent releases , notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri , which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS . Multilingual support There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation ; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment . Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language . Recent updates have added increasing support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China . Updating methods macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store application or the softwareupdate command line utility . Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , a separate Software Update application performed this functionality . In Mountain Lion and later , this was merged into the Mac App Store application , although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application . Release History Main article : History of macOS § Releases Box / Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS . Left to right : Cheetah / Puma ( 1 ) , Jaguar ( 2 ) , Panther ( 3 ) , Tiger ( 4 ) , Leopard ( 5 ) , Snow Leopard ( 6 ) , Lion ( 7 ) , Mountain Lion ( 8 ) , Mavericks ( 9 ) , Yosemite ( 10 ) , El Capitan ( 11 ) , Sierra ( 12 ) . Mac OS X , OS X , and macOS version information Version Codename Darwin version Processor support Application support Kernel Date announced Release date Most recent version Rhapsody Developer Release Grail1Z4 / Titan1U 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit Unknown August 31 , 1997 DR2 ( May 14 , 1998 ) Mac OS X Server 1.0 Hera Unknown March 16 , 1999 1.2 v3 ( October 27 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Developer Preview Unknown May 11 , 1998 March 16 , 1999 DP4 ( April 5 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Public Beta Kodiak 1.2. 1 Unknown September 13 , 2000 N / A Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 1.3. 1 Unknown March 24 , 2001 10.0. 4 ( June 22 , 2001 ) Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 1.4. 1 / 5 July 18 , 2001 September 25 , 2001 10.1. 5 ( June 6 , 2002 ) Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 6 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC May 6 , 2002 August 24 , 2002 10.2. 8 ( October 3 , 2003 ) Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 7 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC June 23 , 2003 October 24 , 2003 10.3. 9 ( April 15 , 2005 ) Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 8 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel May 4 , 2004 April 29 , 2005 10.4. 11 ( November 14 , 2007 ) Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 9 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel June 26 , 2006 October 26 , 2007 10.5. 8 ( August 5 , 2009 ) Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 10 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 - bit PowerPC 32 / 64 - bit June 9 , 2008 August 28 , 2009 10.6. 8 v1. 1 ( July 25 , 2011 ) Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 11 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel October 20 , 2010 July 20 , 2011 10.7. 5 ( September 19 , 2012 ) OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 12 64 - bit February 16 , 2012 July 25 , 2012 10.8. 5 ( 12F45 ) ( October 3 , 2013 ) OS X 10.9 Mavericks 13 June 10 , 2013 October 22 , 2013 10.9. 5 ( 13F1112 ) ( September 18 , 2014 ) OS X 10.10 Yosemite 14 June 2 , 2014 October 16 , 2014 10.10. 5 ( 14F27 ) ( August 13 , 2015 ) OS X 10.11 El Capitan 15 June 8 , 2015 September 30 , 2015 10.11. 6 ( 15G31 ) ( July 18 , 2016 ) macOS 10.12 Sierra 16 June 13 , 2016 September 20 , 2016 10.12. 6 ( 16G29 ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) macOS 10.13 High Sierra 17 June 5 , 2017 Unknown Timeline of versions ( not including 2016 's macOS Sierra and 2017 's High Sierra ) The PowerMac G5 had special Jaguar builds . Tiger did not support 64 - bit GUI applications , only 64 - bit CLI applications . 32 - bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta . With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta , OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks , when Apple switched to using California locations . Prior to its release , Mac OS X 10.0 was code named `` Cheetah '' internally at Apple , and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as `` Puma '' . After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2 , codenamed `` Jaguar '' , Apple 's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system . Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as `` Panther '' , Mac OS X 10.4 as `` Tiger '' , Mac OS X 10.5 as `` Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.6 as `` Snow Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.7 as `` Lion '' , OS X 10.8 as `` Mountain Lion '' , and OS X 10.9 as `` Mavericks '' . `` Panther '' , `` Tiger '' and `` Leopard '' are registered as trademarks of Apple , but `` Cheetah '' , `` Puma '' and `` Jaguar '' have never been registered . Apple has also registered `` Lynx '' and `` Cougar '' as trademarks , though these were allowed to lapse . Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name `` Tiger '' . On May 16 , 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple 's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct 's trademark . Mac OS X public Beta Main article : Mac OS X Public Beta On September 13 , 2000 , Apple released a $29.95 `` preview '' version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak in order to gain feedback from users . The `` PB '' as it was known marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback . Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001 . Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah Main article : Mac OS X 10.0 Screenshot of OS X 10.0 On March 24 , 2001 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 ( internally codenamed Cheetah ) . The initial version was slow , incomplete , and had very few applications available at the time of its launch , mostly from independent developers . While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption , they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve . Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment , for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996 , and delayed by countless setbacks . Following some bug fixes , kernel panics became much less frequent . Mac OS X 101 Puma Main article : Mac OS X 10.1 Later that year on September 25 , 2001 , Mac OS X 10.1 ( internally codenamed Puma ) was released . It featured increased performance and provided missing features , such as DVD playback . Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users , in addition to the US $129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9 . It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file ; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped - down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems . On January 7 , 2002 , Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month . Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar Main article : Mac OS X 10.2 On August 23 , 2002 , Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , the first release to use its code name as part of the branding . It brought great raw performance improvements , a sleeker look , and many powerful user - interface enhancements ( over 150 , according to Apple ) , including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP - based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM , a system - wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book , and an instant messaging client named iChat . The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10. 2 . Mac OS X 10.3 Panther Main article : Mac OS X Panther Mac OS X v10. 3 Panther was released on October 24 , 2003 . In addition to providing much improved performance , it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface . Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before , including an updated Finder , incorporating a brushed - metal interface , Fast user switching , Exposé ( Window manager ) , FileVault , Safari , iChat AV ( which added videoconferencing features to iChat ) , improved Portable Document Format ( PDF ) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability . Support for some early G3 computers such as `` beige '' Power Macs and `` WallStreet '' PowerBooks was discontinued . Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Main article : Mac OS X Tiger Screenshot of Tiger Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29 , 2005 . Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features . As with Panther , certain older machines were no longer supported ; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built - in FireWire port . Among the new features , Tiger introduced Spotlight , Dashboard , Smart Folders , updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes , QuickTime 7 , Safari 2 , Automator , VoiceOver , Core Image and Core Video . The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services . On January 10 , 2006 , Apple released the first Intel - based Macs along with the 10.4. 4 update to Tiger . This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC - based Macs and the new Intel - based machines , with the exception of the Intel release dropping support for the Classic environment . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26 , 2007 . It was called by Apple `` the largest update of Mac OS X '' . It brought more than 300 new features . Leopard supports both PowerPC - and Intel x86 - based Macintosh computers ; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz , and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed . The single DVD works for all supported Macs ( including 64 - bit machines ) . New features include a new look , an updated Finder , Time Machine , Spaces , Boot Camp pre-installed , full support for 64 - bit applications ( including graphical applications ) , new features in Mail and iChat , and a number of new security features . Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform . It was also the first BSD - based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification . Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications . It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28 , 2009 . Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X , Snow Leopard focused on `` under the hood '' changes , increasing the performance , efficiency , and stability of the operating system . For most users , the most noticeable changes were : the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard , a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa , faster Time Machine backups , more reliable and user friendly disk ejects , a more powerful version of the Preview application , as well as a faster Safari web browser . Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs , required at least 1 GB of RAM , and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture ( Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC - only applications ) . Snow Leopard also featured new 64 - bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM , improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch , and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL . An update introduced support for the Mac App Store , Apple 's digital distribution platform for macOS applications . Mac OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West Mac OS X 10.7 Lion Main article : Mac OS X Lion Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20 , 2011 . It brought developments made in Apple 's iOS , such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures , to the Mac . This release removed Rosetta , making it incompatible with PowerPC applications . Changes made to the GUI include auto - hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used , and Mission Control which unifies Exposé , Spaces , Dashboard , and full - screen applications within a single interface . Apple also made changes to applications : they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed , similar to iOS . Documents auto - save by default . OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Main article : OS X Mountain Lion OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25 , 2012 . Following the release of Lion the previous year , it was the first of the annual rather than two - yearly updates to OS X ( and later macOS ) , which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates . It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5 , which include Game Center , support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application , and Reminders as a to - do list app separate from iCal ( which is renamed as Calendar , like the iOS app ) . It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud . Notification Center , which makes its debut in Mountain Lion , is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher . Application pop - ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen , and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen . Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine , QQ , 163.com and 126.com services for Mail , Contacts and Calendar , Youku , Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets . Starting with Mountain Lion , Apple software updates ( including the OS ) are distributed via the App Store . This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility . A screenshot of OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks Main article : OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22 , 2013 . It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64 - bit Intel processor . Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS - only Maps and iBooks applications , improvements to the Notification Center , enhancements to several applications , and many under - the - hood improvements . OS X 10.10 Yosemite Main article : OS X Yosemite OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16 , 2014 . It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7 , intended to feature a more minimal , text - based ' flat ' design , with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors . Apple 's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff , which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls , receive and send SMS messages , and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac . As of OS X 10.10. 3 , Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture . OS X 10.11 El Capitan Main article : OS X El Capitan Screenshot of El Capitan OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30 , 2015 . Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard , Apple described this release as containing `` refinements to the Mac experience '' and `` improvements to system performance '' rather than new features . Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application , GUI improvements to the Notes application , adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility , and the introduction of System Integrity Protection . The Metal API , first introduced in iOS 8 , was also included in this operating system for `` all Macs since 2012 '' . MacOS 10.12 Sierra Main article : macOS Sierra macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20 , 2016 . New features include the addition of Siri , Optimized Storage , and updates to Photos , Messages , and iTunes . MacOS 10.13 high Sierra Main article : macOS High Sierra macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5 , 2017 , to be due for full release in the Fall . High Sierra uses the new Apple File System , and includes enhancements to Safari , Photos , and Mail , among other changes . Reception Usage share See also : Usage share of operating systems As of July 2016 , macOS is the second-most - active general - purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows , with a 4.90 % usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation . It is the most successful Unix - like desktop operating system on the web , estimated at approximately 5 times the usage of Linux ( which has 1.01 % ) . Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android . Malware and spyware In its earlier years , Mac OS X enjoyed a near - absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users . macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows , but it also has traditionally more secure Unix roots . Worms , as well as potential vulnerabilities , were noted in 2006 , which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple 's Mac OS X is not immune to malware . Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks . In early 2011 , Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks , and malware such as Mac Defender , MacProtector , and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users . At first , the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password , but later versions were able to install without user input . Initially , Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue , but as the malware spread , a support document was issued . Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem . An estimated 100,000 users were affected . Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly . Promotion As a devices company , most large - scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs , with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users , promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners , or through events for developers . In larger scale advertising campaigns , Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home - user applications , and comparing Mac OS X ( especially versions Tiger and Leopard ) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long - awaited Windows Vista operating system . See also Apple portal Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Comparison of BSD operating systems Comparison of operating systems List of operating systems List of Macintosh software List of macOS technologies Dock ( macOS ) References Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Swift '' . Apple Developer ( Video ) . June 14 , 2016 . At 2 : 40 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . 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External links Official website macOS History Architecture Components Technologies Server Software Versions Server 1.0 Hera Public Beta Kodiak 10.0 Cheetah 10.1 Puma 10.2 Jaguar 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard 10.7 Lion 10.8 Mountain Lion 10.9 Mavericks 10.10 Yosemite 10.11 El Capitan 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra Applications Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Dashboard Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Game Center Grapher iTunes ( version history ) Launchpad Mac App Store Mail Messages Notes Notification Center Photo Booth Photos Preview QuickTime Reminders Safari ( version history ) Stickies TextEdit Time Machine Discontinued Front Row iChat iPhoto iSync Sherlock Utilities Activity Monitor AirPort Utility AppleScript Editor Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange Boot Camp ColorSync Configurator Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Discontinued Software Update Remote Install Mac OS X Technology and user interface AirDrop Apple File System Apple menu Apple Push Notification Service AppleScript Aqua Audio Units Bonjour CloudKit Cocoa ColorSync Command key Core Animation Core Audio Core Data Core Foundation Core Image Core OpenGL Core Text Core Video CUPS Cover Flow Darwin Dock FileVault Fonts Gatekeeper Grand Central Dispatch icns iCloud Inkwell I / O Kit Kernel panic Keychain launchd Mach - O MacRuby Menu extra Metal Mission Control OpenCL Option key Preference Pane Property list Quartz QuickTime Quick Look Smart Folders Speakable items Spotlight Stacks System Integrity Protection Uniform Type Identifier Universal binary WebKit XNU XQuartz Deprecated Carbon Discontinued BootX Brushed metal Classic Environment Rosetta Spaces Xgrid Links to related articles Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS System 1 System 2 , 3 , and 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 Mac OS X / OS X / macOS History NeXTSTEP OpenStep Rhapsody Public Beta Core Darwin Desktop 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Server 1.0 macOS Server Other projects Shipped A / ROSE A / UX MAE MkLinux Cancelled Star Trek Taligent Copland Overview Category Operating systems by Apple Inc . Apple II / III / Lisa Apple II series Apple DOS ProDOS GS / OS Apple III SOS Lisa Lisa OS MacWorks Macintosh ( overview ) Classic Mac OS System 1 System 2 , 3 , and 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 Mac OS X / OS X / macOS History NeXTSTEP OpenStep Rhapsody Public Beta Core Darwin Desktop 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Server 1.0 macOS Server Other projects Shipped A / ROSE A / UX MAE MkLinux Cancelled Star Trek Taligent Copland iPod / iPhone / iPad iPod Software iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Other devices Newton Newton OS Apple Watch watchOS Apple TV Apple TV Software tvOS Italics indicate discontinued products List Category Apple Inc. software OS Darwin iOS version history 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 macOS Public Beta `` Cheetah '' `` Puma '' `` Jaguar '' `` Panther '' `` Tiger '' `` Leopard '' `` Snow Leopard '' `` Lion '' `` Mountain Lion '' `` Mavericks '' `` Yosemite '' `` El Capitan '' `` Sierra '' `` High Sierra '' tvOS watchOS Consumer iBooks Author iCloud iLife iMovie GarageBand iWork Keynote Pages Numbers Professional FileMaker Final Cut Studio Final Cut Pro X Motion Compressor Logic Studio Logic Pro Mainstage Bundled Calendar iTunes history Mail Messages Photo Booth Photos QuickTime Safari version history TextEdit Server Apple Remote Desktop macOS Server WebObjects Xsan Developer Dashcode Instruments Interface Builder Quartz Composer Xcode iAd Producer Discontinued . Mac Aperture AppleWorks Bento Classic Mac OS System 1 6 7 8 9 Color DVD Studio Pro Final Cut Express Front Row HyperCard iChat iDVD iPhoto iWeb Logic Express MacDraw MacPaint MacProject MacTerminal MacWrite MobileMe ResEdit Shake Soundtrack Pro Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. Anderson Gil Amelio Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Angela Ahrendts Phil Schiller Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Dan Riccio Johny Srouji Bruce Sewell Lisa Jackson Former Steve Jobs Fred D. Anderson John Browett Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Nancy R. 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Category Commons Book Operating systems General Advocacy Comparison Forensic engineering History Hobbyist development List Timeline Usage share Kernel Architectures Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Rump kernel Unikernel Components Device driver Loadable kernel module Microkernel User space Process management Concepts Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real - time Thread Time - sharing Scheduling algorithms Computer multitasking Fixed - priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Preemptive Round - robin Shortest job next Memory management and resource protection Bus error General protection fault Memory protection Paging Protection ring Segmentation fault Virtual memory Storage access and file systems Boot loader Defragmentation Device file File attribute Inode Journal Partition Virtual file system Virtual tape library List AmigaOS Android BeOS BSD Chrome OS CP / M DOS GNU Haiku illumos iOS Linux Macintosh Classic Mac OS macOS MINIX MorphOS MUSIC / SP Nemesis NOS OpenVMS ORVYL OS / 2 OSv Pick QNX ReactOS RISC OS RSTS / E RSX - 11 RT - 11 Solaris TOPS - 10 / TOPS - 20 TPF Unix Visi On VM / CMS VS / 9 Windows Xinu z / OS Miscellaneous concepts API Computer network HAL Live CD Live USB OS shell CLI GUI TUI VUI PXE VIAF : 8146152942405251549 LCCN : n96060065 GND : 4642298 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacOS&oldid=800963601 '' Categories : MacOS Apple Inc. operating systems Apple Inc. software Mac OS Mach ( kernel ) Operating system families 1999 software Computer - related introductions in 1999 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiversity Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 20 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the latest version of apple's os x operating system	[ "macOS (pronounced /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/;[6] previously Mac OS X and later OS X) is the current series of Unix-based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's Macintosh computers (\"Macs\"). It has been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows.[7][8]" ]	[ "macOS" ]
-1660339434317177371	America's Team	America 's Team - wikipedia America 's Team Jump to : navigation , search Dallas Cowboys logo The term `` America 's Team '' is a nickname that refers to the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Dallas Cowboys . The nickname originated with the team 's 1978 highlight film , where the narrator ( John Facenda ) opens with the following introduction : They appear on television so often that their faces are as familiar to the public as presidents and movie stars . They are the Dallas Cowboys , `` America 's Team . '' The term is recognized and often used by media outlets , including ESPN , Yahoo ! , HBO , and Sports Illustrated . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Records and media 3 Other uses 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Bob Ryan , now Vice President and editor - in - chief of NFL Films , coined this for the Cowboys while preparing and editing the team 's 1978 season highlight film . He was quoted as saying : I wanted to come up with a different twist on their team highlight film . I noticed then , and had noticed earlier , that wherever the Cowboys played , you saw people in the stands with Cowboys jerseys and hats and pennants . Plus , they were always the national game on television . Ryan told the NFL Network for their Top Ten Nicknames show : I saw all these fans in away stadiums . Hey , they 're the most popular team in the country . How can I use that ? Why do n't we call them `` America 's Team '' ? During the Cowboys ' first game of the 1979 season , a nationally televised game against the St. Louis Cardinals ( Dallas won 22 - 21 ) , the television announcer for CBS introduced the Cowboys as America 's Team and the name just stuck . Dallas ' Hall of Fame coach Tom Landry originally did not approve of the appellation of America 's Team . He felt that it would give opposing teams extra incentive to play harder . Eventually he gave in and actually came to like the name . The nickname was coined at the height of Landry 's then - NFL record 20 consecutive winning season streak , during which Dallas appeared in 12 conference championship games ( counting the 1966 - 67 league championships ) and five Super Bowls , and was exemplified on the field by the iconic Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach , but the team 's popularity has continued over the decades during periods of both mediocrity and dynastic success . Records and media ( edit ) NFL Films The Dallas Cowboys The Dallas Cowboys : The Complete History of America 's Team 1960 - 2003 DVD Cover Directed by NFL Films Starring The Dallas Cowboys Distributed by Warner Home Video Release date November 25 , 2003 Running time 73 : 00 Language English In 2003 , NFL Films released a DVD collection chronicling the Dallas Cowboys franchise entitled The Dallas Cowboys : The Complete History of America 's Team 1960 - 2003 . In 2008 , NFL Films would release an updated DVD of The History of the Dallas Cowboys . The popularity of the Cowboys as America 's Team has been supported by such NFL records as `` Team with Most Consecutive Sold Out Games '' , a streak of 160 home and away games ( including playoffs ) that began on December 23 , 1990 , at Philadelphia 's Veterans Stadium and came to an end on December 24 , 1999 , in a Christmas Eve game against the New Orleans Saints in the Louisiana Superdome . Other examples are the NFL games featuring the Cowboys that result in record - breaking ratings at the time of broadcast , such as 7 of the 8 Super Bowl games featuring the Cowboys and the NFC Championship Game between the Cowboys and 49ers , the only non-Super Bowl NFL game to be ranked in the Top 45 Primetime Telecasts of All Time . Dallas is the only NFL team that distributes its own merchandise , which remains among the league 's top selling even during losing seasons . As of 2012 the Cowboys were the most valuable American sports franchise at $2.1 billion . Among the many Cowboys innovations that have contributed to their distinct reputation are their professional , overtly beautiful , all female cheerleader squad , nicknamed `` America 's Sweethearts '' , that has since been copied around the NFL but still stands out as singularly iconic , and has been the subject of multiple movies , has made numerous national television appearances , routinely tours with the USO , makes other appearances around the world , and has been featured in its own long running reality show on CMT . In 2012 an ESPN poll found that the Cowboys are the most popular NFL team , a result consistently echoed in annual Harris polling . Other uses ( edit ) Franchises with long successful histories and large nationwide fan bases are occasionally referred to as America 's Team . The Atlanta Braves laid claim to the name due to their games being broadcast on cable television systems nationwide on WTBS , building a fan base in areas of the United States far removed from a Major League Baseball team . A 1982 issue of Sports Illustrated had referred to the Braves as `` America 's Team II '' . As a jab against the Cowboys before Super Bowl XXVII , Buffalo Bills coach Marv Levy proclaimed his team to be America 's Team because they would be `` wearing red , white , and blue '' . The Cowboys , which wear white , silver , and blue , went on to defeat the Bills 52 - 17 . Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney dismissed the suggestion that the Steelers were `` America 's Team . '' `` ' We did n't want that , ' Rooney said . ' We 're Pittsburgh 's team . We feel strongly about that . ' '' In an ESPN.com article titled , `` The Great Debate : ' America 's Team ' , '' four sports writers stated their case as to why three other teams besides the Cowboys could lay claim to the nickname of America 's Team . James Walker said the name should be given to the Pittsburgh Steelers since they have the most Super Bowl wins at six . Kevin Seifert said that the Green Bay Packers could be considered America 's Team due to their unique ownership situation . They `` are now owned by 112,120 shareholders who possess about 4.75 million shares of stock . A seven - member executive committee , elected by the board of directors and comprised mostly of local residents , operates the team . '' Tim Graham said the New England Patriots have a right at the name since they dominated the NFL for the entire first decade of the new millennium , by virtue of their team name and colors ( red , white and blue ) and having been formed in Boston , the `` Cradle of Liberty '' . Following their win in Super Bowl XLIV , a few media writers referred to the New Orleans Saints as `` America 's Team '' , as their successful bid to win the Super Bowl was seen by many to represent the city 's resurgence after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina ( `` for one game , the Saints are America 's Team '' ) . After several `` Cinderella '' runs in the NCAA tournament , the Gonzaga Bulldogs men 's basketball team has been called `` America 's Team '' as well . During their ArenaBowl XXII championship run in 2008 , Philadelphia Soul owner Ron Jaworski referred to the Soul as `` America 's Team '' of the Arena Football League . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Nicknames Show : America 's Team '' . NFL Network . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2007 MNF schedule '' . ESPN.com. April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Kristian ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` America 's team ? That would be the Denver Broncos , not the Dallas Cowboys '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HBO 's ' Hard Knocks ' Returning To Cowboys Camp '' . Dallas Cowboys . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Question Everything : Are the Dallas Cowboys still ' America 's Team ? ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` How the Cowboys Got the Nickname `` America 's Team '' `` . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guinn , Jeff ( 1996 ) , Dallas Cowboys : Our Story , Summit Publishing Group Jump up ^ West , Gary ( Jan 29 , 2012 ) . `` Are the Cowboys still America 's Team ? '' . Star - Telegram . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Mystique by the Dallas Cowboys Fan Club '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Dallas Cowboys Lead NFL With $2.1 Billion Valuation '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Cowboys remain America 's Team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Wulf , Steve ( 1982 - 08 - 09 ) , America 's Team II , Sports Illustrated , archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 03 Jump up ^ Downey , Mike ( January 26 , 1993 ) . `` SUPER BOWL XXVII : You Name It , They Claim It '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popovich , Mike ( 2000 ) , From Water Boy to Steelers President , Canton Rep Jump up ^ Matt Mosley ; James Walker ; Kevin Seifert ; Tim Graham ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Great Debate : ' America 's Team ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV : Why Are the Saints Being Called `` America 's Team '' ? `` . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Timanus , Eddie ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Cinderella ? This year 's Zags may be Few 's best team yet '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adamski , Chris ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sacre says Bulldogs still ' America 's Team ' '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=20010321&id=IyQyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=auYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6589,104151 Jump up ^ Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia , ( 1 ) , Philadelphia Soul AFL Arena Bowl Championship Recap Jon Bon Jovi . External links ( edit ) Dallas Cowboys official web site ( hide ) Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Team&oldid=823727911 '' Categories : English - language films Dallas Cowboys Nicknamed groups of American football players Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 01 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who gave the cowboys the nickname america's team	[ "Bob Ryan, now Vice President and editor-in-chief of NFL Films, coined this for the Cowboys while preparing and editing the team’s 1978 season highlight film.[6] He was quoted as saying:" ]	[ "Bob Ryan" ]
-8016921963954040390	Feels Like Home (song)	Feels Like Home ( song ) - wikipedia Feels Like Home ( song ) For other uses , see Feels Like Home ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Feels Like Home '' Single by Chantal Kreviazuk from the album Songs from Dawson 's Creek and How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days ( soundtrack ) Released 1999 Format CD single Length 4 : 42 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Randy Newman Chantal Kreviazuk singles chronology `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' ( 1998 ) `` Feels Like Home '' ( 1999 ) `` Before You '' ( 1999 ) `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' ( 1998 ) `` Feels Like Home '' ( 1999 ) `` Before You '' ( 1999 ) `` Feels Like Home '' is a song written by Randy Newman for the musical Randy Newman 's Faust , in which Bonnie Raitt sung it . Linda Ronstadt , also involved in the musical , recorded it for Trio II in 1994 , but released it for solo album Feels Like Home in March 1995 . Raitt 's version was released on the musical 's album soundtrack in September 1995 . Raitt 's version was also used the following year in the soundtrack to the film Michael . Linda Ronstadt 's original version , with Emmylou Harris and Dolly Parton , the latter of whom was mixed out of Ronstadt 's original release due to label disputes , was released in 1999 . The most successful version of the song was a version sung by Chantal Kreviazuk and released as a single from the 1999 soundtrack Songs from Dawson 's Creek . The Kreviazuk version reached the top 40 in Ireland and the top 20 in the Canadian adult contemporary chart , and was later included on some editions of her 2002 album What If It All Means Something . Other versions ( edit ) Various other artists have recorded the song , including : Randy Newman for his 2008 album Harps and Angels , as well as live versions in the 1998 box set Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman and the 2011 album Live in London Mario Frangoulis for his 2008 album Mario & Friends : What a Wonderful World Edwina Hayes for her 2008 album Pour Me A Drink and the soundtrack to the film My Sister 's Keeper Josh Groban for some editions of his 2010 album Illuminations Neil Diamond for his 2010 album Dreams Jai McDowall for his 2011 album Believe Aled Jones for his 2011 album Forever Katie Melua for her 2012 album Secret Symphony Bonus Edition . Charlotte Jaconelli for her 2014 album Solitaire Diana Krall and Bryan Adams for Krall 's 2015 album Wallflower Judy Collins and Jackson Browne for Collins ' 2015 album Strangers Again Inger Marie Gundersen for her 2018 album Feels Like Home Charts ( Chantal Kreviazuk version ) ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 40 Canadian Adult Contemporary 12 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Chantal Kreviazuk - Feels Like Home at acharts.us http://acharts.us/song/78060 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Chantal Kreviazuk Production discography Studio albums Under These Rocks and Stones ( 1997 ) Colour Moving and Still ( 1999 ) What If It All Means Something ( 2002 ) Ghost Stories ( 2006 ) Plain Jane ( 2009 ) Hard Sail ( 2016 ) Compilation albums Since We Met : The Best of 1996 -- 2006 ( 2008 ) Singles `` Surrounded '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' `` Feels Like Home '' `` Before You '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Invincible '' `` Into Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feels_Like_Home_(song)&oldid=858975226 '' Categories : Songs written by Randy Newman Randy Newman songs 1999 singles Chantal Kreviazuk songs 1995 songs Bonnie Raitt songs Linda Ronstadt songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2018 , at 21 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what movie is the song feels like home in	[ "\"Feels Like Home\" is a song written by Randy Newman for the musical Randy Newman's Faust, in which Bonnie Raitt sung it. Linda Ronstadt, also involved in the musical, recorded it for Trio II in 1994, but released it for solo album Feels Like Home in March 1995. Raitt's version was released on the musical's album soundtrack in September 1995. Raitt's version was also used the following year in the soundtrack to the film Michael. Linda Ronstadt's original version, with Emmylou Harris and Dolly Parton, the latter of whom was mixed out of Ronstadt's original release due to label disputes, was released in 1999.\n" ]	[ "Randy Newman's Faust" ]
1077476427455613069	Grey's Anatomy (season 8)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) DVD cover art for the eighth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Chyler Leigh Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Kim Raver Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 22 , 2011 , with a special two - hour episode and ended on May 17 , 2012 with the eighth season having a total of 24 episodes . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company , and overseen by showrunner Shonda Rhimes . This season follows the story - line of Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) as they try to save their marriage and adopt Zola after Meredith tampered with the Alzheimer 's trial in the previous season . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) also struggles to forgive Meredith because Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) takes the blame for Meredith and stepping down , and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) takes his place as Chief of Surgery . Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) decides to have an abortion , putting her relationship with Hunt at odds . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) co-parent their baby with Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) who continues to have an on / off relationship with Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) deals with the fallout of his decision to tell Owen about Meredith altering the Alzheimer 's trial , and becomes an outcast by the other residents . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) marries Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) , who later dies of a heart condition , leaving her devastated . The season hit the series ' low for ratings as it ended with an average of 10.92 million viewers ranking at no . 34 and in the 18 - 49 key demographic ranked at no . 12 . Loretta Devine garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal of Adele Webber and earned numerous nominations including the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series and the Critics ' Choice Television Awards . James Pickens , Jr. won Outstanding Supporting Actor at the NAACP Image Awards , and Chandra Wilson and Sandra Oh both received nominations for Outstanding Actress in a Drama . Stacy McKee was nominated for Humanitas Prize for writing White Wedding . Sara Ramirez was nominated at the 13th ALMA Awards for Favorite TV Supporting Actress . For the 38th People 's Choice Awards , the show was nominated for Favorite TV Drama , and Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey were respectively nominated for Favorite TV Drama Actress and Favorite TV Drama actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Critical reception 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plot ( edit ) In season 8 , Meredith and Derek try to save their marriage after the fallout due to Meredith 's tampering of the Alzheimer 's trial in Season 7 . Their marital unrest , as well as Meredith 's professional fallout , threatens to destroy their chances of adopting Zola , but they eventually get full custody of her in episode 10 , `` Suddenly . '' After discovering the reason Meredith tampered with the trial was in attempt to deliver the drug to Adele and potentially cure her Alzheimer 's , Richard takes the blame , and steps down as Chief of Surgery . Owen is named the new Chief of Surgery ( episode 3 , `` Take the Lead '' ) , which leaves Miranda angry . She blames Meredith for destroying Richard 's career , as well as Meredith 's . April is named the new Chief resident , and struggles throughout the season to be taken seriously by the other residents , while also developing a much deeper friendship with Jackson until she finally has sex with him in episode 21 , `` Moment of Truth . '' Throughout the season , the fifth year surgical residents ( Meredith , Cristina , Alex , April , and Jackson ) prepare for their boards . Everyone passes , except for April , who gave her virginity to Jackson the night before the exam . Cristina chooses to terminate her pregnancy ( episode 1 , `` Free Falling '' ) , which Owen does not want because he wants to have children . He accompanies her to the abortion and supports her , but a huge rift has been made in their relationship . Owen ca n't accept that Cristina never wants to be a mother . Eventually , he cheats on Cristina ( episode 17 , `` One Step Too Far ) . Callie , Arizona , and Mark co-parent baby Sofia . Mark and Lexie attempt to move on from one another , but ca n't . Ben returns ( episode 4 `` What Is It About Men ? '' ) , after giving Miranda space to heal after being traumatized by the shooting in the season 6 finale , but is shocked and hurt to see that she is having a casual , but very physical , relationship with Eli . Miranda breaks things off with Eli , and eventually she and Ben reunite . In the season finale , `` Flight , '' they become engaged . Adele 's Alzheimer 's progresses rapidly and Richard chooses to have her placed in a care facility , Rose Ridge , the same one Ellis was in before she died . Adele falls in love with another dementia patient ( Episode 20 ) and the staff tell Richard he should not visit as much because it confuses her . Later in the season , he begins a romance with Catherine Avery . Lexie and Mark struggle to let each other go and attempt to date other people , but ca n't seem to move on . Tragically , they only confess their love to each other moments before Lexie 's death in episode 24 `` Flight . '' Teddy and her husband Henry ( Scott Foley ) , now deeply in love , adjust to life not only as newlyweds , but with Henry 's health finally stable , the two adjust to the changing dynamics of their relationship . Henry begins planning for a future , and tells Teddy he wants to go to medical school ( episode 8 `` Heart Shaped Box '' ) . Teddy balks at the prospect of Henry being in school for the next 10 years , and they have their first big fight . Before they can make up , however , Henry falls suddenly ill due to a new tumor , and his condition is revealed to be extremely serious . At the hospital , Teddy is forced to leave his side because of an emergent heart surgery , and asks that Cristina perform the surgery on Henry to save his life ( episode 9 `` Dark Was the Night '' ) . Teddy and Owen agree that it may be too much pressure for Cristina if she knows who she is operating on , so they drape Henry 's face in the OR before bringing Cristina in . Henry ca n't be saved and dies in surgery . Because Teddy is still in surgery , and worried about Henry , Owen decides to lie to her and imply that Henry made it through and is recovering . After she learns the truth , Teddy is devastated by Henry 's death . She hates Owen for lying to her , and the friendship between the two is over , until he fires her in the season finale and she moves on to another job . After the residents receive their board results , they weigh offers from other hospitals . When the season ends , Alex has accepted a fellowship at Johns Hopkins , Cristina has chosen to go to the Mayo Clinic , and Derek has been offered an endowment and an opportunity to continue Alzheimer 's research at Harvard , which sways Meredith 's decision to accept an elite fellowship at Brigham and Women 's Hospital in Boston . In the finale , Meredith , Cristina , Derek , Lexie , Arizona , and Mark board a small plane to fly to Boise , Idaho to perform a surgery separating conjoined twins . Alex was meant to be on the plane , but Arizona , furious at his decision to turn down the Seattle Grace pediatrics fellowship in favor of Johns Hopkins , Arizona boots him from the plane and takes his place . En route , the plane crashes . In `` Flight '' the six doctors and the pilot fight to survive . Derek 's hand is severely injured , as is Arizona 's leg . Lexie is trapped and crushed beneath part of the plane . She and Mark finally confess their love to each other , and within moments , she dies . Mere seconds later , Meredith arrives too late , and is devastated by her sister 's death . They soon realize that Mark has severe internal injuries . The season ends with the 5 remaining surgeons in peril , lost in the woods and not knowing when or if help will come . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Cristina Yang Justin Chambers as Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey James Pickens , Jr. as Richard Webber Sara Ramirez as Callie Torres Eric Dane as Mark Sloan Chyler Leigh as Lexie Grey Kevin McKidd as Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Arizona Robbins Kim Raver as Teddy Altman Sarah Drew as April Kepner Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd Recurring cast ( edit ) Scott Foley as Henry Burton Loretta Devine as Adele Webber Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Daniel Sunjata as Nurse Eli Debbie Allen as Catherine Avery Janora McDuffie as Social Worker Janet Holley Fain as Dr. Julia Canner Amanda Fuller as Intern Morgan Peterson Summer Glau as Nurse Emily Kovach Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole Guest stars ( edit ) Debra Monk as Louise O'Malley Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery Kate Burton as Ellis Grey Robert Baker as Dr. Charles Percy Alfre Woodard as Justine Campbell Stella Maeve as Lilly Caterina Scorsone as Amelia Shepherd Vanessa Marano as Holly Wheeler Jordan Belfi as Nick Cynthia Watros as Ms. Konner James LeGros as Pilot Jerry Holland Roden as Gretchen Rebecca Hazlewood as Dr. Mara Keaton Critical reception ( edit ) Poptimal'‍s Tanya Lane stated that Ellen Pompeo gave one of her best performances in the season finale . The season received mostly positive reviews . Tanner Stransky of Cinema Blend gave a fresh review to the season , `` Juxtaposed against that nightmare that launched season 8 's two - hour season premiere was exactly what the show does portray rather accurately ( most of the time ) - the relationship drama . '' Verne Gay of Newsday acknowledged the following for the show stating , `` Grey 's has had a good season and has an intensely loyal fan base to prove it . '' TV Fanatic reviewing the episode Free Falling wrote , `` This episode set the season in motion , and from the looks of it , it 's going to be good . '' Carrie Raisler of The A.V. Club gave a negative review to the season saying , `` Just because a show is meant to be fun does n't mean it should n't have standards , and this episode just simply did n't measure up . '' Poptimal'‍s Tanya Lane regarding the season finale wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She added that `` Ellen Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. in series '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 149 `` Free Falling '' Rob Corn Tony Phelan & Joan Rater September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 10.38 A giant sinkhole opens up in the middle of Seattle , causing April to step up as Chief Resident . Meredith must deal with the professional ramifications of her actions last season while Cristina and Owen have yet to see eye to eye regarding their feelings for their unplanned pregnancy . 150 `` She 's Gone '' Tony Phelan Debora Cahn September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 10.38 The sinkhole crisis continues while Meredith and Derek maintain the rocky state of their relationship , which becomes a concern for the adoption counselor . Cristina makes a decision regarding her unplanned pregnancy and Alex realizes that he is the outcast after revealing Meredith 's dishonesty . 151 `` Take the Lead '' Chandra Wilson William Harper September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 10.20 The Chief makes a career - changing decision that shocks Seattle Grace Hospital , while Cristina and Owen try to find normalcy in their relationship . April continues to struggle in her new role as Chief Resident , and the 5th year residents are given their first solo surgeries , only to find out that even the most routine procedures are n't always easy . 152 `` What Is It About Men '' Tom Verica Stacy McKee October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 8.70 Ben returns and Miranda is skeptical of his arrival , until Ben realizes that she has finally moved on . A stampede at a comic convention causes the ER to be inundated with colorful costume - bearers . This episode centers largely on the men of Seattle Grace as opposed to focusing on the women . 153 5 `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' Stephen Cragg Denise Hahn October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 9.97 Jackson 's mother , Dr. Catherine Avery , comes to Seattle Grace for a groundbreaking transplant surgery . Zola comes into the hospital , Alex and Arizona must deal with the confidentiality issue with Derek and Meredith . Teddy throws house warming party . Eli and Miranda break up . 154 6 `` Poker Face '' Kevin McKidd Peter Nowalk October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 9.54 April steps up as Chief Resident while managing a clinical trial . Callie and Cristina deal with a difficult spinal surgery while Alex and Teddy must find alternative ways to operate on a patient . Meredith struggles to follow her new rule of not talking to Derek about work while at the hospital . 155 7 `` Put Me In , Coach '' Debbie Allen Jeannine Renshaw October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 9.93 In order to stress cooperation and teamwork , Owen enters the doctors into a softball league where they will compete against Seattle Presbyterian , the other hospital in Seattle . Derek and Lexie deliberate a treatment plan when a desperate mother of girl with an inoperable brain tumor specifically seeks his help . Richard tries to repair Miranda and Meredith 's working relationship . Lexie becomes jealous over Mark dating a new woman and Alex fights to keep Zola at Seattle Grace . 156 8 `` Heart - Shaped Box '' Jessica Yu Austin Guzman November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 9.52 A medical miracle occurs , leaving the residents feeling inspired . Louise O'Malley returns to Seattle Grace after a surgery was botched by a different hospital , causing the residents to reminisce about all the times they had with George . Arizona makes friends with a new pediatric fellow , making Alex feel threatened . Teddy and Henry fight over Henry wanting to attend medical school . 157 9 `` Dark Was the Night '' Allison Liddi - Brown Debora Cahn November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 11.29 Teddy brings Henry into the ER after finding him at home vomiting blood ; While Meredith gets news from Janet that she and Derek are n't going to get Zola back . Just as Teddy waits on Henry 's CT she is called onto another case , the case being Callie and Jackson 's spinal surgery , whose heart is now bleeding uncontrollably . After deciding to operate on Callie 's patient , Teddy decides to get Cristina to operate on Henry , with Dr. Webber and Lexie in with her , only not to tell her that it 's him . Meredith and Alex go to a neighboring hospital to help a new premature baby , since the hospital does n't have the equipment to save the baby 's life ; After believing that Henry is in the clear , Cristina finds that the tumor had gone into the heart , after twenty minutes of performing CPR Cristina calls time of death , only moments later to find out it was Henry . After their ambulance breaks down , Alex and Meredith , call Arizona , Mark , and Derek to see if they knew how to take care of the baby , only for the ambulance to crash while on the phone ; When Meredith and Alex step out , they see that a car with victims in it was what hit them . 158 10 `` Suddenly '' Ron Underwood Stacy McKee January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) 12.12 The ER is swamped by victims from the crash which involved a family car and Alex and Meredith 's ambulance . Alex and Meredith fight to save the lives of a family ; after realizing that telling Teddy about Henry 's death would stop her from saving her patient 's life , Owen decides to not tell Teddy until she is out of surgery . When Meredith and Alex get back to the hospital they try to save the families life , only for all but the father and the children of the family to die immediately . While operating on the youngest child of the family , Derek and Mark realize that they need help if they are going to save the child 's eye only to call Mark 's ophthalmologist girlfriend , Julia , in to assist them , with Lexie assisting Derek . Arizona and Alex work to save the babies life that they brought from the hospital . Cristina struggles whether or not to tell Teddy about Henry in the middle of a critical surgery . 159 11 `` This Magic Moment '' Steve Robin Zoanne Clack January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 10.71 A risky surgery which involves conjoined twins has the doctors split into two teams . Meredith unwittingly finds herself acting as a buffer between Miranda and Ben , Alex is taught a lesson in the OR by Webber and Teddy makes everyone in her O.R. uncomfortable when she has Cristina recount the events leading up to Henry 's death . Back at home , Derek and Meredith find joy in parenthood . 160 12 `` Hope for the Hopeless '' Mark Jackson Peter Nowalk January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 9.42 A pair of bickering sisters come in for a liver transplant performed by Richard , making it his 10,000 th surgery . Meredith must choose a new specialty , Derek and Lexie operate on a previously inoperable neuroblastoma and Teddy and Cristina defy Owen and steal a case from Alex . Adele is brought to Seattle Grace after being found wandering the streets and the full extent of her Alzheimer 's is revealed . 161 13 `` If / Then '' Jeannot Szwarc William Harper February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 9.71 Meredith dreams of an alternative universe in which her mother , Ellis Grey , never had Alzheimer 's and is a more supportive and loving mother . This leads Meredith to be a happy version of herself , causing Seattle Grace to be completely different . She and Cristina are enemies while April is her best friend , who is sleeping with Meredith 's fiance , Alex , who is only with Meredith because of her family 's legacy . Owen has married Callie and they have 3 children , although they are not happy . Addison and Derek are expecting a child , only it is revealed that the baby is actually Mark 's and Addison and Derek 's relationship is falling apart just as Derek 's own career is also stagnating . Lexie has become an orphan and a drug addict . It is revealed that George failed his boards and was never seen again while Izzie went insane after Denny 's death . Richard left Adele and married Ellis and Meredith took Webber as her last name . The episode ends reminiscent of how Derek and Meredith first met . Throughout the entire episode all the couples that actually do exist seem to have connections , which includes Callie and Arizona , and also Yang and Owen . 162 14 `` All You Need Is Love '' Rob Corn Jeannine Renshaw February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 10.27 It 's Valentine 's Day at Seattle Grace and the ER fills with romantics . The singles , Lexie and Mark , are stuck on babysitting duty . Miranda and Ben 's plans are ruined when she is called away to a series of emergencies but Ben surprises her at the end of the day . Meanwhile , Owen and Cristina keep avoiding each other after their big fight . 163 15 `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' Tony Phelan Austin Guzman February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 8.31 During marriage counselling sessions , Owen and Cristina are constantly engaging in heated arguments . Owen can not seem to move past the fact that Cristina does not want kids . Amelia arrives at Seattle Grace hoping to convince Derek to assist her with Erica 's ( A.J. Langer ) gliosarcoma . Lexie gets caught in between the two Shepherds , Meredith shows off her surgical skills , Alex learns the importance of people skills , Mark and Jackson teach Dr. Bailey a lesson , and the residents continue to prep for their oral boards . This episode begins a crossover with Private Practice that concludes on `` You Break My Heart '' . 164 16 `` If Only You Were Lonely '' Susan Vaill Matt Byrne February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) 9.06 A coffee shop explodes , flooding the ER with patients . Richard reassesses his living situation with Adele as she continues to deteriorate before his very eyes . Callie assists Meredith with studying for her boards , Lexie assists on a peds case with Arizona and Alex , and Mark encourages Jackson to relieve his stress . Meanwhile , Cristina 's suspicions get the better of her as she thinks Owen is cheating on her with a nurse . 165 17 `` One Step Too Far '' Edward Ornelas William Harper March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) 9.62 Derek encourages a hesitant Meredith to work with him again in neurosurgery ; Jackson 's mother , Catherine Avery , returns to Seattle Grace with a urology fellow and develops an interest in Richard ; and Cristina becomes increasingly suspicious of Owen 's every move . Meanwhile , Alex tries to deny everyone 's observations that Morgan may be falling for him . 166 18 `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' Mark Jackson Stacy McKee April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 8.19 A lion breaks loose in Seattle and leaves a trail of victims in its midst ; Lexie overhears Mark 's discussion about moving in with Julia ; Teddy begins to take steps towards coming to terms with Henry 's death ; Callie grills Arizona on her past lovers ; and Alex requests to be taken off Morgan 's preemie case when she becomes too dependent on him . Meanwhile , Meredith tries to be a support for Cristina as the tension between her and Owen hits a boiling point . 167 19 `` Support System '' Allison Liddi - Brown Heather Mitchell April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) 8.85 Cristina and Owen call in sick to work out their marriage at home . Mark takes his appointment as interim chief very seriously , much to the attendings ' annoyance . Arizona , Callie and Miranda plan a special night for Teddy . 168 20 `` The Girl With No Name '' Ron Underwood Peter Nowalk April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 9.82 The doctors work on a Jane Doe , who turns out to be the subject of a case that gained national interest . Cristina proves to be in highest demand as the residents begin their interviews for post-residency positions at prospective hospitals while the attendings find ways to keep their best residents in Seattle . Richard is faced with an unsettling realization when he visits Adele at Rose Ridge . 169 21 `` Moment of Truth '' Chandra Wilson Zakiyyah Alexander April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 9.45 The residents travel to San Francisco for the oral boards . Sparks fly when Richard and Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) bump into each other at a hotel . Alex feels guilty about being away from the hospital as Tommy 's health takes a turn for the worse . April loses her virginity to Jackson . 170 22 `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' Kevin McKidd Matt Byrne May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 9.24 The residents agonize over their upcoming exam results ; Arizona 's childhood friend needs medical help ; the doctors try to help a patient who is missing one third of his skull ; Julia wants to start a family with Mark , causing Lexie to finally tell him how she feels . 171 23 `` Migration '' Stephen Cragg Mark Wilding & Jenna Bans May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 9.82 The 5th years make their final decisions regarding their post residency plans , Mark confides in Derek about being torn between Lexie and Julia . Arizona encourages a childhood friend to have surgery , and Ben plans something for Miranda , who is preoccupied with work . Meredith , Derek , Cristina , Mark , Lexie and Alex are scheduled to fly to assist in a surgery at a hospital in Boise , though Arizona takes Alex 's place after she discovers he is planning to leave Seattle Grace for Johns Hopkins Hospital . However , en route their plane crashes in the woods , leaving their fates unknown . 172 24 `` Flight '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 11.44 After their plane crashes in the woods , the doctors fight to stay alive while trying to save their peers , but it is too late for Lexie . Mark makes a confession to her , the future of Derek 's career may be in jeopardy , Ben and Miranda make a decision about their future together , Teddy gets a tempting offer , Richard plans a dinner for the residents , Owen fires Teddy to force her to move on from her husband 's death and discovers his doctors are missing . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 ( Rating / Share ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Rank out of Top 25 149 `` Free Falling '' September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 P.M. 4.1 / 10 10.38 21 N / A 150 `` She 's Gone '' September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 4.1 / 10 10.38 21 N / A 151 `` Take the Lead '' September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 3.6 / 9 10.20 16 N / A 152 `` What Is It About Men '' October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 3.1 / 8 8.70 24 N / A 153 5 `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 3.6 / 9 9.97 16 N / A 154 6 `` Poker Face '' October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 3.6 / 9 9.54 18 N / A 155 7 `` Put Me In , Coach '' October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 3.7 / 9 9.93 18 N / A 156 8 `` Heart Shaped Box '' November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 3.6 / 9 9.52 20 N / A 157 9 `` Dark Was the Night '' November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 4.1 / 10 11.29 10 20 158 10 `` Suddenly '' January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) 4.5 / 11 12.12 5 8 159 11 `` This Magic Moment '' January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 3.8 / 10 10.71 11 15 160 12 `` Hope for the Hopeless '' January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 3.5 / 8 9.42 11 21 161 13 `` If / Then '' February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 3.6 / 9 9.71 8 15 162 14 `` All You Need Is Love '' February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 4.0 / 10 10.27 10 22 163 15 `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 3.2 / 8 8.31 12 N / A 164 16 `` If Only You Were Lonely '' February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) 3.1 / 8 9.06 15 N / A 165 17 `` One Step Too Far '' March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) 3.0 / 8 9.62 6 13 166 18 `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 2.8 / 8 8.16 13 N / A 167 19 `` Support System '' April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) 2.9 / 8 8.85 14 24 168 20 `` The Girl With No Name '' April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 3.3 / 9 9.82 8 13 169 21 `` Moment of Truth '' April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 3.3 / 9 9.45 6 16 170 22 `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 3.3 / 9 9.24 8 24 171 23 `` Migration '' May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 3.5 / 10 9.82 8 23 172 24 `` Flight '' May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 4.1 / 11 11.44 13 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in Series No. in Season Episode Air Date Timeslot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 149 `` Free Falling '' September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 P.M. 1.7 3.54 5.8 13.92 150 `` She 's Gone '' September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 1.7 3.54 5.8 13.92 151 `` Take the Lead '' September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 1.5 2.95 5.1 13.15 152 `` What Is It About Men '' October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 1.7 3.29 4.8 11.99 153 5 `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 1.5 2.93 5.1 12.90 154 6 `` Poker Face '' October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 1.6 3.06 5.2 12.59 155 7 `` Put Me In , Coach '' October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 1.6 3.14 5.3 13.07 156 8 `` Heart Shaped Box '' November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 1.6 3.21 5.2 12.74 157 9 `` Dark Was the Night '' November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 1.5 2.96 5.6 14.25 158 10 `` Suddenly '' January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) 1.6 2.96 6.1 15.08 159 11 `` This Magic Moment '' January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 1.6 3.00 5.4 13.71 160 12 `` Hope for the Hopeless '' January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 1.7 3.26 5.2 12.68 161 13 `` If / Then '' February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 1.4 2.91 5.0 12.62 162 14 `` All You Need Is Love '' February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 1.6 3.35 5.6 13.61 163 15 `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 1.5 3.25 4.7 11.55 164 16 `` If Only You Were Lonely '' February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) 1.6 3.14 4.7 12.20 165 17 `` One Step Too Far '' March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 2.83 4.5 12.45 166 18 `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 1.5 3.01 4.3 11.18 167 19 `` Support System '' April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) 1.6 3.10 4.5 11.93 168 20 `` The Girl With No Name '' April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 1.5 3.04 4.8 12.86 169 21 `` Moment of Truth '' April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 1.4 2.88 4.7 12.33 170 22 `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 1.5 2.89 4.8 12.13 171 23 `` Migration '' May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 1.4 2.90 4.9 12.72 172 24 `` Flight '' May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 2.53 5.3 13.98 DVD release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season - Extraordinary Moments Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries A Journey Home With Kevin McKidd Extended Episode - `` If / Then '' Deleted Scenes In Stitches : Season Eight Outtakes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/greys-anatomy-season-8-premiere-recap/ Jump up ^ http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/grey-s-anatomy-season-finale-review-1.3719837 Jump up ^ http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/09/greys-anatomy-review-free-falling/ Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/articles/greys-anatomy-ifthen,68767/ Jump up ^ http://poptimal.com/2012/05/greys-anatomy-season-finale-review-tears-and-gore-galore/#.T7u36flTadk ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office ' & ' The Secret Circle , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Person Of Interest , ' ' X Factor ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series + ' Big Bang , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series Game 6 Finals + ' Big Bang , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office , ' ' Person , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Secret Circle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' The Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops ' American Idol ' 1st Half Hour ; ' Office , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Grey 's ' Adj . Up ; ' Person , ' ' Rob , ' ' Parks ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' The Finder , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person Of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Secret Circle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Biel , Sara ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Office ' , ' Missing ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Game Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted DownDown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Tops ' Sunday Night Football ' For Week Ending September 25 , 2011 '' . TV by the Numbers . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Falls Just Short of ' Sunday Night Football ' with Adults 18 - 49 , But Tops Everything in Viewing '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Two & A Half Men , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Week 's Adults 18 - 49 Ratings '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week # 4 Viewing '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Beaten By ' Modern Family ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' In Week # 5 Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' & ' World Series ' Top Week # 6 Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Ravens - Steelers , LSU - Alabama , ' Modern Family ' Top Week # 7 Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week No. 8 Among Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Lions - Saints Wildcard , ' Modern Family , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Broncos / Patriots , ' Simpsons , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Giants - 49ers , ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 18 '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Super Bowl , ' ' The Voice ' Top Week 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Grammy Awards , ' ' The Voice , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' Top Week 22 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Academy Awards ' Towers Over The Week , ' Big Bang Theory ' Is Top Scripted Show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Week 26 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice , ' and ' Person of Interest ' Top Week 29 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 30 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' Top Week 31 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 32 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS ' Top Week 33 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' & ' NCIS ' Top Week 34 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Season 's Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains In Week # 2 '' . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' The Secret Circle ' Tops % Gains In Week 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seldman , Robert ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Nikita ' Tops % Gains In Week 4 '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Private Practice ' Tops % Gains In Week 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Week 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' House ' Tops % Gains In Week 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' House , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Top Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains In Week 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . 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Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seldman , Robert ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gains ; ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains in Week 22 '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Still Tops Absolute Ratings Gains ; ' Grimm ' and ' Alcatraz ' Top % Gains in Week 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : `` Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain ; ' Nikita ' & ' Ringer ' Top % Gains in Week 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' New Girl ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains , ' The Mentalist ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain , ' The Firm ' Tops % Gains , ' Modern Family ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings & Total Viewer Gains , ' Firm ' Tops % Gains in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Absolute Ratings , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains , ' The Mentalist ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 32 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' The Secret Circle ' Tops Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Ratings and Viewerrship Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - DVD Set is Scheduled for ' The Complete 8th Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 8 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Complete 8th Season '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_8)&oldid=798182037 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 12 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who dies in season 8 of greys anatomy	[ "This season follows the story-line of Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) and Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) as they try to save their marriage and adopt Zola after Meredith tampered with the Alzheimer's trial in the previous season. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) also struggles to forgive Meredith because Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) takes the blame for Meredith and stepping down, and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) takes his place as Chief of Surgery. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) decides to have an abortion, putting her relationship with Hunt at odds. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) co-parent their baby with Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) who continues to have an on/off relationship with Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh). Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) deals with the fallout of his decision to tell Owen about Meredith altering the Alzheimer's trial, and becomes an outcast by the other residents. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) marries Henry Burton (Scott Foley), who later dies of a heart condition, leaving her devastated." ]	[ "Henry Burton" ]
4275948754300792810	National Palace (Mexico)	National Palace ( Mexico ) - wikipedia National Palace ( Mexico ) Jump to : navigation , search National Palace Palacio Nacional The National Palace in Mexico City Location within the Historic Center of Mexico City General information Location Mexico City , Mexico Coordinates 19 ° 25 ′ 57 '' N 99 ° 7 ′ 52 '' W / 19.43250 ° N 99.13111 ° W / 19.43250 ; - 99.13111 Coordinates : 19 ° 25 ′ 57 '' N 99 ° 7 ′ 52 '' W / 19.43250 ° N 99.13111 ° W / 19.43250 ; - 99.13111 The National Palace ( Spanish : Palacio Nacional ) is the seat of the federal executive in Mexico . It is located on Mexico City 's main square , the Plaza de la Constitución ( El Zócalo ) . This site has been a palace for the ruling class of Mexico since the Aztec empire , and much of the current palace 's building materials are from the original one that belonged to Moctezuma II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current complex 2 Description 3 History of the building 3.1 Moctezuma 's `` New Houses '' 3.2 Cortés ' palace 3.3 Viceroy palace 3.4 After independence 3.5 Palace as presidential residence 3.6 2014 Damages 4 Archaeological work 5 The building 's significance 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links Current complex ( edit ) Used and classified as a Government Building , the National Palace , with its red tezontle facade , fills the entire east side of the Zócalo , measuring over 200 meters long . It is home to some of the offices of both the Federal Treasury and the National Archives . Description ( edit ) The facade is bordered on the north and south by two towers and include three main doorways , each of which lead to a different part of the building . The southern door leads to the Patio of Honor and presidential offices ( no public access ) . The northern door is known as the Mariana Door , named in honor of Mariano Arista who had it constructed in 1850 . The area next to this door used to be the old Court Prison , with courtrooms and torture chambers . It is now occupied by the Finance Ministry . It contains the Treasury Room , constructed by architects Manuel Ortiz Monasterio and Vicente Mendiola . The iron and bronze door is the work of Augusto Petriccioli . Palacio Nacional at night Above the central doorway , facing the Zócalo , is the main balcony where just before 11pm on September 15 , the president of Mexico gives the Grito de Dolores , in a ceremony to commemorate Mexican Independence . Part of this ceremony includes ringing the bell that hangs above the balcony . This bell is the original one that Father Miguel Hidalgo rang to call for rebellion against Spain . It originally hung in the church of Dolores Hidalgo , Guanajuato , but was relocated here . In the niche containing the bell , there is the Mexican coat of arms . On each side there is an Aztec eagle knight and his Spanish counterpart . These were sculpted by Manuel Centurion and symbolize the synthesis of Mexican culture and Spanish culture . Balcony where the president of Mexico gives the annual Grito de Dolores on Independence Day and the bell from the church in Dolores Hidalgo , Guanajuato The central door leads to the main patio which is surrounded by Baroque arches . Only the balustrade of this area has been remodeled , conserving the murals by Diego Rivera that adorn the main stairwell and the walls of the second floor . In the stairwell is a mural depicting the history of Mexico from 1521 to 1930 , and covers an area of 450 m ( 4800 ft ) . These murals were painted between 1929 and 1935 , jointly titled `` The Epic of the Mexican People '' . The work is divided like a triptych with each being somewhat autonomous . The right - hand wall contains murals depicting pre-Hispanic Mexico and centers around the life of the Aztec god Quetzalcóatl . Quetzalcóatl appears in the mural as a star , a god , and a human being . Created by serpents , he sails through space as a star that accompanies the sun at night . Quetzalcóatl then assumes a human body to teach the Aztec people as their king and patriarch . Last , when he sacrifices his blood to give life to men , he returns to the sky having completed his earthly cycle . Once he leaves the earth , Quetzalcóatl assumes the shape the morning star , called Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli . The cycle that he undergoes signifies the continuous cycle of life . Rivera 's creation of a Mexican identity helps to continue the reform that began with the Mexican Revolution of 1910 . Before this time , any individualism from the Indians was discouraged as well as any allusion toward Aztec origins . The mural aims to dismiss any idea of inferiority . In the middle and largest panel , the Conquest is depicted with its ugliness , such as rape and torture , as well as priests defending the rights of the indigenous people . The battle for independence occupies the uppermost part of this panel in the arch . The American and French invasions are represented below this , as well as the Reform period and the Revolution . The left - hand panel is dedicated to early and mid-20th century , criticizing the status quo and depicting a Marxist kind of utopia , featuring the persons of Plutarco Elías Calles , John D. Rockefeller , Harry Sinclair , William Durant , J.P. Morgan , Cornelius Vanderbilt and Andrew Mellon as well as Karl Marx . This part of the mural also includes Frida Kahlo , Diego 's wife . This mural reflects Diego 's own personal views about Mexico 's history and the indigenous people of the country in particular . Dolores bell Center balcony of the National Palace Diego also painted 11 panels on the middle floor , such as the `` Tianguis of Tlatelolco '' ( tianguis means `` market '' ) , and the `` Arrival of Hernán Cortés in Veracruz '' . These are part of a series depicting the pre-Hispanic era . Peoples such as the Tarascos of Michoacán , the Zapotecs and Mixtecs of Oaxaca and the Huastecs of Hidalgo , San Luis Potosí and Veracruz . However , this series was not finished . On the upper floor is what once was the Theatre Room of the viceroys , which became the Chamber of Deputies from 1829 to August 22 , 1872 , when the room was accidentally destroyed by fire . In this parliamentary chamber the Reform Constitution of 1857 was written . This and the Constitution of 1917 are on display . The Palace has fourteen courtyards but only a few of these , such as the Grand Courtyard beyond the central portal , are open to the public . The National Palace also houses the main State Archives , with many interesting historical documents , and the Biblioteca Miguel Lerdo de Tejada , one of the largest and most important libraries in the country . On north annex of the building is the Treasury Room and the Benito Juárez Museum . Between the two is the Empress Stairway , built by brothers Juan and Ramón Agea . When faced with claims that their work was unstable and would collapse , they had a full battalion charge down them while they stood underneath . The Treasury Room is no longer in use . Leading to the Museum part of the complex , which used to be the Finance Ministry , is a statue of Benito Juárez by Miguel Noreña . This work was criticized at the time because it was felt that such an honored person should not be depicted sitting on his coattails , as it was contrary to social etiquette at the time . In the Finance Ministry patio is the Benito Juárez Room , where this president lived during the end of his term and where he died on July 18 , 1872 . The bedroom , living room and study have been preserved complete with a number of objects belonging to the president . History of the building ( edit ) Moctezuma 's `` New Houses '' ( edit ) The site and much of the building material of the current building is of what were called Moctezuma II 's `` New Houses '' . This palace functioned as the Aztec tlatoani 's residence and performed a number of official functions as well . The building was divided into two sections and decorated with marble and painted stucco . The main façade contained the shield of the monarchy , an eagle with a snake in its claws . It has three patios surrounded by porticos , indoor sanitary facilities , fountains and gardens . The bedrooms had tapestries of cotton , feathers and rabbit fur painted in bright colors . The floors were of polished stucco and covered in animal furs and finely - woven mats . There were rooms for servants , administrative staff , and military guards , along with kitchens , pantries and storage rooms . The richness of the palace surprised Cortés , which he relayed in letters to Charles I of Spain . The palace also held a chamber reserved for the `` tlacxitlan '' where a group of elders , presided over by the emperor himself , would settle disputes among the citizenry . After the Conquest , these New Houses were not completely leveled to the ground but were sufficiently destroyed as to make them uninhabitable . Cortés ' Palace ( edit ) Palacio Nacional garden The land and the buildings on it were claimed by Hernán Cortés , who had architects Rodrigo de Pontocillos and Juan Rodríguez rebuild the palace while Cortés lived in the `` Old Houses '' ( now the Nacional Monte de Piedad building ) across the plaza from 1521 to 1530 . Cortés 's palace was a massive fortress with embrasures for cannon at the corners and the mezzanine had crenels for musketeers . The façade had only two doors with arches ( medio punto ) . Inside there were two patios , with a third being built after 1554 and a fourth sometime after that . Its garden was extensive , occupying much of the south and southwest portions of the property up to what is now Correo Mayor Street . The palace has living quarters , offices , two audience rooms , and a tower for gunpowder . A secondary building behind the main one has nineteen windows spanning its façade . It also had a parapet , above which was a clock and a bell . The main courtyard was built large enough so he could entertain visitors with New Spain 's first recorded bullfights . The Spanish crown bought the palace from the Cortés family in 1562 to house the Viceregal Palace . It remained so until Mexican Independence in the 1820s . Viceroy Palace ( edit ) The Royal Chapel In 1562 , the Spanish Crown bought the palace and land from Martin Cortés , son of Hernan Cortés , retaining much of the Cortés palace features . Due to tensions between the viceroy and the archbishop , the palace was set on fire by supporters of the archbishop in 1624 . On 8 June 1692 , the palace was almost completely destroyed . Viceroy Gaspar de Sandoval then had Friar Diego Valverde reconstruct the palace . Historian Manuel Rivera Cambas states that after reconstruction , the palace lost its fortress - like appearance , and took on a Baroque appearance . Its crenels were converted into windows with ironwork grilles . framed in stonework . Inscriptions were etched above these windows and coats - of - arms were places to the sides . A smaller , third door was added on the north side of the building . On the inner , secondary building , tall windows with small ironwork balconies were installed . The south door led to what was named the `` Patio of Honor '' ; in this section were the viceroy 's quarters . The mezzanine held the offices of the Secretary and the Archives of the Viceroyalty . The lower part has servants ' and halberdiers ' quarters as well as storage bins for mercury . This Patio of Honor opened in back toward a garden for the use of the viceroy and his court . This later became the Royal Botanical Garden in the 18th century . The main patio in the central part of the building had arches around it supported by tall , thick Baroque columns . Through this patio was access to the Audience Hall , the tax collection room , the consulate , the office of mining regulation , the General Treasury , the Royal Chapel and the Throne Room . The north door led to a small patio in which was located the jail and the guards ' quarters . The palace essentially remained unchanged until after independence in the 1830s . After independence ( edit ) The palace at night Parlamenatario Many of Mexico 's leaders after independence made changes to the Viceroy Palace , including renaming it the `` National Palace '' . Mexico 's first ministries were installed such as the Ministry of Hacienda ( internal revenue ) , Ministry of War , Ministry of Justice , and the Ministry of Internal and External Relations , as well as the Supreme Court . During an uprising led by Valentín Gómez Farías against then - president Anastasio Bustamante , the southwest balustrade was seriously damaged during a siege lasting twelve days . In 1845 , the old Chambers of Deputies was constructed , with the Senate on the upper floor of the south wing . In 1850 , Mariano Arista had the old north prison door cemented shut and constructed the current northern door . He also converted the north wing into barracks of the `` Batallón de Guardia de Supremos Poderes '' ( Battalion of Guards for the Supreme Powers ) . In 1864 , Maximilian of Habsburg had three flagpoles installed in front of the three main doors . By the central door was the Mexican flag ; at the north door was the flag of Austria and at the south door was the flag of France . He also had Lorenzo de la Hidalga construct the grand marble staircase that is in the Patio of Honor in the southern wing , as well as having the public rooms roofed and furnished with paintings , candelabras , and chamber pots from Hollenbach , Austria and Sirres , France . In opposition , Benito Juárez chose to have his quarters in the north end of the Palace , rather than in the traditional southern end . In 1877 , the Secretaría de Hacienda y Credito Público ( Secretary of Internal Revenue and Public Credit ) , José Ives Limantour , as part of his overhaul of the department , moved their offices to the north wing , finishing in 1902 . He chose the largest room in the wing for the Office of Seals . In 1896 , the bell that Father Hidalgo rung at the parish of Dolores , Guanajuato was moved here . Part of Diego Rivera 's mural depicting Mexico 's history in the main stairwell Left panel of Rivera 's History of Mexico mural in the main stairwell A number of changes were made during the rule of Porfirio Díaz . The English - made clock on the parapet was moved to the tower of the Church of Santo Domingo . The façade was cemented over and etched to look like stone block . Cloth awnings were placed on the windows of the upper floors . On pedestals near the main door , statues of female forms were placed . Inside , the ambassador 's room , the dining room , the kitchens , the lounge , the garages and the stables were all refurnished . This was done at a time when French style was popular in Mexico . Between 1926 and 1929 , the third floor was added during the term of President Plutarco Elías Calles by Alberto J. Pani , an engineer and then finance minister and designed by Augusto Petriccioli . Merlons were placed on the towers and parapet and decorative caps were placed on all three doors . The Dolores Bell was placed in a niche flanked by atlantes above the balcony above the central door . The façade was covered with red tezontle stone and installed stone frames on the doors , windows , cornices , and parapets . In the interior , a grand staircase of marble was installed in the central patio ( where Diego Rivera would later paint The History of Mexico mural ) and constructed stairs to the internal revenue department and the offices of the General Treasury in the north wing . The old Chamber of Deputies , abandoned after a fire in 1872 , was reconstructed and re-inaugurated as a museum to the centennial . A statue of Benito Juárez was placed in the north wing near his old quarters . This statue was made with bronze from the cannons of the Conservative Army during the Reform War and from French projectiles from the Battle of Puebla . This caused the Palace to lose its Baroque ( and French ) appearance and give it the appearance it has today . Palace as presidential residence ( edit ) All the viceroys that ruled New Spain during the colonial period lived in this residence except for Antonio de Mendoza and Juan O'Donojú , which interestingly enough , were the first and last viceroys . After independence , the palace was home to the two emperors who ruled Mexico during brief periods : Agustin de Iturbide and Maximilian I of Mexico . The first president to live in the building was also Mexico 's first president , Guadalupe Victoria , and its last occupant was Manuel González , president from 1880 to 1884 . The current presidential residence is Los Pinos . Famous people who stayed here include Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Mateo Alemán , Friar Servando de Mier ( he also died here ) , Alexander von Humboldt and Simón Bolívar . 2014 damages ( edit ) On November 8 , 2014 , alleged Anarquists deliberatedly damaged the palace facade and windows with graffiti and by breaking windows , and burned down a section of the Mariana Door after a failed attempt at breaking it down . The National Institute of History and Anthropology ( INAH ) handled the restoration and presented charges for the damages . Archaeological work ( edit ) Because of work related to the construction of Metro Line 2 and the acceleration of the sinking of many of the buildings in the historic center , the basic structure of the Palace suffered deterioration , requiring work to secure the building 's foundation and supports , esp . on the third floor , the central patio and the Patio of Honor . During this work , the old column bases of the Viceroy Palace were found , two of which were restored where they were found . They also found old cedar rafters with their brackets , which were used to form the foundation of the first floor . Recently , excavations in and next to the National Palace have unearthed parts of Moctezuma 's `` New Houses '' , the name of the palaces that Hernán Cortés razed to build what has become the current edifice . Parts of a wall and a basalt floor were found during recent renovations on the building that now houses the Museum of Culture , which adjoins the Palace on its north side . The wall and floor are believed to be part of Casa Denegrida , or the Black House , which Spanish conquerors described as a windowless room painted in black . In here , Moctezuma would meditate on what he was told by professional seers and shamans . It was part of a construction which is thought to have consisted of five interconnected buildings containing the emperor 's office , chambers for children and several wives and even a zoo . More excavations are planned . The building 's significance ( edit ) Fountain at the National Palace On the webpage of past president Ernesto Zedillo , Carlos Fuentes calls the National Palace a `` traveling and an immobile construction '' . Traveling is used in the sense that much of its architectural style is Spanish in origin and symbolized the transplanting of Spanish civilization to the New World . It is immobile in the sense that since Aztec times , this has been the seat of earthly political power , first as the palaces of the Aztec tlatoani , then of the Spanish viceroys , then of Mexican heads of state . Only until very recently , those who held power over Mexico lived here as well as asserted their authority . The building itself represents the Mexican people as a blending of both Spanish and Aztec . The old palace was destroyed to make way for the new , but both were built of the very same stone . According to Zedillo , this represents something that is not quite Aztec , but not quite Spanish either , much like the country itself . These same stones were present during all of Mexico 's major historical events and had seen foreign flags fly above them . On the eve of Mexican Independence Day , the National Palace is the star of the show . The original bell Father Hidalgo rang is here and the President himself gives the Grito de Dolores from its main balcony . He also notes one such Independence Eve , in 1964 , when General Charles de Gaulle , then - President of France , spoke to the crowd in Spanish from the Palace . He notes this to assert that the Palace is not only a place but also a destination where friends of the country can be welcomed . Gallery ( edit ) This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mural by Diego Rivera Mural by Diego Rivera in National Palace Mural by Diego Rivera in National Palace Mural by Diego Rivera in National Palace Portrait of Margarita Maza de Juárez in Juárez Museum Juárez 's study in the Juárez Museum Juárez 's dining room in Juárez Museum Portrait of Agustín de Iturbide in Palace Interior of the Nacional Palace El Grito in 2013 Old hall of treasury at the National Palace Front of the National Palace References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Galindo , Carmen ; Magdelena Galindo ( 2002 ) . Mexico City Historic Center . Mexico City : Ediciones Nueva Guia . ISBN 968 - 5437 - 29 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , John ( 2000 ) . Lonely Planet Mexico City . Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications . ISBN 1 - 86450 - 087 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico City - National Palace '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Rivera Mural Monumental Stairway in Mexico 's National Palace Mexico City , D.F. '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Jose Rogelio Alvarez , ed. ( 1993 ) . `` Palacio Nacional '' . Enciclopedia de Mexico . 10 . Mexico City : Encyclopædia Britannica . pp. 6141 -- 2 . ISBN 968 - 457 - 180 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Ariztegui ( ed ) , Patricia ( 1984 ) . Guia Turística de Mexico -- Distrito Federal Centro 3 . Mexico City : Promexa . pp. 50 -- 54 . ISBN 968 - 34 - 0319 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico-df/1411/evalua-inah-danos-puerta-palacio-nacional/ Jump up ^ http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/1411/prenden-fuego-puerta-mariana-palacio-nacional/ Jump up ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2014/11/09/arde-puerta-principal-de-palacio-nacional-tras-la-marcha-al-zocalo-por-normalistas-8791.html Jump up ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/2014/puerta-palacio-nacional-ayotzinapa-desaparecidos-marcha-maria-teresa-franco-guerrero-normalistaspuerta-palacio-nacional-ayotzinapa-desaparecidos-marcha-maria-teresa-franco-guerrero-normalistas-1052888.html Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Archaeologists uncover Aztec palace in Mexico City '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Palace : A Traveling , Unmovable structure '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Palace of Mexico City . El Zócalo de la Ciudad de México Mexico City 's National Palace . A visit , review and photos of Mexico City 's Palacio nacional Landmarks and historic buildings of the Historic center of Mexico City Zócalo and immediate vicinity Federal District buildings Madero street Mexico City Cathedral Nacional Monte de Piedad National Palace Old Portal de Mercaderes Templo Mayor Zócalo Schools and colleges Academia Mexicana de la Historia Academy of San Carlos Antigua Escuela de Economía Colegio de Minería Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas Colegio Nacional University of the Cloister of Sor Juana Government buildings Chamber of Deputies Departamento de Estadistica Nacional Library of the Congress of Mexico Old Customs Building Palace of the Marqués del Apartado Secretariat of Public Education Senate Supreme Court Religious buildings Ex Temple of Corpus Christi Jesús Nazareno La Enseñanza La Merced Cloister La Santísima La Soledad Nuestra Señora de Loreto Nuestra Señora de Valvanera Regina Coeli San Bernardo San Francisco Convent of San Jerónimo San Juan de Dios San Lorenzo Santa María la Redonda Santa Teresa la Antigua Santa Veracruz Santo Domingo Temple and Ex-convent of Jesus Maria Temple of Saint Augustine Temple of San Felipe Neri `` La Profesa '' Temple of San Pablo el Viejo Temple of San Pablo el Nuevo Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71 Museums Caricature Museum Franz Mayer Museum House of the First Print Shop in the Americas Interactive Museum of Economics José Luis Cuevas Museum Museo de Arte Popular Museo de Charrería Museo del Estanquillo Museo de la Estampa Museo Nacional de Arte Museum Archive of Photography Museum of Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público Museum of the City of Mexico National Museum of Cultures Palace of the Inquisition ( Museum of Mexican Medicine ) Colegio de San Ildefonso Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo , now Mexico City ( Museum of the Constitutions ) Casa Talavera Cultural Center Palaces Borda House , Mexico City Casa de los Azulejos Chapultepec Castle Houses of the Mayorazgo de Guerrero Palace of Iturbide Palace of the Marqués del Apartado Palacio de Bellas Artes Palacio de Correos de Mexico Palace of the Counts of San Mateo de Valparaiso Palacio de la Autónomia Legislative Palace of Donceles Historic houses House of the Count de la Torre Cosío y la Cortina House of the Marquis of Uluapa Tlaxcala House Traditional markets Abelardo L. Rodriguez Market La Merced Market Ciudadela Market San Juan Market , Mexico City Other Alameda Central Antigua Escuela de Jurisprudencia Barrio Chino Centro Cultural de España Chapultepec aqueduct Edificio Miguel E. Abed Garden of the Triple Alliance Hospital de Jesús Nazareno Hospital San Hipólito INAH Building Lirico Theatre Plaza Garibaldi Plaza Santo Domingo Teatro de la Ciudad Teatro Fru Fru Teatro Hidalgo Tlaxcala House Tlaxcoaque Torre Latinoamericana Official government residences in North America Antigua and Barbuda : Government House ( GG ) Bahamas : Government House ( GG ) Barbados : Government House ( GG ) Ilaro Court ( PM ) Canada : Rideau Hall ( Mon & GG ) Citadelle of Quebec ( GG ) 24 Sussex Drive ( PM ) Harrington Lake ( PM ) Rideau Cottage ( PM - temporary ) Cuba : Presidential Palace ( former ) Dominica : Government House Dominican Republic : National Palace Grenada : Government House ( GG ) Haiti : National Palace Jamaica : King 's House ( GG ) Vale Royal ( PM ) Mexico : National Palace Los Pinos Puerto Rico : La Fortaleza Saint Kitts and Nevis : Government House ( GG ) Saint Lucia : Government House ( GG ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines : Government House ( GG ) Trinidad and Tobago : President 's House St. Anns Diplomatic Residence ( PM ) United States : White House 42nd Floor Apartment Camp David One Observatory Circle Presidential Emergency Facility President 's Guest House Presidential Townhouse Tingey House Trowbridge House Notes Monarch ( Mon ) Governor - general ( GG ) Lieutenant - governor ( LG ) Prime minister ( PM ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Palace_(Mexico)&oldid=802781975 '' Categories : Palaces in Mexico Government buildings in Mexico History museums in Mexico Museums in Mexico City National museums of Mexico Historic house museums in Mexico Historical Center of Mexico City Houses in Mexico City Landmarks in Mexico City National Monuments of Mexico Official document archives Official residences in Mexico Presidential residences History of Mexico City History of Mexico Arts in Mexico City Mexican culture Mexican paintings Murals in Mexico 1920s murals 1930s murals 17th century in Mexico 18th century in Mexico 19th century in Mexico City 20th century in Mexico City Aztec sites Colonial Mexico New Spain 1563 establishments in New Spain 1560s establishments in Mexico 1560s architecture Baroque architecture in Mexico Baroque palaces Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the location of the palace where the aztec king lived	[ "The National Palace (Spanish: Palacio Nacional) is the seat of the federal executive in Mexico. It is located on Mexico City's main square, the Plaza de la Constitución (El Zócalo). This site has been a palace for the ruling class of Mexico since the Aztec empire, and much of the current palace's building materials are from the original one that belonged to Moctezuma II." ]	[ "The National Palace" ]
-3611440977484853025	Tyne Cot	Tyne Cot - wikipedia Tyne Cot Jump to : navigation , search Tyne Cot Commonwealth War Graves Commission Used for those deceased 1917 -- 1918 Established October 1917 Location 50 ° 53 ′ 13 '' N 02 ° 59 ′ 53 '' E / 50.88694 ° N 2.99806 ° E / 50.88694 ; 2.99806 Coordinates : 50 ° 53 ′ 13 '' N 02 ° 59 ′ 53 '' E / 50.88694 ° N 2.99806 ° E / 50.88694 ; 2.99806 near Passendale , West Flanders , Belgium Designed by Sir Herbert Baker Total burials 11,965 , of which 8,369 are unnamed Unknown burials 101 Burials by nation Allied Powers : United Kingdom : 8,907 Canada : 966 Newfoundland : 14 Australia : 1,353 New Zealand : 519 South Africa : 90 British West Indies : 2 France : 1 Central Powers : Germany : 4 Burials by war World War I : 11,954 1914 -- Here are recorded the names of officers and men of the armies of the British Empire who fell in Ieper Salient , but to whom the fortune of war denied the known and honoured burial given to their comrades in death -- 1918 Statistics source : CWGC Tyne Cot Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery and Memorial to the Missing is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) burial ground for the dead of the First World War in the Ypres Salient on the Western Front . It is the largest cemetery for Commonwealth forces in the world , for any war . The cemetery and its surrounding memorial are located outside of Passchendale , near Zonnebeke in Belgium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Tyne Cot Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery 2.1 Notable graves 3 Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links Name ( edit ) Pill box of Flandern I Stellung in the grounds of Tyne Cot The name `` Tyne Cot '' is said to come from the Northumberland Fusiliers , seeing a resemblance between the many German concrete pill boxes on this site and typical Tyneside workers ' cottages ( Tyne cots ) . Tyne Cot CWGC Cemetery lies on a broad rise in the landscape which overlooks the surrounding countryside . As such , the location was strategically important to both sides fighting in the area . The concrete shelters which still stand in various parts of the cemetery were part of a fortified position of the German Flandern I Stellung , which played an important role in the area during the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 . Tyne Cot Commonwealth War graves cemetery ( edit ) The inscription on the cross built upon the largest of the three pillboxes reads : THIS WAS THE TYNE COT BLOCKHOUSE CAPTURED BY THE 3RD AUSTRALIAN DIVISION 4 October 1917 It originally read `` 2nd Division '' until corrected in the 1990s . On 4 October 1917 , the area where Tyne Cot CWGC Cemetery is now located was captured by the 3rd Australian Division and the New Zealand Division and two days later a cemetery for British and Canadian war dead was begun . The cemetery was recaptured by German forces on 13 April 1918 and was finally liberated by Belgian forces on 28 September . After the Armistice in November 1918 , the cemetery was greatly enlarged from its original 343 graves by concentrating graves from the battlefields , smaller cemeteries nearby and from Langemark . The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in perpetuity by King Albert I of Belgium in recognition of the sacrifices made by the British Empire in the defence and liberation of Belgium during the war . The Cross of Sacrifice that marks many CWGC cemeteries was built on top of a German pill box in the centre of the cemetery , purportedly at the suggestion of King George V , who visited the cemetery in 1922 as it neared completion . The King 's visit , described in the poem The King 's Pilgrimage , included a speech in which he said : We can truly say that the whole circuit of the Earth is girdled with the graves of our dead . In the course of my pilgrimage , I have many times asked myself whether there can be more potent advocates of peace upon Earth through the years to come , than this massed multitude of silent witnesses to the desolation of war . -- King George V , 11 May 1922 The cemetery was designed by Sir Herbert Baker . The land on which the cemetery stands is the free gift in perpetuity of the Belgian people to those who are honoured here . Notable graves ( edit ) Lewis McGee 's grave The cemetery has several notable graves and memorials , including the grave of Private James Peter Robertson ( 1883 -- 1917 ) , a Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery in rushing a machine gun emplacement and rescuing two men from under heavy fire . He was killed saving the second of these men on 6 November 1917 . Two Australian recipients of the Victoria Cross buried in the cemetery are Captain Clarence Smith Jeffries ( 1894 -- 1917 ) , and Sergeant Lewis McGee ( 1888 -- 1917 ) . Jeffries led an assault party and rushed one of the strong points at the First Battle of Passchendaele on 12 October 1917 , capturing four machine guns and thirty five prisoners , before running his company forward again . He was planning another attack when he was killed by an enemy gunner . On the same day , McGee , who had earned his decoration eight days earlier at Broodseinde , was killed charging an enemy pillbox in the same battle . Also at Tyne Cot , behind the Cross of Sacrifice which was constructed on top of an old German pillbox in the middle of the cemetery , there are 4 German graves , buried alongside Commonwealth graves . These graves are of men that were treated here after the battle , when the pillbox underneath the main cross was used as a Dressing Station for wounded men . Tyne Cot memorial to the missing ( edit ) The walls forming the memorial in the background , with one of the rotundas The stone wall surrounding the cemetery makes - up the Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing , one of several Commonwealth War Graves Commission Memorials to the Missing along the Western Front . The UK missing lost in the Ypres Salient are commemorated at the Menin Gate memorial to the missing in Ypres and the Tyne Cot Memorial . Upon completion of the Menin Gate , builders discovered it was not large enough to contain all the names as originally planned . They selected an arbitrary cut - off date of 15 August 1917 and the names of the UK missing after this date were inscribed on the Tyne Cot memorial instead . Additionally , the New Zealand contingent of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission declined to have its missing soldiers names listed on the main memorials , choosing instead to have names listed near the appropriate battles . Tyne Cot was chosen as one of these locations . Unlike the other New Zealand memorials to its missing , the Tyne Cot New Zealand memorial to the missing is integrated within the larger Tyne Cot memorial , forming a central apse in the main memorial wall . The inscription reads : `` Here are recorded the names of officers and men of New Zealand who fell in the Battle of Broodseinde and the First Battle of Passchendaele October 1917 and whose graves are known only unto God '' . The memorial contains the names of 33,783 soldiers of the UK forces , plus a further 1,176 New Zealanders . Three British Army Victoria Cross recipients are commemorated here : Lieutenant Colonel Philip Bent ( 1891 -- 1917 ) Corporal William Clamp ( 1891 -- 1917 ) Lance Corporal Ernest Seaman ( 1893 -- 1918 ) Other notable persons commemorated include : Lieutenant Allan Ivo Steel , English first - class cricketer . Lieutenant David ( Dai ) Westacott , Welsh rugby international . It was designed by Sir Herbert Baker , with sculptures by Joseph Armitage and Ferdinand Victor Blundstone , who also sculpted part of the Newfoundland National War Memorial . The memorial was unveiled on 20 June 1927 by Sir Gilbert Dyett . Gallery ( edit ) Graves at Tyne Cot Cemetery View towards entrance of cemetery Tyne Cot Cemetery with `` Cross of Sacrifice '' on the far right Tyne Cot `` Cross of Sacrifice '' A single marker for two of the four German graves at Tyne Cot . Both are unknown . A single marker for two of the four German graves at Tyne Cot . One soldier is named , the other is unknown . Play media A two - minute video recording of the location References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tyne Cot Cemetery , Zonnebeke , Ieper Salient Battlefields , Belgium '' . Greatwar.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Holt , T and V Major and Mrs Holt 's Battlefield Guide to the Ypres Salient Barnsley : 2003 Leo Cooper Pen and Sword ISBN 0 - 85052 - 551 - 9 ; p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Tyne Cot Cemetery and Visitors ' centre - Toerisme Zonnebeke - english '' . www.toerismezonnebeke.be . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyne Cot Cemetery '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ John McGivering , Ed . ( 20 October 2008 ) . `` Notes to `` The Debt '' `` . The Kipling Society . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . This is the speech written by Rudyard Kipling for the King , and delivered on 13 May 1922 at Terlincthun Cemetery , Boulogne , as reported in The Times of 15 May 1922 . The speech was composed by Kipling , who met the King on 11 May near Vlamertinghe , but it is not clear whether the same speech was delivered at cemeteries visited by the King before the closing visit of the pilgrimage at Terlincthun Cemetery . The Tyne Cot information centre attributes the quote to a visit to Tyne Cot on 11 May . Jump up ^ `` Tyne Cot British Military Cemetery '' . The First World War Poetry Digital Archive , Oxford University . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( Holt , p29 ) Jump up ^ ( Holt , p125 ) Jump up ^ ( Holt , p28 ) Jump up ^ `` The Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing '' . Greatwar.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ypres : Tyne Cot Cemetery '' . Trabel.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TYNE COT MEMORIAL '' . www.victoriacross.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` cwgc.org.uk '' . www.cwgc.org.uk . ^ Jump up to : Tyne Cot Memorial , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , accessed 7 February 2010 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyne Cot Cemetery . Memorial : Cemetery details . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Cemetery : Cemetery details . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Tyne Cot Memorial at Find a Grave Tyne Cot Cemetery at Find a Grave Silent Cities ww1cemeteries.com ww1battlefields.co.uk 360 ° Panoramic view Tyne Cot Memorial ( Belgian heritage register ) YouTube video of the Tyne Cot Cemetery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyne_Cot&oldid=803276314 '' Categories : Battle of Passchendaele World War I memorials in Belgium World War I cemeteries in Belgium Ypres Salient Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Belgium South African military memorials and cemeteries Herbert Baker buildings and structures Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Nederlands Norsk Svenska West - Vlams Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 15 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did tyne cot cemetery get its name	[ "The name \"Tyne Cot\" is said to come from the Northumberland Fusiliers, seeing a resemblance between the many German concrete pill boxes on this site and typical Tyneside workers' cottages (Tyne cots).[2] Tyne Cot CWGC Cemetery lies on a broad rise in the landscape which overlooks the surrounding countryside. As such, the location was strategically important to both sides fighting in the area. The concrete shelters which still stand in various parts of the cemetery were part of a fortified position of the German Flandern I Stellung,[3] which played an important role in the area during the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917." ]	[ "from the Northumberland Fusiliers, seeing a resemblance between the many German concrete pill boxes on this site and typical Tyneside workers' cottages (Tyne cots)" ]
-3091289115399025608	Space Race	Space Race - Wikipedia Space Race Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Cold War rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union . For other uses of the term , see Space Race ( disambiguation ) . The Soviet Union achieved an early lead in the Space Race by launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 ( replica shown ) in 1957 . The United States led during the `` Moon race '' by landing Neil Armstrong ( pictured ) and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon , July 1969 . Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford and cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov shake hands in space to ease Cold War tensions . The Space Race refers to the 20th - century competition between two Cold War rivals , the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and the United States ( US ) , for supremacy in spaceflight capability . It had its origins in the missile - based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program . The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security , and symbolic of ideological superiority . The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites , uncrewed space probes of the Moon , Venus , and Mars , and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon . The Space Race began on August 2 , 1955 , when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year , by declaring they would also launch a satellite `` in the near future '' . The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 . The `` race '' peaked with the July 20 , 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11 . The USSR tried but failed crewed lunar missions , and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations . A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project , resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew . The end of the Space Race is harder to pinpoint than its beginning , but it was over by the December , 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union , after which true spaceflight cooperation between the US and Russia began . The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites , and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station . It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development , which led to beneficial spin - off technologies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early rocket development 1.1 Germany during World War II 1.2 Soviet rocket development 1.3 American rocket development 1.4 Cold War missile race 2 The Race begins 2.1 First artificial satellite 2.2 US reaction 3 Uncrewed lunar probes 4 First human in space 5 First American in space 6 Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon 7 Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs 7.1 Mercury 7.2 Vostok 8 Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program 9 Gemini and Voskhod 9.1 Voskhod program 9.2 Project Gemini 10 Soviet crewed Moon programs 11 Outer space treaty 12 Disaster strikes both sides 13 Onward to the Moon 14 Apollo 11 15 The Race winds down 15.1 Salyuts and Skylab 15.2 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project 16 Legacy 16.1 Human spaceflight after Apollo 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links Early rocket development ( edit ) Germany during World War II ( edit ) Wernher von Braun ( 1912 -- 1977 ) , technical director of Nazi Germany 's missile program , became the United States ' lead rocket engineer during the 1950s and 1960s The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany , beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight . Starting in the early 1930s , during the last stages of the Weimar Republic , German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid - fueled rockets , with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances . The head of the German Army 's Ballistics and Munitions Branch , Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker , gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen , to figure out how to use rockets as long - range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles ' ban on research and development of long - range cannons . Wernher von Braun , a young engineering prodigy , was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf - West in 1932 . Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets , and did not initially see the military value in missile technology . During the Second World War , General Dornberger was the military head of the army 's rocket program , Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket center , and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program . They led the team that built the Aggregate - 4 ( A-4 ) rocket , which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943 . By 1943 , Germany began mass - producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ( `` Vengeance Weapon '' 2 , or more commonly , V2 ) , a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers ( 200 mi ) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms ( 2,490 lb ) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour ( 2,500 mph ) . Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it , and radar detection provided little warning . Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied - liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945 . After the war , the V - 2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs . At war 's end , American , British , and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany 's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based . Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team , but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip , recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team , who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs . The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets . Soviet rocket development ( edit ) Further information : Soviet rocketry `` Chief Designer '' Sergei Korolev ( left ) , with the `` father of the Soviet atomic bomb '' Igor Kurchatov , and `` Chief Theoretician '' Mstislav Keldysh in 1956 The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany , which became the Soviet zone of occupation . On Stalin 's orders , the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems . The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev . He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s , but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag . After the war , he became the USSR 's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer , essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun . His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War , and he was identified publicly only as `` the Chief Designer . '' In the West , his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966 . After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde , Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and later moved more than 170 of the top captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger , about 240 kilometers ( 150 mi ) northwest of Moscow . They were not allowed to participate in final Soviet missile design , but were used as problem - solving consultants to the Soviet engineers . They helped in the following areas : the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4 ; work on `` organizational schemes '' ; research in improving the A-4 main engine ; development of a 100 - ton engine ; assistance in the `` layout '' of plant production rooms ; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components . With their help , particularly Helmut Gröttrup 's group , Korolev reverse - engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket , the R - 1 , in 1948 . Later , he developed his own distinct designs , though many of these designs were influenced by the Gröttrup Group 's G4 - R10 design from 1949 . The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951 -- 53 . American rocket development ( edit ) The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid - fuel rockets since 1914 , and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid - fueled rockets in 1921 ; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public . Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground , located in New Mexico , in 1945 . They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation . These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space , and the first two - stage rocket , the WAC Corporal - V2 combination , in 1949 . The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army 's new Redstone Arsenal , located in Huntsville , Alabama , in 1950 . From here , von Braun and his team developed the Army 's first operational medium - range ballistic missile , the Redstone rocket , that in slightly modified versions , launched both America 's first satellite , and the first piloted Mercury space missions . It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets . Cold War missile Race ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear arms race The cold war would become the great engine , the supreme catalyst , that sent rockets and their cargoes far above Earth and worlds away . If Tsiolkovsky , Oberth , Goddard , and others were the fathers of rocketry , the competition between capitalism and communism was its midwife . William E. Burrows , This New Ocean , `` The Other World Series '' , p. 147 The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) developed between two former allies , the Soviet Union and the United States , soon after the end of the Second World War . It involved a continuing state of political conflict , military tension , proxy wars , and economic competition , primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states ( often referred to as the Eastern Bloc ) , and the powers of the Western world , particularly the United States . The primary participants ' military forces never clashed directly , but expressed this conflict through military coalitions , strategic conventional force deployments , extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable , proxy wars , espionage , propaganda , a nuclear arms race , and economic and technological competitions , such as the Space Race . In simple terms , the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism . The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949 , when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb . American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb , with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that , for the first time , might devastate its cities . Given this new danger , the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb , as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) capable of delivering nuclear weapons . A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s , which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism . With communism spreading in China , Korea , and Eastern Europe , Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive `` witch - hunts '' to expose communist spies . Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force , under the control of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers , as well as medium - bombers based close to Soviet airspace ( in western Europe and in Turkey ) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads . For its part , the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion . Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons . The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II , and it could use them again against the Soviet Union , laying waste its cities and military centers . Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union , and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory , in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) in order to counter the perceived American threat . Soviet R - 7 ICBM , and its derivative launch vehicles for Sputnik , Vostok , Voskhod , and Soyuz In 1953 , Korolev was given the go - ahead to develop the R - 7 Semyorka rocket , which represented a major advance from the German design . Although some of its components ( notably boosters ) still resembled the German G - 4 , the new rocket incorporated staged design , a completely new control system , and a new fuel . It was successfully tested on August 21 , 1957 and became the world 's first fully operational ICBM the following month . It was later used to launch the first satellite into space , and derivatives launched all piloted Soviet spacecraft . The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services , which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program . The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX - 774 . However , its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947 . In 1950 , von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM - 11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral . In 1951 , the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX - 1593 , and by 1955 this program was receiving top - priority funding . The MX - 1593 program evolved to become the Atlas - A , with its maiden launch occurring June 11 , 1957 , becoming the first successful American ICBM . Its upgraded version , the Atlas - D rocket , later served as a nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote - controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini . With the Cold War as an engine for change in the ideological competition between the United States and the Soviet Union , a coherent space policy began to take shape in the United States during the late 1950s . Korolev took inspiration from the competition as well , achieving many firsts to counter the possibility that the United States might prevail . The Race begins ( edit ) Further information : Soviet space program and Space policy of the United States First artificial satellite ( edit ) In 1955 , with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space , the `` starting line '' was drawn for the Space Race . In separate announcements four days apart , both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958 . On July 29 , 1955 , James C. Hagerty , president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary , announced that the United States intended to launch `` small Earth circling satellites '' between July 1 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1958 , as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) . Four days later , at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen , scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy , and announced his country 's intention to launch a satellite as well , in the `` near future '' . On August 30 , 1955 , Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit : this was the de facto start date for the Space Race . The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret . Initially , President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) , might be construed as violating that nation 's sovereign airspace . He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight , thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense . Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation 's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space , acknowledged as the Kármán line , and he used the 1957 -- 58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law . Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a `` warmonger '' if he were to use military missiles as launchers . Therefore , he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory 's Vanguard rocket , which was a research - only booster . This meant that von Braun 's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter - C rocket , because of its intended use as a future military vehicle . On September 20 , 1956 , von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter - C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit , but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology . Korolev received word about von Braun 's 1956 Jupiter - C test , but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed , he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit . Since his R - 7 was substantially more powerful than any of the American boosters , he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing Object D as his primary satellite . It was given the designation ' D ' , to distinguish it from other R - 7 payload designations ' A ' , ' B ' , ' V ' , and ' G ' which were nuclear weapon payloads . Object D dwarfed the proposed American satellites , by having a weight of 1,400 kilograms ( 3,100 lb ) , of which 300 kilograms ( 660 lb ) would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth , take readings on radiation levels , and check on the planet 's magnetic field . However , things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite , so in February 1957 , Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to create a prosteishy sputnik ( PS - 1 ) , or simple satellite . The Council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958 . The new sputnik was a shiny sphere that would be a much lighter craft , weighing 83.8 kilograms ( 185 lb ) and having a 58 - centimeter ( 23 in ) diameter . The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had , but had two radio transmitters operating on different short wave radio frequencies , the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull , and the ability to detect the density of the Earth 's thermosphere . Beep ... beep ... beep The signals of Sputnik 1 continued for 22 days Problems playing this file ? See media help . Korolev was buoyed by the first successful launches of his R - 7 rocket in August and September , which paved the way for him to launch his sputnik . Word came that the Americans were planning to announce a major breakthrough at an International Geophysical Year conference at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C. , with a paper entitled `` Satellite Over the Planet '' , on October 6 , 1957 . Korolev anticipated that von Braun might launch a Jupiter - C with a satellite payload on or around October 4 or 5 , in conjunction with the paper . He hastened the launch , moving it to October 4 . The launch vehicle for PS - 1 , was a modified R - 7 -- vehicle 8K71PS number M1 - PS -- without much of the test equipment and radio gear that was present in the previous launches . It arrived at the Soviet missile base Tyura - Tam in September and was prepared for its mission at launch site number one . On Friday , October 4 , 1957 , at exactly 10 : 28 : 34 pm Moscow time , the R - 7 , with the now named Sputnik 1 satellite , lifted off the launch pad , and placed this artificial `` moon '' into an orbit a few minutes later . This `` fellow traveler , '' as the name is translated in English , was a small , beeping ball , less than two feet in diameter and weighing less than 200 pounds . But the celebrations were muted at the launch control center until the down - range far east tracking station at Kamchatka received the first distinctive beep ... beep ... beep sounds from Sputnik 1 's radio transmitters , indicating that it was on its way to completing its first orbit . About 95 minutes after launch , the satellite flew over its launch site , and its radio signals were picked up by the engineers and military personnel at Tyura - Tam : that 's when Korolev and his team celebrated the first successful artificial satellite placed into Earth - orbit . US reaction ( edit ) Main article : Sputnik crisis The Soviet success raised a great deal of concern in the United States . For example , economist Bernard Baruch wrote in an open letter titled `` The Lessons of Defeat '' to the New York Herald Tribune : `` While we devote our industrial and technological power to producing new model automobiles and more gadgets , the Soviet Union is conquering space ... It is Russia , not the United States , who has had the imagination to hitch its wagon to the stars and the skill to reach for the moon and all but grasp it . America is worried . It should be . '' Eisenhower ordered project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned . The December 6 , 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , broadcast live in front of a US television audience . It was a monumental failure , exploding a few seconds after launch , and it became an international joke . The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik , Stayputnik , Kaputnik , and Dudnik . In the United Nations , the Russian delegate offered the US . representative aid `` under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations . '' Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun 's Redstone team get the go - ahead to launch their Jupiter - C rocket as soon as they could . In Britain , the US 's Western Cold War ally , the reaction was mixed : some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first , while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring . William Hayward Pickering , James Van Allen , and Wernher von Braun display a full - scale model of Explorer 1 at a Washington , DC news conference after confirmation the satellite was in orbit On January 31 , 1958 , nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1 , von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four - stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army 's Redstone missile , at Cape Canaveral . The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.66 pounds ( 13.91 kg ) in mass . The payload of Explorer 1 weighed 18.35 pounds ( 8.323 kg ) . It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger - Müller tube . It passed in and out of the Earth - encompassing radiation belt with its 194 - by - 1,368 - nautical - mile ( 360 by 2,534 km ) orbit , therefore saturating the tube 's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen , a space scientist at the University of Iowa , had theorized . The belt , named the Van Allen radiation belt , is a doughnut - shaped zone of high - level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1 . The satellite measured three phenomena : cosmic ray and radiation levels , the temperature in the spacecraft , and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites . The satellite had no memory for data storage , therefore it had to transmit continuously . In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments . On April 2 , 1958 , President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite , by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities . Congress , led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act , which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29 , 1958 . This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . It also created a Civilian - Military Liaison Committee , chaired by the President , responsible for coordinating the nation 's civilian and military space programs . On October 21 , 1959 , Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army 's remaining space - related activities to NASA . On July 1 , 1960 , the Redstone Arsenal became NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center , with von Braun as its first director . Development of the Saturn rocket family , which when mature , gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability , was thus transferred to NASA . Uncrewed lunar probes ( edit ) In 1958 , Korolev upgraded the R - 7 to be able to launch a 400 - kilogram ( 880 lb ) payload to the Moon . Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1 - class impactor probes failed . The fourth attempt , Luna 1 , launched successfully on January 2 , 1959 , but missed the Moon . The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch . The 390 - kilogram ( 860 lb ) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14 , 1959 . The 278.5 - kilogram ( 614 lb ) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6 , 1959 . The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959 , managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory . The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas - Agena launch failures in August and November 1961 . The 727 - pound ( 330 kg ) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26 , 1962 , but missed the Moon . The 730 - pound ( 330 kg ) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon , but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data . Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers ( 391 nmi ) on October 21 , 1962 . The first successful Ranger mission was the 806 - pound ( 366 kg ) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31 , 1964 . First human in space ( edit ) Yuri Gagarin , the first person in space , 1961 By 1959 , American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space , because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury 's first launch . On April 12 , 1961 , the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1 . They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut , roughly translated from Russian and Greek as `` sailor of the universe '' . Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his capsule in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer , it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution ; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space . Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union , with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters ( 23,000 ft ) , and landing by parachute . The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( International Federation of Aeronautics ) credited Gagarin with the world 's first human space flight , although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft . For this reason , the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule . When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov 's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique , the FAI committee decided to investigate , and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch , orbiting , and return , rather than the manner of landing , and revised their rules , keeping Gagarin 's and Titov 's records intact . Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , and a worldwide celebrity . Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations , the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945 . April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR , and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official `` Commemorative Dates of Russia . '' In 2011 , it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations . Poyekhali ! Gagarin 's voice Problems playing this file ? See media help . The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch : Korolev : `` Preliminary stage ... intermediate ... main ... lift off ! We wish you a good flight . Everything is all right . '' Gagarin : `` Поехали ! '' ( Poyekhali ! - Let 's go ! ) . Gagarin 's informal poyekhali ! became a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc , used to refer to the beginning of the human space flight era . First American in space ( edit ) Alan Shepard , the first American in space , 1961 The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space , named Man in Space Soonest . This program studied several different types of one - man space vehicles , settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile , and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots . After NASA 's creation , the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26 , 1958 . NASA selected a new group of astronaut ( from the Greek for `` star sailor '' ) candidates from Navy , Air Force and Marine test pilots , and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program . Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately , working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile , followed by orbital flights on the Atlas . Each flight series would first start uncrewed , then carry a non-human primate , then finally humans . On May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury - Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 . Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin , he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft 's attitude and retro - rocket firing . After his successful return , Shepard was celebrated as a national hero , honored with parades in Washington , New York and Los Angeles , and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy . Kennedy directs the Race toward the Moon ( edit ) See also : Moon landing These are extraordinary times . And we face an extraordinary challenge . Our strength as well as our convictions have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedom 's cause . ... if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny , the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all , as did the Sputnik in 1957 , the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere , who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take ... Now it is time to take longer strides -- time for a great new American enterprise -- time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement , which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth . ... Recognizing the head start obtained by the Soviets with their large rocket engines , which gives them many months of lead - time , and recognizing the likelihood that they will exploit this lead for some time to come in still more impressive successes , we nevertheless are required to make new efforts on our own . ... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind , or more important for the long - range exploration of space ; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish . John F. Kennedy , Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs , May 25 , 1961 Before Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy 's support for America 's crewed space program was lukewarm . Jerome Wiesner of MIT , who served as a science advisor to presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy , and himself an opponent of crewed space exploration , remarked , `` If Kennedy could have opted out of a big space program without hurting the country in his judgement , he would have . '' As late as March 1961 , when NASA administrator James E. Webb submitted a budget request to fund a Moon landing before 1970 , Kennedy rejected it because it was simply too expensive . Some were surprised by Kennedy 's eventual support of NASA and the space program because of how often he had attacked the Eisenhower administration 's inefficiency during the election . Gagarin 's flight changed this ; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead . Additionally , the Bay of Pigs invasion , planned before his term began but executed during it , was an embarrassment to his administration due to the colossal failure of the American forces . Looking for something to save political face , he sent a memo dated April 20 , 1961 , to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , asking him to look into the state of America 's space program , and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up . The two major options at the time seemed to be , either establishment of an Earth orbital space station , or a crewed landing on the Moon . Johnson in turn consulted with von Braun , who answered Kennedy 's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability . Based on this , Johnson responded to Kennedy , concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership , and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first . Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program , and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled `` Special Message on Urgent National Needs '' . Full text He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security , and its focus of the nation 's energies on other scientific and social fields . He rallied popular support for the program in his `` We choose to go to the Moon '' speech , on September 12 , 1962 , before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium , in Houston , Texas , near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility . Full text Khrushchev responded to Kennedy 's implicit challenge with silence , refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a `` Moon race '' . As later disclosed , they pursued such a program in secret over the next nine years . Completion of Vostok and Mercury programs ( edit ) Mercury ( edit ) Computer - generated image of the Friendship 7 capsule in orbit John Glenn , the first American in orbit , 1962 American Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom repeated Shepard 's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21 , 1961 . Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit , astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth , on February 20 , 1962 . His Mercury - Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft , and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean , after a tense reentry , due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat - shield . As the first American in orbit , Glenn became a national hero , and received a ticker - tape parade in New York City , reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh . On February 23 , 1962 , President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal . The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn 's : Aurora 7 on May 24 , 1962 duplicated Glenn 's three orbits ; Sigma 7 on October 3 , 1962 , six orbits ; and Faith 7 on May 15 , 1963 , 22 orbits ( 32.4 hours ) , the maximum capability of the spacecraft . NASA at first intended to launch one more mission , extending the spacecraft 's endurance to three days , but since this would not beat the Soviet record , it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini . Vostok ( edit ) Replica of the Vostok capsule Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6 , 1961 . The Soviet Union demonstrated 24 - hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft , Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 , in essentially identical orbits , on August 11 and 12 , 1962 . The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers ( 4.0 mi ) of one another , close enough for radio communication . Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space . Though the two craft 's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket 's guidance system , slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers ( 3.5 nautical miles ) , then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers ( 1,540 nautical miles ) . There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous , required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart . Valentina Tereshkova The Soviet Union duplicated its dual - launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 ( June 16 , 1963 ) . This time they launched the first woman ( also the first civilian ) , Valentina Tereshkova , into space on Vostok 6 . Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev 's idea , and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value . Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists , but Tereshkova was the only one to fly . The USSR did n't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980 , two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women . The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition , where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule . The `` Vostok spaceship '' had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show , mounted on its launch vehicle 's third stage , with the nose cone in place . A tail section with eight fins was also added , in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers . This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary . Kennedy proposes a joint US - USSR program ( edit ) On September 20 , 1963 , in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly , President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in their efforts to reach the Moon . Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy 's proposal . On October 2 , 1997 , it was reported that Khrushchev 's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy 's proposal at the time of Kennedy 's assassination on November 22 , 1963 . During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture , and decided to accept Kennedy 's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world 's two superpowers , but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy 's successor , Lyndon Johnson . As President , Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs , promoting them as Kennedy 's legacy to the American public . One week after Kennedy 's death , he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy . Gemini and Voskhod ( edit ) Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing , in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini , a two - man spacecraft that would support the later three - man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft , flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back , and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft . Meanwhile , Korolev had planned further , long - term missions for the Vostok spacecraft , and had four Vostoks in various stages of fabrication in late 1963 at his OKB - 1 facilities . At that time , the Americans announced their ambitious plans for the Project Gemini flight schedule . These plans included major advancements in spacecraft capabilities , including a two - person spacecraft , the ability to change orbits , the capacity to perform an extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , and the goal of docking with another spacecraft . These represented major advances over the previous Mercury or Vostok capsules , and Korolev felt the need to try to beat the Americans to many of these innovations . Korolev already had begun designing the Vostok 's replacement , the next - generation Soyuz spacecraft , a multi-cosmonaut spacecraft that had at least the same capabilities as the Gemini spacecraft . Soyuz would not be available for at least three years , and it could not be called upon to deal with this new American challenge in 1964 or 1965 . Political pressure in early 1964 -- which some sources claim was from Khrushchev while other sources claim was from other Communist Party officials -- pushed him to modify his four remaining Vostoks to beat the Americans to new space firsts in the size of flight crews , and the duration of missions . Voskhod program ( edit ) Main article : Voskhod programme The Voskhod 1 and 2 space capsules The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts , including the first EVA `` spacewalk '' and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt - sleeves . Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight , allowing the Soviets to achieve another first , launching Voskhod 1 on October 12 , 1964 , the first spacecraft with a three - cosmonaut crew . The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission : it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt - sleeve - environment . However , flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft 's environmental systems ; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft 's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits . Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization . This feat was not repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968 ; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt - sleeve environment while in space . Between October 14 -- 16 , 1964 , Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high - ranking Communist Party officials , deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed , in what was called the `` Wednesday conspiracy '' . The new political leaders , along with Korolev , ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program , cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4 , which were in the planning stages , and started concentrating on the race to the Moon . Voskhod 2 ended up being Korolev 's final achievement before his death on January 14 , 1966 , as it became the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR 's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s . According to historian Asif Siddiqi , Korolev 's accomplishments marked `` the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program , one never , ever attained since . '' There was a two - year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod 's replacement , the Soyuz spacecraft , was designed and developed . On March 18 , 1965 , about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight , the USSR accelerated the competition , by launching the two - cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov . Voskhod 2 's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , also known as a spacewalk , while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule 's electronics would not overheat . Leonov performed the first - ever EVA as part of the mission . A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov 's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space , preventing him from re-entering the airlock . In order to overcome this , he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level . He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship , but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft 's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45 % pure oxygen , which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry . The reentry involved two more challenges : an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers ( 240 mi ) off its designated target area , the town of Perm ; and the instrument compartment 's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry . Progress in the Space Race , showing the US passing the Soviets in 1965 Project Gemini ( edit ) Main article : Project Gemini Rendezvous of Gemini 6 and 7 , December 1965 Though delayed a year to reach its first flight , Gemini was able to take advantage of the USSR 's two - year hiatus after Voskhod , which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight . Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions : On Gemini 3 ( March 1965 ) , astronauts Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft 's orbit . On Gemini 5 ( August 1965 ) , astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles `` Pete '' Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space , long enough for a piloted lunar mission . On Gemini 6A ( December 1965 ) , Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7 , accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft , station - keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) . Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell , which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s . On Gemini 8 ( March 1966 ) , Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft , his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle . Gemini 11 ( September 1966 ) , commanded by Conrad , achieved the first direct - ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit , and used the Agena 's rocket to achieve an apogee of 742 nautical miles ( 1,374 km ) , the crewed Earth orbit record still current as of 2015 . On Gemini 12 ( November 1966 ) , Edwin E. `` Buzz '' Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three ( EVA ) sessions , finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft . This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve . Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions . In this way , Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts for the Apollo lunar missions . Soviet crewed Moon programs ( edit ) Main article : Soviet crewed lunar programs Soyuz 7K - L3 ( Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Command / Service Module to scale LK lunar lander ( Lunniy Korabl ) , alongside the Apollo Lunar Module to scale Korolev 's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight ( March 1962 and May 1963 ) , the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design . Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655 - 268 officially established two secret , competing crewed programs for circumlunar flights and lunar landings , on August 3 , 1964 . The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967 , and the landings to start in 1968 . The circumlunar program ( Zond ) , created by Vladimir Chelomey 's design bureau OKB - 52 , was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped - down Soyuz 7K - L1 , launched by Chelomey 's Proton UR - 500 rocket . The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment , by omitting the Soyuz orbital module . Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family . Korolev 's lunar landing program was designated N1 / L3 , for its N1 superbooster and a more advanced Soyuz 7K - L3 spacecraft , also known as the lunar orbital module ( `` Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl '' , LOK ) , with a crew of two . A separate lunar lander ( `` Lunniy Korabl '' , LK ) , would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface . The N1 / L3 launch vehicle had three stages to Earth orbit , a fourth stage for Earth departure , and a fifth stage for lunar landing assist . The combined space vehicle was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the three - stage US Apollo / Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28 % , but had only roughly half the translunar injection payload capability . Following Khruschev 's ouster from power , Chelomey 's Zond program was merged into the N1 / L3 program . Outer space Treaty ( edit ) The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958 , presenting issues for debate to the United Nations , which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959 . On May 10 , 1962 , Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962 , which not only urged member nations to `` extend the rules of international law to outer space , '' but to also cooperate in its exploration . Following the passing of this resolution , Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American / Soviet space program . The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space , including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies , which was signed by the United States , USSR , and the United Kingdom on January 27 , 1967 and went into force the following October 10 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Outer Space Treaty of 1967 This treaty : bars party States from placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit , on the Moon , or any other celestial body ; exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes , and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind , conducting military maneuvers , or establishing military bases , installations , and fortifications ; declares that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States ; explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet , claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind , `` not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty , by means of use or occupation , or by any other means '' . However , the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object ; holds any State liable for damages caused by their space object ; declares that `` the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty '' , and `` States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities '' ; and `` A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space , including the Moon and other celestial bodies , may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment . '' The treaty remains in force , signed by 102 member states . -- As of 2015 Disaster strikes both sides ( edit ) In 1967 , both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts . Both had been rushing at full - speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz , without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems . The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews . Charred interior of the Apollo 1 spacecraft after the fire that killed the first crew On January 27 , 1967 , the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty , the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission , Command Pilot Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom , Senior Pilot Edward H. White , and Pilot Roger Chaffee , were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test , less than a month before the planned February 21 launch . An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark , and quickly grew out of control , fed by the spacecraft 's pure oxygen atmosphere . Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater - than - atmospheric internal pressure . The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft , and procedural failings , including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure - oxygen atmosphere , as well as inadequate safety procedures . All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty - two months until the first piloted flight could be made . Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton , NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations , to make the first piloted landing . Commemorative plaque and the `` Fallen Astronaut '' sculpture left on the Moon in 1971 by the crew of Apollo 15 in memory of 14 deceased NASA astronauts and USSR cosmonauts On April 24 , 1967 , the single pilot of Soyuz 1 , Vladimir Komarov , became the first in - flight spaceflight fatality . The mission was planned to be a three - day test , to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2 , but the mission was plagued with problems . Early on , Komarov 's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed . Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely , resulting in the craft spinning wildly . Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system , which was only partially effective . The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day . During the emergency re-entry , a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail , and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute ; Komarov was killed on impact . Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen - month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume . Onward to the Moon ( edit ) The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire , fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module . The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle ( Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 ) and the Lunar Module ( Apollo 5 ) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968 . Apollo 1 's mission to check out the Apollo Command / Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom 's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7 , launched on October 11 , 1968 . The eleven - day mission was a total success , as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission , paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule . Artist view of Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 after docking The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz , and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26 , 1968 . The goal was to complete Komarov 's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2 . Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters ( 660 ft ) of each other , then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control . He got within 40 meters ( 130 ft ) of his target , but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel , due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft . The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions . It was the first - ever docking of two crewed spacecraft , and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another . Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond spacecraft . Artist view The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968 , after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches : Cosmos 146 on March 10 , 1967 ; Cosmos 154 on April 8 , 1967 ; Zond 1967A September 27 , 1967 ; Zond 1967B on November 22 , 1967 . Zond 4 was launched on March 2 , 1968 , and successfully made a circumlunar flight . After its successful flight around the Moon , Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9 , and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters ( 49,000 ft ) over the Gulf of Guinea . The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction , due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR . Earthrise as seen from Apollo 8 , December 24 , 1968 ( NASA ) During the summer of 1968 , the Apollo program hit another snag : the first pilot - rated Lunar Module ( LM ) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch . NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order , delaying the first LM flight until March 1969 , and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December . This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968 . In September 1968 , Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth , accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean . It also scared NASA planners , as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight , not piloted , because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon . On November 10 , 1968 another automated test flight , Zond 6 was launched , but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry , and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early , causing it to crash - land only 16 kilometers ( 9.9 mi ) from where it had been launched six days earlier . It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968 , due to the unreliability of the Zonds . The Lunar Module flew in lunar orbit on Apollo 10 , May 22 -- 23 , 1969 On December 21 , 1968 , Frank Borman , James Lovell , and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8 . They also became the first to leave low - Earth orbit and go to another celestial body , and entered lunar orbit on December 24 . They made ten orbits in twenty hours , and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history , with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit , that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis . Two and a half hours after the broadcast , they fired their engine to perform the first trans - Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth . Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27 , in NASA 's first dawn splashdown and recovery . The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969 . The next mission , Apollo 10 , conducted a `` dress rehearsal '' for the first landing in May 1969 , flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) above the surface , the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin . With the LM proven to work well , the next step was to attempt the landing . Unknown to the Americans , the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble . After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969 , Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay . The launch pad explosion of the N - 1 on July 3 , 1969 was a significant setback . The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown , destroying itself and the launch facility . Without the N - 1 rocket , the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely . Apollo 11 ( edit ) Main article : Apollo 11 American Buzz Aldrin during the first Moon walk in 1969 Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility . The crew , selected in January 1969 , consisted of commander ( CDR ) Neil Armstrong , Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) Michael Collins , and Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin . They trained for the mission until just before the launch day . On July 16 , 1969 , at exactly 9 : 32 am EDT , the Saturn V rocket , AS - 506 , lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida . The trip to the Moon took just over three days . After achieving orbit , Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module , named Eagle , and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command / Service Module Columbia , began their descent . After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position , and a slight downrange error , Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters ( 590 ft ) , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20 : 18 : 04 UTC , July 20 , 1969 ( 3 : 17 : 04 pm CDT ) . The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft . At 02 : 56 UTC , July 21 ( 9 : 56 pm CDT July 20 ) , Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon . Neil Armstrong 's historic first words on the Moon . `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The first step was witnessed by at least one - fifth of the population of Earth , or about 723 million people . His first words when he stepped off the LM 's landing footpad were , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later . Altogether , they spent just under two and one - quarter hours outside their craft . The next day , they performed the first launch from another celestial body , and rendezvoused back with Columbia . Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth , landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 , 1969 . When the spacecraft splashed down , 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy 's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade ; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare . With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission , the Americans won the race to the Moon . The Race winds down ( edit ) Apollo 17 's Saturn V in 1972 Moonwalk , December 13 , 1972 NASA had ambitious follow - on human spaceflight plans as it reached its lunar goal , but soon discovered it had expended most of its political capital to do so . The first landing was followed by another , precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969 . NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow - on lunar landings through Apollo 20 , conducting extended - endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five . They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer - duration Earth orbital workshop ( later named Skylab ) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S - IVB upper stage , using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle . But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S - IVB ( which was also the Saturn V third stage ) , which immediately removed Apollo 20 . Belt - tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well , but keep three extended / Lunar Rover missions . Apollo 13 encountered an in - flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970 , returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again . It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 ( February 1971 ) , Apollo 15 ( July 1971 ) , Apollo 16 ( April 1972 ) , and Apollo 17 ( December 1972 ) . In February 1969 , President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program , headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew . Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA 's follow - on plans , and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a Space Shuttle , which would facilitate development of permanent space stations in Earth and lunar orbit , perhaps a base on the lunar surface , and the first human flight to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000 . Nixon had a better sense of the declining political support in Congress for a new Apollo - style program , which had disappeared with the achievement of the landing , and he intended to pursue detente with the USSR and China , which he hoped might ease Cold War tensions . He cut the spending proposal he sent to Congress to include funding for only the Space Shuttle , with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future . The USSR continued trying to perfect their N1 rocket , finally canceling it in 1976 , after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972 . Salyuts and Skylab ( edit ) The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background , in a Soviet commemorative stamp Having lost the race to the Moon , the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations . During 1969 and 1970 , they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3 , then launched the first space station , the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov , on April 19 , 1971 . Three days later , the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it , but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station . The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov , Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7 , and completed a record 22 - day stay . The crew became the second in - flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30 . They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft 's cabin lost all pressure , shortly after undocking . The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve , that allowed all the air to vent into space . The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred . Salyut 1 's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry , but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem . The station re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on October 11 , after 175 days in orbit . The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut - class station designated Durable Orbital Station - 2 ( DOS - 2 ) on July 29 , 1972 , but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit . After the DOS - 2 failure , the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut - class stations up to 1975 , with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage , which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it would not hold pressure . All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories , but some of them were covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations . The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14 , 1973 . It weighed 169,950 pounds ( 77,090 kg ) , was 58 feet ( 18 m ) long by 21.7 feet ( 6.6 m ) in diameter , with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet ( 280 m ) . Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit , losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield . Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station , and the final mission 's crew , Skylab 4 , set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8 , 1974 . Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth 's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11 , 1979 . Apollo -- Soyuz test Project ( edit ) Main article : Apollo - Soyuz Test Project Apollo - Soyuz crew : From left to right : Donald `` Deke '' Slayton , Thomas Patten Stafford , Vance Brand , Alexey Leonov , and Valeri Kubasov In May 1972 , President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente , creating a temporary `` thaw '' in the Cold War . In the spirit of good sportsmanship , the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition , and the notion of a continuing `` race '' began to subside . The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz , known as the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project ( ASTP ) . To prepare , the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system , which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other ( e.g. Soyuz / Soyuz as well as Soyuz / Salyut ) . The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other 's craft , which had incompatible cabin atmospheres . The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP . The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15 , 1975 at 12 : 20 UTC , and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later . The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16 : 19 UTC . The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts , and the crew shook hands , exchanged gifts , and visited each other 's craft . Legacy ( edit ) Human spaceflight after Apollo ( edit ) International Space Station in 2010 In the 1970s , the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle , and launched a range of uncrewed probes . The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ( ' Peace ' or ' World ' , depending on the context ) space station , supported by Soyuz spacecraft . They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program . The USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program mainly passed to Russia . The United States and Russia worked together in space with the Shuttle -- Mir Program , and again with the International Space Station . The Russian R - 7 rocket family , which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the Space Race , is still in use today . It services the International Space Station ( ISS ) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft . It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station . See also ( edit ) Space portal Spaceflight portal Human spaceflight portal Robotics portal Cold War portal Cold War playground equipment Comparison of Asian national space programs -- a so - called `` Asian space race '' History of spaceflight List of space exploration milestones , 1957 -- 1969 Moon Shot Space advocacy Space exploration Space policy Space propaganda Spaceflight records Timeline of Solar System exploration Timeline of space exploration Timeline of the Space Race Woods Hole Conference Mars race Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neufeld , Michael J ( 1995 ) . The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era . New York : The Free Press . pp. 158 , 160 -- 162 , 190 . Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2004 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ Cornwell ( 2003 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , p. 96 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1998 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Stocker ( 2004 ) , pp. 12 -- 24 Jump up ^ Gainor ( 2001 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 24 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 24 -- 34 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , pp. 4 , 11 , 16 ^ Jump up to : Schefter ( 1999 ) , pp. 7 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003a ) , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Gatland ( 1976 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Early Russian Ballistic Missiles '' . Encyclopedia Astronautix . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . 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The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002 . ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Knapp , Brian . Journey into Space . Danbury : Grolier , 2004. ( 17 ) Jump up ^ O'Neill , Terry . The Nuclear Age . San Diego : Greenhaven , Inc. , 2002. ( 146 ) Jump up ^ Barnett , Nicholas . ' `` Russia Wins Space Race '' : The British Press and the Sputnik Moment ' , Media History , ( 2013 ) 19 : 2 , 182 - 195 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space and Biology : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC. : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Nicogossian , Arnauld E. ( 1993 ) . Space Biology and Medicine : Space and Its Exploration . Washington , DC : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy . 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OCLC 709678549 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John F. ( May 25 , 1961 ) . Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs ( Motion picture ( excerpt ) ) . Boston , MA : John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Accession Number : TNC : 200 ; Digital Identifier : TNC - 200 - 2 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quoted in John M. Logsdon , The Decision to Go to the Moon : Project Apollo and the National Interest ( Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 1970 ) p. 111 . Jump up ^ David E. Bell , Memorandum for the President , `` National Aeronautics and Space Administration Budget Problem , '' 22 March 1961 , NASA Historical Reference Collection ; U.S. Congress , House , Committee of Science and Astronautics , NASA Fiscal 1962 Authorization , Hearings , 87th Cong. , 1st . sess. , 1962 , pp. 203 , 620 ; Logsdon , Decision to go to the Moon , pp. 94 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom . The Right Stuff . New York : Picador , 1979. ( 179 ) Jump up ^ Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy , eds , Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership ( Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press , 1997 ) , 56 . Jump up ^ Kennedy to Johnson , `` Memorandum for Vice President , '' 20 April 1961 . Jump up ^ von Braun to Johnson , Untitled , 29 April 1961 . Jump up ^ Johnson to Kennedy , `` Evaluation of Space Program , '' 28 April 1961 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , John F. ( 12 September 1962 ) . `` Address at Rice University on the Nation 's Space Effort '' . Historical Resources . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 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WcWhinney ( p. 289 ) Jump up ^ UN website UN Resolution 1348 ( XIII ) . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space '' . United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs . Jump up ^ Papers of John F. Kennedy . Presidential Papers . National Security Files . Subjects . Space activities : US / USSR cooperation , 1961 - 1963 . http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKNSF-308-006.aspx ^ Jump up to : Seamans , Robert C. , Jr. ( 5 April 1967 ) . `` Findings , Determinations And Recommendations '' . Report of Apollo 204 Review Board . NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Cadbury ( 2006 ) , pp. 310 -- 312 , 314 -- 316 Jump up ^ Burrows ( 1999 ) , p. 417 Jump up ^ Murray ( 1990 ) , pp. 323 -- 324 ^ Jump up to : Hall ( 2003 ) , pp. 144 -- 147 Jump up ^ Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 on Encyclopedia Astronautica Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 6 January 2005 ) . `` Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures '' . NASA NSSDC . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003b ) , pp. 616 , 618 Jump up ^ Hall ( 2003 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Kraft ( 2001 ) , pp. 284 -- 297 Jump up ^ Chaikin ( 1994 ) , pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003b ) , pp. 654 -- 656 Jump up ^ Turnhill ( 2003 ) , p. 134 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003b ) , pp. 663 -- 666 ^ Jump up to : Cadbury ( 2006 ) , pp. 318 -- 319 ^ Jump up to : Poole ( 2008 ) , pp. 19 -- 34 Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . `` Apollo 10 : The Dress Rehearsal '' . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Foreword by Samuel C. Phillips . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . LCCN 79001042 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2003b ) , pp. 665 & 832 -- 834 ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi ( 2003b ) , pp. 690 -- 693 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 144 -- 151 Jump up ^ Chaikin ( 1994 ) , p. 138 Jump up ^ Chaikin ( 1994 ) , pp. 163 -- 183 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 38 -- 44 Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . p. 33 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murray ( 1990 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Paterson , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` Space Program and television '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . p . MET 109 : 43 : 16 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Mission elapsed time ( MET ) from when Armstrong states that he will step off the LM at 109hrs : 24mins : 13secs to when Armstrong was back inside the LM at 111hrs : 38mins : 38sec Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Parry ( 2009 ) , pp. 252 -- 262 Jump up ^ Murray ( 1990 ) , p. 347 Jump up ^ Schefter ( 1999 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 186 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , p. 123 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 136 - 150 Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 150 - 177 Jump up ^ Portree , 1.2. 4 Manned Lunar Program ( 1964 - 1976 ) References ( edit ) Bilstein , Roger E. ( 1996 ) . Stages to Saturn : A Technological History of the Apollo / Saturn Launch Vehicles . Washington : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048909 - 1 . Brugess , Colin ; Kate Doolan ; Bert Vis ( 2003 ) . Fallen Astronauts : Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6212 - 4 . Brzezinski , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Red Moon Rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ingnited the Space Race . New York : Times Books , Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8147 - 3 . Burrows , William E. ( 1998 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 44521 - 0 . ASIN 0679445218 . Cadbury , Deborah ( 2006 ) . Space Race : The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for Dominance of Space . New York : Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084553 - 7 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story of the Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0140272011 . Cornwell , John ( 2003 ) . Hitler 's Scientists : Science , War , and the Devil 's Pact . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03075 - 9 . Dallek , Robert ( 2003 ) . An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17238 - 3 . Gainor , Chris ( 2001 ) . Arrows to the Moon : Avro 's Engineers and the Space Race . Burlington , Ontario : Apogee Books . ISBN 1 - 896522 - 83 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Gatland , Kenneth ( 1976 ) . Manned Spacecraft , Second Revision . New York , NY , USA : MacMillan Publishing Co. , Inc . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 542820 - 9 . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2001 ) . The Rocket Men : Vostok & Voskhod , The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 391 - X . Hall , Rex ; David J. Shayler ( 2003 ) . Soyuz : A Universal Spacecraft . New York : Springer -- Praxis Books . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 657 - 9 . Hardesty , Von ; Gene Eisman ( 2007 ) . Epic Rivalry : The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race . Foreword by Sergei Khrushchev . Washington : National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0119 - 6 . Harford , James J. ( 1997 ) . Korolev : How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon ( 1 ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14853 - 9 . Hepplewhite , T.A. ( 1999 ) . The Space Shuttle Decision : NASA 's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle . Washington , DC : NASA . Jones , Eric M. ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Internet . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Kraft , Chris ; James Schefter ( 2001 ) . Flight : My Life in Mission Control . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 94571 - 7 . Murray , Charles ; Catherine Bly Cox ( 1990 ) . Apollo : The Race to the Moon . New York : Touchstone ( Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70625 - X . The link is to the 2004 edition , pages differ , but content the same . Parry , Dan ( 2009 ) . Moonshot : The Inside Story of Mankind 's Greatest Adventure . Chatham , United Kingdom : Ebury Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192837 - 7 . Polmar , Norman ; Timothy M. Laur ( 1990 ) . Strategic Air Command : People , Aircraft , and Missiles ( 2 ed . ) . Baltimore : Nautical and Publishing Company of America . ISBN 0 - 933852 - 77 - 0 . Poole , Robert ( 2008 ) . Earthrise : How Man First Saw the Earth . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13766 - 8 . Portree , David S.F. ( March 1995 ) , `` Mir Hardware Heritage '' , Reference Publication , NASA Reference Publication 1357 , Houston TX : NASA , 95 : 23249 , Bibcode : 1995STIN ... 9523249P chapter = ignored ( help ) Schefter , James ( 1999 ) . The Race : The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49253 - 7 . Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Seamans , Robert C. , Jr. ( 5 April 1967 ) . `` Findings , Determinations And Recommendations '' . Report of Apollo 204 Review Board . NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003a ) . Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2627 - X . Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2003b ) . The Soviet Space Race with Apollo . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2628 - 8 . Stocker , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence , 1942 -- 2002 . London : Frank Case . pp. 12 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5696 - 8 . Turnhill , Reginald ( 2004 ) . The Moonlandings : An Eyewitness Account . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81595 - 9 . Первушин , Антон ( 2011 ) . 108 минут , изменившие мир . Эксмо . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 48001 - 2 . ( Anton Pervushin. 108 minutes which changed the world ; in Russian ) External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Space Race '' dated 2005 - 07 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Scanned letter from Wernher Von Braun to Vice President Johnson `` America 's Space Program : Exploring a New Frontier '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Why Did the USSR Lose the Moon Race ? from Pravda , 2002 - 12 - 03 Space Race Exhibition at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum TheSpaceRace.com -- Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo space programs Timeline of the Space Race to the Moon 1960 -- 1969 Shadows of the Soviet Space Age , Paul Lucas Chronology : Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com John F. Kennedy Moon Speech at Rice Stadium and Apollo 11 Mission Video on YouTube Public - sector space agencies Africa ASAL GSSTC NARRS NASRDA SANSA Americas North America CSA AEM NASA AFSPC NRO USSTRATCOM South America CONAE AEB DCTA INPE ITA CCE ABAE IVIC Asia East Asia CNSA CALT CAST CCF CGWIC COSTIND JAXA ISAS NAL NASDA NICT USEF NRSC NADA KARI SaTReC NSPO Southeast Asia LAPAN MNSA PAGASA SSTA IN. Genius GISTDA South Asia SPARRSO ISRO Antrix Corp DoS SUPARCO Southwest Asia MAKA IAIO ISA SAHA ISA NCSR GORS TÜBİTAK UZAY UAESA Central Asia KazCosmos TNSA Europe ASA BSA BISA SRTI CSO DTU Space ECSS ESA EUMETSAT EUSC CNES DLR ISARS HSO ASI Luxinnovation SRON NSC CBK ROSA RKA SRI VKO SSP INTA SNSB SSO TÜBİTAK UZAY UKSA SSAU Oceania CSIRO NZSA World APSCO COSPAR IAA INTELSAT Interkosmos Intersputnik UNCOPUOS UNOOSA European Space Agency See also : Timeline of first orbital launches by country Preceded by the Soviet space program Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis Syrian Crisis of 1957 Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Bandung Conference Bricker Amendment McCarthyism Operation Gladio Iraqi 14 July Revolution `` We will bury you '' 1960s Congo Crisis Sino - Soviet split 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Revolutions of 1989 Glasnost Perestroika 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Liberal democracy Social democracy White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - 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Eisenhower Presidency of Richard Nixon Presidency of Gerald Ford Geopolitical rivalry Technological races Operation Paperclip Space exploration Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2012 Use American English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 errors : chapter ignored Spoken articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the space race start and finish	[ "The Space Race began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The \"race\" peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed crewed lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations.", "The Space Race began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The \"race\" peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed crewed lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations." ]	[ "August 2, 1955", "July 20, 1969" ]
-7042976298737431846	Speaker of the United States House of Representatives	Speaker of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Speaker of the United States House of Representatives This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker of the House Flag of the Speaker of the House Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29 , 2015 Legislative branch of the U.S. government U.S. House of Representatives Style Mr. or Madame Speaker ( Informal and within the House ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Status Presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Member of House of Representatives Residence United States Capitol Seat Washington , D.C. Nominator Anyone who is qualified to be a representative ; in practice member of the house and party leadership . Nominations are submitted to the Clerk , but anyone eligible can be voted for as the Speaker , even without being formally nominated . Appointer House of Representatives Elected by the House , sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House 's pleasure ; elected at the start of each session of Congress , and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1 , 1789 Succession Second Deputy The Speaker can delegate to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore , presiding over the House in his absence Salary US $ 223,500 annually Website www.speaker.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution . The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , de facto leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates nor vote . The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives , although every Speaker thus far has been . The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the Senate . The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29 , 2015 , and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker . On April 11 , 2018 , Ryan announced he will not seek re-election in the 2018 mid-terms , and will also relinquish the office of Speaker when his term ends in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection 2 History 2.1 Notable elections 3 Partisan role 4 Presiding officer 5 Other functions 6 List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives 7 Recent election results 7.1 January 2011 7.2 January 2013 7.3 January 2015 7.4 October 2015 7.5 January 2017 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Selection ( edit ) The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death , resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker . The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations : there are normally two , one from each major party ( each party having previously met to decide on its nominee ) . The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives , each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting . Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person , even for someone who is not a member of the House at all . They may also abstain by voting `` present '' . Although no rule exists , based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation , to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , i.e. excluding those who abstain . If no candidate wins such a majority , then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected . The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923 , when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot . The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives , the chamber 's longest - serving member . In modern practice , the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes . Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes , as they are already the House party leader , and as the minority leader are usually their party 's nominee for Speaker ) , or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party ) , assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed . In the past , other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees . So far , the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House . However , Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann , R - IL , who had been Minority Leader for eight years , and elected a backbencher representative , Frederick H. Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann had `` angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor , '' and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - IL18 ) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911 , and was still in the House . Many members `` suspected that he ( Mann ) would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the `` Contract with America '' , which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day . Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Representatives . It is expected that members of the House vote for their party 's candidate . If they do not , they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote `` present '' . Those who vote for the other party 's candidate often face serious consequences , up to and including the loss of seniority . The last instance where a representative voted for the other party 's candidate was in 2000 , when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert . In response , the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts . If the Speaker 's party loses control of the House in an election , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions ; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election , the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest . Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership ( Tom Foley lost his seat , Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007 ) . However , Speakers Joseph William Martin , Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader , after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . History ( edit ) Frederick Muhlenberg ( 1789 -- 1791 , 1793 -- 1795 ) , was the first Speaker . The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg : he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress , an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses , and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress , according to the Biographical Directory of Congress , though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses . Henry Clay ( 1813 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , 1823 -- 1825 ) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay ( 1811 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , and 1823 -- 1825 ) . In contrast to many of his predecessors , Clay participated in several debates , and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported -- for instance , the declaration of the War of 1812 , and various laws relating to Clay 's `` American System '' economic plan . Furthermore , when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House , Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson , thereby ensuring Adams ' victory . Following Clay 's retirement in 1825 , the power of the speakership once again began to decline , despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter . As the Civil War approached , several sectional factions nominated their own candidates , often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority . In 1855 and again in 1859 , for example , the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result . During this time , Speakers tended to have very short tenures . For example , from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers , only one of whom served for more than one term . To date , James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States . Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) was one of the most powerful speakers . Towards the end of the 19th century , the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one . At the time , one of the most important sources of the Speaker 's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules , which , after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 , became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House . Furthermore , several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties ; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall , John Griffin Carlisle , and Charles F. Crisp , and Republicans James G. Blaine , Thomas Brackett Reed , and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1889 -- 1891 , 1895 -- 1899 ) . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was called by his opponents , sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority , in particular by countering the tactic known as the `` disappearing quorum '' . By refusing to vote on a motion , the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved , and that the result would be invalid . Reed , however , declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum . Through these and other rulings , Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda . The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) . Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process . He determined the agenda of the House , appointed the members of all committees , chose committee chairmen , headed the Rules Committee , and determined which committee heard each bill . He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House . In 1910 , however , Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers , including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee . Fifteen years later , Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much , but not all , of the lost influence of the position . One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn . Rayburn was the longest - serving Speaker in history , holding office from 1940 to 1947 , 1949 to 1953 , and 1955 to 1961 . He helped shape many bills , working quietly in the background with House committees . He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman . Rayburn 's successor , Democrat John W. McCormack ( served 1962 -- 1971 ) , was a somewhat less influential speaker , particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party . During the mid-1970s , the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert . The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel , as it had been since 1910 . Instead , it once again became an arm of the party leadership . Moreover , in 1975 , the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee . Meanwhile , the power of committee chairmen was curtailed , further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker . Albert 's successor , Democrat Tip O'Neill , was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan . O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker , from 1977 through 1987 . He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures . Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years . The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when , after spending forty years in the minority , the Republicans regained control of the House with the `` Contract with America '' , an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich . Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton , leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed . Gingrich 's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies , and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 . After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 ( although retaining a majority ) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker . His successor , Dennis Hastert , had been chosen as a compromise candidate , since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial . Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers , being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush . The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 . The periods of 2001 -- 2002 and 2003 -- 2007 were the first times since 1953 -- 1955 that there was single - party Republican leadership in Washington , interrupted from 2001 -- 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51 - 49 majority . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats won a majority in the House . Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , making her the first female to hold the office . With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress , Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single - party Democratic leadership in Washington . During the 111th Congress , Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama 's major initiatives that proved controversial , and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats ' legislation by staging a `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections . House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker . Notable elections ( edit ) Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( right ) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address . President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words , `` Tonight , I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own -- as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words : Madam Speaker '' . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Historically , there have been several controversial elections to the speakership , such as the contest of 1839 . In that case , even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2 , the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the `` Broad Seal War '' . Two rival delegations , one Whig and the other Democrat , had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government . The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority . Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party 's delegation participating . Finally , it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17 . Another , more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress . The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it . Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels , including Whig , Republican , American ( Know Nothing ) , and simply `` Opposition '' . By the time Congress actually met in December 1855 , most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans , while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label . Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House , with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats , 108 Republicans , and 43 Know Nothings ( primarily southern oppositionists ) . The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker , but because of sectional distrust , the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker . The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts , who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans . The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky , and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania . The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority , until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote , and Banks was elected . The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859 . Although the Republicans held a plurality , the Republican candidate , John Sherman , was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views , and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months . After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N.H. Smith , Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey , a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties , who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860 . The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress . In 1917 , neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party . The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James `` Champ '' Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members . In 1931 , both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer - Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote . The Farmer - Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker , John Nance Garner , who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt . In 1997 , several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign . However , Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker , which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt ( then Minority Leader ) as Speaker . After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats , Gingrich did not stand for re-election . The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy , Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay , chose not to run for the office . The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee , Bob Livingston , declared his bid for the speakership , which was unopposed , making him Speaker - designate . It was then revealed , by Livingston himself , who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton 's perjury during his sexual harassment trial , that he had engaged in an extramarital affair . He opted to resign from the House , despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt . Subsequently , chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker . The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 elections . The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections . On November 16 , 2006 , Nancy Pelosi , who was then Minority Leader , was selected as Speaker - designate by House Democrats . When the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233 - 202 , becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House . Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress . For the 112th Congress , Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker - designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House . As a show of dissent , nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi , who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker . Partisan role ( edit ) The sitting Speaker , Paul Ryan , seen taking his oath of office following his election on October 29 , 2015 The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker . As the office has developed historically , however , it has taken on a clearly partisan cast , very different from the speakership of most Westminster - style legislatures , such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons , which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan . The Speaker in the United States , by tradition , is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives , outranking the Majority Leader . However , despite having the right to vote , the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes . The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party . In pursuing this goal , the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor . They also chair the majority party 's steering committee in the House . While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party , the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate , whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary . When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light , as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low - key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush . Nevertheless , there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party , and thus , the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party , often at the expense of the minority opposition . This can be seen , most of all , in the speakership of Democratic - Republican Henry Clay , who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams . Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( under Theodore Roosevelt ) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership . In more recent times , Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama . The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats ' legislation with their `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour . On the other hand , when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties , the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase . As the highest - ranking member of the opposition party ( and de facto Leader of the Opposition ) , the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President 's agenda . In this scenario , the Speaker is known for undercutting the President 's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate . One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed ( under Grover Cleveland ) , a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities , which ensured that Cleveland 's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House . Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative `` Old Guard '' wing of the Republican Party , while his President -- Theodore Roosevelt -- was of the more progressive clique , and more than just marginalizing the Democrats , Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party . More modern examples include Tip O'Neill , who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan 's economic and defense policies ; Newt Gingrich , who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy ; Nancy Pelosi , who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War ; and John Boehner , who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care . Presiding officer ( edit ) James Polk is the only Speaker to also serve as President of the United States . As presiding officer of the House of Representatives , the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest - ranking legislative official in the US government . The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker 's absence ; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party . During important debates , the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding . At other times , more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House . The Speaker may also designate , with approval of the House , a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes , such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington , D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses . Under the Rules of the House , the Speaker , `` as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter , '' must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties . On the floor of the House , the presiding officer is always addressed as `` Mister Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker , '' even if it is a Speaker pro tempore , and not the Speaker themselves . When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole , the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman , who is addressed as `` Mister Chairman '' or `` Madam Chairwoman . '' To speak , members must seek the presiding officer 's recognition . The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House . The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce House rules . The Speaker 's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber . In particular , the Speaker has great influence over the committee process . The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules , subject to the approval of the entire majority party . The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members . Furthermore , the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees . Moreover , when a bill is introduced , the Speaker determines which committee will consider it . As a member of the House , the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but , by custom , only does so in exceptional circumstances . Ordinarily , the Speaker votes only when the Speaker 's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance , such as constitutional amendments or major legislation . Other functions ( edit ) The speaker 's office in the US Capitol , during the term of Dennis Hastert ( 1999 to 2007 ) Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber , the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President , and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests . However , the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election . The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House : the Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , the Chief Administrative Officer , and the Chaplain . The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers . The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and , jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders , appoints the House Inspector General . The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession , immediately after the Vice President , under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments . To date , the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President . Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew . At the time , many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal , allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency . However , before he resigned , Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Nevertheless , the United States government takes the Speaker 's place in the line of succession seriously enough that , for example , following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011 . The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty - fifth Amendment . List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Recent election results ( edit ) Main article : List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections To be elected as Speaker , a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , excluding those who abstain . January 2011 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 5 , 2011 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 242 55.6 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 173 40.0 % Heath Shuler ( D ) 11 2.5 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.5 % Dennis Cardoza ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Costa ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Steny Hoyer ( D ) 0.2 % Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 0.2 % Total 433 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 0.2 % January 2013 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 3 , 2013 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 220 50.8 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 192 44.3 % Eric Cantor ( R ) 0.7 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.5 % Allen West ( R ) 0.5 % Justin Amash ( R ) 0.2 % John Dingell ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.2 % Raul Labrador ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % David Walker ( R ) 0.2 % Total 426 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 6 1.4 % Vacant 0.5 % January 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , January 2015 Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 6 , 2015 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 216 52.9 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 164 40.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 12 2.9 % Louie Gohmert ( R ) 0.7 % Ted Yoho ( R ) 0.5 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.5 % Jeff Duncan ( R ) 0.2 % Rand Paul ( R ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Trey Gowdy ( R ) 0.2 % Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Peter DeFazio ( D ) 0.2 % Jeff Sessions ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 408 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 25 5.7 % Vacant 0.2 % October 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , October 2015 On September 25 , 2015 , Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30 , 2015 , which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time . The election was held on October 29 . Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 236 54.3 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 184 42.3 % Dan Webster ( R ) 9 2.0 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 432 Not voting Vacant 0 January 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , 2017 Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 239 55.2 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 189 43.6 % Tim Ryan ( D ) 0.5 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 0.2 % Total 433 Not voting Vacant 0 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Bibliography ( edit ) Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Garraty , John , ed . American National Biography ( 1999 ) 20 volumes ; contains scholarly biographies of all Speakers no longer alive . Green , Matthew N. The Speaker of the House : A Study of Leadership ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 292 pages ; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives ; focuses on the period since 1940 . Grossman , Mark . Speakers of the House of Representatives ( Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2009 ) . The comprehensive work on the subject , covering , in depth , the lives of the Speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi . Remini , Robert V . The House : the History of the House of Representatives ( Smithsonian Books , 2006 ) . The standard scholarly history . Rohde , David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House ( 1991 ) . Smock , Raymond W. , and Susan W. Hammond , eds . Masters of the House : Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries ( 1998 ) . Short biographies of key leaders . Zelizer . Julian E. ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) . A comprehensive history by 40 scholars . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Not a sitting member of the House of Representatives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See the United States Presidential Line of Succession statute , 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ CNN , Phil Mattingly and Maegan Vazquez , . `` House Speaker Paul Ryan wo n't seek re-election '' . CNN . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Speaker Paul Ryan Will Not Seek Re-election in November '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ; Kim , Seung Min ; Wagner , John ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` House Speaker Paul Ryan will not seek reelection , he tells friends and colleagues '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 - 2017 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ripley , Party Leaders in the House of Representatives , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ `` Muhlenberg , Frederick Augustus Conrad '' http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001063 . Jump up ^ Oswald Seidensticker , `` Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , Speaker of the House of Representatives , in the First Congress , 1789 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( Jul. 1889 ) , pp. 184 - 206 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C Stewart III , Architect or tactician ? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives '' 1998 , online Jump up ^ Robinson , William A. `` Thomas B. Reed , Parliamentarian '' . The American Historical Review , October 1931 . pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( December 1998 ) . `` A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives , '' Journal of Politics ( 1968 ) , 30 : 617 - 646 doi : 10.2307 / 2128798 Jump up ^ `` Sam Rayburn House Museum '' . Texas Historical Commission . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses ^ Jump up to : Condon , Stephanie ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to Launch `` Fire Pelosi '' Bus Tour `` . CBS News . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi : House Speaker 's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address '' . The White House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . Ordeal of the Union , Volume II : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( New York , 1947 ) , 413 - 415 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . The Emergence of Lincoln , Volume II : Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( New York , 1950 ) , 116 - 123 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... City & County of San Francisco , November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John M. Broder ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Jubilant Democrats Assume Control on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi steeled White House for health push -- Carrie Budoff Brown and Glenn Thrush '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Republicans take charge of US House , poised for clashes with Obama over spending , health care '' . 1310 News . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the House Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Americapedia : Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson , Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee ) 2011 , Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Shesgreen , Deirdre ; Allen , Cooper ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 581 '' . Clerk of US House of Representatives . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Speaker of the House of Representatives '' . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Official Website , Information about role as party leader , powers as presiding officer . `` Capitol Questions . '' C - SPAN ( 2003 ) . Notable elections and role . The Cannon Centenary Conference : The Changing Nature of the Speakership. ( 2003 ) . House Document 108 - 204 . History , nature and role of the Speakership . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress , 5th ed. ( 2000 ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . 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2991108902651528565	Alligator	Alligator - wikipedia Alligator Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Alligator ( disambiguation ) . Alligators Temporal range : Paleocene - Holocene , 37 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg An American alligator ( top ) and a Chinese alligator ( bottom ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Crocodilia Family : Alligatoridae Subfamily : Alligatorinae Genus : Alligator Daudin , 1809 Type species Alligator mississipiensis Daudin , 1802 ( originally Crocodylus ) Species † Alligator mcgrewi † Alligator mefferdi Alligator mississippiensis † Alligator olseni † Alligator prenasalis Alligator sinensis An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae . The two living species are the American alligator ( A. mississippiensis ) and the Chinese alligator ( A. sinensis ) . In addition , several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains . Alligators first appeared during the Paleocene epoch about 66 million years ago . The name `` alligator '' is probably an anglicized form of el lagarto , the Spanish term for `` the lizard '' , which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator . Later English spellings of the name included allagarta and alagarto . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Extant Species 1.2 Fossils 2 Habitat 3 Behavior 4 Diet 5 Reproduction 6 Anatomy 7 Human uses 8 Image gallery of extant species 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Description An average adult American alligator 's weight and length is 360 kg ( 790 lb ) and 4.0 m ( 13.1 ft ) , but they sometimes grow to 4.4 m ( 14 ft ) long and weigh over 450 kg ( 990 lb ) . The largest ever recorded , found in Louisiana , measured 5.84 m ( 19.2 ft ) . The Chinese alligator is smaller , rarely exceeding 2.1 m ( 6.9 ft ) in length . In addition , it weighs considerably less , with males rarely over 45 kg ( 99 lb ) . Adult alligators are black or dark olive - brown with white undersides , while juveniles have strongly contrasting white or yellow marks which fade with age . No average lifespan for an alligator has been measured . In 1937 , an adult specimen was brought to the Belgrade Zoo in Serbia from Germany . It is now at least 80 years old . Although no valid records exist about its date of birth , this alligator , officially named Muja , is considered the oldest alligator living in captivity . Extant Species Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution Alligator mississippiensis American alligator Texas to North Carolina , United States Alligator sinensis Chinese alligator eastern China . Fossils † Alligator mcgrewi † Alligator mefferdi † Alligator olseni † Alligator prenasalis Habitat A. mississippiensis Head Eye Alligators are native to only the United States and China . American alligators are found in the southeast United States : all of Florida and Louisiana ; the southern parts of Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi ; coastal South and North Carolina ; East Texas , the southeast corner of Oklahoma , and the southern tip of Arkansas . According to the 2005 Scholastic Book of World Records , Louisiana has the largest alligator population . The majority of American alligators inhabit Florida and Louisiana , with over a million alligators in each state . Southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side . American alligators live in freshwater environments , such as ponds , marshes , wetlands , rivers , lakes , and swamps , as well as in brackish environments . When they construct alligator holes in the wetlands , they increase plant diversity and provide habitat for other animals during droughts . They are , therefore , considered an important species for maintaining ecological diversity in wetlands . Farther west , in Louisiana , heavy grazing by coypu and muskrat are causing severe damage to coastal wetlands . Large alligators feed extensively on coypu , and provide a vital ecological service by reducing coypu numbers . The Chinese alligator currently is found in only the Yangtze River valley and parts of adjacent provinces and is extremely endangered , with only a few dozen believed to be left in the wild . Indeed , far more Chinese alligators live in zoos around the world than can be found in the wild . Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southern Louisiana has several in captivity in an attempt to preserve the species . Miami MetroZoo in Florida also has a breeding pair of Chinese alligators . Behavior Alligator vocalisations Alligator bellow Alligator bellow , ogg / Vorbis format . Another alligator bellow Alligator bellow , ogg / Vorbis format . Alligator hiss Alligator hiss ogg / Vorbis format . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Large male alligators are solitary territorial animals . Smaller alligators can often be found in large numbers close to each other . The largest of the species ( both males and females ) defend prime territory ; smaller alligators have a higher tolerance for other alligators within a similar size class . Alligators move on land by two forms of locomotion referred to as `` sprawl '' and `` high walk '' . The sprawl is a forward movement with the belly making contact with the ground and is used to transition to `` high walk '' or to slither over wet substrate into water . The high walk is an up on four limbs forward motion used for overland travel with the belly well up from the ground . Alligators have also been observed to rise up and balance on their hind legs and semi-step forward as part of a forward or upward lunge . However they can not walk on their hind legs for long distances . Although the alligator has a heavy body and a slow metabolism , it is capable of short bursts of speed , especially in very short lunges . Alligators ' main prey are smaller animals they can kill and eat with a single bite . They may kill larger prey by grabbing it and dragging it into the water to drown . Alligators consume food that can not be eaten in one bite by allowing it to rot , or by biting and then spinning or convulsing wildly until bite - sized chunks are torn off . This is referred to as a `` death roll '' . Critical to the alligator 's ability to initiate a death roll , the tail must flex to a significant angle relative to its body . An alligator with an immobilized tail can not perform a death roll . Most of the muscle in an alligator 's jaw evolved to bite and grip prey . The muscles that close the jaws are exceptionally powerful , but the muscles for opening their jaws are comparatively weak . As a result , an adult human can hold an alligator 's jaws shut bare - handed . It is common today to use several wraps of duct tape to prevent an adult alligator from opening its jaws when being handled or transported . Alligators are generally timid towards humans and tend to walk or swim away if one approaches . This has led some people to the practice of approaching alligators and their nests in a manner that may provoke the animals into attacking . In Florida , feeding wild alligators at any time is illegal . If fed , the alligators will eventually lose their fear of humans and will learn to associate humans with food , thereby becoming both a greater danger to people , and at greater risk from them . Diet The type of food eaten by alligators depends upon their age and size . When young , alligators eat fish , insects , snails , crustaceans , and worms . As they mature , progressively larger prey is taken , including larger fish such as gar , turtles , and various mammals , particularly coypu and muskrat , as well as birds , deer , and other reptiles . Their stomachs also often contain gizzard stones . They will even consume carrion if they are sufficiently hungry . In some cases , larger alligators are known to ambush dogs , Florida panthers and black bears , making them the apex predator throughout their distribution . In this role as a top predator , it may determine the abundance of prey species , including turtles and coypu . As humans encroach into their habitat , attacks are few but not unknown . Alligators , unlike the large crocodiles , do not immediately regard a human upon encounter as prey , but may still attack in self - defense if provoked . Reproduction Different stages of alligator life - cycle Alligator eggs and young Alligator juveniles Alligators of various ages Alligators generally mature at a length of 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) . The mating season is in late spring . In April and May , alligators form so - called `` bellowing choruses '' . Large groups of animals bellow together for a few minutes a few times a day , usually one to three hours after sunrise . The bellows of male American alligators are accompanied by powerful blasts of infrasound . Another form of male display is a loud head - slap . In 2010 , on spring nights alligators were found to gather in large numbers for group courtship , the so - called `` alligator dances '' . In summer , the female builds a nest of vegetation where the decomposition of the vegetation provides the heat needed to incubate the eggs . The sex of the offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest and is fixed within seven to 21 days of the start of incubation . Incubation temperatures of 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) or lower produce a clutch of females ; those of 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) or higher produce entirely males . Nests constructed on leaves are hotter than those constructed on wet marsh , so the former tend to produce males and the latter , females . The baby alligator 's egg tooth helps it get out of its egg during hatching time . The natural sex ratio at hatching is five females to one male . Females hatched from eggs incubated at 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) weigh significantly more than males hatched from eggs incubated at 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) . The mother defends the nest from predators and assists the hatchlings to water . She will provide protection to the young for about a year if they remain in the area . Adult alligators regularly cannibalize younger individuals , though estimates of the rate of cannibalism vary widely . In the past , immediately following the outlawing of alligator hunting , populations rebounded quickly due to the suppressed number of adults preying upon juveniles , increasing survival among the young alligators . Anatomy A rare albino alligator swimming Alligators , much like birds , have been shown to exhibit unidirectional movement of air through their lungs . Most other amniotes are believed to exhibit bidirectional , or tidal breathing . For a tidal breathing animal , such as a mammal , air flows into and out of the lungs through branching bronchi which terminate in small dead - end chambers called alveoli . As the alveoli represent dead - ends to flow , the inspired air must move back out the same way it came in . In contrast , air in alligator lungs makes a circuit , moving in only one direction through the parabronchi . The air first enters the outer branch , moves through the parabronchi , and exits the lung through the inner branch . Oxygen exchange takes place in extensive vasculature around the parabronchi . Alligators have muscular , flat tails that propel them while swimming . The two kinds of white alligators are albino and leucistic . These alligators are practically impossible to find in the wild . They could survive only in captivity and are few in number . The Aquarium of the Americas in New Orleans has leucistic alligators found in a Louisiana swamp in 1987 . Human uses Main articles : Alligator farm and Alligator meat Alligators are raised commercially for their meat and their skin , which is used for bags and shoes . They also provide economic benefits through the ecotourism industry . Visitors may take swamp tours , in which alligators are a feature . Their most important economic benefit to humans may be the control of coypu and muskrats . Alligator meat is also consumed by humans . In 2010 , the Archbishop of New Orleans ruled that for purposes of Catholic church discipline in relation to abstention from meat , the flesh of the alligator is characterised as fish . Image gallery of extant species Alligator in the Everglades National Park See also Amphibians and reptiles portal Crocodile Caiman List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States by decade Alligator meat Alligator farm References Jump up ^ `` Fossilworks : Alligatoridae '' . Jump up ^ Morgan , G.S. , Richard , F. , & Crombie , R.I. ( 1993 ) . The Cuban crocodile , Crocodylus rhombifer , from late quaternary fossil deposits on Grand Cayman . Caribbean Journal of Science , 29 ( 3 - 4 ) , 153 - 164 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` American Alligator and our National Parks '' . eparks.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alligator mississippiensis '' . alligatorfur.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Crocodilian Species -- American Alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) '' . crocodilian.com . Jump up ^ Kaku , Michio ( March 2011 ) . Physics of the Future : How Science Will Shape Human Destiny And Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 . Doubleday . pp. 150 , 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 53080 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest alligator in the world '' . b92.net . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The oldest alligator living in captivity '' . shekoos.wordpress.com. 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Crocodile Specialist Group . 1996 . Alligator mississippiensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996 . Downloaded on 27 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crocodile Specialist Group . 1996 . Alligator sinensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996 . Downloaded on 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ 2005 Scholastic Book of World Records Jump up ^ `` Trappers catch crocodile in Lake Tarpon , '' Tampa Bay Times , July 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Species Profile : American Alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) -- SREL Herpetology '' . uga.edu . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dundee , H.A. , and D.A. Rossman. 1989 . The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . Jump up ^ Craighead , F.C. , Sr. ( 1968 ) . The role of the alligator in shaping plant communities and maintaining wildlife in the southern Everglades . The Florida Naturalist , 41 , 2 -- 7 , 69 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. 2010 . Wetland Ecology : Principles and Conservation ( 2nd edition ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . 497 p . Chapter 4 . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. , L. Gough , J.A. Nyman , T. McFalls , J. Carter and J. Siegrist. 2009 . Alligator hunters , pelt traders , and runaway consumption of Gulf coast marshes : A trophic cascade perspective on coastal wetland losses . p. 115 - 133 in B.R. Silliman , E.D. Grosholz , and M.D. Bertness ( eds . ) Human Impacts on Salt Marshes . A Global Perspective . University of California Press , Berkeley , CA Jump up ^ Reilly & Elias , Locomotion In Alligator Mississippiensis : Kinematic Effects Of Speed And Posture and Their Relevance To The Sprawling - to - Erect Paradigm The Journal of Experimental Biology 201 , 2559 -- 2574 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ zooguy2 Alligator Leap Retrieved March 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ Answers to Some Nagging Questions The Washington Post , Kids Post Thursday , January 17 , 2008 , Retrieved March 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ Alligator Attacks White Ibis Chick & Jumps Vertically at Pinckney Island Karen Marts Video , retrieved Nov 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ Fish , Frank E. ; Bostic , Sandra A. ; Nicastro , Anthony J. ; Beneski , John T. ( 2007 ) . `` Death roll of the alligator : mechanics of twist feeding in water '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 210 ( 16 ) : 2811 -- 2818 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 004267 . PMID 17690228 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Crocodilian Captive Care FAQ : How to properly handle / transport crocodilians etc . Jump up ^ Living with Alligators Jump up ^ Wolfe , J.L. , D.K. Bradshaw , and R.H. Chabreck. 1987 . Alligator feeding habits : New data and a review . Northeast Gulf Science 9 : 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Gabrey , S.W. 2005 . Impacts of the coypu removal program on the diet of American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) in south Louisiana . Report to Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries , New Orleans . Jump up ^ Bondavalli , C. , and R.E. Ulanowicz. 1998 . Unexpected effects of predators upon their prey : The case of the American alligator . Ecosystems 2 : 49 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. , L. Gough , J.A. Nyman , T. McFalls , J. Carter and J. Siegrist. 2009 . Alligator hunters , pelt traders , and runaway consumption of Gulf coast marshes : A trophic cascade perspective on coastal wetland losses . p. 115 - 133 in B.R. Silliman , E.D. Grosholz , and M.D. Bertness ( eds . ) Human Impacts on Salt Marshes . A Global Perspective . University of California Press , Berkeley , CA . Jump up ^ `` Can Animals Predict Disaster ? - Listening to Infrasound Nature '' . PBS . 2004 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Garrick , L.D. ; Lang , J.W. ( 1977 ) . `` Social Displays of the American Alligator '' . American Zoologist. 17 : 225 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Dinets , V. ( 2010 ) . `` Nocturnal behavior of the American Alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) in the wild during the mating season '' ( PDF ) . Herpetological Bulletin . 111 : 4 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Mark W.J. Ferguson ; Ted Joanen ( 1982 ) . `` Temperature of egg incubation determines sex in Alligator mississippiensis '' . Nature . 296 ( 5860 ) : 850 -- 853 . doi : 10.1038 / 296850a0 . PMID 7070524 . Jump up ^ Rootes , William L. ; Chabreck , Robert H. ( 30 September 1993 ) . `` Cannibalism in the American Alligator '' . Herpetologica. 49 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 107 . doi : 10.2307 / 3892690 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Delany , Michael F ; Woodward , Allan R ; Kiltie , Richard A ; Moore , Clinton T ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` Mortality of American Alligators Attributed to Cannibalism '' . Herpetologica. 67 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 185 . doi : 10.1655 / herpetologica - d - 10 - 00040.1 . Jump up ^ Farmer , C.G. ; Sanders , K. ( January 2010 ) . `` Unidirectional Airflow in the Lungs of Alligators '' . Science . 327 ( 5963 ) : 338 -- 340 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1180219 . PMID 20075253 . Jump up ^ Science News ; February 13 , 2010 ; Page 11 Jump up ^ `` White albino alligators '' . softpedia.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mississippi River Gallery '' . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. , Gough , L. , Nyman , J.A. , McFalls , T. , Carter , J. , and Siegnist , J. ( 2009a ) . Alligator hunters , pelt traders , and runaway consumption of Gulf coast marshes : a trophic cascade perspective on coastal wetland losses . In Human Impacts on Salt Marshes : A Global Perspective , eds . B.R. Silliman , E.D. Grosholz , and M.D. Bertness , pp. 115 -- 33 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Jump up ^ International Food Information Service ( 2009 ) . IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8740 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roy E. Martin ; Emily Paine Carter ; George J. Flick , Jr. ; Lynn M. Davis ( 2000 ) . Marine and Freshwater Products Handbook . CRC Press . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56676 - 889 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Tablet , 22 March 2014 page 15 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alligator . Crocodilian Online Photo exhibit on alligators in Florida ; made available by the State Archives of Florida Interview Seminole alligator wrestler ; made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida The dictionary definition of alligator at Wiktionary Extant Crocodilian species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Sauropsida ( unranked ) : Archosauria Superorder : Crocodylomorpha Family Gavialidae Gavialis Gharial ( G. gangeticus ) Tomistoma False gharial ( T. schlegelii ) ( hide ) Family Alligatoridae Alligatorinae ( Alligators ) Alligator American alligator ( A. mississippiensis ) Chinese alligator ( A. sinensis ) Caimaninae ( Caimans ) Caiman Broad - snouted caiman ( C. latirostris ) Spectacled caiman ( C. crocodilus ) Yacare caiman ( C. yacare ) Melanosuchus Black caiman ( M. niger ) Paleosuchus Cuvier 's dwarf caiman ( P. palpebrosus ) Smooth - fronted caiman ( P. trigonatus ) Family Crocodylidae ( Crocodiles ) Crocodylinae Crocodylus American crocodile ( C. acutus ) Slender - snouted crocodile ( C. cataphractus ) Orinoco crocodile ( C. intermedius ) Freshwater crocodile ( C. johnsoni ) Philippine crocodile ( C. mindorensis ) Morelet 's crocodile ( C. moreletii ) Nile crocodile ( C. niloticus ) New Guinea crocodile ( C. novaeguineae ) Mugger crocodile ( C. palustris ) Saltwater crocodile ( C. porosus ) Cuban crocodile ( C. rhombifer ) Siamese crocodile ( C. siamensis ) West African crocodile ( C. suchus ) Osteolaemus Dwarf crocodile ( O. tetraspis ) Related articles on alligators , caimans , crocodiles and gharials Topics Crocodilian armor Foramen of Panizza Gastralium List of crurotarsan genera Madras Crocodile Bank Trust The Croc Festival Human interaction Fatal alligator attacks Crocodile attacks Crocodile farm Crocodile tears Famous crocodiles and alligators Sewer alligator Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alligator&oldid=817502972 '' Categories : Alligatoridae Extant Oligocene first appearances Taxa named by François Marie Daudin Reptile genera Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 20 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where can alligators be found in the world	[ "Alligators are native to only the United States and China.[9][10]", "Alligators are native to only the United States and China.[9][10]" ]	[ "United States", "China" ]
-2101710719218132551	Queen of the South (TV series)	Queen of the South ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Queen of the South ( TV series ) Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on June 21 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Upcoming cast 2 Critical reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Broadcast 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) The cast and crew of the TV show Queen of the South at the ATX Television Festival presentation of the show . From left : Moderator Jarett Wieselman , David T. Friendly , Alice Braga , Veronica Falcón , Joaquim De Almeida , Jon - Michael Ecker , Justina Machado , Peter Gadiot , Hemky Madera and Gerardo Taracena Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza , a poor woman from Jalisco , Mexico who becomes a wealthy woman by building a drug empire Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifanio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( Season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifanio Vargas ' right - hand man ( Season 1 - 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( Season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Yancey Arias as Alberto Cortez ( Season 3 , recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , Camila 's lawyer who is killed in season 2 by a DEA agent James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 2 ) Upcoming cast ( edit ) Alfonso Herrera as Javier Gallegos Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra `` El Gallego Critical reception ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Güero -- a drug dealer -- and Teresa have been together for a year , but one day Teresa finds out that Güero is dead and that the next one will be Chino , and runs home to try to prevent it . She does not arrive on time , but at least manages to rescue Brenda and her son , and the three escape in a car . The killers chase and corner them , but Teresa crashes the car in her truck and drives away . Teresa goes in one direction and Brenda and her son , another . Teresa knows that her life is in danger , so she must find the notebook that Güero told her and take it to Don Epifanio , Güero 's godfather and drug dealer who wants to be Governor of Sinaloa , and give it to him in exchange for his life . She finds him in an abandoned apartment , but soon the murderers find her , and one of them rapes her , but Teresa alludes and sees her future self , the Queen of the South , and tells her to do something . She takes a gun , shoots her attacker in the face and flees . Teresa meets Don Epifanio and gives him the notebook . He refuses to help her , but finally gives in to his pleas . They both get into a car driven by one of Epifanio 's men and take the road to an unknown destination . Suddenly , they stop and go back to see the Queen of the South who tells her that `` something has changed '' in the plans of Don Epifanio ; Teresa pulls out a gun and asks Don Epifanio to stop the vehicle . He tries to obtain Teresa 's weapon , who shoots the driver in the back of his head . The car ends face down on the side of the road , and Teresa escapes , ignoring Epifanio , who is seriously injured and asks for her help . Teresa stops at a gas station to heal her wounds , but her pursuers find her and take her to see their boss , Don Epifanio 's wife , Camila Vargas , who takes Teresa 's hand and recognizes her . Then Teresa asks where she is and Camila tells her she is in Dallas , Texas . `` Cuarenta Minutos '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 `` Estrategia de Entrada '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 `` Lirio de los Valles '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 8 8 `` Billete de Magia '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 13 13 `` Cicatriz '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 15 `` Dios y el Abogado '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 17 `` El Beso de Judas '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` La Ermitaña '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 301 1.24 28 `` El Colgado '' David Boyd Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 302 1.02 29 `` Reina de Oros '' David Grossman Ryan O'Nan July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 303 1.02 30 `` La Fuerza '' Darren Grant Mark Valadez July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 304 1.22 31 5 `` El Juicio '' Eduardo Sanchez Jorge A. Reyes July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 305 1.12 32 6 `` Los Enamorados '' Rebecca Rodriguez Dailyn Rodriguez , Fernanda Coppel July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 306 1.09 33 7 `` Reina de Espadas '' Meera Menon Tony Puryear August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 307 1.09 34 8 `` El Carro '' Ben Hernadez Bray Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 308 1.05 35 9 `` El Diablo '' TBA TBA August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 309 1.19 36 10 `` La Muerte '' TBA TBA August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 310 1.14 37 11 `` Diez de Copas '' TBA TBA August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 311 TBD Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . German TV channel DMAX is showing the series since June 14 , 2017 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2017 Imagen Awards Best Supporting Actor - Television Peter Gadiot Won Best Primetime Television Series - Drama Queen of the South Nominated Best Actress - Television Alice Braga Nominated Best Actor - Television Joaquim de Almeida Nominated Best Supporting Actress - Television Veronica Falcon Nominated 2018 WIN Awards Film or Show Written By a Woman Natalie Chaidez Won Drama Series Queen Of the South Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` ' Queen of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne -- Interview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Kyle Dean Massey Cast In ' Nashville ' , Joaquim De Almeida In ' Queen Of The South '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2017/10/queen-of-the-south-yancey-arias-promoted-series-regular-season-3-1202194698/ Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena . `` Rafael Amaya habla sobre su papel en la serie Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Herrera se incorpora al `` remake '' estadounidense de `` La reina del sur '' `` . elcomercio.pe ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iván Sánchez regresa como ' El Gallego ' , de La Reina del Sur '' . zeleb.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - queen of the south on usa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . 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Eyewitness Fairly Legal Falling Water First Impressions Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Playing House Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Upcoming The Purge ( 2018 ) Second City ( TBA ) Treadstone ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_South_(TV_series)&oldid=856390248 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American action television series American crime drama television series American television series based on telenovelas English - language television programs Serial drama television series USA Network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Universal Television Television shows filmed in Texas Television shows set in Dallas Television shows set in Costa Rica Television shows set in Spain Thriller television series Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 20 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in queen of the south	[ "Queen of the SouthGenre\n\nAction\nCrime\nDrama\nThriller\nCreated by\n\nM.A. Fortin\nJoshua John Miller\nBased on\nLa Reina del Surby Arturo Pérez-ReverteWritten by\n\nScott Rosenbaum\nM.A. Fortin\nJoshua John Miller\nArturo Pérez-Reverte\nStarring\n\nAlice Braga\nVeronica Falcon\nJustina Machado\nPeter Gadiot\nHemky Madera\nGerardo Taracena\nJoaquim de Almeida\nJon-Michael Ecker\nNick Sagar\nTheme music composer\n\nGiorgio Moroder\nRaney Shockne[1]\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n3No. of episodes\n36 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nDavid Friendly\nScott Rosenbaum\nM.A. Fortin\nJoshua John Miller\nProducer(s)\n\nRobert J. Wilson\nLorenzo O'Brien\nCinematography\n\nCameron Duncan\nAlejandro Martinez\nProduction company(s)\n\nFrequency Films\nFriendly Films\nSkeeter Rosenbaum Productions\nFox 21 Television Studios\nUniversal Cable Productions\nDistributor\n\nNBCUniversal Television Distribution[2]\n20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (MOD releases)[3]\nReleaseOriginal network\nUSA NetworkOriginal release\nJune 23, 2016 (2016-06-23) – presentExternal links\nWebsite" ]	[ "36" ]
193396209869355670	Nabla symbol	Nabla symbol - wikipedia Nabla symbol Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the nabla symbol , its name , their usage , and their historical origin . See Del for an article focused on the mathematics . ∇ The nabla symbol The nabla is a triangular symbol like an inverted Greek delta : ∇ ( \ displaystyle \ nabla ) or ∇ . The name comes , by reason of the symbol 's shape , from the Hellenistic Greek word νάβλα for a Phoenician harp , and was suggested by the encyclopedist William Robertson Smith to Peter Guthrie Tait in correspondence . The nabla symbol is available in standard HTML as &nabla ; and in LaTeX as \ nabla . In Unicode , it is the character at code point U + 2207 , or 8711 in decimal notation . It is also called del . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern uses 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 External links History ( edit ) The harp , the instrument after which the nabla symbol is named The differential operator given in Cartesian coordinates ( x , y , z ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( x , y , z \ ) ) on three - dimensional Euclidean space by i ∂ ∂ x + j ∂ ∂ y + k ∂ ∂ z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( i ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial x ) ) + \ mathbf ( j ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial y ) ) + \ mathbf ( k ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial z ) ) ) was introduced in 1837 by the Irish mathematician and physicist William Rowan Hamilton , who called it ◁ . ( The unit vectors ( i , j , k ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ mathbf ( i ) , \ mathbf ( j ) , \ mathbf ( k ) \ ) ) were originally Hamilton 's unit quaternions . ) The mathematics of ∇ received its full exposition at the hands of P.G. Tait . After receiving Smith 's suggestion , Tait and James Clerk Maxwell referred to the operator as nabla in their extensive private correspondence ; most of these references are of a humorous character . C.G. Knott 's Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait : It was probably this reluctance on the part of Maxwell to use the term Nabla in serious writings which prevented Tait from introducing the word earlier than he did . The one published use of the word by Maxwell is in the title to his humorous Tyndallic Ode , which is dedicated to the `` Chief Musician upon Nabla , '' that is , Tait . William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) introduced the term to an American audience in an 1884 lecture ; the notes were published in Britain and the U.S. in 1904 . The name is acknowledged , and criticized , by Oliver Heaviside in 1891 : The fictitious vector ∇ given by ∇ = i ∇ 1 + j ∇ 2 + k ∇ 3 = i d d x + j d d y + k d d z ( \ displaystyle \ nabla = \ mathbf ( i ) \ nabla _ ( 1 ) + \ mathbf ( j ) \ nabla _ ( 2 ) + \ mathbf ( k ) \ nabla _ ( 3 ) = \ mathbf ( i ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) + \ mathbf ( j ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dy ) ) + \ mathbf ( k ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dz ) ) ) is very important . Physical mathematics is very largely the mathematics of ∇ . The name Nabla seems , therefore , ludicrously inefficient . Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs ( independently ) are credited with the development of the version of vector calculus most popular today . The influential 1901 text Vector Analysis , written by Edwin Bidwell Wilson and based on the lectures of Gibbs , advocates the name `` del '' : This symbolic operator ∇ was introduced by Sir W.R. Hamilton and is now in universal employment . There seems , however , to be no universally recognized name for it , although owing to the frequent occurrence of the symbol some name is a practical necessity . It has been found by experience that the monosyllable del is so short and easy to pronounce that even in complicated formulae in which ∇ occurs a number of times , no inconvenience to the speaker or listener arises from the repetition . ∇ V is read simply as ' del V ' . This book is responsible for the form in which the mathematics of the operator in question is now usually expressed -- most notably in undergraduate physics , and especially electrodynamics , textbooks . Modern uses ( edit ) The nabla is used in vector calculus as part of the names of three distinct differential operators : the gradient ( ∇ ) , the divergence ( ∇ ⋅ ) , and the curl ( ∇ × ) . The last of these uses the cross product and thus makes sense only in three dimensions ; the first two are fully general . They were all originally studied in the context of the classical theory of electromagnetism , and contemporary university physics curricula typically treat the material using approximately the concepts and notation found in Gibbs and Wilson 's Vector Analysis . The symbol is also used in differential geometry to denote a connection . A symbol of the same form , though presumably not genealogically related , appears in other areas , e.g. : As the all relation , particularly in lattice theory . As the backward difference operator , in the calculus of finite differences . As the widening operator , an operator that permits static analysis of programs to terminate in finite time , in the computer science field of abstract interpretation . As an indicator of indeterminacy in philosophical logic . In naval architecture ( ship design ) , to designate the volume displacement of a ship or any other waterborne vessel ; the graphically similar delta is used to designate weight displacement ( the total weight of water displaced by the ship ) , thus ∇ = Δ / ρ ( \ displaystyle \ nabla = \ Delta / \ rho ) where ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) is the density of seawater . See also ( edit ) Del , treating the mathematics of the vector differential operator Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates grad , div , and curl , differential operators defined using del History of quaternions Notation for differentiation Covariant derivative , also known as connection Nevel Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Indeed , it is called anadelta ( ανάδελτα ) in Modern Greek . ^ Jump up to : `` nabla '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Letter from Smith to Tait , 10 November 1870 : My dear Sir , The name I propose for ∇ is , as you will remember , Nabla ... In Greek the leading form is ναβλᾰ ... As to the thing it is a sort of harp and is said by Hieronymus and other authorities to have had the figure of ∇ ( an inverted Δ ) . Quoted in Oxford English Dictionary entry `` nabla '' . ^ Jump up to : Cargill Gilston Knott ( 1911 ) . Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait . Jump up ^ `` History of Nabla '' . Jump up ^ Notably it is sometimes claimed to be from the Hebrew nevel ( נֶבֶל ) -- as in the Book of Isaiah , 5th chapter , 12th sentence : `` וְהָיָה כִנּוֹר וָנֶבֶל תֹּף וְחָלִיל וָיַיִן מִשְׁתֵּיהֶם וְאֵת פֹּעַל יְהוָה לֹא יַבִּיטוּ וּמַעֲשֵׂה יָדָיו לֹא רָאוּ '' -- , but this etymology is mistaken ; the Greek νάβλα comes from the Phoenician to which נֶבֶל is cognate . See : `` nable '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ W.R. Hamilton , `` On Differences and Differentials of Functions of Zero , '' Trans . R. Irish Acad. XVII : 235 -- 236 esp. 236 ( 1837 ) Jump up ^ Knott , pp. 142 -- 143 : Unquestionably , however , Tait 's great work was his development of the powerful operator ∇. Hamilton introduced this differential operator in its semi-Cartesian trinomial form on page 610 of his Lectures and pointed out its effects on both a scalar and a vector quantity ... Neither in the Lectures nor in the Elements , however , is the theory developed . This was done by Tait in the second edition of his book ( ∇ is little more than mentioned in the first edition ) and much more fully in the third and last edition . Jump up ^ P.G. Tait ( 1890 ) . An Elementary Treatise on Quaternions ( 3 ed . ) . Jump up ^ William Thomson , Lord Kelvin ( 1904 ) . Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light . I took the liberty of asking Professor Ball two days ago whether he had a name for this symbol ∇ , and he has mentioned to me nabla , a humorous suggestion of Maxwell 's . It is the name of an Egyptian harp , which was of that shape . I do not know that it is a bad name for it . Laplacian I do not like for several reasons both historical and phonetic . ( Jan. 22 1892 . Since 1884 I have found nothing better , and I now call it Laplacian . ) As this is written , he appears to be naming the Laplacian ∇ `` nabla '' , but in the lecture was presumably referring to ∇ itself . Jump up ^ Heaviside ( 1891 ) , On the Forces , Stresses , and Fluxes of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field . Printed in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , 1892 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Crowe ( 1967 ) . A History of Vector Analysis . Jump up ^ Gibbs ; Wilson ( 1901 ) . Vector analysis : a text - book for the use of students of mathematics and physics , founded upon the lectures of J. Willard Gibbs by Edwin Bidwell Wilson . Jump up ^ For example , in Anthony Everett ( 2013 ) , The Nonexistent , p. 210 : We can represent cases of this form , cases where it is indeterminate whether in fiction f : a = b , as follows : ( A ) ∇ ( a = b ) . Here , the brackets and superscript fs together serve to denote fictitiousness ; thus the nabla says `` It is indeterminate whether '' , and the rest says `` a = b ( fictively ) . '' External links ( edit ) Arnold Neumaier ( 2004 ) . `` History of Nabla '' . Arnold Neumaier ( January 26 , 1998 ) . Cleve Moler , ed . `` History of Nabla '' . NA Digest , Volume 98 , Issue 03 . netlib.org . Miller , Jeff . `` Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus '' . Tai , Chen . A survey of the improper use of ∇ in vector analysis ( 1994 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nabla_symbol&oldid=809322984 '' Categories : Mathematical symbols Differential operators William Rowan Hamilton Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Euskara 한국어 עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 12 : 25 . About Wikipedia	what is the upside down triangle in calculus	[ "The nabla is a triangular symbol like an inverted Greek delta:[1] \n \n \n \n ∇\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla }\n \n or ∇. The name comes, by reason of the symbol's shape, from the Hellenistic Greek word νάβλα for a Phoenician harp,[2] and was suggested by the encyclopedist William Robertson Smith to Peter Guthrie Tait in correspondence.[3][4][5][2][6]" ]	[ "nabla" ]
-1282358931053209185	442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)	442nd Infantry Regiment ( United States ) - Wikipedia 442nd Infantry Regiment ( United States ) 442nd Infantry Regiment Coat of arms Active 1944 -- 1946 1947 -- present Country United States Branch United States Army Type Regimental combat team later 100th Infantry Battalion Role Infantry Size 3,800 Motto ( s ) `` Go for Broke '' Engagements World War II Vietnam War War on Terror Commanders Notable commanders Colonel Charles W. Pence Colonel Virgil R. Miller Insignia Distinctive unit insignia Historic shoulder sleeve insignia and former combat service identification badge of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team hide 92nd Infantry Division ( 1942 -- 1945 ) Parent unit 92nd Infantry Division Components 365th Infantry Regiment 366th Infantry Regiment ( Nov 1944 -- Feb 1945 ) 370th Infantry Regiment 371st Infantry Regiment 442nd Infantry Regiment ( Nisei ) ( April 1945 -- ) 473rd Infantry Regiment ( Feb 1945 -- May 1945 ) 597th Field Artillery Battalion ( 105mm ) 598th Field Artillery Battalion ( 105mm ) 599th Field Artillery Battalion ( 105mm ) 600th Field Artillery Battalion ( 155mm ) 758th Tank Battalion ( Colored ) 679th Tank Destroyer Battalion ( Colored ) The 442nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army and is the only infantry formation in the Army Reserve . The regiment is best known for its history as a fighting unit composed almost entirely of second - generation American soldiers of Japanese ancestry who fought in World War II . Beginning in 1944 , the regiment fought primarily in Europe during World War II , in particular Italy , southern France , and Germany . The 442nd Regiment is the most decorated unit in the history of American warfare . The 4,000 men who initially made up the unit in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly two times . In total , about 14,000 men served , earning 9,486 Purple Hearts . The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations ( five earned in one month ) . Twenty - one of its members were awarded Medals of Honor . Its motto was `` Go for Broke '' . Inactivated in 1946 , the unit was reactivated as a reserve unit in 1947 and garrisoned at Fort Shafter , Hawaii . Mobilized for duty in Vietnam and Iraq , its current members carry on the honors and traditions of the historical unit . Currently , the regiment has units aligned under the 25th Infantry Division . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Training and organization 3 Reunion with the 100th 4 First contact 5 Hill 140 and Castellina 6 Antitank Company 7 Vosges Mountains 7.1 Bruyères 7.2 Biffontaine 8 Lost Battalion 9 General Dahlquist 's Legacy 10 Champagne Campaign 11 522nd Field Artillery Battalion 12 Gothic Line 13 Service and decorations 14 Original Fight Song 15 After the war 15.1 Revolution of 1954 16 Demobilization and rebirth 17 Notable members 18 In popular culture 19 See also 20 References 21 External links 21.1 Resources 21.2 Media 21.3 Organizations Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most Japanese Americans who fought in World War II were Nisei , born in the United States to immigrant parents . Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , Japanese - American men were initially categorized as 4C ( enemy alien ) and therefore not subject to the draft . On 19 February 1942 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , authorizing military authorities to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine , from which any or all persons may be excluded , and with respect to which , the right of any person to enter , remain in , or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion . Although the order did not refer specifically to people of Japanese ancestry , it was targeted largely for the internment of people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast . In March 1942 , Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt , head of the Western Defense Command and Fourth Army , issued the first of 108 military proclamations that resulted in the forced relocation from their residences to guarded relocation camps of more than 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast , the great majority of the ethnic community . Two thirds were born in the United States . The 442nd Regimental Combat Team hiking up a muddy road in the Chambois Sector , France , in late 1944 . In Hawaii , the military imposed martial law , complete with curfews and blackouts . As a large portion of the population was of Japanese ancestry ( 150,000 out of 400,000 people in 1937 ) , internment was deemed not practical ; it was strongly opposed by the island 's business community , which was heavily dependent on the labor force of those of Japanese ancestry , unlike businesses on the mainland . There , business interests competed with those of Japanese Americans , and many bought up Japanese American properties that had to be surrendered . It was accurately believed that an internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants in Hawaii would have had catastrophic results for the Hawaiian economy ; intelligence reports at the time noted that `` the Japanese , through a concentration of effort in select industries , had achieved a virtual stranglehold on several key sectors of the economy in Hawaii . '' In addition , other reports indicated that those of Japanese descent in Hawaii `` had access to virtually all jobs in the economy , including high - status , high - paying jobs ( e.g. , professional and managerial jobs ) , '' suggesting that a mass internment of people of Japanese descent in Hawaii would have negatively impacted every sector of the Hawaiian economy . When the War Department called for the removal of all soldiers of Japanese ancestry from active service in early 1942 , General Delos C. Emmons , commander of the U.S. Army in Hawaii , decided to discharge those in the Hawaii Territorial Guard , which was composed mainly of ROTC students from the University of Hawaii . However , he permitted the more than 1,300 Japanese - American soldiers of the 298th and 299th Infantry Regiment regiments of the Hawaii National Guard to remain in service . The discharged members of the Hawaii Territorial Guard petitioned General Emmons to allow them to assist in the war effort . The petition was granted and they formed a group called the Varsity Victory Volunteers , which performed various military construction jobs . General Emmons , worried about the loyalty of Japanese - American soldiers in the event of a Japanese invasion , recommended to the War Department that those in the 298th and 299th regiments be organized into a `` Hawaiian Provisional Battalion '' and sent to the mainland . The move was authorized , and on 5 June 1942 , the Hawaiian Provisional Battalion set sail for training . They landed at Oakland , California on 10 June 1942 and two days later were sent to Camp McCoy , Wisconsin . On 15 June 1942 , the battalion was designated the 100th Infantry Battalion ( Separate ) -- the `` One Puka Puka '' . Due in part to the actions of the 100th and the Varsity Victory Volunteers , the War Department directed that a Japanese - American Combat Team should be activated comprising the 442d Infantry Regiment , the 522d Field Artillery Battalion , and the 232d Engineer Combat Company . The order dated January 22 , 1943 directed that , `` All cadre men must be American citizens of Japanese ancestry who have resided in the United States since birth , '' and that `` Officers of field grade and captains furnished under the provisions of subparagraphs a , b and c above , will be white American citizens . Other officers will be of Japanese ancestry insofar as practicable . '' In accordance with these orders the 442d Combat Team was activated February 1 , 1943 , by General Orders , Headquarters Third Army . Colonel Charles W. Pence took command , with Lieutenant Colonel Merritt B. Booth as executive officer . Lieutenant Colonel Keith K. Tatom commanded the 1st Battalion , Lieutenant Colonel James M. Hanley the 2d Battalion , and Lieutenant Colonel Sherwood Dixon the 3d Battalion . Lieutenant Colonel Baya M. Harrison commanded the 522d Field Artillery , and Captain Pershing Nakada commanded the 232d Engineers . Colonel Charles W. Pence , a World War I veteran and military science professor , commanded the regiment until he was wounded during the rescue of the `` Lost Battalion '' in October 1944 . He was then replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Virgil R. Miller . The U.S. government required that all internees answer a loyalty questionnaire , which was used to register the Nisei for the draft . Question 27 of the questionnaire asked eligible males , `` Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty , wherever ordered ? '' and question 28 asked , `` Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces , and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor , or any other foreign government , power or organization ? '' Nearly a quarter of the Nisei males answered with a no or a qualified answer to both questions in protest , resenting the implication they ever had allegiance to Japan ; some left them blank . Qualified answers included those who said , yes , but criticized the internment of the Japanese or racism . Many who responded that way were imprisoned for evading the draft . Such refusal is the subject of the postwar novel No - No Boy . But more than 75 % indicated that they were willing to enlist and swear allegiance to the U.S. The U.S. Army called for 1,500 volunteers from Hawaii and 3,000 from the mainland . An overwhelming 10,000 men from Hawaii volunteered . The announcement was met with less enthusiasm on the mainland , where the vast majority of draft - age men of Japanese ancestry and their families were held in internment camps . The Army revised the quota , calling for 2,900 men from Hawaii , and 1,500 from the mainland . Only 1,256 volunteered from the mainland during this initial call for volunteers . As a result , around 3,000 men from Hawaii and 800 men from the mainland were inducted . President Roosevelt announced the formation of the 442nd Infantry Regimental Combat Team , saying , `` Americanism is not , and never was , a matter of race or ancestry . '' Ultimately , the draft was instated to obtain more Japanese Americans from the mainland and these made up a large part of the 14,000 men who eventually served in the 442nd Regiment . Training and organization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 442nd in training : building then attacking across a pontoon bridge at Camp Shelby The 100th Infantry Battalion relocated to Camp Shelby in Mississippi . Eventually , the 100th was joined by 3,000 volunteers from Hawaii and 800 from the mainland camps . As a regimental combat team ( RCT ) , the 442nd RCT was a self - sufficient fighting formation of three infantry battalions ( originally 1st , 2nd , and 3rd Battalions , 442nd Infantry , and later the 100th Infantry Battalion in place of the 1st ) , the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion , the 232nd Engineer Company , an anti-tank company , cannon company , service company , medical detachment , headquarters companies , and the 206th Army Band . Although they were permitted to volunteer to fight , Americans of Japanese ancestry were generally forbidden to fight in combat in the Pacific Theater . No such limitations were placed on Americans of German or Italian ancestry , who were assigned to units fighting against the Axis Powers in the European Theater . There were many more German and Italian Americans than Japanese Americans , and their political and economic power reduced the restrictions against them . Many men deemed proficient enough in the Japanese language were approached , or sometimes ordered , to join the Military Intelligence Service ( MIS ) to serve as translators / interpreters and spies in the Pacific , as well as in the China Burma India Theater . These men were sent to the MIS Language School at Camp Savage , Minnesota to develop their language skills and receive training in military intelligence . While the 442nd trained in Mississippi , the 100th departed for Oran in North Africa to join the forces destined to invade Italy . Reunion with the 100th ( edit ) Organization chart of the 442nd RCT after its reunion with the 100th Battalion in 1944 . The 442nd Combat Team , less its 1st Battalion , which had remained in the U.S. to train Nisei replacements after many of its members were levied as replacements for the 100th , sailed from Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 1 May 1944 and landed at Anzio on 28 May . The 442nd would join the 100th Battalion in Civitavecchia north of Rome on 11 June 1944 , attached to the 34th Infantry Division . The 100th was placed under the command of the 442nd on 15 June 1944 but on 14 August 1944 , the 100th Battalion was officially assigned to the 442nd as its 1st battalion , but was allowed to keep its unit designation in recognition of its distinguished fighting record . The 1st Battalion , 442nd Infantry at Camp Shelby was then redesignated the 171st Infantry Battalion ( Separate ) on 5 September 1944 . The 100th Battalion 's high casualty rate at Anzio and Monte Cassino earned it the unofficial nickname `` Purple Heart Battalion . '' First contact ( edit ) A 442nd RCT squad leader checks for German units in France in November 1944 . The newly formed Nisei unit went into battle together on 26 June 1944 at the village of Belvedere in Suvereto , Tuscany . Although the 100th was attached to the 442nd , their actions earned them a separate Presidential Unit Citation . Second and Third Battalions were the first to engage the enemy , in a fierce firefight . F Company bore the worst fighting . A , B , and C Companies of the 100th were called into combat and advanced east using a covered route to reach the high ground northeast of Belvedere . The enemy did not know that the 100th was flanking the German exit , trapping them in Belvedere. C Company blocked the town 's entrance while A Company blocked the exit . As this was occurring the 442nd 's 2nd Battalion was receiving a heavy barrage by the Germans from inside Belvedere , and the Germans remained unaware of their situation . B Company stayed on the high ground and conducted a surprise attack on the German battalion 's exposed east flank , forcing the Germans to flee and run into C Company , which then drove the Germans to A Company . All three companies went into action boldly facing murderous fire from all types of weapons and tanks and at times fighting without artillery support ... The stubborn desire of the men to close with a numerically superior enemy and the rapidity with which they fought enabled the 100th Infantry Battalion to destroy completely the right flank positions of a German Army ... The fortitude and intrepidity displayed by the officers and men of the 100th Infantry Battalion reflects the finest traditions of the Army of the United States . Presidential Unit Citation Review The 442nd , along with its first battalion , the 100th , kept driving the enemy north , engaging in multiple skirmishes until they had passed Sassetta . The battle of Belvedere showed that the 442nd could hold their own and showed them the kind of fighting the 100th Battalion had gone through in the prior months . After only a few days of rest , the united 442nd again entered into combat on 1 July , taking Cecina and moving towards the Arno River . On 2 July , as the 442nd approached the Arno , 5th Battalion engaged in a hard - fought battle to take Hill 140 , while on 7 July the 100th fought for the town of Castellina Marittima . Hill 140 and Castellina ( edit ) For the first three weeks of July the 442nd and its 1st Battalion , the 100th , were constantly attacking German forces , leading to 1,100 enemy killed and 331 captured . Hill 140 was the main line of enemy resistance . A single German battalion held the hill and , along with the help of artillery , had completely wiped out a machine - gun squad of L Company of the 3rd Battalion and G Company of 2nd Battalion except for its commander . A constant barrage of artillery shells were launched against the 2nd and 3rd Battalions as they dug in at the hill 's base . The 442nd gained very little ground in the coming days only improving their position slightly . The 232nd Engineers aided the 442nd by defusing landmines that lay in the 442nd 's path . The entire 34th Division front encountered heavy resistance . `` All along the 34th Infantry Division Front the Germans held more doggedly than at any time since the breakthrough at Cassino and Anzio . '' Hill 140 had been dubbed `` Little Cassino '' as the resistance by the Germans was so fierce . `` Hill 140 , when the medics were just overrun with all the casualties ; casualties you could n't think to talk about . '' The 2nd Battalion moved to the eastern front of Hill 140 and 3rd Battalion moved to the western front , both converging on the German flanks . It was n't until 7 July when the last German resistance was taken down that the hill came under the 34th Division 's control . On the day Hill 140 fell , the battle for the town of Castellina Marittima began . The 100th began its assault on the northwestern side of the town taking the high ground . Just before dawn , 2nd Platoon C Company moved into town , encountering heavy resistance and multiple counterattacks by German forces but held them off . In the meantime Company B moved north into Castellina , encountering heavy resistance as well . First they helped defend 2nd and 3rd Battalions in the taking of Hill 140 . Then with the help of the 522nd Field Artillery , they lay down a heavy barrage and forced the Germans to retreat by 1800 hours on 7 July . The 100th dug in and waited for relief to arrive after spending an entire day securing the town . Until 25 July , the 442nd encountered heavy resistance from each town when they reached the Arno River , ending the Rome - Arno Campaign . The 100 / 442 lost 1,272 men ( 17 missing , 44 non-combat injuries , 972 wounded , and 239 killed ) in the process , a distance of only 40 miles ( 64 km ) . They rested from 25 July to 15 August , when the 442nd moved to patrol the Arno . Crossing the Arno on 31 August was relatively uneventful , as they were guarded the north side of the river in order for bridges to be built . On 11 September the 442nd was detached from the Fifth Army and then attached to the 36th Infantry Division of the Seventh Army . Antitank Company ( edit ) On 15 July the Antitank Company was pulled from the frontlines and placed with the 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 1st Airborne Task Force . They had trained at an airfield south of Rome to prepare for the invasion of Southern France which took place on 15 August , landing near Le Muy , France . They trained for a few weeks to get used to , prepare , properly load , and fly gliders . These gliders were 48 feet ( 15 m ) long and 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) high , and could hold a jeep and a trailer filled with ammunition , or a British six - pounder antitank gun . The Southern France Campaign , 15 August to 14 September , led the 442nd to its second Presidential Unit Citation for invading in gliders and the Combat Infantryman Badge for fighting with the infantrymen of the 7th Army . The soldiers of Antitank Company received the Glider Badge . After many rough landings by the gliders , hitting trees or enemy flak , they held their positions for a few days until relieved by Allied troops coming in by sea . For the next two months the Antitank Company guarded the exposed right flank of the Seventh Army and protected the 517th Parachute Infantry . The unit also cleared mines , captured Germans , and guarded roads and tunnels . In mid-to - late October , the Antitank Company rejoined the 442nd during the battle to find the `` Lost Battalion . '' Vosges mountains ( edit ) After leaving Naples , the 442nd landed in Marseille on 30 September and for the next few weeks they traveled 500 miles ( 800 km ) through the Rhone Valley , by walking and by boxcar , until 13 October . On 14 October 1944 the 442nd began moving into position in the late afternoon preparing the assault on Hills A , B , C , and D of Bruyères . Each hill was heavily guarded , as each hill was key in order to take and secure the city . Hill A was located Northwest of Bruyères , Hill B to the North , Hill C Northeast , and Hill D to the East . The 442nd had experienced mainly prairie in Italy , but the Vosges Mountains provided a very different terrain . The unit faced dense fog , mud , heavy rain , large trees , hills , and heavy enemy gunfire and artillery while moving through the Vosges . Hitler had ordered the German frontline to fight at all costs as this was the last barrier between the Allied forces and Germany . On 15 October 1944 the 442nd began its attack on Bruyères . The 100th Battalion moved on Hill A , which was held by the SS Polizei Regiment 19 , as 2nd Battalion moved in on Hill B. Third Battalion was left to take Bruyères . Bruyères ( edit ) After heavy fighting dealing with enemy machine guns and snipers and a continuous artillery barrage placed onto the Germans , the 100th Battalion was eventually able to take Hill A by 3 a.m. on 18 October . 2nd Battalion took Hill B in a similar fashion only hours later . Once Hill A and B were secured , 3rd Battalion along with the 36th Infantry 's 142nd Regiment began its assault from the south . After the 232nd broke through the concrete barriers around town hall of Bruyères , the 442nd captured 134 Wehrmacht members including Poles , Yugoslavs , Somalis , East Indians of the Regiment `` Freies Indien '' , 2nd and 3rd Company of Fusilier Battalion 198 , Grenadier Regiment 736 , and Panzer Grenadier Regiment 192 . After three days of fighting Bruyères fell but was not yet secured . Germans on Hill C and D used that high - ground to launch artillery barrages on the town ; Hills C and D needed to be taken to secure Bruyères . The 442nd initially took Hills C and D but did not secure them and they fell back into German hands . By noon of 19 October , Hill D was taken by 2nd and 3rd Battalions , who then were ordered to take a railroad embankment leaving Hill D unsecure . As the 100th began moving on Hill C on 20 October , German forces retook Hill D during the night . The 100th Battalion was ordered back to Bruyères into reserve , allowing a German force onto Hill C , surprising another American division arriving into position . Retaking Hill C cost another 100 casualties . Hill D fell back into Allied hands after a short time , finally securing the town . The 232nd Engineers had to dismantle roadblocks , clear away trees and clear mine fields all in the midst of the battle . The 100th rested , then was called to the battle for Biffontaine . Biffontaine ( edit ) Go For Broke The 100th was ordered to take the high - ground but was eventually ordered to move into the town , leading to a bitter fight after the 100th were encircled by German forces : cut off from the 442nd , outside radio contact , and outside artillery support . The 100th were in constant battle from 22 October until dusk of 23 October , engaging in house to house fighting and defending against multiple counterattacks . 3rd Battalion of the 442nd reached the 100th and helped drive out the remaining German forces , handing Biffontaine to the 36th . On 24 October the 143rd Infantry of the 36th Division relieved the 100th and 3rd Battalion who were sent to Belmont , another small town to the north , for some short - lived rest . Nine days of constant fighting continued as they were then ordered to save T - Patchers , the 141st Regiment of the 36th Infantry , the `` Lost Battalion . '' Lost Battalion ( edit ) After less than two days in reserve , the 442nd was ordered to attempt the rescue of the `` Lost Battalion '' two miles east of Biffontaine . On 23 October Colonel Lundquist 's 141st Regiment , soon to be known as the `` Alamo '' Regiment , began its attack on the German line that ran from Rambervillers to Biffontaine . Tuesday morning , 24 October , the left flank of the 141st , commanded by Technical Sergeant Charles H. Coolidge , ran into heavy action , fending off numerous German attacks throughout the days of 25 and 26 October . The right flank command post was overrun and 275 men of Lieutenant Colonel William Bird 's 1st Battalion Companies A , B , C , and a platoon from Company D were cut off 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) behind enemy lines . The `` Lost Battalion '' was cut off by German troops and was forced to dig in until help arrived . It was nearly a week before they saw friendly soldiers . At 4 a.m. on Friday 27 October , General John E. Dahlquist ordered the 442nd to move out and rescue the cut - off battalion . The 442nd had the support of the 522nd and 133rd Field Artillery units but at first made little headway against German General Richter 's infantry and artillery front line . For the next few days the 442nd engaged in the heaviest fighting it had seen in the war , as the elements combined with the Germans to slow their advance . Dense fog and very dark nights prevented the men from seeing even twenty feet . Many men had to hang onto the man in front of him just to know where to go . Rainfall , snow , cold , mud , fatigue , trench foot , and even exploding trees plagued them as they moved deeper into the Vosges and closer to the German frontlines . The 141st continued fighting -- in all directions . When we realized we were cut off , we dug a circle at the top of the ridge . I had two heavy , water - cooled machine guns with us at this time , and about nine or ten men to handle them . I put one gun on the right front with about half of my men , and the other gun to the left . We cut down small trees to cover our holes and then piled as much dirt on top as we could . We were real low on supplies , so we pooled all of our food . -- SSgt . Jack Wilson of Newburgh , Indiana . Airdrops with ammo and food for the 141st were called off by dense fog or landed in German hands . Many Germans did not know that they had cut off an American unit . `` We did n't know that we had surrounded the Americans until they were being supplied by air . One of the supply containers , dropped by parachute , landed near us . The packages were divided up amongst us . '' Only on 29 October was the 442nd told why they were being forced to attack the German front lines so intensely . The fighting was intense for the Germans as well . Gebirgsjager Battalion 202 from Salzburg was cut off from Gebirgsjager Battalion 201 from Garmisch . Both sides eventually rescued their cut - off battalions . As the men of the 442nd went deeper and deeper they became more hesitant , until reaching the point where they would not move from behind a tree or come out of a foxhole . However , this all changed in an instant . The men of Companies I and K of 3rd Battalion had their backs against the wall , but as each one saw another rise to attack , then another also rose . Then every Nisei charged the Germans screaming , and many screaming `` Banzai ! '' Through gunfire , artillery shells , and fragments from trees , and Nisei going down one after another , they charged . Colonel Rolin 's grenadiers put up a desperate fight , but nothing could stop the Nisei rushing up the steep slopes , shouting , firing from the hip , and lobbing hand grenades into dugouts . Finally the German defenses broke and the surviving grenadiers fled in disarray . That afternoon the American aid stations were crowded with casualties . The 2nd platoon of Company I had only two men left , and the 1st platoon was down to twenty . '' On the afternoon of 30 October , 3rd Battalion broke through and reached the 141st , rescuing 211 T - Patchers at the cost of 800 men in five days . However , the fighting continued for the 442nd as they moved past the 141st . The drive continued until they reached Saint - Die on 17 November when they were finally pulled back . The 100th fielded 1,432 men a year earlier , but was now down to 239 infantrymen and 21 officers . Second Battalion was down to 316 riflemen and 17 officers , while not a single company in 3rd Battalion had over 100 riflemen ; the entire 100th / 442nd Regimental Combat Team was down to less than 800 soldiers . Earlier ( on 13 October ) when attached to the 36th Infantry , the unit was at 2,943 rifleman and officers , thus in only three weeks 140 were killed and a further 1,800 had been wounded , while 43 were missing . General Dahlquist 's Legacy ( edit ) A Japanese - American unit moves out of its old command post . The unit , Company F , 2nd Battalion , 442nd Regimental Combat Team , is holding a section of the front lines near St. Die Area , France , 13 November 1944 . General Dahlquist 's dubious command of the 442nd received mixed reviews , chiefly from the unit 's officers rather than the enlisted soldiers , who believed that Dahlquist considered his Nisei soldiers expendable cannon fodder . Despite examples of ostensibly courageous behavior , his decisions were undermined by the failure to tally victories without considerable costs to his men . A particular example was when his aide Lieutenant Wells Lewis , the eldest son of novelist Sinclair Lewis , was killed while Dahlquist was issuing orders standing in the open during a battle . When Dahlquist ordered his men to take Biffontaine , it was despite the sparsely populated farming town being militarily insignificant , out of the range of artillery and radio contact . In another example , Lieutenant Allan M. Ohata was ordered to charge with his men up a hill toward the enemy , who were dug in and well supplied . Ohata considered the order a certain suicide mission . Despite the threat of court - martial and demotion he refused , insisting that the men would be better off attacking the position `` their own way . '' Lt. Ohata 's Distinguished Service Cross , for his actions in Italy as an enlisted Staff Sergeant , was ultimately upgraded to the Medal of Honor . On 12 November , General Dahlquist ordered the entire 442nd to stand in formation for a recognition and award ceremony . Of the 400 men originally assigned to K Company only eighteen turned out , joined by eight survivors from I Company . Upon reviewing the meager assemblage Dahlquist became irritated , ignorant of the sacrifices that the unit had made in serving his orders . He demanded of Colonel Virgil R. Miller , `` I want all your men to stand for this formation . '' Miller responded simply , `` That 's all of K company left , sir . '' Some time later , while the former commander of the 1st Battalion , Lieutenant Colonel Gordon Singles was filling the role of brigadier general at Fort Bragg ( North Carolina ) , General Dahlquist arrived as part of a review . When he recognized Colonel Singles he approached him and offered the colonel his hand saying , `` Let bygones be bygones . It 's all water under the bridge , is n't it ? '' In the presence of the entire III Corps , Colonel Singles continued to salute General Dahlquist but refused to take Dahlquist 's hand . During and after the war , the 442nd was repeatedly commemorated for their efforts in the Vosges Mountains . A commissioned painting now hangs in The Pentagon depicting their fight to reach the `` Lost Battalion . '' A memorial was erected in Biffontaine by Gerard Henry , later the town 's mayor . A monument was established in Bruyeres to mark the liberation of that city . At first a narrow road led to the monument , but the road was later widened to accommodate four tour buses and is now named `` The Avenue of the 442nd Infantry Regiment '' in honor of those brave soldiers . Champagne Campaign ( edit ) Following the tough battle through the Vosges Mountains , the 442nd was sent to the Maritime Alps and the French Riviera . It was a walk in the park compared to what they had experienced in October . Little to no action occurred in the next four months as they rested . The 442nd guarded and patrolled a twelve to fourteen - mile front line segment of the French - Italian border . This part of the 442nd 's journey gained the name `` Champagne Campaign '' because of the available wine , women , and merry times . The 442nd experienced additional losses as patrols sometimes ran into enemy patrols , or sometimes soldiers stepped on enemy and allied land mines . Occasionally , soldiers of the 442nd captured spies and saboteurs . The 442nd also captured an enemy submarine . A Nisei soldier noticed what looked like an animal in the water but upon closer look it was actually a one - man German midget submarine . The German and the submarine were captured and handed over to the U.S. Navy . On 23 March 1945 , the 442nd Regimental Combat Team sailed back to Italy and returned to the Gothic Line . 522nd Field artillery Battalion ( edit ) From 20 to 22 March , the 442 and the 232 shipped off to Italy from France but the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion was sent to another part of Europe . They traveled northwards some 600 miles ( 970 km ) through the Rhone Valley and stopped at Kleinblittersdorf on the east bank of the Saar River . The 522nd aided the 63rd Division on the Siegfried Line defenses south of St. Ingbert from 12 -- 21 March . The 522nd became a roving battalion , supporting nearly two dozen army units along the front traveling a total of 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) across Germany and accomplishing every objective of their fifty - two assignments . The 522nd was the only Nisei unit to fight in Germany . On 29 April scouts of the 522nd located a satellite camp of the infamous Dachau concentration camp next to the small Bavarian town of Lager Lechfeld , adjacent to Hurlach . Scouts from the 522nd were among the first Allied troops to release prisoners from the Kaufering IV Hurlach satellite camp , one of nearly 170 such camps , where more than 3,000 prisoners were held . As we came around the way , there were a lot of Jewish inmates coming out of the camp , and I heard that the gate was opened by our advanced scouts . They took a rifle and shot it . I think it was a fellow from Hawaii that did that . I think it was a Captain Taylor , Company B was one of them , but another person from Hawaii , he passed away . They opened the gate and all these German , I mean , Jewish victims were coming out of the camp . Then , when we finally opened the Dachau camp , got in , oh those people were so afraid of us , I guess . You could see the fear in their face . But eventually , they realized that we were there to liberate them and help them . They were all just skin and bones , sunken eyes . I think they were more dead than they were alive because they had n't eaten so much because , I think , just before we got there the S.S. people had all pulled back up and they were gone . But , we went there , and outside of the camps there were a lot of railroad cars there that had bodies in them . I had the opportunity to go into the camp there , but you could smell the stench . The people were dead and piled up in the buildings , and it was just unbelievable that the Germans could do that to the Jewish people . I really did n't think it was possible at all actually . The only thing the Nisei could really do was give them clothing and keep them warm . Nisei soldiers began to give the Jewish inmates food from their rations but were ordered to stop because the food could overwhelm the digestive systems of the starved inmates and kill them . As they continued past the subcamp , they discovered the eastward path along which Jewish inmates were approaching Waakirchen , as the concentration camp survivors had been driven on a death march to another camp from Dachau starting there on 24 April , headed south through Eurasburg , then eastwards for a total distance of nearly sixty kilometers ( 37 miles ) , originally numbering some 15,000 prisoners . No , my first encounter was these lumps in snow , and then I did n't know what they were , and so I went and investigated them and discovered that they were people , you know . Most of them were skeletons or people who had been beaten to death or just died of starvation or overworked or whatever . Most of them I think died from exposure because it was cold . They discovered more subcamps and former inmates wandering the countryside . Following the German surrender , from May to November , the 522nd was assigned to security around Donauwörth , which consisted of setting up roadblocks and sentry posts to apprehend Nazis who were trying to disappear . The 522nd returned to the United States in November 1945 . A memorial to the rescue by the 522nd on May 2 , 1945 exists at 47 ° 46 ′ 6.15 '' N 11 ° 38 ′ 55.30 '' E / 47.7683750 ° N 11.6486944 ° E / 47.7683750 ; 11.6486944 , just under two kilometers west of the Waakirchen town centre . Gothic Line ( edit ) On 23 March 1945 the 100 / 442 shipped out from Marseille and traveled to Leghorn , Italy , attached to the 92nd Division . The Fifth Army had been stalemated at the Gothic Line for the prior five months . The 442nd faced extremely tough terrain , where the saw - toothed Apennines rose up from the Ligurian Sea . Starting from the northeast , the peaks hugged the east coast of Italy and stretched diagonally southward across the Italian boot . To the west , on the other side of the mountains , was the wide flat Po River Valley that led to the Austrian Alps -- the last barrier to Germany . For nine months German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring directed the construction of the Gothic Line along the top of the Apennines . The Todt Organization ( known for its fortifications at Monte Cassino ) used 15,000 Italian slave laborers . They drilled into solid rock to make gun pits and trenches , which they reinforced with concrete . They built 2,376 machine gun nests with interlocking fire . On the Italian front , the 442nd had contact with the only segregated African - American active combat unit of the U.S. Army in Europe , the 92nd Infantry Division , as well as troops of the British and French colonial empires ( West and East Africans , Moroccans , Algerians , Indians , Gurkhas , Jews from the Palestine mandate ) and the non-segregated Brazilian Expeditionary Force which had in its ranks ethnic Japanese . General Mark W. Clark welcomed the 442 and presented his plan to break the Gothic Line . General Clark had a disagreement with Supreme Commander Eisenhower . Clark had to negotiate for the return of the 100th and 442nd because Eisenhower wanted them for the Battle of the Bulge and General Devers , commander of the Sixth Army Group , needed fresh troops . General Clark got his wish . The 442nd and 100th , minus the 522nd , along with the 92nd Division , mounted a surprise diversionary attack on the left flank . They intended to shift enemy attention to it from the interior , allowing the Eighth Army to cross the Senio River on the right flank and then the Fifth Army on the left . In front of the 442nd lay mountains code - named Georgia , Florida , Ohio 1 , Ohio 2 , Ohio 3 , Monte Cerreta , Monte Folgorito , Monte Belvedere , Monte Carchio , and Monte Altissimo . These objectives hinged on surprising the Germans . The 100th went after Georgia Hill and the 3rd Battalion attacked Mount Folgorita . On 3 April the 442nd moved into position under the cover of nightfall to hide from the Germans who had good sight lines from their location on the mountains . The next day the 442nd waited . At 0500 the following morning they were ready to strike . A little over 30 minutes later objectives Georgia and Mount Folgorita were taken , cracking the Gothic Line . They achieved surprise and forced the enemy to retreat . After counterattacking , the Germans were defeated . During this time , 2nd Battalion was moving into position at Mount Belvedere , which overlooked Massa and the Frigido River . The 442nd made a continuous push against the German Army and objectives began to fall : Ohio 1 , 2 , and 3 , Mount Belvedere on 6 April by 2nd Battalion , Montignoso 8 April by 3rd Battalion , Mount Brugiana on 11 April by 2nd Battalion , Carrara by 3rd Battalion on 11 April , and Ortonovo by the 100th on 15 April . The 442 turned a surprise diversionary attack into an all - out offensive . The advance came so quickly that supply units had a hard time keeping up . The Nisei drove so hard that beginning on 17 April the Germans decided to destroy their fortifications and pull back to make a final stand at Aulla . The last German defense in Italy was Monte Nebbione , directly south of Aulla . San Terenzo lay East of Mount Nobbione and became the launching point for the Aulla assault . The final drive of the 442nd began on 19 April and lasted until 23 April , when the 3rd Battalion finally took Mount Nebbione and Mount Carbolo . Following the fall of San Terenzo , 2nd Battalion hooked right around the mountains and Task Force Fukuda ( consisting of Companies B and F from 2nd Battalion ) flanked left from Mount Carbolo creating a pincer move onto Aulla . On 25 April Aulla fell and the German retreat was cut off . In the days that followed , Germans began to surrender in the hundreds and thousands to the Fifth and Eighth Armies . This was 442nd 's final World War II action . On 2 May the war ended in Italy followed six days later by Victory in Europe . Service and decorations ( edit ) President Truman salutes the colors of the combined 100th Battalion , 442nd Infantry , during the presentation of the seventh Presidential Unit Citation . The Regimental Combat Team ( less the 552d Field Artillery Battalion ) received the Presidential Unit Citation for outstanding accomplishments in combat in the vicinity of Serravezza , Carrara , and Fosdinovo , Italy , from 5 April to 14 April 1945 . The 442nd Regimental Combat Team was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of American warfare . The 4,000 men who initially came in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly 2.5 times . In total , about 14,000 men served , earning 9,486 Purple Hearts . The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations ( 5 earned in one month ) . Twenty - one of its members were awarded Medals of Honor . Members of the 442nd received 18,143 awards , including : 21 Medals of Honor ( the first awarded posthumously to Private First Class Sadao Munemori , Company A , 100th Battalion , for action near Seravezza , Italy , on 5 April 1945 ; 19 upgraded from other awards in June 2000 ) . Recipients include : Barney F. Hajiro Mikio Hasemoto Joe Hayashi Shizuya Hayashi Daniel K. Inouye Yeiki Kobashigawa Robert T. Kuroda Kaoru Moto Sadao Munemori Kiyoshi K. Muranaga Masato Nakae Shinyei Nakamine William K. Nakamura Joe M. Nishimoto Allan M. Ohata James K. Okubo Yukio Okutsu Frank H. Ono Kazuo Otani George T. Sakato Ted T. Tanouye President Barack Obama and his guests applaud after signing S. 1055 , a bill to grant the Congressional Gold Medal . 52 Distinguished Service Cross ( including 19 Distinguished Service Crosses which were upgraded to Medals of Honor in June 2000 ) 1 Distinguished Service Medal 560 Silver Stars ( plus 28 Oak Leaf Clusters for a second award ) 22 Legion of Merit Medals 15 Soldier 's Medals 4,000 Bronze Stars ( plus 1,200 Oak Leaf Clusters for a second award ; one Bronze Star was upgraded to a Medal of Honor in June 2000 . One Bronze Star was upgraded to a Silver Star in September 2009 . ) 9,486 Purple Hearts On 5 October 2010 , the Congressional Gold Medal was awarded to the 442nd Regimental Combat Team , the 100th Infantry Battalion , and Nisei serving in the Military Intelligence Service . In 2012 , the surviving members of the 442nd RCT were made chevaliers of the French Légion d'Honneur for their actions contributing to the liberation of France during World War II and their heroic rescue of the Lost Battalion outside of Biffontaine . Original Fight Song ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Original fight song of the 442nd Battalion Hawai'i Go For Broke Lyrics by Martin Kida - KIA , Score by T.Y. -- REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR . History in every century We recall an act that lives forevermore We recall as into night they fall The things that happened on Hawaii shore Let 's remember Pearl Harbor As we go to meet the foe Let 's remember Pearl Harbor As we did the Alamo We will always remember How they died for liberty Let 's remember Pearl Harbor And go on to victory GO FOR BROKE Four Forty - Second Infantry We are the boys of Hawaii Nei We will fight for you And the red white and blue And will go the front And back to Honolulu - lu - lu Fighting for dear old Uncle Sam Go for broke we do n't give a damn We will round up the Huns At the point of a gun And victory will be ours Go for broke ! Four Four Two ! Go for broke ! Four Four Two ! And victory will be ours . All hail our company . After the War ( edit ) The record of the Japanese Americans serving in the 442nd and in the Military Intelligence Service ( U.S. Pacific Theater forces in World War II ) helped change the minds of anti-Japanese American critics in the U.S. and resulted in easing of restrictions and the eventual release of the 120,000 strong community well before the end of World War II . However , the unit 's exemplary service and many decorations did not change the attitudes of the general U.S. population to people of Japanese ancestry after World War II . Veterans were welcomed home by signs that read `` No Japs Allowed '' and `` No Japs Wanted '' , denied service in shops and restaurants , and had their homes and property vandalized . Anti-Japanese sentiment remained strong into the 1960s , but faded along with other once - common prejudices , even while remaining strong in certain circles . Conversely , the story of the 442nd provided a leading example of what was to become the controversial model minority stereotype . Revolution of 1954 ( edit ) According to author and historian Tom Coffman , men of the 442nd dreaded returning home as second - class citizens . In Hawaii these men became involved in a peaceful movement . It has been described as the 442nd returning from the battles in Europe to the battle at home . The non-violent revolution was successful and put veterans in public office in what became known as the Revolution of 1954 . One notable effect of 442nd 's service was to help convince Congress to end its opposition towards Hawaii 's statehood petition . Twice before 1959 , residents of Hawaii asked to be admitted to the U.S. as the 49th state . The exemplary record of the Japanese - Americans serving in the 442nd and the loyalty showed by the rest of Hawaii 's population during World War II allowed Hawaii to be admitted as the 50th state ( Alaska was granted statehood just prior ) . In post-war American popular slang , the phrase `` going for broke '' was adopted from the 442nd 's unit motto `` Go for Broke '' , which was derived from the Hawaiian pidgin phrase used by craps shooters risking all their money on one roll of the dice . Demobilization and rebirth ( edit ) Soldiers of E Company , 100th Battalion , 442nd Infantry prepare to clear the `` shoot house '' while training in Hawaii in 2011 . The 442nd RCT was inactivated in Honolulu in 1946 , but reactivated in 1947 in the U.S. Army Reserve . It was mobilized in 1968 to refill the Strategic Reserve during the Vietnam War , and carries on the honors and traditions of the unit . Today , the 100th Battalion , 442nd Infantry , is the only ground combat unit of the Army Reserve . The battalion headquarters is at Fort Shafter , Hawaii , with subordinate units based in Hilo , American Samoa , Saipan , and Guam . The only military presence in American Samoa consists of the battalion 's B and C companies . In August 2004 , the battalion was mobilized for duty in Iraq . Stationed at Logistics Support Area Anaconda in the city of Balad , which is located about 50 miles northwest of Baghdad . Lt. Colonel Colbert Low assumed command of the battalion only a few weeks after the battalion arrived at Logistical Support Area Anaconda . In early 2006 , the 100th had returned home . One soldier was killed by an improvised explosive device attack . Four members of the battalion were killed in action , and several dozen injured , before the battalion returned home . During the year - long deployment , one of Charlie Company 's attached platoons , discovered over 50 weapons caches . Unlike the soldiers of World War II who were predominantly Japanese Americans , these soldiers came from as far away as Miami , Florida , Tennessee , Alaska and included soldiers from Hawaii , Philippines , Samoa and Palau . For their actions in Iraq the unit received the Meritorious Unit Commendation . California has given three state highway segments honorary designations for Japanese American soldiers : State Route 23 between U.S. Route 101 and State Route 118 is named the Military Intelligence Memorial Freeway ; State Route 99 between Fresno and Madera is named the 100th Infantry Battalion Memorial Highway ; State Route 99 between Salida and Manteca is named the 442nd Regimental Combat Team Memorial Highway . A nationwide campaign to urge the U.S. Postal Service to issue a commemorative postage stamp to honor the contributions of the Japanese American soldiers of World War II was begun in 2006 in California . The unit was once again deployed in 2009 . The unit was called up alongside the 3rd brigade , 25th Infantry Division ; and was assigned as an element of the 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team . Nominally deployed to Kuwait , it conducted patrols into Iraq , leading to two fatalities ; those patrols consisted of more than a million miles of driving conducting convoy duty . During the units deployment , several dozen of the units American Samoan servicemembers were naturalized in Kuwait . Notable members ( edit ) Daniel Inouye , U.S. Representative from Hawaii ( 1959 -- 62 ) ; U.S. Senator from Hawaii ( 1962 -- 2012 ) ; President pro tempore of the Senate ( 2010 -- 12 ) ; awarded Medal of Honor and Purple Heart Dale Ishimoto , actor in many films , TV shows , and commercials Susumu Ito , Emeritus Professor of Cell Biology and Anatomy , Harvard Medical School ( 1960 -- 90 ) Isao Kikuchi , graphic designer , illustrator , carver , and painter . Illustrated Welcome Home Swallows and Blue Jay in the Desert . Colonel Young - Oak Kim , the only Korean American officer during his service in 442nd Infantry . First officer from an ethnic minority to command a U.S. Army combat battalion . Spark Matsunaga , U.S. Representative from Hawaii ( 1962 -- 76 ) ; U.S. Senator from Hawaii ( 1977 -- 90 ) Sadao Munemori , The only Japanese American to be awarded the Medal of Honor during or immediately after World War II Lane Nakano , actor , featured in the 1951 film Go for Broke ! , father of writer and director Desmond Nakano Shinkichi Tajiri , sculptor , member of the COBRA art movement , 1955 Golden Palm Winner at Cannes , Purple Heart James Takemori , judoka and recipient of the Order of the Rising Sun In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Allegiance the Musical : This musical , about the challenges faced by a Japanese - American family , is set in the present day with flashbacks to the 1940s . It was inspired by the experiences of George Takei , who spent his childhood in internment camps . It stars George Takei , Lea Salonga and Telly Leung . American Pastime : This 2007 fictional film depicts life inside the internment camps , where baseball was one of the major diversions from the reality of the internees ' lives . Location scenes were filmed in bleak , desolate land , not far from the site of an actual camp . Lane Nomura , the oldest son enlists in the Army , as a member of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team . The unit motto , `` Go for broke ! '' , provides inspiration at a climactic moment , and reference is made to the losses taken by the 442nd during the rescue of the Lost Battalion . Go for Broke ! : This 1951 film dramatizes the lives and wartime heroics of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team . The film stars Van Johnson as a young officer , reluctant about his assignment to the 442nd . He comes to respect the Nisei troops , eventually refusing a transfer back to his original Texas unit . The movie starred a number of veterans of the 442nd . It can be found on iTunes . The `` One Puka Puka '' episode of The Gallant Men television series featured the unit with guest stars Poncie Ponce and George Takei . The James Michener novel Hawaii has a chapter detailing the 442nd 's experiences , although its designation is changed to the 222nd and many of the members appear under fictionalized names . Ed Sakamoto wrote a play about the 100th / 442nd entitled Our Hearts Were Touched by Fire , which was performed in Honolulu and Los Angeles . In the series of four Karate Kid movies , Keisuke Miyagi is a main character portrayed as a World War II veteran who had fought in the 442nd and received the Medal of Honor . The fourth film , The Next Karate Kid , begins with a reunion of the 442nd , in which Sen. Daniel Inouye gives a speech and Mr. Miyagi wears his Medal of Honor for the only time in any of the four films . The Nisei Project : In 2001 , choreographer Marla Hirokawa premiered her `` Nisei '' ballet in Brooklyn , NY which was inspired by her late father , 100th Battalion veteran and gave honor to the men of the 100th / 442nd . In 2003 , Marla and sister Laurie Hamano produced a `` Nisei '' ballet tour across the Hawaiian Islands . ( Lane Nishikawa toured and performed with the dance company . ) In 2014 , `` Nisei '' was re-staged and presented at the NY International Fringe Festival with a revised score that included songs about the Nisei veterans composed by ukulele virtuoso Jake Shimabukuro and singer / songwriter Harold Payne . In 2005 , Lane Nishikawa directed and starred in the independent film , Only the Brave , which is a fictional account of the rescue of the Lost Battalion . `` Family 8108 '' , the 9 December 2007 episode of the CBS TV show Cold Case centers around the Japanese internment camps and discusses the 442nd Regional Combat Team . Ken Burns ' 2007 PBS World War II documentary The War explores the stories of four American towns ' experiences with the war . Burns ' 15 - hour documentary goes in depth in describing the many battles of World War II , including those of the 442nd Infantry Regiment . Sgt . Rock : The Lost Battalion # 1 -- 6 ( 2008 ) graphic novel 99 - nen no Ai -- Japanese Americans : In 2010 TBS produced a five - part , 10 - hour fictional Japanese - language miniseries featuring many of the major events in Japanese - American history . Episode 4 features a key character who serves in the 442nd and portrays the rescue of the Texas Battalion . Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , features Kenneth Choi as the character of Jim Morita , a Nisei soldier separated from his unit that joins with Dum Dum Dugan and the Howling Commandos . Choi again reprised the role in an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . Valor With Honor is an 85 - minute independent documentary film on the last interviews of veterans of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team . Interviews , war footage , and photos are part of the un-narrated documentary . In Drunk History Season 2 Episode 15 `` Hawaii '' , Phil Hendrie tells the story of Daniel Inouye of the 442nd Infantry Regiment enlisting after the Japanese - American ban is lifted and later losing his arm in the assault on Colle Musatello in Italy . In Hawaii Five - 0 season 4 episode 10 , the brother of the suspect whose family was placed in an internment camp is shown as a member of the battalion . It gives some information about the battalion and states that his brother who was of age did not want to stay in the camp , so he joined the Army in that battalion as did many of the other boys who were of age . The story of the 442nd Infantry Regiment appeared in an episode of the American Heroes Channel series What History Forget , entitled `` Fighting for Freedom '' . The episode featured an interview with Susumu Ito that was shot shortly before his death in 2015 . See also ( edit ) Admission of Hawaii Act Go For Broke Monument Japanese American service in World War II List of Japanese American Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II Manzanar Military history of Asian Americans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Colors and Insignia '' . 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 442nd Regimental Combat Team Historical Society Website '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 100th Battalion , 442nd Infantry '' . GlobalSecurity.org. 23 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shenkle , Kathryn ( May 2006 ) . `` Patriots under Fire : Japanese Americans in World War II '' . United States Department of Defense , Department of the Army , Center of Military History . Archived from the original on 23 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Asahina , Robert ( 2007 ) . Just Americans : How Japanese Americans Won a War at Home and Abroad . Penguin Group USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 300 - 4 . Jump up ^ Okihiro , Gary . Cane Fires : The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii , 1865 -- 1945 . Temple University Press , 1st edition ( January 8 , 1992 ) p117 . Jump up ^ Chin , Aimee . `` Long - Run Labor Market Effects of Japanese American Internment During World War II on Working - Age Male Internees , '' Journal of Labor Economics , University of Houston ( 2004 ) p10 . Jump up ^ Wakamatsu , Peter . `` Origins of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team '' . the442.org . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shirey , Orville ( 1946 ) . Americans : The Story of The 442d Combat Team . Washington Infantry Journal Press . ISBN 978 - 1258423360 . Jump up ^ Crost , Lyn ( 1997 ) . Honor by Fire : Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific . Presidio Press . ISBN 978 - 0891415213 . Jump up ^ Bangarth , Stephanie Danielle ( 2008 ) . Voices Raised in Protest : Defending Citizens of Japanese Ancestry in North America , 1942 - 49 . UBC Press . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 5824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williams , Rudi ( 25 May 2000 ) . `` The `` Go for Broke '' Regiment Lives Duty , Honor , Country `` . American Forces Press Service . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Duus , Masayo Umezawa ( 2006 ) . Unlikely Liberators : The Men of the 100th And 442nd . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3140 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Crost , Lyn ( 1994 ) . Honor by Fire : Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific . Presidio . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89141 - 521 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : McCaffrey , James M. ( 2013 ) . Going for Broke : Japanese American Soldiers in the War against Nazi Germany . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 8908 - 6 . Jump up ^ Go For Broke National Education Center video archive . Harry Abe , Film # 348 , Tape 2 , 28 : 00 min . ^ Jump up to : `` Go For Broke National Education Center - Preserving the Legacy of the Japanese American Veterans of World War II '' . Goforbroke.org . Archived from the original on 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sterner , C. Douglas ( 2007 ) . Go for Broke : The Nisei Warriors of World War II who Conquered Germany , Japan , and American Bigotry . American Legacy Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9796896 - 1 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Southern France Campaign '' . Go For Broke National Education Center . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Video : Armistice Day In France Etc. ( 1944 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1944 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Steidl , Franz ( 30 December 2008 ) . Lost Battalions : Going for Broke in the Vosges , Autumn 1944 . Novato : Presidio . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 53790 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Remembrances : 100th Infantry Battalion 50th Anniversary Celebration 1942 - 1992 . 100th Infantry Battalion Publication Committee . 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Keynote Address by Young O. Kim '' . 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans . 3 July 1982 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` France '' . 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans . 23 March 1945 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 100th / 442nd , The `` Champagne Campaign '' `` . www.goforbroke.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Southern France '' . history.army.mil . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of World War II . HW Fowler . p. 476 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6022 - 1 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ichiuji testimonial at Museum of Tolerance -- Go For Broke Foundation Jump up ^ Tom Kono testimonial at Museum of Tolerance -- Go For Broke Foundation Jump up ^ Minoru Tsubota testimonial at Museum of Tolerance -- Go For Broke Foundation Jump up ^ `` Central Europe Campaign -- 522nd Field Artillery Battalion '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ USHMM photos of Waakirchen with 522nd personnel and rescued prisoners Jump up ^ Archived Todesmärsche Dachau memorial website 's map page of KZ - Dachau death march Jump up ^ `` The 522nd Field Artillery Battalion and the Dachau Subcamps '' . Go For Broke NEC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ George Oiye testimonial at Museum of Tolerance -- Go For Broke Foundation Jump up ^ ( As found on Google Earth , with two photos of it taken by Ellen Haider ) Jump up ^ Ready , J. Lee . ( 1985 ) . Forgotten Allies : The Military Contribution of the Colonies , Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 117 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ready , J. Lee ( 1985 ) . Forgotten Allies : The European Theatre . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 129 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Remembrance of Col. Virgil R. Miller , 442nd Regimental Combat Team '' Joy Teraoka , Military history Network , Jump up ^ Williams , Rudi. `` 22 Asian Americans Inducted into Hall of Heroes '' . American Forces Press Service . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen , Jordan ( 6 October 2010 ) , `` White House honors Japanese American WWII veterans '' , The Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` The French Legion of Honor Awarded to the 442nd Regimental Combat Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nisei Veterans French Legion d'Honneur Award Ceremony '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Go For Broke '' . Go For Broke . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzspwKGhz0w Jump up ^ http://goforbroke.freeservers.com/about.html Jump up ^ Tang , Edward . `` From Internment to Containment : Cold War imaginings of Japanese Americans in Go for Broke '' . www.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Pullen , Colonel Randy ( 22 April 2008 ) . `` Army Reserve Marks First 100 Years '' . U.S. Army Reserve 100th Anniversary website . United States Army . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Dale Doubler ( 2008 ) . The National Guard and Reserve : A Reference Handbook . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99325 - 2 . Adams , Paul ( 20 August 2004 ) . `` Samoan Reservists answer the call to duty '' . Army News Service . Pago Pago , American Samoa . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kakesako , Gregg K. ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` ' Go For Broke ' on daily combat missions '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kakesako , Gregg ( 17 March 2005 ) . `` Isle battalion commander fired after altercation in Iraq '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kakesako , Gregg K. ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Attack in Iraq targets 100th Battalion camp '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Army Staff Sgt . Frank Tiai '' . Military Times . Vienna , Virginia . Associated Press . 17 July 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Island Military Heroes '' . Office of Insualr Affairs . United States Department of the Interior . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100th / 442nd Reserve Unit '' . 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Education Center . 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Cole , William ( 14 July 2005 ) . `` Isle troops track down suspects , arms cache '' . Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100th Battalion on alert for possible Kuwait deployment '' . Honolulu Advertiser. 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Stewart , Richard W. ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Lineage and Honors '' . Center of Military History . United States Army . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , Teresa ( December 21 , 2007 ) . `` Seeking stamp of approval '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kakesako , Gregg K. ( 19 May 2008 ) . `` 7,200 more Hawaii - based troops heading out '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Carpenito , Sergeant Crystal ( January 2009 ) . `` 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team uncases their colors '' ( PDF ) . Lava Flow . Hawaii Army National Guard . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100th Battalion , 442nd Infantry Regiment Soldier Honored in Memorial Ceremony at Camp Virginia '' . Defense Visual Information Distribution Service . Defense Media Activity . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Congressional Record . St. Martin 's Press . p. 13120 . Lee , Major General Robert G.F. ( 2009 ) . `` Annual Report Fiscal Year 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . State of Hawaii . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zeisset , Capt . Timothy ( June 2009 ) . `` 100 - 442nd IN : Soldiers drive one million miles '' ( PDF ) . Lava Flow . Hawaii Army National Guard . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Livesay , James ( 1 July 2009 ) . `` USCIS Naturalizes 84 Members of U.S. Military in Kuwait Ceremony '' . Livesay & Myers . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . `` USCIS Naturalizes 84 Members of U.S. Military in Kuwait Ceremony '' ( PDF ) . Global Law Centers . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , Rudi . `` Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes '' . American Forces Press Service . Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , John L. ( 3 October 1967 ) . `` Japanese Actor No Longer Villain '' . Los Angeles Times . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Chang , Thelma ( November 1985 ) . I Can Never Forget : Men of the 100th / 442nd . Honolulu , HI : Sigi Productions . ISBN 0 - 9630228 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Scott ( 2006 ) . Korean Americans . World Almanac Library . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 7315 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` About USIP : History : Selected Biographies : United States Institute Of Peace '' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Nisei Project Jump up ^ Aoki , Huy ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Into the next stage : The 100TH / 442ND acknowledged in ' Captain America ' '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Valor With Honor '' . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 442nd Infantry Regiment ( United States ) . Resources ( edit ) Asian - Nation : 442nd RCT Rescue of the Lost Battalion The 442nd Regimental Combat Team Hawaii Star Bulletin article on Hawaii Statehood passage `` U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres '' by Pierre Moulin The Story of the 442nd Combat Team compiled by members of the 442nd Combat Team , Mitsuye Yamada papers , Special Collections and Archives , The UC Irvine Libraries , via Calisphere . `` From a Quiet American , a Story of War and Remembrance '' . The New York Times . 16 August 2008 . Medal of Honor recipient George Joe Sakato on Veterans Chronicles produced by the Japanese American Veterans Collection , Archives & Manuscripts Department , University of Hawaii at Manoa Library `` 442nd Regimental Combat Team '' by Franklin Odo , Densho Encyclopedia Media ( edit ) 442 - Live with Honor , Die with Dignity : Documentary Film 2010 Only the Brave official movie site The official website for upcoming movie Little Iron Men about the 442nd 's rescue of the Lost Battalion A Path to Lunch Liberation Day and the Liberation of America , the 442nd in Lunigiana and Versilia . A film clip `` Christmas Brings Joy To Everyone , 1945 / 12 / 10 ( 1945 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive A film clip `` Heroes Comes Home , 1946 / 07 / 03 ( 1946 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive A film clip `` Pres . Truman Honors Nisei Combat Group , 1946 / 07 / 18 ( 1946 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive George Takei : Why I love a country that once betrayed me TEDxKyoto 2014 Organizations ( edit ) `` Americans of Japanese Ancestry World War II Memorial Alliance '' . 442nd World War II Reenactors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)&oldid=846496687 '' Categories : Military units and formations in Hawaii Territory of Hawaii Japanese - American history American military personnel of Japanese descent Infantry regiments of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1944 United States Army regiments in World War II Congressional Gold Medal recipients Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from June 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with trivia sections from April 2017 Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of soldiers compromised the highly decorated 442nd regimental combat team	[ "The 442nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army and is the only infantry formation in the Army Reserve. The regiment is best known for its history as a fighting unit composed almost entirely of second-generation American soldiers of Japanese ancestry who fought in World War II. Beginning in 1944, the regiment fought primarily in Europe during World War II,[3] in particular Italy, southern France, and Germany." ]	[ "second-generation American soldiers of Japanese ancestry" ]
-9046217087010288633	Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Music Group	Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Music Group - wikipedia Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Music Group This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of winners and nominees for the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Music Group , given at the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Winners and nominations ( edit ) Year Recipient Nominees Fugees N / A 1998 Hanson Backstreet Boys No Doubt Spice Girls 1999 * NSYNC Backstreet Boys Spice Girls TLC 2000 Backstreet Boys * NSYNC 98 Degrees TLC Destiny 's Child Backstreet Boys Baha Men * NSYNC 2002 Destiny 's Child Backstreet Boys Dream * NSYNC 2003 B2K Baha Men Destiny 's Child * NSYNC OutKast B2K Good Charlotte No Doubt 2005 Green Day The Black Eyed Peas Destiny 's Child OutKast 2006 Green Day Backstreet Boys The Black Eyed Peas Destiny 's Child 2007 The Black Eyed Peas Fall Out Boy Nickelback Red Hot Chili Peppers 2008 Jonas Brothers Boys Like Girls Fall Out Boy Linkin Park 2009 Jonas Brothers Daughtry Linkin Park Pussycat Dolls The Black Eyed Peas Coldplay Jonas Brothers Linkin Park 2011 The Black Eyed Peas Big Time Rush Jonas Brothers Lady Antebellum 2012 Big Time Rush The Black Eyed Peas Lady Antebellum LMFAO 2013 One Direction Big Time Rush Bon Jovi Maroon 5 2014 One Direction Maroon 5 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis OneRepublic 2015 One Direction Coldplay Fall Out Boy Imagine Dragons Maroon 5 OneRepublic 2016 Fifth Harmony Fall Out Boy Imagine Dragons Maroon 5 One Direction Pentatonix 2017 Fifth Harmony The Chainsmokers Maroon 5 OneRepublic Pentatonix Twenty One Pilots 2018 Fifth Harmony The Chainsmokers Imagine Dragons Coldplay Maroon 5 Twenty One Pilots Groups with Most Wins ( edit ) 3 wins The Black Eyed Peas One Direction Fifth Harmony 2 wins Destiny 's Child Green Day Jonas Brothers Groups with most nominations ( edit ) 6 nominations Backstreet Boys The Black Eyed Peas Maroon 5 5 nominations Destiny 's Child 4 nominations Fall Out Boy Jonas Brothers One Direction 3 nominations Big Time Rush Coldplay Fifth Harmony Imagine Dragons Linkin Park OneRepublic 2 nominations Baha Men B2K The Chainsmokers Green Day Lady Antebellum No Doubt Pentatonix Spice Girls Twenty One Pilots TLC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Music_Group&oldid=842976753 '' Categories : Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2016 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 00 : 15 . About Wikipedia	who won the nickelodeon kids' choice award for favorite band in 2001	[ "\n\nYear\nRecipient\nNominees\n\n\n1997\n Fugees\n\n\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n1998\n Hanson\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\nNo Doubt\nSpice Girls\n\n\n\n\n1999\n NSYNC\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\nSpice Girls\nTLC\n\n\n\n\n2000\n Backstreet Boys\n\n\nNSYNC\n98 Degrees\nTLC\n\n\n\n\n2001\n Destiny's Child\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\nBaha Men\nNSYNC\n\n\n\n\n2002\n Destiny's Child\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\nDream\nNSYNC\n\n\n\n\n2003\n B2K\n\n\nBaha Men\nDestiny's Child\n*NSYNC\n\n\n\n\n2004\n OutKast\n\n\nB2K\nGood Charlotte\nNo Doubt\n\n\n\n\n2005\n Green Day\n\n\nThe Black Eyed Peas\nDestiny's Child\nOutKast\n\n\n\n\n2006\n Green Day\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\nThe Black Eyed Peas\nDestiny's Child\n\n\n\n\n2007\n The Black Eyed Peas\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nNickelback\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\n\n\n\n\n2008\n Jonas Brothers\n\n\nBoys Like Girls\nFall Out Boy\nLinkin Park\n\n\n\n\n2009\n Jonas Brothers\n\n\nDaughtry\nLinkin Park\nPussycat Dolls\n\n\n\n\n2010\n The Black Eyed Peas\n\n\nColdplay\nJonas Brothers\nLinkin Park\n\n\n\n\n2011\n The Black Eyed Peas\n\n\nBig Time Rush\nJonas Brothers\nLady Antebellum\n\n\n\n\n2012\n Big Time Rush\n\n\nThe Black Eyed Peas\nLady Antebellum\nLMFAO\n\n\n\n\n2013\n One Direction\n\n\nBig Time Rush\nBon Jovi\nMaroon 5\n\n\n\n\n2014\n One Direction\n\n\nMaroon 5\nMacklemore & Ryan Lewis\nOneRepublic\n\n\n\n\n2015\n One Direction\n\n\nColdplay\nFall Out Boy\nImagine Dragons\nMaroon 5\nOneRepublic\n\n\n\n\n2016\n Fifth Harmony\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nImagine Dragons\nMaroon 5\nOne Direction\nPentatonix\n\n\n\n\n2017\n Fifth Harmony\n\n\nThe Chainsmokers\nMaroon 5\nOneRepublic\nPentatonix\nTwenty One Pilots\n\n\n\n\n2018\n Fifth Harmony\n\n\nThe Chainsmokers\nImagine Dragons\nColdplay\nMaroon 5\nTwenty One Pilots\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Destiny's Child" ]
-6847220259557605499	History of iPhone	History of iPhone - Wikipedia History of iPhone Jump to : navigation , search For a timeline of iPhone devices , see List of iOS devices § iPhone . The history of iPhone ' began with a request from Apple Inc . CEO Steve Jobs to the company 's engineers , asking them to investigate the use of touchscreen devices and tablet computers ( which later came to fruition with the iPad ) . Many have noted the device 's similarities to Apple 's previous touch - screen portable device , the Newton MessagePad . Like the Newton , the iPhone is nearly all screen . Its form factor is credited to Apple 's Chief Design Officer , Jonathan Ive . In April 2003 , at the `` All Things Digital '' executive conference , Jobs expressed his belief that tablet PCs and traditional PDAs were not good choices as high - demand markets for Apple to enter , despite receiving many requests for Apple to create another PDA . He believed that cell phones were going to become important devices for portable information access , and that mobile phones needed to have excellent synchronization software . At that time , instead of focusing on a follow - up to their Newton PDA , Jobs had Apple focus on the iPod . Jobs also had Apple develop the iTunes software , which can be used to synchronize content with iPod devices . iTunes was released in January 2001 . On September 7 , 2005 , Apple and Motorola released the ROKR E1 , the first mobile phone to use iTunes . Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR , feeling that having to compromise with a non-Apple designer ( Motorola ) prevented Apple from designing the phone they wanted to make . In September 2006 , Apple discontinued support for the ROKR , and released a version of iTunes that included references to an as - yet unknown mobile phone that could display pictures and video . On January 9 , 2007 , Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention , receiving substantial media attention . Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year . On June 29 , 2007 , the first iPhone was released . On June 11 , 2007 , Apple announced at the Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference that the iPhone would support third - party applications using the Safari engine . Third parties would be able to create Web 2.0 applications , which users could access via the internet . Such applications appeared even before the release of the iPhone ; the first of these , called OneTrip , was a program meant to keep track of users ' shopping lists . On June 29 , 2007 , Apple released version 7.3 of iTunes to coincide with the release of iPhone . This release contains support for iPhone service activation and syncing . According to The Wall Street Journal , the iPhone is manufactured in the Shenzhen factory of the Taiwanese company Hon Hai ( also known as Foxconn ) . Also , according to recent news , Apple will shortly begin outsourcing the manufacturing of iPhones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Connection to AT&T 1.1 Court cases 2 Advertising 3 Domain name 4 United States release 4.1 Outsized bills 4.2 Price drop outcry 4.3 iPhone 3G pricing model changes 4.4 iPhone 4 CDMA release 4.5 iPhone 5 release 5 European release 6 Southeast Asian releases 7 Australian release 8 New Zealand release 9 Canadian release 10 Non-exclusive deals 10.1 Verizon Wireless 11 World timeline 12 Activation and SIM lock bypassing 13 See also 14 References Connection to AT&T ( edit ) When Apple released the iPhone on January 9 , 2007 , it was sold only with AT&T ( formerly Cingular ) contracts in the United States . After 18 months of negotiations , Steve Jobs reached an agreement with the wireless division of AT&T to be the iPhone 's exclusive carrier . Consumers were unable to use any other carrier without unlocking their device . Apple retained control of the design , manufacturing and marketing of the iPhone . Since some customers were jailbreaking their iPhones to leave their network , AT&T began charging them a $175 early - termination fee for leaving before the end of their contract . Court cases ( edit ) An iPhone 6 Plus alongside two models of the iPhone 6s ( back ) Questions arose about the legality of Apple 's arrangement after the iPhone was released . Two class - action lawsuits were filed against the company in October 2007 : one in Federal court and the other in state court . According to the suits , Apple 's exclusive agreement with AT&T violated antitrust law . The state - court suit , filed by the law office of Damian R. Fernandez on behalf of California resident Timothy P. Smith , sought an injunction barring Apple from selling iPhones with a software lock and $200 million in damages . In Smith v. Apple Inc. , the plaintiffs said that Apple failed to disclose to purchasers its five - year agreement with AT&T when they bought iPhones with a two - year contract and cited the Sherman Act 's prohibition of monopolies . The second case was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . The plaintiff , Paul Holman , filed a complaint against Apple and AT&T Mobility that he could not switch carriers or change SIM cards without losing iPhone improvements to which he was entitled . Holman also cited a Sherman Act violation by the defendants . On July 8 , 2010 , the case was affirmed for class certification . On December 9 the court ordered a stay on the case , awaiting the Supreme Court 's decision in AT&T v. Concepcion ( disputed whether the state 's basic standards of fairness were met by a clause in AT&T 's contract limiting complaint resolution to arbitration ) . On April 27 , 2011 , the Supreme Court ruled that AT&T met the state 's fairness standards . Advertising ( edit ) See also : iPod advertising The first advertisement for iPhone , titled `` Hello '' , aired during the 79th Academy Awards on February 25 , 2007 , on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . On June 4 , 2007 , Apple released four advertisements announcing that iPhone would be released on June 29 , 2007 . Domain name ( edit ) On July 1 , 2007 , it was reported that Apple paid at least US $1 million to Michael Kovatch for the iPhone.com domain name , previously owned by Kovatch since 1995 . The URL now redirects to Apple 's iPhone page . United States release ( edit ) People waiting to buy the iPhone upon release in New York City , June 29 , 2007 On June 28 , 2007 , during an address to Apple employees , Steve Jobs announced that all full - time Apple employees and those part - time employees who had been with the company for at least one year would receive a free iPhone . Employees received their phones in July after the initial demand for iPhones subsided . Initially priced at US $499 and US $599 for the 4GB models and 8GB models respectively , the iPhone went on sale on June 29 , 2007 . Apple closed its stores at 2 : 00pm local time to prepare for the 6 : 00pm iPhone launch , while hundreds of customers lined up at stores nationwide . In the US and some other countries , iPhones could only be acquired with a credit card , preventing completely anonymous purchases of iPhones . At the time , there was no way to opt out of the bundled AT&T data plan . At first , iPhones could not be added to an AT&T Business account , and any existing business account discounts could not be applied to an iPhone AT&T account . AT&T changed these restrictions in late January 2008 . The Associated Press also reported in 2007 that some users were unable to activate their phones because , according to AT&T , `` ( a ) high volume of activation requests ( was ) taxing the company 's computer servers . '' On Oct 29 , 2007 , the Usenet newsgroup misc. phone. mobile. iphone was created . Early estimates by technology analysts estimated sales of between 250,000 and 700,000 iPhones in the first weekend alone , with strong sales continuing after the initial weekend . As part of their quarterly earnings announcement , AT&T reported that 146,000 iPhones were activated in the first weekend . Though this figure does not include units that were purchased for resale on eBay or otherwise not activated until after the opening weekend , it is still less than most initial estimates . It is also estimated that 95 % of the units sold are the 8GB model . Outsized bills ( edit ) Main article : 300 - page iPhone bill Stories of unexpected billing issues began to circulate in blogs and the technical press a little more than a month after iPhone 's heavily advertised and anticipated release . The 300 - page iPhone bill in a box received by iJustine on Saturday , August 11 , 2007 became the subject of a viral video , posted by the following Monday , which quickly became an Internet meme . This video clip brought the voluminous bills to the attention of the mass media . Ten days later , after the video had been viewed more than 3 million times on the Internet , and had received international news coverage , AT&T sent iPhone users a text message outlining changes in its billing practices . Price drop outcry ( edit ) On September 5 , 2007 , the 4GB model was discontinued , and the 8GB model price was cut by a third , from US $599 to US $399 . Those who had purchased an iPhone in the 14 - day period before the September 5 , 2007 announcement were eligible for a US $200 `` price protection '' rebate from Apple or AT&T . However , it was widely reported that some who bought between the June 29 , 2007 launch and the August 22 , 2007 price protection kick - in date complained that this was a larger - than - normal price drop for such a relatively short period and accused Apple of unfair pricing . In response to customer complaints , on September 6 , 2007 , Apple CEO Steve Jobs wrote in an open letter to iPhone customers that everyone who purchased an iPhone at the higher price `` and who is not receiving a rebate or other consideration '' , would receive a US $100 credit to be redeemed towards the purchase of any product sold in Apple 's retail or online stores . IPhone 3G pricing model changes ( edit ) With the July 11 , 2008 release of the iPhone 3G , Apple and AT&T changed the US pricing model from the previous generation . Following the de facto model for mobile phone service in the United States , AT&T would subsidize a sizable portion of the upfront cost for the iPhone 3G , followed by charging moderately higher monthly fees over a minimum two - year contract . IPhone 4 CDMA release ( edit ) On January 11 , 2011 , Verizon announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4 . The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10 , 2011 . During Apple 's official unveiling of iPhone 4S on October 4 , 2011 , it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in the US on October 14 . Cricket Wireless announced on May 31 , 2012 that it would become the first prepaid carrier in the US to offer iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S , beginning June 22 , 2012 . A week later , Virgin Mobile USA became the second American prepaid carrier to offer iPhone 4 and 4S , announcing plans to release the phones on June 29 , 2012 . Due to T - Mobile USA 's inability to provide iPhone to customers raised its subscription churn rate , put the unit in an `` unsustainable position '' , and contributed to parent Deutsche Telekom 's decision to sell it to AT&T in March 2011 ; T - Mobile began offering iPhone on April 12 , 2013 . IPhone 5 release ( edit ) Media reports emerged in early August 2013 that announced that Apple would be launching its next iPhone model on September 10 , 2013 , but further details were not available . Brian Barrett , Managing Editor of the Gizmodo publication , speculated that either an upgraded version of iPhone 5 or a budget version would be released . European release ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2012 ) On November 9 , 2007 , the iPhone was officially launched in Europe , in the United Kingdom and Germany . In the UK , sales go through the UK O2 unit of Telefónica , while in Germany , it is offered through Deutsche Telekom 's T - Mobile division . As in the case of the previous launch in the US , customers lined up as much as a day in advance to obtain the much - anticipated phone . Apple occasionally produced a limited number of 4GB iPhones for German and UK markets , but they never reached end customers and were used as in - store demo units . Later most of the units were disposed of . The initial operating model of locking iPhone owners to one selected carrier has been controversial in Europe . In Germany , Vodafone , an operator competing with the operator that Apple had locked German iPhone sales to ( Deutsche Telekom 's T - Mobile division ) , brought a legal case claiming that the arrangement was against German law . On November 20 , 2007 , an interim court order resulted in sales of locked iPhones in Germany being temporarily stopped . The iPhone launch in France a few weeks later through the operator Orange faced the same legal issues . Other countries that will pose the same problems for the business model revolving around the sale of locked iPhones include Belgium , Italy , Finland , and Brazil . On December 1 , 2007 , Tušmobil , the Slovenian mobile operator , started selling `` unlocked '' iPhones without an official contract with Apple . The offer caused confusion between Apple Europe , local media , and local Apple representatives . On May 6 , 2008 , Telecom Italia announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Italy by the end of 2008 . It was estimated that it would probably be the second generation iPhone with 3G - UMTS capability . On May 27 , 2008 , TeliaSonera released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhones in Sweden , Norway , Denmark , Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia during 2008 . On June 4 , 2008 , Movistar announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Spain beginning on July 11 , 2008 . On August 22 , 2008 , Estonian mobile operator EMT started selling iPhones . On August 22 , 2008 , Vodafone Greece released iPhones in the Greek market . On September 26 , 2008 , Omnitel released iPhones in Lithuania . On November 7 , 2008 , T - Mobile released iPhones in Croatia . On September 29 , 2010 , Elisa released the iPhone 4 in Finland . Southeast asian releases ( edit ) SingTel ( in Singapore ) and Globe Telecom ( in the Philippines ) were the first two carriers to launch the iPhone in Southeast Asia . Both carriers launched the iPhone 3G in August 2008 . On March 20 , 2009 , Telkomsel became the first telecommunications company in Indonesia to offer the iPhone 3G with customizable plans for all Telkomsel customers . In the same month , Maxis and DiGi launched the iPhone 3G in Malaysia . On October 2011 , StarHub launched the iPhone in Singapore . Smart Communications followed suit in December 2011 by launching the iPhone 4S in the Philippines . Smart Communications was the last telecommunications company to carry Apple 's iPhone in Southeast Asia . Australian release ( edit ) The iPhone 3G was released in Australia on July 11 , 2008 . New Zealand release ( edit ) The very first iPhone 3G model released on July 11 , 2008 was sold in Auckland , New Zealand to 22 - year - old student Jonny Gladwell at 12 : 01 am NZST . The iPhone 3G was only available to customers on the Vodafone network . There was criticism from some New Zealand customers when Vodafone announced pricing for the iPhone 3G , as Vodafone was the only network to offer this generation of iPhone . The first - generation iPhone was only available for sale in New Zealand through parallel import stores soon after it went on sale in the US . The original models available for sale in New Zealand were unlocked for use on the Vodafone network and could be used with any plan , including pre-paid plans . Subsequent launches of iPhone models in New Zealand have typically been a few weeks after the worldwide release . On November 8 , 2011 , Telecom announced that they would offer the iPhone 4S on their network , along with earlier models ( the iPhone 3GS and the iPhone 4 ) . Canadian release ( edit ) After months of high anticipation , the first iPhone to be released in Canada was the iPhone 3G. Rogers Wireless began offering 8 GB and 16 GB models on July 11 , 2008 . Facing a public backlash , Rogers dropped the price of its service plan from CA $ 100 to CA $30 per month . The iPhone 3GS , with the new iOS 3.0 operating system , was released in Canada by Rogers Wireless on June 19 , 2009 . Users who signed up for a 3 - year agreement with a data option could choose between a 16 GB device for CA $199 and a 32 GB device for CA $299 . Bell and Telus Mobility announced that they would release iPhone on November 4 and 5 , 2009 , respectively . Non-exclusive deals ( edit ) On May 6 , 2008 , Vodafone announced that they had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhone in Australia , the Czech Republic , Egypt , Greece , Italy , India , Portugal , New Zealand , South Africa , and Turkey . Subsequent announcements confirmed that Apple is moving away from exclusive one - carrier deals . Soon after Vodafone 's announcement , TIM announced that it would also be selling iPhone in Italy , on May 12 , 2008 , Optus confirmed that it would sell iPhone in Australia and SingTel confirmed that it would be selling iPhone in India through its Indian Joint Venture , Airtel . On June 4 , 2008 , SoftBank Mobile released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhone in Japan during 2008 . Russia 's second largest mobile operator , Beeline , announced on August 28 , 2008 that they signed a contract with Apple to sell iPhone on the Russian market by late 2008 . The deal was rumoured to be non-exclusive , according to unofficial statements made by MTS and MegaFon . MTS and MegaFon belong to the `` Russian Big Three '' , and were expected to release the iPhone 3G at the same time as Beeline . As predicted , MegaFon issued a press release regarding the iPhone 3G release on September 2 , 2008 . On November 14 , 2008 , Vodafone Egypt and Mobinil started selling the iPhone 3G in Egypt . iPhone 3G is priced at EG £ 3,800 and EG £ 4,600 for the 8 GB and 16 GB models respectively . Customers must also sign up for one of 3 service plans to use the phone . On September 28 , 2009 , Orange announced that they were going to become the second operator of the iPhone in the UK , indicating that an exclusive deal that O2 had established with Apple in 2007 had ended . Orange later announced that the iPhone would be released on November 10 , with pricing plans starting from £ 29.36 on contract and £ 440 for the 3GS 16GB on pay as you go . On the following day , Vodafone UK announced that they would be selling the iPhone by early 2010 , becoming the third UK network and Vodafone 's 11th country to offer the iPhone . Verizon Wireless ( edit ) There had been ongoing speculation in the United States that Apple might offer a CDMA - compatible iPhone for Verizon Wireless . This speculation increased on October 6 , 2010 , when The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple would begin producing a CDMA - compatible iPhone , with such a model going on sale in early 2011 . On January 8 , 2011 , the Wall Street Journal confirmed that Verizon Wireless would , on January 11 , 2011 , officially announce the launch of a CDMA - based iPhone for use on their network . The date in which the Verizon iPhone would go on sale was unknown , though the two most recent iPhone releases were made available within weeks of their launch announcement . Verizon confirmed the announcement on January 11 , with an on - sale date of February 10 . On January 11 , 2011 , Verizon announced that they would start carrying a CDMA version of Apple 's iPhone 4 during February 2011 . Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre-order iPhone on February 3 . Pricing for the iPhone 4 was $199 for 16GB and $299 for 32GB . The Verizon iPhone 5 released on Friday , September 19 , in the United States ; it was the first GSM unlocked iPhone , which worked on AT&T and other GSM networks . World timeline ( edit ) The international release of iPhone has been staggered over several months . Today , the iPhone is available in most countries . Date Country Carrier ( s ) ( released date ) June 2007 United States ( 1 ) AT&T ( 2007 ) , Verizon ( February 2011 ) , Sprint ( October 2011 ) , C Spire Wireless ( Late 2011 ) , Cricket ( June 2012 ) , Virgin Mobile ( June 2012 ) , T - Mobile ( April 2013 ) , Boost Mobile ( November 2013 ) , U.S. Cellular ( November 2013 ) November 2007 United Kingdom † Germany France ‡ ( 4 ) O , 3 , T - Mobile , Orange , Vodafone , EE , Tesco Mobile § , Virgin Mobile ( November 2013 ) March 2008 Austria † Ireland ( 6 ) T - Mobile , O , Orange July 2008 Australia † Austria † Belgium ‡ Canada † Denmark Finland Hong Kong † ‡ Italy † ‡ Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway † ‡ Portugal † Spain Sweden Switzerland † ( 23 ) 3 , movistar , SingTel Optus , Orange ( Mobistar , One , Optimus ) , Rogers Communications ( Fido Solutions , Rogers Wireless ) , SoftBank , Swisscom , América Móvil ( Telcel ) , TIM , TeliaSonera ( NetCom ) , Telstra , T - Mobile , Vodafone August 2008 Argentina † Chile † Colombia † Czech Republic † ‡ Ecuador † El Salvador † Estonia Greece † ‡ Guatemala † Honduras Hungary India † Liechtenstein † Macau Paraguay Peru † Philippines Poland † Romania Singapore Slovakia † Uruguay † ( 45 ) 3 , América Móvil ( Claro , Comcel , Porta ) , Era , movistar , O , Orange , SingTel Bharti Airtel , Aircel , Globe , Smart - December 2011 , SingTel , Swisscom , TeliaSonera ( EMT ) , T - Mobile , Vodafone , Telenor September 2008 Brazil † ‡ Latvia Lithuania South Africa Turkey † ( 50 ) TIM , América Móvil ( Claro ) , TeliaSonera ( LMT , Omnitel ) , Turkcell , Vivo , Vodafone ( Vodacom ) , Oi October 2008 Luxembourg † Russia ‡ ( 52 ) Beeline , MegaFon , MTS November 2008 Croatia Egypt † ( 54 ) T - Mobile , Vodafone , Mobinil Later 2008 Botswana Cameroon Central African Republic Dominican Republic † Guinea Ivory Coast Jamaica Jordan Kenya Madagascar Mali Malta Mauritius Republic of Moldova Nicaragua † Niger Panama Réunion Taiwan † Qatar Senegal United States Virgin Islands Venezuela ( 79 ) América Móvil ( Claro , MiPhone ) , Chunghwa Telecom , movistar , Orange , Vodafone January 2009 Thailand ( 80 ) True Move February 2009 Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates ( 82 ) Mobily , Etisalat , du March 2009 Bulgaria Republic of Macedonia Indonesia † Malaysia ( 86 ) GLOBUL , T - Mobile , Telkomsel , Maxis October 2009 People 's Republic of China † ( 87 ) China Unicom November 2009 South Korea ( 88 ) KT December 2009 Guam Qatar Uganda Israel ( 92 ) GTA Teleguam , Vodafone , Orange , Pelephone , Cellcom March Viet Nam Armenia ( 94 ) Viettel Mobile , MobiFone , VinaPhone , Orange September Tunisia ( 95 ) Orange June 2011 Slovenia Trinidad & Tobago ( 97 ) Simobil ( now A1 ) , Telekom Slovenije , bmobile December 2013 Sri Lanka Dialog Axiata May 2014 Kosovo ( 98 ) IPKO October 2014 Serbia MTS , Telenor Serbia , Vip Mobile † iPhone offered by multiple carriers under contract from Apple ( country not carrier - exclusive ) ‡ iPhone offered without contract and without carrier lock § MVNO with O Activation and SIM lock bypassing ( edit ) Main article : iPhone For recent information , see iPhone SIM unlocking . People outside an AT&T store offering to unlock iPhones for free . Each iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has been activated as a phone through AT&T or O2 . On July 3 , 2007 , Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked iPhone 's other features with jailbreaking . He published the software and offsets for others to use . On August 14 , 2007 , Gizmodo reported verification of a method to bypass iPhone 's SIM lock , allowing the phone to work freely with carriers other than AT&T . This method requires usage of a Turbo SIM card , costing approximately US $80 ; the method essentially tricks iPhone into believing that it is operating on the AT&T network , even when it is connected natively ( not in roaming mode ) to another carrier . Australian Personal Computer later published a ten - step guide to unlocking iPhone , using the Turbo SIM method . In mid-August , UniquePhones announced an unlocking service for iPhone , only to retract the service the following week after receiving a phone call from a lawyer representing AT&T . On August 24 , 2007 , George Hotz , a 17 - year - old hacker from Glen Rock , New Jersey , broke the lock that ties iPhone to AT&T 's wireless network . He confirmed that he unlocked the phone and was using it on T - Mobile 's network . The hack opened up a realm of possibilities for overseas customers because iPhone was only sold in the United States at the time . By unlocking it , Hotz opened up the phone to phone networks across the world . Hotz posted the hack on his blog . The process is complicated and requires both disassembling iPhone and executing software commands on a personal computer . Hotz , along with four others across the world , reportedly spent about 500 hours unlocking the phone . Also on August 24 , 2007 , Engadget reported , by way of photos and a video clip , that they were called by the `` iPhoneSimFree '' team , who offered to show Engadget a demonstration of unlocking iPhone using a software - only method . Unlike Hotz 's hardware hack , the code in this hack was not made available to the general public . Sales of the unlock started on September 10 . These sales occurred through several resellers who were able to order `` keys '' from iPhoneSimFree , then pass the `` keys '' to customers , allowing the customers to use the software . On September 11 , after one day of sales , the iPhone Dev Team announced that they had created a working `` software unlock '' , and released it to the public for free . Utilizing the existing unlock requires some technical knowledge , although a simpler , GUI - based version was under construction . AnySim and iUnlock Reloaded , two free , GUI - based unlocking programs , have since been made available . On September 24 , 2007 Apple issued a warning that future updates could render unlocked iPhones unusable . On September 27 , 2007 , owners of unlocked iPhones who took advantage of the version 1.1. 1 update through iTunes reported that the update rendered the device virtually inoperable . There were also reports that the update even affected some iPhones that were not unlocked , and Engadget found that the firmware update had `` bricked '' unhacked iPhones as well . The firmware update relocks iPhones , but on October 11 iPhoneSIMFree announced that they had hacked the 1.1. 1 iPhone update , not only unlocking them but also unbricking those iPhones which were bricked by the update . On October 16 , 2007 , the iPhone Dev Team released AnySIM 1.1 , the free utility that unlocks iPhones . The updated version works on firmware version 1.1. 1 , but does n't fix baseband problems caused by updating an unlocked 1.0. 2 phone up to 1.1. 1 . On October 23 , 2007 , the iPhone Elite Dev - Team released Revirginizing Tool to rebuild the lock table in the seczone area to repair the damage done by the original anySIM 1.0 x unlockers so unlocked 1.0. 2 iPhones can upgrade to 1.1. 1 without bricking iPhone . The tool is unbricking the previously bricked iPhones . On November 21 , 2007 , T - Mobile announced that due to litigation commenced against them by their competitor Vodafone , which resulted in a preliminary injunction preventing T - Mobile from locking the SIM card to T - Mobile in Germany , it will sell the phone `` unlocked '' and will offer iPhone without a T - Mobile contract for € 999 ( US $1,478 ) at its shops to customers in Germany until the court renders a decision . By the end of November , Apple released another version of iPhone firmware , 1.1. 2 . This version does not have many new features but breaks unlocks . During Macworld ' 08 , on January 15 , Apple released the fifth version of iPhone firmware , 1.1. 3 ; this version repairs loopholes used by `` iPhone Hackers . '' The firmware , however , had been compromised prior to release and new security measures were quickly bypassed . On February 8 , 2008 , Geohot released the first full software unlock for the 1.1. 2 & 1.1. 3 OTB iPhones . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Apple Inc. products References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter . Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update , Macworld , ( January 9 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ Block , Ryan . Live from Macworld 2007 : Steve Jobs keynote , Engadget , ( January 9 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 1 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev . The Apple Of Your Ear , Time , ( January 12 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Murtazin , Eldar ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` Apple 's Phone : From 1980s ' Sketches to iPhone . Part 3 '' . Mobile review . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . 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San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krazit , Tom ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` Piper Jaffray : 500,000 iPhones sold over the weekend '' . CNET News . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ho , David ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` A 300 - page iPhone bill ? Too much information , users say '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Newspapers . p . C1 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Internet message boards and blogs are buzzing with talk of paper iPhone bills dozens and even hundreds of pages long . Jump up ^ Ragan , Steve ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Thirty thousand text messages equal a forest killing 300 - page phone bill '' . Monsters and Critics . WotR Ltd . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . The box arrived last Saturday and inside it contained her first bill after she purchased Apple 's iPhone . Jump up ^ Martin , James A. ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Sexy Portable Storage : The 300 - Page iPhone Bill '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Justine Ezarik , a graphic designer from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , posted a 1 - minute video on her blog that shows her opening up a 300 - page iPhone bill from AT&T -- which was mailed in a box . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` A 300 - page iPhone Bill ? : iPhone owners rail at AT&T for paper waste with overly detailed bills '' . Computerworld . PC World Communications . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . One blogger , in fact , is in the middle of her 15 minutes of fame after posting a video that shows her unwrapping a 300 - page AT&T bill . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( August 15 , 2007 ) . `` How many trees did your iPhone bill kill ? '' . USA Today . Gannett . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Justine Ezarik , a Pittsburgh graphic designer and active Internet blogger , got her first bill on Saturday . She says it was so huge -- 300 pages -- it was delivered in a box . Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` AT&T 's Overstuffed iPhone Bills Annoy Customers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Ms. Ezarik , 23 , made a one - minute video that shows her flipping through the voluminous bill and posted it to YouTube and other video - sharing sites on Aug. 13 . The video has since been viewed more than three million times , Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( August 22 , 2007 ) . `` AT&T says `` No more 300 - page iPhone bills '' `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Surely due to the recent flurry over massively large iPhone bills , AT&T has begun sending text messages to its iPhone users assuring them that 50 , or 75 , or 300 + page iPhone bills will no longer be sent to their houses ( unless they want them ) . Jump up ^ Apple Inc . ( September 5 , 2007 ) . Apple Sets iPhone Price at 399 for this Holiday Season . Press release Retrieved September 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ; Stone , Brad ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` IPhone Owners Crying Foul Over Price Cut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wong , May ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` Apple Stock Falls After IPhone Price Cut '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steve Job 's open letter to iPhone customers Jump up ^ Get Started -- Wireless from AT&T , formerly Cingular Jump up ^ `` Liveblog : The Verizon iPhone '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ It 's Official : Verizon Has The iPhone 4 : The Two - Way : NPR Jump up ^ Raice , Shayndi ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Verizon Unwraps iPhone '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` $199 iPhone 4S vs. $99 iPhone 4 : What 's the Better Deal ? '' . LaptopMag . October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apple unveils the iPhone 4S at event at Cupertino '' . AustralianIT . October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moren , Dan ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Prepaid carrier Cricket leaps onto iPhone scene '' . Macworld . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moren , Dan ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Virgin Mobile to offer iPhone beginning June 29 '' . Macworld . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kevin ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` How the iPhone Led to the Sale of T - Mobile USA '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Barrett ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Apple 's Next iPhone ( s ? ) Coming September 10th '' . Gizmodo . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ writer , By Rob Kelley , CNNMoney.com staff . `` Hundreds camp out , crazy for the iPhone - Jun. 29 , 2007 '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rarest iPhone is 4GB european version '' . Macrumors.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kje so kupili IPhone ? '' ( in Urdu ) . 24ur . December 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Telecom Italia : firmato l'accordo per portare l'Iphone in Italia '' ( in Italian ) . June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TeliaSonera ska sälja iPhone i Norden och Baltikum '' ( Press release ) ( in Swedish ) . TeliaSonera . May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . TeliaSonera har skrivit avtal med Apple om att introducera iPhone i Sverige , Norge , Danmark , Finland , Litauen , Lettland och Estland senare i år . Jump up ^ `` Confirmado , el iPhone llegará a España de la mano de Movistar '' ( in Spanish ) . June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SL Õhtuleht : Inimesed ootasid hommikul EMT esinduste ukse taga uut iPhone'i '' ( in Estonian ) . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's iPhone in the market '' . Jump up ^ lrytas.lt ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Vidurnaktį Vilniuje parduoti pirmieji `` iPhone 3G '' ( video , nuotraukos ) / IT / `` . Lrytas.lt . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3GS -- Najbrži , najmoćniji iPhone do sada '' . T-mobile.hr . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elisa tuo iPhone 4 : n Suomeen syyskuun 30 . päivä '' . elisa.fi . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( Indonesian ) Telkom launches the iPhone 3G in Indonesia '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Smart to launch iPhone 4S in Manila by end ' 11 '' . 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G '' . April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland man snaps up first new generation iPhone '' . TVNZ . July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.vodafone.co.nz/iphone/ Vodafone first to sell iPhone 3G Jump up ^ `` iPhone price shocks Apple fans '' . The National Business Review . July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Telecom finally gets iPhone 4S '' . iPhone New Zealand . November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians Blast iPhone Pricing '' . PCWorld Canada . July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone launch in Canada could lead to change in data rates '' . PC World Canada . July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The new iPhone 3G S comes to Canada '' . Macworld Canada . June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bell iPhone 5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Vodafone to sell Apple 's iPhone in Australia '' . Fairfax Digital . May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Optus to sell the iPhone '' . Fairfax Digital . May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing `` iPhone '' `` . SoftBank Mobile . Jump up ^ `` MegaFon Moscow : MegaFon deals contract with Apple '' . MegaFon Moscow . Jump up ^ `` Orange announces UK iPhone deal '' . BBC . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orange reveals UK date for iPhone '' . BBC . November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vodafone enters UK iPhone market '' . BBC . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon iPhone : Release date may be summer - 2010 ShutterVoice : Latest Business , Technology News & Multimedia Reviews '' . ShutterVoice . March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Making Verizon - Ready iPhone by Year End '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raice , Shayndi ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Verizon Finally Lands the iPhone '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ iPhone 5 on the Nation 's Largest 4G LTE Network , Verizon Wireless Jump up ^ Bosker , Bianca ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Verizon iPhone Release Date Gets OFFICIAL : iPhone 4 Launching On Verizon In February '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Nasir , Farhat . `` Verizon iPhone 5 Comes GSM Unlocked : Works on AT&T and T - Mobile : Confirmed '' . Hitechanalogy . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ around the world Archived 2014 - 08 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fido Gets iPhone as Well Archived 2009 - 01 - 05 at Archive.is Jump up ^ AppleInsider : With China Unicom deal official , Apple turns to China Mobile Jump up ^ PCWorld : KT to Sell IPhone in South Korea Jump up ^ Apple 's iPhone Goes to GTA TeleGuam Jump up ^ Vietnam Net : Three telecom giants start iPhone race Archived 2010 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Orange Armenia announced launch of iPhone sales '' . iTel.AM . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tunisia Net Jump up ^ S ! mobil Archived 2011 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` TSTT to bring iPhone 4 '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Jon Lech ( July 3 , 2007 ) , iPhone Independence Day , nanocr.eu , retrieved August 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Diaz , Jesus ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` iPhone 100 % Unlocked Using Turbo SIM Card '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gorog , Danny ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` HOW TO : Hack the iPhone to work anywhere in the world -- 10 step guide with pics '' . Australian Personal Computer . Retrieved September 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage hacker unlocks the iPhone '' . BBC News . August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager unlocks iPhone for international use '' . cbc.ca . August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Engadget iPhoneSIMFree post '' . Engadget . August 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Free iPhone unlock supposedly pending Jump up ^ `` Apple warns unlocked iPhones may become inoperable '' . Macworld . September 24 , 2007 . Retrieved September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Apple update disables unlocked iPhones '' . Macworld . September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hansell , Saul ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` More on Apple 's Latest Product , the iBrick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` iPhoneSIMFree Releases First 1.1. 1 SIM Unlock , Fixes AnySIM - Bricked iPhones '' . Gizmodo . October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone Unlock Now Free , Easy To Perform ( Updated ) '' . PhoneNews.com . September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Repairing iPhone 6S Plus '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kusjanto , Mantik ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` t - mobile to sell iPhone without contract '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . ( hide ) iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_iPhone&oldid=835586312 '' Categories : IPhone Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with obsolete information from March 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was iphone launched for the first time	[ "On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention.[16] Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year. On June 29, 2007, the first iPhone[17] was released." ]	[ "June 29, 2007" ]
3023326666564610563	Second Lady	Second Lady - Wikipedia Second Lady Jump to : navigation , search See also : Second Lady of the United States Second Lady ( for females ) or Second Gentleman ( for males ) is a title sometimes used in reference to the spouse of a vice president or a lieutenant governor , and if no office of vice president or lieutenant governor exists , of a prime minister or premier / chief minister of a republic , and to the deputy prime minister or deputy premier / deputy chief minister of a monarchy , styled relative to the title of First Lady , the wife of a president or governor of a republic or of a prime minister or premier / chief minister of a monarchy . Although no country grants any legal power to second ladies , their duties often include the following : hosting during receptions at the vice presidential / prime ministerial / deputy prime ministerial residence presiding over selected welfare institutions accompanying the spouse in official travels various ceremonial duties . List ( edit ) Azerbaijan : Ilham Aliyev ( Relative to First Lady and Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva ) Estonia : Karin Ratas Guatemala : Elizabeth Cortés Ghana : Samira Bawumia India : M. Usha Israel : Sara Netanyahu ( Relative to First Lady Nechama Rivlin and to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ) Italy : Emanuela Mauro Japan : Chikako Asō ( jp ) Philippines : Aika Robredo Russia : Svetlana Medvedeva South Africa : Tshepo Motsepe Taiwan : Luo Feng - ping United States : Karen Pence See also ( edit ) Second Lady of the United States First Lady First Lady of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second Lady Announces Kristan King Nevins as Chief of Staff '' . whitehouse.gov. 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Karen Pence '' . whitehouse.gov. 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Dr. Jill Biden at the White House Convening on Operation Educate the Educators '' . archives.gov. 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackwood , Harris ( 7 January 2007 ) . `` Georgia 's Second Lady '' . Gainesville Times . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Baird ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Lieutenant Governor Recognizes National Cervical Cancer Awareness Week '' . Kentucky.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Black Honors Lt. Governor Ron Ramsey on Upcoming Retirement from State Senate '' . Rep. Black 's Office . Jump up ^ `` State 's First Female Lieutenant Governor Lucy Baxley Dies at 78 '' . alreporter.com. 17 October 2016 . This article about politics is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Lady&oldid=808303135 '' Categories : Spouses of national leaders Women 's social titles Politics stubs Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the second lady prime minister of india	[ "\n Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev (Relative to First Lady and Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva)\n Estonia: Karin Ratas\n Guatemala: Elizabeth Cortés\n Ghana: Samira Bawumia\n India: M. Usha\n Israel: Sara Netanyahu (Relative to First Lady Nechama Rivlin and to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu)\n Italy: Emanuela Mauro\n Japan: Chikako Asō (jp)\n Philippines: Aika Robredo\n Russia: Svetlana Medvedeva\n South Africa: Tshepo Motsepe\n Taiwan: Luo Feng-ping\n United States: Karen Pence\n" ]	[ "M. Usha" ]
-3604016883938912856	Lips of an Angel	Lips of an Angel - wikipedia Lips of an Angel `` Lips of an Angel '' Single by Hinder from the album Extreme Behavior Released July 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) ( U.S. ) Format Digital download CD single Recorded 2005 Genre Hard rock Post-grunge Length 4 : 21 Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Austin Winkler Cody Hanson Brian Howes Producer ( s ) Brian Howes singles chronology `` Get Stoned '' ( 2005 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) `` How Long '' ( 2006 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' is a song by American rock band Hinder . It was released as the second single from their album Extreme Behavior . It was their breakthrough hit , charting within the top ten on several US Billboard charts and reaching number one in Australia and New Zealand . It has sold 3.6 million copies in the US as of January 2015 , making it one of the most downloaded rock songs . Jack Ingram released a cover of the song in 2006 , which reached No. 16 on the Billboard country music charts . Contents 1 Content 2 Chart performance 3 Formats and track listings 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 In popular culture 7 Jack Ingram version 7.1 Background 7.2 Music video 7.3 Chart performance 8 See also 9 References Content ( edit ) The lyrics deal with the singer describing his feelings when his favored girlfriend from his past calls late at night , somewhat pleasantly interrupting his current relationship . More than once , a reference to the call being secret is made , and the singer expresses concern of a fight ensuing as a result . The song concludes just as it began , with the singer questioning to why she is calling so late . However , at the end , it is less literal and more figurative , with the underlying meaning of `` so late '' not at night , but too late in life , perhaps adding an element of sadness to the song , as it ends with the plot unresolved . According to a radio interview done in Atlanta the lyrics are loosely based on an actual phone call incident that did happen . Chart performance ( edit ) The song experienced the most success in Australasia . On the chart date of February 4 , 2007 , the song debuted atop Australia 's ARIA Singles Chart , replacing Evermore 's `` Light Surrounding You '' , keeping the peak position for seven weeks before being replaced by `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair . On February 12 , it reached the top spot on New Zealand 's RIANZ Singles Chart and stayed there for one more week before being dethroned by `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' by Fall Out Boy . In the United States , the song reached number one on the Billboard Pop 100 and the Mainstream Top 40 charts in November 2006 . Elsewhere , the song had limited chart success and remains Hinder 's only hit in most countries in which it charted . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Lips of an Angel '' -- 4 : 21 CD single `` Lips of an Angel '' -- 4 : 21 `` By the Way '' ( acoustic ) -- 3 : 34 `` Bliss ( I Do n't Wanna Know ) '' ( acoustic ) -- 3 : 45 `` Oye there you go '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 98 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 18 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 30 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 46 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) The song is featured in the music - related video games Lips ( as downloadable content ) , Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol Encore , Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party , and Band Hero . Jack Ingram version ( edit ) `` Lips of an Angel '' Single by Jack Ingram from the album This Is It Released December 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 11 ) Format Digital download Genre Country adult alternative Length 3 : 45 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Austin Winkler Cody Hanson Brian Howes Producer ( s ) Jeremy Stover singles chronology `` Love You '' ( 2006 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) `` Measure of a Man '' ( 2007 ) Country music artist Jack Ingram released a version of the song in December 2006 . Ingram 's version , the lead - off single to his 2007 album This Is It , reached a peak of number 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in April 2007 . Ingram 's version does not include the last stanza where the singer once again asks why she is calling so late . Background ( edit ) Regarding his cover of this song , Ingram gave an explanation in the liner notes of This Is It : `` I heard this song on the radio . I think it 's a killer song . I thought we could give it another feel and do it justice . A good song is a good song . I 'll let other people choose sides between what genre is what genre and who should stay inside which box . I think there are two kinds of music : good and bad . I try to stay on the right side . Besides , who has n't felt this way at some point in their life ? Do n't lie . '' Music video ( edit ) Premiering in early 2007 , the music video for `` Lips of an Angel '' was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song 's lyrics , focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur ( Austin Winkler ) and his former lover ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 77 US Billboard Pop 100 87 See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia in 2007 List of number - one singles in 2007 ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239#2006 Archived 2015 - 09 - 13 at WebCite Jump up ^ Cruz , Carmen ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . CFOX - FM . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Hinder Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200647 into search . Jump up ^ `` Hinder Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hinder Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hinder Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hinder Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hinder Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hinder Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2006 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2007 '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts 2007 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2007 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Lips Of An Angel by Jack Ingram '' . Yahoo !. 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This Is It ( CD ) . Jack Ingram . Big Machine Records . 2007 . BMR130602 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ingram Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ingram Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Hinder Marshal Dutton Cody Hanson Joe `` Blower '' Garvey Mark King Mike Rodden Austin John Cole Parker Studio albums Extreme Behavior Take It to the Limit All American Nightmare Welcome to the Freakshow When the Smoke Clears The Reign EPs Far From Close Stripped Singles `` Get Stoned '' `` Lips of an Angel '' `` How Long '' `` Better than Me '' `` Homecoming Queen '' `` Born to Be Wild '' `` By the Way '' `` Use Me '' `` Without You '' `` Up All Night '' `` Loaded and Alone '' `` The Best Is Yet to Come '' `` All American Nightmare '' `` What Ya Gonna Do '' `` The Life '' `` Sooners Do n't Back Down '' `` The Fights About to Begin '' `` Red Tail Lights '' `` Save Me '' `` Ladies Come First '' `` Is It Just Me '' `` Should Have Known Better '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Freakshow '' `` Hit the Ground '' `` Rather Hate Than Hurt '' `` Intoxicated '' `` Letting Go '' `` Remember Me '' `` The Reign '' Tours Badboys of Rock Other Discography Jack Ingram Studio albums Jack Ingram Lonesome Questions Livin ' or Dyin ' Hey You Electric Young Man This Is It Big Dreams & High Hopes Midnight Motel Live albums Live at Adair 's Unleashed Live Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Live at Gruene Hall : Happy Happy Acoustic Motel Live : Wherever You Are EP 's Electric : Extra Volts Notable singles `` Wherever You Are '' `` Love You '' `` Lips of an Angel '' `` Measure of a Man '' `` Maybe She 'll Get Lonely '' `` That 's a Man '' `` Barefoot and Crazy '' Related articles Jeremy Stover Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lips_of_an_Angel&oldid=865923445 '' Categories : 2007 singles Hinder songs Jack Ingram songs Rock ballads Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Brian Howes Big Machine Records singles Music videos directed by Shaun Silva 2005 songs Universal Republic Records singles Songs about telephone calls Songs written by Austin John Songs written by Cody Hanson Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 02 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did hinder released lips of an angel	[ "\"Lips of an Angel\"\nSingle by Hinderfrom the album Extreme BehaviorReleased\nJuly 24, 2006 (2006-07-24) (U.S.)[1]Format\nDigital downloadCD singleRecorded\n2005Genre\nHard rockPost-grungeLength\n4:21Label\nUniversalSongwriter(s)\nAustin WinklerCody HansonBrian HowesProducer(s)\nBrian Howessingles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Get Stoned\" (2005)\n\n\"Lips of an Angel\" (2006)\n\n\"How Long\" (2006)\n" ]	[ "July 24, 2006" ]
-7888144769056614835	Friday Night Lights (TV series)	Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2006 TV series . For the 2004 film , see Friday Night Lights ( film ) . For other uses , see Friday Night Lights ( disambiguation ) . Friday Night Lights Intertitle , seasons 4 -- 5 Genre Sports drama Teen drama Family drama Based on Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H.G. Bissinger Developed by Peter Berg Starring Kyle Chandler Connie Britton Gaius Charles Zach Gilford Minka Kelly Adrianne Palicki Taylor Kitsch Jesse Plemons Scott Porter Aimee Teegarden Michael B. Jordan Jurnee Smollett Matt Lauria Madison Burge Grey Damon Theme music composer W.G. Snuffy Walden Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 76 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Berg Brian Grazer David Nevins Sarah Aubrey Jason Katims Jeffrey Reiner David Hudgins Location ( s ) Austin , Texas Pflugerville , Texas Cinematography Todd McMullen David Boyd Ian Ellis Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Universal Media Studios Imagine Television Film 44 Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC The 101 Network ( 2008 -- 11 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release October 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) -- February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) External links Website Friday Night Lights is an American drama television series about a high school football team in the fictional town of Dillon , Texas . It was developed by Peter Berg and executive produced by Brian Grazer , David Nevins , Sarah Aubrey and Jason Katims , based on the 1990 nonfiction book by H.G. Bissinger , adapted as the 2004 film of the same name . The series ' primary setting , Dillon , is a small , close - knit community in rural Texas . Team coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) and his family , Tami , Julie and Grace , are featured . The show uses this small - town backdrop to address many issues facing contemporary American culture , including family values , school funding , racism , drugs , abortion and lack of economic opportunities . Produced by NBCUniversal , Friday Night Lights premiered on October 3 , 2006 , and aired for two seasons on NBC . Although the show had garnered critical acclaim and passionate fans , the series suffered low ratings and was in danger of cancellation after the second season . To save the series , NBC struck a deal with DirecTV to co-produce three more seasons ; each subsequent season premiered on DirecTV 's 101 Network , with NBC rebroadcasts a few months later . The series ended its run on The 101 Network on February 9 , 2011 , after five seasons . Though Friday Night Lights never garnered a sizable audience , it was a critical success , lauded for its realistic portrayal of Middle America and deep exploration of its central characters . The show appeared on a number of best lists and was awarded a Peabody Award , a Humanitas Prize , a Television Critics Association Award and several technical Primetime Emmy Awards . At the 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards , the show was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series . Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton also scored multiple nominations for the Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress awards for a drama series . Executive producer Jason Katims was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Chandler and Katims each won the Emmy in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Conception 2 Production 2.1 Performances 2.2 Filming 2.3 Marketing 3 Cast and characters 4 Plot 4.1 Season one 4.2 Season two 4.3 Season three 4.4 Season four 4.5 Season five 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and accolades 5.3 Fan base 6 Television ratings 6.1 U.S. ratings 6.2 International ratings 6.3 DVR ratings 6.4 Affluent viewers 7 Distribution 7.1 Online episodes 7.2 Syndication 7.3 DirecTV 8 Home media releases 8.1 DVD and Blu - ray 8.2 Soundtracks 9 Potential film sequel 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( film ) Friday Night Lights was inspired by H.G. `` Buzz '' Bissinger 's non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream ( 1990 ) and the 2004 film based on it . The book , which explores the 1988 season of the Permian Panthers , a high school football team in Odessa , Texas , was a factual work of documentary journalism . The people featured were not renamed in the book . The Universal Pictures film , which stars Billy Bob Thornton and was directed by Peter Berg , Bissinger 's second cousin , based its characters on the residents of Odessa c. 1988 . Conception ( edit ) Peter Berg , who directed the film , developed the series , and wrote and directed the pilot episode . Once filming on the movie was completed , Berg began to explore adapting the story for television . Berg later said he had regretted having to jettison many of the interpersonal topics from the book because of the time constraints of a feature film . Creating a TV series , particularly one based on fictional characters , allowed him to address many of those elements in - depth . He decided to set the series in a fictional town of Dillon , Texas , with some characteristics of Odessa . The football team was given the Panthers name . Berg deliberately carried elements from the film to the series , particularly for the pilot , which was closely related to the film . He cast Connie Britton as the wife of head coach Eric Taylor , and Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity , a major businessman and football booster , in roles similar to those they played in the film . Production ( edit ) Filming for the show 's pilot began in February 2006 in Austin , Texas . Berg said he required filming the pilot and eventually the show in Texas as `` a deal breaker '' in order to agree to participate weekly in the project . The show features homages to its Texas heritage . In the pilot , Berg featured former Texas Longhorns football coach Mack Brown as a Dillon booster and had a caller to the fictional Panther Radio compare Panthers ' coach Eric Taylor to Brown . The pilot referred to much of the surrounding area in its scenes . Football scenes were filmed at Pflugerville High School 's Kuempel Stadium and at the RRISD Complex . The Dillon Panther football team and coaches ' uniforms were based on the uniforms of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some of the scenes were filmed at Texas School for the Deaf . Berg 's observation of local high school students while preparing to film the movie inspired his development of some of the characters . For example , Jason Street , the character whose promising football career is ended by a spinal injury in the pilot , was inspired by a local event . David Edwards , a football player from San Antonio 's Madison High , was paralyzed during a November 2003 game . Berg was at the game when this accident occurred ; he was profoundly affected by Edwards ' injury and how it overturned his life . Berg set up a similar incident in the pilot . Performances ( edit ) While relying on a script each week , the producers decided at the outset to allow the cast leeway in what they said and did on the show . Their decisions could affect the delivery of their lines and the blocking of each scene . If the actors felt that something was untrue to their character or a mode of delivery did n't work , they were free to change it , provided they still hit the vital plot points . This freedom was complemented by filming without rehearsal and without extensive blocking . Camera operators were trained to follow the actors , rather than having the actors stand in one place with cameras fixed around them . The actors knew that the filming would work around them . Executive producer Jeffrey Reiner described this method as `` no rehearsal , no blocking , just three cameras and we shoot . '' Working in this fashion profoundly influenced everyone involved with the show . Series star Kyle Chandler said : `` When I look back at my life , I 'm going to say , ' Wow , ( executive producer ) Peter Berg really changed my life . ' '' Executive producer and head writer Jason Katims echoed this sentiment , saying : `` When I first came on ( the FNL ) set , I thought , it 's interesting -- this is what I imagined filmmaking would be , before I saw what filmmaking was . '' Filming ( edit ) All five seasons of Friday Night Lights were filmed in Austin and Pflugerville . With the show yielding roughly $33 million a year in revenue , other states courted the production company after the state of Texas failed to pay all the rebates it had promised to the show 's producers . The Texas legislature authorized funding to match the offers of other states , and the production company preferred to stay near Austin , so the show remained in Texas . Friday Night Lights is unusual for using actual locations rather than stage sets and sound stage . These factors together with reliance on filming hundreds of locals as extras , gives the series an authentic feel and look . The producers used a documentary - style filming technique . Three cameras were used for each shoot and entire scenes were shot in one take . In contrast , most productions film a scene from each angle and typically repeat the scene several times while readjusting lighting to accommodate each shot . The first takes usually made the final cut . By filming a scene all at once , the producers tried to create an environment for the actors that was more organic and allowed for the best performances . The series borrowed the uniforms , cheerleaders , fans and stadium of the Pflugerville Panthers . Producers shot Pflugerville games and used them as game footage in the series . University of Southern California football announcers Peter Arbogast and Paul McDonald provided off - screen commentary during the football game sequences . The facilities , colors and bobcat logos of Texas State University in San Marcos were used as the setting and creative inspiration for the fictional Texas Methodist University . The show features the fictional Herrmann Field , named for George Herrmann , the head coach of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some scenes were filmed outside Texas . On June 20 , 2010 , scenes were filmed at Temple University , which was to portray the fictional Braemore College . An episode from Julie 's senior year in high school was filmed in the Boston area , at Boston College , Boston University , and Tufts University . Some scenes at fictional Oklahoma Tech University were filmed at Gregory Gym at The University of Texas at Austin . Marketing ( edit ) Promotional website with Toyota . Initially targeted at the youth market , the show emphasized the football element . NBC teamed with social networking site Bebo to create a site that allowed students to upload video and photos , as well as create blogs about their local football teams . Students who participated were eligible for one of 10 $5,000 scholarships . NBC had negotiated with Bebo for network and series promotion on Bebo 's network of youth - oriented sites including Piczo , Hi5 , Tickle , Ringo , and FastWeb . To complement this promotion , NBC sent out `` School Spirit '' kits to 1,000 high schools around the country . These kits included posters , pom - poms , mini-footballs and disposable cameras , all bearing the show 's logo . The kits also contained copies of the show 's pilot episode on DVD . The network repeated this promotion for its second season promotion , when it teamed with HouseParty.com to send out 1,000 `` Party Kits , '' which contained advance copies of the Season 2 opener along with other promotional material . NBC also paired with Toyota to create the `` Hometown Sweepstakes '' , in which students could earn cash grants of up to $50,000 for their school 's athletics program . It was open to high school students ages 14 to 18 and was designed to draw people to the show 's official website , where they could download AOL Instant Messenger icons , screensavers and desktop wallpaper . Students who registered could also download free movie theater passes to special early screenings of the pilot episode . These movie theater screenings took place in 50 cities nationwide and ran until a week before the show premiered on NBC . In the later part of the season , NBC chose to switch course and pursue the female demographic . The network designed a strategy based on the personal elements of the show , giving the show the tagline , `` It 's about life '' . NBC Marketing President Vince Manze stressed that the goal was to ensure viewers that the show was family and relationships as well as athletics . The network ran 30 - second spots in movie theaters that featured cast members and fans being interviewed about the show . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Friday Night Lights characters Young members of the Friday Night Lights cast As a show about the community of Dillon , Texas , Friday Night Lights has an ensemble cast . The show features Panthers ' football coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) , who strives to balance his work , family , status in a sometimes confrontational community and his personal ambitions . His family -- wife Tami Taylor ( Connie Britton ) , a guidance counselor turned principal at Dillon High , and teenage daughter Julie Taylor ( Aimee Teegarden ) -- are also central to the show . Coach Taylor and Tami are the only two characters to appear in every episode . Outside of the Taylor family , the show explores the lives of the Dillon high school football players . In the pilot , Coach Taylor 's protege and star quarterback Jason Street ( Scott Porter ) , suffers a spinal injury that ends his football career . He faces life as a paraplegic . At first , Street struggles with these disabilities and the upturn of his life . Gradually , he copes with his new reality . Lyla Garrity ( Minka Kelly ) , his girlfriend , undergoes her own changes , making a transition from a Panthers cheerleader to a Christian youth leader . Because of Street 's injury , sophomore Matt Saracen ( Zach Gilford ) , who is quiet and reserved , becomes the Panthers ' starting quarterback . He eventually dates the coach 's daughter , Julie . Viewers learn that Saracen 's father is serving as a soldier in Iraq , and Saracen is the sole caretaker for his grandmother Lorraine Saracen ( Louanne Stephens ) . Saracen receives little help , except from his best friend Landry Clarke ( Jesse Plemons ) and eventual live - in nurse and love interest Carlotta Alonso ( Daniella Alonso ) . Star running back Brian `` Smash '' Williams ( Gaius Charles ) works to get a college football scholarship . Fullback Tim Riggins ( Taylor Kitsch ) struggles with alcoholism and complicated family problems . His brother Billy Riggins ( Derek Phillips ) , while not his legal guardian , serves as Tim 's caretaker . Tyra Collette ( Adrianne Palicki ) stars as a town vixen who wants to leave Dillon for a better life . Involved with Riggins , Tyra eventually develops a complicated relationship with Landry Clarke . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Friday Night Lights episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 22 October 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) April 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 11 ) NBC 15 October 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 05 ) February 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) 13 October 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 01 ) January 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) DirecTV 13 October 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) February 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 5 13 October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season one ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 1 ) Season one revolves around two main events : Coach Eric Taylor beginning as head coach and the injury and paralysis of star quarterback Jason Street in the first game of the season . Coach Taylor 's career depends on his ability to get the Dillon Panthers to the state championship , despite the loss of Street . If the team suffers a losing streak , he knows his family will no longer be welcome in Dillon . His wife Tami Taylor begins work as a guidance counselor at the local high school . Over the course of the season , she becomes a support and a mentor to many of the students , and her position plays a pivotal role in the season finale . Jason Street and Matt Saracen each struggle within extremely difficult conditions . Street must learn to live with his disability in a town that worships athletics . Saracen has to face new challenges as a lead athlete . As Street 's friendship with Herc , his rehab roommate and wheelchair rugby teammate , grows stronger , so do his will and independence . For the quiet Matt , who seldom plays football , his new role of QB1 calls for a different part of him . Motherless , he also cares for his grandmother while his father is fighting in Iraq . Matt falls in love with Coach Taylor 's daughter , Julie , who loathes Texas small town life and dislikes football . She falls for Matt and their relationship slowly blossoms over the season . Also explored is the pressure on the cocky , driven Brian `` Smash '' Williams . Easily the most promising player on the Panthers ' roster , he works hard to achieve excellence and sees his future career as instrumental in gaining a better life for him and his family . Since his father was killed in a car accident , his mother Corrina has taken multiple jobs to keep the family afloat . Smash decides to take performance - enhancing drugs to ensure he can gain a college football scholarship . Tim Riggins is struggling with alcoholism and absentee parents , with few prospects beyond high school . He is portrayed as a loyal friend with a good heart . Tyra Collette also comes from a broken home ; her mother suffers abusive relationships with men . Tyra begins the season as Riggins ' girlfriend . Thanks to counselor Tami Taylor and Landry Clarke -- the school math geek and Saracen 's best friend -- Tyra starts to see hope that she might get out of Dillon and break the cycle of women in her family . Meanwhile , Lyla Garrity undergoes significant changes . Faced with Jason 's injury , she begins seeing Riggins for some comfort . Jason begins growing closer to another woman . Lyla learns about her father 's many adulterous affairs and begins to establish her independence . Season two ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 2 ) Season two begins with Coach Taylor living and working in Austin as an assistant coach at fictional TMU , while wife Tami remains in Dillon with daughter Julie and newborn baby Gracie . Tami is struggling with the demands of the new baby and Julie 's rebellious behavior . The Panthers ' new coach , Bill McGregor , creates friction between Smash and Matt by showing blatant favoritism to Smash , drives Tim so hard he passes out during practice from dehydration and is hospitalized , alienates assistant coach Jason Street by his condescending manner , and alienates Boosters president Buddy Garrity by barring him from team practices . When Smash and Matt actually come to blows on the field and a crucial game is won by Smash , Buddy engineers the firing of the new coach and persuades Taylor that both the team and his family are suffering in his absence . Taylor agrees to return . Julie continues to act out . She ends her romantic relationship with Matt , whom she sees as turning into a replica of her father , and pursues an older man , `` the Swede , '' who works with her as a lifeguard at the local pool . When she finds the Swede has no interest in a serious relationship , she begins a friendship with a young teacher that her mother feels is inappropriate . Tami confronts the teacher at school , but some students overhear the conversation and spread rumors about Julie ; Julie is mortified and furious at her mother . Meanwhile , Coach Taylor attempts to win games with the Panthers but faces a number of issues . Tim is kicked off the team after missing a week of practice when he leaves on the spur of the moment to go with Jason Street to Mexico to look for a treatment for Jason 's paralysis . On returning to Dillon , Tim finds that a neighbor woman , with whom he had a brief affair , is now seeing his brother Billy and has all but moved into their house . Tim moves out but has trouble finding another place to live and ultimately returns . Coach Taylor allows him to rejoin the team after he shows up at practice and on his own initiative apologizes to everyone on the team for his lack of commitment . Lyla Garrity becomes increasingly involved in an organization for young Christians . As part of a religious outreach program , she befriends a young convict , Santiago Herrera , who is released from juvenile detention shortly after they first meet . She gets him a job at her father Buddy 's car dealership . Buddy encourages Santiago to try out for football after noticing his superior speed and coordination . When Taylor expresses interest in the boy , it is discovered that his legal guardian has left town and he has no adult in his life . Buddy agrees to take legal responsibility for him . Smash is courted by a number of college recruiters . He makes it clear his priority is a quick route to the NFL , leading to tension between him and his mother , who insists his priority should be getting an education . Smash accepts a scholarship to the prestigious TMU . However , Smash punches a white teenager who sexually harasses his sister when they 're at the movies . This turns into a blown - out - of - proportion racial incident , and Smash is deemed someone who has `` character issues . '' His scholarship to TMU is revoked . He later commits to Whitmore University , a smaller historically black college that is more highly regarded for its academics than its athletic programs . The football coach at Whitmore has a strong relationship with Coach Taylor , and had been scouting Smash since he was in middle school . Matt begins a relationship with a cheerleader before leaving her for his grandmother 's new live - in nurse , Carlotta . Additionally , the early season follows an arc where Landry kills and hides the body of a man who attempted to rape Tyra , leading to a romance between the two . Eventually , guilt builds within Landry and he confesses . Charges are not pressed , although tension between him and Tyra remains . Landry also joins the football team . Jason Street impregnates a woman in what was supposed to be a one - night stand at the end of season two . Jason pleads with the woman to keep the child and promises to take care of the two . This season ends on a cliffhanger due to the Writers ' Strike . The show 's head writer and executive producer , Jason Katims , stated that this last episode was `` not in any way viewed as the season finale ... If we were leading to the end of the season ( under normal circumstances ) , we would have most likely brought the story around to the coach and his family again , '' and there would have been a strong football element as well , Katims said . Seven of the 22 episodes NBC ordered for Season 2 were n't made . Season three ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 3 ) The season began with Coach Taylor failing to lead the Panthers to another State championship the year before , creating new pressure for him . Quarterback Matt Saracen 's position is threatened by the arrival of freshman J.D. McCoy , an amazing natural talent who comes from a rich family with an overbearing father , Joe . Matt moves to wide receiver after Taylor names J.D. starting quarterback . Tyra starts dating a cowboy named Cash , leading to complications in her relationship with Landry . Tim and Lyla start dating . Tami Taylor becomes the principal of Dillon High School and fights with Buddy Garrity about the allocation of funds toward a Jumbotron . Smash Williams , who injured his knee during the previous year 's playoffs , rediscovers his love for the game . Billy , Tim , Herc , and Jason decide to flip Buddy Garrity 's house for a profit . Matt and Julie reconcile and rekindle their romance . Smash gets a tryout with Texas A&M , and succeeds in winning a spot on their team . Lyla helps Tim pursue a college football scholarship . Tim initially puts off the recruiter and is concerned Lyla is trying to turn him into someone he 's not by encouraging him to pursue college , but he sees she 's looking out for his best interests . Buddy loses money , which is Lyla 's college fund , in a bad business deal and he retaliates by trashing the strip club , The Landing Strip . Lyla wants to attend Vanderbilt University and after Buddy loses the money , she considers going to San Antonio State University , the school that gives Tim a scholarship . Lyla moves in with Tim after she and her father have a fight . Billy Riggins gets engaged to Tyra 's older sister Mindy . Mindy is pregnant at the time of their engagement . Jason Street eventually finds a job at a sports agency in New York City , after visiting a former Panthers player who is now playing professionally , and moves to the northeast to be close to his girlfriend and newborn baby . Matt is pushed back into his former football role in the playoffs . While Eric Taylor and Buddy Garrity were making a visit to a possible recruit who just moved into town , the coach learns of a plot to have him replaced as head coach of the Dillon Panthers . They learn that Joe McCoy wants Taylor replaced with Wade Aikman , J.D. 's personal coach . After the school 's administration meets to decide who gets the coaching job , Aikman is offered the job at Dillon High School , while Taylor is offered the job of coaching at recently reopened East Dillon High School . Billy and Mindy 's wedding ends the season . Season four ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 4 ) Season 4 kicks off with Eric Taylor struggling as the East Dillon High coach . The team , field and conditions are a complete change from the privileged and sparkling conditions at West Dillon . East Dillon High resembles Odessa High from the source novel Friday Night Lights , Permian High 's sister school and the home of the Odessa Bronchos , with whom they have an annual rivalry match which divides the town . The East Dillon Lions and Odessa Bronchos both wear red uniforms and are considered underdogs to the Panthers . Additionally , Odessa High and East Dillon are both underfunded and considered inferior compared to their rival school , and serve a predominately poor minority community . Additionally , the school district boundaries between East and West Dillon were intentionally drawn to ensure the majority of talented players would be zoned for West Dillon ; the districts between Permian and Odessa High were drawn in a similar manner . As Coach begins putting together his new Lion team , he realizes he 's in for more than he bargained for . The players who try out are less than desirable , but Coach gets a lucky break with a couple of new faces . The first is Vince Howard ( Michael B. Jordan ) , a student who has gotten in trouble with the law too many times . He is given one last chance if he plays football for the East Dillon Lions . Although he has no prior football experience , he has natural talent and becomes the team 's first star quarterback . The second break comes to the Lions when Buddy Garrity reveals to Eric that the address on file for the Panthers new prodigy running back , Luke Cafferty , is nothing more than a mailbox in front of an empty lot , and Luke is really zoned for East Dillon . Tami is faced with a struggle as the principal of West Dillon . A new character on the show , Becky , is introduced when Tim Riggins rents a trailer on her mother 's property . Although she is in love with Tim , she and Luke are both shopping at a convenience store and she allows Luke to drive her home . The two have sex and Becky becomes pregnant . Even though she is a student at East Dillon , she seeks out Tami 's help with the situation . Tami discusses all of the options with her and Becky decides to get an abortion . Her mother goes with her to the procedure . Parents find out about this and led by Luke 's mother , seek Mrs. Taylor 's dismissal as principal . When Tami refuses to apologize , as she followed procedure , she is put on leave . She decides to return to her role as a guidance counselor , but at East Dillon . The football season is one focused on growth and reestablishing a sense of Lion pride . The culmination of their hard work is tested in their last game of the season as they play the Dillon Panthers led by J.D. McCoy . In an amazing show of perseverance , the East Dillon Lions defeat the Dillon Panthers , ruining the Panthers ' playoff chances . In season four , Matt Saracen struggles with staying in Dillon and living as a townie . He turned down an art school in Chicago and is instead studying art at the local technical college . After returning from a hunting trip with Tim Riggins , he finds out that his father was killed in Iraq . The episode `` The Son '' shows Matt going through the five stages of grief as he comes to accept the death of his father , a man he claims to hate . This episode garnered much buzz online and resulted in a failed campaign for Zach Gilford to get an Emmy nomination in the guest actor category ; however , the episode did get an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series . After this emotionally charged episode , Matt abruptly moves to Chicago without saying goodbye to his girlfriend or best friend . He returns briefly in the finale and makes amends with both Julie and Landry , who ends up flying back to Chicago with Matt . The character of Tim Riggins has developed over time from an unfocused and moody alcoholic to a young man of character and dependability . Sometimes that dependability is reflected in his uncanny ability to make the wrong choices for the right reasons , which usually involve his brother . Even though he has proven his ability to help others correct their misguided choices , unfortunately there is no one who does this for Tim . In this season , his irresponsible , headstrong , but lovable brother again entices Tim into another wrong choice by convincing Tim that the only way they can make any money is by transforming their newly opened garage into a chop shop . Just as they finally end this side business and Tim has enough for the down payment on a large amount of land he 's been dreaming about , the police show up to arrest him at the garage . The police officers recognize Tim as `` number 33 '' giving Tim no chance to deny that it 's his chop shop . True to his character , he makes the decision to take the rap and allows his brother to be with his new wife and child . The season ends as Tim walks toward the jail . Season five ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 5 ) Season 5 , the final season , opens with summer wrapping up in Dillon : Billy Riggins joins Coach Taylor as a special teams coach for the East Dillon Lions . Tami is the new guidance counselor at East Dillon , where she is faced with the challenge of a particularly difficult student named Epyck . Landry is departing for Rice University , and Tim Riggins has three more months in jail . Becky experiences turmoil in her living situation and moves in with Billy and Mindy and develops a family of her own with them , while also developing a closer relationship with Luke . With Vince leading the Lions , along with Luke Cafferty , new recruit Hastings Ruckle , and the rest of the team standing strong behind him , Eric Taylor has strong hopes for the team to go to state . But as Vince 's past comes back to haunt him , it seems that the team will have to deal with struggles off the field , as well as on . Vince 's troubles also cause his relationship with Jess to take a hit . Julie 's college experience is nothing like she imagined , and after she experiences a difficult situation involving her history TA , she is forced to take a good look at what she wants . Buddy Garrity becomes a father again when Buddy Jr. , who developed problems in California , is sent back to Dillon to get help from his father . He 's pleased when his son becomes a Lions football player . Julie looks for support first from her parents , and then from her old boyfriend Matt Saracen , who is living in Chicago and attending art school . Julie drives up to spend some time with him , but leaves still confused about her future . Tim is up for parole , and with the help of Coach Taylor and Buddy Garrity , is approved for early release . Buddy gives him a job as a bartender at his bar . Tim is angry with his brother Billy and threatens to move to Alaska to work on a pipeline but Tyra Collette comes back for a visit to Dillon and tells him he needs to repair his relationship with Billy . After they spend the night together , she asks Tim to show her his land , and the episode closes with Tyra asking , `` Alaska , Tim ? '' to which Tim smiles a guilty smile . In the last episode , East Dillon wins the state championship after Coach Taylor and Vince share a moment of respect for each other . Coach Taylor then moves with his wife to Philadelphia as she accepts the job as Dean of Admissions at a prestigious school , and the show ends showing them living happily . Tim and Tyra talk about their dreams and a potential future at his new home site . Julie is engaged to Matt and lives with him in Chicago . Vince is the quarterback of the Dillon Panthers `` Superteam '' , consisting of Both East and West Dillon High School athletes , joined by Buddy Jr. , Tinker , and possibly Hastings . Jess is living in Dallas , and helping to student coach a team and is following her dreams . Billy is expecting twins with Mindy . Luke Cafferty is seen with Becky at the bus depot departing for the Army . The second to the last scene is of Tim and Billy , taking a break while putting up the frame of Tim 's new house . They sit back , crack open a beer , and Billy toasts , `` Texas Forever ? '' to which Tim responds emphatically , `` Texas Forever '' and they clink their beers . The series ends with Eric coaching a new high school team in Philadelphia ( in a noticeably smaller stadium than those in Texas ) . After practice , Eric recites the phrase : `` Clear eyes , full hearts ... '' After not getting the normal response of `` Ca n't lose , '' he says , `` We 'll deal with that later . '' Tami then shows up and the two walk off the field as the lights turn off . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Connie Britton and Kyle Chandler received unanimous praise for their performances throughout the series . Although the series never had a high viewership , it was met with critical acclaim and has a strong fan - base . On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season received a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews . Virginia Heffernan wrote for The New York Times that `` if the season is anything like the pilot , this new drama about high school football could be great -- and not just television great , but great in the way of a poem or painting . '' The Washington Post similarly praised the series as `` extraordinary in just about every conceivable way . '' Bill Simmons , a former columnist for ESPN Magazine implored readers of his column in the September 24 , 2007 issue to watch the show , calling it `` the greatest sports - related show ever made . '' Positive reviews also came from USA Today , the San Francisco Chronicle , and international sources , with The Guardian 's Jonathan Bernstien calling the pilot `` beautifully shot '' and the Metro awarding it 4 out of 5 stars . Throughout its inaugural season , many online journalists responded positively to the show . Matt Roush of TV Guide dedicated several of his `` Roush Dispatch '' columns to the show calling the last episodes of season one `` terrifically entertaining '' while Zap2it 's Amy Amatangelo asked her readers to `` promise to watch ( the last 4 episodes of ) Friday Night Lights . '' The show 's pilot did , however , receive negative reviews as well . The Philadelphia Inquirer 's review was particularly harsh , calling the show a `` standard high school sports soap opera . '' Season two reviews were considerably less positive than for the first , with the Landry and Tyra murder plot being particularly panned by critics . The Los Angeles Times said that the show had lost its innocence , while The Boston Globe said the event was `` out of sync with the real - life tone of the show . '' Others were more positive , though , with Variety saying `` faith should be shown in showrunner / writer Jason Katims '' while The New York Times said `` to hold Friday Night Lights to a measure of realism would be to miss what are its essentially expressionistic pleasures . '' Time Out magazine 's Andrew Johnston included the series in his list of the ten best TV shows for both 2006 and 2007 , stating `` Who 'd have thought a tribute to heartland values would turn out to be the most avant - garde show on TV ? The music and random close - ups said more than the dialogue in Peter Berg 's phenomenal football drama . '' Time magazine 's James Poniewozik named it one of the Top 10 Returning Series of 2007 , ranking it at No. 4 . In 2007 , AOL ranked Friday Night Lights the fifth Best School Show of All Time . The same year , the show placed No. 71 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . In 2009 , Alan Sepinwall placed it in his `` Best of the ' 00s in TV : Best Dramas '' and wrote : `` Few shows are as willing to so directly confront the emotions of its characters , aided by central performances -- as one of TV 's most realistic and loving couples -- from Chandler and Connie Britton . '' The A.V. Club named it the 16th best TV series of the 2000s . In 2010 , Kristin Dos Santos of E ! Online ranked it number 4 on her list , `` Top 20 TV Series of the Past 20 Years '' . Friday Night Lights 's final season was lauded by critics . Based on 10 reviews , the season obtained a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' and it was included on numerous best lists . Poniewozik ranked it No. 7 on his list of 2011 's Top 10 TV Series , saying , `` The final season of this drama came down , as you would expect , to a final dramatic game . But the real action was always just as much in the stands '' . He also ranked the final episode `` Always '' No. 1 on 2011 's Top 10 TV Episodes list . Paste also named it one of the 20 best TV shows of 2011 and Slant Magazine ranked Friday Night Lights No. 10 on its list of 2011 's 25 Best TV Shows , concluding `` The show 's true concerns -- obsession , class , family -- were articulated beautifully as ever in the quiet , familiar relationships between a town and its team , and a coach and his wife '' . The Salt Lake Tribune in its list of the Top 10 series of 2011 ranked Friday Night Lights No. 1 explaining `` For five seasons , Friday Night Lights was both the simplest and most complex show on TV . It felt like real life , and real life is complicated . '' TV Guide named the show among its Best TV Shows of 2011 praising the fact that `` Friday Night Lights left its fans with the best portrait of a marriage ever on TV '' . It was also included on The Huffington Post 's and E ! Online 's 2011 's Best TV Shows . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked Friday Night Lights No. 22 in its of the `` 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Friday Night Lights Friday Night Lights won a Peabody Award , three AFI awards , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , an ACE Eddie Award for editing , an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing , a Television Critics Association Award , and has earned multiple Writers Guild of America nominations . The show 's two leading actors , Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton , received Emmy nominations for their performances in 2010 , while executive producer Jason Katims won two Humanitas Prize awards for writing . In 2011 , after concluding its run , the show was honored by four Emmy nominations and Kyle Chandler won the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Jason Katims won for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Always '' . Fan base ( edit ) Friday Night Lights enjoys what former NBC President Kevin Reilly called a `` passionate and vocal ( fanbase ) '' . This fan dedication has shown itself in everything from advertisers expressing their support for the show to news outlets getting massive amounts of support mail after running positive pieces about the show . After some statements made by NBC 's Entertainment head Ben Silverman about the future of the show and the fact that everything seemed to point that Friday Night Lights would n't return after the writers ' strike , fans put together several campaigns . Save FNL Campaign raised money to send footballs and contributions to charity foundations that were related to the show . The Save FNL Campaign raised a total of $15,840 for 18,750 footballs , $2061 for charity , and $924 worth of DVDs for troops stationed overseas . Television ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Though it was critically acclaimed , Friday Night Lights never enjoyed high ratings . The first two seasons averaged roughly 6 million viewers each . Ratings dropped in subsequent seasons with the third season averaging 4.6 million viewers , the fourth season with 3.8 million , and fifth season with 3.6 million . International ratings ( edit ) The show 's pilot , which aired on February 21 , 2007 on ITV4 , was watched by 26,000 viewers in the UK . This was attributed to the program being aired opposite of the Barcelona -- Liverpool football game in the first knockout round of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League . DVR ratings ( edit ) On December 29 , 2006 Nielsen Media Research reported the results of having , for the first time , monitored viewers who use a Digital Video Recorder to record shows for later viewing . These ratings , called `` live plus seven '' , include all viewers who use a DVR to record the show and then watch it within a week of its initial airing . According to the Nielsen numbers , DVR viewers increased Friday Night Lights ratings by 7.5 % overall in December . When Nielsen monitored viewers again in April 2007 the increase went up to 17 % for the week ending on April 8 . Affluent viewers ( edit ) On March 5 , 2007 , Media Life Magazine reported that Friday Night Lights was one of the most popular shows among `` affluent viewers '' who had little experience playing football . This was determined using a report from Magna Global who in turn used analysis done by Nielsen Media Research . Affluence in the study was determined by yearly income . In the study , Friday Night Lights tied for the 11th most watched show by affluent viewers . According to the study viewers of the show have a median household income of $65,000 per year . Distribution ( edit ) Online episodes ( edit ) Streaming videos , such as cast interviews and the full episode from the previous week , have been available on NBC.com since the series ' inception . In December 2006 , NBC expanded this selection to include every episode of the season . The move to offer every episode was made for only a few select shows and represents a marketing push on NBC 's part . In addition to the free ad - support offerings , every episode of Friday Night Lights became available for download on the iTunes Store on February 10 , 2007 for $1.99 per episode . As a special promotion , the pilot was initially offered as a free download . The series was available on Netflix through October 1 , 2017 . Syndication ( edit ) ABC Family acquired syndication rights for the first four seasons and began airing reruns September 6 , 2010 , but it was pulled on October 18 , 2010 , due to low ratings . In July 2011 , it was announced that ESPN Classic had acquired the rights of all five seasons and started airing the series beginning on July 12 , 2011 . In an attempt to bolster series ratings , NBC repositioned reruns of the show to air on its sister network Bravo , during the weeks leading up to the season one finale on NBC . These episodes aired on a schedule of one hour every Friday and three hours every Saturday . Bravo is known to have an audience that is upscale and largely female , which is in line with the new strategy of NBC 's then - President Kevin Reilly ( now at FOX ) for selling the show . When questioned about this strategy , he admitted to having regrets about initially marketing the show incorrectly , saying : `` It 's been so clear to me that ( the marketing for ) the show ended up confusing people in terms of what ( the public thought ) it was supposed to be '' . He said he felt the show is , at its core , a `` women 's show '' , and his wish is that the marketing had reflected that to a greater extent . Once the 2006 -- 2007 television season ended , NBC planned to air reruns throughout the summer in the hopes of gaining new viewers during the summer hiatus . Despite rising ratings for the reruns , NBC abruptly pulled them from the network 's schedule on June 24 , 2007 . NBC resumed airing reruns in late August / early September , timed to the Season 1 DVD release . TeenNick acquired the rights in 2015 and began airing the series , in chronological order , on April 10 , 2015 with a week - long event in which three episodes aired nightly . DirecTV ( edit ) During the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , NBC Universal 's decision to release the Season 2 DVD with only the 15 produced episodes and comments by NBC chief Ben Silverman led to speculation that the show would be canceled . In March 2008 , it was confirmed that NBC had picked up the series for a third season , after a cost - sharing partnership between NBC and DirecTV was struck . The agreement had first run episodes airing exclusively on DirecTV , and the episodes aired on NBC at a later date . Season 3 premiered exclusively on DirecTV channel 101 , with the episodes replaying on NBC beginning on January 16 , 2009 . In March 2009 , NBC announced it had renewed the series for two more seasons . Home Media releases ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 28 , 2007 , and in region 2 on October 29 , 2007 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes and a featurette titled `` Behind The Lights : Creating The First Season of Friday Night Lights '' . The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 22 , 2008 , and in region 2 on February 11 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Last Days of Summer '' , `` Are You Ready for Friday Night '' and `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' and a featurette titled `` Friday Night Lights Cast & Producers at the Paley Festival in L.A. '' . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on May 19 , 2009 , and in region 2 on March 25 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episode and an audio commentary for `` Tomorrow Blues '' . The fourth season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 17 , 2010 , and in region 2 on May 20 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episodes , audio commentary for `` East of Dillon '' , and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . The fifth season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 5 , 2011 , and in region 2 on August 12 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Do n't Go '' and `` Always '' , a featurette titled `` The Lights Go Out '' , and a photo gallery . A complete series box set containing all the episodes and material from the individual season sets was released in region 1 on October 4 , 2011 . In March 2016 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series in region 1 ; they subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on September 6 , 2016 . On September 26 , 2017 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the complete series on DVD and also released the complete series on Blu - ray for the first time ; however , these releases lacked the previously included special features . Soundtracks ( edit ) Two soundtracks with music featured on the show were released . The first , Friday Night Lights , was released in 2007 , and included music from The Killers , OutKast , and Explosions in the Sky , who had produced the score for the film . The second soundtrack , Friday Night Lights Vol. 2 , was released in 2010 , and included the main `` Friday Night Lights Theme '' by W.G. Walden . The score for both the film and television show , along with all background music and all instrumental music is performed by Explosions in the Sky . Potential film sequel ( edit ) In July 2011 , it was revealed that creator and executive producer Peter Berg was interested in continuing the series , as a feature film . In August 2011 , Berg said at a Television Critics Association panel that the Friday Night Lights film is in development . Berg was quoted as saying `` We 're very serious about trying to do it '' , adding that the script is currently being written . Universal Pictures and Imagine Television would produce the film , with Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton set to return . In May 2013 , executive producer Brian Grazer confirmed the continued development to make a film . In December 2013 , it was confirmed by Berg that a film would not be moving forward . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greene , Jayson ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` The 10 Greatest Music Moments on `` Friday Night Lights '' `` . GQ . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` '' Friday Night Lights '' lives `` . Denver Post . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam . `` Friday Night Lights Set to End After Fifth Season '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Night Lights fifth and final season to premiere Oct. 27 '' . 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External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) Official website Friday Night Lights on IMDb Friday Night Lights at TV.com Friday Night Lights Characters Eric Taylor Matt Saracen Jason Street Smash Williams Tim Riggins Tami Taylor Lyla Garrity Tyra Collette Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` The Son '' Season 5 Soundtracks Film soundtrack Television soundtrack ( Vol. 1 ) Television soundtrack ( Vol. 2 ) Related Film Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream Boobie Miles Gary Gaines TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. 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805268609758584797	Property tax in the United States	Property tax in the United states - wikipedia Property tax in the United states Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation ( show ) Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation ( show ) State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform ( show ) Automated payment transaction tax 9 -- 9 -- 9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall -- Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border - adjustment tax United States portal Most local governments in the United States impose a property tax as a principal source of revenue . This tax may be imposed on real estate or personal property . The tax is nearly always computed as the fair market value of the property times an assessment ratio times a tax rate , and is generally an obligation of the owner of the property . Values are determined by local officials , and may be disputed by property owners . For the taxing authority , one advantage of the property tax over the sales tax or income tax is that the revenue always equals the tax levy , unlike the other taxes . The property tax typically produces the required revenue for municipalities ' tax levies . A disadvantage to the taxpayer is that the tax liability is fixed , while the taxpayer 's income is not . The tax is administered at the local government level . Many states impose limits on how local jurisdictions may tax property . Because many properties are subject to tax by more than one local jurisdiction , some states provide a method by which values are made uniform among such jurisdictions . Property tax is rarely self - computed by the owner . The tax becomes a legally enforceable obligation attaching to the property at a specific date . Most states impose taxes resembling property tax on vehicles registered in the state , and some states tax some other types of business property . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basics 2 Property subject to tax 3 Tax rates 3.1 Rate or millage 4 Assessment ratio 5 Valuation 5.1 Who determines value 5.2 Market value 5.3 Assessed value 5.4 Equalization among jurisdictions 5.5 Valuation techniques 5.5. 1 Comparable sales 5.5. 2 Cost 5.5. 3 Income 5.6 Special use values 5.7 Revaluation 5.8 Limits on increases 6 Assessment process 6.1 Valuation by assessor 6.2 Notification to owner 6.3 Review 6.4 Protest 6.5 Judicial appeal 6.6 Levy of tax 7 Exemptions and incentives 8 Payment 9 Liens and seizures 10 Attachment date 10.1 Delinquency 10.2 Seizure and sale 11 Tax administrations 11.1 Assessors 12 Constitutional limitations 12.1 Uniformity and equality 13 History 14 Policy issues 15 Opinions on property tax 15.1 Sprawl 15.2 Distributional 15.2. 1 Progressive policies 16 References 17 External links Basics ( edit ) Average Effective Property Tax of the 50 States ( 2007 ) Income Percentile Effective Property Tax ( % ) Top 1 % 0.70 95 - 99 2.10 80 - 95 2.70 60 - 80 2.80 40 - 60 2.70 20 - 40 2.70 0 - 20 3.60 The average effective property tax of the 50 states on a household ( 2007 ) . The effective tax shown is calculated using a microsimulation model based on the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample of census records and statistical data from the Internal Revenue Service for undisclosed years . Most jurisdictions below the state level in the United States impose a tax on interests in real property ( land , buildings , and permanent improvements ) that are considered under state law to be ownership interests . Rules vary widely by jurisdiction . However , certain features are nearly universal . Some jurisdictions also tax some types of business personal property , particularly inventory and equipment . States generally do not impose property taxes . Many overlapping jurisdictions may have authority to tax the same property . These include counties or parishes , cities and / or towns , school districts , utility districts , and special taxing authorities which vary by state . Few states impose a tax on the value of property . The tax is based on fair market value of the subject property , and generally attaches to the property on a specific date . The owner of the property on that date is liable for the tax . The amount of tax is determined annually based on market value of each property on a particular date , and most jurisdictions require redeterminations of value periodically . The tax is computed as the determined market value times an assessment ratio times the tax rate . Assessment ratios and tax rates vary among jurisdictions , and may vary by type of property within a jurisdiction . Most jurisdictions ' legislative bodies determine their assessment ratios and tax rates , though some states impose constraints on such determinations . Tax assessors for taxing jurisdictions determine property values in a variety of ways , but are generally required to base such determinations on fair market value . Fair market value is that price for a willing and informed seller would sell the property to a willing and informed buyer , neither being under any compulsion to act . Where a property has recently been sold between unrelated sellers , such sale establishes fair market value . In other ( i.e. , most ) cases , the value must be estimated . Common estimation techniques include the comparable sales method , the depreciated cost method , and an income method approach . Property owners may also declare a value , which is subject to change by the tax assessor . Once value is determined , the assessor typically notifies the last known property owner of the value determination . Such notices may include the calculated amount of tax . The property owner may then contest the value . Property values are generally subject to review by a board of review or similar body , before which a property owner may contest determinations . After values are settled , property tax bills or notices are sent to property owners . Payment times and terms vary widely . If a property owner fails to pay the tax , the taxing jurisdiction has various remedies for collection , in many cases including seizure and sale of the property . Property taxes constitute a lien on the property to which transferees are also subject . Property subject to tax ( edit ) Nearly all property tax imposing jurisdictions tax real property . This includes land , buildings , and all improvements ( often called fixtures ) that can not be removed without damage to the property . Taxed property includes homes , farms , business premises , and most other real property . Many jurisdictions also tax certain types of other property used in a business . Property existing and located in the jurisdiction on a particular date is subject to this tax . This date is often January 1 of each year , but varies among jurisdictions . Property owned by educational , charitable , and religious organizations is usually exempt . Tax rates ( edit ) Tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions . They are generally set by the taxing jurisdiction 's governing body . The method of determining the rate varies widely , but may be constrained under laws of particular states . In some jurisdictions , property is taxed based on its classification . Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use . Examples of classification are residential , commercial , industrial , vacant , and blighted real property . Property classification are used to tax properties at different rates and for different public policy purposes . In Washington D.C. for instance property occupancy is incentivized by taxing residential property at 0.85 percent of assessed value but vacant residential property at 5 percent of assessed value . Rate or millage ( edit ) The rate of tax is a percentage of the assessed value of the property subject to tax . This in some cases is expressed as a `` millage '' or dollars of tax per thousand dollars of assessed value . Assessment ratio ( edit ) Most jurisdictions impose the tax on some stated portion of fair market value , referred to as an assessment ratio . This ratio may vary depending on the type or use of the property . The assessment ratio can , in many jurisdictions , be changed from year to year by the taxing jurisdiction 's governing body . Changes in tax rate or assessment ratio may have the same practical effect of changing net tax due on a particular property . Valuation ( edit ) Main article : Real estate appraisal Composition of state and local tax revenues by sales taxes ( brown ) , property taxes ( white ) , licenses and other fees ( grey ) , individual and corporate income taxes ( green ) in 2007 . Determining the value of property is a critical aspect of property taxation , as such value determines the amount of tax due . Various techniques may be used to determine value . Except in the case of property recently sold , valuation has some inherently subjective aspects . Values may change over time , and many states require taxing jurisdictions to redetermine values every three or four years . The value of property is often determined based on current use of the property , rather than potential uses . Property values are determined at a particular valuation date for each jurisdiction , which varies widely . Who determines value ( edit ) Property owners may make a declaration of the value of property they own to a taxing authority . This is often referred to as rendition . The taxing authority may accept this value or make its own determination of value . The value determinations are generally made by a tax assessor for the taxing authority . Some states require uniform values to be determined for each particular property . Market value ( edit ) Property values are generally based on fair market value of the property on the valuation date . Fair market value has been defined as that price a willing and informed purchaser would pay to an unrelated willing and informed seller where neither party is under compulsion to act . Sale of the particular property between unrelated persons generally conclusively establishes fair market value on the date of sale . Thus , a recent sale of the same property provides good evidence of market value . Where there has been no recent sale , other techniques must be used to determine market value . Assessed value ( edit ) Many jurisdictions impose tax on a value that is only a portion of market value . This assessed value is the market value times an assessment ratio . Assessment ratios are often set by local taxing jurisdictions . However , some states impose constraints on the assessment ratios used by taxing jurisdictions within the state . Some such restrictions vary by type or use of property , and may vary by jurisdiction within the state . Some states impose restrictions on the rate at which assessed value may increase . Equalization among jurisdictions ( edit ) Many states require that multiple jurisdictions taxing the same property must use the same market value . Generally , such state provides a board of equalization or similar body to determine values in cases of disputes between jurisdictions . Valuation techniques ( edit ) Tax assessors may use a variety of techniques for determining the value of property that was not recently sold . Determining which technique to use and how to apply it inherently involves judgment . Comparable sales ( edit ) Values may be determined based on recent sales of comparable property . The value of most homes is usually determined based on sales of comparable homes in the immediate area . Valuation adjustments may be necessary to achieve comparability . Among the factors considered in determining if a property is comparable are : Nature of the property ( house , office building , bare land , etc . ) Location Size Use of the property ( residential , commercial , farm , etc . ) Nature of improvements Types and uses of buildings Features of the buildings ( number of bedrooms , level of amenities , etc . ) Age of improvements Desirability of the property ( view , proximity to schools , type of access , nearby detracting features , etc . ) Restrictions on the property ( easements , building code restrictions , physical restrictions , etc . ) Utility of the property ( fertility of land , drainage or lack thereof , environmental issues , etc . ) General economic conditions Cost ( edit ) Where recent comparable property sales are not available , a cost based approach may be used . In this approach , the original or replacement cost of a property is reduced by an allowance for decline in value ( depreciation ) of improvements . In some jurisdictions , the amount of depreciation may be limited by statute . Where original cost is used , it may be adjusted for inflation or increases or decreases in cost of constructing improvements . Replacement cost may be determined by estimates of construction costs . Income ( edit ) An alternative valuation may be used for income producing property based on economic concepts . Using the income approach , value is determined based on present values expected income streams from the property . Selection of an appropriate discount rate in determining present values is a key judgmental factor influencing valuation under this approach . Special use values ( edit ) Most taxing jurisdictions provide that property used in any of several manners is subject to special valuation procedures . This is commonly applied to property used for farming , forestry , or other uses common in the jurisdiction . Some jurisdictions value property at its `` highest and best use '' , with some of these providing exceptions for homes or agricultural land . Special valuation issues vary widely among jurisdictions . Revaluation ( edit ) All taxing jurisdictions recognize that values of property may change over time . Thus , values must be redetermined periodically . Many states and localities require that the value of property be redetermined at three or four year intervals . Such revaluation may follow valuation principles above , or may use mass valuation techniques . Limits on increases ( edit ) Some jurisdictions have set limits on how much property values may be increased from year to year for property tax purposes . These limits may be applied yearly or cumulatively , depending on the jurisdiction 's rules . Assessment process ( edit ) A city property tax pamphlet sent to homeowners in Boston , Massachusetts . The assessment process varies widely by jurisdiction as to procedure and timing . In many states , the process of assessment and collection may be viewed as a two - year process , where values are determined in the first year and tax assessed and paid in the second . Most jurisdictions encourage property owners to declare the value of their property at the start of the assessment process . Property owners in all jurisdictions are given rights to appeal taxing authority determinations , but such rights vary widely . Valuation by assessor ( edit ) Jurisdictions imposing property tax uniformly charge some official with determining value of property subject to tax by the jurisdiction . This official may be an employee or contractor to the taxing government , and is generally referred to as the tax assessor in most jurisdictions . Some taxing jurisdictions may share a common tax assessor for some or all property within the jurisdictions , especially when the jurisdictions overlap . Tax assessors must first determine what property is subject to tax , compiling lists or rolls of such property . In many jurisdictions , the tax assessor notifies the last known owner of each property that the property is subject to tax . The tax assessor must determine the value of each property subject to tax . Often , the value used is the value from the previous assessment , possibly increased or decreased by a factor determined by the tax assessor . Notification to owner ( edit ) Following determination of value , tax assessors are generally required to notify the property owner ( s ) of the value so determined . Procedures vary by jurisdiction . In Louisiana , no formal notice is required ; instead , the assessor `` opens '' the books to allow property owners to view the valuations . Texas and some other jurisdictions also require that the notice include very specific items , and such notice may cover multiple taxing jurisdictions . Some jurisdictions provide that notification is made by publishing a list of properties and values in a local newspaper . In some jurisdictions , such notification is required only if the value increases by more than a certain percentage . In some jurisdictions , the notification of value may also constitute a tax bill or assessment . Generally , notification of the owner starts the limited period during which the owner may contest the value . Review ( edit ) Owners of property are nearly always entitled to discuss valuations with the tax assessor , and such discussions may result in changes in the assessor 's valuation . Many jurisdictions provide for a review of value determinations . Such review is often done by a board of review , often composed of residents of the jurisdiction who are not otherwise associated with the jurisdiction 's government . In addition , some jurisdictions and some states provide for additional review bodies . Protest ( edit ) Nearly all jurisdiction provide for a mechanism for contesting the assessor 's determination of value . Such mechanisms vary widely . Judicial appeal ( edit ) All jurisdictions levying property tax must allow property owners to go to court to contest valuation and taxes . Procedures for such judicial appeal vary widely . Some jurisdictions prohibit judicial appeal until administrative appeals are exhausted . Some permit binding arbitration . Levy of tax ( edit ) Tax is levied at the tax rate and assessment ratio applicable for the year . Taxing jurisdictions levy tax on property following a preliminary or final determination of value . Property taxes in the United States generally are due only if the taxing jurisdiction has levied or billed the tax . The form of levy or billing varies , but is often accomplished by mailing a tax bill to the property owner or mortgage company . Exemptions and incentives ( edit ) Taxing jurisdictions provide a wide variety of methods a property owner may use to reduce tax . Nearly all jurisdictions provide a homestead exemption reducing the taxable value , and thus tax , of an individual 's home . Many provide additional exemptions for veterans . Taxing jurisdictions may also offer temporary or permanent full or partial exemptions from property taxes , often as an incentive for a particular business to locate its premises within the jurisdiction . Some jurisdictions provide broad exemptions from property taxes for businesses located within certain areas , such as enterprise zones . The largest property tax exemption is the exemption for registered non-profit organizations ; all 50 states fully exempt these organizations from state and local property taxes with a 2009 study estimating the exemption 's forgone tax revenues range from $17 - $32 billion per year . Exemptions can be quite substantial . In New York City alone , an Independent Budget Office study found that religious institutions would have been taxed $627 M yearly without such exemptions ; all exempt groups avoided paying a combined $13 billion in the fiscal year of 2012 ( 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 ) . Payment ( edit ) Time and manner of payment of property taxes varies widely . Property taxes in many jurisdictions are due in a single payment by January 1 . Many jurisdictions provide for payment in multiple installments . In some jurisdictions , the first installment payment is based on prior year tax . Payment is generally required by cash or check delivered or mailed to the taxing jurisdiction . Liens and seizures ( edit ) Property taxes generally attach to the property ; that is , they become an encumbrance on the property which the current and future owners must satisfy . This attachment , or lien , generally happens automatically without further action of the taxing authority . The lien generally is removed automatically upon payment of the tax . If the tax is not paid within a specified period of time ( including additional interest , penalties , and costs ) , a tax sale is held , which may result in either 1 ) the actual sale of a property , or 2 ) a lien sold to a third party , who ( after another specified period of time ) may take action to claim the property , or force a later sale to redeem the lien . Attachment date ( edit ) The tax lien attaches to the property at a specific date , generally the date the tax liability becomes enforceable . This date varies by state , and in some states by local jurisdiction . Delinquency ( edit ) Where the property owner does not pay tax by the due date , the taxing authority may assess penalties and interest . The amount , timing , and procedures vary widely . Generally , the penalty and interest are enforceable in the same manner as the tax , and attach to the property . Seizure and sale ( edit ) Where the property owner fails to pay tax , the taxing authority may act to enforce its lien . Enforcement procedures vary by state . In some states , the lien may be sold by the taxing authority to a third party , who can then attempt collection . In most states , the taxing authority can seize the property and offer it for sale , generally at a public auction . In some states , rights acquired in such sale may be limited . Tax administrations ( edit ) Property taxes are generally administered separately by each jurisdiction imposing property tax , though some jurisdictions may share a common property tax administration . Often the administration of the taxes is conducted from the taxing jurisdiction 's administrative offices ( e.g. , town hall ) . The form and organization varies widely . Assessors ( edit ) Most taxing jurisdictions refer to the official charged with determining property values , assessing , and collecting property taxes as assessors . Assessors may be elected , appointed , hired , or contracted , depending on rules within the jurisdiction , which may vary within a state . Assessors may or not be involved in collection of tax . The tax assessors in some states are required to pass certain certification examinations and / or have a certain minimum level of property valuation experience . Larger jurisdictions employ full - time personnel in the tax assessors office , while small jurisdictions may engage only one part - time person for the entire tax assessor function . Constitutional limitations ( edit ) Property taxes , like all taxes in the United States , are subject to constraints under the United States and applicable state constitutions . The United States Constitution contains three relevant provisions : limits on federal direct taxation , an equal protection rule , and the privileges and immunities provisions . Nearly all state constitutions impose uniformity and equality rules . Most state constitutions also impose other restrictions , which vary widely . The federal government is generally prohibited from imposing direct taxes unless such taxes are then given to the states in proportion to population . Thus , ad valorem property taxes have not been imposed at the federal level . The states must grant residents of other states equal protections as taxpayers . Uniformity and equality ( edit ) State constitutions constrain taxing authorities within the state , including local governments . Typically , these constitutions require that property taxes be uniformly or equally assessed . While many states allow differing rates of taxation among tax jurisdictions , most prohibit the same jurisdiction from applying different rates to different taxpayers . These provisions have generally been interpreted to mean the method of valuation and assessment must be consistent from one local government to another . Some state courts have held that this uniformity and equality requirement does not prevent granting individualized tax credits ( such as exemptions and incentives ) . Some states permit different classes of property ( as opposed to different classes of taxpayer ) to be valued using different assessment ratios . In many states the uniformity and equality provisions apply only to property taxes , leading to significant classification problems . History ( edit ) Property taxes in the United States originated during colonial times . By 1796 , state and local governments in fourteen of the fifteen states taxed land , but only four taxed inventory ( stock in trade ) . Delaware did not tax property , but rather the income from it . In some states , `` all property , with a few exceptions , was taxed ; in others , specific objects were named . Land was taxed in one state according to quantity , in another according to quality , and in a third not at all . Responsibility for the assessment and collection of taxes in some cases attached to the state itself ; in others , to the counties or townships . '' Vermont and North Carolina taxed land based on quantity , while New York and Rhode Island taxed land based on value . Connecticut taxed land based on type of use . Procedures varied widely . During the period from 1796 until the Civil War , a unifying principle developed : `` the taxation of all property , movable and immovable , visible and invisible , or real and personal , as we say in America , at one uniform rate . '' During this period , property taxes came to be assessed based on value . This was introduced as a requirement in many state constitutions . After the Civil War , intangible property , including corporate stock , took on far greater importance . Taxing jurisdictions found it difficult to find and tax this sort of property . This trend led to the introduction of alternatives to the property tax ( such as income and sales taxes ) at the state level . Property taxes remained a major source of government revenue below the state level . Connecticut taxed land based on type of use . Procedures varied widely . Hard times during the Great Depression led to high delinquency rates and reduced property tax revenues . Also during the 1900s , many jurisdictions began exempting certain property from taxes . Many jurisdictions exempted homes of war veterans . After World War II , some states replaced exemptions with `` circuit breaker '' provisions limiting increases in value for residences . Various economic factors have led to taxpayer initiatives in various states to limit property tax . California Proposition 13 ( 1978 ) amended the California Constitution to limit aggregate property taxes to 1 % of the `` full cash value of such property . '' It also limited the increase in assessed value of real property to an inflation factor that was limited to 2 % per year . Policy issues ( edit ) There are numerous policy issues regarding property tax , including : Fairness Progressivity Administrability Allodial title In spite of these issues , many aspects of the property tax , and the reliance of local governments on it as a principal source of revenue , have remained much the same since colonial times . Serfdom Opinions on property tax ( edit ) Sprawl ( edit ) In the absence of urban planning policies , property tax on real estate changes the incentives for developing land , which in turn affects land use patterns . One of the main concerns is whether or not it encourages urban sprawl . The market value of undeveloped real estate reflects a property 's current use as well as its development potential . As a city expands , relatively cheap and undeveloped lands ( such as farms , ranches , private conservation parks , etc . ) increase in value as neighboring areas are developed into retail , industrial , or residential units . This raises the land value , which increases the property tax that must be paid on agricultural land , but does not increase the amount of revenue per land area available to the owner . This , along with a higher sale price , increases the incentive to rent or sell agricultural land to developers . On the other hand , a property owner who develops a parcel must thereafter pay a higher tax , based on the value of the improvements . This makes the development less attractive than it would otherwise be . Overall , these effects result in lower density development , which tends to increase sprawl . Attempts to reduce the impact of property taxes on sprawl include : Land value taxation - This method separates the value of a given property into its actual components -- land value and improvement value . A gradually lower and lower tax is levied on the improvement value and a higher tax is levied on the land value to insure revenue - neutrality . A similar method is known as split - rate taxation . Current - use valuation - This method assesses the value of a given property based only upon its current use . Much like land value taxation , this reduces the effect of city encroachment . Conservation easements - The property owner adds a restriction to the property prohibiting future development . This effectively removes the development potential as a factor in the property taxes . Exemptions - Exempting favored classes of real estate ( such as farms , ranches , cemeteries or private conservation parks ) from the property tax altogether or assessing their value at a minimal amount ( for example , $1 per acre ) . Forcing higher density housing - In the Portland , Oregon area , for example , local municipalities are often forced to accept higher density housing with small lot sizes . This is governed by a multi-county development control board , in Portland 's case Metro . Urban growth boundary or Green belt - Government declares some land undevelopable until a date in the future . This forces regional development back into the urban core , increasing density but also land and housing prices . It may also cause development to skip over the restricted - use zone , to occur in more distant areas , or to move to other cities . Distributional ( edit ) Property tax has been shown to be regressive ( that is , to fall disproportionately on those of lower income ) when not correctly implemented because of its impact on particular low - income / high - asset groups such as pensioners and farmers . Because these persons have high - assets accumulated over time , they have a high property tax liability , although their realized income is low . Therefore , a larger proportion of their income goes to paying the tax . In areas with speculative land appreciation ( such as California in the 1970s and 2000s ) , there may be little or no relationship between property taxes and a homeowner 's ability to pay them short of selling the property . This issue was a common argument used by supporters of such measures as California Proposition 13 or Oregon Ballot Measure 5 ; some economists have even called for the abolition of property taxes altogether , to be replaced by income taxes , consumption taxes such as Europe 's VAT , or a combination of both . Others , however , have argued that property taxes are broadly progressive , since people of higher incomes are disproportionately likely to own more valuable property . In addition , while nearly all households have some income , nearly a third of households own no real estate . Moreover , the most valuable properties are owned by corporations not individuals . Hence , property is more unevenly distributed than income . It has been suggested that these two beliefs are not incompatible -- it is possible for a tax to be progressive in general but to be regressive in relation to minority groups . However , although not direct , and not likely one - to - one , property renters can be subject to property taxes as well . If the tax reduces the supply of housing units , then it will increase the rental price . In this way , the owner 's cost of taxation is passed on to the renter ( occupant ) . Progressive policies ( edit ) As property increases in value the possibility exists that new buyers might pay taxes on outdated values thus placing an unfair burden on the rest of the property owners . To correct this imbalance municipalities periodically revalue property . Revaluation produces an up - to - date value to be used in determination of the tax rate necessary to produce the required tax levy . A consequence of this is that existing owners are reassessed as well as new owners and thus are required to pay taxes on property the value of which is determined by market forces , such as gentrification in low income areas of a city . In an effort to relieve the frequently large tax burdens on existing owners , particularly those with fixed incomes such as the elderly and those who have lost their jobs , communities have introduced exemptions . In some states , laws provide for exemptions ( typically called homestead exemptions ) and / or limits on the percentage increase in tax , which limit the yearly increase in property tax so that owner - occupants are not `` taxed out of their homes '' . Generally , these exemptions and ceilings are available only to property owners who use their property as their principal residence . Homestead exemptions generally can not be claimed on investment properties and second homes . When a homesteaded property changes ownership , the property tax often rises sharply and the property 's sale price may become the basis for new exemptions and limits available to the new owner - occupant . Homestead exemptions increase the complexity of property tax collection and sometimes provide an easy opportunity for people who own several properties to benefit from tax credits to which they are not entitled . Since there is no national database that links home ownership with Social Security numbers , landlords sometimes gain homestead tax credits by claiming multiple properties in different states , and even their own state , as their `` principal residence '' , while only one property is truly their residence . In 2005 , several US Senators and Congressmen were found to have erroneously claimed `` second homes '' in the greater Washington , D.C. area as their `` principal residences '' , giving them property tax credits to which they were not entitled . Undeserved homestead exemption credits became so ubiquitous in the state of Maryland that a law was passed in the 2007 legislative session to require validation of principal residence status through the use of a social security number matching system . The bill passed unanimously in the Maryland House of Delegates and Senate and was signed into law by the Governor . The fairness of property tax collection and distribution is a hotly debated topic . Some people feel school systems would be more uniform if the taxes were collected and distributed at a state level , thereby equalizing the funding of school districts . Others are reluctant to have a higher level of government determine the rates and allocations , preferring to leave the decisions to government levels closer to the people . In Rhode Island efforts are being made to modify revaluation practices to preserve the major benefit of property taxation , the reliability of tax revenue , while providing for what some view as a correction of the unfair distribution of tax burdens on existing owners of property . The Supreme Court has held that Congress can directly tax land ownership so long as the tax is apportioned among the states based upon representation / population . In an apportioned land tax , each state would have its own rate of taxation sufficient to raise its pro-rata share of the total revenue to be financed by a land tax . So , for example , if State A has 5 % of the population , the State A would collect and remit to the federal government such tax revenue that equals 5 % of the revenue sought . Such an apportioned tax on land had been used on many occasions up through the Civil War . Indirect taxes on the transfer of land are permitted without apportionment : in the past , this has taken the form of requiring revenue stamps to be affixed to deeds and mortgages , but these are no longer required by federal law . Under the Internal Revenue Code , the government realizes a substantial amount of revenue from income taxes on capital gains from the sale of land and in estate taxes from the passage of property ( including land ) upon the death of its owner . Milton Friedman noted that `` ( T ) he property tax is one of the least bad taxes , because it 's levied on something that can not be produced -- that part that is levied on the land '' . A 2008 analysis from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was consistent with Friedman 's opinion ; examining the effect of various types of taxes on economic growth , it found that property taxes `` seem ( ed ) to be the most growth - friendly , followed by consumption taxes and then by personal income taxes . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hellerstein , Jerome H. , and Hellerstein , Walter , State and Local Taxation , Cases and Materials , Eighth Edition , 2001 ( hereafter `` Hellerstein '' ) , page 97 ^ Jump up to : Carl Davis , Kelly Davis , Matthew Gardner , Robert S. McIntyre , Jeff McLynch , Alla Sapozhnikova , `` Who Pays ? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States '' , Institute on Taxation & Economic Policy , Third Edition , November 2009 , pp 118 . website : http://itepnet.org/whopays3.pdf Jump up ^ Hellerstein , page 96 . Jump up ^ Compare The Illinois Property Tax System ( hereafter `` IL System '' ) , Louisiana Property Tax Basics ( hereafter `` La . Basics '' ) , New York pamphlet How Property Tax Works ( hereafter `` NY Taxworks '' ) , and Texas Property Tax Basics ( hereafter `` Texas Basics ) . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , page __ . By contrast , the Illinois Constitution prohibits taxation of personal property ; see IL System , page 5 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 5 ; however , see IL System , page 10 , for exceptions . Jump up ^ Fisher , Glen , History of Property Taxes in the United States , 2002 . Jump up ^ See IL System , page 23 ; La . Basics , page 16 ; and Texas Basics , page 33 . Jump up ^ Such date varies by jurisdiction , and may be referred to as the assessment date , valuation date , lien date , or other term . Jump up ^ See La . Basics , Example 13 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , IL System , page 11 . ^ Jump up to : IL System , page 10 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , pages 13 and 21 - 27 . IL System , pages 14 - 15 ; La . Basics , page 16 . Jump up ^ IL System , pages 13 - 15 . Jump up ^ Generally , tax assessors send the bills . In Louisiana , however , the parish sheriff is responsible for billing and collection of property tax . See La . Basics , page 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hellerstein , page 90 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 5 . Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/constitution/us/amendment-01/05-tax-exemptions-of-religious-property.html Jump up ^ See the Tax Foundation study Property Taxes on Owner - Occupied Housing by State , 2004 -- 2009 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , page 29 . Jump up ^ http://otr.cfo.dc.gov/page/real-property-tax-rates Jump up ^ See Louisiana Property Tax Basics , page 1 . Jump up ^ See La . Basics , page 4 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Basics , page 12 . Jump up ^ See Texas Basics , page 11 Some jurisdictions require property owners to file a rendition annually for some types of property ; see Texas Basics , page 12 , and IL System , pages 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : IL System , page 11 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , California Constitution Article 13A ( adopted in Proposition 13 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 16 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , California State Board of Equalization ; IL System , page 17 . Jump up ^ Texas basics , page 12 . Note that Texas requires that sales more than 24 months before a valuation date not be considered in determining values . Jump up ^ Illinois even has different procedures for assessment of farmland than for other property ; IL System , page 11 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , page 1 . Jump up ^ Illinois reassessment requirements vary by county ; IL System page 11 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , California 's `` Proposition 13 '' ; Texas Basics , page 17 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 6 ; Texas Basics , page 12 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 10 ; Texas Basics , page 11 . Jump up ^ See Texas Basics , page 12 . Jump up ^ La . Basics , page 16 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 12 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , page 21 . Jump up ^ IL System pages 13 - 16 ; Texas Basics , page 21 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , California State Board of Equalization ; IL System , page 16 . Jump up ^ See Texas Basics for a guide to preparing protests of value , with advice applicable to most jurisdictions . Jump up ^ Failure to allow appeal has been held to violate the due process clause of the U.S. constitution . See also IL System , page 16 ; Texas Basics , page 26 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , page 26 . Jump up ^ Illinois refers to the process of determining the tax rate and assessment ratio as `` levy , '' to the process of calculating tax amount as `` extension , '' and also refers to the preparation of tax bills . See IL System , various sections . Jump up ^ IL System , page 22 . Jump up ^ La . Basics , page 5 ; IL System , pages 25 - 26 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , pages 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 26 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 27 . Jump up ^ Daphne A. Kenyon ; et al. ( November 2011 ) . `` The Property Tax Exemption for Nonprofits and Revenue Implications for Cities '' ( PDF ) . Urban Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 's losing $13.5 B in property - tax breaks '' . New York Post . 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dates may also vary within a state ; Texas Basics , page 31 . Jump up ^ IL System , page 22 ; Texas Basics , page 32 . ^ Jump up to : IL System , page 23 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Basics , page 33 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , page 4 . Jump up ^ Texas Basics , page 32 . Jump up ^ IL System , pages 23 - 24 . Jump up ^ La . Basics , page 2 , indicates the parish sheriff bills and collects property tax . ^ Jump up to : Hellerstein , page __ . Jump up ^ See Ely , Richard T. , Taxation in American Cities and Towns , 1888 ( hereafter `` Ely '' ) , page 110 - 111 , discussing property tax in Springfield , Mass . after 1655 . Also see Hellerstein citing Jens P. Jensen , Property Taxation in the United States , 1931 , referring to a 1634 Massachusetts property tax statute ; New Jersey League of Municipalities `` Short History of the New Jersey property Tax '' ( hereafter NJLM ) ; and Fisher , Glen W. , `` History of Property Taxes in the United States , '' Wichita State University . Jump up ^ Ely , page 116 - 127 . Jump up ^ Ely , page 131 . NJLM indicates that New Jersey adopted uniform assessments based on actual value in 1851 , and the concept was added to the New Jersey constitution in 1875 . Jump up ^ Ely , page 116 - 127 . Jump up ^ Fisher , supra . Jump up ^ Kunkle , Fredrick ( 2006 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Frederick Growth Squeezing Residents Out of County -- washingtonpost.com '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barr , Cameron W. ( 2005 - 07 - 04 ) . `` No Extra Credit for Montgomery Landlords -- washingtonpost.com '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland tax credit mistakenly given to Inouye The Honolulu Advertiser Hawaii 's Newspaper '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` BILL INFO - 2007 Regular Session - HB 436 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-te.md.tax15dec15,0,1764841.story ( broken link ) Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Fix the property tax '' . The Providence Journal . 2005 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Q&A with Milton Friedman : Education , Health Care & Iraq `` Psychohistory Jump up ^ Arnold , Jens . Do tax structures affect aggregate economic growth ? Empirical evidence from a panel of OECD countries . 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Economics Department , Working Paper no . 643 , 14 October 2008 . External links ( edit ) Overview guides are provided by some states : Louisiana Property Tax Basics from Lafayette , Louisiana Tax Assessor 's office Texas Property Tax Basics from Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts New York pamphlet How Property Tax Works The Illinois Property Tax System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Property_tax_in_the_United_States&oldid=799575048 '' Categories : Property law in the United States Property taxes Taxation in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did property taxes start in the united states	[ "During the period from 1796 until the Civil War, a unifying principle developed: \"the taxation of all property, movable and immovable, visible and invisible, or real and personal, as we say in America, at one uniform rate.\"[65] During this period, property taxes came to be assessed based on value. This was introduced as a requirement in many state constitutions." ]	[ "1796" ]
-6249542832659956747	The Originals (season 4)	The Originals ( Season 4 ) - wikipedia The Originals ( Season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Originals ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release March 17 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) -- June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Originals episodes The Originals , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a fourth season by The CW on March 17 , 2016 , by The CW 's President , Mark Pedowitz . The 2016 -- 17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason , which saw the fourth - season premiere on March 17 , 2017 . It concluded on June 23 , 2017 , after 13 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson / The Hollow Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson / The Hollow Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall - Kenner Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard / Josh Rosza Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson Recurring ( edit ) Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza Taylor Cole as Sofya Voronova ( herself ; possessed by The Hollow ) Debra Mooney as Mary Dumas Christina Moses as Keelin Summer Fontana as Hope Mikaelson ( herself ; possessed by The Hollow ) Alkoya Brunson as Adam Folsom Karan Kendrick as Maxine Folsom Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Jason Dohring as Detective Will Kinney Darri Ingolfsson as Dominic Blu Hunt as Inadu `` The Hollow '' Madelyn Cline as Jessica Najah Jackson as Amy Special guest ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Guest ( edit ) Neil Jackson as Alistair Duquesne Keahu Kahuanui as Eddie Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Eva Sinclair Lyndon Smith as Lara Sebastian Roché as Mikael / The Hollow Aiden Flowers as Klaus Mikaelson ( young ) Alan Heckner as Richard Xavier Dumas Ahmed Lucan as Nathaniel Chase Vasser as Laurent Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Gather Up the Killers '' Lance Anderson Michael Russo & Michael Narducci March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 401 1.05 Picking up five years since the defeat of Klaus and the expulsion of the Mikaelsons from New Orleans , their compound is in a state of disrepair and Marcel is the sole vampire king of the city . He welcomes all the un-sired vampires to New Orleans , only to find they pose an unexpected threat to his rule , leading him to seek counsel from an unlikely source . Meanwhile , Hayley closes in on the cure that will allow her to revive Elijah and the slumbering Mikaelsons , but she faces a final task that will force her to make a ruthless decision to abduct Keelin , a fellow werewolf . Elsewhere , Vincent learns of a potential threat to the coven when he begins investigating the disappearance of the son of a coven member . 68 `` No Quarter '' Bethany Rooney Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 402 0.99 Now awake , the Originals plan a mission to rescue Klaus ; while Rebekah lures Marcel to the cemetery as a distraction , Elijah , Hayley , Freya and Kol track down Joshua and force him to point out where Marcel is keeping Klaus . In the meantime , Klaus is tormented by Camille 's illusion , who is pressing him to find the strength to find a way to escape . Meanwhile , Vincent continues his search for Maxine 's son and the search leads him to an abandoned house where Vincent is beset by a powerful blue light that he recognizes as the new threat to both him and other missing children . 69 `` Haunter of Ruins '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 403 0.93 With the Mikaelsons hiding out at a plantation on the outskirts of the city , Klaus demands one day to try to connect with his seven - year - old daughter Hope , whom they warmly bond over their stories about Klaus ' past . Freya is still keeping the werewolf Keelin captive to make more werewolf antivenom despite Hayley 's protests to let her go . Meanwhile , Vincent informs Marcel about the new evil called the Hollow , which a secret coven is abducting children to be used as a ritual sacrifice to bring upon the Hollow 's pure form . Vincent also flashes back to years earlier with his wife Eva and how she persuaded him to summon the Hollow . 70 `` Keepers of the House '' Joseph Morgan Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 404 1.08 When Hope is overcome by the Hollow 's evil spell , both Klaus and Marcel are forced to ask each other for help to assist Vincent 's search for the missing children before they can be sacrificed and the Hollow 's power will become invulnerable . Meanwhile , Freya re-captures Keelin and imprisons her at the church tower to further use her for other purposes , which include breaking into Marcel 's penthouse to search for a spell instruction to solidify Freya 's power . Hayley searches for a potential werewolf to learn more about the Hollow and of its power over Hope . 71 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' Chris Grismer Kyle Arrington April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 405 0.87 With both Klaus and Marcel under the influence of the Hollow 's power over them , they fight among their personal demons ( Mikael and Elijah , respectively ) to resist a confrontation where they are persuaded to fight to the death . Sofya tries to keep Marcel contained , as Vincent does the same in his search for a way to fight the Hollow 's influence . Meanwhile , both Freya and Keelin continue to bond while working together to help out Klaus before a lethal confrontation begins with him and Marcel . 72 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' Jesse Warn Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 406 0.96 When they discover that The Hollow has employed a mysterious servant to do its bidding , Klaus and Elijah host an elaborate party at the restored Mikaelson compound in order to lure the new threat out and uncover its identity . Feeling a sense of responsibility for The Hollow 's resurgence , Vincent agrees to help Klaus and Elijah in using his magic to help the Mikaelsons root out this latest threat . Meanwhile , after uncovering information about who may have been behind her parents ' death , Hayley turns to Freya to help unlock her memories from that fateful day . Freya continues to keep a close eye on Keelin who shows up at the party , as does Sofya who has a quarrel with words with Klaus . Elsewhere , Marcel appears now confined in the same underground prison where he kept Klaus . 73 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' Charles Michael Davis Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 407 0.93 Freya places a protection spell on the compound when it 's discovered that the Hollow 's latest servant is on the loose , but it forces Klaus , Hayley and Hope to remain trapped inside with nowhere to go , as Marcel plots to befriend Hope in order to try to help him escape form his confinement . Meanwhile , Elijah takes matters into his own hands when he forces a reluctant Vincent to perform a dangerous ritual at the cemetery needed to strengthen their defense against the Hollow . Also , Freya enacts a risky plan by using Josh as bait which brings her face to face with their latest threat , but an unexpected twist involving her growing romantic feelings for Keelin leaves Freya 's life hanging in the balance . 74 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' John Hyams Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 408 0.85 After being summoned by the witch 's ancestors , Hayley and Klaus travel to the ancestral world plane of existence and come face to face with Davina , Klaus ' former foe and the one person who claims that she holds the secrets to The Hollow 's demise . Meanwhile , Elijah and Marcel are forced into an uneasy alliance where they meet up with Alaric ( guest star Matt Davis ) who has tracked down a crucial artifact that could help in their fight against The Hollow . But Sofya is one step ahead of them as she plots to steal the artifact for herself and the Hollow 's minions . 75 9 `` Queen Death '' Nicole Rubio Beau DeMayo May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 409 0.84 When The Hollow sends a terrifying message to Vincent , he must team up with Haley and Freya to embark on a desperate mission to stop the Hollow once and for all ... even if it requires a heartbreaking sacrifice of Elijah whose life is slowly draining from him due to Sofya staking him with white oak thorns . Refusing to allow anyone in his family to pay the high price of defeating their enemy , Klaus makes a surprising alliance with Marcel and enacts a plan to take down Sofya that threatens to change the Mikaelson family forever . 76 10 `` Phantomesque '' Daniel Gillies K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 410 1.03 Klaus requests that his estranged siblings , Rebekah and Kol , return to New Orleans to help him out in his stand against The Hollow which has now re-entered corporeal existence in the form of a young woman . Meanwhile , Freya recruits Hayley for a dangerous task to enter the dead Elijah 's mind to repair the broken amulet containing his soul that will put both their lives at risk ... but may be the sole means of saving someone they love . When the task proves more difficult then thought , Hope decides to help out Freya and Hayley . Elsewhere , tensions rise when Marcel leads a hunt for The Hollow and putting him on a collision course with the person he was least prepared to face . Also , as Kol continues to mourn the loss of Davina , he is forced to consider the lengths he 'd go to see her again when he also comes face to face with the Hollow . 77 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' Hanelle Culpepper Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 411 0.89 When it 's discovered that The Hollow is using a magical totem to fuel her power , Freya enlists Rebekah and Klaus to help locate and destroy it in order to hopefully awaken Elijah . Meanwhile , an ultimatum by The Hollow puts Kol at odds with his own siblings , while an unexpected run - in forces Marcel and Rebekah to confront the growing tension between them . Freya and Hayley manage to track down and arrives at the Hollow 's residence only for both of them to fall victim to her power source which leaves Hayley comatose and fighting for her life and seeing visions of her lost husband Jackson who attempts to kill her , while Freya sees visions of Keelin who taunts her . 78 12 `` Voodoo Child '' Michael Grossman Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 412 1.01 When The Hollow now targets Hope , the most vulnerable Mikaelson , Klaus is forced to rely on Vincent who believes he can use The Hollow 's own dark magic to defeat their enemy for good . Meanwhile , as Marcel worries that Vincent 's plan might backfire , he decides on a deadly backup plan of his own by enlisting Sofya , Rebekah , and Elijah to help him make a stand against the evil entity . Elsewhere , after falling victim to The Hollow 's manipulations , Hayley struggles to figure out Hope 's future in New Orleans , while Freya must confront her own darkest fears ; one of which is being in a romantic relationship with Keelin , and the other in figuring out how to save Hope from the Hollow 's power . 79 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' Bethany Rooney Michael Narducci June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 413 0.80 Not wanting to see her family split up to keep The Hollow from fully possessing Hope , Freya tries to find another way to lock away The Hollow forever . Vincent also warns Hayley that once the ritual is complete , she 'll have to keep Hope as far away from the Mikaelsons , as them being close to her will have their piece of the Hollow hunger to take over Hope again . Still after not getting a response from Kol , has Freya considering turning herself into a vampire so the ritual can be completed , but luckily he shows up in time . The ritual is performed and once completed , the siblings part ways . Some time passes and shows Rebekah in New York City , greeted by Marcel , who confesses that he wants to start a life with her and kisses her as proof ; Kol in San Francisco getting a large diamond cut before meeting up with Davina ; Hayley with Hope in Mystic Falls as she enrolls in the school housed on the Salvatore Mansion grounds , Alaric says that she 'll be happy there and that he 's happy that like his twins , Hope will no longer have to fear about who she is to the rest of the world . The scene ends in Manosque , France with Elijah playing the piano in a bar . He receives a large tip from a patron , who happens to be Klaus . They exchange acknowledging glances before Klaus walks away and Elijah continues playing . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Gather Up the Killers '' March 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.06 0.3 0.61 0.6 1.64 `` No Quarter '' March 24 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Haunter of Ruins '' March 31 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.93 0.3 0.62 0.6 1.56 `` Keepers of the House '' April 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' April 14 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' April 28 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.96 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' May 5 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.93 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' May 12 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Queen Death '' May 19 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Phantomesque '' June 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.03 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' June 9 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Voodoo Child '' June 16 , 2017 0.3 / 2 1.01 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' June 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.80 0.3 0.66 0.3 1.47 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CW Renews 11 Shows '' . spoilertv.com . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Originals ' season 4 premiere spoilers : EP talks about season 3 finale and where it leads '' . ecumenicalnews.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals EP Talks Klaus ' ' Definitive Loss , ' Hayley 's Season 4 Journey '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TVLine ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Interview - TVLine Studio Presented by ZTE - Comic - Con 2016 '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' The Originals ' cast discusses the 5 - year time jump '' . ew.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 : Containment Actress Cast as Bisexual Werewolf '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 : Meet the Actress Playing Grown - Up Hope '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Showfax , Inc. web page '' . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown Services , Ltd. page '' . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 Promo Features ( Spoiler ) 's Shocking ' Return ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Campbell Is Returning to The Originals For a Visit '' . E ! Online . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries ' Matt Davis to Visit The Originals in Season 4 Crossover '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Adds Teen Wolf Alum as ( Spoiler ) 's Season 4 Love Interest '' . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grimm , ' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank finale , ' 48 Hours : NCIS ' adjust up ; ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Undercover Boss ' adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' and ' AGT ' rerun adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads , ' Originals ' finale doubles : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_4)&oldid=803417048 '' Categories : The Originals 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 12 . About Wikipedia	when did season 4 of the originals air	[ "The Originals, a one-hour American supernatural drama, was renewed for a fourth season by The CW on March 17, 2016, by The CW's President, Mark Pedowitz.[1] The 2016–17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason, which saw the fourth-season premiere on March 17, 2017. It concluded on June 23, 2017, after 13 episodes." ]	[ "March 17, 2017" ]
-2845059881309886124	Vein	Vein - wikipedia Vein Jump to : navigation , search Vein The main veins in the human body Structure of a vein , which consists of three main layers . The outer layer is connective tissue , called tunica adventitia or tunica externa ; a middle layer of smooth muscle called the tunica media , and the inner layer lined with endothelial cells called the tunica intima . Details System Circulatory system Identifiers Latin vena MeSH D014680 TA A12. 0.00. 030 A12. 3.00. 001 FMA 50723 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart . Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart ; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins , both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart . In contrast to veins , arteries carry blood away from the heart . Veins are less muscular than arteries and are often closer to the skin . There are valves in most veins to prevent backflow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Venous system 1.2 Microanatomy 2 Function 2.1 Cardiac veins 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Diseases 3.1. 1 Venous insufficiency 3.1. 2 Deep vein thrombosis 3.1. 3 Portal hypertension 3.1. 4 Other 3.2 Imaging 3.3 Veins of clinical significance 3.4 Phlebology 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 Scientific publications Structure ( edit ) Veins are present throughout the body as tubes that carry blood back to the heart . Veins are classified in a number of ways , including superficial vs. deep , pulmonary vs. systemic , and large vs. small . Superficial veins are those closer to the surface of the body , and have no corresponding arteries . Deep veins are deeper in the body and have corresponding arteries . Perforator veins drain from the superficial to the deep veins . These are usually referred to in the lower limbs and feet . Communicating veins are veins that directly connect superficial veins to deep veins . Pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart . Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart . Most veins are equipped with valves to prevent blood flowing in the reverse direction . Veins are translucent , so the color a vein appears from an organism 's exterior is determined in large part by the color of venous blood , which is usually dark red as a result of its low oxygen content . Veins appear blue because the subcutaneous fat absorbs low - frequency light , permitting only the highly energetic blue wavelengths to penetrate through to the dark vein and reflect back to the viewer . The colour of a vein can be affected by the characteristics of a person 's skin , how much oxygen is being carried in the blood , and how big and deep the vessels are . When a vein is drained of blood and removed from an organism , it appears grey - white . Venous system ( edit ) See also : List of veins of the human body Branches of inferior vena cava The largest veins in the human body are the venae cavae . These are two large veins which enter the right atrium of the heart from above and below . The superior vena cava carries blood from the arms and head to the right atrium of the heart , while the inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart . The inferior vena cava is retroperitoneal and runs to the right and roughly parallel to the abdominal aorta along the spine . Large veins feed into these two veins , and smaller veins into these . Together this forms the venous system . Whilst the main veins hold a relatively constant position , the position of veins person to person can display quite a lot of variation . The pulmonary veins carry relatively oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart . The superior and inferior venae cavae carry relatively deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower systemic circulations , respectively . The portal venous system is a series of veins or venules that directly connect two capillary beds . Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal vein and hypophyseal portal system . The peripheral veins carry blood from the limbs and hands and feet . Microanatomy ( edit ) Microscopically , veins have a thick outer layer made of connective tissue , called the tunica externa or tunica adventitia . There is a middle layer of bands of smooth muscle called tunica media , which are , in general , much thinner than those of arteries , as veins do not function primarily in a contractile manner and are not subject to the high pressures of systole , as arteries are . The interior is lined with endothelial cells called tunica intima . The precise location of veins varies much more from person to person than that of arteries . Function ( edit ) Veins serve to return blood from organs to the heart . Veins are also called `` capacitance vessels '' because most of the blood volume ( 60 % ) is contained within veins . In systemic circulation oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the arteries to the muscles and organs of the body , where its nutrients and gases are exchanged at capillaries . After taking up cellular waste and carbon dioxide in capillaries , blood is channeled through vessels that converge with one another to form venules , which continue to converge and form the larger veins . The de-oxygenated blood is taken by veins to the right atrium of the heart , which transfers the blood to the right ventricle , where it is then pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs . In pulmonary circulation the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium , which empties into the left ventricle , completing the cycle of blood circulation . The return of blood to the heart is assisted by the action of the muscle pump , and by the thoracic pump action of breathing during respiration . Standing or sitting for a prolonged period of time can cause low venous return from venous pooling ( vascular ) shock . Fainting can occur but usually baroreceptors within the aortic sinuses initiate a baroreflex such that angiotensin II and norepinephrine stimulate vasoconstriction and heart rate increases to return blood flow . Neurogenic and hypovolaemic shock can also cause fainting . In these cases , the smooth muscles surrounding the veins become slack and the veins fill with the majority of the blood in the body , keeping blood away from the brain and causing unconsciousness . Jet pilots wear pressurized suits to help maintain their venous return and blood pressure . The arteries are perceived as carrying oxygenated blood to the tissues , while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart . This is true of the systemic circulation , by far the larger of the two circuits of blood in the body , which transports oxygen from the heart to the tissues of the body . However , in pulmonary circulation , the arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs , and veins return blood from the lungs to the heart . The difference between veins and arteries is their direction of flow ( out of the heart by arteries , returning to the heart for veins ) , not their oxygen content . In addition , deoxygenated blood that is carried from the tissues back to the heart for reoxygenation in the systemic circulation still carries some oxygen , though it is considerably less than that carried by the systemic arteries or pulmonary veins . Although most veins take blood back to the heart , there is an exception . Portal veins carry blood between capillary beds . For example , the hepatic portal vein takes blood from the capillary beds in the digestive tract and transports it to the capillary beds in the liver . The blood is then drained in the gastrointestinal tract and spleen , where it is taken up by the hepatic veins , and blood is taken back into the heart . Since this is an important function in mammals , damage to the hepatic portal vein can be dangerous . Blood clotting in the hepatic portal vein can cause portal hypertension , which results in a decrease of blood fluid to the liver . Cardiac veins ( edit ) The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins . These include the great cardiac vein , the middle cardiac vein , the small cardiac vein , the smallest cardiac veins , and the anterior cardiac veins . Coronary veins carry blood with a poor level of oxygen , from the myocardium to the right atrium . Most of the blood of the coronary veins returns through the coronary sinus . The anatomy of the veins of the heart is very variable , but generally it is formed by the following veins : heart veins that go into the coronary sinus : the great cardiac vein , the middle cardiac vein , the small cardiac vein , the posterior vein of the left ventricle , and the vein of Marshall . Heart veins that go directly to the right atrium : the anterior cardiac veins , the smallest cardiac veins ( Thebesian veins ) . Clinical significance ( edit ) Diseases ( edit ) Venous insufficiency ( edit ) Main article : Chronic venous insufficiency Venous insufficiency is the most common disorder of the venous system , and is usually manifested as spider veins or varicose veins . Several varieties of treatments are used , depending on the patient 's particular type and pattern of veins and on the physician 's preferences . Treatment can include Endovenous Thermal Ablation using radiofrequency or laser energy , vein stripping , ambulatory phlebectomy , foam sclerotherapy , lasers , or compression . Postphlebitic syndrome is venous insufficiency that develops following deep vein thrombosis . Deep vein thrombosis ( edit ) Main article : Deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis is a condition in which a blood clot forms in a deep vein . This is usually the veins of the legs , although it can also occur in the veins of the arms . Immobility , active cancer , obesity , traumatic damage and congenital disorders that make clots more likely are all risk factors for deep vein thrombosis . It can cause the affected limb to swell , and cause pain and an overlying skin rash . In the worst case , a deep vein thrombosis can extend , or a part of a clot can break off and land in the lungs , called pulmonary embolism . The decision to treat deep vein thrombosis depends on its size , a person 's symptoms , and their risk factors . It generally involves anticoagulation to prevents clots or to reduce the size of the clot . Portal hypertension ( edit ) The portal veins are found within the abdomen and carry blood through to the liver . Portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis or disease of the liver , or other conditions such as an obstructing clot ( Budd Chiari syndrome ) or compression from tumours or tuberculosis lesions . When the pressure increases in the portal veins , a collateral circulation develops , causing visible veins such as oesophageal varices . Other ( edit ) Thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory condition of the veins related to blood clots . Imaging ( edit ) Video of venous valve in action Ultrasound , particularly duplex ultrasound , is a common way that veins can be seen . Veins of clinical significance ( edit ) The Batson Venous plexus , or simply Batson 's Plexus , runs through the inner vertebral column connecting the thoracic and pelvic veins . These veins get their notoriety from the fact that they are valveless , which is believed to be the reason for metastasis of certain cancers . The great saphenous vein is the most important superficial vein of the lower limb . First described by the Persian physician Avicenna , this vein derives its name from the word safina , meaning `` hidden '' . This vein is `` hidden '' in its own fascial compartment in the thigh and exits the fascia only near the knee . Incompetence of this vein is an important cause of varicose veins of lower limbs . The Thebesian veins within the myocardium of the heart are valveless veins that drain directly into the chambers of the heart . The coronary veins all empty into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium . The dural venous sinuses within the dura mater surrounding the brain receive blood from the brain and also are a point of entry of cerebrospinal fluid from arachnoid villi absorption . Blood eventually enters the internal jugular vein . Phlebology ( edit ) Look up phlebology in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Venous valves prevent reverse blood flow . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Phlebology is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of venous disorders . A medical specialist in phlebology is termed a phlebologist . A related image is called a phlebograph . The American Medical Association added phlebology to their list of self - designated practice specialties in 2005 . In 2007 the American Board of Phlebology ( ABPh ) , subsequently known as the American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine ( ABVLM ) , was established to improve the standards of phlebologists and the quality of their patient care by establishing a certification examination , as well as requiring maintenance of certification . Although As of 2017 not a Member Board of the American Board of Medical Specialties ( ABMS ) , the American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine uses a certification exam based on ABMS standards . The American College of Phlebology ( ACP ) , one of the largest medical societies in the world for physicians and allied health professionals working in the field of phlebology , has 2000 members . The ACP encourages education and training to improve the standards of medical practitioners and the quality of patient care . The American Venous Forum ( AVF ) is a medical society for physicians and allied health professionals dedicated to improving the care of patients with venous and lymphatic disease . The majority of its members manage the entire spectrum of venous and lymphatic diseases -- from varicose veins to congenital abnormalities to deep vein thrombosis to chronic venous diseases . Founded in 1987 , the AVF encourages research , clinical innovation , hands - on education , data collection and patient outreach . History ( edit ) Human anatomical chart of blood vessels , with heart , lungs , liver and kidneys included . Other organs are numbered and arranged around it . Before cutting out the figures on this page , Vesalius suggests that readers glue the page onto parchment and gives instructions on how to assemble the pieces and paste the multilayered figure onto a base `` muscle man '' illustration . `` Epitome '' , fol. 14a . HMD Collection , WZ 240 V575dhZ 1543 . The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus ( 16th century BCE ) , an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies , both physical and spiritual . In the papyrus , it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries . The Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart . From the heart , the air travelled to every member through the arteries . Although this concept of the circulatory system is only partially correct , it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought . In the 6th century BCE , the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to the Ayurvedic physician Sushruta in ancient India . He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the arteries , described as ' channels ' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi ( 2007 ) . The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BCE . However their function was not properly understood then . Because blood pools in the veins after death , arteries look empty . Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air . The Greek physician , Herophilus , distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves . Greek anatomist Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed . He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries . Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood . In 2nd century AD Rome , the Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous ( dark red ) and arterial ( brighter and thinner ) blood , each with distinct and separate functions . Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle , while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma ( air ) and originated in the heart . Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver . The heart did not pump blood around , the heart 's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves . Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through ' pores ' in the interventricular septum , air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart . As the arterial blood was created ' sooty ' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled . In 1025 , The Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician , Avicenna , `` erroneously accepted the Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled between the ventricles . '' While also refining Galen 's erroneous theory of the pulse , Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation : `` Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses . Thus , expansion : pause : contraction : pause . ( ... ) The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries ... which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction . '' In 1242 , the Arabian physician , Ibn al - Nafis , became the first person to accurately describe the process of pulmonary circulation , for which he has been described as the Arab Father of Circulation . Ibn al - Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon : `` ... the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them . The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought . The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa ( pulmonary artery ) to the lungs , spread through its substances , be mingled there with air , pass through the arteria venosa ( pulmonary vein ) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit ... '' In addition , Ibn al - Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation . He stated that `` there must be small communications or pores ( manafidh in Arabic ) between the pulmonary artery and vein , '' a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years . Ibn al - Nafis ' theory , however , was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body . Michael Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation , although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time , for a few reasons . He firstly described it in the `` Manuscript of Paris '' ( near 1546 ) , but this work was never published . And later he published this description , but in a theological treatise , Christianismi Restitutio , not in a book on medicine . Only three copies of the book survived but these remained hidden for decades , the rest were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities . Better known discovery of pulmonary circulation was by Vesalius 's successor at Padua , Realdo Colombo , in 1559 . Image of veins from William Harvey 's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus Finally , William Harvey , a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius ( who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function ) , performed a sequence of experiments , and published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628 , which `` demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body , and not just the lungs . Most importantly , he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body . This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al - Nafis ' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs . '' This work , with its essentially correct exposition , slowly convinced the medical world . However , Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins ; these were later discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661 . In 1956 , André Frédéric Cournand , Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine `` for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system . '' In his Nobel lecture , Forssmann credits Harvey as birthing cardiology with the publication of his book in 1628 . In the 1970s , Diana McSherry developed computer - based systems to create images of the circulatory system and heart without the need for surgery . See also ( edit ) May -- Thurner syndrome Nutcracker syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albert , consultants Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 2042 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kienle , Alwin ; Lilge , Lothar ; Vitkin , I. Alex ; Patterson , Michael S. ; Wilson , Brian C. ; Hibst , Raimund ; Steiner , Rudolf ( 1 March 1996 ) . `` Why do veins appear blue ? A new look at an old question '' . Applied Optics. 35 ( 7 ) : 1151 . doi : 10.1364 / AO. 35.001151 . PMID 21085227 . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Alexandra Senckowski ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ www.radiopaedia.org/ Jump up ^ Kahn SR ( August 2006 ) . `` The post-thrombotic syndrome : progress and pitfalls '' . British Journal of Haematology. 134 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2006. 06200. x . PMID 16822286 . ^ Jump up to : Dwivedi , Girish & Dwivedi , Shridhar ( 2007 ) . `` History of Medicine : Sushruta -- the Clinician -- Teacher par Excellence '' Archived October 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci Vol. 49 pp. 243 - 4 , National Informatics Centre ( Government of India ) . Jump up ^ Anatomy -- History of anatomy . Scienceclarified.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hajar , Rachel ( 1999 ) . `` The Greco - Islamic Pulse '' . Heart Views. 1 ( 4 ) : 136 -- 140 ( 138 ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Loukas , M ; Lam , R ; Tubbs , RS ; Shoja , MM ; Apaydin , N ( May 2008 ) . `` Ibn al - Nafis ( 1210 - 1288 ) : the first description of the pulmonary circulation '' . The American surgeon . 74 ( 5 ) : 440 -- 2 . PMID 18481505 . Jump up ^ Reflections , Chairman 's ( 2004 ) . `` Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs , Part II : Blood - letting '' . Heart Views. 5 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 85 ( 80 ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ West , J.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Ibn al - Nafis , the pulmonary circulation , and the Islamic Golden Age '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 105 ( 6 ) : 1877 -- 1880 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 91171.2008 . PMC 2612469 . PMID 18845773 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez Etxeberria , Patxi ( 2011 ) Amor a la verdad , el -- vida y obra de Miguel servet ( The love for truth . Life and work of Michael Servetus ) . Navarro y Navarro , Zaragoza , collaboration with the Government of Navarra , Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra . ISBN 8423532666 pp. 215 -- 228 & 62nd illustration ( XLVII ) Jump up ^ Michael Servetus Research Study with graphical proof on the Manuscript of Paris and many other manuscripts and new works by Servetus Jump up ^ Pormann , Peter E. and Smith , E. Savage ( 2007 ) Medieval Islamic medicine Georgetown University , Washington DC , p. 48 , ISBN 1589011619 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Tiffany K. ( 2011 ) . American women of science since 1900 . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 677 -- 678 . ISBN 9781598841589 . Further reading ( edit ) Shoja , M.M. ; Tubbs , R.S. ; Loukas , M. ; Khalili , M. ; Alakbarli , F. ; Cohen - Gadol , A.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna : The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 134 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2009.02. 035 . PMID 19332359 . External links ( edit ) Look up vein in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Merck Manual article on veins American Venous Forum American College of Phlebology American Board of Phlebology American College of Phlebology Foundation International Union of Phlebology Australasian College of Phlebology Information from the Australasian College of Phlebology Website In economics : Arterial and venous industries Animated Venous Access tutorials Scientific publications ( edit ) Phlebology : The Journal of Venous Disease Phlebology : 1986 -- 1999 Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Arteries and veins Vessels Arteries Nutrient artery Arteriole Metarteriole Elastic artery Capillaries Types Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Precapillary sphincter Precapillary resistance Veins Vena comitans Superficial vein Deep vein Emissary veins Venous plexus Venule Lymph Lymphatic vessel Lymph Lymph capillary Circulatory system Systemic Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → ( Right heart ) Pulmonary Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart Microanatomy Microvessel Microcirculation Tunica intima Endothelium Internal elastic lamina Tunica media Tunica externa Vasa vasorum Vasa nervorum Vascular nerves Rete mirabile Circulatory anastomosis ( hide ) Veins in the human body Veins of the head and neck External jugular Retromandibular maxillary pterygoid plexus superficial temporal anterior auricular Direct posterior auricular transverse cervical suprascapular anterior jugular jugular venous arch Internal jugular Diploic / brain Cerebral Superficial : superior superficial middle inferior inferior anastomotic ( Labbé ) superior anastomotic ( Trolard ) Deep : great internal basal deep middle superior thalamostriate Cerebellar superior inferior Sinuses To COS superior sagittal straight inferior sagittal occipital To CS sphenoparietal intercavernous superior ophthalmic ethmoidal central retinal nasofrontal vorticose veins inferior ophthalmic To IJV sigmoid : transverse petrosquamous superior petrosal inferior petrosal basilar plexus internal auditory veins condylar Facial / common facial frontal supraorbital angular superior labial inferior labial deep facial Direct lingual dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual pharyngeal superior thyroid superior laryngeal middle thyroid Brachiocephalic Vertebral occipital occipital emissary suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical Direct inferior thyroid inferior laryngeal thymic Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Thorax Heart Coronary sinus Great cardiac ( Left marginal ) Posterior of the left ventricle Oblique of the left atrium ( Ligament of the left vena cava ) Middle cardiac Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac ( Right marginal ) Smallest cardiac veins Right atrial veins Right ventricular veins Lungs Pulmonary veins superior vena cava Brachiocephalic internal thoracic anterior intercostal superior epigastric left superior intercostal supreme vertebral subclavian axillary : lateral thoracic thoracoepigastric dorsal scapular external jugular pericardiacophrenic internal jugular Azygos right superior intercostal bronchial intercostal / posterior intercostal 5 - 11 accessory hemiazygos / hemiazygos superior phrenic Vertebral column vertebral venous plexuses external internal spinal posterior anterior basivertebral intervertebral Veins of the abdomen and pelvis To azygos system ascending lumbar subcostal IVC ( Systemic ) To IVC or left renal vein inferior phrenic hepatic central veins of liver liver sinusoid suprarenal renal gonadal ovarian ♀ / testicular ♂ pampiniform plexus ♂ lumbar common iliac Common iliac Unpaired median sacral vein Internal iliac posterior : iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral anterior : inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ vaginal plexus / vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂ / vestibule ♀ rectal plexus External iliac inferior epigastric deep circumflex iliac vein Portal vein ( Portal ) Splenic short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic Superior mesenteric right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular Direct cystic left gastric / esophageal right gastric paraumbilical Veins of the human arm General Subscapular Axillary Circumflex scapular Superficial arm : Cephalic Accessory cephalic Median cubital Basilic Median antebrachial hand / forearm : Dorsal network Intercapitular Dorsal metacarpal Superficial palmar arch Palmar digital Deep arm : Radial Ulnar Brachial hand / forearm : Deep palmar arch Palmar metacarpal Veins of the human leg thigh femoral deep vein of the thigh popliteal deep leg fibular anterior tibial posterior tibial superficial leg small saphenous great saphenous external pudendal superficial of penis / clitoris foot dorsal arch dorsal metatarsal dorsal digital plantar arch plantar metatarsal common digital plantar digital GND : 4187475 - 4 NDL : 00575032 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vein&oldid=842591147 '' Categories : Veins Cardiovascular physiology Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 12 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which large vein carries blood from the head	[ "The largest veins in the human body are the venae cavae. These are two large veins which enter the right atrium of the heart from above and below. The superior vena cava carries blood from the arms and head to the right atrium of the heart, while the inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart. The inferior vena cava is retroperitoneal and runs to the right and roughly parallel to the abdominal aorta along the spine. Large veins feed into these two veins, and smaller veins into these. Together this forms the venous system." ]	[ "superior vena cava" ]
-3937726092206862782	Juliet O'Hara	Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance Psych : The Movie Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Shawn Spencer Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Scots Irish , with her family hailing from Inverness . Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season one `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment . `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing - person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he can not share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed - dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed - dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , such as Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does not say anything . After solving the case , Juliet says to Shawn , `` Looks like you 're finally able to communicate your visions again . '' and Shawn says , `` Im having another vision right now , you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks . '' Juliet replies , `` Hmm . Sounds like you 're still a little off . '' Shawn took her rejection pretty well . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it is just from him . She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug , and he opens his arms to hug her back , and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high - school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs , `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows , to which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish '' . He also wrote , `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate - alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times ; as the camera zooms out , their hands pressed together , though they are not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it is okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says , `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it is irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view , no relationship exists between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April , who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does not want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he is on a date with his old high - school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet , now that he is dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles , but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would not get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they have reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts , and he is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say , `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn , as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and though Scott was no longer in danger , Juliet and he parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone , but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning , Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought ; he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission , anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save , but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail , but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book , and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet , saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time , while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she can not handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him , involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information , but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper , Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched , but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug , but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does not hold up , as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus , as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding , but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule , but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan , whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn , making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee , leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off , but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back , and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves , his father advises him to speak with Juliet , as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station , but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock , and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is , with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean , but she is still upset , claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met , he has thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately , but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then , they move to a gift shop , where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car , and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) - At the beginning of the episode , t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and where the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying , `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' , and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement , and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn , and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved , and after Yang gets her picture , she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules , and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that , Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' , and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement , and he blurts out that he loves her , shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) - Due to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it , and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember . They agree that it is probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) - Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con - artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party , then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn , since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation , but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder , effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes , since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation , including the `` M word '' , causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal , since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married . Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen , much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion . Gus hears a rattle from inside it ; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring , revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found , and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet , and never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there , and offers a fist bump , which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring , since he is not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is not going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania , stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet , which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) - At the end , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station , talking about Shawn moving in with her . Season seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) - During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) - Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode , he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry . However , Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance , Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating , to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to , as he would not be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie . She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window , and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , Shawn and she are talking , and he remarks , `` ( they are ) back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet , what they did was a `` one - time thing '' , and since they were adults , `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) - At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn , which is usually against police regulations . Season eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . Psych : The Movie Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Psych : The Movie Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=855677401 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 01 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	psych season 7 when do shawn and juliet get back together	[ "\"Office Space\" (7.11) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode, Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place. While sleeping, he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window, and leaves to help him. Later, at the station, Shawn and she are talking, and he remarks, \"[they are] back in the saddle\". However, Juliet says that nothing is back yet, what they did was a \"one-time thing\", and since they were adults, \"it happens\"." ]	[ "\"Office Space\" (7.11)" ]
-1614784214544850683	Obi-Wan Kenobi	Obi - Wan Kenobi - wikipedia Obi - Wan Kenobi Obi - Wan Kenobi Star Wars character Alec Guinness as Kenobi in Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope First appearance Star Wars ( 1977 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Alec Guinness ( Episodes IV -- VI ) Ewan McGregor ( Episodes I -- III ) Voiced by Ewan McGregor ( Episodes VII ) Alec Guinness ( Episode VII , archival audio ) other : as Obi - Wan Kenobi : James Arnold Taylor ( Star Wars : Clone Wars , Star Wars : The Clone Wars film and TV series , Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( video game ) , Star Wars Battlefront II , Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Lightsaber Duels , Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Jedi Alliance , Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion and all other appearances ) Scott Cleverdon ( Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( video game ) and Star Wars Episode I : Jedi Power Battles ) Lewis Macleod ( Star Wars : Super Bombad Racing , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Star Wars : Obi - Wan ) Jonathan Love ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2002 video game ) ) David Scott ( Lego Star Wars : The Padawan Menace ) Samuel Vincent ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) as Ben Kenobi : Bernard Behrens ( radio dramas ) Roy Dotrice ( Read - along storybook CDs ) Daran Norris ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2002 video game ) ) David Ian Davies ( Star Wars Rogue Squadron II : Rogue Leader and Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds ) Timothy Omundson ( Star Wars Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike ) Nick Jameson ( Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( video game ) and Star Wars : The Force Unleashed ) Stephen Stanton ( Star Wars : Battlefront II , Star Wars : Empire at War , Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Rebels ) Michael Donovan ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) Information Aliases Ben Kenobi Rako Hardeen Obi Species Human Gender Male Occupation Jedi Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Rebel Alliance Title Padawan ( Episode I ) Jedi Knight ( Episode II ) Jedi Master ( Episodes III - IV , Clone Wars , The Clone Wars , Rebels ) Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic ( Episode III , Clone Wars , The Clone Wars ) Homeworld Stewjon Masters Qui - Gon Jinn Yoda Apprentices Anakin Skywalker Luke Skywalker Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Within the original trilogy he is portrayed by Alec Guinness , while in the prequel trilogy a younger version of the character is portrayed by Ewan McGregor . In the original trilogy , he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker , to whom he introduces the ways of the Jedi . In the prequel trilogy , he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker . He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media . Guinness 's portrayal of Obi - Wan in the original Star Wars ( 1977 ) remains the only time an actor has received an Academy Award nomination ( Best Supporting Actor ) for acting in a Star Wars film . Contents 1 Appearances 1.1 Original trilogy 1.2 Prequel trilogy 1.3 Sequel trilogy 1.4 Anthology films 1.5 Television 1.6 Novels and comics 1.7 Legends 1.7. 1 Novels 1.7. 2 Video games 1.7. 3 Comic books 1.8 Presumed planned Anthology film 2 Cultural impact 2.1 Rumored spin - off film 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links Appearances ( edit ) Original trilogy ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi 's Jedi robes from Episode IV Obi - Wan Kenobi is introduced in the original Star Wars living as a hermit by the name of Ben Kenobi on the planet Tatooine . When Luke Skywalker and the droid C - 3PO wander off in search of the lost droid R2 - D2 , Obi - Wan rescues them from a band of native and hostile Tusken Raiders . At Obi - Wan 's home , R2 - D2 plays a recording of Princess Leia saying that R2 - D2 contains the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's superweapon . Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance . Obi - Wan reveals his true identity and explains that he is a Jedi , a member of an ancient group of warriors that were hunted down and exterminated by the Empire with help from his former apprentice Darth Vader , the apparent killer of Luke 's father . He gives Luke his father 's lightsaber and asks him to accompany him to Alderaan and take up Jedi training . Luke declines , but after finding that his uncle Owen and aunt Beru have been killed by Imperial stormtroopers , he agrees to go with Obi - Wan to Alderaan and to train as a Jedi . In the spaceport city Mos Eisley , Obi - Wan uses the Force to trick Imperial troops into letting them through a military checkpoint . They enter a local cantina and make a deal with two smugglers , Han Solo and Chewbacca , to fly them to Alderaan aboard their ship , the Millennium Falcon . During the journey , Obi - Wan begins instructing Luke in lightsaber combat . He suddenly becomes weak and tells Luke of `` a great disturbance in the Force '' . Emerging from hyperspace , the party finds that the planet Alderaan has been destroyed by the Empire , and the Falcon is attacked by an Imperial TIE Fighter . The trio chases the TIE fighter to the Death Star , and subsequently get caught in the space station 's tractor beam . On board the Death Star , Obi - Wan shuts down the tractor beam , but Darth Vader confronts him and they engage in a lightsaber duel . Obi - Wan uses the duel to distract Vader as Luke , Leia , Han and Chewbacca escape to the Falcon . Although Vader strikes Obi - Wan down , his body mysteriously vanishes the moment he dies . At the climax of the film during the Rebel attack on the Death Star , Obi - Wan speaks to Luke through the Force to help him destroy the Imperial station . In The Empire Strikes Back , Obi - Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force . On the planet Hoth , he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda . Despite Yoda 's skepticism , Obi - Wan convinces his old master to continue Luke 's training . He appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City , although Luke ignores this advice . In Return of the Jedi , Obi - Wan again appears to Luke after Yoda 's death on Dagobah . Obi - Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Luke 's father , revealed by Vader himself in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed , and also reveals that Leia is Luke 's twin sister . After the Rebels destroy the second Death Star and defeat the Empire , Obi - Wan appears at the celebration on Endor , alongside the spirits of Yoda and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker ( Vader 's former Jedi self ) . Prequel trilogy ( edit ) In Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , set 32 years before A New Hope , a 25 - year - old Obi - Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan ( or student ) of Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn . He accompanies his master in negotiations with the corrupt Trade Federation , which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships . After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo , Obi - Wan and Qui - Gon rescue Naboo 's Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant , the Republic capital . Their ship is damaged in the escape , however , and they are forced to land on Tatooine , where they discover the nine - year - old slave Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon believes the boy is the `` chosen one '' prophesied to bring balance to the Force , and brings him to Coruscant to begin Jedi training , although Obi - Wan expresses concerns . While leaving Tatooine , they are attacked by Darth Maul , a member of the Sith , a dark side - using cult thought long extinct . When Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan return to Naboo to defeat the Trade Federation , they are met again by Maul , who engages them both in lightsaber combat . When Maul mortally wounds Qui - Gon , Obi - Wan rushes to fight Maul , who nearly kills him . However , Obi - Wan manages to turn the tables and defeat Maul , slicing him in half and sending him plunging down a vast reactor shaft . He promises to fulfill Qui - Gon 's dying wish of training Anakin in the ways of the Jedi , with or without the Council 's blessing . Yoda proclaims Obi - Wan a Jedi Knight and reluctantly allows him to take Anakin on as his own Padawan . Ewan McGregor as Obi - Wan Kenobi in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones In Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , set 10 years later , Obi - Wan Kenobi is now a respected Jedi Master and the mentor of Anakin Skywalker . Over the years , Anakin has grown powerful but arrogant , and believes Obi - Wan is `` holding him back '' . After they save Padmé , now a senator , from an assassination attempt , Obi - Wan goes on a solo mission to trace the bounty hunters involved to the planet Kamino , where he learns of a massive clone army that the planet 's inhabitants are building for the Republic . He is introduced to bounty hunter Jango Fett , the clones ' template , and the two fight after Obi - Wan deduces that Fett must be behind the attempted assassination . Fett escapes to the planet Geonosis with his clone son Boba while Obi - Wan is in pursuit . On Geonosis , Obi - Wan discovers that a conspiracy of star systems bent on secession from the Republic is led by Jedi - turned - Sith Lord Count Dooku , Qui - Gon 's old master . After sending a message to Anakin , Obi - Wan is captured , interrogated , and sentenced to death by Dooku . Anakin and Padmé arrive with a cadre of Jedi and the clone army , just in time to prevent the executions . Obi - Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle , but the Sith lord defeats them in a lightsaber duel . Yoda intervenes and saves their lives , at the cost of Dooku 's escape . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , set three years later , Obi - Wan Kenobi is a member of the Jedi Council and a General in the Army of the Republic . Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker remains Obi - Wan 's partner , and the two have become war heroes and best friends . The film opens with the two on a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous onboard his starship . Count Dooku discovers the attempt and fights the Jedi , knocking Obi - Wan unconscious ; while Obi - Wan is out cold , Anakin defeats Dooku and executes him on Palpatine 's orders . Soon after returning to Coruscant , Obi - Wan is called away to the planet Utapau to track down the escaped Grievous . After finding the Separatist encampment , Obi - Wan fights Grievous and eventually kills the cyborg using his enemy 's own blaster . When Palpatine -- who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious , the mastermind of the war -- issues Order 66 to have the clone troopers turn on the Jedi , Obi - Wan survives the attempt on his life and escapes , rendezvousing with Yoda and Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan aboard Organa 's ship Tantive IV . Returning to Coruscant , he and Yoda discover that every Jedi in the Jedi Temple has been murdered . After sending a beacon to all surviving Jedi to scatter across the galaxy and remain in hiding , a heartbroken Obi - Wan watches security footage revealing that it was Anakin -- who is now Sidious ' Sith apprentice Darth Vader -- who led the slaughter . Yoda says he will confront Sidious , and charges Obi - Wan with fighting Vader . Obi - Wan is loath to fight his best friend , but reluctantly accepts . Obi - Wan visits Padmé to learn of Vader 's whereabouts , and realizes that Vader is the father of her unborn child . When Padmé sets out to the volcanic planet Mustafar to confront her husband herself , Obi - Wan secretly stows away in the ship . After they arrive on Mustafar , Obi - Wan reveals himself and confronts Vader , who accuses Padmé and Obi - Wan of conspiring against him and uses the dark side to choke Padmé into unconsciousness . After a long and ferocious lightsaber duel , Obi - Wan defeats Vader by severing his legs and left arm ; as Vader catches fire beside a lava river , Obi - Wan takes his former friend 's lightsaber and leaves him to die . Unknown to Obi - Wan , Vader is rescued by Sidious and reconstructed into the cyborg first seen in the original trilogy . Obi - Wan takes Padmé to a remote asteroid belt , where she dies after giving birth to twins Luke and Leia . Afterwards , Yoda instructs Obi - Wan to give Luke to his uncle Owen and aunt Beru on Tatooine , and reveals that Qui - Gon 's spirit has returned from the Force to continue Obi - Wan 's training . Obi - Wan hands Luke off to his family and goes into exile on Tatooine . Sequel trilogy ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Force Awakens , set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , the protagonist Rey hears Obi - Wan 's voice when she touches the lightsaber that previously belonged to Luke . Obi - Wan calls out to Rey , before saying the words of encouragement he gave to Luke during his training on the Millennium Falcon : `` These are your first steps '' . James Arnold Taylor actually recorded the lines for this scene , but his recordings were then dropped in favor of Ewan McGregor 's voice acting . In Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Luke mentions Obi - Wan while talking with Rey . Anthology films ( edit ) Obi - Wan was mentioned in the 2016 film Rogue One . In the scene where right after the Rogue One ship is taken off to Scarif , Mon Mothma has a conversation with Senator Bail Organa . In that conversation , they discussed about a Jedi Knight who is in hiding , after the events in Revenge of the Sith , which leads to the introduction of Obi - Wan in A New Hope . Television ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi is a main character in the animated micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars and the CGI animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars , voiced by James Arnold Taylor . In both series , Obi - Wan is a general in the Clone Wars , and he and Anakin have many adventures fighting the Separatists . The latter series highlights his numerous confrontations with General Grievous , his adversarial relationship with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress , his romance with Duchess Satine Kryze , and the return of his old enemy Darth Maul . In Star Wars Rebels , set five years before A New Hope , Obi - Wan appears as a hologram in the pilot episode `` Spark of Rebellion '' . In the Season 3 episode `` Visions and Voices '' , protagonist Ezra Bridger discovers that Obi - Wan is alive on Tatooine ; Obi - Wan 's old nemesis Darth Maul finds him as well . In the episode `` Twin Suns '' , Obi - Wan mortally wounds Maul during one final lightsaber duel ; with his dying breath , Maul asks Obi - Wan if he is protecting the `` Chosen One '' , and Obi - Wan replies that he is . After Maul 's death , Obi - Wan is seen watching over Luke Skywalker from a distance . In Rebels , Obi - Wan was voiced by Stephen Stanton , who replaced James Arnold Taylor . Rebels creator Dave Filoni , who worked with the character during the full duration of Star Wars : The Clone Wars , said he considered asking McGregor to reprise and voice the role . Novels and comics ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi appears briefly in the novel Dark Disciple , based on unfinished episodes from The Clone Wars . In the novelization of The Last Jedi written by Jason Fry , Obi - Wan tells to a dying Luke to `` let go '' from the Netherworld of the Force . The Marvel Comics five issue mini-series Obi - Wan and Anakin focuses on the title characters between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . In the Star Wars main comic series , Luke Skywalker goes to Obi - Wan 's abandoned house on Tatooine , and finds his diary . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the original 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Obi - Wan Kenobi appears extensively in the Star Wars expanded universe of comic books and novels . Novels ( edit ) Obi - Wan 's life prior to The Phantom Menace is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson 's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series . The Jedi Apprentice books follow his adventures as Qui - Gon 's Padawan . Notable events in the series include battling the Dark Jedi Xanatos and going on his first independent mission . The Jedi Quest books detail his adventures with Anakin in the years leading up to Attack of the Clones . His heroism just before and during the Clone Wars is portrayed in novels such as Outbound Flight , The Approaching Storm , and The Cestus Deception . Obi - Wan 's life between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson 's The Last of the Jedi series . Set roughly a year after the fall of the Republic , the series follows Obi - Wan as he seeks out possible survivors of the Great Jedi Purge , most notably Anakin 's former rival , Ferus Olin . The books also portray Obi - Wan adjusting to life as a hermit on Tatooine and quietly watching over Luke . He also discovers that Vader is still alive after seeing him on the Holonet , the galaxy 's official news source . Obi - Wan appears in the final chapter of Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader , set just after the events in Revenge of the Sith . He is also the protagonist in John Jackson Miller 's novel Star Wars : Kenobi , which takes place during his exile on Tatooine . Obi - Wan appears in spirit form in many novels set after Return of the Jedi . In The Truce at Bakura , he appears to Luke to warn him about the threat presented by the Ssi - ruuk ; in The Lost City of the Jedi , he guides Luke to the titular city on Yavin IV ; in Heir to the Empire , meanwhile , he bids farewell to Luke , explaining that he must abandon his spiritual form to `` move on '' to a new , higher plane of consciousness . Before parting , Luke says that Obi - Wan was like a father to him , and Obi - Wan replies that he loved Luke like a son . Video games ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi appears in several video games . He is a playable character in all four Lego Star Wars video games , as well as Battlefront II and Renegade Squadron . He is also the lead character in Star Wars : Obi - Wan . The older version is only playable in Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy and Star Wars : The Complete Saga , and Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith multiplayer mode and Death Star bonus mission Star Wars : Renegade Squadron , and Star Wars : The Force Unleashed in multiplayer mode and the droid PROXY disguises as him . He also appears in Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance , Star Wars : Jedi Power Battles and Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels as a playable character . He is also playable in the strategy game Star Wars : Empire at War . He is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Kenobi has also been confirmed to be a playable character as part of a scheduled Clone Wars season for Star Wars Battlefront II . Comic books ( edit ) In the comic book series Star Wars : Republic , Obi - Wan Kenobi faces many grave threats while fighting against the Separatists . Among other notable storylines , he is kidnapped and tortured by Asajj Ventress before being rescued by Anakin ( `` Hate & Fear '' ) , and apprehends corrupted Jedi Master Quinlan Vos ( `` The Dreadnaughts of Rendili '' ) . Throughout the series , he grows increasingly wary of Palpatine 's designs on the Republic and his influence on Anakin . In the non-canon story `` Old Wounds '' , set a few years after the events of Revenge of the Sith , Obi - Wan confronts Darth Maul on Tatooine to protect Luke . The duel ends when Owen Lars shoots and kills Maul ; he then warns Obi - Wan to stay away from his nephew . Through the Force , Obi - Wan reassures Luke that he will be there for him when needed . Presumed planned anthology film ( edit ) On August 17 , 2017 , it was reported that there are plans for a stand - alone Star Wars movie about Obi - Wan Kenobi . No casting or script decisions have been made yet . It is currently unclear what part of Obi - Wan 's life will be portrayed , though many speculate the film would be a small - scale adventure including Obi - Wan 's exile on Tatooine between the events of episodes III and IV , though it 's unsure where Rogue One would fit in this story ( Obi - Wan was spoken about in Rogue One ) . In August 2017 , Stephen Daldry was reported to be directing the film . While no casting decisions have been made , Ewan McGregor has said he would be open to reprising the role of Obi - Wan . In December 2017 , it was reported that an Obi - Wan Kenobi anthology film was eying a potential January 2019 production - start date . On May 17 , 2018 , it was reported that the title of the next Star Wars anthology film is titled Obi - Wan : A Star Wars Story under the working title `` Joshua Tree '' , and the rumored director is Stephen Daldry . Cultural impact ( edit ) The character is loosely inspired by General Makabe Rokurōta , a character from Akira Kurosawa 's film The Hidden Fortress , played by Toshiro Mifune ( whom series creator George Lucas also considered casting as Obi - Wan ) . Mad magazine parodied the original film under the title Star Roars and included a character named ' Oldie Von Moldie ' , a grizzled 97 - year - old whose lightsaber runs on an extension cord . The Shanghai nightclub shown in the beginning of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is called `` Club Obi Wan '' ( Lucas wrote both the Star Wars and Indiana Jones series ) . A real bar / club by this name existed in the Xihai district of Beijing , China but closed in the summer of 2010 . The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! episode `` Star Koopa '' ( a spoof of Star Wars ) also had its own parody of Obi - Wan called ' Obi - Wan Toadi ' , and the live - action segment `` Zenned Out Mario '' featured a parody called `` Obi - Wan Cannoli '' . The 1998 Animaniacs episode `` Star Warners '' ( which spoofed Star Wars ) featured Slappy Squirrel portraying a parody of Obi - Wan as ' Slappy Wanna Nappy ' . In the Family Guy episode `` Blue Harvest '' , Obi - Wan Kenobi is parodied by the character Herbert . In the short film Thumb Wars , Obi - Wan is parodied as the character `` Oobedoob Benubi '' . In the film , his full name is ' Oobedoob Scooby - Doobi Benubi , the silliest name in the galaxy . ' In the 1977 Star Wars parody Hardware Wars , Obi - Wan is parodied by the character `` Augie Ben Doggie '' . The TV Tropes website uses Obi - Wan 's name for the archetype mentor figure . Guinness received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination for his portrayal of Obi - Wan Kenobi . In the parody song `` The Saga Begins '' , released approximately one month after the release of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic sings a humorous summary of the plot of that film from Obi - Wan 's perspective , to the tune of the song `` American Pie . '' In 2003 , the American Film Institute selected Obi - Wan Kenobi as the 37th greatest movie hero of all time . He was also listed as IGN 's third greatest Star Wars character , as well as one of UGO Networks 's favorite heroes of all time . In 2004 , the Council of the Commune Lubicz in Poland passed a resolution giving the name `` Obi - Wan Kenobi '' to one of the streets in Grabowiec , a small village near Toruń . The street was named in 2005 . The spelling of the street name , Obi - Wana Kenobiego is the genitive form of the noun in the Polish language : ( the street ) of Obi - Wan Kenobi . Guardian cartoonist Steve Bell portrayed Jeremy Corbyn , current leader of the British Labour Party , as Obi - Wan Kenobi . Rumored spin - off film ( edit ) Since the announcement of the sequel trilogy , Ewan McGregor has also expressed interest in returning to the role , albeit for an Obi - Wan spin - off film , should he be approached ; wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . A fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from McGregor 's film Last Days in the Desert , has been widely praised by fans . Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest , and rumors . Despite being nothing but rumors , the film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a pool by The Hollywood Reporter . Days before the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' aired , McGregor said he would like to do it , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . On May 17 , 2018 , entertainment website TMZ.com reported that the next standalone movie in the Star Wars franchise would be an Obi - Wan film , titled Obi - Wan : A Star Wars Story . TMZ also reported that movie had a working title called `` Joshua Tree '' , similar to the code name used by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi , which was `` Blue Harvest '' . Stephen Daldry was reported to be the director of the Obi - Wan film , with Ewan McGregor ready to reprise the role . According to TMZ , this movie would not be an origin story , but would instead take place a few years after the fall of the Republic shown in Episode III , focusing on Obi - Wan while in exile on Tatooine , as he watches over a young Luke Skywalker . Marauding Tusken Raiders , and an evil warlord , bring Obi - Wan out of hiding to protect Luke and some farmers , according to TMZ . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Q : Where 's Obi - Wan 's home ... '' Official Star Wars Twitter . Twitter . August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back Script at IMSDb '' . Imsdb.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Return of the Jedi Script at IMSDb '' . Imsdb.com. 1981 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom Menace Script '' . Blueharvest.net . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Terry ( 1999 ) . Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization . London , England : Del Ray Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , R.A. ( 2003 ) . Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones novelization . London , England : Del Ray Books . Jump up ^ Taylor , James Arnold ( @ JATactor ) ( 19 December 2015 ) . `` yes , it was me originally but they replaced my version with Ewan . I guess if I 'm gon na be replaced it should be him ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ O'Callaghan , Lauren ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Every Star Wars : Rogue One Easter egg we could find '' . Games Radar . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : `` Visions and Voices '' Review `` . IGN . San Francisco , California : J2 Global . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : `` Twin Suns '' Review `` . IGN . San Francisco , California : J2 Global . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Star Wars ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Rebels Recon # 3.20 : Inside Twin Suns - Star Wars Rebels '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( 4 January 2017 ) . `` Obi - Wan will fight Darth Maul in Star Wars Rebels '' . Digital Spy . London , England : Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Tveit , Elaine ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` Dave Filoni Wants Ewan McGregor To Voice Obi Wan On Star Wars Rebels '' . Dorkoftheforce.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Playlist : A Guide to Obi - Wan Kenobi 's Biggest Moments '' . StarWars.com. 2016 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Yoda 's Pre-Phantom Menace History Will Be Revealed in Marvel 's Star Wars Comic '' . IGN . San Francisco , California : J2 Global . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kane , Alex ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Obi - Wan Kenobi , General Grievous , Anakin Skywalker Coming to ' Battlefront II ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles , California : Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront 2 : New Clone Wars Content and Heroes Coming to Game '' . Den of Geek . New York City : Dennis Publishing . June 9 , 2018 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Obi - Wan Kenobi Film in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . Msn.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Standalone Obi - Wan Kenobi Movie in Development with Director Stephen Daldry '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obi - Wan Kenobi film set to join Star Wars universe '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Lucasfilm Eyeing Early 2019 Production Start On ' Kenobi ' Anthology Film '' . Omega Underground . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - Alone Obi - Wan Movie Near - Immediate ' New Hope ' Prequel '' . TMZ . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Enk , Bryan ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Seven Samurai ' star Toshiro Mifune : The would - be face of Darth Vader ? '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Obi Wan - Television Tropes & Idioms '' . TV Tropes . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Obi - Wan Kenobi is # 3 '' . IGN . San Francisco , California : j2 Global . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ UGO Team ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Home and Lucasfilm 's letter to BFSW '' . YouTube . 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Leszek Budkiewicz , who lives on the street , and who ( being the Council member himself ) managed to convince the Council to name the street after Obi - Wan Kenobi '' . Starwars.pl . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bell , Steve ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Bell 's If ... Labour 's Obi - Wan Kenobi Corbyn gives a dire warning '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Clarifies Status of an Obi - Wan Kenobi Solo Film '' . Collider . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` ' Kenobi ' Fan Trailer Teases the Inevitable ' Star Wars ' Spinoff '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader Deserves a ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ( But Not Everyone Agrees ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor is still up to play Obi - Wan Kenobi again : ' It would be fun to do ' '' . Business Insider . New York City : Axel Springer SE . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stand - Alone Obi - Wan Movie NEAR - IMMEDIATE ' NEW HOPE ' PREQUEL '' . TMZ . EHM Productions , Inc . Thirty Mile Zone. 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Star Wars portal Bibliography ( edit ) Soule , Charles ( 2016 ) . Checchetto , Marco , ed . Star Wars : Obi - Wan and Anakin . Marvel Entertainment . p. 112 . ISBN 9781302489342 . The New Essential Guide to Characters , revised edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars Episode I Who 's Who : A Pocket Guide to Characters of the Phantom Menace , hardcover , 1999 . Ryder Windham , ISBN 0 - 7624 - 0519 - 8 Star Wars : Power of Myth , 1st edition paperback , 2000 . DK Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 5591 - 9 Star Wars : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1998 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3481 - 4 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 Revised Core Rulebook ( Star Wars Roleplaying Game ) , 1st edition , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , Steve Sansweet , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook , 1st edition , 2000 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 1793 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Obi - Wan Kenobi Obi - Wan Kenobi in the StarWars.com Databank Obi - Wan Kenobi on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Obi - Wan Kenobi on IMDb Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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About Wikipedia	who played obi wan kenobi in star wars episode 1	[ "Obi-Wan Kenobi\nStar Wars character\nAlec Guinness as Kenobi in Star Wars: Episode IV – A New HopeFirst appearance\nStar Wars (1977)Created by\nGeorge LucasPortrayed by\n\nAlec Guinness (Episodes IV–VI)\nEwan McGregor (Episodes I–III)\nVoiced by\n\nEwan McGregor (Episodes VII)\nAlec Guinness (Episode VII, archival audio)\nshowother:\nas Obi-Wan Kenobi:\nJames Arnold Taylor (Star Wars: Clone Wars, Star Wars: The Clone Wars film and TV series, Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (video game), Star Wars Battlefront II, Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Lightsaber Duels, Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Jedi Alliance, Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion and all other appearances)\nScott Cleverdon (Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (video game) and Star Wars Episode I: Jedi Power Battles)\nLewis Macleod (Star Wars: Super Bombad Racing, Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds and Star Wars: Obi-Wan)\nJonathan Love (Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game))\nDavid Scott (Lego Star Wars: The Padawan Menace)\nSamuel Vincent (Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales)\nas Ben Kenobi:\nBernard Behrens (radio dramas)\nRoy Dotrice (Read-along storybook CDs)\nDaran Norris (Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game))\nDavid Ian Davies (Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader and Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds)\nTimothy Omundson (Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike)\nNick Jameson (Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (video game) and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed)\nStephen Stanton (Star Wars: Battlefront II, Star Wars: Empire at War, Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Rebels)\nMichael Donovan (Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales) \nInformationAliases\n\nBen Kenobi\nRako Hardeen\nObi\nSpecies\nHumanGender\nMaleOccupation\n\nJedi\nJedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic\nAffiliation\n\nJedi Order\nGalactic Republic\nRebel Alliance\nTitle\n\nPadawan (Episode I)\nJedi Knight (Episode II)\nJedi Master (Episodes III-IV, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars, Rebels)\nJedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic (Episode III, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars)\nHomeworld\nStewjon[1]Masters\n\nQui-Gon Jinn\nYoda\nApprentices\n\nAnakin Skywalker\nLuke Skywalker\n" ]	[ "Ewan McGregor" ]
556860622460034680	List of Arizona Coyotes seasons	List of Arizona Coyotes seasons - wikipedia List of Arizona Coyotes seasons Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of seasons completed by the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League . This list documents the records and playoff results for all seasons the Coyotes have completed in the NHL since their relocation from Winnipeg in 1996 . Stanley Cup Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff berth President 's Trophy Note : GP = Games played , OTL = Overtime Losses , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season Team League Conference Finish Division Finish GP Wins Losses Ties OTL Points GF GA Playoff Results Phoenix Coyotes 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 NHL Western 5th Central 3rd 82 38 37 7 -- 83 240 243 Lost Conference Quarterfinals ( Mighty Ducks ) 3 -- 4 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 NHL Western 7th Central 4th 82 35 35 12 -- 82 224 227 Lost Conference Quarterfinals ( Red Wings ) 2 -- 4 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 NHL Western 4th Pacific 2nd 82 39 31 12 -- 90 205 197 Lost Conference Quarterfinals ( Blues ) 3 -- 4 1999 -- 00 1999 -- 00 NHL Western 6th Pacific 3rd 82 39 31 8 90 232 228 Lost Conference Quarterfinals ( Avalanche ) 1 -- 4 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 NHL Western 9th Pacific 4th 82 35 27 17 90 214 212 Did not qualify 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 NHL Western 6th Pacific 2nd 82 40 27 9 6 95 228 210 Lost Conference Quarterfinals ( Sharks ) 1 -- 4 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 NHL Western 11th Pacific 4th 82 31 35 11 5 78 204 230 Did not qualify 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 NHL Western 13th Pacific 5th 82 22 36 18 6 68 188 245 Did not qualify 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 NHL Western 12th Pacific 5th 82 38 39 -- 5 81 246 271 Did not qualify 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 NHL Western 15th Pacific 5th 82 31 46 -- 5 67 216 284 Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 NHL Western 12th Pacific 4th 82 38 37 -- 7 83 214 231 Did not qualify 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 NHL Western 13th Pacific 4th 82 36 39 -- 7 79 208 252 Did not qualify 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 NHL Western 4th Pacific 2nd 82 50 25 -- 7 107 225 202 Lost Conference Quarterfinals ( Red Wings ) 3 -- 4 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 NHL Western 6th Pacific 3rd 82 43 26 -- 13 99 231 226 Lost Conference Quarterfinals ( Red Wings ) 0 -- 4 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 NHL Western 3rd Pacific 1st 82 42 27 -- 13 97 216 204 Won Conference Quarterfinals ( Blackhawks ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Predators ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( Kings ) 1 -- 4 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 NHL Western 10th Pacific 4th 48 21 18 -- 9 51 125 131 Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 NHL Western 9th Pacific 4th 82 37 30 -- 15 89 216 231 Did not qualify Arizona Coyotes 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 NHL Western 14th Pacific 7th 82 24 50 -- 8 56 170 272 Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 NHL Western 10th Pacific 4th 82 35 39 -- 8 78 209 245 Did not qualify 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 NHL Western 12th Pacific 6th 82 30 42 -- 10 70 197 260 Did not qualify Regular Season Record 1,606 711 611 94 136 Postseason Record 57 22 35 Postseason Series Record : 2 -- 8 As of the 2005 -- 06 NHL season , all games will have a winner ; the OTL column includes SOL ( Shootout losses ) . Totals through the 2015 -- 16 season , Reg . season wins and losses through 2015 - 2016 season Arizona Coyotes Formerly the Winnipeg Jets and Phoenix Coyotes Founded in 1972 Based in Glendale , Arizona Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Bankruptcy Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Andrew Barroway General manager John Chayka Head coach Rick Tocchet Team captain Vacant Current roster Arenas America West Arena Gila River Arena Affiliates AHL Tucson Roadrunners ECHL Fort Wayne Komets Media TV FSArizona KAZT - TV Radio KGME Culture and lore Winnipeg Jets Howler Arizona Coyotes seasons Pre-1996 Winnipeg Jets 1990s 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 . 1993 -- 94 . 1994 -- 95 . 1995 -- 96 . 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Defunct teams : Atlanta Flames , Atlanta Thrashers , California Golden Seals , Cleveland Barons , Colorado Rockies , Hamilton Tigers , Hartford Whalers , Kansas City Scouts , Minnesota North Stars , Montreal Maroons , New York Americans , Ottawa Senators , Philadelphia Quakers , Pittsburgh Pirates , Quebec Nordiques , Toronto Blueshirts , Winnipeg Jets References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arizona_Coyotes_seasons&oldid=807565145 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Arizona Coyotes seasons Lists of National Hockey League seasons Arizona Coyotes lists Talk About Wikipedia Français Galego Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 19 : 40 . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time the arizona coyotes made the playoffs	[ "\n\nSeason\nTeam\nLeague\nConference\nFinish\nDivision\nFinish\nGP\nWins\nLosses\nTies\nOTL\nPoints\nGF\nGA\nPlayoff Results\n\n\nPhoenix Coyotes\n\n\n1996–97\n1996–97\nNHL\nWestern\n5th\nCentral\n3rd\n82\n38\n37\n7\n—\n83\n240\n243\nLost Conference Quarterfinals (Mighty Ducks) 3–4\n\n\n1997–98\n1997–98\nNHL\nWestern\n7th\nCentral\n4th\n82\n35\n35\n12\n—\n82\n224\n227\nLost Conference Quarterfinals (Red Wings) 2–4\n\n\n1998–99\n1998–99\nNHL\nWestern\n4th\nPacific\n2nd\n82\n39\n31\n12\n—\n90\n205\n197\nLost Conference Quarterfinals (Blues) 3–4\n\n\n1999–00\n1999–00\nNHL\nWestern\n6th\nPacific\n3rd\n82\n39\n31\n8\n4\n90\n232\n228\nLost Conference Quarterfinals (Avalanche) 1–4\n\n\n2000–01\n2000–01\nNHL\nWestern\n9th\nPacific\n4th\n82\n35\n27\n17\n3\n90\n214\n212\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2001–02\n2001–02\nNHL\nWestern\n6th\nPacific\n2nd\n82\n40\n27\n9\n6\n95\n228\n210\nLost Conference Quarterfinals (Sharks) 1–4\n\n\n2002–03\n2002–03\nNHL\nWestern\n11th\nPacific\n4th\n82\n31\n35\n11\n5\n78\n204\n230\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2003–04\n2003–04\nNHL\nWestern\n13th\nPacific\n5th\n82\n22\n36\n18\n6\n68\n188\n245\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2004–05\n2004–05\nSeason cancelled due to 2004–05 NHL lockout\n\n\n2005–06\n2005–06 1\nNHL\nWestern\n12th\nPacific\n5th\n82\n38\n39\n—\n5\n81\n246\n271\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2006–07\n2006–07\nNHL\nWestern\n15th\nPacific\n5th\n82\n31\n46\n—\n5\n67\n216\n284\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2007–08\n2007–08\nNHL\nWestern\n12th\nPacific\n4th\n82\n38\n37\n—\n7\n83\n214\n231\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2008–09\n2008–09\nNHL\nWestern\n13th\nPacific\n4th\n82\n36\n39\n—\n7\n79\n208\n252\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2009–10\n2009–10\nNHL\nWestern\n4th\nPacific\n2nd\n82\n50\n25\n—\n7\n107\n225\n202\nLost Conference Quarterfinals (Red Wings) 3–4\n\n\n2010–11\n2010–11\nNHL\nWestern\n6th\nPacific\n3rd\n82\n43\n26\n—\n13\n99\n231\n226\nLost Conference Quarterfinals (Red Wings) 0–4\n\n\n2011–12\n2011–12\nNHL\nWestern\n3rd\nPacific\n1st\n82\n42\n27\n—\n13\n97\n216\n204\nWon Conference Quarterfinals (Blackhawks) 4–2\nWon Conference Semifinals (Predators) 4–1\nLost Conference Finals (Kings) 1–4\n\n\n2012–13\n2012–13\nNHL\nWestern\n10th\nPacific\n4th\n48\n21\n18\n—\n9\n51\n125\n131\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2013–14\n2013–14\nNHL\nWestern\n9th\nPacific\n4th\n82\n37\n30\n—\n15\n89\n216\n231\nDid not qualify\n\n\nArizona Coyotes\n\n\n2014–15\n2014–15\nNHL\nWestern\n14th\nPacific\n7th\n82\n24\n50\n—\n8\n56\n170\n272\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2015–16\n2015–16\nNHL\nWestern\n10th\nPacific\n4th\n82\n35\n39\n—\n8\n78\n209\n245\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2016–17\n2016–17\nNHL\nWestern\n12th\nPacific\n6th\n82\n30\n42\n—\n10\n70\n197\n260\nDid not qualify\n\n\nRegular Season Record2\n1,606\n711\n611\n94\n136\n\n\n\nPostseason Record\n57\n22\n35\nPostseason Series Record: 2–8\n\n" ]	[ "2011" ]
1282485785501394545	Charge of the Light Brigade	Charge of the Light Brigade - wikipedia Charge of the Light Brigade Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the military manoeuvre . For the poem , see The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) . For other uses , see Charge of the Light Brigade ( disambiguation ) . Charge of the Light Brigade Part of Battle of Balaclava , Crimean War The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson ( 1855 ) , illustrating the Light Brigade 's charge into the `` Valley of Death '' from the Russian perspective . Date 25 October 1854 Location 44 ° 32 ′ 16 '' N 33 ° 37 ′ 27 '' E / 44.53778 ° N 33.62417 ° E / 44.53778 ; 33.62417 Result Russian victory Belligerents British Empire French Empire Russian Empire Commanders and leaders James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan Armand - Octave - Marie d'Allonville Pavel Liprandi Strength About 670 ( Adkin : 668 ; Brighton : `` at least '' 666 ) Unknown Casualties and losses 110 killed 161 wounded Unknown The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War . Lord Raglan , overall commander of the British forces , had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions , a task well - suited to light cavalry . However , there was miscommunication in the chain of command , and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery , one well - prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire . They reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners , but they were forced to retreat immediately . Thus , the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains . The events were the subject of Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's narrative poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , published just six weeks after the event . Its lines emphasise the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders , regardless of the obvious outcome . Blame for the miscommunication has remained controversial , as the original order itself was vague , and the officer who delivered the written orders with some verbal interpretation died in the first minute of the assault . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The charge 2.1 New information found in 2016 3 Aftermath 4 Survivor postscript 5 Remembrance 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charge of the Light Brigade by Richard Caton Woodville , Jr . The charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry , which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons , 17th Lancers , and the 8th and 11th Hussars , under the command of Major General James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan . Also present that day was the Heavy Brigade , commanded by Major General James Yorke Scarlett , who was a past Commanding Officer of the 5th Dragoon Guards . The Heavy Brigade was made up of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards , the 5th Dragoon Guards , the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons and the Scots Greys . The two brigades were the only British cavalry force at the battle . The Light Brigade were the British light cavalry force . It mounted light , fast horses which were unarmoured . The men were armed with lances and sabres . Optimized for maximum mobility and speed , they were intended for reconnaissance and skirmishing . They were also ideal for cutting down infantry and artillery units as they attempted to retreat . The Heavy Brigade under James Scarlett was the British heavy cavalry force . It mounted large , heavy chargers . The men were equipped with metal helmets and armed with cavalry swords for close combat . They were intended as the primary British shock force , leading frontal charges in order to break enemy lines . Overall command of the British cavalry resided with Lieutenant General George Bingham , 3rd Earl of Lucan . Cardigan and Lucan were brothers - in - law who disliked each other intensely . Lucan received an order from the army commander Lord Raglan stating : `` Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front , follow the enemy , and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns . Troop horse artillery may accompany . French cavalry is on your left . Immediate . '' Raglan wanted the light cavalry to prevent the Russians from successfully withdrawing the naval guns from the redoubts they had captured on the reverse side of the Causeway Heights , the hill forming the south side of the valley . This was an optimum task for the Light Brigade , as their superior speed would ensure the Russians would be forced to either quickly abandon the cumbersome guns or be cut down en masse while they attempted to flee with them . Raglan could see what was happening from his high vantage point on the west side of the valley . However , the lie of the land around Lucan and the cavalry prevented him from seeing the Russians ' efforts to remove the guns from the redoubts and retreat . The order was drafted by Brigadier Richard Airey and carried by Captain Louis Edward Nolan . Nolan carried the further oral instruction that the cavalry was to attack immediately . When Lucan asked what guns were referred to , Nolan is said to have indicated with a wide sweep of his arm -- not the causeway redoubts -- but the mass of Russian guns in a redoubt at the end of the valley , around a mile away . His reasons for the misdirection are unknown because he was killed in the ensuing battle . In response to the order , Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights . In his poem , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , Tennyson dubbed this hollow `` The Valley of Death '' . The opposing Russian forces were commanded by Pavel Liprandi and included approximately 20 battalions of infantry supported by over 50 artillery pieces . These forces were deployed on both sides and at the opposite end of the valley . Lucan himself was to follow with the Heavy Brigade . Although the Heavy Brigade was better armoured and intended for frontal assaults on infantry positions , neither force was remotely equipped for a frontal assault on a fully dug - in and alerted artillery battery -- much less one with an excellent line of sight over a mile in length and supported on two sides by artillery batteries providing enfilading fire from elevated ground . The semi-suicidal nature of this charge was surely evident to the troopers of the Light Brigade , but if there were any objection to the orders , it was not recorded . The charge The Timeline of the Charge taken from Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 2007 ) . Contemporary map showing line of the charge -- `` Charge des Anglais '' The charge was from left to right , with the Russian batteries at the extreme right The Light Brigade set off down the valley with Cardigan out in front , riding Ronald , leading the charge . Almost at once Nolan was seen to rush across the front , passing in front of Cardigan . It may be that he then realised the charge was aimed at the wrong target and was attempting to stop or turn the brigade , but he was killed by an artillery shell , and the cavalry continued on its course . Captain Godfrey Morgan ( subsequently 1st Viscount Tredegar ) , who was close by and saw what happened , later recounted : The first shell burst in the air about 100 yards in front of us . The next one dropped in front of Nolan 's horse and exploded on touching the ground . He uttered a wild yell as his horse turned round , and , with his arms extended , the reins dropped on the animal 's neck , he trotted towards us , but in a few yards dropped dead off his horse . I do not imagine that anybody except those in the front line of the 17th Lancers ( 13th Light Dragoons ) saw what had happened . We went on . When we got about two or three hundred yards the battery of the Russian Horse Artillery opened fire . I do not recollect hearing a word from anybody as we gradually broke from a trot to a canter , though the noise of the striking of men and horses by grape and round shot was deafening , while the dust and gravel struck up by the round shot that fell short was almost blinding , and irritated my horse so that I could scarcely hold him at all . But as we came nearer I could see plainly enough , especially when I was about a hundred yards from the guns . I appeared to be riding straight on to the muzzle of one of the guns , and I distinctly saw the gunner apply his fuse . I shut my eyes then , for I thought that settled the question as far as I was concerned . But the shot just missed me and struck the man on my right full in the chest . In another minute I was on the gun and the leading Russian 's grey horse , shot , I suppose , with a pistol by somebody on my right , fell across my horse , dragging it over with him and pinning me in between the gun and himself . A Russian gunner on foot at once covered me with his carbine . He was just within reach of my sword , and I struck him across his neck . The blow did not do much harm , but it disconcerted his aim . At the same time a mounted gunner struck my horse on the forehead with his sabre . Spurring `` Sir Briggs , '' he half jumped , half blundered , over the fallen horses , and then for a short time bolted with me . I only remember finding myself alone among the Russians trying to get out as best I could . This , by some chance , I did , in spite of the attempts of the Russians to cut me down . Despite withering fire from three sides that devastated their force on the ride , the Light Brigade was able to engage the Russian forces at the end of the valley and force them back from the redoubt , but it suffered heavy casualties and was soon forced to retire . The surviving Russian artillerymen returned to their guns and opened fire once again , with grape and canister , indiscriminately at the mêlée of friend and foe before them . Captain Godfrey Morgan continues : When clear again of the guns I saw two or three of my men making their way back , and as the fire from both flanks was still heavy it was a matter of running the gauntlet again . I have not sufficient recollection of minor incidents to describe them , as probably no two men who were in that charge would describe it in the same way . When I was back pretty nearly where we started from I found that I was the senior officer of those not wounded , and , consequently , in command , there being two others , both juniors to me , in the same position -- Lieut . Wombwell and Cornet Cleveland ( afterwards killed at Inkerman ) . Lucan failed to provide any support for Cardigan , and it was speculated that he was motivated by an enmity for his brother - in - law that had lasted some 30 years and had been intensified during the campaign up to that point . The troops of the Heavy Brigade entered the mouth of the valley but did not advance further . Lucan 's subsequent explanation was that he saw no point in having a second brigade mown down , and he was best positioned where he was to render assistance to Light Brigade survivors returning from the charge . The French light cavalry , the Chasseurs d'Afrique , was more effective in that it cleared the Fedyukhin Heights of the two half batteries of guns , two infantry battalions , and Cossacks to ensure the Light Brigade would not be hit by fire from that flank , and it later provided cover for the remaining elements of the Light Brigade as they withdrew . The Chasseurs d'Afrique , led by General d'Allonville , clearing Russian artillery from the Fedyukhin Heights . War correspondent William Russell , who witnessed the battle , declared `` our Light Brigade was annihilated by their own rashness , and by the brutality of a ferocious enemy . '' Cardigan survived the battle . Although stories circulated afterwards that he was not actually present , he led the charge from the front and , never looking back , did not see what was happening to the troops behind him . He reached the Russian guns , took part in the fight , and then returned alone up the valley without bothering to rally or even find out what had happened to the survivors . He afterwards said all he could think about was his rage against Captain Nolan , who he thought had tried to take over the leadership of the charge from him . After riding back up the valley , he considered he had done all that he could and then , with considerable sang - froid , left the field and went on board his yacht in Balaclava harbour , where he ate a champagne dinner . He subsequently described the engagement in a speech delivered at the Mansion House in London that was afterwards quoted in length in the House of Commons : We advanced down a gradual descent of more than three - quarters of a mile , with the batteries vomiting forth upon us shells and shot , round and grape , with one battery on our right flank and another on the left , and all the intermediate ground covered with the Russian riflemen ; so that when we came to within a distance of fifty yards from the mouths of the artillery which had been hurling destruction upon us , we were , in fact , surrounded and encircled by a blaze of fire , in addition to the fire of the riflemen upon our flanks . As we ascended the hill , the oblique fire of the artillery poured upon our rear , so that we had thus a strong fire upon our front , our flank , and our rear . We entered the battery -- we went through the battery -- the two leading regiments cutting down a great number of the Russian gunners in their onset . In the two regiments which I had the honour to lead , every officer , with one exception , was either killed or wounded , or had his horse shot under him or injured . Those regiments proceeded , followed by the second line , consisting of two more regiments of cavalry , which continued to perform the duty of cutting down the Russian gunners . Then came the third line , formed of another regiment , which endeavoured to complete the duty assigned to our brigade . I believe that this was achieved with great success , and the result was that this body , composed of only about 670 men , succeeded in passing through the mass of Russian cavalry of -- as we have since learned -- 5,240 strong ; and having broken through that mass , they went , according to our technical military expression , `` threes about , '' and retired in the same manner , doing as much execution in their course as they possibly could upon the enemy 's cavalry . Upon our returning up the hill which we had descended in the attack , we had to run the same gauntlet and to incur the same risk from the flank fire of the Tirailleur as we had encountered before . Numbers of our men were shot down -- men and horses were killed , and many of the soldiers who had lost their horses were also shot down while endeavouring to escape . But what , my Lord , was the feeling and what the bearing of those brave men who returned to the position . Of each of these regiments there returned but a small detachment , two - thirds of the men engaged having been destroyed ? I think that every man who was engaged in that disastrous affair at Balaklava , and who was fortunate enough to come out of it alive , must feel that it was only by a merciful decree of Almighty Providence that he escaped from the greatest apparent certainty of death which could possibly be conceived . New information found in 2016 Captain Louis Nolan A newspaper report on 11 December 2016 revealed another version of what happened : `` More than 160 years on '' ( i.e. after 2014 ) a letter was found in the British Library , written by Lieutenant Frederick Maxse , who was on Lord Raglan 's staff at Balaklava . It said that Lord Raglan had sent an order for the Light Brigade to `` follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy from carrying away the guns '' ; those guns were some British artillery guns which were at risk . Raglan sent the order via 36 - year - old Captain Louis Nolan . Nolan , instead of passing on the order verbatim complete as given , passed it on to Lord Lucan orally as `` There , my lord , is your enemy ! There are your guns ! '' , and added the word `` attack '' when Raglan had intended merely a show of force . Nolan 's version of the order and accompanying gesture were misunderstood , causing the disaster described above . Nolan rode with the charge and died in it . Maxse 's letter said that Nolan was annoyed at how little the Light Brigade had done previously and that Nolan was angry against Lord Lucan . Nigel Kingscote ( another of Raglan 's staff officers ) agreed that the fault was Nolan 's , and said that Nolan , if he had lived , would have been `` broke by court martial '' . Aftermath Initial London Gazette dispatches , addressed to the Duke of Newcastle , in which the event was first reported . Raglan blamed Lucan in the dispatch , igniting significant controversy . Officers and men of the 13th Light Dragoons , survivors of the charge , photographed by Roger Fenton The brigade was not completely destroyed , but did suffer terribly , with 118 men killed , 127 wounded , and about 60 taken prisoner . After regrouping , only 195 men were still with horses . The futility of the action and its reckless bravery prompted the French Marshal Pierre Bosquet to state : `` C'est magnifique , mais ce n'est pas la guerre . '' ( `` It is magnificent , but it is not war . '' ) He continued , in a rarely quoted phrase : `` C'est de la folie '' -- `` It is madness . '' The Russian commanders are said to have initially believed that the British soldiers must have been drunk . Somerset Calthorpe , aide - de-camp to Lord Raglan , wrote a letter to a friend three days after the charge . He detailed casualty numbers but did not distinguish between those killed and those taken prisoner : `` Killed and missing . Wounded . 9 Officers 12 14 Sergeants 9 Trumpeters 129 Rank and file 98 156 Total 122 278 casualties ; -- besides 335 horses killed in action , or obliged afterwards to be destroyed from wounds . It has since been ascertained that the Russians made a good many prisoners ; the exact number is not yet known . '' The reputation of the British cavalry was significantly enhanced as a result of the charge , though the same can not be said for their commanders . Slow communications meant that news of the disaster did not reach the British public until three weeks after the action . The British commanders ' dispatches from the front were published in an extraordinary edition of the London Gazette of 12 November 1854 . Raglan blamed Lucan for the charge , claiming that `` from some misconception of the order to advance , the Lieutenant - General ( Lucan ) considered that he was bound to attack at all hazards , and he accordingly ordered Major - General the Earl of Cardigan to move forward with the Light Brigade . '' Lucan was furious at being made a scapegoat : Raglan claimed he should have exercised his discretion , but throughout the campaign up to that date Lucan considered Raglan had allowed him no independence at all and required that his orders be followed to the letter . Cardigan , who had merely obeyed orders , blamed Lucan for giving those orders . He returned home a hero and was promoted to Inspector General of the Cavalry . Grave of Charles Macaulay , former Sergeant 8th KRI Hussars `` One of the Six Hundred '' in Woodhouse Cemetery , Leeds Lucan attempted to publish a letter refuting point by point Raglan 's London Gazette dispatch , but his criticism of his superior was not tolerated , and Lucan was recalled to England in March 1855 . The Charge of the Light Brigade became a subject of considerable controversy and public dispute on his return . He strongly rejected Raglan 's version of events , calling it `` an imputation reflecting seriously on my professional character . '' In an exchange of public correspondence printed in the pages of The Times , Lucan blamed Raglan and his deceased aide - de-camp Captain Nolan , who had been the actual deliverer of the disputed order . Lucan subsequently defended himself with a speech in the House of Lords on 19 March . Lucan evidently escaped blame for the charge , as he was made a member of the Order of the Bath in July of that same year . Although he never again saw active duty , he reached the rank of general in 1865 and was made a field marshal in the year before his death . The charge continues to be studied by modern military historians and students as an example of what can go wrong when accurate military intelligence is lacking and orders are unclear . Prime Minister Winston Churchill , who was a keen military historian and a former cavalryman , insisted on taking time out during the Yalta Conference in 1945 to see the battlefield for himself . One research project used a mathematical model to examine how the charge might have turned out if conducted differently . The analysis suggested that a charge toward the redoubt on the Causeway Heights , as Raglan had apparently intended , would have led to even higher British casualties . By contrast , the charge might have succeeded if the Heavy Brigade had accompanied the Light Brigade along the valley , as Lucan had initially directed . According to Norman Dixon , 19th - century accounts of the charge tended to focus on the bravery and glory of the cavalrymen , much more than the military blunders involved , with the perverse effect that it `` did much to strengthen those very forms of tradition which put such an incapacitating stranglehold on military endeavor for the next eighty or so years , '' i.e. , until after World War I . The fate of the surviving members of the charge was investigated by Edward James Boys , a military historian , who documented their lives from leaving the army to their deaths . His records are described as being the most definitive project of its kind ever undertaken . Edwin Hughes , who died on 14 May 1927 , aged 96 , was the last survivor . Souvenir picture of the 1904 survivors ' reunion In October 1875 , survivors of the charge met at the Alexandra Palace in London to celebrate its 21st anniversary . The celebrations were fully reported in the Illustrated London News of 30 October 1875 , which included the recollections of several of the survivors , including those of Edward Richard Woodham , the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration . Tennyson was invited , but could not attend . Lucan , the senior commander surviving , was not present , but attended a separate celebration , held later in the day , with other senior officers at the fashionable Willis 's Rooms , St James 's Square . Reunion dinners were held for a number of years . On 2 August 1890 , trumpeter Martin Leonard Landfried , from the 17th Lancers , who may ( or may not ) have sounded the bugle charge at Balaclava , made a recording on an Edison cylinder that can be heard here , with a bugle which had been used at Waterloo in 1815 . ( Landfried 's name is misspelled as `` Landfrey '' on the Edison cylinder recording ) . In 2004 , on the 150th anniversary of the charge , a commemoration of the event was held at Balaklava . As part of the anniversary , a monument dedicated to the 25,000 British participants of the conflict was unveiled by Prince Michael of Kent . Survivor postscript A survivor , John Penn , who died in Dunbar in 1886 , left a personal account of his military career including the Charge written for a friend . This survives and is held by East Lothian Council Archives . A number of individuals who died during 1916 - 17 were thought to be the ' last ' survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade . Sergeant James A. Mustard of the 17th Lancers , aged 85 , had his funeral with military honours at Twickenham in early February 1916 . In the Abergavenny Chronicle news report published on 11 February it was stated : He was one of thirty - eight men of the 145 of the 17th Lancers that came out of the charge led by Cardigan , and was always of the opinion that no one sounded the charge at all . He was in the battles of Alma and Mackenzie 's Farm , and the storming and taking of Sebastopol , and before leaving for Varna marched with his regiment from Hampton Court to Portsmouth . In The Cambrian News of 30 June 1916 the passing of another ' last ' was noted , Thomas Warr , aged 85 , at Dorchester : At the meeting of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation in London last week Mr. Hayes Fisher , M.P. , who presided , said that the last pensioned survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade died on the previous day . His name was Thomas Warr . The last survivor was Edwin Hughes of the 13th Light Dragoons , who died on the 18th May 1927 at the age of 96 . Remembrance Main article : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred , Lord Tennyson , the then Poet Laureate , wrote evocatively about the battle in his poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Tennyson 's poem , written 2 December 1854 and , published six weeks after the event on 9 December 1854 , in The Examiner , praises the Brigade ( `` When can their glory fade ? O the wild charge they made ! '' ) while trenchantly mourning the appalling futility of the charge ( `` Not tho ' the soldier knew , someone had blunder 'd ... Charging an army , while all the world wonder 'd '' ) . Tennyson wrote the poem inside only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times , according to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson . It immediately became hugely popular , and even reached the troops in the Crimea , where it was distributed in pamphlet form . Nearly 36 years later Kipling wrote `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' ( 1890 ) , commemorating a visit by the last 20 survivors to Tennyson ( then aged 80 ) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers . Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event , but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical , with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living , in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' ( 1899 ) . See also Back to the Army Again for a poem by Rudyard Kipling about a discharged soldier who re-joins the army under a false name as the only way to get away from long - term unemployment . References Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , Cecil ( 1953 ) . The Reason Why . Constable . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Correspondent ( 14 November 1854 ) . `` The Cavalry Action at Balaclava 25 October '' . The Times ( 21898 ) . pp. 7 -- 8 . Although unnamed , the correspondent was William Howard Russell Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Russell 's report in The Times recorded that just short of 200 men were sick or for other reasons left behind in camp on the day , leaving `` 607 sabres '' to take part in the charge . Jump up ^ Dutton , Roy ( 2007 ) . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade . InfoDial Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant - Colonel ( later Lieutenant - General ) James Thomas Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan , 11th ( Prince Albert 's Own ) Hussars , 1854 '' , Online Collection National Army Museum , London Jump up ^ Undated issue of Saddle & Bridle ISSN 0036 - 2271 , St Louis , MO , quoted in Ronald , Heroic War Horse of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Muncie , IN : Horse Show Central , retrieved 3 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Earl Cardigan 's Cavalry Horses '' , The Era , London : Frederick Ledger ( 852 ) , 21 January 1855 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Godfrey Charles ( 4 November 1897 ) . `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . Lord Tredegar Interviewed '' . Flintshire Observer , Mining Journal and General Advertiser , for the Counties of Flint and Denbigh , 43 ( 1,827 ) . p. 6 , c. 2 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battles : Charge of the Light Brigade '' . History of war . Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Woodham Smith , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph Sunday 11 December 2016 , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Letter sheds light on who was to blame for ' blunder ' which sent Light Brigade into the Valley of Death '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 2016 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Raugh , Harold E. ( 2004 ) . The Victorians at War , 1815 -- 1914 : An Encyclopedia of British Military History . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC CLIO . p. 93 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 926 - 0 . Jump up ^ Calthorpe , Somerset John Gough ( 1857 ) . Letters from Headquarters : Or , The Realities of the War in the Crimea , by an Officer on the Staff . London : John Murray . p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` No. 21624 '' . The London Gazette. 12 November 1854 . p. 3456 . Jump up ^ Connors D. ; Armstrong , M.J. & Bonnett , J. ( 2015 ) . `` A counterfactual study of the Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Historical Methods. 48 ( 2 ) : 80 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Norman ( 1976 ) . On the Psychology of Military Incompetence . London : Jonathan Cape . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01161 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The E.J. Boys Archive online '' . ChargeOfTheLightBrigade.com . Jump up ^ `` Edwin Hughes '' . BBC . 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Calaclava '' ( PDF ) . Julienco.com . Jump up ^ `` The Officers ' Dinner '' . Illustrated London News . 67 ( 1890 ) : 6 . 30 October 1875 . Jump up ^ Dutton lists them , and the attendees where known Jump up ^ Greenwood , Hilary ( October 2012 ) . `` '' Martin Leonard Landfried `` '' . Shoreham Fort . Friends of Shoreham Fort . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Later Landfried became famous as the man who sounded the charge of the Light Brigade but it is not clear whether this was his responsibility or not . Taking part in the charge were 17 men listed as trumpeters on the muster rolls ... including William Brittain who rode with Lord Cardigan in the Charge . ( ... ) There is much argument about whether the ' charge ' was actually sounded at all ( ... ) William Brittain , it is agreed , sounded the ' walk , trot , gallop ' and he may have sounded the ' charge . ' It may be that one or more of the other trumpeters sounded the charge . Jump up ^ Hilary Greenwood ( 22 June 2004 ) . `` Trumpeter Landfrey 's Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Internet Archive . Internet Archive . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Martin Landfried retired as bandmaster for the 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers at Shoreham Fort , West Sussex , UK . He left the army in 1865 ( ... ) At the time of his death he was living in Portland Road Hove and his grave is Hove Cemetery . The recording was made and distributed by the Light Brigade Relief Fund . The aim was to benefit the remaining veterans and inform the public about the bad times some of them had fallen on . ( ... ) Researched by Hilary Greenwood , Shoreham Fort historian Jump up ^ `` Remembering Together : Sevastopol In The Crimean War '' . The quarterly magazine of the British Embassy in Kyiv . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Name * . `` You searched for '' . John Gray Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 11 February 1916 ) . `` Last Balaclava Hero '' . Abergavenny Chronicle , Monmouthshire Advertiser , Brynmawr , Blaenavon , Tredegar , Abersychan , Crickhowell , Pontypool , Usk , Raglan , Monmouth , Longtown , Pontrilas , Grosmont and Skenfrith Record , 80 . p. 2 , c. 3 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 30 June 1916 ) . `` Brevities '' . The Cambrian News , Merionethshire Standard and Welsh Farmers ' Gazette , ( 2,891 ) . p. 3 , c. 5 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Adkin ( 30 April 2017 ) . The Charge : The Real Reason Why the Light Brigade Was Lost . Pen and Sword . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5267 - 0722 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard ( 28 April 1890 ) . `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' . St James 's Gazette . London . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2 November 1913 ) . `` Last `` Light Brigade '' officer dies ; Kipling poem discovered `` . New York Times . p . SM8 . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Brighton , Terry ( 2004 ) . Hell riders : the true story of the charge of the Light Brigade . New York : Henry Holt . pp. 229 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lootens , Tricia ( 2000 ) . `` Victorian poetry and patriotism '' . In Bristow , Joseph . The Cambridge companion to Victorian poetry . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 269 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64115 - 2 . Further reading The Reason Why , Story of the Fatal Charge of the Light Brigade , Cecil Woodham - Smith , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 139031 - X , first published in 1953 by Constable for the Book Society . Hell Riders : The True Story of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Terry Brighton , Henry Holt and Co , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 , published 2 November 2004 . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade , Roy Dutton , InfoDial Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 , published 25 October 2007 . The Charge of the Light Brigade Contemporary eyewitness account from journalist William Howard Russell . Illustrated London News 30 October 1875 , reporting the celebration at Alexandra Palace of the survivors of the Charge and some of their recollections including those of Edward Richard Woodham the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration The Charge . The Real Reason Why the Light Brigade was Lost , Mark Adkin , Leo Cooper , London 1996 , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 469 - 5 , ( also : Pimlico , London 2004 , ISBN 1 - 84413 - 734 - 1 ) . `` New Accounts Emerge of Charge of the Light Brigade '' , Jasper Copping , The Telegraph , London , Apr. 20 , 2014 . External links ( 1 ) , Confirmed Chargers : Forgotten Heroes Charge of the Light Brigade Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Times '' account of The Charge of the Light Brigade Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charge of the Light Brigade . Charge of the Light Brigade on In Our Time at the BBC . Nationalarchives.gov.uk , The National Archives : Charge of the Light Brigade Eserver.org , The Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Alfred Tennyson Virginia. eud , A copy of the poem hand - written by Tennyson BBC.co.uk , illustrated history of the Charge of the Light Brigade Loc.gov , Roger Fenton photographs Kipling.org.uk , The Last of the Light Brigade by Rudyard Kipling Plus.com , Casualty list NPR.org , Retelling the Tale of the Light Brigade The monument to the charge in Ukraine at Find a Grave www.archive.org Trumpeter Martin Landfrey ( or Lanfried ) plays the charge he sounded at the Charge of the Light Brigade . He uses a bugle which was previously used by Wellington 's forces at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . Edison cylinder recording , 2 August 1890 , London . Julienco.com , Illustrated London News Article dated 30 October 1875 about the 21st Anniversary Reunion dinner at Alexandra Palace on 25 October 1875 . ( hide ) Queen 's Royal Hussars Predecessors 1st generation 3rd The King 's Own Hussars ( 1685 -- 1958 ) 7th Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1689 -- 1958 ) 4th Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1685 -- 1958 ) 8th King 's Royal Irish Hussars ( 1693 -- 1958 ) 2nd generation Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1958 -- 1993 ) Queen 's Royal Irish Hussars ( 1958 -- 1993 ) Victoria Cross James Champion Samuel Parkes Clement Walker Heneage George Hollis John Pearson Joseph Ward William Bankes Charles Craufurd Fraser See also Hussar Cavalry regiments of the British Army Armoured regiment Royal Armoured Corps 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade Charge of the Light Brigade The Queen 's Own Hussars Museum Irish in the British Armed Forces Royal Irish Regiment Irish Guards Royal Dragoon Guards North Irish Horse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade&oldid=842327044 '' Categories : 19th - century history of the British Army Crimean War Conflicts in 1854 Cavalry charges October 1854 events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Íslenska עברית Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 18 : 49 . 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About Wikipedia	who won in the charge of the light brigade	[ "\n\nCharge of the Light Brigade\n\n\nPart of Battle of Balaclava, Crimean War\n\n\n\nThe Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson (1855), illustrating the Light Brigade's charge into the \"Valley of Death\" from the Russian perspective.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1854\n\n\nLocation\n44°32′16″N 33°37′27″E / 44.53778°N 33.62417°E / 44.53778; 33.62417\n\n\nResult\nRussian victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n\n French Empire\n Russian Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan\n\n\n Armand-Octave-Marie d’Allonville\n Pavel Liprandi\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nAbout 670 (Adkin: 668; Brighton: \"at least\" 666)\nUnknown\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n110 killed\n161 wounded\nUnknown\n\n" ]	[ "Russian victory" ]
4732434813498979020	Taran Killam	Taran Killam - wikipedia Taran Killam Jump to : navigation , search Taran Killam Killam in a panel discussion at the 2013 New York Comic Con Birth name Taran Hourie Killam ( 1982 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Culver City , California , United States Medium Film , television , stage Nationality American Years active 1994 -- present Genres Improvisational comedy , sketch comedy , satire Subject ( s ) American culture , current events , pop culture , mass media Spouse Cobie Smulders ( m . 2012 ) Children Notable works and roles Saturday Night Live Wild ' N Out The Amanda Show Hamilton Stuck in the Suburbs Taran Hourie Killam ( born April 1 , 1982 ) is an American actor , comedian , and writer . He is best known for his television work on shows such as The Amanda Show , Wild ' n Out , Mad TV , and Saturday Night Live . Killam is also known for his portrayal of a teen pop star in the Disney Channel Original Movie Stuck in the Suburbs . Killam performed the role of King George III in the Broadway production of Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theatre , ending his run on the evening of April 13 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Saturday Night Live 2.3 Other work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Killam was born on April 1 , 1982 in Culver City , California , and grew up in Big Bear Lake , California . He graduated from the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts . His great - aunt is Rosemarie Bowe , wife of actor Robert Stack . Killam attended the University of California , Los Angeles for one year in 2000 . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) In 1994 , Killam made his first film appearance as an adolescent in Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult . Killam was featured on Nickelodeon 's The Amanda Show , a sketch - comedy vehicle for Amanda Bynes , on which he played Spaulding , a boy who had a huge crush on Moody , in the soap opera parody `` Moody 's Point '' . Killam joined the cast of MADtv as a featured player during its seventh season from 2001 to 2002 . Of the 25 episodes that aired during MADtv 's seventh season , Killam appeared fully in 13 episodes . Joining the MADtv cast at age 19 , Killam was the youngest cast member hired on the show and the only cast member on MADtv to get his start on children 's shows ( similar to Kenan Thompson on Saturday Night Live ) . He was a regular cast member on the third and fourth seasons of Nick Cannon 's Wild ' N Out . In 2005 , Killam co-starred in the television pilot Nobody 's Watching , which never aired on network TV . The pilot gained popularity after it was leaked online and webisodes were produced from 2006 to 2007 . Killam co-starred in the 2004 Disney Channel original film Stuck in the Suburbs . After MADtv , Killam appeared on TV shows such as Jake in Progress , Still Standing , Boston Public , Drake & Josh , Do Over , Roswell and Judging Amy . He has appeared on Scrubs and Scrubs : Interns as Jimmy ( the Overly Touchy Orderly ) . Killam appeared as a contestant on the episode of The Price Is Right which aired on December 7 , 2006 . The episode was re-aired on July 19 , 2007 . He has been in Big Fat Liar , Just Married , Anderson 's Cross , and My Best Friend 's Girl . Killam was a member of the Los Angeles - based improvisational and sketch - comedy troupe the Groundlings . He retired from the main company in 2012 . Saturday Night Live ( edit ) On September 25 , 2010 , Killam joined the cast of Saturday Night Live for the 36th season , making him the second Nickelodeon veteran ( after Kenan Thompson ) to join SNL and the second SNL cast member who was previously a cast member on the sketch show MADtv ( after Jeff Richards ) . Killam named Eddie Murphy as his favorite SNL cast member and Arcade Fire as his favorite musical guest . In August 2016 , Killam along with Jay Pharoah were let go from SNL . Other work ( edit ) In December 2011 , Killam replicated the Robyn video `` Call Your Girlfriend '' in a small writer 's room and posted it to YouTube . The video went viral and by January 6 , 2015 it had been viewed more than 958,382 times . The late night antics briefly became an Internet phenomenon and garnered Killam media and public attention . When interviewed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Killam stated that he had not known the dance shown in the song 's official video until Robyn was scheduled to appear on SNL as a guest ; then , he watched the video repeatedly until he could perform it himself . In 2011 , Killam appeared in Community episode `` Regional Holiday Music '' as Mr. Radison ( Mr. Rad ) , a parody of Will Schuester from Glee . In 2012 he appeared in iCarly episode `` I Meet The First Lady '' as a Secret Service agent . On November 10 , 2012 , Killam appeared with Kenan Thompson in a short video , `` The Legend of Mokiki and the Sloppy Swish '' . Mokiki is a laboratory test subject who wanders Manhattan performing a shuffling move known as the `` Sloppy Swish '' . The sketch briefly became an Internet phenomenon and garnered Killam media and public attention . Mike Ryan of The Huffington Post wrote , `` It is one of the most bizarre things to ever air on SNL , yet , the next day , everyone was talking about the Sloppy Swish . '' Killam co-starred in the 2013 comedy film The Heat . Killam voices Zip `` Frantic '' Danger on the Hulu original series The Awesomes . In 2013 Killam ventured into the spy genre and the comics industry with The Illegitimates , a six - issue comics miniseries co-written by Marc Andreyko , illustrated by Kevin Sharpe and published by IDW Publishing . The series focuses on a team of illegitimate siblings who are charged with taking the place of their father , Jack Steele , a James Bond - like spy , after his death . The first issue was published December 18 , 2013 , and received mixed reviews . Killam appears in the 2013 film 12 Years a Slave , playing the role of Abram Hamilton , one of the kidnappers who brought the main character into slavery . Killam is a fan of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise ( Raphael in particular ) , and successfully lobbied for a cameo role in the 2014 film . Killam made six guest appearances as Gary Blauman on his wife Cobie Smulders ' TV series , How I Met Your Mother . His first appearance was in the March 20 , 2006 episode , `` Life Among the Gorillas '' and the final one was the March 24 , 2014 episode , `` The End of the Aisle '' . In 2015 , Killam provided the voice of the titular character on the PBS Kids show Nature Cat , along with SNL alumni Kate McKinnon , Bobby Moynihan , and Kenan Thompson . On January 17 , 2017 Killam succeeded Rory O'Malley in the role of King George III in the Broadway musical Hamilton . Personal Life ( edit ) After several years of dating , Killam and Canadian actress Cobie Smulders became engaged in January 2009 . They married on September 8 , 2012 , in Solvang , California . The couple have two daughters . The first , Shaelyn Cado Killam , was born May 16 , 2009 ; the second , whose name was not revealed , was born in January 2015 . Killam is an avid reader of comic books and a fan of James Bond films . He first became interested in comics with Jim Lee 's 1991 work on X-Men # 1 . He counts among his favorite aspects of the Bond franchise On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and the Nintendo 64 video game GoldenEye 007 , and names Sean Connery , Goldfinger and `` Skyfall '' as his favorite Bond actor , film and theme , respectively . He is also a self - proclaimed fan of Star Wars , creating Star Wars centric sketches on Saturday Night Live and appearing on The Star Wars Show . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult Boy of Geriatric Park 2002 Big Fat Liar Bret Callaway 2003 Just Married Dickie McNerney Stuck in the Suburbs Jordan Cahill 2006 The Showdown The Batter Short film 2006 Dr. Miracles Mr. Peterson Short film 2007 Epic Movie Pirate 2008 My Best Friend 's Girl Josh 2009 Three Matthew McConaugheys and a Baby Matthew McConaughey Short film Anderson 's Cross Austin Wilson 2013 The Heat Adam 2013 Grown Ups 2 Male Cheerleader 2013 12 Years a Slave Abram Hamilton 2014 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Jim McNaughton 2015 Ted 2 Himself 2015 Underdogs Captain Skip ( voice ) 2016 Casual Encounters Justin Davis 2016 Brother Nature Roger Fellner Also writer 2017 All Nighter Gary 2017 Killing Gunther Blake Also director , producer and writer 2018 Night School Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 -- 2002 All That Himself 15 episodes ; also writer 2000 The Jersey Varsity 1 Episode : `` Nick 's a Chick '' 2000 Judging Amy Freddie Felleman Episode : `` The Wee Hours '' 2000 Touched by an Angel Teenage Robert Episode : `` The Grudge '' 2000 -- 2002 The Amanda Show Spaulding 7 episodes 2001 Undressed Blake 40 episodes 2001 Roswell Malamud Episode : `` Heart of Mine '' 2001 -- 2002 MADtv Various 13 episodes 2002 Do Over Dave Episode : `` The Block Party '' Drake & Josh Trevor Episode : `` Dune Buggy '' Boston Public Alex Buchanan Episode : `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' Still Standing Andy , Varsity Basketball Player # 1 Episode : `` Still Narcing '' Stuck in the Suburbs Jordan Cahill TV film 2005 Jake in Progress Todd Episode : `` Loose Thread '' 2006 Girlfriends Jordan Gray Episode : `` Hustle & Dough '' 2006 -- 2014 How I Met Your Mother Gary Blauman 6 episodes 2006 -- 2007 Wild ' n Out Various 29 episodes 2007 Nick Cannon Presents : Short Circuitz Various 8 episodes ; also writer 2009 Scrubs Jimmy 4 episodes 2009 Scrubs : Interns Jimmy Episode : `` The Late Night with Jimmy Show '' 2010 -- 2016 Saturday Night Live Himself , Various 126 episodes 2011 Community Cory Radison Episode : `` Regional Holiday Music '' 2012 iCarly Agent Kinsey Episode : `` iMeet the First Lady '' 2012 Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Patient , Steve Doocy , Guy 2 episodes 2013 -- 2016 Drunk History William Clark , Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , Bobby Fischer , Lord Gordon Gordon 4 episodes 2013 -- 2015 The Awesomes Zip `` Frantic '' Danger ( voice ) Main role 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Smith Calvins Episode : `` Jenna Fischer Wears a Floral Blouse & Black Heels '' 2014 Sesame Street Professor Buck Awe Episode : `` School for Chickens '' 2015 -- present Nature Cat Nature Cat Voice 2016 New Girl Fred Episode : `` What About Fred '' 2016 Mating Pilot Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 Hamilton King George III Broadway debut ; replaced Rory O'Malley Bibliography ( edit ) The Illegitimates # 1 -- 6 ( 2013 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taran Killam '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen Turner , Arrissia ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` From Big Bear to big time - Taran Killam '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taran Killam Profile '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Yan , Marjorie ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Killam with laughter : actor , comedian , and former Bruin lands dream job on `` _̃ Saturday Night Live ' cast '' . Daily Bruin . University of California , Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` Nobody 's Watching Part 2 `` , YouTube , June 8 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , T.J. ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` NYCC : ' Saturday Night Live 's ' Taran Killam Debriefs ' The Illegitimates ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` SNL Vets Taran Killam and Jay Pharoah Not Returning for Season 42 '' . TVLine.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Taran Killam On Why He 's Leaving ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . Uproxx.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Your Girlfriend SNL '' . December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Taran Killam and ' SNL ' cohorts do late night recreation of Robyn 's ' Call Your Girlfriend ' ( Video ) '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Talkin ' Robyn with Taran Killam '' . Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Mokiki 's Sloppy Swish Is the Next ' Gangnam Style ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Trending : Look Out , Psy : SNL 's ' Sloppy Swish ' Might be the Next ' Gangnam Style ' '' . MSN Now . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . The ridiculous `` Sloppy Swish '' dance by Mokiki was featured in an SNL sketch last night , and , with the speed that it 's gone viral today , some people are predicting it could be the next Gangnam Style . Parodies have already begun springing up on YouTube and there are Tumblr pages for both `` Mokiki '' and `` Sloppy Swish . '' Sorry , Psy -- there may be a new viral dance sensation on the block . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' : Origins Of The Sloppy Swish And Mokiki , Explained By Taran Killam '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Konrad , Jeremy ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Taran Killam And IDW 's The Illegitimates Win Over The Crowd '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ Jasper , Marykate ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Illegitimates # 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Ostrowski , Vince ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Illegitimates # 1 '' . Multiversity Comics . Jump up ^ Hunsaker , Andy ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Illegitimates # 1 : ' SNL ' Star Taran Killam 's Comic Debut '' . CraveOnline . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` aran Killam to Make Broadway Debut in ' Hamilton ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Reagan ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` HIMYM 's Cobie Smulders Flashes Her New Engagement Ring '' . People . Retrieved 25 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL 's '' Taran Killam Marries `` How I Met Your Mother 's '' Cobie Smulders -- Exclusive `` . RumorFix . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` It 's a Girl for Cobie Smulders '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Taran Killam and Cobie Smulders Expecting Second Child '' . People . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNL - Scarlett Johansson Sings Sexy ' Love You Baby ' Lullaby ( Monologue ) '' . MetaTube. 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Klassen , Anna ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unexpected ' Star Cobie Smulders & Director Kris Swanberg On Finally Making a Pregnancy Film From the Female Perspective '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Star Wars Show '' . YouTube . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taran Killam . Taran Killam on IMDb Taran Killam on Twitter Official SNL cast biography VIAF : 315992527 LCCN : nb2015010500 GND : 1138655783 MusicBrainz : fac75994 - b320 - 4360 - b4cc - 4ef0a5cd6684 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taran_Killam&oldid=807039526 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male comedians American male film actors American impressionists ( entertainers ) American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from the Greater Los Angeles Area American comics writers People from Big Bear Lake , California People from Culver City , California Writers from California University of California , Los Angeles alumni Los Angeles County High School for the Arts alumni American sketch comedians Comedians from California Hidden categories : Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی 한국어 Italiano مصرى 日本語 Português Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays professor buck awe on sesame street	[ "Taran Hourie Killam (born April 1, 1982) is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He is best known for his television work on shows such as The Amanda Show, Wild 'n Out, Mad TV, and Saturday Night Live. Killam is also known for his portrayal of a teen pop star in the Disney Channel Original Movie Stuck in the Suburbs." ]	[ "Taran Hourie Killam" ]
8245493003024677439	The Punisher (TV series)	The Punisher ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Punisher ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Punisher Genre Action Conspiracy thriller Crime drama Created by Steve Lightfoot Based on Punisher by Gerry Conway John Romita , Sr . Ross Andru Starring Jon Bernthal Ebon Moss - Bachrach Ben Barnes Amber Rose Revah Daniel Webber Paul Schulze Jason R. Moore Michael Nathanson Jaime Ray Newman Deborah Ann Woll Composer ( s ) Tyler Bates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tom Shankland ( 1x01 only ) Cindy Holland Allie Goss Laura Delahaye Kris Henigman Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Karim Zriek Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Steve Lightfoot Producer ( s ) Gail Barringer Location ( s ) New York City Cinematography Bill Coleman Manuel Billeter Petr Hlinomaz Editor ( s ) William Yeh Russell Denove Tirsa Hackshaw Running time 49 -- 58 minutes Production company ( s ) Marvel Television ABC Studios Bohemian Risk Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Marvel 's Daredevil Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel 's The Punisher , or simply The Punisher , is an American web television series created for Netflix by Steve Lightfoot , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise , and is a spin - off of Marvel 's Daredevil . The series is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Bohemian Risk Productions , with Lightfoot serving as showrunner . The series revolves around Frank Castle , who uses lethal methods to fight crime as the vigilante `` the Punisher '' , with Jon Bernthal reprising the role from Daredevil . Ebon Moss - Bachrach , Ben Barnes , Amber Rose Revah , Daniel Webber , Paul Schulze , Jason R. Moore , Michael Nathanson , Jaime Ray Newman , and Deborah Ann Woll also star . A television series centered on the Punisher received a put pilot commitment at Fox in 2011 , but that project fell through . In June 2015 , Bernthal was cast as the character to appear in the second season of Daredevil . Development on a spin - off titled The Punisher began by January 2016 , before the second season of Daredevil was released . In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered the series , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and announced Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Filming began in New York City in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . The Punisher premiered in New York City on November 6 , 2017 , with the full season of thirteen episodes released on November 17 on Netflix . In December 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Frank Castle , known throughout New York City as `` the Punisher '' after exacting revenge on those responsible for the death of his family , uncovers a larger conspiracy beyond what was done to him and his family . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher : A vigilante who aims to fight the criminal underworld by any means necessary , no matter how lethal the results . Daredevil season one showrunner Steven S. DeKnight said this version of Punisher would be `` completely the Marvel version , '' as previous portrayals did not appear under the Marvel Studios / Marvel Television banner . However , Bernthal did study all the previous portrayals , saying , `` once you devour and eat up as much as you can , my way is to make it as personal as possible '' . On how Castle resonates with him , Bernthal said , `` He ai n't got a fucking cape . He ai n't got any superpowers . He 's a fucking tortured , angry father and husband who 's living in this unbelievable world of darkness and loss and torment . '' Bernthal added that there would be `` a military component '' in the series since Castle is `` a soldier ... ( The series ) will be somewhat centered on that '' . He also stated that `` the character that was portrayed on Daredevil season two was sort of the origin tale of how this guy became the Punisher , why he put on the vest . '' Bernthal noted he `` always want ( ed ) to preserve the essence of '' Castle , who Bernthal described as `` brutal '' , `` damaged '' and `` tortured '' , by exploring `` the pain and what 's behind the violence and the reason why he 's committing the violence '' that is `` utterly satisfying and addictive for him '' . Ebon Moss - Bachrach as David Lieberman / Micro : A former NSA analyst who assists Castle after faking his death . Regarding Micro 's relationship with Castle , Moss - Bachrach said , `` We have found ourselves with common enemies and it 's a marriage of convenience . '' Moss - Bachrach also felt the comics version of the character was `` a one - trick pony '' , supplying equipment to Castle , but that the character gets `` interesting when their relationship gets bad '' and hoped to explore that in the series . Ben Barnes as Billy Russo : Castle 's former best friend from when he served in USMC Force Recon . Russo runs Anvil , a private military corporation . Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani : An Iranian - American Department of Homeland Security agent stationed in Afghanistan , who returns to New York City for an investigation that leads her to cross paths with Castle . Revah noted that Madani `` sees herself as American -- that 's what her being is , that 's what she wants to protect , that 's why she does what she does . '' As Madani is not based on a character from the comics , Revah 's `` research was based more on Homeland and what it 's like for those people , and the logical processes the character would be going through . I think , for a lot of actors , if you 're playing someone from comics , you probably feel you have some sort of responsibility to represent this character in a light that reflects how they were represented in the comic books . Because I did n't have that , it probably let me be more open in my representation . '' Revah spoke with actual Homeland officers as well as Iranian people `` to make that ( part of the character ) authentic . '' A special shotgun was made for Revah to use , designed for her stature . Daniel Webber as Lewis Wilson : A young veteran struggling with his new life as a civilian . He attends group therapy sessions with other servicemen under Curtis Hoyle . Paul Schulze as William Rawlins : The director of covert operations at the CIA , who crosses paths with Castle due to their time in Afghanistan . Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle : A friend of Castle , one of the few people who knows he is alive and former US Navy Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman , who became the leader of a therapy group after losing the lower part of his left leg in combat . Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein : A Department of Homeland Security agent and Madani 's partner . Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman : David 's wife . Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page : A reporter at the New York Bulletin and Matt Murdock 's former assistant , who befriended Castle after working on his case . Woll reprises her role from a previous Marvel Netflix series . Regarding Page 's continuing relationship with Castle , Woll said , `` Frank has a soft spot in Karen 's heart , and certainly with the dark history that Karen has , there are very few people she can share her authentic self with . Frank is someone who she could potentially fully open up to . '' She added , `` there 's something about Frank where ( Karen ) does n't have to be ashamed of her darkest , deepest side of herself . She gets to be more honest with him '' . Recurring ( edit ) Shohreh Aghdashloo as Farah Madani : Dinah 's mother who runs a successful psychiatric practice . Jordan Mahome as Isaac Lange : A military veteran who attends Hoyle 's support groups . Kelli Barrett as Maria Castle : Castle 's deceased wife . Aidan Pierce Brennan as Frank Castle Jr. : Castle 's deceased son . Nicolette Pierini as Lisa Castle : Castle 's deceased daughter . Ripley Sobo as Leo Lieberman : David and Sarah 's daughter . Kobi Frumer as Zach Lieberman : David and Sarah 's son . Tony Plana as Rafael Hernandez : The director of operations for Homeland Security and Madani 's mentor . Guest ( edit ) C. Thomas Howell as Carson Wolf : A corrupt senior DHS agent , supervisor of `` Operation Cerberus , '' and Madani 's supervisor who crosses paths with Micro and then later Castle . Delaney Williams as O'Connor : A phony Vietnam veteran and NRA member who attends Hoyle 's support groups . Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison : The editor - in - chief of the New York Bulletin and Page 's boss . Cantor reprises his role from Daredevil . Shez Sardar as Ahmad Zubair : An Afghan policeman who worked with Madani . Jeb Kreager as Gunner Henderson : A Marine Corps veteran and member of the Cerberus Squad that worked alongside Castle and later went reclusive upon returning home . Clancy Brown as Ray Schoonover : Castle 's commanding officer in Afghanistan . Brown reprises his role from Daredevil . Tim Guinee as Clay Wilson : Lewis Wilson 's father . Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett : A low - level criminal who operates in Hell 's Kitchen and Harlem . Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix shows . Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marion James : A Deputy Director of the CIA . Andrew Polk as Morty Bennett Rick Holmes as Stan Ori : A U.S. Senator who is interviewed by Karen Page on his gun control views . Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney : A Sergeant at the NYPD 's 15th Precinct . Johnson reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix series . Houshang Touzie as Hamid Madani : Dinah 's father . NY1 anchors Pat Kiernan , Roma Torre , and Stacy - Ann Gooden cameo as themselves . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` 3 AM '' Tom Shankland Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) After tracking down and executing the surviving gangsters involved in the deaths of his wife and children , Frank Castle keeps a low profile by working at a New York City construction site under the alias `` Pete Castiglione '' . The only person who knows his true identity is Curtis Hoyle , a former Navy SARC who runs a PTSD support group for veterans . One night , Castle 's co-workers pressure new employee Donny Chavez into helping them rob a loan shark related to the Gnucci crime family . The robbery goes wrong , however , when Donny drops his wallet and exposes his driver 's license . Castle saves Donny from being drowned in cement , killing the other construction workers in the process , before assassinating the loan shark and his associates , unaware that a mysterious figure is spying on him through the surveillance cameras . Meanwhile , Department of Homeland Security agent Dinah Madani tries to use her position at the New York field office to find the people responsible for killing her former partner Ahmed Zubair , who was investigating American soldiers smuggling heroin before his death . `` Two Dead Men '' Tom Shankland Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) While at a diner in Queens , Castle receives a phone call from Micro , who asks for his help . Unnerved , Castle seeks out Karen Page , the former legal secretary to Nelson & Murdock who was part of Castle 's defense team , and , with her help , discovers that Micro is David Lieberman , a former NSA analyst who was killed while resisting arrest . The story about his death , however , was never released because Madani 's boss Carson Wolf personally shut it down . After visiting Lieberman 's wife Sarah and bonding over the grief they feel for their lost loved ones , Castle tracks down Wolf and breaks into his home , where he elicits a confession about his involvement in Lieberman 's `` death '' before snapping his neck . Meanwhile , Madani meets with Billy Russo , a former squadmate of Castle 's who now runs a private military contractor firm called Anvil , in an attempt to determine if he was somehow involved in the heroin smuggling . Her attempt is interrupted by a text message about Wolf 's murder . After leading Lieberman on a wild - goose chase across New York City , Castle confronts him at his hideout and prepares to interrogate him . `` Kandahar '' Andy Goddard Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) While interrogating Lieberman , Castle learns that he has rigged the hideout to explode if he is not at his console . Castle , however , reveals that he did not see any bombs when he secured the perimeter . Lieberman reveals he filmed Castle and , after disarming the security , knocks him out with a tranquilizer . Shortly after Castle regains consciousness , Lieberman reveals he wants to help him take down the people who destroyed their lives . Meanwhile , Madani juggles engaging in a jurisdictional dispute with the NYPD and the FBI and dealing with guilt over Wolf 's death . When Madani 's partner Sam Stein tells her that Wolf had $30 million hidden in offshore accounts , she decides to trust him . In a flashback in Afghanistan , Castle and Russo serve as members of a covert assassination squad that is recruited by an `` Agent Orange '' to execute Zubair before he can reveal their existence . The squad later raids a compound on Orange 's intel only to lose several members , prompting Castle to attack Orange and blind him in his left eye . Lieberman , after finding footage of Zubair 's death , encrypts and sends it to Madani only for a team of DHS agents led by Wolf to track him down and shoot him . Lieberman survives the attempt while Wolf frames him as a traitor . `` Resupply '' Kari Skogland Dario Scardapane November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Castle attempts to hijack a weapons shipment belonging to Turk Barrett only to discover a Greek gang has already taken them . As he juggles searching for the shipment and growing closer to Lieberman 's family , Madani is approached by her mentor Rafael Hernandez , who warns her about investigating Wolf 's corruption . Madani is then tasked with leading an operation to recover the shipment , which Lieberman learns about from hacking the Department 's files . Although reluctant to get involved , Lieberman helps Castle take the shipment from DHS . Madani and Castle engage in a high - speed chase that ends when Lieberman rams Madani 's car with their truck . Castle proceeds to save Madani , who recognizes him , and confirms her suspicions that he killed Wolf before telling her not to get in his way . Meanwhile , Lewis Wilson , a member of Hoyle 's PTSD support group , attempts to find a job at Anvil only to be rejected when Hoyle informs Russo about Wilson 's deteriorating mental health . 5 `` Gunner '' Dearbhla Walsh Michael Jones - Morales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Castle and Lieberman search for Gunner Henderson , another of Castle 's former squad - mates who filmed the video of Zubair 's execution , Madani tells Stein that Castle is still alive and asks him to keep her secret until she can know more . Castle finds Henderson in rural Kentucky and learns that Agent Orange , who is CIA Director of Covert Operations William Rawlins , was working with Ray Schoonover to smuggle heroin into the United States in the corpses of KIAs . The two men are then ambushed by a team of mercenaries working for Rawlins , who wants to kill Henderson before DHS can locate him . With Lieberman providing overhead monitoring from a drone , Castle and Henderson kill Rawlins ' men , but Henderson is mortally wounded . Lieberman rescues Castle and takes him back to New York , unaware that Rawlins now knows about Castle 's continued existence . 6 `` The Judas Goat '' Jeremy Webb Christine Boylan November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Lieberman turns to Hoyle to help treat Castle 's infected wounds , with Hoyle blaming him for Castle 's current condition , Russo learns that Madani is investigating his former squad - mate and confronts her . He proceeds to broadcast a radio call to Castle while Madani confirms Castle 's involvement in Henderson 's death . After learning that Castle is still alive , Russo approaches Castle and offers to give him a new identity . Castle refuses following a visit with Lieberman 's family , unaware that Russo is secretly working with Rawlins . Meanwhile , Wilson is arrested for confronting an NYPD officer while helping Vietnam veteran and fellow support group member O'Connor hand out pro-Second Amendment leaflets outside a courthouse . After being bailed out by Hoyle and learning that O'Connor lied about serving in Vietnam , Wilson confronts O'Connor and stabs him to death . 7 `` Crosshairs '' Andy Goddard Bruce Marshall Romans November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Castle sets out to target Morty Bennett , one of the founders of `` Operation Cerberus '' and one of Rawlins ' allies in the heroin smuggling plot , Rawlins stages a trap for his former subordinate . Lieberman , however , has Castle keep Bennett long enough for the recon drone to clone his phone and track down Rawlins . Castle arrives at Rawlins ' safehouse and tries to kill him , only for the bullet to be stopped by bulletproof glass , and is forced to retreat . Meanwhile , Russo kills Bennett in an attempt to clean up any loose ends and Madani , suspecting that her office has been bugged , has Stein stage a `` plan '' to find whoever is listening . 8 `` Cold Steel '' Antonio Campos Felicia D. Henderson November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Castle and Lieberman come to terms with learning Rawlins ' identity , Castle learns that Lieberman 's son Zach brought a knife to school and decides to scare him straight . Castle confronts him and learns that he has grown afraid since his father 's `` death '' . After convincing Lieberman that seeing his son would be too dangerous , the two agree that the next course of action is to work with Madani . Meanwhile , Rawlins and Russo decide to go after Castle , unaware that Madani , Stein and their DHS team are going after them . A shootout unfolds , in which several SWAT officers and several of Russo 's men are killed . Stein chases and corners Russo outside , only for Russo to pull a concealed knife and stab him to death . Russo later `` consoles '' Madani and helps wash the blood off her body . 9 `` Front Toward Enemy '' Marc Jobst Angela LaManna November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Madani continues to blame herself for Stein 's death , Wilson executes a series of bombings throughout New York City and sends Page a letter , believing she will side with his cause as she had with Castle . When she does not , he calls Page while she is participating in an on - air debate between her and pro-gun control Senator Stan Ori . Castle and Hoyle recognize Wilson from reciting the Latin phrase sic semper tyrannis , with Hoyle going to look for him at O'Connor's house . He finds Wilson 's bomb - making supplies and O'Connor's decaying corpse only for Wilson to overpower him and tie him to a chair with the bomb . Castle manages to find Hoyle and save his life after convincing Wilson to disarm the bomb . Castle proceeds to escape after Wilson calls the police , but not before a police car dashcam captures his image and makes the public aware of his continued existence . Meanwhile , Lieberman meets with Madani and not only reveals Rawlins ' name to her but also his work with Castle . 10 `` Virtue of the Vicious '' Jim O'Hanlon Ken Kristensen November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As Brett Mahoney interviews Page , Madani , Russo , and Senator Ori to determine the proper sequence of events surrounding an assassination attempt on the Senator , each interviewee recounts the attack from radically different perspectives . Six hours earlier , after learning that the mercenaries who killed Stein are connected to Anvil , Madani confronts Russo at the hotel where his men are providing security for Senator Ori as he sits down for an interview with Page . During the interview , Wilson , who previously infiltrated the hotel after killing one of Russo 's men and stealing his uniform , barges into Ori 's suite with a gun . Castle arrives and shields the two from the gunfire only for Wilson , who is wearing a suicide vest , to take Page hostage . Castle then flees when the Anvil agents open fire on him . Fighting off Russo , the Anvil agents , and several NYPD officers , Castle confronts Wilson in the hotel kitchen before helping Karen disarm the bomb . After finding and cutting the right wire , Page shoots Wilson in the foot with a gun she took from an Anvil agent . Wilson then locks himself in the freezer , rewires the bomb and detonates it , killing himself . 11 `` Danger Close '' Kevin Hooks Felicia D. Henderson November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Sarah and Zach are kidnapped by Russo 's men while Castle makes preparations to go after Rawlins . With Leo Lieberman having eluded capture , Lieberman reunites with her at an old family hangout and enlists Madani 's aid . Rawlins attempts to gain sympathy from CIA Deputy Director Marion James who upon learning of Rawlins ' duplicitous nature asks that he fix his problem and leave the CIA altogether so that his actions wo n't affect them . Rawlins and Russo both plan on betraying one another behind their backs . Having anticipated that Anvil would trace Sarah 's call history , Castle ambushes and kills the assault team in the power station . With his assault team dead , Russo arranges a location for a hostage exchange site , demanding that Castle and Lieberman exchange themselves for Sarah and Zach . 12 `` Home '' Jet Wilkinson Dario Scardapane November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Madani records Castle and Lieberman as they testify against Rawlins , which she plans to present to James . The two allies then make their way to the agreed exchange spot , finding Sarah and Zach alive but laden with gasoline canisters . Anticipating Russo 's double cross , Castle and Lieberman stage the latter 's fake death , with Madani 's DHS team shooting him in order to make the ruse convincing . While Lieberman reunites with his family , Russo and Rawlins take Castle to the power station for interrogation . Castle , despite being tortured to the brink of death , breaks free and stabs Rawlins to death . DHS then storms the station and wounds an escaping Russo before evacuating Castle for medical attention . 13 `` Memento Mori '' Stephen Surjik Steve Lightfoot November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) As DHS executes a failed attempt to apprehend Russo , Castle receives medical attention from Madani 's father while Madani presents the video evidence to James . Russo sneaks into Hoyle 's apartment and , after confirming suspicions of the latter 's knowledge about Castle , prepares to execute him only to be interrupted by Castle in a sniper position . Castle gives Russo the chance to pick an agreed place for a one - on - one confrontation , with Russo picking the carousel where Castle 's family died . Russo takes hostages and wounds them in order to gain a tactical advantage , which he uses during his confrontation with Castle . Madani , having previously deduced Russo 's location , intervenes only to receive a headshot wound . Castle then overpowers Russo and repeatedly slams his face against the carousel 's mirrored walls , disfiguring him . Three days later , Castle learns from James and Hernandez that DHS and the CIA have erased his criminal record , allowing him to live out his life in anonymity . He also learns that Madani has survived her headshot wound and Russo has been hospitalized with severe head trauma that may seriously affect his memory . Upon his release from hospital , Castle attends Hoyle 's support group and opens up for the first time . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2011 , ABC Studios sold a script based on the Punisher to Fox , who gave the project a put pilot commitment . The series would be an hour - long procedural following NYPD detective Frank Castle , `` whose alter ego is that of a vigilante seeking justice for those failed by the court system . '' Ed Bernero was attached as executive producer , but by May 2012 , the project had not moved forward . A year later , the character 's film rights reverted to Marvel from Lionsgate . In June 2015 , Jon Bernthal was announced as cast as Frank Castle in the second season of Marvel 's Daredevil on Netflix . The series was the first of several live action series provided to Netflix by Marvel Television and ABC Studios , with subsequent series featuring Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist all leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . By January 2016 , ahead of the Daredevil season two release , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to Marvel 's The Defenders . Head of Marvel Television and executive producer Jeph Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' Loeb stated a month later that the reports about the potential spin - off were `` something that people are speculating on , as opposed to something that 's actually happening . '' In April 2016 , Netflix officially ordered a full 13 episode season of The Punisher , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and named Steve Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Loeb , Cindy Holland , and Jim Chory also serve as executive producers . A second season was ordered in December 2017 . Writing ( edit ) Lightfoot noted that `` anti-heroes with dark pasts , that are morally grey , are always interesting to write . '' On deciding to work on The Punisher , Lightfoot stated , `` I was drawn to a guy who is dealing with grief - how does he do that ? ... We talked a lot as we developed the show that once you take hold of the hand of violence it 's impossible to let it go . That relationship to violence really interested me , not just the fact he has the ability to use it but also the cost of it . '' Bernthal stated the series would be `` loose with chronology '' for the character , depicting events before and after the events of Daredevil season two . Casting ( edit ) Bernthal promoting The Punisher at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Bernthal had been cast as Castle in June 2015 to appear in the second season of Daredevil , and was confirmed to be reprising the role for the spin - off in April 2016 . That September , Ben Barnes was cast in the series in an unspecified series regular role . The next month , set photos revealed that Deborah Ann Woll would reprise her Daredevil role as Karen Page , Barnes was announced as playing Billy Russo , while Ebon Moss - Bachrach and Amber Rose Revah also joined the series , as David Lieberman / Micro and Dinah Madani , respectively . At New York Comic Con , Bernthal confirmed Woll as a co-star . At the end of October , Marvel announced the additional casting of Daniel Webber as Lewis Wilson , Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle , Paul Schulze as William Rawlins , Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman , and Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein . In August 2017 , Shohreh Aghdashloo was revealed to be portraying Farah Madani , Dinah 's mother , in a recurring role for the series . Rob Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix series as Turk Barrett . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on October 3 , 2016 in Brooklyn , New York , under the working title Crime . Additional filming took place in Astoria , Queens in December 2016 . Filming wrapped on April 9 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) In April 2017 , Tyler Bates was announced as the composer for The Punisher , after previously composing for Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . In order to `` get into the dark corners of the Punisher 's mind , '' Bates played `` more of a broken blues '' guitar , which was augmented with talkbox effects and other `` guitar noises '' , along with guitar - vol and melodica . On this style , Bates said , `` The rough edges and broken nature of ( music like this ) leaves a great deal of space for emotion and interesting color -- and a bit of an attitude . Otherwise it 's not going to be an authentic expression of the idea . There 's a darkness in there that I 'm happy to tap into . '' Release ( edit ) The Punisher was released on November 17 , 2017 on the streaming service Netflix , worldwide . The 13 hour - long episodes were released simultaneously , as opposed to a serialized format , to encourage binge - watching , a format which has been successful for other Netflix series . In July 2016 , Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that The Punisher would not debut until 2018 at the earliest , after The Defenders released on August 18 , 2017 , but that October , Marvel confirmed a 2017 release instead . In early September 2017 , Dominic Patten and Denise Petski of Deadline.com commented on the lack of specific release date for the series at the time , calling it `` an unusual '' , `` rare move for Marvel and Netflix , who usually give a lot of lead - up to the launch of the high profile and much anticipated series . '' The pair felt with the increased marketing of the series , it would release `` sooner rather than later '' . Allison Keene of Collider felt Marvel and Netflix holding back the release date was `` really weird and unnecessary ... If you 're excited for this show , you 'll watch it whenever it appears . For TV editors who have to plan reviews and other content , it 's just irritating . '' Polygon 's Susana Polo felt Marvel and Netflix were waiting for their scheduled panel at New York Comic Con 2017 during the first weekend of October to reveal the series ' release date , as the convention had been used in previous years to reveal `` breaking fall Marvel / Netflix news '' . It was reported that Netflix had been planning a surprise `` drop '' release of the series in mid-October 2017 , mimicking a strategy from the music industry where an artist 's album is released `` with little or no fanfare '' , after their panel at New York Comic Con 2017 , but decided to delay the release to later in 2017 after the Las Vegas shooting and subsequently cancelling the panel . Two weeks later , the November 17 release was announced . Regarding the decisions made concerning the New York Comic Con panel and the series ' release , Loeb said that they were made `` specifically because it was a week after a horrible , horrible incident . It has n't changed the television series , the show is not predominantly about gun violence , and in fact it shows you the problems that occur in that world . '' Bernthal felt delaying the release of the series `` was the right decision '' out of respect for the victims . Between the delaying of the series due to the Vegas shooting until the November 17 release , the U.S. experienced another mass shooting with the Sutherland Springs church shooting . Bernthal hoped that after these two shootings and the release of the series , it would help further the discussion on gun violence , with `` all sides of this debate '' represented in The Punisher . Marketing ( edit ) Bernthal and Woll appeared at New York Comic Con in October 2016 to officially announce the start of production on the series and the latter 's involvement . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2017 , Bernthal presented exclusive footage . A teaser was revealed on Netflix in August 2017 , appearing after the credits of the final episode of The Defenders . Also in the month , the series ' Twitter account revealed the episode titles as Morse code messages . In September 2017 , the series ' Instagram account released viral videos made to look like security footage , while episodic photos and a poster for the series with a redacted release date were also released . On September 20 , the official trailer for the series was released . Andrew Liptak of The Verge noted the trailer `` sets up The Punisher with its own distinct tone that 's different from the other Marvel Netflix shows . It wades into government conspiracies and hacking , which is reminiscent of shows like CBS 's Person of Interest or USA 's Mr. Robot , but with more gunfire . '' Nerdist 's Kendall Ashley called the trailer `` intense , super bloody , and has ( me ) INCREDIBLY pumped for the show 's premiere . '' She added , `` The hype is huge for this show . If this trailer is any indication , The Punisher is definitely going to live up to fan expectations , and is going to be an intense and awesome addition to the Marvel Netflix universe . '' Ashley felt the inclusion of `` One '' by Metallica in the trailer `` helps paint Frank as a badass unlike any we 've seen on the Marvel Netflix shows so far . '' Cooper Hood , writing for Screen Rant felt that , even though the series was still without a release date , the trailer would `` undoubtedly only increase the fever for The Punisher . '' He continued that `` unlike some of the more cryptic and quiet ( marketing ) videos that have come before , '' the trailer `` especially fits the mold of Punisher . While it looked like at the beginning of the trailer that this one would again be a quieter piece of marketing , it turned out to be anything but . The trailer is stylish and well - cut to the beat of the song , with the choice of `` One '' only further amplifying the intensity . '' By the end of September , Netflix had updated their viral website for the New York Bulletin to include a profile page for Karen Page . After revealing her login credentials in a post on Daredevil 's Facebook page , readers who visited Page 's profile found images within folders titled `` Research '' , `` Trial '' and `` Evidence '' . The images referenced events and Page 's research into Castle from the second season of Daredevil . Bernthal and other members of the cast were scheduled to appear at New York Comic Con 2017 to promote the series , but the panel was cancelled after the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting . Two weeks later , a second trailer was released , that revealed the series ' release date of November 17 , 2017 . Tom Philip writing for GQ was not very enthused with the trailer , saying it was , `` hard to get super jazzed about another gritty , ultra-violent , gun - loving , non-superhero show right now . '' He was critical of the `` utilitarian - sounding writing '' in the trailer , but felt the chemistry between Bernthal and Woll would be a reason to watch The Punisher . Philip also felt the addition of Moss - Bachrach was `` curious , but at least it 's a swing for the fences from a TV studio that tends to play it astoundingly safe . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes noted that the gun violence sequences featured were mainly `` flashbacks with military men doing military things in full fatigues or scenes of bad guys shooting at not - so - bad guys with heavy gunfire '' , which was a strong contrast to the first trailer . Mendelson felt this shift in the marketing strategy could have been in response to the Las Vegas shootings . TechCrunch 's Darrell Etherington agreed with Mendelson , noting how the trailer `` plays up Castle 's motivations and the more human side of the story '' , while still looking `` gritty and dark , ( and ) Bernthal 's portrayal looking as strong as ever . '' Etherington did also criticize the soundtrack of the trailer . The Punisher had its red carpet premiere on November 6 , 2017 , in New York City at the 34th Street AMC Loews theatre . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 61 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.82 / 10 based on 54 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A rocky start ca n't keep The Punisher from pushing the boundaries of Marvel 's TV universe with a fresh take on the comics - derived action thriller . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Summarizing the critical response to the entirety of the first season , GameSpot said reviews were `` mixed . '' It received mixed to negative reviews from the LA Times , Salon and AV Club . The Washington Post said that Netflix had finally gotten the franchise `` right '' in a live - action in a way the prior three movies had failed to please fans . It gave the credit to the `` soul '' of the show and Bernthal as `` one of Marvel 's great casting gets '' and made the show `` a definitive adaptation that doubles as Netflix 's best Marvel show to date . '' The Hollywood Reporter thought the first 13 episode season felt `` at least twice the length it should be . '' The New York Times said `` the action picks up as the season progresses , but The Punisher never quite gets in touch with the visceral roots of its material . '' Esquire called the first season `` a compelling and complex horror story about the military . '' The New York Times said that although the action picks up later in the first season , the slow pace made it less pulpy and more of a procedural thriller with a moody and psychological approach , particularly for its focus on PTSD . Variety also wrote positively of both the show and Bernthal 's `` seamless '' performance , saying that `` It 's difficult to imagine better casting than Bernthal , who communicates so fluently with impassive silences , and is convincing both when he is being terribly violent and especially gentle . '' However , the review said the show took some time to show that it `` transcends what it appears to be '' at first , through Steve Lightfoot 's `` sharp , conscious storytelling . '' It also praised what it called anti-violence themes throughout the series . Vanity Fair wrote a less positive review , saying the show was as `` psychologically confused as its antihero , '' as the writers had Castle target people for questionable reasons but portrayed him as justified . Vanity Fair wrote that `` What the series neglects to examine , of course , is the fact that the Punisher is just as wicked as the villains he targets . '' Vulture described the show 's attempts to `` humanize and deepen '' Castle beyond the violent `` monster '' he was in the original comics as `` unpersuasive , '' and described a conflict between the showing wanting to be both The Best Years of Our Lives and Death Wish IV : The Crackdown at the same time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Petski , Denise ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Coming Soon & Suddenly , Teases Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Bernthal Cast as Frank Castle in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher spin - off ordered by Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toel , Frank ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Steven DeKnight Says ' Daredevil ' Finally Features `` The Marvel Version '' of the Punisher `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Amy ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Bernthal Is the Tough Guy Troublemaker Actor 's Actor Punisher '' . GQ . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Punisher : Jon Bernthal teases ' military component ' of spin - off series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Talk '' . SFX . United Kingdom : Future plc . November 2017 . Article scan via Tumblr Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Jon Bernthal Is Ready to Make The Punisher a Protagonist , Not a Hero '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Announces Three New Cast Members '' . Marvel.com . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher : 12 New Photos From the Spin - Off Series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher : Ben Barnes Joins Netflix 's Latest Marvel Spinoff as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Dave ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Geektown 's Exclusive Interview With ' The Punisher ' Star , Amber - Rose Revah '' . Geektown . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Five More Join the Cast of Marvel 's The Punisher '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Daredevil Series Character Appears on The Punisher Set '' . SuperheroHype ! . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC : Iron Fist Cast Makes First - Ever Live Appearance '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher adds Oscar nominee in recurring role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Adds Actress Shohreh Aghdashloo '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Cooper ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher Will Include a Turk Appearance '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ; Weisman , Jon ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Studios sells scripts tapping music and Marvel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Upfronts 2012 : Marvel 's ' Hulk ' Still in the Works at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ghost Rider Blazes Back to Marvel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney To Provide Netflix With Four Series Based On Marvel Characters '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Punisher Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal in Development at Netflix '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Plotting ' Punisher ' Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix open to more Marvel shows : Any character could get spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on a Possible ' Punisher ' Spinoff and Elektra 's Relationship With Daredevil '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanswell , Adam ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher TV series : Marvel Television boss pours cold water on spinoff rumours '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' To Series '' . Marvel.com. April 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Punisher ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher Netflix Series Begins Filming ; Set Photos Show Bearded Frank Castle '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Awesome , Amy ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher Working Title Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filming of Marvel universe show is taking place in Astoria this afternoon / evening '' . Astoria Post . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jacob ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Punisher Wraps Production '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Bates to Score Marvel 's Netflix Series ' The Punisher ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Composers for Marvel 's TV Universe Strike a Different Chord '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Gets November Premiere Date & Trailer On Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Netflix Series Part Of Marvel Cinematic Universe , Available For Binge Watching According To Joe Quesada '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Jessica Jones , ' ' Daredevil ' and ' Punisher ' No Earlier Than 2018 ? '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders gets premiere date in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Full ' Punisher ' Trailer Sets the Stage for Frank Castle 's Murderous Mission '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Punisher gathers allies and enemies in Netflix 's new trailer '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Punisher ' Pulled From New York Comic - Con Following Las Vegas Shooting '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gay , Verne ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix postpones ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' after Las Vegas massacre '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grebey , James ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a Reason Why We Do n't See Avengers Tower in Marvel 's TV Shows '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' : Jon Bernthal Hopes that the Show Sparks a Nationwide Conversation About Gun Violence '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC : Marvel 's Defenders Unite to Preview Series '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Punisher : Frank Castle returns with a vengeance in violent new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher reveals clues to Frank 's mission through series of tweets in Morse code '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Punisher : New Viral Videos And Photos For Netflix Series '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the bloody first trailer for Netflix 's The Punisher '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashley , Kendall ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` The First Trailer For The Punisher Is Bloody Intense And Deeply Vengeful '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher Trailer : The Truth Must Be Taken '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Daredevil Photo Contains Interactive Punisher Easter Egg '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Punisher Gets a Release Date and a New Trailer '' . GQ . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` The New Netflix ' Punisher ' Trailer Features A Less Trigger - Happy Frank Castle '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the new trailer for ' The Punisher , ' coming to Netflix Nov. 17 '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spence , Sade ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Jon Bernthal on ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' : ' This Is a Real Piece About Grief ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Punisher : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Punisher : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Punisher Review Roundup : What Do Critics Think Of Netflix 's Latest Marvel Show ? , Gamespot , November 17 , 2017 , retrieved November 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' The Punisher ' failed at the box office , but Netflix finally gets it right '' , The Washington Post , November 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Is an Effective Horror Story About the American Military '' , Esquire , November 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Review : Netflix 's ' The Punisher ' Is Less Punishing Than Expected '' , The New York Times , November 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` TV Review : ' Marvel 's The Punisher , ' Starring Jon Bernthal '' , Variety , November 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's The Punisher Does n't Understand Who It Should Be Punishing '' , Vanity Fair , November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Is an Ultraviolent Mistake '' , Vulture , November 16 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Marvel 's The Punisher on Netflix Marvel 's The Punisher on IMDb Marvel 's The Punisher at TV.com The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway , Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice ! '' Characters Supporting G.W. Bridge Rachel Cole - Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Microchip Martin Soap Nick Fury Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper Thorn Comics Main 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin - offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Other Punisher P.O.V. Archie Meets the Punisher Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe The Platoon The End In the Blood 5 Ronin In other media Films The Punisher ( 1989 ) score The Punisher ( 2004 ) score album Punisher : War Zone score soundtrack Dirty Laundry Do Not Fall In New York City Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Video games The Punisher ( console ) The Punisher ( computer ) The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the punisher netflix show come out	[ "The Punisher premiered in New York City on November 6, 2017, with the full season of thirteen episodes released on November 17 on Netflix. In December 2017, the series was renewed for a second season." ]	[ "November 17" ]
-4318440374887863937	Newcastle United F.C.	Newcastle United F.C. - Wikipedia Newcastle United F.C. Newcastle United Full name Newcastle United Football Club Nickname ( s ) `` The Magpies '' Founded 9 December 1892 ; 125 years ago ( 1892 - 12 - 09 ) Ground St James ' Park Capacity 52,354 Owner Mike Ashley Managing Director Lee Charnley Manager Rafael Benítez League Premier League 2017 -- 18 Premier League , 10th of 20 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne , that plays in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . Newcastle United was founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End , and has played at its current home ground , St James ' Park , ever since . The ground was developed into an all - seater stadium in the mid-1990s and has a capacity of 52,354 . The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition 's history , spending 85 seasons in the top tier as of May 2016 , and has never dropped below English football 's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893 . They have won four League Championship titles , six FA Cups and a Charity Shield , as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Newcastle United has the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club . The club 's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910 , when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles . The club were highly successful in the Premier League in the 1990s and early 2000s without winning any trophies , but have been mostly struggling since the 2006 -- 07 season , and were relegated in 2009 and 2016 . They returned to the Premiership for the 2017 -- 18 season after winning the Championship title the preceding year . Newcastle has a fierce local rivalry with Sunderland , and the two clubs have engaged in the Tyne -- Wear derby since 1898 . The club 's traditional kit colours are black and white striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Their traditional crest takes elements of the city coat of arms , which features two grey seahorses . Prior to each home game the team enters the field to `` Local Hero '' , written by Newcastle native Mark Knopfler , while `` Blaydon Races '' is invariably sung during games . The club has been owned by Mike Ashley since 2007 , succeeding long term chairman and owner Sir John Hall . The club is the 17th - highest revenue producing club in the world in terms of annual revenue , generating € 169.3 million in 2015 . Historically , Newcastle 's highest placing was in 1999 , when they were the fifth - highest revenue producing football club in the world , and second in England only behind Manchester United . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 The 70s and 80s 1.3 The 90s 1.4 2000s 1.4. 1 Decline and relegation 1.5 2010s 2 Colours and badge 3 Stadium 4 Ownership 5 Social responsibility 6 Supporters and rivalries 7 Statistics 8 Honours 8.1 Domestic 8.2 European 8.3 Other honours 9 Players 9.1 Current squad 9.2 Reserve / Under - 23 players 9.3 Out on loan 9.4 Notable players 10 Player of the Year 11 Ownership 12 Management 12.1 Current backroom staff 12.1. 1 First Team 12.1. 2 Reserves and Academy 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Newcastle United F.C. Further information on league performance : List of Newcastle United F.C. seasons Early history ( edit ) A chart showing the progress of Newcastle United Football Club from its entry into the League in 1894 to the present . Newcastle have won the league on four occasions . The first record of football being played on Tyneside dates from 3 March 1877 at Elswick Rugby Club . Later that year , Newcastle 's first football club , Tyne Association , was formed . The origins of Newcastle United Football Club itself can be traced back to the formation of a football club by the Stanley Cricket Club of Byker in November 1881 . This team was renamed Newcastle East End F.C. in October 1882 , to avoid confusion with the cricket club in Stanley , County Durham . Rosewood F.C. of Byker merged with Newcastle East End a short time later . In 1886 , Newcastle East End moved from Byker to Heaton . In August 1882 , Newcastle West End F.C. formed from West End Cricket Club , and in May 1886 , the club moved into St James ' Park . The two clubs became rivals in the Northern League . In 1889 , Newcastle East End became a professional team , before becoming a limited company the following March . However , on the other hand , Newcastle West End were in serious financial trouble and approached East End with a view to a take over . Newcastle West End were eventually dissolved , and a number of their players and backroom staff joined Newcastle East End , effectively merging the two clubs , with Newcastle East End taking over the lease on St James ' Park in May 1892 . With only one senior club in the city for fans to support , development of the club was much more rapid . Despite being refused entry to the Football League 's First Division at the start of the 1892 -- 93 season , they were invited to play in their new Second Division . However , with no big names playing in the Second Division , they turned down the offer and remained in the Northern League , stating `` gates would not meet the heavy expenses incurred for travelling '' . In a bid to start drawing larger crowds , Newcastle East End decided to adopt a new name in recognition of the merger . Suggested names included Newcastle F.C. , Newcastle Rangers , Newcastle City and City of Newcastle , but Newcastle United was decided upon on 9 December 1892 , to signify the unification of the two teams . The name change was accepted by the Football Association on 22 December , but the club was not legally constituted as Newcastle United Football Club Co. Ltd. until 6 September 1895 . At the start of the 1893 -- 94 season , Newcastle United were once again refused entry to the First Division and so joined the Second Division , along with Liverpool and Woolwich Arsenal . They played their first competitive match in the division that September against Woolwich Arsenal , with a score of 2 -- 2 . Turnstile numbers were still low , and the incensed club published a statement stating , `` The Newcastle public do not deserve to be catered for as far as professional football is concerned '' . However , eventually figures picked up by 1895 -- 96 , when 14,000 fans watched the team play Bury . That season Frank Watt became secretary of the club , and he was instrumental in promotion to the First Division for the 1898 -- 99 season . However , they lost their first game 4 -- 2 at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers and finished their first season in thirteenth place . Harry Hampton scores one of his two goals in the 1905 FA Cup final against Aston Villa In 1903 -- 04 , the club built up a promising squad of players , and went on to dominate English football for almost a decade , the team known for their `` artistic play , combining team - work and quick , short passing '' . Long after his retirement , Peter McWilliam , the team 's defender at the time , said , `` The Newcastle team of the 1900s would give any modern side a two goal start and beat them , and further more , beat them at a trot . '' Newcastle United went on to win the League on three occasions during the 1900s ; 1904 -- 05 , 1906 -- 07 and 1908 -- 09 . In 1904 -- 05 , they nearly did the double , losing to Aston Villa in the 1905 FA Cup Final . They were beaten again the following year by Everton in the 1906 FA Cup Final . They reached the final again in 1908 where they lost to Wolves . They finally won the FA Cup in 1910 when they beat Barnsley in the final . They lost again the following year in the final against Bradford City . The team returned to the FA Cup final in 1924 , in the second final held at the then new Wembley Stadium . They defeated Aston Villa , winning the club 's second FA Cup . Three years later they won the First Division championship a fourth time in 1926 -- 27 , with Hughie Gallacher , one of the most prolific goal scorers in the club 's history , captaining the team . Other key players in this period were Neil Harris , Stan Seymour and Frank Hudspeth . In 1930 , Newcastle United came close to relegation , and at the end of the season Gallacher left the club for Chelsea , and at the same time Andy Cunningham became the club 's first team manager . In 1931 -- 32 , the club won the FA Cup a third time . However , a couple of years later , at the end of the 1933 -- 34 season , the team were relegated to the Second Division after 35 seasons in the top . Cunningham left as manager and Tom Mather took over . The club found it difficult to adjust to the Second Division and were nearly further relegated in the 1937 -- 38 season , when they were spared on goal averages . However , when World War II broke in 1939 , Newcastle had a chance to regroup , and in the War period , they brought in Jackie Milburn , Tommy Walker and Bobby Cowell . They were finally promoted back to the First Division at the end of the 1947 -- 48 season . During the 1950s , Newcastle won the FA Cup trophy on three occasions within a five - year period , beating Blackpool in 1951 , Arsenal in 1952 , and Manchester City in 1955 . However , after this last FA Cup victory the club fell back into decline and were relegated to the Second Division once again at the end of the 1960 -- 61 season under the management of Charlie Mitten . Mitten left after one season in the Second Division and was replaced by former player Joe Harvey . Newcastle returned to the First Division at the end of the 1964 -- 65 season after winning the Second Division title . Under Harvey , the club qualified for European competition for the first time after a good run in the 1967 -- 68 season and the following year won the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final , triumphing 6 -- 2 over two legs against Hungary 's Újpest in the final . The 70s and 80s ( edit ) Harvey bought striker Malcolm Macdonald in the summer of 1971 , for a club record transfer fee of £ 180,000 ( worth ₤ 2334880 in 2016 ) . He was an impressive goal scorer , who led United 's attack to Wembley in their 1974 FA Cup Final defeat at the hands of Liverpool . The club also had back to back triumphs in the Texaco Cup in 1974 and 1975 . Harvey left the club in 1975 , with Gordon Lee brought in to replace him . Lee took the team to the 1976 Football League Cup Final against Manchester City , but failed to bring the trophy back to Tyneside . However , he sold Macdonald to Arsenal at the end of the season , a decision of which Macdonald later said `` I loved Newcastle , until Gordon Lee took over '' . Lee left for Everton in 1977 , and was replaced by Richard Dinnis . United dropped once again to the Second Division at the end of the 1977 -- 78 season . Dinnis was replaced by Bill McGarry , and then he was replaced by Arthur Cox . Cox steered Newcastle back to the First Division at the end of the 1983 -- 84 season , with players such as Peter Beardsley , Chris Waddle and ex-England captain Kevin Keegan the fulcrum of the team . However , with a lack of funds , Cox left for Derby County and Keegan retired . With managers such as Jack Charlton and then Willie McFaul , Newcastle remained in the top - flight , until key players such as Waddle , Beardsley and Paul Gascoigne were sold , and the team was relegated once more in 1989 . McFaul left the managerial post , and was replaced by Jim Smith . Smith left at the start of the 1991 -- 92 season and the board appointed Osvaldo Ardiles his replacement . The 90s ( edit ) Kevin Keegan ( pictured in his second spell in 2008 ) guided Newcastle to promotion and Champions League football from 1992 to 1997 , turning United into one of the biggest clubs in England despite not winning the league Sir John Hall became the club 's chairman in 1992 , and replaced Ardiles with Keegan , who managed to save the team from relegation to the Third Division . Keegan was given more money for players , and he brought in Rob Lee , Paul Bracewell and Barry Venison and the club won the then First Division Championship at the end of the 1992 -- 93 season , earning promotion to the then new Premier League . At the end of the 1993 -- 94 season , their first year back in the top flight they finished in third , their highest league finish since 1927 . The attacking philosophy of Keegan led to the team being labelled `` The Entertainers '' by Sky Sports . Keegan took Newcastle to two consecutive runners - up finishes in the league in 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 , coming very close to winning the title in the former season . This success was in part due to the talent of players like David Ginola , Les Ferdinand and Alan Shearer , who was signed on 30 July 1996 for a then world record fee of £ 15 million . Keegan left Newcastle in January 1997 and was replaced by Kenny Dalglish , however the club endured a largely unsuccessful season with a 13th - place finish in the 1997 -- 98 FA Premier League , failure to progress beyond the group stages of the 1997 -- 98 UEFA Champions League despite beating Barcelona and group winners Dynamo Kiev at St James Park as well as coming from 2 -- 0 down to draw 2 -- 2 with Valery Lobanovsky 's team in Ukraine and defeat in the 1998 FA Cup Final . Dalglish was replaced as manager early in the following season by Ruud Gullit . The club once again finished thirteenth in the league and lost the 1999 FA Cup Final . Gullit fell into disagreements with the squad and chairman Freddy Shepherd , and quit the club four games into the 1999 -- 2000 season with the team bottom of the table to be replaced by Bobby Robson . The club managed to reach an FA Cup Semi-final and to stay in the Premier League . 2000s ( edit ) Sir Bobby Robson managed the club for five years , departing in 2004 A title challenge emerged during the 2001 -- 02 season , and Newcastle 's fourth - place finish saw them qualify for the UEFA Champions League . The following season , Robson guided the team to another title challenge and finished third in the League , and the second group stage of the Champions League . Newcastle finished fifth in the league at the end of the 2003 -- 04 season , and exited the Champions League in the qualifying rounds , but despite this Robson was sacked in August 2004 following a series of disagreements with the club . Alan Shearer mosaic during his testimonial match in May 2006 . The club 's record goalscorer retired that month . Graeme Souness was brought in to manage by the start of the 2004 -- 05 season . In his time at the helm , he broke the club 's transfer record by signing Michael Owen . Souness also took the geordies to the quarterfinals of the 2005 UEFA Cup with Alan Shearer winning the tournament 's golden boot as well . However , he was sacked in February 2006 after a bad start to the club 's 2005 -- 06 season . Glenn Roeder took over , initially on a temporary basis , before being appointed full - time manager at the end of the season . Shearer retired at the end of the 2005 -- 06 season as the club 's all - time record goal scorer , with a total of 206 goals . Decline and relegation ( edit ) Despite finishing the 2005 -- 06 season in seventh , Roeder 's fortunes changed in the 2006 -- 07 season , with a terrible injury run to the senior squad , and he left the club by mutual consent on 6 May 2007 . Sam Allardyce was appointed Roeder 's replacement as manager on 15 May 2007 . On 7 June , Freddy Shepherd 's final shares in the club were sold to Mike Ashley and Shepherd was replaced as chairman by Chris Mort on 25 July . Allardyce departed the club on in January 2008 by mutual consent after a bad start to the 2007 -- 08 season , and Kevin Keegan was reappointed as Newcastle manager . Mort stepped down as chairman in June and was replaced by Derek Llambias , a long - term associate of Ashley . Newcastle finished the 2007 -- 08 season in twelfth place , but as the season drew to a close , Keegan publicly criticised the board , claiming they were not providing the team enough financial support . In September 2008 Keegan resigned as manager , stating `` It 's my opinion that a manager must have the right to manage and that clubs should not impose upon any manager any player that he does not want '' . Former Wimbledon manager Joe Kinnear was appointed as his replacement , but in February 2009 , due to his heart surgery , Alan Shearer was appointed interim manager in his absence . Under Shearer , the club were relegated to the Football League Championship at the end of the 2008 -- 09 season , the first time the club had left the Premier League since joining it in 1993 . Following their relegation , the club was put up for sale in June 2009 , with an asking price of £ 100 million . Chris Hughton was given the manager job on a caretaker basis before taking over full - time on 27 October 2009 . On the same day , Ashley announced that the club was no longer for sale . 2010s ( edit ) Newcastle made an immediate return to the top - flight in 2010 after their relegation the year prior . Hughton led Newcastle to win the 2009 -- 10 Football League Championship , securing automatic promotion on 5 April 2010 with five games remaining , and securing the title on 19 April ; Newcastle were promoted back to the Premier League after just one season away . Under Hughton , Newcastle enjoyed a strong start to the 2010 -- 11 season , but he was sacked on 6 December 2010 . The club 's board stated that they felt `` an individual with more managerial experience ( was ) needed to take the club forward . '' Three days later , Alan Pardew was appointed as manager with a five - and - a-half - year contract . Further controversy was caused on 31 January 2011 , when striker Andy Carroll was sold to Liverpool for a club record of £ 35 million . Despite this turbulence , Newcastle were able to finish 12th at the end of the season , with one particular highlight being a 4 -- 4 home draw against Arsenal that saw Newcastle come back from four goals down to claim a point . The start of the 2011 -- 12 season saw an overhaul in the first team , with the sale of influential first team players Kevin Nolan , Joey Barton and José Enrique during the summer and the elevation of Tim Krul as first choice goalkeeper and centre back Fabricio Coloccini as captain . Signings such as Yohan Cabaye , Italian international Davide Santon and Senegalese striker Demba Ba in cut - price deals saw Newcastle adopt a new transfer policy , one which would be met with success in the season . They went on to enjoy one of their strongest openings to a season , playing 11 consecutive games unbeaten before losing away to Manchester City . Another Senegalese striker , Papiss Cissé , joined in the January transfer window , and Newcastle had a strong second half of the season , eventually securing a place in the 2012 -- 13 Europa League . Newcastle finished in fifth place , their highest league position since the Bobby Robson days . Further honours were to come as Pardew won both the Premier League Manager of the Season and the LMA Manager of the Year awards , captain Coloccini was named in the PFA Team of the Year , and Cissé won the Goal of the Season award for a goal against Chelsea . The 2012 -- 13 season saw Newcastle regain European football for the first time since 2007 . Newcastle made few acquisitions in the summer and suffered injuries over the season , including layoffs to key midfielders Yohan Cabaye and Hatem Ben Arfa , and defenders Steven and Ryan Taylor . As a result , the first half of the season was marred by a run of ten losses in 13 games , which saw the club sink near the relegation zone . In January , Newcastle signed five French players , and advanced to the Europa League quarter - finals before bowing out to eventual finalists Benfica . Domestically , Newcastle struggled , and stayed up after a 2 -- 1 victory over already - relegated Queens Park Rangers on the penultimate game of the season . Current manager Rafael Benítez was appointed on 11 March 2016 The 2014 -- 15 season saw Newcastle fail to win any of their first seven games , prompting fans to start a campaign to get Pardew sacked as manager before a six - game winning run in all competitions ( including knocking holders Manchester City out of the League Cup ) saw them climb to fifth in the table . After they ended Chelsea 's unbeaten start to the season , Pardew left for Crystal Palace . On 26 January 2015 , his assistant John Carver was put in charge for the remainder of the season but came close to relegation , staying up on the final day with a 2 -- 0 home win against West Ham , with Jonás Gutiérrez , who beat testicular cancer earlier in the season , scoring the team 's second goal . On 9 June 2015 , Carver and his assistant Steve Stone were both sacked and replaced by Steve McClaren the following day . On 11 March 2016 , McClaren was sacked after nine months as manager , with Newcastle in 19th place in the Premier League and the club having won just six of 28 Premier League games during his time at the club . He was replaced by Spaniard Rafael Benítez on the same day , who signed a three - year deal , but was not able to prevent the club from being relegated . Newcastle returned to the Premier League at the first attempt , winning the Championship title on 7 May 2017 with a 3 -- 0 win against Barnsley . On 16 October 2017 , Mike Ashley put Newcastle United up for sale . Newcastle United finished the season with a 3 -- 0 win over the previous year 's champions Chelsea , finishing 10th in the league , their highest finish in four years . Colours and badge ( edit ) Newcastle United 's original colours , worn until 1894 The club 's home colours are a black and white striped shirt . Shorts and socks are usually black with white trim , though white socks are sometimes worn under some managers who consider them `` lucky '' . Newcastle 's colours at the outset was generally the home kit of Newcastle East End F.C. , comprising plain red shirts with white shorts and red socks . In 1894 , the club adopted the black and white striped shirts , which had been used as the reserve team 's colours . These colours were chosen for the senior team because they were not associated with either of the two teams United were merged from . They played in grey shorts until 1897 , and between 1897 and 1921 , they played in blue shorts before adopting the black shorts they play in now . United 's away colours have changed a number of times over the years . They played in white shirts and black shorts from 1914 until 1961 , and then white shorts until 1966 . They then played in yellow shirts and blue shorts for the 1967 -- 68 season , but from 1969 to 1974 played in all red with an all blue third kit . In 1974 , they returned to a yellow shirt , which they played with various coloured shorts until 1983 . They played in all grey from 1983 to 1988 , before once again returning to the yellow kit until 1993 . Since 1995 , the away kit has changed consistently and has not been the same for more than a single season . Through owner Mike Ashley , the club also has a relationship with the Sports Direct retail chain which he founded . On 4 January 2012 , Virgin Money , who had just bought Northern Rock , signed a two - year deal to sponsor Newcastle United . In January 2010 , Puma became the official supplier and licensee of replica merchandise for Newcastle . The deal meant Puma supplied the team kit , replica kit and training equipment for the 2010 -- 11 and 2011 -- 12 seasons . Newcastle United crest : 1983 -- 1988 Newcastle United special 125 years crest : 2017 -- 2018 The current club crest was first used in the 1988 -- 89 season . The crest includes elements from the coat of arms of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne -- the two sea horses representing Tyneside 's strong connections with the sea , the castle representing the city 's Norman keep . The city 's coat of arms were first embroidered on the team 's shirts in 1969 and worn as standard until 1976 . A scroll at the bottom featured the city 's motto in Latin ; fortiter defendit triumphans which translates into English as `` triumphing by brave defence . '' From 1976 until 1983 , the club wore a specific badge which was developed to wear in place of the city 's coat of arms . The design was of a circular shape , which featured the club 's name in full , it contained a magpie standing in front of the River Tyne with the historic Norman castle of Newcastle in the background . A more simplistic design followed in 1983 , featuring the initials of the club 's name , NUFC with the small magpie used in the previous crest within the horizontally laid `` C , '' this logo was relatively short lived and was discontinued after 1988 . Newcastle United home shirt for the 2017 -- 18 season . On 16 May 2013 , Newcastle released the away shirt for the 2013 -- 14 season which for the first time featured the Wonga.com logo , which attracted criticism from many Newcastle supporters ; the shirt was navy blue with light blue bands . The shirt received mixed reviews from Newcastle supporters , who described the shirt as both `` awesome '' and `` bland '' , as quoted in the Newcastle daily Evening Chronicle . In July 2013 , Newcastle striker and practising Muslim Papiss Cissé refused to wear any official kit or training wear with reference to Wonga.com , subsequently failing to travel to the team 's 2013 pre-season tour of Portugal . The matter has since been resolved . On 15 May 2017 , the home shirt for the 2017 -- 18 season was revealed , featuring the logo of new sponsors Fun88 . The shirt was shown to include a gold and silver commemorative crest to mark the club 's 125th football season , based on the city 's coat of arms . It was also announced that the kit would feature red numbers for the first time since the 1992 -- 93 season . Previous kit sponsors include Newcastle Breweries ( 1980 -- 86 ) , Greenall 's Beers ( 1986 -- 90 ) , McEwan 's Lager and Newcastle Brown Ale ( 1990 -- 2000 ) , NTL ( 2000 -- 03 ) , Northern Rock ( 2003 -- 12 ) , and Virgin Money ( 2012 -- 13 ) . Newcastle 's current kit manufacturers are Puma , in a deal that started in 2010 . Previous kit manufacturers include Bukta ( 1974 -- 75 , 1976 -- 80 ) , Umbro ( 1975 -- 76 , 1980 -- 86 ) , Asics ( 1993 -- 95 ) and Adidas ( 1995 -- 2010 ) . Other current team sponsors include Fun88 , Carling , Coral , Pulman , Thomas Cook Group and Stelrad . Newcastle United have named Indian tyre conglomerate Madras Rubber Factory Limited -- more commonly known as MRF -- as the club 's new shirt sleeve sponsor for the 2017 / 18 Premier League season . Stadium ( edit ) Main article : St James ' Park Newcastle finished as the Football League 's best supported club on ten occasions . NUFC were the first club in the world to attract over one million for league games ( 1946 -- 47 ) and average over 50,000 for league games ( 1947 -- 48 ; 56,283 ) . Throughout Newcastle United 's history , their home venue has been St James ' Park , the oldest and largest football stadium in North East England , as well as the sixth - largest football stadium in the United Kingdom . It has hosted ten international football matches at senior level , the first in 1901 and the most recent in 2005 . It was used as a venue for both the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Football had been played at St James ' Park as early as 1880 , the ground being occupied by Newcastle Rangers , before becoming the home of Newcastle West End F.C. in 1886 . Its lease was then bought by Newcastle East End F.C. in 1892 , before they changed their name to Newcastle United . At the turn of the 19th century , the ground 's capacity was given as 30,000 before being redeveloped between 1900 and 1905 , increasing the capacity to 60,000 and making it the biggest stadium in England for a time . For most of the 20th century , the stadium changed very little , despite various plans for development of the ground . The old West Stand was replaced with the Milburn Stand in 1987 , the Sir John Hall Stand replacing the Leazes End in 1993 , and the rest of the ground renovated making the ground a 37,000 capacity all - seater stadium . Between 1998 and 2000 , double tiers were added to the Milburn and John Hall stands to bring the venue up to its current capacity of 52,354 . There were plans to build a new 90,000 seater stadium in Leazes park , just behind St James ' with Newcastle Falcons taking over St James ' Park , but due to protests the plans were dropped . St James ' Park currently seats 52,354 people , but club owner Mike Ashley would consider taking the roof off The Gallowgate end and adding another 6,000 seats making the total capacity to 58,420 , but only if the team manage to finish in the top six places of the Premier League . In October 2009 , Mike Ashley announced that he planned to lease the name of the ground in a bid to increase revenue , and in November the stadium was temporarily renamed sportsdirect.com @ St James ' Park Stadium . This name was only supposed to be used until the end of the 2009 -- 10 season , but lasted until November 2011 . On 10 November 2011 , the club officially changed the name of the stadium to the Sports Direct Arena , although this will most likely be an interim name , as it is only being used to showcase the sponsorship capabilities of the stadium . The company , owned by Ashley , were not paying anything for the deal . However , if another company purchases the naming rights , they will be expected to pay between £ 8 million and £ 10 million . Many fans voiced their anger at the renaming , but managing director Derek Llambias has said that it was necessary to give Newcastle extra money so that they compete with the bigger clubs in the league . Since 1982 , the stadium is served by St James Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro . The station is decorated in a black and white colour scheme , with archive photographs of the club 's players . The club 's current training ground is located at Darsley Park , which is north of the city at Benton . The facility was opened in July 2003 and is also used by the Newcastle Falcons rugby team . A panorama of St James ' Park from the Milburn Stand , showing from left to right the Sir John Hall Stand , the East Stand and the Gallowgate End Ownership ( edit ) Newcastle United was set up as a private company limited by shares on 6 September 1895 . The club traded in this way for much of the 20th century , dominated by McKeag , Westwood and Seymour family ownership , until April 1997 , when John Hall , who bought 72.9 % of the club for £ 3 million in 1991 , floated the club on the stock exchange as a public limited company , with less than half the shares sold to the Hall family and the majority holding going to his business partner Freddy Shepherd . Later that year , Hall stepped down as chairman and was replaced by Shepherd , with the Hall family represented on the board by John 's son Douglas . In December 1998 , after buying a 6.3 % stake in the club for £ 10 million , the media group NTL had considered a full takeover of the club . This was later dropped after the April 1999 Competition Commission , brought in due to government concerns about football clubs being owned by media companies . Newcastle fans show `` Mike Ashley Out '' cards away to QPR , May 2015 . In 2007 , businessman Mike Ashley purchased the combined stakes of both Douglas and John Hall , 41 % share in the club , through a holding company St James Holdings , with a view to buy the rest . Upon purchasing this share , he appointed Chris Mort as chairman , while gaining more shares , owning 93.19 % of the club by 29 June 2007 . This figure reached 95 % on 11 July 2007 , forcing the remaining shareholders to sell their shares . Since completing the purchase of the club , Ashley has announced that he planned to sell the club on three different occasions . The first occurred after fan protests over the resignation of Kevin Keegan on 14 September 2008 , when Ashley stated , `` I have listened to you . You want me out . That is what I am now trying to do . '' However , he took it off the market on 28 December 2008 after being unable to find a buyer . On 31 May 2009 , it was reported that Ashley was attempting to sell the club again . On 8 June 2009 , Ashley confirmed that the club was up for sale at an asking price of £ 100 million . By the end of August 2009 , the club was back off the market . On 16 October 2017 , Newcastle United announced that Ashley had once again put the club up for sale , reporting that he hoped that a deal could be concluded by Christmas 2017 . Social responsibility ( edit ) Newcastle United established the Newcastle United Foundation in summer 2008 , which seeks to encourage learning and promote healthy living amongst disadvantaged children , young people and families in the North East region , as well as promoting equality and diversity . The Foundation 's manager Kate Bradley told charity news website The Third Sector , `` Children look up to players as their heroes , and anything they say is instantly taken on board . If Newcastle defender Steven Taylor tells them not to eat a Mars bar for breakfast , they 'll listen . '' In 2010 , the charity taught over 5,000 children about healthy living . The Foundation 's commitment , along with a similar foundation run by West Bromwich Albion , the unique relationship that Aston Villa has with Acorns Children 's Hospice and Tottenham Hotspur has with SOS Children 's Villages UK , are some leading examples of commitment in the highest level of football to responsibility and change in the communities in which they work and who enrich them through their support and ticket sales . The work of these clubs , and others , is changing the way professional sport interacts with their communities and supporters . In December 2012 , the club announced that it had become the world 's first carbon positive football club . Supporters and rivalries ( edit ) Supporters at St. James ' Park See also : Tyne -- Wear derby and Tyne -- Tees derby Supporters of Newcastle United are drawn from all over the North East and beyond , with supporters ' clubs in some countries across the world . The club 's nickname is ' The Magpies ' , while the club 's supporters are also known as the Geordies or the Toon Army . The name Toon originates from the Geordie pronunciation of town . In a 2004 survey by Co-operative Financial Services , it was found that Newcastle United topped the league table for the cost incurred and distance travelled by Newcastle - based fans wishing to travel to every Premier League away game . The total distance travelled for a fan to attend every away game from Newcastle was found to be equivalent to a round - the - world trip . In the 2009 -- 10 season , when the club were playing in English football 's second tier , the Football League Championship , the average attendance at St James ' Park was 43,388 , the fourth - highest for an English club that season . At the end of the 2011 -- 12 Premier league season , Newcastle United held the third - highest average attendance for the season , at 49,935 . This figure was only surpassed by Arsenal and Manchester United , the only two clubs in the Premier League with larger stadiums at the time . The club 's supporters publish a number of fanzines including True Faith and The Mag , along with NUFC.com , which was established in 1996 . They set up Newcastle United Supporters Trust in September 2008 , aiming to `` represent the broad church of Newcastle United 's support . '' In addition to the usual English football chants , Newcastle 's supporters sing the traditional Tyneside song `` Blaydon Races . '' Prior to each home game the team enters the field to `` Local Hero '' , written by Newcastle native Mark Knopfler , founder of Dire Straits . Traditionally , Newcastle 's main rivals are Sunderland , against whom the Tyne -- Wear derby is competed . Statistics ( edit ) Main article : List of Newcastle United F.C. records and statistics Newcastle United 's record goalscorer Alan Shearer 's statue outside St James ' Park To date , inclusive of the 2015 -- 16 season , Newcastle United have spent 85 seasons in the top - flight . They are eighth in the All - time FA Premier League table and have the ninth - highest total of major honours won by an English club with 11 wins . The holder of the record for the most appearances is Jimmy Lawrence , having made 496 first team appearances between 1904 and 1921 . The club 's top goal scorer is Alan Shearer , who scored 206 goals in all competitions between 1996 and 2006 . Andy Cole holds the record for the most goals scored in a season : 41 in the 1993 -- 94 season in the Premier League . Shay Given is the most capped international for the club , with 134 appearances for Republic of Ireland . The club 's widest victory margin in the league was in the 13 -- 0 win against Newport County in the Second Division in 1946 . Their heaviest defeat in the league was 9 -- 0 against Burton Wanderers in the Second Division in 1895 . The club 's longest number of consecutive seasons in the top flight of English football was 36 from 1898 -- 99 until 1933 -- 34 . Newcastle 's record home attendance is 68,386 for a First Division match against Chelsea on 3 September 1930 . The club 's highest attendance in the Premier League is 52,389 , in a match against Manchester City on 6 May 2012 . Newcastle lost the game 2 -- 0 . The highest transfer fee received for a Newcastle player is £ 35 million , from Liverpool for Andy Carroll in January 2011 , while the most spent by the club on a player was £ 16 million for striker Michael Owen from Real Madrid in August 2005 . Honours ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) Football League First Division / Premier League : Winners ( 4 ) -- 1904 -- 05 , 1906 -- 07 , 1908 -- 09 , 1926 -- 27 Second Division / Championship : Winners ( 4 ) -- 1964 -- 65 , 1992 -- 93 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Cup : Winners ( 6 ) -- 1910 , 1924 , 1932 , 1951 , 1952 , 1955 FA Charity Shield : Winners ( 1 ) -- 1909 Sheriff of London Charity Shield : Winners : 1906 -- 07 European ( edit ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : Winners ( 1 ) − 1969 UEFA Intertoto Cup : Winners ( 1 ) − 2006 ( Outright Winner ) Other honours ( edit ) Texaco Cup : Winners ( 2 ) − 1974 , 1975 Anglo - Italian Cup : Winners ( 1 ) − 1973 Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The current Newcastle United first - team squad consist of the following players : As of 6 September 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Rob Elliot DF Ciaran Clark DF Paul Dummett ( vice-captain ) MF Ki Sung - yueng 5 DF Fabian Schär 6 DF Jamaal Lascelles ( captain ) 7 MF Jacob Murphy 8 MF Jonjo Shelvey 9 FW Salomón Rondón ( on loan from West Bromwich Albion ) 10 MF Mohamed Diamé 11 MF Matt Ritchie 12 GK Martin Dúbravka 13 FW Yoshinori Muto 14 MF Isaac Hayden No . Position Player 15 MF Kenedy ( on loan from Chelsea ) 17 FW Ayoze Pérez 18 DF Federico Fernández 19 DF Javier Manquillo 20 DF Florian Lejeune 21 FW Joselu 22 DF DeAndre Yedlin 25 DF Jamie Sterry 26 GK Karl Darlow 30 MF Christian Atsu 36 MF Sean Longstaff 37 MF Cal Roberts 41 GK Freddie Woodman 57 DF Achraf Lazaar Notes : ^ Jump up to : The player is classified as an Under - 21 player , and not included in Newcastle United 's 25 - man squad . Reserve / Under - 23 players ( edit ) Main article : Newcastle United F.C. Reserves and Academy Out on loan ( edit ) The following players have previously made a league or cup appearance for Newcastle United and are currently on loan at other teams : Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player -- MF Rolando Aarons ( at Slovan Liberec until January 2019 ) -- MF Daniel Barlaser ( at Accrington Stanley until 1 January 2019 ) -- MF Jack Colback ( at Nottingham Forest for the 2018 -- 19 season ) No . Position Player -- MF Henri Saivet ( at Bursaspor for the 2018 -- 19 season ) -- FW Dwight Gayle ( at West Bromwich Albion for the 2018 -- 19 season ) Notable players ( edit ) For details on former players , see List of Newcastle United F.C. players and Category : Newcastle United F.C. players Player of the Year ( edit ) Year Winner 1976 Alan Gowling 1977 Micky Burns 1978 Irving Nattrass 1979 Peter Withe 1980 Alan Shoulder 1981 Kevin Carr 1982 Mick Martin Kevin Keegan 1984 Kevin Keegan 1985 Peter Beardsley 1986 Peter Beardsley Paul Goddard Year Winner Paul Gascoigne 1989 John Hendrie Micky Quinn 1991 John Burridge Gavin Peacock Lee Clark Andy Cole 1995 Barry Venison Darren Peacock 1997 Steve Watson 1998 David Batty 1999 Alan Shearer Year Winner 2000 Alan Shearer 2001 Shay Given 2002 Nolberto Solano 2003 Alan Shearer Olivier Bernard 2005 Shay Given 2006 Shay Given 2007 Nicky Butt 2008 Habib Beye 2009 Sébastien Bassong José Enrique 2011 Fabricio Coloccini Year Winner 2012 Tim Krul 2013 Davide Santon 2014 Mike Williamson 2015 Daryl Janmaat 2016 Rob Elliot 2017 Ciaran Clark 2018 Jamaal Lascelles Source : Newcastle United F.C. Ownership ( edit ) Position Staff Owner Mike Ashley Managing Director Lee Charnley Source : Management ( edit ) Current backroom staff ( edit ) First Team ( edit ) Position Staff Manager Rafael Benítez Assistant Manager Paco de Míguel Moreno First Team Coach Mikel Antía First Team Coach Antonio Gómez Pérez Goalkeeping Coach Simon Smith Head of Medicine Paul Catterson Rehabilitation Fitness Coach Cristian Fernández Martínez Strength and Conditioning Coach Chris Wilding Head of Physiotherapy Derek Wright Physiotherapist Daniel Martí Physiotherapist Michael Harding Head of Recruitment Steve Nickson Head of Analysis Kerry Morrow Head of Sports Science Jamie Hartley Source : Reserves and Academy ( edit ) Position Staff Academy Director Joe Joyce Under - 23 Head Coach Ben Dawson Under - 23 Assistant Coach Neil Redfearn Under - 23 Fitness Coach Simon Tweddle Under - 18s Head Coach Dave Watson Under - 17s Head Coach Kevin Richardson Under - 16s Head Coach Liam Bramley Under - 15s Head Coach Neil Winskill Lead Academy Goalkeeping Coach Steve Harper Assistant Academy Goalkeeping Coach Daniel García Under - 18s Fitness & Conditioning Coach Craig Musham Under - 16s Fitness & Conditioning Coach Adam Rowan Head of Academy Physiotherapy Stephen Weir Academy Physiotherapist Sean Beech Academy Physiotherapist Fraser Bell Academy Doctor Tom Holland Source : See also ( edit ) Book : Newcastle United F.C. North East England portal Association football portal Newcastle United F.C. Reserves and Academy Newcastle United W.F.C. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2013 / 14 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook -- Season 2010 / 11 '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 13 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Brus , Mark ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` England 's Ten Most Successful Clubs : Chelsea Still Way Behind Arsenal , Liverpool & Man United Despite Capital One Cup Win '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Bateman ( 2008 ) . `` Sporting Sounds : Relationships Between Sport and Music '' . p. 186 . 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Jump up ^ `` Mapou Yanga - Mbiwa joins Newcastle United from Montpellier '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris McKenna . `` BBC Sport -- Newcastle 1 -- 1 Benfica ( agg 2 -- 4 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` QPR 1 -- 2 Newcastle '' . 12 May 2013 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 4 Newcastle 0 : Pressure mounts on Pardew after another unhappy return to St Mary 's '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 0 -- 2 Newcastle United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Pardew : Crystal Palace confirm manager 's appointment '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle United 2 -- 0 West Ham United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carver : Newcastle caretaker manager leaves with Steve Stone '' . BBC Sport . 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Jump up ^ `` Soccer Players and Charity Works '' . cultureofsoccer.com. 29 December 2006 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` fcbusiness Magazine -- Newcastle United Becomes World 's First ' Carbon Positive ' Football Club '' . 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle Supporters Club Sites '' . thefootballnetwork.net . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Geordie Dictionary '' . englandsnortheast.co.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Szczepanik , Nick ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` Newcastle top of the league when it comes to dedication of fans '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Football Fans Pay the Price of Away Support '' . PR Newswire. 23 November 2004 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ed ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` Newcastle 's Home Attendance 4th Best in England '' . nufcblog.com . 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Jump up ^ Ben Smith ( 6 May 2012 ) . `` Newcastle 0 -- 2 Man City '' . BBC Sport . ^ Jump up to : `` Honours and Records '' . NUFC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` First Team '' . Newcastle United . Retrieved 4 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United confirm 2018 / 19 squad numbers confirmed '' ( Press release ) . Newcastle United F.C. 10 August 2018 . Retrieved 4 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 / 19 Premier League squads confirmed '' ( Press release ) . Premier League . 3 September 2018 . Retrieved 4 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 / 19 Premier League squad numbers '' ( Press release ) . Premier League . 4 September 2018 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newcastle United FC . Official website Newcastle United News -- Sky Sports Newcastle United F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results and fixtures Newcastle United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & Statistics Honours Current season History Newcastle East End Newcastle West End Seasons Europe Home stadium St James ' Park ( 1892 -- present ) Kingston Park ( Reserves ) Training ground Darsley Park Little Benton Culture Supporters NUISA NUST `` Blaydon Races '' Goal ! Purely Belter The Mag Rivalries Tyne -- Wear derby Tyne -- Tees derby Related articles Newcastle United W.F.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did newcastle united last won a trophy	[ "The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition's history, spending 85 seasons in the top tier as of May 2016, and has never dropped below English football's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893. They have won four League Championship titles, six FA Cups and a Charity Shield, as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup. Newcastle United has the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club.[4] The club's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910, when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles. The club were highly successful in the Premier League in the 1990s and early 2000s without winning any trophies, but have been mostly struggling since the 2006–07 season, and were relegated in 2009 and 2016. They returned to the Premiership for the 2017–18 season after winning the Championship title the preceding year.\n" ]	[ "2016" ]
-3059557059964184213	Lipton	Lipton - wikipedia Lipton Jump to : navigation , search For people named Lipton , see Lipton ( surname ) . Lipton Logo used since 2014 Product type Tea Owner Unilever , PepsiCo Country United Kingdom Introduced 1890 ; 128 years ago ( 1890 ) Markets Worldwide Website www.liptontea.com Lipton is a British brand of tea , owned by the company Unilever and led by CEO Dylan Wong . Lipton was also a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom before it was sold off to Argyll Foods , to allow the company to focus solely on tea . The company is named after its founder Thomas Lipton . The Lipton ready - to - drink beverages are sold by Pepsi Lipton International , a company jointly owned by Unilever and PepsiCo . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Supermarkets 1.2 Tea 1.3 Soup mixes 2 Present day 3 Brands 3.1 Lipton Yellow Label 3.2 Lipton Iced Tea 3.3 Lipton Brisk 3.4 Lipton Pyramid Tea 3.5 Pure Leaf 4 Lipton worldwide 5 Marketing and advertising 6 Product quality controversy 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) For the personal history of Thomas Lipton , see Thomas Lipton . Supermarkets ( edit ) The old Liptons , Galbraith , Templeton and Presto logos In 1871 Thomas Lipton ( 1848 -- 1931 ) of Glasgow , Scotland used his small savings to open his own shop , and by the 1880s the business had grown to more than 200 shops . In 1929 the Lipton grocery retail business was one of the companies that merged with Home and Colonial Stores , Maypole Dairy Company , Vyes & Boroughs , Templetons , Galbraiths & Pearks to form a food group with more than 3,000 stores . The group traded in the high street under various names , but was registered on the UK stock market as Allied Suppliers . Lipton 's became a supermarket chain focused on small towns , before Allied 's acquisition by Argyll Foods in 1982 . The supermarket business was rebranded as Presto during the 1980s . Tea ( edit ) Sir Thomas Lipton began travelling the world for new items to stock in this store . One such item was tea , since sales had doubled from £ 40 million from the late 1870s to £ 80 million by the mid-1880s . However , he believed the price was far too high , so in 1890 he purchased his own tea gardens in Ceylon , now Sri Lanka , and packaged and sold the first Lipton tea . Staying true to this vision , he arranged packaging and shipping at low costs and sold his tea in packets by the pound ( 454g ) , half pound ( 227g ) , and quarter pound ( 113g ) , with the advertising slogan : `` Direct from the tea gardens to the teapot . '' Lipton teas were an immediate success in the United States . The Lipton tea business was acquired by consumer goods company Unilever in a number of separate transactions , starting with the purchase of the United States and Canadian Lipton business in 1938 and completed in 1972 when Unilever bought the remainder of the global Lipton business from Allied Suppliers . In 1991 , Unilever created a first joint venture with PepsiCo , the Pepsi Lipton Partnership , for the marketing of ready to drink ( bottled and canned ) teas in North America . This was followed in 2003 by a second joint venture , Pepsi - Lipton International ( PLI ) , covering many non-United States markets . PLI was expanded in September 2007 to include a number of large European markets . PepsiCo and Unilever each control 50 per cent of the shares of these joint ventures . Due to the 2008 Chinese milk scandal , food giant Unilever started recalling its Lipton milk tea powder in Hong Kong and Macau on 30 September 2008 . The tea powder , which used Chinese milk powder as its raw ingredient , was recalled after the company 's internal checks found traces of melamine in the powder . In 2011 PETA criticized Unilever for conducting and funding experiments on rabbits , pigs and other animals in an attempt to make human health claims about the tea 's ingredients . According to the animal rights organization , Unilever decided to end the practice for Lipton products after receiving more than 40,000 appeals from PETA supporters and days before PETA made plans to launch its `` Lipton CruelTEA '' campaign Unilever no longer test their products on animals unless required to by governments as part of their regulatory requirements . Soup mixes ( edit ) Lipton produces instant soup mixes . In the 1950s in the United States , Lipton ran an advertisement campaign promoting French onion dip prepared at home using Lipton 's French onion soup mix , thus helping to popularize chips and dip . After this time , many new commercially produced varieties of dips ( numbering in the hundreds ) were created and produced in the U.S. Present day ( edit ) A tin of loose Earl Grey tea Products target the mass market and are generally positioned in the middle of the price spectrum for tea . Like most branded teas , Lipton teas are a blend selected from many different plantations around the world , from well - known producing countries like , Sri Lanka , India , Kenya , and China . Lipton Yellow Label is blended from as many as 20 different teas . Apart from black leaves tea ( with the long - standing Lipton Yellow Label brand ) , the company also markets a large range of other varieties , both in leaf tea as well as ready - to - drink format . These include green teas , black flavoured teas , herbal teas , Lipton Linea ( a `` slimming tea '' ) in Europe and Lipton Milk Tea in various Asian markets . Apart from Lipton Ice Tea , none of their products are available for retail in the UK , as only caterers are supplied , because Unilever sells PG - Tips in the UK . In a number of markets , including Japan , Russia and Australia , the company is advertising the benefits of theanine , which has psychoactive properties . Lipton still owns plantations in East Africa ( Kenya ( Kericho ) and Tanzania ( Mufindi ) ) In May 2007 , Unilever became the first company to commit to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner . Working with the Rainforest Alliance , an international environmental NGO , Lipton and its parent company , Unilever , announced all Lipton Yellow Label tea bags sold in Western Europe would be certified by 2010 and all Lipton tea bags sold globally by 2015 . Lipton 's own tea estates were among the first to be certified . Product bearing the Rainforest Alliance seal appeared on Western European markets in 2008 and started appearing in North America in 2009 . On 6 May 2009 , Lipton received a Corporate Green Globe Award for its work with the Rainforest Alliance . Brands ( edit ) Lipton 's main pillar brands are Lipton Yellow Label and Lipton Iced Tea . Other product lines exist as well , like the Lipton pyramid ( tetrahedron ) range in Europe and North America , and Lipton Milk Tea in East Asia . In 2008 , the brand launched Lipton Linea in Western Europe . Lipton Yellow Label ( edit ) Lipton Yellow Label has been sold since 1890 , when Sir Thomas Lipton created the first version of the Yellow pack with a red Lipton shield , which to this day typifies the Lipton Yellow Label brand . It is sold in 150 countries worldwide . Lipton Yellow Label is a blend of several types of tea . Lipton Yellow Label blend is available both in tea bags , the preferred format in Western Europe , North America and Australia , as well as loose packaged tea , the preferred format in much of the Middle East and throughout Asia . Lipton Yellow Label loose packed tea is rolled into small balls like gunpowder green tea . Lipton iced tea ( edit ) Lipton Iced Tea , in many markets known as Lipton Ice Tea , is an iced tea brand sold by Lipton . Lipton Brisk ( edit ) Brisk , formerly Lipton Brisk , is an iced tea brand distributed primarily in North America as a joint venture between Lipton and PepsiCo . It differs from Lipton 's other iced tea brands in that phosphoric acid is added to the blend , giving the beverage a distinctive tart flavor . Lipton pyramid tea ( edit ) Lipton also produces tea using the tetrahedral bag format as seen in other tea brands . Lipton Clear was also launched in five variants -- Earl Grey Tea , English Breakfast Tea , Peach Mango Tea , Green Tea Mandarin Orange , Mint and Camomile Tea . Pure Leaf ( edit ) Pure Leaf is an iced tea brand distributed primarily in North America by the PepsiCo - Lipton joint venture . As opposed to Lipton Iced Tea and Brisk , both of which use a freeze - dried instant tea powder for a base , Pure Leaf is brewed in liquid form . Lipton worldwide ( edit ) Available in over 110 countries , Lipton is particularly popular in Europe , North America , Africa and the Middle East , parts of Asia and Australasia ( Australia and New Zealand ) as well as Latin America , Canada , and the Caribbean . Despite its British origins , Lipton black tea ( such as Yellow Label ) is not marketed in the UK and is not found in mainstream British stores , because Unilever sells PG Tips in the UK . However , Lipton Ice Tea and fruit teas are available in the UK . Marketing and advertising ( edit ) In 1914 , Lipton 's tea were one of the sponsors for the first flight from Melbourne to Sydney by French aviator Maurice Guillaux . This was , at the time , the longest air mail and air freight flight in the world . Guillaux wrote , `` I found it the most delicious tea I have ever tasted ... I found it very soothing to the nerves . '' Lipton printed 250,000 facsimile copies of the letter , and these could be had by sending to Lipton a one - penny stamp . For a threepenny stamp , Lipton would send out a quarter - pound pack of tea . In an attempt to change the negative perception of Lipton Ice Tea in the United Kingdom -- as 60 % claimed they do not like the taste before even trying it -- Lipton underwent a London - based summer experiential marketing campaign in 2010 under the slogan `` Do n't knock it ' til you 've tried it ! '' . Roaming demonstrators handed out 498,968 samples over the 58 - day run . After the campaign , 87 % of consumers claimed to enjoy Lipton Ice Tea , while 73 % said they were more likely to purchase in the future . Product Quality controversy ( edit ) In November 2011 , the General Administration of Quality Supervision , Inspection and Quarantine of China found high levels of toxins in one variety of Lipton tea . Unilever responded by clearing the shelves of all affected products . In April 2012 , the non-governmental organization Greenpeace raised questions about Lipton products once again , after two varieties of Lipton tea the group purchased in Beijing supermarkets failed safety tests , with the results allegedly failing to meet regulations as those enforced in the European Union . Additionally , the group stated , `` Some of the detected pesticides are also banned for use in tea production by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture . '' Unilever China denied the findings , stating all Lipton products within the country were safe . See also ( edit ) Lipton Institute of Tea 2008 Chinese milk scandal Cup - a-Soup Tea Brooke Bond PG Tips Tata Tea Tetley Tetley Tea Folk Typhoo tea Twinings Yorkshire Tea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of Thomas J. Lipton Company '' . Fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Allied Stores was originally formed in 1929 to act as the group 's purchasing arm . Jump up ^ `` From the tea garden to the tea pot : Sir Thomas Lipton 's Vision '' . Lipton Tea . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PepsiCo and Unilever extend partnership '' . Just-drinks.com . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lipton - brand milk tea powder recalled in Asia '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lipton milk tea powder recalled in Hong Kong '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 30 September 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Zelman , Joanna ( 2 February 2011 ) . `` Unilever Ends Animal Testing On Lipton Tea Products After PETA Threatens Major Campaign '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Developing alternative approaches to animal testing '' . Unilever . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Search results for ' soup ' '' . Lipton Tea . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew F. ( May 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530796 - 2 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Lipton Tea can do that : Producing the Finest '' . Unilever . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence ( 13 September 2006 ) . `` Brewing for the True Believer ; Tea 's Got a Brand New Bag '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LIPTON Tea & Your Health '' . Unilever . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unilever to sell environmentally sustainable tea '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Reuters . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Unilever . Archived from the original on 17 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Time to brew up a sustainable cuppa '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Reuters Jump up ^ `` Sense & Sustainability : Banking on greener tea '' . National Post . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rainforest certified Lipton tea reaches U.S. '' UK : Reuters . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Gala Honorees '' . Rainforest Alliance . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lipton Tea '' . Lipton Tea . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , Saturday 25 July 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Lipton launch ' Do n't Knock it Until You 've Tried It ' Campaign '' . Promotional Marketing . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lipton Experiential Marketing Results '' . iD Experiential . ^ Jump up to : Blanchard , Ben ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` Greenpeace says finds tainted Lipton tea bags in China '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lipton tea laced with toxic pesticide residue '' . Greenpeace . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lipton ( tea ) . Unilever Subsidiaries Current Alberto - Culver Hindustan Unilever Maille Unilever Australasia Unilever Bangladesh Unilever Ghana Unilever Indonesia Unilever Nepal Unilever Philippines Unilever Pakistan Former Elizabeth Arden , Inc . 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Burford & Sons Places Colworth House Lever Brothers Factory Lever House Lipton Institute of Tea Port Sunlight Unilever House Unilever Leeds Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory People Antonius Johannes Jurgens William Lever , 1st Viscount Leverhulme Paul Polman Morris Tabaksblat Samuel van den Bergh Sidney J. van den Bergh Simon van den Bergh Eugenio Minvielle Lagos Commons PepsiCo Corporate directors Indra Nooyi ( Chairman & CEO ) Robert Eugene Allen Dina Dublon Alberto Ibargüen Steven Reinemund Pepsi Diet Pepsi Pepsi Max ( North America and International versions ) Pepsi Next Pepsi - Cola Made with Real Sugar Jazz Diet Kas Izze Mountain Dew Manzanita Sol Mirinda Mist Twst Mug Root Beer Slice 7 Up ( outside United States ) Amp Energy Aquafina Ethos Water ( under license ) Lipton ( Brisk Iced Tea ) ( under license ) No Fear ( under license ) Ocean Spray ( under license ) Frappuccino ( under license ) Starbucks ( under license ) SoBe Shani Duke 's Lemonade Duke 's Mangola Frito - Lay ( Canada ) Lay 's Ruffles Doritos Tostitos Fritos Cheetos Rold Gold Funyuns Sun Chips Cracker Jack Munchos Smartfood Oberto ( distributed ) Hostess Lay 's Stax Miss Vickie 's Munchies Walkers Sabritas Smith 's Bluebird Gamesa Kurkure Uncle Chipps Sabra ( 49 % ) Tropicana Products Copella Dole ( under license ) Naked Tropicana Tropolis Quaker Oats Company Quaker Instant Oatmeal Cap'n Crunch Life Quisp King Vitaman Oh 's Aunt Jemima Chewy Granola Bars Rice - A-Roni Toddy Scott 's Porage Oats Tchudo Gatorade Propel Fitness Water Other holdings Lebedyansky Sandora Simba Wimm - Bill - Dann Duke and Sons Pepsi P1 Former supermarkets of the United Kingdom Investor - owned chains Bejam Botterills Burton Supermarkets Carrefour Cartier 's Superfoods Cater Brothers Crazy Prices David Greig Downsway Supermarkets Elmo Fine Fare FreshXpress Gateway GT Smith Haldanes Hillards Hintons International Stores Key Markets Lipton 's Local Plus Mac Fisheries Mainstop Netto Premier Supermarkets Presto Safeway Sainsbury 's Freezer Centres Sainsbury 's SavaCentre Somerfield Stewarts UGO Victor Value William Low Co-operative societies CRS Croydon Anglia Regional Highburton Ilkeston Leeds London Lothian , Borders & Angus Midlands Moulton Norco Raunds Penrith Rochdale Pioneers Royal Arsenal Sheffield South Suburban St. Cuthbert 's United Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipton&oldid=833140296 '' Categories : 1871 establishments in Scotland Retail companies established in 1871 Retail companies disestablished in 1929 1929 disestablishments in the United Kingdom Companies based in Glasgow History of Glasgow Defunct companies of Scotland Retail companies of Scotland Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom Food manufacturers of Scotland Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom Products introduced in 1890 Scottish brands Iced tea brands Tea companies Unilever brands Tea brands in United Kingdom Food and drink companies established in 1890 Food and drink companies disestablished in 1972 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use British English from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Scots සිංහල Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 21 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does lipton yellow label tea come from	[ "\nLipton\n\n\nLogo used since 2014\n\n\n\nProduct type\nTea\n\n\nOwner\nUnilever, PepsiCo\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nIntroduced\n1890; 128 years ago (1890)\n\n\nMarkets\nWorldwide\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.liptontea.com\n\n" ]	[ "United Kingdom" ]
1915622306519840435	Germination	Germination - wikipedia Germination Sunflower seedling , three days after germination Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure . The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm . In addition , the growth of a sporeling from a spore , such as the spores of hyphae from fungal spores , is also germination . Thus , in a general sense , germination can be thought of as anything expanding into greater being from a small existence or germ . Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Dormancy 1.2 Seedling establishment 2 Germination rate and germination capacity 2.1 Repair of DNA damage 2.2 Dicot germination 2.2. 1 Epigeal 2.2. 2 Hypogeal 2.3 Monocot germination 2.4 Precocious germination 3 Pollen germination 3.1 Self - incompatibility 4 Spore germination 4.1 Resting spores 4.2 Ferns and mosses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Most seeds do not need sunlight to germinate but some seeds such as sunflower seeds , mustard seeds and blosnian seeds need sunlight to successfully germinate . Experiments were carried out to prove this . Introduction ( edit ) A seed tray used in horticulture for sowing and taking plant cuttings and growing plugs Germination glass ( glass sprouter jar ) with a plastic sieve - lid Brassica campestris germinating seeds Play media Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed ; it results in the formation of the seedling , it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule . The seed of a vascular plant is a small package produced in a fruit or cone after the union of male and female reproductive cells . All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and , in most plant species some store of food reserves , wrapped in a seed coat . Some plants produce varying numbers of seeds that lack embryos ; these are called and never germinate . Dormant seeds are ripe seeds that do not germinate because they are subject to external environmental conditions that prevent the initiation of metabolic processes and cell growth . Under proper conditions , the seed begins to germinate and the embryonic tissues resume growth , developing towards a seedling . - Step 1 - Water imbibition , the uptake of water , results in rupture of seed coat . - Step 2 - The imbibition of the seed coat results in emergence of the radicle ( 1 ) and the plumule ( 2 ) , the cotyledons get unfolded ( 3 ) . - Step 3 - This marks the final step in the germination of the seed where the cotyledons are expanded which are the true leaves / peasNote - Temperature must be kept at an optimum level . Seed germination depends on both internal and external conditions . The most important external factors include right temperature , water , oxygen or air and sometimes light or darkness . Various plants require different variables for successful seed germination . Often this depends on the individual seed variety and is closely linked to the ecological conditions of a plant 's natural habitat . For some seeds , their future germination response is affected by environmental conditions during seed formation ; most often these responses are types of seed dormancy . Water is required for germination . Mature seeds are often extremely dry and need to take in significant amounts of water , relative to the dry weight of the seed , before cellular metabolism and growth can resume . Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them . The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition , which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat . When seeds are formed , most plants store a food reserve with the seed , such as starch , proteins , or oils . This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo . When the seed imbibes water , hydrolytic enzymes are activated which break down these stored food resources into metabolically useful chemicals . After the seedling emerges from the seed coat and starts growing roots and leaves , the seedling 's food reserves are typically exhausted ; at this point photosynthesis provides the energy needed for continued growth and the seedling now requires a continuous supply of water , nutrients , and light . Oxygen is required by the germinating seed for metabolism . Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration , the main source of the seedling 's energy until it grows leaves . Oxygen is an atmospheric gas that is found in soil pore spaces ; if a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or the soil is waterlogged , the seed can be oxygen starved . Some seeds have impermeable seed coats that prevent oxygen from entering the seed , causing a type of physical dormancy which is broken when the seed coat is worn away enough to allow gas exchange and water uptake from the environment . Temperature affects cellular metabolic and growth rates . Seeds from different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of temperatures . Seeds often have a temperature range within which they will germinate , and they will not do so above or below this range . Many seeds germinate at temperatures slightly above 60 - 75 F ( 16 - 24 C ) ( room - temperature if you live in a centrally heated house ) , while others germinate just above freezing and others germinate only in response to alternations in temperature between warm and cool . Some seeds germinate when the soil is cool 28 - 40 F ( - 2 - 4 C ) , and some when the soil is warm 76 - 90 F ( 24 - 32 C ) . Some seeds require exposure to cold temperatures ( vernalization ) to break dormancy . Some seeds in a dormant state will not germinate even if conditions are favorable . Seeds that are dependent on temperature to end dormancy have a type of physiological dormancy . For example , seeds requiring the cold of winter are inhibited from germinating until they take in water in the fall and experience cooler temperatures . Cold stratification is a process that induces the dormancy breaking prior to light emission that promotes germination . Four degrees Celsius is cool enough to end dormancy for most cool dormant seeds , but some groups , especially within the family Ranunculaceae and others , need conditions cooler than - 5 C. Some seeds will only germinate after hot temperatures during a forest fire which cracks their seed coats ; this is a type of physical dormancy . Most common annual vegetables have optimal germination temperatures between 75 - 90 F ( 24 - 32 C ) , though many species ( e.g. radishes or spinach ) can germinate at significantly lower temperatures , as low as 40 F ( 4 C ) , thus allowing them to be grown from seeds in cooler climates . Suboptimal temperatures lead to lower success rates and longer germination periods . Light or darkness can be an environmental trigger for germination and is a type of physiological dormancy . Most seeds are not affected by light or darkness , but many seeds , including species found in forest settings , will not germinate until an opening in the canopy allows sufficient light for growth of the seedling . Scarification mimics natural processes that weaken the seed coat before germination . In nature , some seeds require particular conditions to germinate , such as the heat of a fire ( e.g. , many Australian native plants ) , or soaking in a body of water for a long period of time . Others need to be passed through an animal 's digestive tract to weaken the seed coat enough to allow the seedling to emerge . Malted ( germinated ) barley grains Dormancy ( edit ) Some live seeds are dormant and need more time , and / or need to be subjected to specific environmental conditions before they will germinate . Seed dormancy can originate in different parts of the seed , for example , within the embryo ; in other cases the seed coat is involved . Dormancy breaking often involves changes in membranes , initiated by dormancy - breaking signals . This generally occurs only within hydrated seeds . Factors affecting seed dormancy include the presence of certain plant hormones , notably abscisic acid , which inhibits germination , and gibberellin , which ends seed dormancy . In brewing , barley seeds are treated with gibberellin to ensure uniform seed germination for the production of barley malt . Seedling establishment ( edit ) In some definitions , the appearance of the radicle marks the end of germination and the beginning of `` establishment '' , a period that utilizes the food reserves stored in the seed . Germination and establishment as an independent organism are critical phases in the life of a plant when they are the most vulnerable to injury , disease , and water stress . The germination index can be used as an indicator of phytotoxicity in soils . The mortality between dispersal of seeds and completion of establishment can be so high that many species have adapted to produce large numbers of seeds . Germination rate and germination capacity ( edit ) Germination of seedlings raised from seeds of eucalyptus after 3 days of sowing . In agriculture and gardening , the germination rate describes how many seeds of a particular plant species , variety or seedlot are likely to germinate over a given period . It is a measure of germination time course and is usually expressed as a percentage , e.g. , an 85 % germination rate indicates that about 85 out of 100 seeds will probably germinate under proper conditions over the germination period given . The germination rate is useful for calculating the seed requirements for a given area or desired number of plants . In seed physiologists and seed scientists `` germination rate '' is the reciprocal of time taken for the process of germination to complete starting from time of sowing . On the other hand , the number of seed able to complete germination in a population ( i.e. seed lot ) is referred as germination capacity . Repair of DNA damage ( edit ) Seed quality deteriorates with age , and this is associated with accumulation of genome damage . During germination , repair processes are activated to deal with accumulated DNA damage . In particular , single - and double - strand breaks in DNA can be repaired . The DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM has a major role in integrating progression through germination with repair responses to the DNA damages accumulated by the aged seed . Dicot germination ( edit ) The part of the plant that first emerges from the seed is the embryonic root , termed the radicle or primary root . It allows the seedling to become anchored in the ground and start absorbing water . After the root absorbs water , an embryonic shoot emerges from the seed . This shoot comprises three main parts : the cotyledons ( seed leaves ) , the section of shoot below the cotyledons ( hypocotyl ) , and the section of shoot above the cotyledons ( epicotyl ) . The way the shoot emerges differs among plant groups . Epigeal ( edit ) In epigeal germination ( or epigeous germination ) , the hypocotyl elongates and forms a hook , pulling rather than pushing the cotyledons and apical meristem through the soil . Once it reaches the surface , it straightens and pulls the cotyledons and shoot tip of the growing seedlings into the air . Beans , tamarind and papaya are examples of plants that germinate this way . Hypogeal ( edit ) Germination can also be done by hypogeal germination ( or hypogeous germination ) , where the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook . In this type of germination , the cotyledons stay underground where they eventually decompose . Peas , gram and mango , for example , germinate this way . Monocot germination ( edit ) In monocot seeds , the embryo 's radicle and cotyledon are covered by a coleorhiza and coleoptile , respectively . The coleorhiza is the first part to grow out of the seed , followed by the radicle . The coleoptile is then pushed up through the ground until it reaches the surface . There , it stops elongating and the first leaves emerge . Precocious germination ( edit ) When a seed germinates without undergoing all four stages of seed development , i.e. , globular , heart shape , torpedo shape , and cotyledonary stage , it is known as precocious germination . Pollen germination ( edit ) Another germination event during the life cycle of gymnosperms and flowering plants is the germination of a pollen grain after pollination . Like seeds , pollen grains are severely dehydrated before being released to facilitate their dispersal from one plant to another . They consist of a protective coat containing several cells ( up to 8 in gymnosperms , 2 - 3 in flowering plants ) . One of these cells is a tube cell . Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma of a receptive flower ( or a female cone in gymnosperms ) , it takes up water and germinates . Pollen germination is facilitated by hydration on the stigma , as well as by the structure and physiology of the stigma and style . Pollen can also be induced to germinate in vitro ( in a petri dish or test tube ) . During germination , the tube cell elongates into a pollen tube . In the flower , the pollen tube then grows towards the ovule where it discharges the sperm produced in the pollen grain for fertilization . The germinated pollen grain with its two sperm cells is the mature male microgametophyte of these plants . Self - incompatibility ( edit ) Since most plants carry both male and female reproductive organs in their flowers , there is a high risk of self - pollination and thus inbreeding . Some plants use the control of pollen germination as a way to prevent this self - pollination . Germination and growth of the pollen tube involve molecular signaling between stigma and pollen . In self - incompatibility in plants , the stigma of certain plants can molecularly recognize pollen from the same plant and prevent it from germinating . Spore germination ( edit ) Germination can also refer to the emergence of cells from resting spores and the growth of sporeling hyphae or thalli from spores in fungi , algae and some plants . Conidia are asexual reproductive ( reproduction without the fusing of gametes ) spores of fungi which germinate under specific conditions . A variety of cells can be formed from the germinating conidia . The most common are germ tubes which grow and develop into hyphae . Another type of cell is a conidial anastomosis tube ( CAT ) ; these differ from germ tubes in that they are thinner , shorter , lack branches , exhibit determinate growth and home toward each other . Each cell is of a tubular shape , but the conidial anastomosis tube forms a bridge that allows fusion between conidia . Resting spores ( edit ) In resting spores , germination involves cracking the thick cell wall of the dormant spore . For example , in zygomycetes the thick - walled zygosporangium cracks open and the zygospore inside gives rise to the emerging sporangiophore . In slime molds , germination refers to the emergence of amoeboid cells from the hardened spore . After cracking the spore coat , further development involves cell division , but not necessarily the development of a multicellular organism ( for example in the free - living amoebas of slime molds ) . Ferns and mosses ( edit ) In plants such as bryophytes , ferns , and a few others , spores germinate into independent gametophytes . In the bryophytes ( e.g. , mosses and liverworts ) , spores germinate into protonemata , similar to fungal hyphae , from which the gametophyte grows . In ferns , the gametophytes are small , heart - shaped prothalli that can often be found underneath a spore - shedding adult plant . See also ( edit ) Lily seed germination types Oldest viable seed Pot farm Seed testing Seedling Seed tray Sprouting Urban horticulture Pyrophyte for germination after fire . Vivipary when seeds or embryos begin to develop inside or before they detach from the parent . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Raven , Peter H. ; Ray F. Evert ; Susan E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) . Biology of Plants , 7th Edition . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers . pp. 504 -- 508 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 . Jump up ^ Siegel , S.M. ; Rosen , L.A. ( 1962 ) . `` Effects of Reduced Oxygen Tension on Germination and Seedling Growth '' . Physiologia Plantarum. 15 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 444 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1399 - 3054.1962. tb08047. x . Jump up ^ Baskin and Baskin , Carol C. and Jerry M. ( 2014 ) . Variation in Seed Dormancy and Germination within and between Individuals and Populations of a Species . Seeds : Ecology , Biogeography , and , Evolution of Dormancy and Germination . Burlington : Elsevier Science . pp. Pages 5 -- 35 . ISBN 9780124166837 . Jump up ^ Derek Bewley , J. ; Black , Michael ; Halmer , Peter ( 2006 ) . The encyclopedia of seeds : science , technology and uses Cabi Series . CABI . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 85199 - 723 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Waterworth WM , Bray CM , West CE ( 2015 ) . `` The importance of safeguarding genome integrity in germination and seed longevity '' . J. Exp . Bot. 66 ( 12 ) : 3549 -- 58 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erv080 . PMID 25750428 . Jump up ^ Koppen G , Verschaeve L ( 2001 ) . `` The alkaline single - cell gel electrophoresis / comet assay : a way to study DNA repair in radicle cells of germinating Vicia faba '' . Folia Biol. ( Praha ) . 47 ( 2 ) : 50 -- 4 . PMID 11321247 . Jump up ^ Waterworth WM , Masnavi G , Bhardwaj RM , Jiang Q , Bray CM , West CE ( 2010 ) . `` A plant DNA ligase is an important determinant of seed longevity '' . Plant J. 63 ( 5 ) : 848 -- 60 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 313X. 2010.04285. x . PMID 20584150 . Jump up ^ Waterworth WM , Footitt S , Bray CM , Finch - Savage WE , West CE ( 2016 ) . `` DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM regulates germination and maintains genome stability in seeds '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 ( 34 ) : 9647 -- 52 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1608829113 . PMC 5003248 . PMID 27503884 . Jump up ^ Sadhu , M.K. ( 1989 ) . Plant propagation . New Age International . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 0065 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin FW ( 1972 ) . `` In Vitro Measurement of Pollen Tube Growth Inhibition '' . Plant Physiol. 49 ( 6 ) : 924 -- 925 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 49.6. 924 . PMC 366081 . PMID 16658085 . Jump up ^ Pfahler PL ( 1981 ) . `` In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants '' . Environ . Health Perspect. 37 : 125 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 3429260 . JSTOR 3429260 . PMC 1568653 . PMID 7460877 . Jump up ^ Takayama S , Isogai A ( 2005 ) . `` Self - incompatibility in plants '' . Annu Rev Plant Biol. 56 ( 1 ) : 467 -- 89 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 56.032604. 144249 . PMID 15862104 . Jump up ^ Roca , M. ; Davide , L.C. ; Davide , L.M. ; Mendes - Costa , M.C. ; Schwan , R.F. ; Wheals , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Conidial anastomoses fusions between Colletotrichum species '' . Mycological Research . 108 ( 11 ) : 1320 -- 1326 . doi : 10.1017 / S0953756204000838 . Jump up ^ Roca , M.G. ; Arlt , J. ; Jeffree , C.E. ; Read , N.D. ( 2005 ) . `` Cell biology of conidial anastomosis tubes in Neurospora crassa '' . Eukaryotic Cell. 4 ( 5 ) : 911 -- 919 . doi : 10.1128 / EC. 4.5. 911 - 919.2005 . PMC 1140100 . PMID 15879525 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Germination . Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Germination Wikisource has the text of the 1906 New International Encyclopedia article Germination . Sowing Seeds A survey of seed sowing techniques . Seed Germination : Theory and Practice , Norman C. Deno , 139 Lenor Dr. , State College PA 16801 , USA . An extensive study of the germination rates of a huge variety of seeds under different experimental conditions , including temperature variation and chemical environment . Rajjou , L ; Duval , M ; Gallardo , K ; Catusse , J ; Bally , J ; Job , C ; Job , D ( 2012 ) . `` Seed germination and vigor '' . Annu Rev Plant Biol. 63 : 507 -- 33 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - arplant - 042811 - 105550 . PMID 22136565 . Germination time - lapse ≈ 1 minute HD video of mung bean seeds germinating over 10 days . Hosted on YouTube . Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation NDL : 00563028 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germination&oldid=856324091 '' Categories : Seeds Plant physiology Germination Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 12 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the germination of pollen grains take place	[ "Another germination event during the life cycle of gymnosperms and flowering plants is the germination of a pollen grain after pollination. Like seeds, pollen grains are severely dehydrated before being released to facilitate their dispersal from one plant to another. They consist of a protective coat containing several cells (up to 8 in gymnosperms, 2-3 in flowering plants). One of these cells is a tube cell. Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma of a receptive flower (or a female cone in gymnosperms), it takes up water and germinates. Pollen germination is facilitated by hydration on the stigma, as well as by the structure and physiology of the stigma and style.[1] Pollen can also be induced to germinate in vitro (in a petri dish or test tube).[10][11]\n" ]	[ "on the stigma of a receptive flower (or a female cone in gymnosperms)" ]
-5217525992982105498	Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)	Dancing with the Stars ( Us season 25 ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( Us season 25 ) Dancing with the Stars ( season 25 ) Promotional poster featuring pro dancers Sharna Burgess and Alan Bersten Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 18 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) -- November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Jordan Fisher Professional winner Lindsay Arnold Season chronology ← Previous Season 24 Next → Season 26 Season twenty - five of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 18 , 2017 , on the ABC network . On November 21 , 2017 , actor and singer Jordan Fisher and Lindsay Arnold were declared the winners , marking Arnold 's first win . Violinist and composer Lindsey Stirling and Mark Ballas finished second , while actor and race car driver Frankie Muniz and Witney Carson finished third . Having won at age 23 , Fisher is currently the youngest male winner of the show , surpassing short track speed skating competitor Apolo Anton Ohno ( season 4 ) . Fisher also currently holds the record for most perfect scores by a celebrity in a season ( 9 ) , surpassing Bindi Irwin ( season 21 ) and Laurie Hernandez ( season 23 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 1.3 Dance troupe 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances 3.2 Week 2 : Ballroom Night / Latin Night 3.3 Week 3 : Guilty Pleasures Night 3.4 Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night 3.5 Week 5 : Disney Night 3.6 Week 6 : A Night at the Movies 3.7 Week 7 : Halloween Night 3.8 Week 8 : Celebrity Trio Dances ( Quarterfinals ) 3.9 Week 9 : Semifinals 3.10 Week 10 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) Good Morning America announced the professional dancers who would be competing in the upcoming season . The two professionals from the previous season that did not return were Kym Johnson - Herjavec and Sasha Farber . Farber returned to the troupe , and Mark Ballas , who last appeared on season 22 , also returned . Alan Bersten , a troupe member since season 20 , was promoted to pro . On September 4 , it was revealed that Cheryl Burke was the thirteenth pro added to the lineup . Drew Scott was announced as the first celebrity competing for the season partnered with Emma Slater . On September 6 , the rest of the cast was revealed on Good Morning America . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Barbara Corcoran Shark Tank panelist & businesswoman Keo Motsepe Eliminated 1st on September 25 , 2017 Debbie Gibson Singer - songwriter & Broadway actress Alan Bersten Eliminated 2nd on September 26 , 2017 Derek Fisher Former NBA point guard Sharna Burgess Eliminated 3rd on October 9 , 2017 Sasha Pieterse Pretty Little Liars actress Gleb Savchenko Eliminated 4th on October 16 , 2017 Nick Lachey 98 Degrees singer Peta Murgatroyd Eliminated 5th on October 23 , 2017 Nikki Bella Wrestler & model Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 6th on October 30 , 2017 Vanessa Lachey Actress & television host Maksim Chmerkovskiy Alan Bersten ( week 3 ) Terrell Owens Former NFL wide receiver Cheryl Burke Eliminated 8th on November 6 , 2017 Victoria Arlen TV host & former paralympic swimmer Valentin Chmerkovskiy Eliminated 9th on November 13 , 2017 Drew Scott Property Brothers co-host Emma Slater Eliminated 10th on November 20 , 2017 Frankie Muniz Actor & race car driver Witney Carson Third place on November 21 , 2017 Lindsey Stirling Violinist & composer Mark Ballas Runner - up on November 21 , 2017 Jordan Fisher Singer & actor Lindsay Arnold Winner on November 21 , 2017 Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , while Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . Julianne Hough did not return as a permanent judge this season , though she did return as a guest judge during the first night of the finals . On October 23 , singer Shania Twain joined the panel as a guest judge . Dance troupe ( edit ) The dance troupe members for the season are former pros Sasha Farber and Jenna Johnson , and season 24 troupe members Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , and Britt Stewart . Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place 2 + 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Top 4 Top 3 Jordan & Lindsay 22 24 24 25 49 29 30 39 30 + 24 = 54 30 + 30 = 60 28 + 30 = 58 40 + 40 = 80 + 30 + 30 = 140 Lindsey & Mark 22 21 24 27 51 26 28 40 27 + 24 = 51 26 + 28 = 54 29 + 28 = 57 40 + 40 = 80 + 30 + 30 = 140 Frankie & Witney 19 23 25 21 46 24 29 31 30 + 30 = 60 26 + 27 = 53 25 + 26 = 51 38 + 38 = 76 + 30 + 28 = 134 Drew & Emma 16 20 21 23 44 24 25 30 27 + 30 = 57 22 + 25 = 47 24 + 24 = 48 36 + 39 = 75 Victoria & Val 5 19 24 20 22 42 27 27 31 27 + 30 = 57 24 + 24 = 48 27 + 29 = 56 Terrell & Cheryl 6 15 20 19 21 40 24 25 37 25 + 24 = 49 27 + 24 = 51 Nikki & Artem 7 20 21 18 21 39 24 27 36 24 + 24 = 48 Vanessa & Maks 21 24 23 23 46 24 24 36 24 + 30 = 54 Nick & Peta 9 18 19 19 21 40 22 22 26 Sasha & Gleb 10 18 23 22 19 41 24 24 Derek & Sharna 11 18 19 19 21 40 23 Debbie & Alan 12 17 20 21 Barbara & Keo 13 14 17 Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple eliminated that week the returning couple that was the last to be called safe the winning couple the runner - up couple the third - place couple Average score chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 30 - point scale ( scores by guest judges are excluded ) . Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Jordan & Lindsay 475 17 27.9 Lindsey & Mark 460 27.1 Frankie & Witney 442 26.0 5 Victoria & Val 324 13 24.9 5 7 Vanessa & Maks 220 9 24.4 6 Drew & Emma 357 15 23.8 7 7 Nikki & Artem 206 9 22.9 8 6 Terrell & Cheryl 251 11 22.8 9 10 Sasha & Gleb 130 6 21.7 10 11 Derek & Sharna 100 5 20.0 9 Nick & Peta 140 7 12 12 Debbie & Alan 58 19.3 13 13 Barbara & Keo 31 15.5 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale ( scores by guest judges are excluded ) are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Cha - cha - cha Frankie Muniz Drew Scott 25 Terrell Owens 15 Foxtrot Jordan Fisher 30 Drew Scott 16 Salsa Jordan Fisher 30 Barbara Corcoran 14 Tango Lindsey Stirling 28 Barbara Corcoran 17 Quickstep Jordan Fisher Lindsey Stirling 30 Debbie Gibson Drew Scott 20 Waltz Vanessa Lachey 24 Nikki Bella 21 Viennese Waltz Victoria Arlen 27 Nikki Bella 21 Samba Jordan Fisher 30 Nikki Bella 18 Rumba Jordan Fisher 29 Victoria Arlen 20 Paso doble Jordan Fisher 30 Derek Fisher 19 Argentine tango Lindsey Stirling Frankie Muniz 30 Nick Lachey 19 Jazz Lindsey Stirling 28 Sasha Pieterse 19 Jive Jordan Fisher Lindsey Stirling 30 Drew Scott Nikki Bella Victoria Arlen 24 Charleston Jordan Fisher 30 Jordan Fisher 25 Contemporary Frankie Muniz 30 Nick Lachey 22 Team dance Victoria Arlen Vanessa Lachey Frankie Muniz Drew Scott 30 Nikki Bella Jordan Fisher Terrell Owens Lindsey Stirling 24 Freestyle Jordan Fisher Lindsey Stirling 30 Frankie Muniz 28 Fusion dance Lindsey Stirling Jordan Fisher 30 Frankie Muniz 28 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 30 - point maximum ( team dances and scores by guest judges are excluded ) . Couple Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Jordan & Lindsay Foxtrot , Paso doble , Quickstep , Salsa , Jive , Charleston , Freestyle , Samba & Salsa / Paso doble fusion ( 30 ) Tango ( 22 ) Lindsey & Mark Argentine tango , Quickstep , Freestyle , Jive & Cha - cha - cha / Tango fusion ( 30 ) Quickstep ( 21 ) Frankie & Witney Contemporary & Argentine tango ( 30 ) Foxtrot ( 19 ) Drew & Emma Freestyle ( 29 ) Foxtrot ( 16 ) Victoria & Val Charleston ( 29 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 19 ) Terrell & Cheryl Jive & Charleston ( 27 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 15 ) Nikki & Artem Jazz & Argentine tango ( 27 ) Samba ( 18 ) Vanessa & Maks Quickstep ( 27 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 21 ) Nick & Peta Contemporary & Quickstep ( 22 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Sasha & Gleb Foxtrot & Rumba ( 24 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Derek & Sharna Jazz ( 23 ) Salsa ( 18 ) Debbie & Alan Argentine tango ( 21 ) Foxtrot ( 17 ) Barbara & Keo Tango ( 17 ) Salsa ( 14 ) Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : first dances ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa or tango . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Terrell & Cheryl 15 ( 5 , 5 , 5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' -- The Temptations Debbie & Alan 17 ( 6 , 5 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Lost in Your Eyes '' -- Debbie Gibson Sasha & Gleb 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Like That '' -- Fleur East Drew & Emma 16 ( 6 , 5 , 5 ) Foxtrot `` Our House '' -- Madness Barbara & Keo 14 ( 5 , 4 , 5 ) Salsa `` Money Maker '' -- Ludacris feat . Pharrell Williams Jordan & Lindsay 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' -- Shawn Mendes Nick & Peta 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Come Get It Bae '' -- Pharrell Williams Vanessa & Maks 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Woman '' -- Kesha feat . The Dap - Kings Horns Frankie & Witney 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Sign of the Times '' -- Harry Styles Nikki & Artem 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Tango `` So What '' -- Pink Derek & Sharna 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` Basketball '' -- Kurtis Blow Victoria & Val 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Born Ready '' -- The Disco Fries feat . Hope Murphy Lindsey & Mark 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Do n't Worry '' -- Madcon feat . Ray Dalton Week 2 : ballroom Night / Latin Night ( edit ) The couples had to prepare two new dances to be performed on two consecutive nights . On Monday , the couples performed an unlearned ballroom routine , with one couple being eliminated at the end of the show . On Tuesday , the remaining couples performed an unlearned Latin routine , with another couple being eliminated . Argentine tango , paso doble , quickstep , rumba , samba , Viennese Waltz , and waltz are introduced . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Debbie & Alan 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Quickstep `` This Is My Time '' -- Amy Stroup Safe Nikki & Artem 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` Come Away with Me '' -- Norah Jones Safe Lindsey & Mark 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Swing Set '' -- Jurassic 5 Safe Barbara & Keo 17 ( 6 , 5 , 6 ) Tango `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Sarah Vaughan Eliminated Nick & Peta 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Mandy '' -- Barry Manilow Safe Drew & Emma 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' -- Louis Prima Safe Vanessa & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Hit Me with a Hot Note '' -- Tami Tappan Damiano Safe Frankie & Witney 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Tango `` Whatever It Takes '' -- Imagine Dragons Safe Terrell & Cheryl 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Pillowtalk '' -- ZAYN Last to be called safe Sasha & Gleb 23 ( 8 , 8 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` I 'm Going Down '' -- Rose Royce Safe Victoria & Val 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- Taylor Swift Safe Derek & Sharna 19 ( 6 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' -- Ray Charles Safe Jordan & Lindsay 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Count on Me '' -- Judah Kelly Safe Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nikki & Artem 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Samba `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi feat . Daddy Yankee Safe Victoria & Val 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Rumba `` Easy '' -- Sky Ferreira Safe Derek & Sharna 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Paso doble `` Diablo Rojo '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Safe Sasha & Gleb 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Most Girls '' -- Hailee Steinfeld Safe Nick & Peta 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Argentine tango `` She 's a Lady '' -- Lion Babe Last to be called safe Jordan & Lindsay 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` Mi Gente '' -- J Balvin & Willy William Safe Drew & Emma 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` Lights Down Low '' -- MAX feat . gnash Safe Debbie & Alan 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` Havana '' -- Camila Cabello feat . Young Thug Eliminated Vanessa & Maks 23 ( 8 , 8 , 7 ) Salsa `` Instruction '' -- Jax Jones feat . Demi Lovato & Stefflon Don Safe Terrell & Cheryl 19 ( 6 , 6 , 7 ) Samba `` Hot in Herre '' -- Nelly Safe Lindsey & Mark 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Mani Picao '' -- Ricky Campanelli Safe Frankie & Witney 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Perm '' -- Bruno Mars Safe Week 3 : Guilty Pleasures Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song that reminded them of their secret indulgences . Charleston , jazz and jive are introduced . At the start of the show , a moment of silence was held to honor the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting , which occurred the previous day . It was announced at the beginning of the show that , due to the tragedy , no elimination would take place . Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform due to an unspecified personal issue , so eliminated pro Alan Bersten danced with Vanessa Lachey instead . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Guilty pleasure Drew & Emma 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Argentine tango `` Red Right Hand '' -- Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds TV crime dramas Derek & Sharna 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' -- DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air reruns Victoria & Val 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Tubthumping '' -- Chumbawamba Listening to `` Tubthumping '' Vanessa & Alan 23 ( 7 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' -- Cyndi Lauper Girls ' nights Nikki & Artem 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Love on the Brain '' -- Rihanna Romance novels Frankie & Witney 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' -- NSYNC Boy bands Lindsey & Mark 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' -- Wham ! Wearing pajamas all day Sasha & Gleb 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Jazz `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' -- The Four Tops Baking Nick & Peta 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jazz `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' -- The Pointer Sisters Romantic comedies Terrell & Cheryl 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` The Breaks '' -- Kurtis Blow Breakdancing Jordan & Lindsay 25 ( 9 , 7 , 9 ) Charleston `` The Glory Days '' -- Michael Giacchino Comic books Week 4 : most memorable year Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance to celebrate the most memorable year of their lives . Contemporary is introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Frankie & Witney 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' -- Coldplay Safe Terrell & Cheryl 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Safe Nikki & Artem 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Contemporary `` Fight Song '' -- Rachel Platten Safe Nick & Peta 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Contemporary `` Falling Slowly '' -- Glen Hansard & Markéta Irglová Last to be called safe Lindsey & Mark 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Anchor '' -- Mindy Gledhill Safe Derek & Sharna 23 ( 7 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Move On Up '' -- Curtis Mayfield Eliminated Jordan & Lindsay 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Take Me Home '' -- Us the Duo Safe Sasha & Gleb 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' -- The Fray Safe Vanessa & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` Godspeed ( Sweet Dreams ) '' -- Nick Lachey Safe Drew & Emma 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' -- Queen Safe Victoria & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I Lived '' -- OneRepublic Safe Week 5 : Disney Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song from a Disney film to celebrate Walt Disney through the years . All performances were chronological , based on when the couple 's respective movie was released . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Disney film Result Victoria & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` Steamboat Willie Suite '' -- Wilfred Jackson & Bert Lewis Steamboat Willie Safe Vanessa & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` Un jour mon prince viendra '' -- Nikki Yanofsky Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Safe Lindsey & Mark 28 ( 9 , 10 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' -- Ray Chew Pinocchio Safe Nick & Peta 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Quickstep `` The Bare Necessities '' -- Phil Harris & Bruce Reitherman The Jungle Book Safe Drew & Emma 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Rainbow Connection '' -- Kermit the Frog The Muppet Movie Safe Sasha & Gleb 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` Kiss the Girl '' -- Samuel E. Wright The Little Mermaid Eliminated Terrell & Cheryl 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' -- Jason Weaver , Rowan Atkinson & Laura Williams The Lion King Safe Frankie & Witney 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Angelica '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Last to be called safe Jordan & Lindsay 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Foxtrot `` You 're Welcome '' -- Jordan Fisher feat . Lin - Manuel Miranda Moana Safe Nikki & Artem 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` Remember Me '' -- Benjamin Bratt Coco Safe Week 6 : a Night at the movies ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Shania Twain , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance , capturing the spirit of a specific movie genre . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Movie genre Result Nikki & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine tango `` Dernière danse '' -- Indila Foreign Safe Drew & Emma 30 ( 7 , 7 , 9 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Legend '' -- The Score Action Safe Nick & Peta 26 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Samba `` Wild Wild West '' -- Will Smith feat . Dru Hill & Kool Moe Dee Western Eliminated Victoria & Val 31 ( 8 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Paso doble `` We Will Rock You '' -- Queen Sports Safe Terrell & Cheryl 37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Jive `` Feel It Still '' -- Portugal . The Man Spy Last to be called safe Frankie & Witney 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Holly Rock '' -- Sheila E . Animation Safe Vanessa & Maks 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Be Bad '' -- Smash cast feat . Megan Hilty Musical Safe Jordan & Lindsay 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Supermarket Flowers '' -- Ed Sheeran Drama Safe Lindsey & Mark 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Human '' -- Sevdaliza Sci - fi Safe Week 7 : Halloween Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to Halloween themes and songs . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Victoria & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` The Night We Met '' -- Lord Huron Safe Jordan & Lindsay 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Paso doble `` Animals '' -- Martin Garrix Safe Nikki & Artem 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` I Put a Spell on You '' -- Bette Midler Eliminated Vanessa & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Game of Survival '' -- Ruelle Terrell & Cheryl 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Tango `` Super Freak '' -- Rick James Last to be called safe Lindsey & Mark 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Roundtable Rival '' -- Lindsey Stirling Safe Frankie & Witney 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Chase Holfelder Safe Drew & Emma 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Remains of the Day '' -- Danny Elfman Safe Nikki & Artem Lindsey & Mark Terrell & Cheryl Jordan & Lindsay 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Freestyle ( Team Monster Mash ) `` Monster Mash '' -- Bobby `` Boris '' Pickett Vanessa & Maks Frankie & Witney Victoria & Val Drew & Emma 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle ( Team Phantom of the Ballroom ) `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- Sarah Brightman & Michael Crawford Week 8 : celebrity trio dances ( quarterfinals ) ( edit ) The couples performed an unlearned dance and a trio dance . Unlike in prior seasons , where the trios involved eliminated pros or troupe members , the trios were instead composed of past celebrity winners or finalists . Running order Couple ( Trio Dance Partner ) Scores Dance Music Result Terrell & Cheryl ( Kelly Monaco ) 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Bad Boy Good Man '' -- Tape Five feat . Henrik Wager Eliminated 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` Slow Hands '' -- Niall Horan Drew & Emma ( Rashad Jennings ) 22 ( 7 , 7 , 8 ) Waltz `` Both Sides Now ( Torch Songs ) '' -- Years & Years Safe 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Get Up Offa That Thing '' -- James Brown Victoria & Val ( Laurie Hernandez ) 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Argentine tango `` Down '' -- Marian Hill Safe 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Magic '' -- B.o.B feat . Rivers Cuomo Lindsey & Mark ( Kristi Yamaguchi ) 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Samba `` Morning Drums '' -- Gregor Salto Safe 28 ( 10 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' -- Seth MacFarlane Frankie & Witney ( Alfonso Ribeiro ) 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Perfect '' -- Ed Sheeran Last to be called safe 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Good Place '' -- Leo Soul Jordan & Lindsay ( Corbin Bleu ) 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Chuck Berry '' -- Pharrell Williams Safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Salsa `` Que Viva la Vida '' -- Wisin Week 9 : Semifinals ( edit ) The couples performed an unlearned dance using music chosen by the pros , as well as a dance that reinterpreted an iconic routine from a previous season . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music ( Iconic Routine ) Result Drew & Emma 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` I 'm Gonna Be ( 500 Miles ) '' -- The Proclaimers Safe 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher feat . Lil Jon & Ludacris ( Corbin & Karina , season 17 ) Victoria & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Contemporary `` To Build a Home '' -- The Cinematic Orchestra feat . Patrick Watson Eliminated 29 ( 9 , 10 , 10 ) Charleston `` Bang Bang '' -- will.i.am ( Amber & Derek , season 17 ) Jordan & Lindsay 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Brother '' -- NEEDTOBREATHE feat . Gavin DeGraw Safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Proud Mary '' -- Tina Turner ( Paige & Mark , season 22 ) Lindsey & Mark 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Head High '' -- Alexander Jean Safe 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Tango `` Feel So Close '' -- Calvin Harris ( Meryl & Maks , season 18 ) Frankie & Witney 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Salsa `` Shake '' -- Yin Yang Twins feat . Pitbull Last to be called safe 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Carnaval de Paris '' -- Dario G ( Apolo & Julianne , season 4 ) Week 10 : finals ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Julianne Hough , Bruno Tonioli . On the first night , the couples performed a redemption dance and a freestyle . On the second night , the final three couples danced their favorite routine and a fusion dance of two styles . For the first time , a short window of `` last chance '' audience voting was added for the Eastern and Central time zones immediately after the final scored dance . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Drew & Emma 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Get Ready '' -- Rayelle Eliminated 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` The Ding - Dong Daddy of the D - Car Line '' -- Cherry Poppin ' Daddies Frankie & Witney 38 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I Wo n't Dance '' -- Frank Sinatra Last to be called safe 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Run Boy Run '' -- Woodkid Jordan & Lindsay 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Charleston `` Bad Man '' -- Pitbull feat . Robin Thicke , Joe Perry & Travis Barker Safe 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Puttin ' on the Ritz 2017 ( Jazzy Radio Mix ) '' -- Taco feat . tomX Lindsey & Mark 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Barflies at the Beach '' -- Royal Crown Revue Safe 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Palladio '' -- Escala Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Lindsey & Mark 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' -- Wham ! Runner - up 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Cha - cha - cha Tango `` Hot2Touch '' -- Felix Jaehn feat . Hight & Alex Aiono Frankie & Witney 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Angelica '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Third place 28 ( 10 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot Tango `` Without You '' -- Avicii feat . Sandro Cavazza Jordan & Lindsay 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Mi Gente '' -- J Balvin & Willy William Winner 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Salsa Paso doble `` Kill the Lights '' -- Alex Newell , Jess Glynne & DJ Cassidy with Nile Rodgers Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa , or tango ( First Dances ) Week 2 : Night 1 : One unlearned ballroom dance ( Ballroom Night ) Night 2 : One unlearned Latin dance ( Latin Night ) Week 3 : One unlearned dance ( Guilty Pleasures Night ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance ( Most Memorable Year Night ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance ( Disney Night ) Week 6 : One unlearned dance ( A Night at the Movies ) Week 7 : One unlearned dance and team dances ( Halloween Night ) Week 8 : One unlearned dance and trio dances ( Quarterfinals ) Week 9 : Two unlearned dances ( Semifinals ) Week 10 : Finals Night 1 : Redemption dance and freestyle ( Final 4 ) Night 2 : Favorite dance and 24 - hour fusion challenge ( Final 3 ) Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Jordan & Lindsay Tango Viennese Waltz Samba Charleston Contemporary Foxtrot Rumba Paso doble Freestyle ( Team Monster Mash ) Quickstep Salsa Argentine tango Jive Charleston Freestyle Samba Salsa Paso doble Lindsey & Mark Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Salsa Jive Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Argentine tango Paso doble Freestyle ( Team Monster Mash ) Samba Jazz Contemporary Tango Quickstep Freestyle Jive Cha - cha - cha Tango Frankie & Witney Foxtrot Tango Cha - cha - cha Samba Quickstep Argentine tango Jazz Contemporary Freestyle ( Team Phantom of the Ballroom ) Viennese Waltz Jive Salsa Paso doble Foxtrot Freestyle Argentine tango Foxtrot Tango Drew & Emma Foxtrot Quickstep Rumba Argentine tango Jive Viennese Waltz Paso doble Charleston Freestyle ( Team Phantom of the Ballroom ) Waltz Cha - cha - cha Tango Jazz Paso doble Freestyle Jive Victoria & Val Cha - cha - cha Tango Rumba Quickstep Foxtrot Jazz Paso doble Viennese Waltz Freestyle ( Team Phantom of the Ballroom ) Argentine tango Jive Contemporary Charleston Viennese Waltz Terrell & Cheryl Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Samba Salsa Viennese Waltz Quickstep Jive Tango Freestyle ( Team Monster Mash ) Charleston Rumba Nikki & Artem Tango Waltz Samba Viennese Waltz Contemporary Jazz Argentine tango Jive Freestyle ( Team Monster Mash ) Quickstep Vanessa & Maks Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Salsa Jazz Rumba Waltz Quickstep Paso doble Freestyle ( Team Phantom of the Ballroom ) Quickstep Nick & Peta Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Argentine tango Jazz Contemporary Quickstep Samba Sasha & Gleb Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Samba Jazz Foxtrot Rumba Quickstep Derek & Sharna Salsa Foxtrot Paso doble Cha - cha - cha Jazz Salsa Debbie & Alan Foxtrot Quickstep Argentine tango Quickstep Barbara & Keo Salsa Tango Jive Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Danced , but not scored Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Week 1 : Premiere '' September 18 , 2017 1.6 6 10.71 `` Week 2 : Ballroom Night ( Night 1 ) '' September 25 , 2017 1.4 5 8.67 `` Week 2 : Latin Night ( Night 2 ) '' September 26 , 2017 1.2 7.22 `` Week 3 : Guilty Pleasures Night '' October 2 , 2017 1.4 5 9.06 5 `` Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night '' October 9 , 2017 1.3 5 9.25 6 `` Week 5 : Disney Night '' October 16 , 2017 1.4 5 9.76 7 `` Week 6 : A Night at the Movies '' October 23 , 2017 1.3 5 9.15 8 `` Week 7 : Halloween Night '' October 30 , 2017 1.4 5 9.93 9 `` Week 8 : Quarterfinals '' November 6 , 2017 1.2 5 9.30 10 `` Week 9 : Semifinals '' November 13 , 2017 1.4 5 9.88 11 `` Week 10 : Finals '' November 20 , 2017 1.4 5 10.08 12 `` Season Finale '' November 21 , 2017 1.3 5 9.20 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shania Twain was a guest judge , so the couples were scored on a 40 - point scale . Jump up ^ Julianne Hough was a guest judge for Monday night only , so those dances were scored on a 40 - point scale . The Tuesday dances were scored on a 30 - point scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates for 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Brooke ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 25 pros announced : Mark Ballas , Mr. and Mrs. Chmerkovskiy '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ABC News ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Fan - favorite pro dancer Cheryl Burke returning to ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ABC News ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Property Brothers ' star to compete on ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Matt ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Announces Full Season 25 Cast '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Ballroom Night and the First Elimination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Latin Night and the Second Elimination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Stars Recall Their Most Memorable Years '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Disney Night with ' Moana , ' Muppets and More '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : A Night at the Moves with Shania Twain '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Halloween Night and the Team Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : All - Stars Return for the Trio Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Who Goes Home in the Semifinals ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 4 Perform Their Freestyles '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 25 Finale Recap : Who Wins the Mirror Ball ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Dancing with the Stars '' . abc.go.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Season 25 Judges Revealed : Find Out Who 's Back -- and Who 's Not ! '' . People . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , October 23 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Find Out Which Former Pros are Returning to the Dancing with the Stars Troupe for Season 25 '' . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 25 Premiere Recap : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS Season Premiere on NBC - Monday , September 18 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , September 25 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Today , September 26 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' to Open With Moment of Silence to Honor Las Vegas Shooting Victims '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Top 11 Reveal Their Guilty Pleasures '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , October 2 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , October 9 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , October 16 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Dancing with the Stars on ABC -- Monday , October 30 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Dancing with the Stars on ABC -- Monday , November 6 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS : ALL STARS on ABC -- Monday , November 13 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS 11 / 20 & 11 / 21 on ABC '' . BroadwayWorld.com . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website hide Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_25)&oldid=847534261 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 01 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	winner of dancing with the stars season 25	[ "On November 21, 2017, actor and singer Jordan Fisher and Lindsay Arnold were declared the winners, marking Arnold's first win. Violinist and composer Lindsey Stirling and Mark Ballas finished second, while actor and race car driver Frankie Muniz and Witney Carson finished third. Having won at age 23, Fisher is currently the youngest male winner of the show, surpassing short track speed skating competitor Apolo Anton Ohno (season 4). Fisher also currently holds the record for most perfect scores by a celebrity in a season (9), surpassing Bindi Irwin (season 21) and Laurie Hernandez (season 23).\n", "On November 21, 2017, actor and singer Jordan Fisher and Lindsay Arnold were declared the winners, marking Arnold's first win. Violinist and composer Lindsey Stirling and Mark Ballas finished second, while actor and race car driver Frankie Muniz and Witney Carson finished third. Having won at age 23, Fisher is currently the youngest male winner of the show, surpassing short track speed skating competitor Apolo Anton Ohno (season 4). Fisher also currently holds the record for most perfect scores by a celebrity in a season (9), surpassing Bindi Irwin (season 21) and Laurie Hernandez (season 23).\n" ]	[ "Jordan Fisher", "Lindsay Arnold" ]
6417787267910308971	Defense of Marriage Act	Defense of marriage Act - wikipedia Defense of marriage Act Jump to : navigation , search `` DOMA '' redirects here . For other uses , see Doma ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` Defense of Marriage Act '' , see Defense of marriage amendment . Defense of Marriage Act Long title An Act to define and protect the institution of marriage Acronyms ( colloquial ) DOMA Enacted by the 104th United States Congress Effective September 21 , 1996 Citations Public law Pub. L. 104 -- 199 Statutes at Large 110 Stat. 2419 ( 1996 ) Codification Titles amended 1 U.S.C. General Provisions 28 U.S.C. Judiciary and Judicial Procedure U.S.C. sections created 1 U.S.C. § 7 ( Struck down , June 26 , 2013 ) Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3396 by Bob Barr ( R -- GA ) on May 7 , 1996 Committee consideration by Committee on the Judiciary ( Subcommittee on the Constitution ) Passed the House on July 12 , 1996 ( Yeas : 342 ; Nays : 67 ) Passed the Senate on September 10 , 1996 ( Yeas : 85 ; Nays : 14 ) Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on September 21 , 1996 United States Supreme Court cases United States v. Windsor , No. 12 - 307 , 570 U.S. ___ ( 2013 ) , in which Section 3 ( 1 U.S.C. § 7 ) was struck down by the Supreme Court on June 26 , 2013 The Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) ( Pub. L. 104 -- 199 , 110 Stat. 2419 , enacted September 21 , 1996 , 1 U.S.C. § 7 and 28 U.S.C. § 1738C ) was a United States federal law that , prior to being ruled unconstitutional , defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman , and allowed states to refuse to recognize same - sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . Until Section 3 of the Act was struck down in 2013 ( United States v. Windsor ) , DOMA , in conjunction with other statutes , had barred same - sex married couples from being recognized as `` spouses '' for purposes of federal laws , effectively barring them from receiving federal marriage benefits . DOMA 's passage did not prevent individual states from recognizing same - sex marriage , but it imposed constraints on the benefits received by all legally married same - sex couples . Initially introduced in May 1996 , DOMA passed both houses of Congress by large , veto - proof majorities and was signed into law by President Bill Clinton in September 1996 . By defining `` spouse '' and its related terms to signify a heterosexual couple in a recognized marriage , Section 3 codified non-recognition of same - sex marriages for all federal purposes , including insurance benefits for government employees , social security survivors ' benefits , immigration , bankruptcy , and the filing of joint tax returns , as well as excluding same - sex spouses from the scope of laws protecting families of federal officers ( 18 U.S.C. § 115 ) , laws evaluating financial aid eligibility , and federal ethics laws applicable to opposite - sex spouses . In United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court declared Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment . Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) struck down the act 's provisions disallowing same - sex marriages to be performed under federal jurisdiction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Text 3 Enactment and role of President Clinton 4 Impact 5 Political debate 5.1 Bush administration 5.2 Obama administration 5.3 Congressional intervention 6 Repeal proposals 7 Challenges to Section 3 in Federal court 7.1 Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management 7.2 Gill and Massachusetts 7.3 United States v. Windsor 7.4 Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management 7.5 Other cases 7.5. 1 Military and veterans cases 7.5. 2 Bankruptcy court 7.5. 3 Immigration cases 7.5. 4 Tribunals 8 Challenges to Section 2 in federal court 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Same - sex marriage in the United States The issue of legal recognition of same - sex marriage attracted mainstream attention infrequently until the 1980s . A sympathetic reporter heard several gay men raise the issue in 1967 and described it as `` high among the deviate 's hopes '' . In one early incident , gay activist Jack Baker brought suit against the state of Minnesota in 1970 after being denied a marriage license to marry another man ; the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled ( in Baker v. Nelson ) that limiting marriage to opposite - sex couples did not violate the Constitution . Baker later changed his legal name to Pat Lynn McConnell and married his male partner in 1971 , but the marriage was not legally recognized . A 1972 off - Broadway play , Nightride , depicted `` a black -- white homosexual marriage '' . In 1979 , IntegrityUSA , an organization of gay Episcopalians , raised the issue when the U.S. Episcopal Church considered a ban on the ordination of homosexuals as priests . The New York Times said the question was `` all but dormant '' until the late 1980s when , according to gay activists , `` the AIDS epidemic ... brought questions of inheritance and death benefits to many people 's minds . '' In May 1989 , Denmark established registered partnerships that granted same - sex couples many of the rights associated with marriage . In the same year , New York 's highest court ruled that two homosexual men qualified as a family for the purposes of New York City 's rent - control regulations . Within the movement for gay and lesbian rights , a debate between advocates of sexual liberation and of social integration was taking shape , with Andrew Sullivan publishing an essay `` Here Comes the Groom '' in The New Republic in August 1989 arguing for same - sex marriage : `` A need to rebel has quietly ceded to a desire to belong . '' In September 1989 , the State Bar Association of California urged recognition of marriages between homosexuals even before gay rights advocates adopted the issue . Gary Bauer , head of the socially conservative Family Research Council , predicted the issue would be `` a major battleground in the 1990s '' . In 1991 , Georgia Attorney General Michael J. Bowers withdrew a job offer to a lesbian who planned to marry another woman in a Jewish wedding ceremony . In 1993 , a committee of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America released a report asking Lutherans to consider blessing same - sex marriages and stating that lifelong abstinence was harmful to same - sex couples . The Conference of Bishops responded , `` There is basis neither in Scripture nor tradition for the establishment of an official ceremony by this church for the blessing of a homosexual relationship . '' In a critique of radicalism in the gay liberation movement , Bruce Bawer 's A Place at the Table ( 1993 ) advocated the legalization of same - sex marriage . In Baehr v. Miike ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled that the state must show a compelling interest in prohibiting same - sex marriage . This finding prompted concern among opponents of same - sex marriage , who feared that same - sex marriage might become legal in Hawaii and that other states would recognize or be compelled to recognize those marriages under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution . The House Judiciary Committee 's 1996 Report called for DOMA as a response to Baehr , because `` a redefinition of marriage in Hawaii to include homosexual couples could make such couples eligible for a whole range of federal rights and benefits '' . Text ( edit ) The main provisions of the act were as follows : Section 1 . Short title This Act may be cited as the `` Defense of Marriage Act '' . Section 2 . Powers reserved to the states No State , territory , or possession of the United States , or Indian tribe , shall be required to give effect to any public act , record , or judicial proceeding of any other State , territory , possession , or tribe respecting a relationship between persons of the same sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of such other State , territory , possession , or tribe , or a right or claim arising from such relationship . Section 3 . Definition of marriage In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress , or of any ruling , regulation , or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States , the word ' marriage ' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife , and the word ' spouse ' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife . Enactment and role of President Clinton ( edit ) Georgia Representative Bob Barr , then a Republican , authored the Defense of Marriage Act and introduced it in the House of Representatives on May 7 , 1996 . Senator Don Nickles , ( R ) Oklahoma , introduced the bill in the Senate . The House Judiciary Committee stated that the Act was intended by Congress to `` reflect and honor a collective moral judgment and to express moral disapproval of homosexuality '' . The Act 's congressional sponsors stated , `` ( T ) he bill amends the U.S. Code to make explicit what has been understood under federal law for over 200 years ; that a marriage is the legal union of a man and a woman as husband and wife , and a spouse is a husband or wife of the opposite sex . '' Nickles said , `` If some state wishes to recognize same - sex marriage , they can do so '' . He said the bill would ensure that `` the 49 other states do n't have to and the Federal Government does not have to . '' In opposition to the bill , Colorado Rep. Patricia Schroeder said , `` You ca n't amend the Constitution with a statute . Everybody knows that . This is just stirring the political waters and seeing what hate you can unleash . '' Barr countered that the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution grants Congress power to determine `` the effect '' of the obligation of each state to grant `` full faith and credit '' to other states ' acts . The 1996 Republican Party platform endorsed DOMA , referencing only Section 2 of the act : `` We reject the distortion of ( anti-discrimination ) laws to cover sexual preference , and we endorse the Defense of Marriage Act to prevent states from being forced to recognize same - sex unions . '' The Democratic Party platform that year did not mention DOMA or same - sex marriage . In a June 1996 interview in the gay and lesbian magazine The Advocate , Clinton said , `` I remain opposed to same - sex marriage . I believe marriage is an institution for the union of a man and a woman . This has been my long - standing position , and it is not being reviewed or reconsidered . '' But he also criticized DOMA as `` divisive and unnecessary . '' The bill moved through Congress on a legislative fast track and met with overwhelming approval in both houses of the Republican - controlled Congress . On July 12 , 1996 , with only 65 Democrats and then Rep. Bernie Sanders ( Independent - Vermont ) and Rep. Steve Gunderson ( Republican - Wisconsin ) , in opposition , 342 members of the U.S. House of Representatives -- 224 Republicans and 118 Democrats -- voted to pass DOMA . Then , on September 10 , 1996 , 84 Senators -- a majority of the Democratic Senators and all of the Republicans -- voted in favor of DOMA . Democratic Senators voted for the bill 32 to 14 ( with Pryor of Arkansas absent ) , and Democratic Representatives voted for it 118 to 65 , with 15 not participating . All Republicans in both houses voted for the bill with the sole exception of the one openly gay Republican Congressman , Rep. Steve Gunderson of Wisconsin . While his stated position was against same - sex marriage , Clinton criticized DOMA as `` unnecessary and divisive '' , and his press - secretary called it `` gay baiting , plain and simple '' . However , after Congress had passed the bill with enough votes to override a presidential veto , Clinton signed DOMA . Years later , he said that he did so reluctantly in view of the veto - proof majority , both to avoid associating himself politically with the then - unpopular cause of same - sex marriage and to defuse momentum for a proposed Federal Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banning same - sex marriage . Clinton , who was traveling when Congress acted , signed it into law promptly upon returning to Washington , D.C. , on September 21 , 1996 ; no signing ceremony was held for DOMA and no photographs were taken of him signing it into law . The White House released a statement in which Clinton said `` that the enactment of this legislation should not , despite the fierce and at times divisive rhetoric surrounding it , be understood to provide an excuse for discrimination , violence or intimidation against any person on the basis of sexual orientation '' . In 2013 , Mike McCurry , the White House press secretary at the time , recalled that Clinton 's `` posture was quite frankly driven by the political realities of an election year in 1996 . '' James Hormel , who was appointed by Clinton as the first openly gay U.S. Ambassador , described the reaction from the gay community to Clinton signing DOMA as shock and anger . On Hormel 's account , Clinton had been the first President to advocate gay rights , push for AIDS funding , support gay and lesbian civil rights legislation , and appoint open LGBT people to his Administration . Thus his signing of DOMA was viewed by much of the community as a great betrayal . Clinton did not mention DOMA in his 2004 autobiography . Over time , Clinton 's public position on same - sex marriage shifted . He spoke out against the passage of California 's Proposition 8 and recorded robocalls urging Californians to vote against it . In July 2009 , he officially came out in support for same - sex marriage . On August 13 , 2009 , during Netroots Nation , when confronted by LGBT activist Lane Hudson , Clinton explained that he had to sign DOMA in order to prevent a constitutional amendment that would proscribe same - sex marriage : `` We were attempting at the time , in a very reactionary Congress , to head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states . And if you look at the eleven referenda much later -- in 2004 , in the election -- which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for President Bush up , I think it 's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that . '' In an op - ed written on March 7 , 2013 , for The Washington Post , Clinton again suggested that DOMA was necessary in order to preclude , at that time , the passage of a constitutional amendment banning same - sex marriage and urged the Supreme Court , which would shortly hear arguments on United States v. Windsor , to overturn DOMA . Clinton 's explanation for signing DOMA has been disputed by gay rights activist Elizabeth Birch : `` In 1996 , I was President of the Human Rights Campaign , and there was no real threat of a Federal Marriage Amendment . That battle would explode about eight years later , in 2004 , when President Bush announced it was a central policy goal of his administration to pass such an amendment . '' Evan Wolfson , who , in 1996 , ran the National Freedom to Marry Coalition , while an attorney at Lambda Legal , has also criticized the suggestion that DOMA was stopping something worse : `` That 's complete nonsense . There was no conversation about something ' worse ' until eight years later . There was no talk of a constitutional amendment , and no one even thought it was possible -- and , of course , it turned out it was n't really possible to happen . So , the idea that people were swallowing DOMA in order to prevent a constitutional amendment is really just historic revisionism and not true . That was never an argument made in the ' 90s . '' However , political discussion of the possibility of using a constitutional amendment to restrict marriage rights was not unheard of in the 1990s . In January 1996 , for example , the House Judiciary Committee for the state of Hawaii voted 12 - 1 in favor of passing bill HB 117 , which was aimed at amending the constitution of Hawaii to define marriage as involving one man and one woman . In 1998 , the first anti-same - sex marriage amendment was added to the constitution of a U.S. state , though it was not until 2002 that a federal marriage amendment was first introduced in the U.S. Congress . Impact ( edit ) The General Accounting Office issued a report in 1997 identifying `` 1,049 federal statutory provisions classified to the United States Code in which benefits , rights , and privileges are contingent on marital status or in which marital status is a factor '' . In updating its report in 2004 , the GAO found that this number had risen to 1,138 as of December 31 , 2003 . With respect to Social Security , housing , and food stamps , the GAO found that `` recognition of the marital relationship is integral to the design of the program ( s ) . '' The report also noted several other major program categories that were affected -- veterans ' benefits , including pensions and survivor benefits ; taxes on income , estates , gifts , and property sales ; and benefits due federal employees , both civilian and military -- and identified specifics such as the rights of the surviving spouse of a creator of copyrighted work and the financial disclosure requirements of spouses of Congress members and certain officers of the federal government . Education loan programs and agriculture price support and loan programs also implicate spouses . Financial aid to `` family farms '' for example , is restricted to those in which `` a majority interest is held by individuals related by marriage or blood . '' Because the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act ( ERISA ) controls most employee benefits provided by private employers , DOMA removed some tax breaks for employers and employees in the private sector when it comes to health care , pension , and disability benefits to same - sex spouses on an equal footing with opposite - sex spouses . ERISA does not affect employees of state and local government or churches , nor does it extend to such benefits as employee leave and vacation . Under DOMA , persons in same - sex marriages were not considered married for immigration purposes . U.S. citizens and permanent residents in same - sex marriages could not petition for their spouses , nor could they be accompanied by their spouses into the U.S. on the basis of a family or employment - based visa . A non-citizen in such a marriage could not use it as the basis for obtaining a waiver or relief from removal from the U.S. Following the end of the U.S. military 's ban on service by open gays and lesbians , `` Do n't ask , do n't tell , '' in September 2011 , Admiral Mike Mullen , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , noted that DOMA limited the military 's ability to extend the same benefits to military personnel in same - sex marriages as their peers in opposite - sex marriages received , notably health benefits . Same - sex spouses of military personnel were denied the same access to military bases , legal counseling , and housing allowances provided to different - sex spouses . Political debate ( edit ) The 2000 Republican Party platform endorsed DOMA in general terms and indicated concern about judicial activism : `` We support the traditional definition of ' marriage ' as the legal union of one man and one woman , and we believe that federal judges and bureaucrats should not force states to recognize other living arrangements as marriages . '' The Democratic Party platform that year did not mention DOMA or marriage in this context . Bush administration ( edit ) In 2004 , President George W. Bush endorsed a proposed constitutional amendment to restrict marriage to opposite - sex couples because he thought DOMA vulnerable : `` After more than two centuries of American jurisprudence and millennia of human experience , a few judges and local authorities are presuming to change the most fundamental institution of civilization . Their actions have created confusion on an issue that requires clarity . '' In January 2005 , however , he said he would not lobby on its behalf , since too many U.S. senators thought DOMA would survive a constitutional challenge . Obama administration ( edit ) President Barack Obama 's 2008 political platform endorsed the repeal of DOMA . On June 12 , 2009 , the Justice Department issued a brief defending the constitutionality of DOMA in the case of Smelt v. United States , continuing its longstanding practice of defending all federal laws challenged in court . On June 15 , 2009 , Human Rights Campaign President Joe Solmonese wrote an open letter to Obama that asked for actions to balance the DOJ 's courtroom position : `` We call on you to put your principles into action and send legislation repealing DOMA to Congress . '' A representative of Lambda Legal , an LGBT impact litigation and advocacy organization , noted that the Obama administration 's legal arguments omitted the Bush administration 's assertion that households headed by opposite - sex spouses were better at raising children than those headed by same - sex spouses . On February 23 , 2011 , Attorney General Eric Holder released a statement regarding lawsuits challenging DOMA Section 3 . He wrote : After careful consideration , including a review of my recommendation , the President has concluded that given a number of factors , including a documented history of discrimination , classifications based on sexual orientation should be subject to a more heightened standard of scrutiny . The President has also concluded that Section 3 of DOMA , as applied to legally married same - sex couples , fails to meet that standard and is therefore unconstitutional . Given that conclusion , the President has instructed the Department not to defend the statute in such cases . He also announced that although it was no longer defending Section 3 in court , the administration intended to continue to enforce the law `` unless and until Congress repeals Section 3 or the judicial branch renders a definitive verdict against the law 's constitutionality . '' In a separate letter to Speaker of the House John Boehner , Holder noted that Congress could participate in these lawsuits . On February 24 , the Department of Justice notified the First Circuit Court of Appeals that it would `` cease to defend '' Gill and Massachusetts as well . On July 1 , 2011 , the DOJ , with a filing in Golinski , intervened for the first time on behalf of a plaintiff seeking to have DOMA Section 3 ruled unconstitutional , arguing that laws that use sexual orientation as a classification need to pass the court 's intermediate scrutiny standard of review . The DOJ made similar arguments in a filing in Gill on July 7 . In June 2012 , filing an amicus brief in Golinski , two former Republican Attorneys General , Edwin Meese and John Ashcroft , called the DOJ 's decision not to defend DOMA Section 3 `` an unprecedented and ill - advised departure from over two centuries of Executive Branch practice '' and `` an extreme and unprecedented deviation from the historical norm '' . Congressional intervention ( edit ) On March 4 , 2011 , Boehner announced that the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) would convene to consider whether the House of Representatives should defend DOMA Section 3 in place of the Department of Justice , and on March 9 the committee voted 3 -- 2 to do so . On April 18 , 2011 , House leaders announced the selection of former United States Solicitor General Paul Clement to represent BLAG . Clement , without opposition from other parties to the case , filed a motion to be allowed to intervene in the suit `` for the limited purpose of defending the constitutionality of Section III '' of DOMA . On April 25 , 2011 , King & Spalding , the law firm through which Clement was handling the case , announced it was dropping the case . On the same day , Clement resigned from King & Spalding in protest and joined Bancroft PLLC , which took on the case . The House 's initial contract with Clement capped legal fees at $500,000 , but on September 30 a revised contract raised the cap to $1.5 million . A spokesman for Boehner explained that BLAG would not appeal in all cases , citing bankruptcy cases that are `` unlikely to provide the path to the Supreme Court ... ( E ) ffectively defending ( DOMA ) does not require the House to intervene in every case , especially when doing so would be prohibitively expensive . '' Repeal proposals ( edit ) Further information : Respect for Marriage Act On September 15 , 2009 , three Democratic members of Congress , Jerrold Nadler of New York , Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin , and Jared Polis of Colorado , introduced legislation to repeal DOMA called the Respect for Marriage Act . The bill had 91 original co-sponsors in the House of Representatives and was supported by Clinton , Barr , and several legislators who voted for DOMA . Congressman Barney Frank and John Berry , head of the Office of Personnel Management , did not support that effort , stating that `` the backbone is not there '' in Congress . Frank and Berry suggested DOMA could be overturned more quickly through lawsuits such as Gill v. Office of Personnel Management filed by Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders ( GLAD ) . Following Holder 's announcement that the Obama Administration would no longer defend DOMA Section 3 in court , on March 16 , 2011 , Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Respect for Marriage Act in the Senate again and Nadler introduced it in the House . The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 10 -- 8 in favor of advancing the bill to the Senate floor , but observers believed it would not gain the 60 votes needed to end debate and bring it to a vote . After the Supreme Court struck down DOMA Section 3 on June 26 , 2013 , Feinstein and Nadler reintroduced the Respect for Marriage Act as S. 1236 and H.R. 2523 . Challenges to Section 3 in federal Court ( edit ) Numerous plaintiffs have challenged DOMA . Prior to 2009 , all federal courts upheld DOMA in its entirety . Later cases focused on Section 3 's definition of marriage . The courts , using different standards , have all found Section 3 unconstitutional . Requests for the Supreme Court to hear appeals were filed in five cases , listed below ( with Supreme Court docket numbers ) : Gill v. Office of Personnel Management ( 12 - 13 as BLAG v. Gill ) Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services ( 12 - 15 as Dept. of HHS v. Massachusetts , 12 - 97 ) Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management ( 12 - 16 OPM v. Golinski ) Windsor v. United States ( 12 - 63 ) Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management ( 12 - 231 ) Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management ( edit ) Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management is a challenge to Section 3 of DOMA in federal court based on a judicial employee 's attempt to receive spousal health benefits for her wife . In 2008 , Karen Golinski , a 19 - year employee of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , applied for health benefits for her wife . When the application was denied , she filed a complaint under the Ninth Circuit 's Employment Dispute Resolution Plan . Chief Judge Alex Kozinski , in his administrative capacity , ruled in 2009 that she was entitled to spousal health benefits , but the Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) announced that it would not comply with the ruling . On March 17 , 2011 , U.S. District Judge Jeffrey White dismissed the suit on procedural grounds but invited Golinski to amend her suit to argue the unconstitutionality of DOMA Section 3 , which she did on April 14 . Following the Attorney General 's decision to no longer defend DOMA , the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , an arm of the House of Representatives , took up the defense . Former United States Solicitor General Paul Clement filed , on BLAG 's behalf , a motion to dismiss raising arguments previously avoided by the Department of Justice : that DOMA 's definition of marriage is valid `` because only a man and a woman can beget a child together , and because historical experience has shown that a family consisting of a married father and mother is an effective social structure for raising children . '' On July 1 , 2011 , the DOJ filed a brief in support of Golinski 's suit , in which it detailed for the first time its case for heightened scrutiny based on `` a significant history of purposeful discrimination against gay and lesbian people , by governmental as well as private entities '' and its arguments that DOMA Section 3 fails to meet that standard . On February 22 , 2012 , White ruled for Golinski , finding DOMA `` violates her right to equal protection of the law under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution . '' He wrote that Section 3 of DOMA could not pass the `` heightened scrutiny '' or the `` rational basis '' test . He wrote , The Court finds that neither Congress ' claimed legislative justifications nor any of the proposed reasons proffered by BLAG constitute bases rationally related to any of the alleged governmental interests . Further , after concluding that neither the law nor the record can sustain any of the interests suggested , the Court , having tried on its own , can not conceive of any additional interests that DOMA might further . While the case was on appeal to the Ninth Circuit , on July 3 , 2012 , the DOJ asked the Supreme Court to review the case before the Ninth Circuit decides it so it can be heard together with two other cases in which DOMA Section 3 was held unconstitutional , Gill v. Office of Personnel Management and Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services . The Supreme Court chose to hear Windsor instead of these cases , and following the Supreme Court decision in Windsor the Ninth Circuit dismissed the appeal in Golinski with the consent of all parties on July 23 . Gill and Massachusetts ( edit ) On March 3 , 2009 , GLAD filed a federal court challenge , Gill v. Office of Personnel Management , based on the Equal Protection Clause and the federal government 's consistent deference to each state 's definition of marriage prior to the enactment of DOMA . The case questioned only the DOMA provision that the federal government defines marriage as the union of a man and a woman . On May 6 , 2010 , Judge Joseph L. Tauro heard arguments in the U.S. District Court in Boston . On July 8 , 2009 , Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley filed a suit , Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services , challenging the constitutionality of DOMA . The suit claims that Congress `` overstepped its authority , undermined states ' efforts to recognize marriages between same - sex couples , and codified an animus towards gay and lesbian people . '' Tauro , the judge also handling Gill , heard arguments on May 26 , 2010 . On July 8 , 2010 , Tauro issued his rulings in both Gill and Massachusetts , granting summary judgment for the plaintiffs in both cases . He found in Gill that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act violates the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . In Massachusetts he held that the same section of DOMA violates the Tenth Amendment and falls outside Congress ' authority under the Spending Clause of the Constitution . Those decisions were stayed after the DOJ filed an appeal on October 12 , 2010 . On November 3 , 2011 , 133 House Democrats filed an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs in Gill and Massachusetts , asserting their belief that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional . Included among the members of Congress signing the brief were 14 members who had voted for the bill in 1996 . Seventy major employers also filed an amicus brief supporting the plaintiffs . A three - judge panel heard arguments in the case on April 4 , 2012 , during which the DOJ for the first time took the position that it could not defend Section 3 of DOMA under any level of scrutiny . On May 31 , 2012 , the panel unanimously affirmed Tauro 's ruling , finding Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional . On June 29 , BLAG filed a petition for certiorari with the Supreme Court . The DOJ did so on July 3 , while asking the Supreme Court to review Golinski as well . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts filed a response to both petitions adding the Spending Clause and Tenth Amendment issues as questions presented . The Supreme Court denied these petitions on June 27 , 2013 , following its decision in Windsor . United States v. Windsor ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Windsor On November 9 , 2010 , the American Civil Liberties Union and the law firm Paul , Weiss , Rifkind , Wharton & Garrison filed United States v. Windsor in New York on behalf of a surviving same - sex spouse whose inheritance from her deceased spouse had been subject to federal taxation as if they were unmarried . New York is part of the Second Circuit , where no precedent exists for the standard of review to be followed in sexual - orientation discrimination cases . New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman filed a brief supporting Windsor 's claim on July 26 , 2011 . Same - sex couple celebrating legal victory at San Francisco Pride 2013 On June 6 , 2012 , Judge Barbara Jones ruled that based on rational basis review Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional and ordered the requested tax refund be paid to Windsor . The plaintiff commented , `` It 's thrilling to have a court finally recognize how unfair it is for the government to have treated us as though we were strangers . '' Windsor 's attorneys filed a petition of certiorari with the Supreme Court on July 16 , asking for the case to be considered without waiting for the Second Circuit 's review . On October 18 , the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the lower court 's ruling that Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional . According to an ACLU press release , this ruling was `` the first federal appeals court decision to decide that government discrimination against gay people gets a more exacting level of judicial review '' In an opinion authored by Chief Judge Dennis Jacobs , the Second Circuit Court of Appeals stated : Our straightforward legal analysis sidesteps the fair point that same - sex marriage is unknown to history and tradition , but law ( federal or state ) is not concerned with holy matrimony . Government deals with marriage as a civil status -- however fundamental -- and New York has elected to extend that status to same - sex couples . On December 7 , 2012 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case . Oral arguments were heard on March 27 , 2013 . In a 5 -- 4 decision on June 26 , 2013 , the Court ruled Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional , declaring it `` a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment . '' On July 18 , 2013 , the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , which had mounted a defense of Section 3 when the administration declined to , acknowledged that in Windsor `` ( t ) he Supreme Court recently resolved the issue of DOMA Section 3 's constitutionality '' and said `` it no longer will defend that statute . '' Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management ( edit ) Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management is a case filed by GLAD in Connecticut on behalf of same - sex couples in Connecticut , Vermont , and New Hampshire , in which GLAD repeats the arguments it made in Gill . On July 31 , 2012 , Judge Vanessa Bryant ruled that `` having considered the purported rational bases proffered by both BLAG and Congress and concluded that such objectives bear no rational relationship to Section 3 of DOMA as a legislative scheme , the Court finds that that no conceivable rational basis exists for the provision . The provision therefore violates the equal protection principles incorporated in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution . '' She held that `` laws that classify people based on sexual orientation should be subject to heightened scrutiny by courts '' but determined Section 3 of DOMA `` fails to pass constitutional muster under even the most deferential level of judicial scrutiny . '' The case is currently on appeal to the Second Circuit , and on August 21 , 2012 , Pedersen asked the Supreme Court to review the case before the Second Circuit decides it so it can be heard together with Gill v. Office of Personnel Management and Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services . The Supreme Court denied these petitions on June 27 , 2013 , following its decision in Windsor . Other cases ( edit ) Other cases that challenged DOMA include : Dragovich v. Department of the Treasury , No. 10 - 1564 ( N.D. Cal . ) , a class action in which California same - sex couples seek equal access to California 's long - term care insurance program for public employees and their families . U.S. District Court Judge Claudia Wilken on May 24 , 2012 , found Section 3 of DOMA and certain IRS regulations violated the plaintiffs ' equal protection rights . Hara v. Office of Personnel Management , No. 09 - 3134 ( Fed . Cir . ) Hara is one of the plaintiffs in Gill . Torres - Barragan v. Holder , No. 10 - 55768 ( 9th Cir . ) An immigration - related DOMA challenge in which the district court rejected the constitutional challenges . Cozen O'Connor v. Tobits , No. 11 - 00045 - CDJ , Pennsylvania , in which two parties dispute who inherits the proceeds of a law firm 's profit - sharing plan under ERISA and DOMA . The DOJ filed a brief arguing the unconstitutionality of DOMA . Following the decision in Windsor , Judge C. Darnell Jones II ruled that the widow qualified as the deceased 's spouse since Illinois , their state of domicile , recognized them as spouses in a civil union as defined by Illinois . The deceased 's parents dropped their appeal on August 30 . On April 5 , 2012 , Chief Judge James Ware of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ordered the federal court clerk to reimburse Christopher Nathan , a court employee , for the costs of health insurance coverage for his same - sex spouse comparable to that denied him by Section 3 of DOMA . On November 21 , 2012 , the Ninth Circuit Judicial Conference affirmed Ware 's decision and ordered the court to determine the amount due Nathan and pay him within 10 days . Military and Veterans cases ( edit ) On October 13 , 2011 , Carmen Cardona , a U.S. Navy veteran , filed a lawsuit in the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims seeking disability benefits for her wife that the Veterans Administration and the Board of Veterans Appeals had denied . Cardona is represented by the Yale Law School Legal Services Clinic . At the request of BLAG , which is defending the government 's action , and over Cardona 's objections , the court postponed oral argument in Cardona v. Shinseki pending the Supreme Court 's disposition of writs of certiorari in other DOMA cases . On October 27 , 2011 , the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network ( SLDN ) brought suit in federal court on behalf of several military servicemembers and veterans in same - sex marriages . In a November 21 filing in the case of McLaughlin v. Panetta , they wrote , `` Any claim that DOMA , as applied to military spousal benefits , survives rational basis review is strained because paying unequal benefits to service members runs directly counter to the military values of uniformity , fairness and unit cohesion . '' The benefits at issue include medical and dental benefits , basic housing and transportation allowances , family separation benefits , visitation rights in military hospitals , and survivor benefit plans . The case was assigned to Judge Richard G. Stearns . One of the plaintiffs in the case , lesbian Charlie Morgan , who was undergoing chemotherapy , met with an assistant to Boehner on February 9 , 2012 , to ask him to consider not defending DOMA . The case is on hold at the request of both sides in anticipation of the outcome of two other First Circuit cases on appeal , Gill v. Office of Personnel Management and Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services . On February 17 , the DOJ announced it could not defend the constitutionality of the statutes challenged in the case . In May 2012 , the parties filed briefs arguing whether BLAG has a right to intervene . On June 27 , Stearns asked the parties to explain by July 18 why given the decision in Windsor he should not find for the plaintiffs . On July 18 , BLAG 's response acknowledged that `` ( t ) he Supreme Court recently resolved the issue of DOMA Section 3 's constitutionality '' and asked to be allowed to withdraw from the case . It took no position on the two statutes at issue in the case , which define a `` spouse '' as `` a person of the opposite sex '' , except to say that `` the question of whether ( that definition ) is constitutional remains open '' . Tracey Cooper - Harris , an Army veteran from California , sued the Veterans Administration and the DOJ in federal court on February 1 , 2012 , asking for her wife to receive the benefits normally granted to spouses of disabled veterans . BLAG sought a delay in Cooper - Harris v. United States pending the resolution of Golinski , which the attorneys for Cooper - Harris , the Southern Poverty Law Center , opposed . The court denied BLAG 's motion on August 4 . In February 2013 , Judge Consuelo Marshall rejected the DOJ 's argument that the case could only be heard by the Board of Veterans ' Appeals and allowed the case to proceed . BLAG asked to withdraw from the lawsuit on July 22 . Bankruptcy Court ( edit ) In May 2011 , DOMA - based challenges by the Department of Justice to joint petitions for bankruptcy by married same - sex couples were denied in two cases , one in the Southern District of New York on May 4 and one in the Eastern District of California on May 31 . Both rulings stressed practical considerations and avoided ruling on DOMA . On June 13 , 2011 , 20 of the 25 judges of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California signed an opinion in the case in re Balas and Morales that found that a same - sex married couple filing for bankruptcy `` have made their case persuasively that DOMA deprives them of the equal protection of the law to which they are entitled . '' The decision found DOMA Section 3 unconstitutional and dismissed BLAG 's objections to the joint filing : Although individual members of Congress have every right to express their views and the views of their constituents with respect to their religious beliefs and principles and their personal standards of who may marry whom , this court can not conclude that Congress is entitled to solemnize such views in the laws of this nation in disregard of the views , legal status and living arrangements of a significant segment of our citizenry that includes the Debtors in this case . To do so violates the Debtors ' right to equal protection of those laws embodied in the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment . This court can not conclude from the evidence or the record in this case that any valid governmental interest is advanced by DOMA as applied to the Debtors . A spokesman for House Speaker Boehner said BLAG would not appeal the ruling , On July 7 , 2011 , the DOJ announced that after consultation with BLAG it would no longer raise objections to `` bankruptcy petitions filed jointly by same - sex couples who are married under state law '' . Immigration cases ( edit ) Bi-national same - sex couples were kept from legally living in the United States by DOMA 's Section 3 , which prevented one spouse from sponsoring the other for a green card . Following some uncertainty after the Obama Administration determined Section 3 to be unconstitutional , the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) reaffirmed its policy of denying such applications . With respect to obtaining a visitor 's visa , Bureau rules treated bi-national same - sex spouses the same as bi-national opposite - sex unmarried partners under the classification `` cohabiting partners '' . Tim Coco and Genesio J. Oliveira , a same - sex couple married in Massachusetts in 2005 , successfully challenged this policy and developed a model since followed by other immigration activists . The U.S. refused to recognize their marriage , and in 2007 Oliveira , a Brazilian national , accepted `` voluntary departure '' and returned to Brazil . They conducted a national press campaign A Boston Globe editorial commented , `` Great strides toward equality for gays have been made in this country , but the woeful fate of Tim Coco and Genesio Oliveira shows that thousands of same - sex couples , even in Massachusetts , still are n't really full citizens . '' The editorial gained the attention of Senator John F. Kerry , who first lobbied Attorney General Eric Holder without success . He then gained the support of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano , who granted Oliveira humanitarian parole , enabling the couple to reunite in the U.S. in June 2010 . Humanitarian parole is granted on a case - by - case basis at the Secretary 's discretion . On September 28 , 2011 , in Lui v. Holder , U.S. District Court Judge Stephen V. Wilson rejected a challenge to DOMA , citing Adams v. Howerton ( 1982 ) . The plaintiffs in that case had unsuccessfully challenged the denial of immediate relative status to the same - sex spouse of an American citizen . Early in 2012 , two bi-national same - sex couples were granted `` deferred action '' status , suspending deportation proceedings against the non-U.S. citizen for a year . A similar Texas couple had a deportation case dismissed in March 2012 , leaving the non-citizen spouse unable to work legally in the United States but no longer subject to the threat of deportation . On January 5 , 2012 , the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in Chicago decided the suit of a same - sex binational couple . Demos Revelis and Marcel Maas , married in Iowa in 2010 , sought to prevent the USCIS from applying Section 3 of DOMA to Revelis 's application for a permanent residence visa for Maas and , in the court 's words , `` that their petition be reviewed and decided on the same basis as other married couples . '' Judge Harry D. Leinenweber , a Reagan appointee , denied the government 's motion to dismiss . BLAG has argued for the suit to be dismissed . In July the court stayed proceedings until mid-October because the USCIS was considering denying the plaintiffs ' request on grounds unrelated to DOMA . On April 2 , 2012 , five bi-national same - sex couples represented by Immigration Equality and Paul , Weiss filed a lawsuit , Blesch v. Holder , in the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , claiming that Section 3 of DOMA violated their equal protection rights by denying the U.S. citizen in the relationship the same rights in the green card application process granted a U.S. citizen who is in a relationship of partners of the opposite sex . On July 25 , Chief Judge Carol Bagley Amon stayed the case pending the resolution of Windsor by the Second Circuit . Immigration rights advocate Lavi Soloway reported on June 19 , 2012 , that the Board of Immigration Appeals ( BIA ) had in four cases responded to green card denials on the part of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) by asking the USCIS to document the marital status of the same - sex couples and determine whether the foreign national would qualify for a green card in the absence of DOMA Section 3 . He said the BIA is `` essentially setting the stage for being able to approve the petitions in a post-DOMA universe . '' On April 19 , 2013 , U.S. District Judge Consuelo Marshall ordered that a suit brought in July 2012 by Jane DeLeon , a Philippine citizen , and her spouse , Irma Rodriguez , a U.S. citizen , could proceed as a class action . The plaintiffs , represented by the Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law , contended that DeLeon was denied a residency waiver because of DOMA Section 3 . On June 28 , 2013 , the USCIS notified U.S. citizen Julian Marsh that it had approved the green card petition for his Bulgarian husband Traian Popov . Both are residents of Florida . On July 3 , the USCIS office in Centennial , Colorado , granted Cathy Davis , a citizen of Ireland , a green card based on her marriage to U.S. citizen Catriona Dowling . Tribunals ( edit ) In 2009 , United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judge Stephen Reinhardt declared DOMA unconstitutional in in re Levenson , an employment dispute resolution tribunal case , where the federal government refused to grant spousal benefits to Tony Sears , the husband of deputy federal public defender Brad Levenson . As an employee of the federal judiciary , Levenson is prohibited from suing his employer in federal court . Rather , employment disputes are handled at employment dispute resolution tribunals in which a federal judge hears the dispute in their capacity as a dispute resolution official . Challenges to Section 2 in federal Court ( edit ) Section 2 of DOMA states to give legal relief to any state from recognizing same - sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions . Various federal lawsuits , some filed alongside challenges to Section 3 , have challenged Section 2 . In re Kandu , a same - sex couple in the state of Washington , who had married in Canada , attempted to file a joint bankruptcy petition , but were not allowed to do so . Wilson v. Ake , an unsuccessful attempt by a Florida same - sex couple , married in Massachusetts , to have their marriage license accepted in Florida . Smelt v. Orange County and Smelt v. United States , In February 2004 , Arthur Smelt and Christopher Hammer sued Orange County , California , in federal court for refusing to issue them a marriage license . The district court ruled that the couple did not have standing to challenge Section 2 of DOMA and rejected their challenge to the constitutionality of Section 3 . On May 5 , 2006 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit dismissed the suit , and on October 10 the United States Supreme Court refused to consider the couple 's appeal . On March 9 , 2009 , the same couple , having legally married in California , filed Smelt v. United States , challenging the constitutionality of DOMA and California 's Proposition 8 . District Judge David O. Carter dismissed the case on August 24 , because the couple had not applied for and been denied any federal benefit and therefore lacked `` an injury in fact . '' Bishop v. United States , two lesbian couples in Oklahoma , one of which couples sought a marriage license and the other to have the state recognize either their Canadian marriage or their Vermont civil union . The court stayed consideration of the case pending the outcome of Windsor . Later it ruled the couple challenging Section 2 did not have standing , but ruled Oklahoma 's same - sex marriage ban unconstitutional under Bishop v. Oklahoma . Obergefell v. Hodges On June 26 , 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the 14th Amendment requires all U.S. state laws to recognize same - sex marriages . This left Section 2 of DOMA as superseded and unenforceable . See also ( edit ) LGBT rights in the United States Marriage Protection Act Same - sex marriage in the United States Same - sex unions in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a review of the play see Barnes , Clive ( December 10 , 1971 ) . `` ' Nightride ' -- No Apologies and No Regrets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ For the theological background beginning in 1967 , see Fiske , Edward B. ( December 3 , 1967 ) . `` Views on Homosexuals '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Commonwealth also filed its own petition in Massachusetts in case the court found the response was not the proper way to raise those issues . Jump up ^ The court held that in enacting Section 2 of DOMA `` Congress ' actions are an appropriate exercise of its power to regulate conflicts between the laws of two different States '' under the Full Faith and Credit Clause . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Supreme Court of the United States ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` United States v. Windsor '' ( PDF ) . supremecourt.gov . Jump up ^ Schott , Webster ( November 12 , 1967 ) . `` Civil Rights and the Homosexual : A 4 - Million Minority Asks for Equal Rights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Homosexual Wins Fight to Take Bar Examination in Minnesota '' . The New York Times . January 7 , 1973 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Geidner , Chris ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Domestic Disturbance '' . Metro Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barton , Lee ( pseudonym ) ( January 23 , 1973 ) . `` Why Do Homosexual Playwrights Hide their Homosexuality ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Nathaniel ( September 17 , 1979 ) . `` Panel bids Episcopalians Bar Homosexual priests '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gutis , Philip S. 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Jump up ^ Foley , Elise ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Same - Sex Couple Wins Immigration Relief , Despite Defense Of Marriage Act '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Susan ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Gay , married immigrant spared from deportation '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Revelis v. Napolitano , 11 C 1991 , slip op . ( N.D. Ill . January 5 , 2012 ) . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Geidner , Chris ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Immigration Equality Files DOMA Challenge , Obama Administration Left Them ' No Choice ' '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Revelis v. Napolitano , granting motion to stay Archived September 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Blesch v. Holder ( Immigration Equality 's DOMA case ) put on hold '' . Prop8TrialTracker . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Same - Sex Couples Facing Immigration Questions Receive Temporary Relief From DOJ Immigration Board '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge rules lesbian immigrant can challenge DOMA '' . U-T San Diego . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Lesbian immigrant from PH challenges US gay marriage ban '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Gay Couple Receives Green Card After Supreme Court Ruling : DOMA Project '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Joey ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Boulder lesbian couple gets green card after DOMA falls - The Denver Post '' . Denver Post . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 560 F. 3d 1145 ( 9th Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal judge rules denial of health coverage to same - sex spouse unconstitutional '' . Los Angeles Times . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ In re Kandu , 315 B.R. 123 , 138 ( Bankr . D. Wash. 2004 ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Archived February 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` DOMA 's Unlikely Victim 's '' . The Advocate . September 28 , 2004 . p. 15 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson v. Ake , 354 F. Supp . 2d 1298 ( M.D. Fla. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Smelt v. County of Orange , 447 F. 3d 673 ( 9th Cir. 2006 ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Supreme Court refuses marriage case '' . Jump up ^ Smelt v. United States , Notice of Removal . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gay California couple 's lawsuit dismissed '' . UPI . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bishop v. Oklahoma , 447 F. Supp. 2d 1239 ( N.D. Okla . 2006 ) . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bishop v. US , No. 04 - CV - 848 - TCK - TLW , slip op . ( N.D. Okla . November 24 , 2009 ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S. ___ , ___ ( 2015 ) ( `` The Court now holds that same - sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry . '' ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Feigen , Brenda . `` Same - Sex Marriage : An Issue of Constitutional rights not Moral Opinions . '' 2004 . 27 Harv . Women 's L.J. 345 . `` Litigating the Defense of Marriage Act : The Next Battleground for Same - Sex Marriage . '' 2004 . 117 Harv . L. Rev. 2684 . Manning , Jason ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` Backgrounder : The Defense of Marriage Act '' . The Online News Hour . The News Hour with Jim Lehrer . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . `` Same Sex Marriage Passage '' CQ Weekly . Congressional Quarterly . May 2 , 2005 . United States . 104th Congress . Defense of Marriage Act . House of Representatives Committee Report . 1996 . Wardle , Lynn D. `` A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Claims for Same Sex Marriage . '' 1996 . 1996 B.Y.U.L. Rev. 1 . Carter , W. Burlette . `` The Federal Law of Marriage : Deference , Deviation and DOMA . '' 2013 . 21 Am. U.J. Gender , Soc . Pol'y & L 70 ; http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/701/ External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Defense of Marriage Act Wikinews has news related to : Defense of Marriage Act GovTrack THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) ( hide ) LGBT rights in the United States By entity Federal One , Inc. v. Olesen Order 1895 - 94 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 Executive Order 12968 Romer v. Evans Executive Order 13087 Lawrence v. Texas Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr . Hate Crimes Prevention Act Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 United States v. Windsor Executive Order 13672 Obergefell v. Hodges Pavan v. Smith Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission Repealed or overturned federal laws Immigration Act of 1917 Immigration Act of 1952 Executive Order 10450 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Bowers v. Hardwick Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 Defense of Marriage Act Executive Order 13769 Presidential Memorandum of August 2017 States or Commonwealths Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Unincorporated territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By type Adoption Age of consent Bans on conversion therapy for minors Hate crimes Housing discrimination Intersex rights Military Gender identity Sexual orientation Employment discrimination by municipality State bans on local anti-discrimination laws Immigration No promo homo laws Public accommodations Religious exemptions Same - sex unions Civil unions Domestic partnerships by municipality Marriage State bans on local anti-discrimination laws Transgender rights Voting Repealed or overturned Bans on same - sex unions State constitutional amendments Same - sex unions Civil unions Domestic partnerships State statutes Same - sex unions Civil unions Domestic partnerships Bathrooms Sodomy See also Lavender scare LGBT movements Sex Deviates Program VIAF : 185296971 LCCN : no96058318 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_of_Marriage_Act&oldid=814033945 '' Categories : 104th United States Congress 1990s in LGBT history 1996 in law 1996 in the United States Clinton administration controversies Defense of Marriage Act Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States LGBT rights in the United States Same - sex marriage in the United States United States federal civil rights legislation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the defense of marriage act passed	[ "The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (Pub.L. 104–199, 110 Stat. 2419, enacted September 21, 1996, 1 U.S.C. § 7 and 28 U.S.C. § 1738C) was a United States federal law that, prior to being ruled unconstitutional, defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman, and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states. Until Section 3 of the Act was struck down in 2013 (United States v. Windsor), DOMA, in conjunction with other statutes, had barred same-sex married couples from being recognized as \"spouses\" for purposes of federal laws, effectively barring them from receiving federal marriage benefits. DOMA's passage did not prevent individual states from recognizing same-sex marriage, but it imposed constraints on the benefits received by all legally married same-sex couples." ]	[ "September 21, 1996" ]
-4284255560774499147	I Need a Doctor	I Need a Doctor - wikipedia I Need a Doctor `` I Need a Doctor '' Single by Dr. Dre featuring Eminem and Skylar Grey Released February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 43 Label Aftermath Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Andre Young Marshall Mathers Holly Hafermann Alex Grant Producer ( s ) Alex da Kid Dr. Dre singles chronology `` Kush '' ( 2010 ) `` I Need a Doctor '' ( 2011 ) `` The Recipe '' ( 2012 ) `` Kush '' ( 2010 ) `` I Need a Doctor '' ( 2011 ) `` The Recipe '' ( 2012 ) Eminem singles chronology `` No Love '' ( 2011 ) No Love 2011 `` I Need a Doctor '' ( 2011 ) I Need a Doctor2011 `` Writer 's Block '' ( 2011 ) Writer 's Block 2011 Skylar Grey singles chronology `` Coming Home '' ( 2010 ) Coming Home 2010 `` I Need a Doctor '' ( 2011 ) I Need a Doctor2011 `` Words I Never Said '' ( 2011 ) Words I Never Said 2011 `` I Need a Doctor '' is a single by American hip hop artist Dr. Dre featuring rapper Eminem and recording artist Skylar Grey . The song is produced by British record producer Alex da Kid , mixed by Dr. Dre , and was released for digital download through the American iTunes Store on February 1 , 2011 . Musically , `` I Need a Doctor '' is predominantly a rap song , backed by a `` spacey '' , drum - heavy production , with extra piano keys featured in the introduction and the chorus . Lyrically , the song is largely about Dr. Dre and Eminem 's close friendship , and how they have often needed and inspired each other in the past . Even though the song was leaked onto the Internet several months in advance of its release , it became a significant commercial success on its official release , particularly in the United States , where it peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it Dr. Dre 's second highest peaking song on the chart ever . It also peaked in the upper regions of many other national charts . As of October 2011 , it had sold over 2,206,000 digital copies in the United States alone . Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Awards 7 Track listing 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) The official version premiered through Dr. Dre 's official website . Skylar Grey said that she and da Kid came to the studio with the hook and `` the track '' prepared ; ( Dre and Eminem ) loved it . Eminem had then gone into the back room , and came out two hours later , and said that he was done writing his verses . Grey also said that she was in tears when she heard Eminem 's verses for the first time and that da Kid initially proposed featuring Lady Gaga on the hook , but Eminem insisted on having Grey 's vocals , and said that they were not taking her voice off the track . In the song Eminem raps two verses about his mentor , thanking Dre for believing in him in his early days and returning the favor , before Dre delivers the song 's final verse . Music video ( edit ) The video for `` I Need A Doctor '' was shot with Allen Hughes , the director of Menace II Society , From Hell and The Book of Eli . The video premiered on February 24 , 2011 . The video begins with an introduction of Dr. Dre 's music career , such as when he and fellow N.W.A member DJ Yella were in the 1980s funk group World Class Wreckin ' Cru . There are also scenes of Dr. Dre and his family , such as him hugging his daughter and son and getting married . There are also snippets from past music videos . It includes many rappers such as Eazy - E , 2Pac , The D.O.C , Snoop Dogg , Warren G , Eminem , Xzibit and all the rest of the members from N.W.A . The video then features Dr. Dre driving down Pacific Coast Highway in a Ferrari 360 , with flashbacks of his life , crashing his car and the last thing heard was his daughter say `` Good night Daddy . '' Then he is transported to a medical facility . The date at the beginning of the video is February 18 , 2001 ( his 36th birthday ) . They fast - forward to present day ten years later , where he has been hospitalized and is on life support . The Marin County Civic Center stands in for the medical facility . Eminem raps next to him as he is floating in an isolation tank , during which the figure of the Pythia ( played by Canadian actress Estella Warren ) is singing as a hologram behind and over Dre , mouthing the words to Skylar Grey 's vocal part in the song . Skylar Grey herself appears as one of the doctors in the video , but never actually appears singing her part . Dre eventually wakes up and goes through rehab , and the video ends with him standing next to the grave of Eazy - E , a rapper who had launched Dre 's music career by founding N.W.A and was also a member along with Ice Cube , MC Ren and DJ Yella . A ticking clock is heard midway through the video . The music video received complaints of being an `` act of advertising '' for a variety of product placements , such as Ferrari , G - Shock , HP , Gatorade , and Dr. Dre 's signature headphones , Beats by Dr. Dre . On August 17 , 2012 the music video was VEVOCertified after receiving more than 100,000,000 views on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Dr. Dre , Eminem and Skylar Grey performed the song at the 2011 Grammy Awards as part of a medley with `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' performed by Rihanna , Adam Levine and Eminem . Eminem performed the first verse at the 2012 Coachella festival . Critical reception ( edit ) Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a very positive review - rating the song five stars out of five ; `` Why is ' I Need a Doctor ' such a brilliant single ? Well , first of all there 's the production from British knob - twiddling whizz Alex da Kid , which has a similar gravitas and bone - rattling bombast to his work on ' Love the Way You Lie ' and ' Airplanes ' . Then there 's the haunting chorus , delivered by Diddy 's ' Coming Home ' bud Skylar Grey , which inhabits you from first listen . However , what elevates ' I Need A Doctor ' from `` very good '' to `` a little bit special '' are the performances of Dre and Em . ( ... ) That single manly tear dribbling down your cheek ? Entirely , entirely justified . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The track first appeared on the UK Singles Chart , at number 21 on February 6 , 2011 -- being Dr. Dre 's sixth highest - charting single in the UK and his ninth Top 40 single . It has since peaked at # 8 as of March 27 , 2011 . It debuted at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 with sales of 226,000 , becoming his first top - ten single as lead artist on the chart in 16 years , since `` Keep Their Heads Ringin '' reached # 10 in 1995 , also that amount of sales were enough to earn a # 1 in the chart Hot Digital Songs in February , 19 . It is also his second highest peak on the chart ever as lead artist , behind only `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' which peaked at # 2 in 1993 . It has since peaked at # 4 after selling 283,000 in its third week on the charts , the resurgence in sales seemingly due to its performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards . Awards ( edit ) On November 30 , 2011 , `` I Need a Doctor '' was nominated for the Grammy Awards for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song , both of which Kanye West won for his single `` All of the Lights '' from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . Track listing ( edit ) German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` I Need a Doctor '' ( Explicit Version ) 4 : 44 2 . `` I Need a Doctor '' ( Edited Version ) 4 : 45 Total length : 9 : 29 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 47 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 38 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 30 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 25 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 55 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 23 Poland ( Polish Airplay New ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 47 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 47 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 33 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 24 US Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 63 Canadian Hot 100 51 US Billboard Hot 100 51 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,206,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom January 30 , 2011 Digital download Aftermath Interscope United States February 1 , 2011 Germany March 25 , 2011 CD Interscope ( Universal ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dinh , James ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Dr. Dre Is ' Constantly Working , ' Producer Alex Da Kid Says - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Need a Doctor ' feat . Eminem and Skylar Grey '' . Dr. Dre . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nessa Interviews Skylar Grey PART 1 WILD94. 9 KYLD SF June 22 , 2011 '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nessa Interviews Skylar Grey PART 2 WILD94. 9 KYLD SF June 22 , 2011 '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Need a Doctor by Dr. Dre Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 2001 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marin Civic Center makes appearance in hit rap video - Marin Independent Journal '' . Marinij.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Aoyagi , Daisuke ; Ichinose , W.E. ; Harkema , S.J. ; Reinkensmeyer , D.J. ; Bobrow , J.E. ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` An assistive robotic device that can synchronize to the pelvic motion during human gait training '' . Rehabilitation Robotics , 2005 . ICORR 2005 . 9th International Conference on : 565 . doi : 10.1109 / ICORR. 2005.1502026 . Jump up ^ Aoyagi , Daisuke ; Ichinose , W.E. ; Harkema , S.J. ; Reinkensmeyer , D.J. ; Bobrow , J.E. ( September 2007 ) . `` A Robot and Control Algorithm That Can Synchronously Assist in Naturalistic Motion During Body - Weight - Supported Gait Training Following Neurologic Injury '' . Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , IEEE Transactions on . 15 ( 3 ) : 387 . doi : 10.1109 / TNSRE. 2007.903922 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre 's `` I Need A Doctor '' Filled With Product Placement ( PHOTOS ) - Entertainment & Stars `` . Ibtimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` I Need A Doctor - Dr. Dre & Eminem EMINEM News MTV European '' . Mtv.tv. 2011 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lanier , Xavier ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) . `` I Need a Doctor : HP TouchPad , Pre3 , Beats Envy Notebook in Dr. Dre / Eminem Music Video '' . Gottabemobile.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Deleon ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` HP Tablet Saves Dr. Dre 's Life In ' I Need A Doctor ' Music Video TechCrunch '' . Crunchgear.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Vasquez , Andres ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Dr. Dre Will Join Eminem For Grammy Awards Performance Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales '' . HipHop DX . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dr Dre ft . Eminem , Skylar Grey : ' I Need a Doctor ' Review by Nick Levine of Digital Spy. 2011 - 02 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Week Ending Feb. 6 , 2011 : Albums : Minaj Feels Like A Million - Chart Watch '' . New.music.yahoo.com. 2011 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Music News , Band , Artist , Musician & Music Video News '' . Billboard.com. 2011 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Featuring Eminem & Skylar Grey - I Need A Doctor '' . Discogs . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart : 11 / 04 / 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Urban Albums & Top 40 Urban Singles '' . ARIA Charts . ( Australian Recording Industry Association ) . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201119 into search . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 12 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chart # 1766 -- Monday 28 March 2011 : Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . 2011 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay New . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 '' . Romanian Top 100 . 2011 - 04 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201116 into search . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem & Skylar Grey -- I Need a Doctor '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` I Need a Doctor ( Edited Version ) - Dr. Dre '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles - Issue Date : 2011 - 03 - 05 '' . Billboard.biz . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rap Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem and Skylar Grey -- I Need A Doctor '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter I Need A Doctor in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Dr. Dre feat . Eminem and Skylar Grey -- I Need A Doctor '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Released in Germany on Amazon.de External links ( edit ) `` I Need A Doctor ( Explicit Version ) '' Official music video on YouTube Eminem 's watch in I need a doctor - www.marshallmathers.com Dr. Dre songs Discography Production discography The Chronic `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' `` The Watcher '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Xxplosive '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Next Episode '' Compton `` Talk About It '' `` Medicine Man '' `` Talking to My Diary '' Collaborations `` We Want Eazy '' `` U Better Recognize '' `` California Love '' `` No Diggity '' `` Ghetto Fabulous '' `` Guilty Conscience '' `` Hello '' `` The Knoc '' `` Symphony in X Major '' `` Encore '' `` Crack a Bottle '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` The Recipe '' `` New Day '' `` Stronger '' Other singles `` We 're All in the Same Gang '' `` Deep Cover '' `` Natural Born Killaz '' `` Keep Their Heads Ringin ' '' `` Been There , Done That '' `` Zoom '' `` Bad Intentions '' `` The Wash '' `` Kush '' `` I Need a Doctor '' Other songs `` Put It on Me '' `` Just Dippin ' '' `` Imagine '' `` Under Pressure '' `` 3 Kings '' Eminem songs Songs discography Videography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Framed '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Skylar Grey Discography Studio albums Like Blood Like Honey ( 2006 ) Do n't Look Down ( 2013 ) Natural Causes ( 2016 ) Singles `` Invisible '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Final Warning '' `` I Know You '' `` Words '' `` Cannonball '' Featured singles `` Where 'd You Go '' `` Coming Home '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Words I Never Said '' `` Shot Me Down '' `` New National Anthem '' `` Bed of Lies '' `` Beneath with Me '' `` Glorious '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Need_a_Doctor&oldid=848857546 '' Categories : 2011 singles Dr. Dre songs Eminem songs Song recordings produced by Alex da Kid Songs written by Dr. Dre Songs written by Eminem 2011 songs Aftermath Entertainment singles Interscope Records singles Songs written by Skylar Grey Songs written by Alex da Kid Skylar Grey songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 20 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was i need a doctor written for	[ "Skylar Grey said that she and da Kid came to the studio with the hook and \"the track\" prepared; [Dre and Eminem] loved it. Eminem had then gone into the back room, and came out two hours later, and said that he was done writing his verses.[3] Grey also said that she was in tears when she heard Eminem's verses for the first time and that da Kid initially proposed featuring Lady Gaga on the hook, but Eminem insisted on having Grey's vocals, and said that they were not taking her voice off the track.[4] In the song Eminem raps two verses about his mentor, thanking Dre for believing in him in his early days and returning the favor, before Dre delivers the song's final verse.[5]\n" ]	[ "Dre" ]
7837614827271065166	United Nations Economic and Social Council	United Nations Economic and Social Council - wikipedia United Nations Economic and Social Council United Nations Economic and Social Council The room of the United Nations Economic and Social Council . UN headquarters , New York City , New York , U.S. Abbreviation ECOSOC CESNU Formation 1945 ; 73 years ago ( 1945 ) Type Primary organ Legal status Active Head Inga Rhonda King Website www.un.org/en/ecosoc United Nations System Principal Organs United Nations Secretariat United Nations Security Council United Nations General Assembly International Court of Justice United Nations Economic and Social Council United Nations Trusteeship Council The United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ; French : Conseil économique et social des Nations unies , CESNU ) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations , responsible for coordinating the economic , social , and related work of 15 UN specialized agencies , their functional commissions and five regional commissions . The ECOSOC has 54 members . The General Assembly selects 18 new members for ECOSOC each year for the term of 3 years with a provision that a retiring member can be re-elected . It holds one seven - week session each year in July , and since 1998 , it has also held an annual meeting in April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states and the United Nations system . A number of non-governmental organisations have been granted consultative status to the Council to participate in the work of the United Nations . Contents 1 President 2 Members 2.1 Observer Inter-Governmental Autonomous organisations 3 Functional commissions 4 Regional commissions 5 Specialised agencies 6 Other related entities , mechanisms and processes 7 `` World Economic and Social Survey 2011 : The Great Green Technological Transformation '' 8 Reform of the Economic and Social Council 9 Chamber design 10 See also 11 References 12 External links President ( edit ) The president is elected for a one - year term and chosen from the small or mid-sized powers represented on the ECOSOC . Inga Rhonda King was elected seventy - fourth President of ECOSOC on 26 July 2018 . Ambassador King is currently the Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Nations in New York . Presidents Term President From 2019 Ms. Inga Rhonda King Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2018 Ms. Marie Chatardová Czech Republic 2017 Mr. Marc Smith Switzerland 2016 Mr. Frederick Musiiwa Makamure Shava Zimbabwe 2015 Mr. Oh Joon Republic of Korea 2014 Mr. Martin Sajdik Austria 2013 Mr. Néstor Osorio Londoño Colombia 2012 Mr. Miloš Koterec Slovakia 2011 Mr. Lazarous Kapambwe Zambia Mr. Hamidon Ali Malaysia 2009 Ms. Sylvie Lucas Luxembourg 2008 Mr. Léo Mérorès Haiti 2007 Mr. Dalius Čekuolis Lithuania 2006 Mr. Ali Hachani Tunisia 2005 Mr. Munir Akram Pakistan Members ( edit ) See also : List of members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council The Council has 54 member states out of the 193 UN member states , which are elected each year by the United Nations General Assembly for overlapping three - year terms . Seats on the Council are based on geographical representation with 14 allocated to African states , 11 to Asia - Pacific states , 6 to East European states , 10 to Latin American and Caribbean states and 13 to West European and other states . Current Term African States ( 14 ) Asian States ( 11 ) Eastern European States ( 6 ) Latin American & Caribbean States ( 10 ) Western European & Other States ( 13 ) 2018 - 20 Ghana Malawi Morocco Sudan Togo India Japan Philippines Belarus Ecuador El Salvador Mexico Uruguay France Germany Ireland Spain Turkey 2017 - 19 Benin Cameroon Chad Swaziland China Republic of Korea Tajikistan United Arab Emirates Azerbaijan Russian Federation Romania Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Colombia Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) Norway Denmark Andorra United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2016 - 18 Algeria Somalia South Africa Rwanda Nigeria Afghanistan Lebanon Iraq Viet Nam Republic of Moldova Czech Republic Chile Guyana Peru Canada Italy Belgium United States of America Previous Term African States ( 14 ) Asian States ( 11 ) Eastern European States ( 6 ) Latin American & Caribbean States ( 10 ) Western European & Other States ( 13 ) 2015 - 17 Burkina Faso Ghana Mauritania Uganda Zimbabwe India Japan Pakistan Estonia Argentina Brazil Honduras Trinidad and Tobago France Germany Greece Portugal 2014 - 16 Botswana Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Togo Bangladesh China Republic of Korea Kazakhstan Georgia Russian Federation Serbia Antigua and Barbuda Guatemala Panama Finland Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2013 - 15 Tunisia Benin Mauritius South Africa Sudan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Nepal Turkmenistan Albania Croatia Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) Colombia Haiti Australia United States of America Italy San Marino Before 2013 Botswana ' Bangladesh ' Albania Antigua and Barbuda ' Austria Benin China Belarus Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) Canada Burkina Faso India Bulgaria * Brazil Denmark Cameroon * Indonesia Croatia Colombia France Congo ' Japan Georgia ' Cuba Ireland * Democratic Republic of the Congo ' Kazakhstan ' Latvia * Dominican Republic Netherlands * Ethiopia Kuwait Russian Federation Ecuador * New Zealand Gabon * Kyrgyzstan Serbia ' El Salvador San Marino Lesotho Nepal Guatemala ' Spain * Libya Pakistan * Haiti Sweden Malawi * Qatar * Mexico * Turkey * Mauritius Republic of Korea Nicaragua * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Nigeria Turkmenistan Panama ' United States of America Senegal * South Africa Sudan Togo ' Tunisia ECOSOC Resolution 2007 / 25 : Support to Non-Self - Governing Territories by the specialised agencies and international institutions associated with the United Nations ( 26 July 2007 ) Observer intergovernmental autonomous organisations ( edit ) Participation on a continuing basis : African Regional Centre of Technology Asian and Pacific Development Centre Asian Productivity Organisation Council of Arab Economic Unity Global Water Partnership Helsinki Commission Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture Intergovernmental Forum on Mining , Minerals , Metals and Sustainable Development Intergovernmental Institution For the Use of Micro-Algae Spirulina Against Malnutrition - IIMSAM International Association of Economic and Social Councils and Similar Institutions International Center for Public Enterprises in Developing Countries International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology World safety forum Global Safety Summit india Islamic Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation Latin American Energy Organisation Organisation of Ibero - American States Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Regional organisation for the Protection of the Marine Environment Union des Conseils Économiques et Sociaux Africains Economic Community of West African States World Deserts Foundation World Tourism Organisation Participation on an ad hoc basis : African Accounting Council African Cultural Institute Arab Security Studies and Training Center Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior International Bauxite Association International Civil Defence Organisation Latin American Social Sciences Institute Functional commissions ( edit ) UN Commission for Social Development UN Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR ) : disbanded 2006 , replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council ( UNHRC ) , a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly Commission on Narcotic Drugs Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission on Science and Technology for Development ( CSTD ) Commission on Sustainable Development ( CSD ) -- Disbanded 2013 , replaced with High - level Political Forum on Sustainable Development a joint subsidiary body of the General Assembly and ECOSOC UN Commission on the Status of Women ( UN CSW ) The UN Commission on the Status of Women formally became a functional commission of the Economic and Social Council on 21 June 1946 . The UN Commission on the status of women is a global intergovernmental body dedicated to promoting gender equality , and empowering women . Originally , the proposal for the council was turned down with the thought that the Commission on Human Rights would be sufficient to deal with women 's issues . Eventually at the urging of the then Danish delegate , Bodil Begtrup , the Commission on the Status of Women was formed as a freestanding functional commission , dedicated specifically to women 's issues , in 1946 . Bodil Begtrup went on to become the first chair of the Commission on the Status of Women . The Commission on the Status of Women engages with the Commission on Human Rights and serves as a lobby specifically for women , often working closely with women 's NGOs . The commission was initially focused on women 's rights to equality , gradually shifting to a focus on issues of women 's education , social status , political equality etc . Commission on Population and Development UN Statistical Commission United Nations Forum on Forests Regional commissions ( edit ) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( ECE ) United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ( ECA ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC ) United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( ESCAP ) United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia ( ESCWA ) Specialised agencies ( edit ) These specialised agencies are autonomous organisations working with the United Nations and each other inter alia through the coordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council . International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( UNESCO ) World Health Organisation ( WHO ) World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) International Development Association ( IDA ) International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) International Civil Aviation Organisation ( ICAO ) International Maritime Organisation ( IMO ) International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) World Meteorological Organisation ( WMO ) World Intellectual Property Organisation ( WIPO ) International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) United Nations Industrial Development Organisation ( UNIDO ) United Nations World Tourism Organisation ( UNWTO ) Other related entities , mechanisms and processes ( edit ) Financing for Development , the Monterrey Consensus and Doha Declaration Development Cooperation Forum United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues ( UNPFII ) Sessional and Standing Committees Expert , ad hoc and related bodies United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) United Nations Interagency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs ( UNIATF ) International Federation for Family Development has general consultative status `` World Economic and Social Survey 2011 : the Great green Technological Transformation '' ( edit ) In a report issued in early July 2011 , the UN called for spending nearly USD 2 trillion on green technologies to prevent what it termed `` a major planetary catastrophe '' , warning that `` It is rapidly expanding energy use , mainly driven by fossil fuels , that explains why humanity is on the verge of breaching planetary sustainability boundaries through global warming , biodiversity loss , and disturbance of the nitrogen - cycle balance and other measures of the sustainability of the earth 's ecosystem '' . UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon added : `` Rather than viewing growth and sustainability as competing goals on a collision course , we must see them as complementary and mutually supportive imperatives '' . The report concluded that `` Business as usual is not an option '' . Reform of the Economic and Social Council ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Governance of the multilateral system has historically been complex and fragmented . This has limited the capacity of ECOSOC to influence international policies in trade , finance and investment . Reform proposals aim to enhance the relevance and contribution of the council . A major reform was approved by the 2005 World Summit on the basis of proposals submitted by secretary - general Kofi Annan . The Summit aimed to establish ECOSOC as a quality platform for high - level engagement among member states and with international financial institutions , the private sector and civil society on global trends , policies and action . It was decided to hold biennial high - level Development Cooperation Forums at the national - leadership level by transforming the high - level segment of the Council to review trends in international development cooperation and promote greater coherence in development activities . At the Summit it was also decided to hold annual ministerial - level substantive reviews to assess progress in achieving internationally agreed development goals ( particularly the Millennium Development Goals ) . These `` Annual Ministerial Reviews '' will be replaced by the High Level Political Forum from 2016 onwards after the new post-MDG / post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals are agreed . Subsequent proposals by the High - Level Panel Report on System - Wide Coherence in November 2006 aimed to establish a forum within the ECOSOC as a counter-model to the exclusive clubs of the G8 and G20 . The Forum was to comprise 27 heads of state ( L27 , corresponding to half of ECOSOC 's membership ) to meet annually and provide international leadership in the development area . This proposal , however , was not approved by the General Assembly . Chamber design ( edit ) The Economic and Social Council Chamber in the United Nations Conference Building was a gift from Sweden . It was conceived by Swedish architect Sven Markelius , one of the 11 architects in the international team that designed the UN headquarters . Wood from Swedish pine trees was used in the delegates ' area for the railings and doors . The pipes and ducts in the ceiling above the public gallery were deliberately left exposed ; the architect believed that anything useful could be left uncovered . The `` unfinished '' ceiling is a symbolic reminder that the economic and social work of the United Nations is never finished ; there will always be something more which can be done to improve living conditions for the world 's people . See also ( edit ) Consultative status List of organisations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council Copenhagen Consensus French Economic and Social Council European Economic and Social Committee ( EU ) Hard Choices : Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention International Court of Justice International Hydrological Programme UN General Assembly UN Secretariat UN Security Council UN Trusteeship Council UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Union of International Associations Science , technology , engineering , and mathematics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Us - UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL '' . www.un.org . ^ Jump up to : `` ECOSOC President 2018 Her Excellency Inga Rhonda King UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL '' . United Nations . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Background Information '' . UN Economic and Social Council . Jump up ^ `` Opening 2019 Session , Economic and Social Council Elects New President , Adopts Provisional Agenda , Other Organizational Matters '' ( Press release ) . New York . 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL '' . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly Unanimously Adopts Text Creating United Nations Counter-Terrorism Office ; Elects 18 Members to Economic and Social Council Meetings Coverage and Press Releases '' . www.un.org . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly Elects 18 Members of Economic and Social Council , Also Adopts Texts , Including One Designating 29 June International Day of Tropics Meetings Coverage and Press Releases '' . www.un.org . ^ Jump up to : ECOSOC observers , Part V Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Commission on the Status of Women '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Research paper '' ( PDF ) ... mpil.de . Jump up ^ Cohn , Theodore H. ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) . Global Political Economy : Theory and Practice . Routledge . ISBN 9781317334828 . Jump up ^ `` The World Economic and Social Survey 2011 : The Great Green Technological Transformation ' '' . Thaindian News . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ian Williams , `` Annan has paid his dues '' . The Guardian , 19 September 2005 Jump up ^ UN website . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations Economic and Social Council . 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5021044515594012253	History of the Germany national football team	History of the Germany national football team - wikipedia History of the Germany national football team Germany Association German Football Association Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Most caps Lothar Matthäus ( 150 ) Top scorer Miroslav Klose ( 71 ) FIFA ranking Highest 1 ( December 1992 , August 1993 , December 1993 , February 1994 -- March 1994 , June 1994 , July 2014 -- present ) Lowest 22 ( March 2006 ) Elo ranking Highest 1 ( 1990 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 , July 2014 -- present ) Lowest 17 ( 1923 ) First international Switzerland 5 -- 3 Germany ( Basel , Switzerland ; 5 April 1908 ) Biggest win Germany 16 -- 0 Russian Empire ( Stockholm , Sweden ; 1 July 1912 ) Biggest defeat Germany 1 -- 9 England Amateurs ( Berlin , Germany ; 13 March 1909 ) World Cup Appearances 18 ( first in 1934 ) Best result Champions , 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 European Championship Appearances 11 ( first in 1972 ) Best result Champions , 1972 , 1980 , 1996 Confederations Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1999 ) Best result Champions , 2017 The history of the German national football team began in 1908 , when Germany played its first international match . Since then , the German national football team has been one of the most successful football teams , winning four World Cups and three European Championships . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Three German teams 1.2. 1 West Germany 1.2. 2 Saarland 1.2. 3 East Germany 1.3 Das Wunder von Bern 1.4 Memorable losses : Wembley goal and Game of the Century 1.5 World Cup title on home soil 1.6 Late 1970s and early 1980s 1.7 Beckenbauer 's triumph as coach 1.8 Olympic football 1.9 Berti Vogts years ( 1990 -- 1998 ) 1.10 Oliver Kahn / Michael Ballack era 1.11 Rejuvenation under Joachim Löw 1.12 2010 FIFA World Cup finals 1.13 Euro 2012 qualification 1.14 Euro 2012 finals 1.15 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 1.16 2014 FIFA World Cup finals 1.17 Euro 2016 1.18 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 1.19 2018 FIFA World Cup finals 2 Competition records 2.1 FIFA World Cup record 2.2 UEFA European Championship record 2.3 FIFA Confederations Cup record 2.4 Honours 2.4. 1 Senior team 2.4. 2 Olympic team 3 Historical kits 4 Previous squads 4.1 Managers 4.2 Captains 4.3 Tournament records 5 References History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Germany at the 1912 Summer Olympics . Between 1899 and 1901 , prior to the formation of a national team , there were five unofficial international matches between different German and English selection teams , which all ended as large defeats for the German teams . Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association ( DFB ) , the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908 , against Switzerland in Basel , with the Swiss winning 5 -- 3 . Coincidentally , the first match after World War I in 1920 , the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions , and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well . Germany 's first championship title was even won in Switzerland . Germany playing Uruguay at the 1928 Summer Olympics . At that time the players were selected by the DFB , as there was no dedicated coach . The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz , a school teacher from Mannheim , who served in the role from 1926 to 1936 . The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression , but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition . After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin , Sepp Herberger became coach . In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf ( the Breslau Eleven ) in recognition of their 8 -- 0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau , Lower Silesia ( now Wrocław , Poland ) . After Austria became part of Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938 , that country 's national team -- one of Europe 's better sides at the time due to professionalism -- was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup . As required by Nazi politicians , five or six ex-Austrian players , from the clubs Rapid Vienna , Austria Vienna , First Vienna FC , were ordered to join the all - German team on short notice in a staged show of unity orchestrated for political reasons . In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June in France , this `` united '' German team led 1 -- 0 against Switzerland , but managed only a 1 -- 1 draw . After leading 2 -- 0 in the replay , held again in Paris , they lost 2 -- 4 in front of a hostile crowd . That early yet undefeated ( the replay being considered a tie - breaker like a penalty shootout ) exit in the round of 16 stands as Germany 's worst ever World Cup result ( excluding the 1930 and 1950 tournaments in which they did not compete ) . They appeared in all other World Cups and advanced to the final eight , or better . During World War II , the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942 , when national team games were suspended , as most players had to join the armed forces . Many of the national team players , and even ethnic German players from other national teams like Ernst Willimowski , were gathered together under coach Herberger as Rote Jäger through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service . Three German teams ( edit ) After the Second World War , Germany was banned from competition in most sports until about 1950 , with none of the three new German states , West Germany , East Germany and Saarland , entering the 1950 World Cup qualifiers , since the DFB was only reinstated as full FIFA member after this World Cup . West Germany ( edit ) As in most aspects of life , the pre-war traditions and organisations of Germany were carried on by the Federal Republic of Germany , which was referred to as West Germany . This applied also to the restored DFB which had its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main and still employed coach Sepp Herberger . With recognition by FIFA and UEFA , the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team . Neighbouring Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950 , with Turkey and Republic of Ireland being the only non-German speaking nations to play them in friendly matches during 1951 . After only 18 post war games in total , West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup , having prevailed against Norway and the `` third German state '' , the Saarland . Saarland ( edit ) Main article : Saarland national football team The Saar protectorate , otherwise known as Saarland , was split from Germany and put under French control between 1947 and 1956 . Saarland did not want to join French organisations and was barred from participating in pan-German ones . Thus , they sent separate teams to the 1952 Summer Olympics and also to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers , when Saarland finished below West Germany but above Norway in their qualification group , having won in Oslo . Legendary coach Helmut Schön was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until 1957 , when the territory acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany . He went on to coach the championship - winning team of the 1970s . East Germany ( edit ) Main article : East Germany national football team In 1949 , the communist German Democratic Republic was founded in the Soviet - occupied eastern part of the country . A separate football competition emerged in what was commonly known as East Germany . In 1952 the Deutscher Fußball - Verband der DDR ( DFV ) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field . They were the only team to beat the 1974 World Cup winning West Germans in a highly symbolic event for the divided nation that was the only meeting of the two sides . East Germany went on to win the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990 , the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB . Das Wunder von Bern ( edit ) Main article : 1954 FIFA World Cup Final A statue of Helmut Rahn , who scored the winning goal in the 1954 FIFA World Cup final West Germany , captained by Fritz Walter , met in the 1954 World Cup some of the teams they had played in friendly matches , namely Turkey , Yugoslavia and Austria . When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage , with good chances to qualify for the next round even in case of defeat , coach Sepp Herberger did not field his best players , saving them from the experience of a 3 -- 8 loss . West Germany would go on to meet Hungary again in the final , facing the legendary team of Mighty Magyars again , which had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches . In a shocking upset , West Germany came back from an early two goal deficit to win 3 -- 2 , with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal with only six minutes remaining . The success is called `` The Miracle of Bern '' ( Das Wunder von Bern ) . The unexpected victory created a sense of euphoria throughout a divided postwar Germany . The triumph is credited with playing a significant role in securing the postwar ideological foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany . Memorable losses : Wembley goal and game of the Century ( edit ) After finishing third in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter - finals in the 1962 World Cup , the DFB had to make changes . Following examples set abroad , professionalism was introduced , and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga . In 1964 , Helmut Schön took over as coach , replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years . In the 1966 World Cup , West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semifinal , facing hosts England at Wembley Stadium . Wolfgang Weber 's last - minute goal took the game into extra time , a goal claimed to be controversial by the English , with the ball appearing to hit the hand of a German player as it travelled through the England penalty area before he prodded it in . The first extra time goal by Geoff Hurst , nicknamed Wembley - Tor ( Wembley goal ) in Germany , is still controversial after all this time . As the Swiss referee did not see the situation properly , the opinion of the Soviet linesman Tofik Bakhramov who believed that the ball bounced back from the net rather than the crossbar led to one of the most contentious goals in the history of football . While the Germans pushed hard to tie the game , spectators entered the field in the final seconds , and Hurst scored another controversial goal giving England a 4 -- 2 win . West Germany gained a measure of revenge in the 1970 World Cup by knocking England out in the quarter - finals 3 -- 2 , having been 2 -- 0 down , before they suffered another memorable extra time loss , this time in the semi-final against Italy at Estadio Azteca . Karl - Heinz Schnellinger scored during injury time to level the match at 1 -- 1 , and during extra time , both teams held the lead at one time . Memorably , Franz Beckenbauer remained on the field even with a dislocated shoulder , his arm in a sling strapped to his body , as West Germany had used up their two allowed substitutions . Eventually won 4 -- 3 by Italy , this match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history , and is called `` Game of the Century '' in both Italy ( Partita del secolo ) and Germany ( Jahrhundertspiel ) . While the exhausted Italians lost to Brazil , West Germany went on to claim third place by beating Uruguay 1 -- 0 , and Gerd Müller finished as the tournament 's top scorer with 10 goals . World Cup title on home soil ( edit ) 1974 FIFA World Cup Final on 7 July 1974 , in Munich ( Olympiastadion ) . Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup Final In 1971 , Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team , and he led West Germany to great success as they became both the European and World Champions . They won the European Championship on their first try at Euro 1972 , defeating the Soviet Union 3 -- 0 in the final . Then , as hosts of the 1974 World Cup , they won their second World Cup , defeating the Netherlands 2 -- 1 in the final at the Olympiastadion in Munich . Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany . The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany . Both teams already were qualified for advance to the next round , and the East Germans won 1 -- 0 . The West Germans adjusted their line up after the loss and advanced to the final which was the other outstanding match , against the Johan Cruijff - led Dutch team and their brand of `` Total Football '' . Cruijff was brought down early in the German penalty area following a solo run before any of the German players had even touched the ball , and the Dutch took the lead from the ensuing penalty with just a minute gone on the clock . However , West Germany managed to come back , tying the match on a penalty scored by Paul Breitner , and winning it with Gerd Müller 's goal just before half - time . A second goal by Müller was ruled offside . Late 1970s and early 1980s ( edit ) West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments . They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout by a score of 5 -- 3 after the match finished 2 -- 2 , with Uli Hoeneß famously kicking the ball sky high . Since that loss , Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments . In fact , until Lukas Podolski 's shot was saved by the Serbian goalkeeper Vladimir Stojković during group play of the 2010 World Cup , the last penalty missed by a German player dates back to the 1982 World Cup semifinals when the French goalkeeper Jean - Luc Ettori saved Uli Stielike 's shot . In the 1978 World Cup , Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 2 -- 3 to Austria , who had already been eliminated from the round of 16 . Schön retired as coach afterward , and the post was taken over by his assistant , Jupp Derwall . West Germany 's first tournament under Derwall was successful , as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2 -- 1 in the final . West Germany then reached the final of the 1982 World Cup , though not without difficulties . They were upset 1 -- 2 by Algeria in their first match , but managed to advance to the second round with a controversial 1 -- 0 win over Austria . Then , in the semifinal against France , they came back from down 1 -- 3 during extra time to tie the match 3 -- 3 and won the following penalty shootout 5 -- 4 . In the final , they were defeated by Italy 1 -- 3 . During this period , West Germany also had one of the world 's most productive goal scorers in Gerd Müller , who racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups ( 1970 and 1974 ) . His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament , behind France 's Just Fontaine and Hungarian Sándor Kocsis . Though Müller 's all - time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006 , it took Ronaldo three tournaments to do so ( 1998 , 2002 , and 2006 ) before Germany 's Miroslav Klose surpassed the mark with 16 goals , scored over four tournaments ( 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) . Beckenbauer 's triumph as coach ( edit ) Franz Beckenbauer After West Germany were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984 , Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach . In the 1986 World Cup in Mexico , West Germany had a slow start to the tournament thanks partly to the hot climate and high altitude - conditions that were for the most part foreign to nearly all of the European teams . In the warm , rainy aridity and high altitude of Querétaro they drew with Uruguay 1 -- 1 , were beaten 2 -- 0 by a flying Denmark side and beat Scotland 2 -- 1 , finishing runner up behind Denmark in their group . They then traveled to the intense heat and humidity of Monterrey to face Morocco , which they won 1 -- 0 and then to face the hosts Mexico . After a goalless draw , West Germany won on penalties 5 -- 4 , and they would then travel to the tropical heat , rain and altitude of Guadalajara to face a strong Michel Platini - led French side - a rematch between the two sides after a classic duel during the previous World Cup in Spain . West Germany held their nerve to beat the French 2 -- 0 , and they then traveled to the 7,380 ft altitude of Mexico City to face a Diego Maradona - led Argentina in the final at the famous Azteca Stadium . Argentina took a 2 -- 0 lead but Karl - Heinz Rumenigge and Rudi Voller tied the game in the second half , but Argentina scored a 3rd in the 85th minute and West Germany finished as runners - up for the second consecutive tournament . In Euro 1988 , West Germany 's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands , as the Dutch gained revenge of their loss in 1974 by beating them 2 -- 1 in the semifinals . In the 1990 World Cup , West Germany finally won their third World Cup title in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance . Captained by Lothar Matthäus , they defeated Yugoslavia ( 4 -- 1 ) where Matthäus scored a goal from the halfway line ; they then confidently thumped the United Arab Emirates ( 5 -- 1 ) and drew with Colombia 1 -- 1 , all in Milan . In the Round of 16 , they then played bitter rivals the Netherlands in Milan , which proved to be a bad - tempered , ugly game that was somewhat reflective of the whole tournament . Striker Rudi Völler and Dutch midfielder Frank Rijkaard were both sent off by the temperamental and emotionally aggressive Argentine referee after arguing and violently tackling each other in the span of a few minutes , including a blatant handball by a furious Voller . Goals by Jürgen Klinsmann and Andreas Brehme meant that Germany went on to win 2 -- 1 , and then in their quarter - final match they beat Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 in Milan . For their semi-final they went to play England in Turin , which proved to be a closely contested match between 2 equally skilled sides . Brehme scored a fluke goal in the first half , but England 's Gary Lineker equalized in the second half and the match ended 1 -- 1 , but West Germany went on to win 4 -- 3 on penalties , and the Germans were on the way to a final rematch against Argentina in Rome . West Germany won an ugly and difficult match 1 -- 0 , with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme after Klinsmann was fouled in the Argentine penalty box . Beckenbauer , who won the World Cup as the national team 's captain in 1974 , thus became the second person ever ( preceded only by Mário Zagallo ) to win the World Cup as both player and coach , and the first as both captain and coach . West Germany were also the tournament top scorers , scoring 14 goals . Olympic football ( edit ) Main article : Germany Olympic football team Medal record Olympic Games 1988 Seoul Team Prior to 1984 , Olympic football was an amateur event , meaning that only non-professional players could participate . Due to this , West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup , with the only medal coming in the 1988 Olympics , when they won the bronze medal . Since then , however , no German team has managed to qualify for the Olympics , even after the change of rules to include professionals , among them three athletes over 23 years old . West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984 . On the other hand , East Germany did far better , winning a gold , a silver and two bronze medals ( one representing the United Team of Germany ) . Berti Vogts years ( 1990 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Berti Vogts In February 1990 , months after the fall of the Berlin Wall , the draw for the 1992 European Championship qualifying tournament saw East Germany and West Germany drawn together in Group 5 . After West Germany 's 1990 World Cup win , with assistant Berti Vogts taking over as the national team coach , the retiring Beckenbauer infamously predicted that the German team , with additional former East Germans to choose from , would be invincible for years to come . The reunification of Germany was confirmed in August to take effect on 3 October 1990 , with the accession of the former GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany . The members of the East German association Deutscher Fußball - Verband acceded to the DFB in November , while the 1990 -- 91 seasons would continue , with the restructuring of leagues scheduled for 1991 -- 92 . The first game with a unified German team , including former East German internationals such as Matthias Sammer and Ulf Kirsten , was against Switzerland on 19 December . In Euro 1992 , Germany reached the final , but lost 0 -- 2 to surprise winners Denmark . As the defending champions in the 1994 World Cup , this tournament proved to be rough for the German squad , who had n't changed much since the 1990 World Cup , but they were still a strong side : Matthaus was still captaining the team and Klinsmann , Brehme , Voller and Ilgner were retained . The German squad beat Bolivia 1 -- 0 in the tournament 's opening match and they drew with Spain 1 -- 1 , playing both matches in Chicago . Then , they traveled down to the intense 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) heat of Dallas to play South Korea , a match they won 3 -- 2 with Klinsmann scoring 2 goals . After this victory , midfielder Stefan Effenberg was sent home by Vogts after he gave an obscene hand gesture to German fans and journalists after being substituted out during the 75th minute . Germany then advanced to the Round of 16 , and they beat European rivals Belgium 3 -- 2 in Chicago ; Voller scored 2 goals in the first half . And then , a low point in German football came about . The tough German squad then went to Giants Stadium just outside New York City to play Bulgaria in the quarter - finals , and they were upset 1 -- 2 by the lowly ranked team , even though they led for the first part of the match after Matthaus scored from a penalty 2 minutes into the second half . But Bulgarian star player Hristo Stoichkov scored in the 75th minute , and the German team effectively fell apart , and this allowed Yordan Letchkov to score 3 minutes later , and the Germans were never able to equalize . Vogts returned home to face a barrage of criticism , although he stayed on as manager . Reunified Germany won their first major international title at Euro 1996 , becoming the European champions for the third time . They defeated hosts England on penalty kicks ( 6 -- 5 after a 1 -- 1 draw ) in the semifinals and the Czech Republic 2 -- 1 in the final , a match decided by a golden goal scored by Oliver Bierhoff . Matthias Sammer won the Ballon d'Or in 1996 for his performances for Germany and Borussia Dortmund . However , in the 1998 World Cup , Germany were again eliminated by a less - heralded opponent in the quarterfinals , this time in a 0 -- 3 defeat to Croatia . Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck . Oliver Kahn / Michael Ballack era ( edit ) Following another early World Cup exit in 1998 along with the retirement of many key players and discouraging results under Ribbeck , Germany 's standing as one of the world 's elite national sides was in question . Questionable performance ... In Euro 2000 , the aging team went out in the first round after failing to win any of their three matches , including an embarrassing 0 -- 3 loss to an understrength Portugal side ( who had already advanced to the next round ) . Ribbeck resigned amid strong public criticism and was replaced temporarily and then permanently by Rudi Völler -- after planned successor Christoph Daum was involved in a drug scandal . Coming into the 2002 World Cup , expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers . This included not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time . The team nonetheless dealt a thrashing to Saudi Arabia 8 -- 0 in their first match . In the knockout stages , riding on the heroics of Oliver Kahn and Michael Ballack they produced three consecutive 1 -- 0 wins against Paraguay , the United States , and co-hosts South Korea , setting up a final against Brazil , the first World Cup meeting between the two . Unfortunately Ballack was suspended for the final due to accumulated yellow cards and Kahn was injured during the final proper . In a hard - fought match , Germany thus lost 0 -- 2 . Nevertheless , Miroslav Klose won the Silver Boot and German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball , the first time in the World Cup 's history that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament , as well as the Yashin - Award for the best goalkeeper in the tournament . Germany failed to build on their success in 2002 and again exited in the first round of Euro 2004 , this time drawing their first two matches and losing the third . As was the case in 2000 , the team exited losing to an understrength side that had already advanced , in this case the Czech Republic . Even though Germany dominated the match , they could not score , losing to a Czech goal scored on the break . Völler resigned afterwards , denouncing the constant media criticism in a famous TV interview . The national team had to find their third new coach in six years after having had only six coaches in the previous 75 years . When prospective candidates including Ottmar Hitzfeld and Otto Rehhagel turned down the job , former national team player Jürgen Klinsmann , who had never held any coaching jobs before , was appointed . In similar style to Beckenbauer 's former role as team manager without a coaching license , the experienced Joachim Löw from Stuttgart was appointed to assist him . Klinsmann made Michael Ballack the captain following Euro 2004 . Klinsmann 's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup being hosted in Germany . Prior to the start of the tournament , hopes were not as high for Germany as in previous tournaments ( even in Germany itself ) , even though it was the host nation . Critics pointed out the apparent lack of quality players in the squad and coach Klinsmann 's decision to live in America rather than Germany . However , Germany won the opening game of the World Cup against Costa Rica 4 -- 2 . They continued to develop both confidence and support across the group stage , conceding no further goals as they beat Poland 1 -- 0 and Ecuador 3 -- 0 , with Miroslav Klose scoring twice and Lukas Podolski adding another in the last match . Germany finished on top of their group with three wins . The team went on to defeat Sweden 2 -- 0 in the round of 16 , with Lukas Podolski netting both goals in only 12 minutes , from assists by Miroslav Klose . People watching the Germany vs. Argentina match at the Donau Arena in Regensburg Germany faced favorites Argentina in the quarter - finals , a team that Germany had not defeated since the 1990 World Cup . Germany 's clean sheet streak was broken shortly after half time as Argentina scored first to grab a 0 -- 1 lead . However , Michael Ballack 's cross , flicked on by Tim Borowski , allowed Klose to head in the equalizer with 10 minutes to spare . During the subsequent penalty shootout , goalkeeper Jens Lehmann saved two shots while his teammates all converted their shots to win the shootout 4 -- 2 . After the game , the Argentinians started a brawl , which later resulted in a match ban for midfielder Torsten Frings after Italian television networks showed video footage of him participating in the fight . Expectations rose in Germany following these results , with many thinking that a record eighth appearance in the World Cup final was possible even though a starter was missing and the players were tired after already playing a tough 120 minutes against Argentina . In the semifinal match against Italy , the match went to extra time again , and hopes grew high that another penalty shootout would take the team to the final match in Berlin . However , despite Klinsmann 's focus on fitness , the speed and concentration of the German players faded , and they conceded two goals in the final ninety seconds of extra time . Despite having their dreams of playing in the final dashed , Klinsmann 's squad quickly recovered their composure , and journalists noted the team 's upbeat mood in the practices leading up to the third - place match . Three starters , including captain Michael Ballack , would not be available for the third place match , and their opponent Portugal 's goalkeeper , Ricardo , had up to that point conceded only one goal in regular play . Nonetheless , Germany thoroughly defeated Portugal 3 -- 1 , at one point leading 3 -- 0 due to Bastian Schweinsteiger 's two goals and an own goal , also off his shot , by Portugal 's Petit . With this victory , Germany ended the World Cup on a high , not only with the 3 -- 1 win over Portugal in the battle for third place , but also with several awards : Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament - leading five goals , becoming the first player from the united Germany to earn it , and fellow striker Lukas Podolski won the ' Best Young Player ' award . Furthermore , four of Germany 's players ( Jens Lehmann , Philipp Lahm , Michael Ballack , and Miroslav Klose ) were selected for the tournament All - Star Team . In addition , with 14 goals scored , the German side scored more goals than any other team in the tournament . After the tournament , over 500,000 people honored the team by giving them a hero 's welcome at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin . Rejuvenation under Joachim Löw ( edit ) Germany 's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked partially by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach , since Klinsmann retired in spite of a public outcry for him to continue managing the Mannschaft . Löw did not have the sweeping charisma of his predecessor , but the reputation of being a shrewd and capable tactician . He quickly became notable for continually introducing talented young players into his team , leading to a continuous rejuvenation of the squad . In a group with the Czech Republic and the Republic of Ireland , Germany qualified comfortably , defeating San Marino in a record 13 -- 0 away win along the way . For the final tournament , Germany were placed into Group B alongside Poland , Croatia and longtime rivals Austria . Germany defeated Poland 2 -- 0 but suffered an ignominious 1 -- 2 defeat to Croatia , compounded by a red card for Bastian Schweinsteiger for an aggressive off - the - ball incident . Germany entered the knockout round with a victory over Austria in the last match of group play . The only scorer of the game was Michael Ballack , who scored in the 49th minute with a powerful long - distance free - kick that was later chosen as the German Goal of the Year . Their quarterfinal opponent was Portugal . Germany started well and took an early lead after Schweinsteiger converted a cross from Lukas Podolski . Miroslav Klose made it 2 -- 0 after heading in a free kick by Schweinsteiger . Portugal responded with a goal right before halftime , but Germany reclaimed their two - goal lead in the second half when Schweinsteiger assisted another header , this time by Michael Ballack . Germany saw out the rest of the match comfortably , conceding a late consolation goal , leaving the final score at 3 -- 2 . Germany went into their semifinal match against Turkey as the favourites . However , the team put up a nervous and shaky performance , falling behind due to Uğur Boral 's goal in the 22nd minute . Bastian Schweinsteiger equalised , and Miroslav Klose put Germany ahead with less than twelve minutes left only for Semih Şentürk to level the score in the last minutes of the match . Just as the game was heading for extra time , defender Philipp Lahm cut inside past Colin Kazim - Richards , exchanged passes with Thomas Hitzlsperger , and stole in at the near post to score in the final minute , sending Germany into the final against Spain . Spain were the heavy favourites but Germany was believed to be one of the few sides able to challenge them . Spain controlled the game and took the lead through Fernando Torres . Germany ended up losing the match 0 -- 1 , finishing as the runners - up of the tournament . For the qualification for World Cup 2010 , Germany were placed in a group with Azerbaijan ( led by former Germany coach Berti Vogts ) , Finland , Liechtenstein , Russia , and Wales . Germany comfortably qualified as top of the group with 8 wins and two draws ( both against Finland ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) German national football team during Euro 2012 qualifiers Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup The 2010 World Cup draw , which took place on 4 December 2009 , placed Germany in Group D , along with Australia , Serbia , and Ghana . Throughout the tournament , Germany impressed by playing an attractive , attacking style of football . On 13 June 2010 , they played their first match of the tournament against Australia and won 4 -- 0 . They lost their second match 0 -- 1 to Serbia . Their next match against Ghana was won 1 -- 0 by a goal from Mesut Özil . Germany went on to win the group and advanced to the knockout stage . In the round of 16 , Germany defeated England 4 -- 1 , England 's highest World Cup loss to date . At 2 -- 1 , however , the game controversially had a goal by Frank Lampard disallowed , despite video replays that showed the ball beyond the goal line . In the quarterfinals , Germany defeated Argentina 4 -- 0 ; this match was also celebrated striker Miroslav Klose 's 100th international cap and the match in which he tied German legend Gerd Müller 's record of 14 World Cup goals , one behind the all - time record of 15 World Cup goals , which is held by Ronaldo of Brazil . In the semi-final on 7 July , Germany lost 1 -- 0 to Spain , in an almost flashback to the finals of Euro 2008 . Germany played Uruguay for Third Place , as in 1970 , and won the match 3 -- 2 on 10 July . Germany scored the most with a total of 16 goals in the 2010 World Cup , in comparison , the winning nation Spain scored only 8 goals . The German team became the first team since Brazil in 1982 to record the highest goal difference in a World Cup without winning it . In an internet poll , Germany was voted the World Cups Most Entertaining Team , although FIFA discontinued the official award . German youngster Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot with the most goals and assists scored ( succeeding teammate Miroslav Klose ) , and he was also given the Best Young Player Award ( succeeding teammate Lukas Podolski ) . The German team reflected the changing demographic of Germany . It was significantly multicultural , as 11 of the players in the final 23 - man World Cup Finals roster were eligible to play for other countries , despite 10 of the 11 being born or raised in Germany . The 11th , Cacau , arrived from Brazil in his late teens . Despite this transition , Germany kept the traditional strength as a team that excels when playing at major tournaments with a well - attuned team . Prior to the World Cup the Mannschaft lost in a friendly to England 2 -- 1 , another friendly against Argentina 1 -- 0 , and less than a year after the World Cup Germany lost against Australia 2 -- 1 . While losing on home soil in friendlies , Germany decisively thrashed all these three teams in the tournament in South Africa , scoring four goals in each match . Euro 2012 qualification ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Germany qualified top of Group A in qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 with a record of 10 wins out of ten matches against Kazakhstan , Turkey , Austria , Belgium , and Azerbaijan . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 10 10 0 0 34 7 + 27 30 Qualify for final tournament -- 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 2 6 -- 1 4 -- 0 Turkey 10 5 13 11 + 2 17 Advance to play - offs 1 -- 3 -- 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Belgium 10 21 15 + 6 15 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 4 -- 4 4 -- 1 4 -- 1 Austria 10 16 17 − 1 12 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 -- 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Azerbaijan 10 7 10 26 − 16 7 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 -- 3 -- 2 6 Kazakhstan 10 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- Source : UEFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Euro 2012 finals ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2012 The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2011 at the Ukraine Palace of Arts in Kiev , Ukraine . Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal , Netherlands , and Denmark , thus making it the group of death . As the only team to have won all three group matches , Germany went on to defeat Greece in the quarter - final and set a historic record in international football of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches . In the semi-final match against Italy , despite high expectations , Germany was unable to break the record to defeat Italy in any competitive matches . 9 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Germany 1 -- 0 Portugal Gómez 72 ' Report Arena Lviv , Lviv Attendance : 32,990 Referee : Stéphane Lannoy ( France ) 13 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Netherlands 1 -- 2 Germany Van Persie 73 ' Report Gómez 24 ' , 38 ' Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Attendance : 37,750 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 17 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Denmark 1 -- 2 Germany Krohn - Dehli 24 ' Report Podolski 19 ' Bender 80 ' Arena Lviv , Lviv Attendance : 32,990 Referee : Carlos Velasco Carballo ( Spain ) 22 June 2012 20 : 45 UTC + 2 Germany 4 -- 2 Greece Lahm 39 ' Khedira 61 ' Klose 68 ' Reus 74 ' Report Samaras 55 ' Salpingidis 89 ' ( pen . ) PGE Arena , Gdańsk Attendance : 38,751 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2012 20 : 45 UTC + 2 Germany 1 -- 2 Italy Özil 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Report Balotelli 20 ' , 36 ' National Stadium , Warsaw Attendance : 55,540 Referee : Stéphane Lannoy ( France ) 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification On 30 July 2011 at the 2014 FIFA World Cup preliminary draw , Germany were placed in Group C. They commenced their qualifying campaign in late 2012 in a group that featured contenders Sweden , Republic of Ireland , Austria , Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan . Group C Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Germany 10 9 0 36 10 + 26 28 Sweden 10 6 19 14 + 5 20 Austria 10 5 20 10 + 10 17 Republic of Ireland 10 16 17 − 1 14 Kazakhstan 10 7 6 21 − 15 5 Faroe Islands 10 0 9 29 − 25 Austria -- 6 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Faroe Islands 0 -- 3 -- 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 2 Germany 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 -- 4 -- 1 3 -- 0 4 -- 4 Kazakhstan 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 -- 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 6 3 -- 1 -- 1 -- 2 Sweden 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 5 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 2014 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Germany captain Philipp Lahm lifts the World Cup trophy . The draw for the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G along with Portugal , Ghana , and the United States . The German Football Association constructed a purpose built training base , Campo Bahia , for their stay in Brazil . Germany started the tournament with a 4 -- 0 defeat of Portugal , with Thomas Muller scoring a hat trick . They drew their next match with Ghana 2 -- 2 . Miroslav Klose tied Ronaldo 's record of fifteen World Cup finals goals in the match . Germany won their final game against the United States 1 -- 0 . They played Algeria in the round of 16 in a rematch of their encounter in 1982 . Germany prevailed 2 -- 1 after extra time . They then defeated France 1 -- 0 in the quarterfinals . They faced Brazil in the semi-finals where they won a decisive 7 -- 1 victory . Klose scored the second goal of the game , surpassing Ronaldo for the record of most goals in the World Cup . Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 in the final on 13 July and obtained its fourth title . Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage United States 0 Portugal 7 − 3 Ghana 0 6 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 30 June 2014 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Algeria Schürrle 92 ' Özil 120 ' Report Djabou 120 + 1 ' Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance : 43,063 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 4 July 2014 13 : 00 France 0 -- 1 Germany Report Hummels 13 ' Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,240 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 8 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Oscar 90 ' Report Müller 11 ' Klose 23 ' Kroos 24 ' , 26 ' Khedira 29 ' Schürrle 69 ' , 79 ' Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Attendance : 58,141 Referee : Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Euro 2016 ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2016 After finishing first in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D , Germany managed to win their group ahead of Poland , Northern Ireland and Ukraine . In the knock - out stages , they overcome Slovakia with a 3 -- 0 win , then they won against Italy 6 -- 5 in a penalty shootout ( after a 1 -- 1 draw ) for the first time in a major tournament . Their journey ended in the semi-finals after a 2 -- 0 loss against the host - nation France , the French first competitive win against Germany in 58 years . 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Having qualified as the 2014 World Cup Champion , the German coach Joachim Löw decided to participate in the competition with a young team captained by Julian Draxler . The team won their group ahead of Chile , Australia and Cameroon . Then , they won against Mexico 4 -- 1 in the semi-finals to progress to the final . Unexpectedly , the young team managed to win Germany their first FIFA Confederations Cup title ever after a 1 -- 0 win against Chile at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg . 2018 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Despite winning their 10 matches in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . Germany went out from the World Cup group stage , first exit in the first round since 1938 , after two losses and only one win . The first match was against Mexico , the team which they beat in the FIFA Confederations Cup a year earlier , the match ended with a 1 -- 0 win for the Mexicans , the German first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup . The second match was against Sweden which ended in a 2 -- 1 win , thanks to Toni Kroos 's 95th - minute goal . In the last match , Germany needed a `` one - goal '' win against South Korea to reach the next round , but two late goals during second - half stoppage time from South Korea made the defending champion leave the competition with only bad memories . Germany , known in German as a `` Tournament Team '' ( German : Turniermannschaft ) , came to the 2018 tournament without their 2014 heroes Mario Götze and André Schürrle . The retirement of key players such as Philipp Lahm , Bastian Schweinsteiger , and Miroslav Klose meant the loss of leading players . During the tournament , poor performances by main players such as Thomas Müller and Sami Khedira , as well as wrong team selection by the coach Joachim Löw were the main factors in the devastating early exit . Moreover , complacency and lack of sharpness of the attacking players were obvious according to former player and coach Jürgen Klinsmann . Competition Records ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did Not Enter -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Third Place 3rd 0 11 8 0 0 9 1938 First Round 10th 0 5 0 0 11 1950 Banned -- -- -- -- -- -- 1954 Champions 1st 6 5 0 25 14 0 12 1958 Fourth Place 4th 6 12 14 Qualified as Defending Champions 1962 Quarter - Final 7th 0 0 11 5 1966 Runners - up 2nd 6 15 6 0 14 1970 Third Place 3rd 6 5 0 17 10 6 5 0 20 Champions 1st 7 6 0 13 Qualified as Hosts 1978 Second Group Stage 6th 6 10 5 Qualified as Defending Champions 1982 Runners - up 2nd 7 12 10 8 8 0 0 33 1986 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 7 8 5 22 9 1990 Champions 1st 7 5 0 15 5 6 0 13 1994 Quarter - Final 5th 5 9 7 Qualified as Defending Champions 1998 Quarter - Final 7th 5 8 6 10 6 0 23 9 2002 Runners - up 2nd 7 5 14 10 6 19 12 2006 Third Place 3rd 7 5 14 6 Qualified as Hosts Third Place 3rd 7 5 0 16 5 10 8 0 26 5 2014 Champions 1st 7 6 0 18 10 9 0 36 10 2018 Group Stage 22nd 0 10 10 0 0 43 2022 To be determined To be determined Total 4 Titles 19 / 21 109 67 20 * 22 226 125 94 74 18 292 70 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . UEFA European championship record ( edit ) UEFA European Championship record UEFA European Championship Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1960 Did Not Enter Did Not Enter 1964 1968 Did Not Qualify 9 1972 Champions 1st 0 0 5 8 5 0 13 1976 Runners - up 2nd 0 6 8 0 17 5 1980 Champions 1st 0 6 6 0 17 1984 Group Stage 5th 8 5 15 5 1988 Semi Final 3rd 6 Qualified as Hosts 1992 Runners - up 2nd 5 7 8 6 5 0 13 Champions 1st 6 0 10 10 8 27 10 2000 Group Stage 14th 0 5 8 6 20 Group Stage 12th 0 8 5 0 13 2008 Runners - up 2nd 6 0 10 7 12 8 35 7 2012 Semi Final 3rd 5 0 10 6 10 10 0 0 34 7 2016 Semi Final 3rd 6 8 10 7 7 2020 Total 3 titles 11 / 14 43 23 10 * 10 65 45 92 64 20 8 220 56 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . FIFA Confederations Cup record ( edit ) FIFA Confederations Cup record Year Round Position GP D * GS GA Squad 1992 Did Not Enter 1995 Did Not Qualify Did Not Enter 1999 Group Stage 5th 0 6 Squad Did Not Qualify 2003 Did Not Enter 2005 Third Place 3rd 5 15 11 Squad 2009 Did Not Qualify 2013 2017 Champions 1st 5 0 12 5 Squad Total Third Place 3 / 10 13 8 29 22 * Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Note All tournaments from 1950 to 1990 inclusively were competed as West Germany . Honours ( edit ) Senior team ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Winner ( 4 ) : 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 Runner - up ( 4 ) : 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Third place ( 4 ) : 1934 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 Fourth place ( 1 ) : 1958 UEFA European Championship Winner ( 3 ) : 1972 , 1980 , 1996 Runner - up ( 3 ) : 1976 , 1992 , 2008 Semi-finals ( 2 ) : 1988 , 2012 , 2016 FIFA Confederations Cup Winner ( 1 ) : 2017 Third place ( 1 ) : 2005 U.S. Cup Winner ( 1 ) : 1993 Olympic team ( edit ) Olympic Games Winner ( 1 ) : 1976 Runner - up ( 1 ) : 1980 , 2016 Bronze Medal ( 3 ) : 1964 , 1972 , 1988 Historical kits ( edit ) Main article : Germany national football team kit history Home 1908 World Cup 1934 World Cup 1938 World Cup 1954 World Cup 1970 World Cup World Cup 1978 Euro 1980 and World Cup 1982 Euro 1984 World Cup 1986 Euro 1988 and World Cup 1990 Euro 1992 World Cup 1994 Euro World Cup 1998 Euro 2000 World Cup 2002 Euro World Cup 2006 Euro 2008 World Cup Euro 2012 World Cup 2014 Euro 2016 Confederations Cup 2017 World Cup 2018 Away World Cup 1954 -- 1958 World Cup 1966 -- 1970 World Cup 1974 -- 1978 Euro 1980 -- World Cup 1982 Euro 1984 -- World Cup 1986 Euro 1988 -- World Cup 1990 Euro 1992 World Cup 1994 Euro World Cup 1998 Euro 2000 World Cup 2002 Euro ConFed Cup 2005 World Cup 2006 Euro 2008 World Cup Euro 2012 World Cup 2014 Euro 2016 World Cup 2018 Previous squads ( edit ) FIFA World Cup squads 1934 FIFA World Cup squad 1938 FIFA World Cup squad 1954 FIFA World Cup squad 1958 FIFA World Cup squad 1962 FIFA World Cup squad 1966 FIFA World Cup squad 1970 FIFA World Cup squad 1974 FIFA World Cup squad 1978 FIFA World Cup squad 1982 FIFA World Cup squad 1986 FIFA World Cup squad 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 1998 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2010 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad 2018 FIFA World Cup squad UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1972 squad UEFA Euro 1976 squad UEFA Euro 1980 squad UEFA Euro 1984 squad UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 1992 squad UEFA Euro 1996 squad UEFA Euro 2000 squad UEFA Euro 2004 squad UEFA Euro 2008 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad FIFA Confederations Cup squads 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup squads 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squads 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squads Managers ( edit ) Main article : Germany national football team manager Name Period Matches Wins Draws Losses Win % Honours DFB committee 1908 -- 1926 58 16 12 30 27.59 Otto Nerz 1926 -- 1936 70 42 10 18 60.00 Third place at the 1934 World Cup Sepp Herberger 1936 -- 1942 1950 -- 1964 167 94 27 46 56.29 Winner of the 1954 World Cup , Fourth place at the 1958 World Cup Helmut Schön 1964 -- 1978 139 87 31 21 62.59 Runner - up of the 1966 World Cup , Third place at the 1970 World Cup , Winner of Euro 1972 , Winner of the 1974 World Cup , Runner - up of Euro 1976 Jupp Derwall 1978 -- 1984 67 44 12 11 65.67 Winner of Euro 1980 , Runner - up of the 1982 World Cup Franz Beckenbauer 1984 -- 1990 66 34 20 12 51.52 Runner - up of the 1986 World Cup , Winner of the 1990 World Cup Berti Vogts 1990 -- 1998 102 66 24 12 64.71 Runner - up of Euro 1992 , Winner of Euro 1996 Erich Ribbeck 1998 -- 2000 24 10 6 8 41.67 Rudi Völler 2000 -- 2004 53 29 11 13 54.72 Runner - up of the 2002 World Cup Jürgen Klinsmann 2004 -- 2006 34 20 8 6 58.82 Third place at the 2005 Confederations Cup , Third place at the 2006 World Cup Joachim Löw 2006 -- 2020 165 108 30 27 65.46 Runner - up of Euro 2008 , Third place at the 2010 World Cup , Third place at the Euro 2012 , Winner of the 2014 World Cup , Winner of the 2017 Confederations Cup Total 945 550 191 204 55.37 Notes Includes matches won or lost on penalty shoot - outs . Record includes periods of pre-division Germany ( 1936 -- 1942 -- 70 matches : 42 wins , 13 draws , 15 losses ) and West Germany ( 1950 -- 1964 -- 97 matches : 52 wins , 14 draws , 31 losses ; no national team matches and no national coaches between 1942 and 1950 ) . Captains ( edit ) This is the list of Germany captains since Germany 's first participation in a World Cup in 1934 ( current as of 23 November 2014 ) . Note : the column `` games '' signifies overall games as captain , not overall caps . East German captains are not included . Captained games outside the player 's main period are also included . Philipp Lahm , former Germany national football team captain Player Period Games Notes Fritz Szepan 1934 -- 1939 30 Paul Janes 1939 -- 1942 31 Fritz Walter 1951 -- 1956 30 Honorary captain Hans Schäfer 1957 -- 1962 16 Helmut Rahn 1957 -- 1959 8 Herbert Erhardt 1959 -- 1962 18 Uwe Seeler 1961 -- 1970 40 Honorary captain Wolfgang Overath 1968 -- 1971 14 Franz Beckenbauer 1971 -- 1977 50 Honorary captain Berti Vogts 1977 -- 1978 20 Bernard Dietz 1978 -- 1981 19 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1980 -- 1986 50 Harald Schumacher 1984 -- 1986 11 Klaus Allofs 1986 -- 1988 8 Lothar Matthäus 1987 -- 1999 72 Honorary captain Jürgen Klinsmann 1995 -- 1998 36 Honorary captain Oliver Bierhoff 1998 -- 2001 22 Oliver Kahn 2000 -- 2006 48 Michael Ballack 2004 -- 2010 54 Philipp Lahm 2010 -- 2014 51 Bastian Schweinsteiger 2014 -- 2016 13 Manuel Neuer 2016 -- present 21 Tournament records ( edit ) Most World Cups played in : Lothar Matthäus -- 5 ( All - time record tied with Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ) Most World Cup match appearances : Lothar Matthäus -- 25 ( All - time record ) Most World Cup goals : Miroslav Klose -- 16 ( All - time record leading goalscorer ) Most European Championship match appearances : Philipp Lahm -- 14 Most European Championship goals : Jürgen Klinsmann -- 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Germany : FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All matches of The National Team in 1908 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1912 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1909 '' . DFB . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Note that this match is not considered to be a full international by the English FA , and does not appear in the records of the England team Jump up ^ In early times it was simply called `` die 11 besten Spieler von Deutschland '' or just `` die Bundesauswahl '' ( the Federation XI ) . Tags like `` National team '' or `` National XI '' were n't introduced until after World War I Jump up ^ `` Professor Otto Nerz '' . DFB ( in German ) . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Muras , Udo ( 16 May 2007 ) . `` Nur Hitler konnte sie stoppen '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Hrubesch turns West Germany 's unlikely hero '' . UEFA. 4 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Fennecs spring a surprise '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Semi-Final , 1982 : West Germany vs. France '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battling Germans knock out brave Bleus '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italians triumph in heavyweight rumble '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Record -- Players '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Maradona lights up the world -- with a helping hand '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Matches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Van Basten sparks Netherlands joy '' . UEFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Germany hit winning note as Italian chorus fades '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gazza weeps as Germans prevail '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Matches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gatecrashing Denmark down Germany '' . UEFA. 5 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Ends Germany 's Reign '' . New York Times . 11 July 1994 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Bulgaria , a Small Foot in Soccer , Steps Closer to Glass Slipper '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( 1 July 1996 ) . `` Germany Wins Euro 96 With a ' Golden Goal ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hosts denied by Germany in epic semi-final '' . UEFA. 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bierhoff hero of Germany 's EURO ' 96 win '' . UEFA. 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 5 July 1998 ) . `` WORLD CUP ' 98 ; Croatia Stuns Germany With the Aid Of a Red Card '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 9 September 1998 ) . `` Another Day , Another Coach Gone : Now It 's Vogts '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holders Germany suffer heavy defeat '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 June 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ribbeck quits as Germans head home '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 June 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voller named as caretaker coach '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 July 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daum : I took cocaine '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 12 January 2001 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany savage Saudis '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany edge out Paraguay '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 15 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat valiant USA '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 22 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany shatter Korea '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 25 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil crowned world champions '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn wins Golden Ball award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 2 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Rep '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voeller quits Germany role '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hitzfeld snubs Germany job '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 1 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rehhagel snubs Germany '' . BBC Sport. 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann takes German post '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 26 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 4 -- 2 Costa Rica '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 0 Poland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador 0 -- 3 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 20 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 2 -- 0 Sweden '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 24 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lehmann had penalty taker notes '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Lehmann 's penalty heroics send Germany into raptures '' . The Guardian . Berlin : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frings missing but Germany remain confident '' . FIFA. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 0 -- 2 Italy ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 3 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klose finishes as leading scorer '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Azzurri prominent in All Star Team '' . FIFA. 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 2006 -- Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann quits as Germany coach '' . BBC Sport. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann quits , Low steps in '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records tumble as Germany soar '' . UEFA.com. 6 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draw sets up heavyweight contests '' . UEFA. 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 2 -- 0 Poland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` Croatia 2 -- 1 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Austria 0 -- 1 Germany & Poland 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Andrew ( 19 June 2008 ) . `` Portugal 2 -- 3 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 25 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 3 -- 2 Turkey '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 29 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 0 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` 2010 World Cup qualifying draw '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draw ignites FIFA World Cup fever '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Miroslav Klose helps Germany put four past Australia '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany lose to Serbia after Klose 's red card and Podolski 's penalty miss '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Sean ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Mesut Ozil strike sends Germany through to last 16 '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany tear down England 's defence '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FAW boss Jonathan Ford rejects technology idea '' . BBC News . 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Garside , Kevin ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's disallowed goal highlights stupidity of Fifa '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard denied goal by Uruguayan linesman -- in pictures '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 27 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 3 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany dump Diego Maradona and Argentina out '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Eddie Griffin ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup All - Time Top Goal Scorers '' . Soccerlens . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` German World Cup top scorers '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Spain overcome Germany after Carles Puyol winner '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Duxbury , Nick ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany beat Uruguay in third - place thriller '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 -- Statistics '' . planetworldcup.com . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Preliminary Draw results in full '' . FIFA. 30 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Fifa World Cup -- Group G '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Götze goal '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany vs Italy , Euro 2016 : Germans win the shootout after Bonucci penalty cancels out Ozil opener '' . The Telegraph . 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany finally defeat Italy to stride into semis '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2016 : France 's 2 -- 0 semi-final victory over Germany strikes poignant note on night of ancient rivalry and modern spirit '' . The Telegraph . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany win Confederations Cup after Lars Stindl punishes error to deny Chile '' . Guardian . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holders Germany crash out of World Cup after losing 2 - 0 to South Korea '' . Jump up ^ `` Germany knocked out of 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Why were Germany knocked out and where do they go from here ? '' . BBC . 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Germany were not hungry enough - Jurgen Klinsmann '' . BBC . 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ As 1990 FIFA World Cup Champions Jump up ^ As UEFA Euro 1996 Champions Jump up ^ As 2002 FIFA World Cup Runners - up ^ Jump up to : `` Germany Football Shirts -- Old Football Kits '' . oldfootballshirts.com . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/international/tournaments/fifa-world-cup/1938/1938.html ^ Jump up to : `` All Matches from 1908 '' . schwarzundweiss.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.schwarzundweiss.co.uk/andere/stats/match-details-1990-present.html Jump up ^ `` German most - capped World Cup players '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German most - capped EC players '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German EC top scorers '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Germany_national_football_team&oldid=856619973 '' Categories : Germany national football team History of association football by national team History of organisations based in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 14 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time germany went out in group stages	[ "\n\nFIFA World Cup record\n\n\n\nFIFA World Cup Qualification record\n\n\nYear\n\nRound\n\nPosition\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\n\n 1930\n\nDid Not Enter\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1934\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n4\n\n3\n\n0\n\n1\n\n11\n\n8\n\n1\n\n1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n9\n\n1\n\n\n 1938\n\nFirst Round\n\n10th\n\n2\n\n0\n\n1\n\n1\n\n3\n\n5\n\n3\n\n3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n 1950\n\nBanned\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1954\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n6\n\n5\n\n0\n\n1\n\n25\n\n14\n\n4\n\n3\n\n1\n\n0\n\n12\n\n3\n\n\n 1958\n\nFourth Place\n\n4th\n\n6\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n12\n\n14\n\nQualified as Defending Champions\n\n\n 1962\n\nQuarter-Final\n\n7th\n\n4\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n4\n\n2\n\n4\n\n4\n\n0\n\n0\n\n11\n\n5\n\n\n 1966\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n6\n\n4\n\n1\n\n1\n\n15\n\n6\n\n4\n\n3\n\n1\n\n0\n\n14\n\n2\n\n\n 1970\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n5\n\n0\n\n1\n\n17\n\n10\n\n6\n\n5\n\n1\n\n0\n\n20\n\n3\n\n\n 1974\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n7\n\n6\n\n0\n\n1\n\n13\n\n4\n\nQualified as Hosts\n\n\n 1978\n\nSecond Group Stage\n\n6th\n\n6\n\n1\n\n4\n\n1\n\n10\n\n5\n\nQualified as Defending Champions\n\n\n 1982\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n3\n\n2\n\n2\n\n12\n\n10\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n0\n\n33\n\n3\n\n\n 1986\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n3\n\n2\n\n2\n\n8\n\n7\n\n8\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n22\n\n9\n\n\n 1990\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n7\n\n5\n\n2\n\n0\n\n15\n\n5\n\n6\n\n3\n\n3\n\n0\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n 1994\n\nQuarter-Final\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1\n\n9\n\n7\n\nQualified as Defending Champions\n\n\n 1998\n\nQuarter-Final\n\n7th\n\n5\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1\n\n8\n\n6\n\n10\n\n6\n\n4\n\n0\n\n23\n\n9\n\n\n 2002\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n14\n\n3\n\n10\n\n6\n\n3\n\n1\n\n19\n\n12\n\n\n 2006\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n7\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n14\n\n6\n\nQualified as Hosts\n\n\n 2010\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n7\n\n5\n\n0\n\n2\n\n16\n\n5\n\n10\n\n8\n\n2\n\n0\n\n26\n\n5\n\n\n 2014\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n7\n\n6\n\n1\n\n0\n\n18\n\n4\n\n10\n\n9\n\n1\n\n0\n\n36\n\n10\n\n\n 2018\n\nGroup Stage\n\n22nd\n\n3\n\n1\n\n0\n\n2\n\n2\n\n4\n\n10\n\n10\n\n0\n\n0\n\n43\n\n4\n\n\n 2022\n\nTo be determined\n\nTo be determined\n\n\nTotal\n\n4 Titles\n\n19/21\n\n109\n\n67\n\n20\n\n22\n\n226\n\n125\n\n94\n\n74\n\n18\n\n2\n\n292\n\n70\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
-1806964831019508716	Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman	Lois & Clark : the New Adventures of Superman - Wikipedia Lois & Clark : the New Adventures of Superman Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1990s live action television series . For other similar titles , see Adventures of Superman . Lois & Clark : The New Adventures Of Superman Also known as Lois & Clark The New Adventures of Superman Genre Superhero Drama Romance Based on Superman by Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Developed by Deborah Joy LeVine Starring Dean Cain Teri Hatcher Lane Smith Eddie Jones K Callan Michael Landes Justin Whalin Tracy Scoggins John Shea Theme music composer Jay Gruska Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 87 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Deborah Joy LeVine Robert Singer Eugenie Ross Leming Brad Buckner David Jacobs Robert Butler Camera setup Single camera Running time approx. 45 minutes Production company ( s ) December 3rd Productions Gangbuster Films Inc. ( pilot ) Roundelay Productions ( season 1 ) Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Original release September 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 12 ) -- June 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 14 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( commonly known simply as Lois and Clark and in the UK as The New Adventures of Superman ) is an American television series based on the DC Comics character Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster . It stars Dean Cain as Clark Kent / Superman and Teri Hatcher as Lois Lane . The series aired on ABC from September 12 , 1993 to June 14 , 1997 . The show was shot entirely in California . Developed for television by Deborah Joy LeVine , the series loosely followed the modern origin of Superman , established by writer John Byrne , where Clark Kent is the true personality and Superman a disguise . The series focuses on the relationship and romance between Lois and Clark as much as the adventures of Clark 's alter - ego , Superman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Development 3 Series history 3.1 Season one 3.2 Season two 3.3 Season three 3.4 Season four 4 Cast 4.1 Main cast 4.2 Recurring cast 4.3 Special guest stars 5 Novels and collected edition 6 Broadcasts 6.1 United States 6.2 United Kingdom 7 DVD releases 8 Soundtrack 9 Awards and nominations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) On May 17 , 1966 , Jonathan and Martha Kent ( Eddie Jones and K Callan ) witness the crash - landing of a small spaceship in Shuster 's Field outside of Smallville , Kansas . When they investigate , they discover the baby Kal - El and decide to raise him as their own naming him , Clark Jerome Kent ( Dean Cain ) . Throughout the series , Clark proudly states his mother made his Superman costume for him . Clark often consults his parents either by telephone or in person , after impromptu Superman flights to Smallville , about personal and moral concerns and dilemmas . The series opens twenty - seven years later , on the day Clark moves to Metropolis after leaving his position as a newspaper editor of Smallville Press , interviews for a job at the Daily Planet under editor Perry White ( Lane Smith ) . Clark becomes acquainted with photographer Jimmy Olsen ( Michael Landes in season 1 , Justin Whalin thereafter ) and gossip columnist Cat Grant ( Tracy Scoggins ) . Soon after being hired , Clark is partnered with star reporter Lois Lane ( Teri Hatcher ) . Clark falls in love with Lois at first sight . When Superman saves Lois from a space shuttle disaster , she instantly becomes infatuated with Clark 's alter - ego and named him Superman . Superman 's first mission interferes with the illegal dealings of Lex Luthor ( John Shea ) , a Metropolis business giant and benefactor . After Luthor 's plot was stopped , Superman let Luthor know he is watching him and the two become arch - enemies . However , Clark respects Luthor 's life , even surreptitiously using his superpowers to save Lex from bleeding to death . Luthor sees Superman as a worthy opponent ; he ultimately discovers his weakness to kryptonite and realizes he has a secret identity , vowing to learn it in hopes of making the hero 's life difficult . Development ( edit ) Teri Hatcher and Dean Cain DC Comics president Jenette Kahn had been working for several years to sell the concept of a Superman television series . The series would be different . In 1991 Leslie Moonves and Deborah Joy LeVine helped sell the series to ABC television network with a new title , Lois and Clark : The Adventures of Superman . The series mirrored John Byrne 's retcon of Superman , making Clark Kent more assertive and less clumsy . A few episodes directly emphasized that Clark was the unequivocal `` dominant '' personality , not Superman . Following this theme , an innovation unique to the series was the depiction of Clark Kent and Superman 's traditional hairstyles being reversed -- here it is Superman whose hair is slicked - back , and Clark whose fringe falls more naturally . An additional element that reflected the post-Byrne comics was the portrayal of Lex Luthor ( at least initially ) as a corrupt corporate tycoon , rather than the traditional mad scientist . Many of the stories in season one involved normal human criminals using advanced and powerful technology or involved in large and dangerous conspiracies -- most , if not all , of the Lex Luthor stories of season one . After season one , series creator Deborah Joy LeVine left the show as a producer , and a new production team took over the series . Episode plots gradually shifted from those in which Lois , Clark , and Superman only became involved with criminal elements or dangerous situations through their own initiative to more fantastic plots . Often centered on comic - style villains who specifically targeted Lois , Superman , or Clark from the beginning , rather than endangering the protagonists as a reactionary measure when they became threats to other criminal plans . Later plots frequently revolved around villains with special superhuman powers and abilities . A fifth season of the series was initially announced by ABC . When the network unexpectedly canceled plans for season five , the producers and writers of the show were unprepared . The series ended on a cliffhanger where Clark and Lois finds an infant in their home with a note saying the child belongs to them . This mystery was never solved on the series . Series History ( edit ) Main article : List of Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 September 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 12 ) May 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 08 ) 22 September 18 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 18 ) May 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 21 ) 22 September 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 17 ) May 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 22 ) June 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 14 ) Season one ( edit ) John Shea as Lex Luthor Teri Hatcher and Dean Cain received critical praise for their performances . Lane Smith was a huge success , breathing life and humor into the Daily Planet editor - in - chief Perry White . John Shea also received positive reviews for his portrayal of Lex Luthor . Michael Landes ' modern - day portrayal of Jimmy Olsen gained a cult following , as did Tracy Scoggins ' comedic portrayal of Cat Grant , at the time a recent addition to the Superman mythos . Lex Luthor 's death in the season finale occurred after disagreements between Shea and the producers over the actor 's strenuous commute between New York and Los Angeles . No longer a regular cast member , he reappeared once in season two , twice in season three , and once in season four . Luthor develops an interest in Lois Lane and through most of the first season tries to woo her ; although Lois is receptive to his romantic advances , she remains infatuated with Superman . Lois also develops feelings for Clark , but represses or denies them . Luthor eventually proposes marriage to Lois . Clark , seeing he may lose Lois , attempts to convince her of Luthor 's true nature , but fails . In a last - ditch attempt , Clark tells Lois that he is in love with her ; she replies that she does not return his feelings but cares for him deeply as a friend . Later , Lois asks Superman if there is any chance of a romance between the two of them . Superman turns her down and Lois accepts Luthor 's proposal . Luthor decides to coincide his nuptials with the death of Superman , who he traps in a kryptonite cage in the wine cellar of Luthor Tower , which also contains the chapel where the wedding will occur . As the wedding approaches , Lois realizes she loves Clark and says no to Lex at the altar . Clark had been working with Perry and Jimmy to expose Lex and they have enough evidence for the police to interrupt the wedding . Lex eludes the police and jumps from his penthouse office to his apparent death . Superman has escaped the cage and , as Clark , rejoins Lois . However , his powers have been diminished by kryptonite and he can not stop the villain from falling to the pavement . Newspapers report that Lex 's body has been stolen from the morgue and hint he may not be dead . Clark , fearing his unrequited love for Lois may damage their relationship , tells her his profession of love was only out of a desire to protect her from Lex . Lois , who was about to tell Clark that she loves him too , instead keeps it to herself and their relationship remains a friendship . Season two ( edit ) In season two , the character of Cat Grant was dropped , and Michael Landes was replaced with Justin Whalin as Jimmy Olsen . The official reason , according to Landes , was that he looked too similar to Dean Cain . On the show , the explanation is that he has changed with age . Series creator Deborah Joy LeVine and the entire first - season writing team were also dismissed . The new producer , Robert Singer , planned a stronger focus on action ; the show also shifted its focus onto the budding romance between Lois and Clark . Lex Luthor returned in one episode and other villains from the comics , such as The Prankster , Metallo , the Toyman and the criminal group known as Intergang , began to appear . The show featured new love interests for the ace reporters : Dan Scardino ( Jim Pirri ) , a government agent interested in Lois , and D.A. Mayson Drake ( Farrah Forke ) . This season also featured the debut of fan - favorite villain Tempus ( Lane Davies ) and H.G. Wells appeared as a time - traveler . Wells ' younger self was played by Terry Kiser , and the older Wells was played by Hamilton Camp . Season two became a success and garnered higher ratings in its initial airings , ending the season in 58th place . In season two , Clark and Lois begin to date but are interrupted by Mayson Drake ( Farrah Forke ) , a district attorney who takes a romantic interest in Clark but has a total lack of regard for Superman . Mayson dies as Lois and Clark have their first date . In the next episode , a federal agent named Dan Scardino ( Jim Pirri ) becomes a rival to Clark for Lois ' affections . Lois decides she likes Clark more than Dan , and they begin dating more seriously . In the season finale , Clark comes close to telling Lois his secret but does not because of his uncertainty about her reaction and interruptions by people plotting to expose his identity to the world . At the end of the final episode , Clark proposes to Lois . Season three ( edit ) Season three averaged around 15 million viewers per episode and ranked 44th for the season . In the premiere episode , Lois reveals that she knows Clark 's secret identity , and in the seventh episode , `` Ultra Woman '' , she accepts Clark 's proposal . ABC announced that the wedding would occur on Valentine 's Day weekend ; with ABC sending heart - shaped `` wedding invitations '' to ABC News staff . A controversy erupted , when ABC presents the viewers with a bogus wedding , with Clark unwittingly married to a clone of Lois . This was the start of a five - part story , in which Lois is kidnapped by Lex Luthor , replaced by a clone , the real Lois suffering from amnesia , and Clark trying to find the real Lois Lane . In the third season premiere , Lois has discovered Superman 's secret identity . Initially , she resents Clark not telling her . After they separate for a time , Lois dates Patrick Sullivan , an antique dealer who is plotting to kill her in a sacrificial druid ritual , and she and Clark carry out assignments where they either pose as a married couple or are alone together for an entire weekend . Lois finally accepts Clark 's engagement ring after acquiring his powers and temporarily becoming a superhero named Ultra Woman . Lois suffers a bout of amnesia and hallucinates their wedding . Once she recovers , Lois and Clark are still engaged when two other Kryptonians come to Earth , one of whom is Clark 's wife . They insist Clark go with them to save their world , New Krypton , from domination by an evil tyrant named Lord Nor ; Clark leaves Lois , taking her wedding ring to remember her and as a promise to return as quickly as possible . While committed to each other , they both doubt he will ever return . Season four ( edit ) Lane Smith as Perry White The final season had several two - part episodes . It began with the resolution of a cliffhanger involving a previously unknown colony of Kryptonians . Lois and Clark finally wed in the third episode of the season entitled `` Swear To God , This Time We 're Not Kidding '' . The same week , DC Comics released Superman : The Wedding Album , featuring the long - awaited marriage of Lois and Clark . The series ended on a cliffhanger in which Lois and Clark find an infant in Clark 's old bassinet , along with a note that claimed the child belonged to them . This mystery was never resolved in the television series ; however Brad Buckner , executive producer , and writer for the third and fourth seasons , later said that the infant was Kryptonian royalty hidden with Lois and Clark so they could protect him from assassins . During the fourth season , ABC had announced a fifth season of the show ; its producers and writers were unprepared when ABC later decided that no new episodes would be produced . The series had weakened in its Sunday 8 : 00 pm timeslot and had been shifted to 7 : 00 pm in January , and was moved to Saturdays in the spring . The ratings dropped even further , and the show finished its last season in 104th place . It was removed from the schedule in May 1997 . ABC made up for its commitment to Warner Bros. by ordering thirteen episodes of a Debra Messing drama , Prey . The fourth season starts with Clark heading toward New Krypton , while the evil tyrant Nor has instead invaded Earth , so Clark returns just as Nor takes over Smallville . He and Lois defeat the tyrant and persuade the New Kryptonians to allow Clark to stay on Earth . After another failed wedding ceremony , Lois and Clark get married . Evil forces continue to assault them , delaying their honeymoon , but eventually , the couple moves into a new home . Throughout the season they strengthen their bond , despite some disagreements and villains trying to destroy them . The newlywed reporters discover that Clark can not father a child with Lois , but at the end of the last episode , a child mysteriously appears . In an interview , series writer and executive producer Brad Buckner said the planned story was that the child `` was Kryptonian royalty , stashed by his mother to keep him safe from assassins . '' Cast ( edit ) Principal cast members of season one . Principal cast members of the rest of the series run . Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Dean Cain Clark Kent / Kal - El / Superman Main Teri Hatcher Lois Lane Main Lane Smith Perry White Main Michael Landes Jimmy Olsen Main Justin Whalin Main Tracy Scoggins Catherine `` Cat '' Grant Main K Callan Martha Kent Main Eddie Jones Jonathan Kent Main John Shea Lex Luthor Main Guest Guest Voice Recurring cast ( edit ) Kenneth Kimmins as Dr. Bernard Klein ( 16 episodes ) Ben McCain news anchor / reporter ( 9 episodes ) Tony Jay as Nigel St. John ( 7 episodes ) Beverly Garland as Ellen Lane ( 6 episodes ) Shaun Toub as Asabi ( 6 episodes ) Harve Presnell as Sam Lane ( 5 episodes ) Sal Viscuso as Bobby Bigmouth ( 5 episodes ) Lane Davies as Tempus ( 5 episodes ) Chris Demetral as Jack ( 4 episodes ) Farrah Forke as Mayson Drake ( 4 episodes ) Justine Bateman as Sarah / Zara ( 4 episodes ) Olivia Brown as Star McAdams ( 4 episodes ) Elizabeth Barondes as Lucy Lane ( 3 episodes ) Simon Templeman as Lord Nor ( 2 episodes ) Special guest stars ( edit ) Richard Belzer as Inspector Henderson ( 4 episodes ) Bruce Campbell as Bill Church Jr. ( 3 episodes ) Fred Willard as President Garner ( 3 episodes ) Denise Crosby as Dr. Gretchen Kelly ( 3 episodes ) Peter Boyle as Bill Church Sr. ( 2 episodes ) Harold Gould as Edwin Griffin ( 2 episodes ) Jasmine Guy as Angela Winters ( 2 episodes ) Robert Culp as Mr. Darryl ( 2 episodes ) Bronson Pinchot as Prankster / Kyle Griffin ( 2 episodes ) Rick Overton as Victor ( 2 episodes ) Sonny Bono as Mayor Frank Berkowitz ( 1 episode ) Tony Curtis as Dr. Isaac Mamba ( 1 episode ) Roger Daltrey as an alien assassin , Tez ( 1 episode ) Shelley Long as Lucille Newtrich ( 1 episode ) Morgan Fairchild as Miranda ( 1 episode ) Jonathan Frakes as Tim Lake ( 1 episode ) Sherman Hemsley as Toyman / Winslow Schott ( 1 episode ) Penn Jillette as Darrin Romick , Illusions of Grandeur ( 1 episode ) James Earl Jones as Franklin W. Stern ( 1 episode ) Howie Mandel as Mister Mxyzptlk ( 1 episode ) Dwight Schultz as Garret Grady ( 1 episode ) Dean Stockwell as Preston Carpenter ( 1 episode ) David Warner as Jor - El ( 1 episode ) Raquel Welch as Diana Stride ( 1 episode ) Adam West as tabloid TV reporter ( 1 episode ) Frank Gorshin as Kill , Kill , Kill lawyer ( 1 episode ) Novels and collected edition ( edit ) Lois & Clark : A Superman Novel by author C.J. Cherryh , based on the television series , was released in 1996 . The novel was published in a Science Fiction Book Club hardcover edition and a paperback edition by Prima Publishing . The book is an example of superhero / romantic fantasy . Other novels based on the series include : Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman : Heat Wave Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman : Exile Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman : Deadly Games DC Comics published a comic book collected edition , Lois & Clark , The New Adventures of Superman , in 1994 , which featured a selection of modern era stories by John Byrne and other writers and artists . The collection includes an introduction by Byrne , with the show 's star Dean Cain and Teri Hatcher as Lois and Clark on the cover . Lois & Clark , The New Adventures of Superman -- collects The Man of Steel # 2 , Superman Annual vol. 2 # 1 , Superman vol. 2 # 9 and 11 , Action Comics # 600 and 655 , Adventures of Superman # 445 , 462 , and 466 . Broadcasts ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Network Season Time slot Premiered date Ended date ABC 1 ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sunday 8 : 00 pm September 12 , 1993 May 8 , 1994 2 ( 1994 -- 95 ) Sunday 8 : 00 pm September 18 , 1994 May 21 , 1995 3 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Sunday 8 : 00 pm September 17 , 1995 May 12 , 1996 4 ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sunday 8 : 00 pm ( Sept. 22 - Dec. 15 ) Sunday 7 : 00 pm ( Jan. 5 - Mar. 23 ) Saturday 8 : 00 pm ( Apr. 12 - Jun. 14 ) September 22 , 1996 June 14 , 1997 United kingdom ( edit ) The series premiered on BBC One on Saturday , January 8 , 1994 , with repeat showings until 2002 . In the UK the series was retitled The New Adventures of Superman . The BBC held the rights to premiere the first three seasons . It also aired on CBBC 's Saturday Aardvark strand ( later known as Planet Saturday ) at 8 : 30 am . BBC Two has also repeated the series at tea times alongside The Simpsons , The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air and many others . Sky One held the premiere rights to the fourth season in 1997 and broadcast the show under the original full title . The BBC broadcast the episodes a few weeks later . Sky One broadcast seasons one , two and three just before the premiere of season four in early 1997 . UK Gold , Sky Living , and ITV2 have also repeated the series . BBC2 last repeated season one in late 2005 . Satellite channel Syfy repeated the first two seasons and the first half of season three in 2012 , before replacing it with another similar show , Smallville . DVD releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video has released all four seasons of Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . Complete Season Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 21 June 7 , 2005 July 5 , 2006 June 14 , 2006 22 January 17 , 2006 July 5 , 2006 June 14 , 2006 22 June 20 , 2006 September 6 , 2006 November 1 , 2006 22 November 14 , 2006 December 6 , 2006 November 1 , 2006 Soundtrack ( edit ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( Original Television Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Jay Gruska Released November 4 , 1997 Length 57 : 58 Label Sonic Images All music composed by Jay Gruska . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title Theme '' 1 : 06 2 . `` Mothership '' 2 : 02 3 . `` Lois & Clark Courting '' 3 : 13 4 . `` Final Proposal '' 2 : 02 5 . `` Clark in the Country '' 1 : 45 6 . `` Final Battle '' 4 : 36 7 . `` Lois ' Big Band '' 1 : 14 8 . `` Clark 's Salsa '' 1 : 47 9 . `` Superman Says Goodbye '' 4 : 25 10 . `` Lois & Clark 's New Home '' 2 : 53 11 . `` Baby Dreams '' 3 : 12 12 . `` Villains '' 7 : 27 13 . `` Superman Flies Home '' 1 : 26 14 . `` Lois & Clark 's First Love Theme '' 1 : 36 15 . `` Virtual Reality '' 2 : 37 16 . `` Tez Arrives '' 1 : 06 17 . `` Zarah & Ching '' 3 : 51 18 . `` Tempus '' 2 : 46 19 . `` Clark Fun '' 1 : 25 20 . `` Playing the Game '' 1 : 19 21 . `` Main Title Theme ( Extended Mix ) '' 5 : 38 Total length : 57 : 26 Mastered at Capitol Records , Hollywood Digital editing , pre-mastering : Bruno Coon Engineers : Greg Townley ( all orchestral recording ) Michael Eric Hutchinson Bobby Fernandez ( `` Main Title Theme '' -- recording & mixing ) Ray Pyle ( `` Main Title Theme extended mix '' -- recording & mixing ) Art Direction : Doerte Lau Design : Andreas Adamec Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result 1994 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Achievement in Main Title Theme Music : Jay Gruska Nominated 1994 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Achievement in Directing in a Drama Series : Robert Butler ( pilot episode ) Nominated 1994 Saturn Award Best Genre Television Series Won 1994 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Specials : Robert Butler ( pilot episode ) Nominated 1994 Viewers for Quality Television Awards Best Actress in a Quality Drama Series : Teri Hatcher Nominated 1995 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series ( episode : `` Wall Of Sound '' ) Nominated 1995 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costuming for a Series ( episode : `` That Old Gang Of Mine '' ) Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series ( episode : `` Do n't Tug On Superman 's Cape '' ) Nominated See also ( edit ) List of villains in Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Superman and Lois Lane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Du Brow , Rick ( May 11 , 1993 ) . `` At ABC , Life Goes On With 11 New Series '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations of Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 -- 1997 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( September 11 , 1993 ) . `` Lois & Clark Soars , and So Does Townsend '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( April 9 , 1995 ) . `` TELEVISION VIEW ; That Man In a Cape Is Still Flying '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( May 11 , 2006 ) . `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 50 ! '' . cbr.com . Jump up ^ `` Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 8 , 1995 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's ' Superman ' Undergoing a Planetary Shift '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ On the DVD commentary for the pilot of Lois & Clark , Dean Cain said that he and Landes looked as though they could be related . Jump up ^ `` History of Lois and Clark -- Part 1 '' . Redboots.net . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chris Ruppenthal ( writers ) & Jim Pohl ( director ) ( Feb 11 , 1996 ) . `` I Now Pronounce You ... '' . Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman . Season 2 . Episode 15 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Interview '' . Kryptonsite.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Allstetter , Rob ( August 1997 ) . `` ' Lois & Clark ' Meets Kryptonite '' . Wizard ( 72 ) . p. 119 . Jump up ^ `` Lois & Clark Interviews : Executive Producer Brad Buckner - 2003 '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meisler , Andy ( October 16 , 1994 ) . `` A Familiar Name , but I Ca n't Place the Face '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Younger Jimmy Joins ` Lois & Clark ' '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , N.F. ( March 26 , 1995 ) . `` As ABC 's second assigned Jimmy Olsen , Justin Whalin hits the newsroom running '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cherryh , C. J ( August 1996 ) . Lois & Clark : A Superman Novel . Prima Lifestyles . ISBN 0761504826 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Michael Jan ( April 1996 ) . Heat Wave . HarperCollins . ISBN 0061010618 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Michael Jan ( May 1996 ) . Exile . HarperCollins . ISBN 0061010626 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Michael Jan ( June 1996 ) . Deadly Games . HarperCollins . ISBN 0061010634 . Jump up ^ Gord Lacey ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman -- It 's a bird , it 's a plane , it 's an announcement '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi Online . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gord Lacey ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Season 2 news and artwork '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi Online . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gord Lacey ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman -- `` Superday '' concludes with Lois & Clark , Season 3 `` . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi Online . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gord Lacey ( August 16 , 2006 ) . `` Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman -- A Super Wedding Happens This November -- Season 4 Announced '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi Online . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman 1990s portal Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman DVD Site First Person Account from Season One Supervising Producer Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman on IMDb Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman at TV.com Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman on SupermanHomepage.com Superman franchise media Newspaper comic strips Superman ( 1939 -- 66 ) The World 's Greatest Superheroes ( 1978 -- 85 ) Radio The Adventures of Superman ( US , 1940 -- 51 ) The Adventures of Superman ( UK , 1988 ) Live - action serials and films Serials Superman ( 1948 ) Atom Man vs. Superman 1951 film series Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman ( short film ) 1978 film series Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Supergirl Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns DC Extended Universe Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated films Featuring Superman Superman animated shorts ( 1941 -- 43 ) Brainiac Attacks Doomsday All - Star Unbound With other heroes Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam Justice League : Doom Superman vs. The Elite Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Television Live - action Adventures of Superman Stamp Day for Superman The Adventures of Superpup The Adventures of Superboy ( pilot ) Superboy Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Smallville Supergirl Krypton Animation New Adventures Adventures of Superboy Super Friends Superman The Animated Series Krypto the Superdog Justice League Justice League Unlimited Legion of Super Heroes Justice League Action Novels The Adventures of Superman ( 1942 ) Superman : Last Son of Krypton Miracle Monday Superman : Doomsday & Beyond Lois & Clark : A Superman Novel It 's Superman ! 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Stage It 's a Bird ... It 's a Plane ... It 's Superman Toys Lego Superman Advertisement The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman ( 2004 ) Related articles Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Hollywoodland `` Lucy and Superman '' ( I Love Lucy episode , 1957 ) Kryptonite `` Man of Steel , Woman of Kleenex '' National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications Seinfeld episodes , 1994 -- 1996 `` The Race '' `` The Bizarro Jerry '' Steel ( 1997 film ) Sunman ( 1992 video game ) Superman curse Superman ice cream `` Superman and Paula Brown 's New Snowsuit '' Superwoman `` The Reign of the Superman '' See also Supergirl in other media Justice League in other media Lex Luthor in other media Live - action television programs based on DC Comics TV series Former Adventures of Superman ( 1952 -- 58 ) Batman ( 1966 -- 68 ) Shazam ! 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It 's Superman Legends of the Superheroes See also Arrowverse Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1988 ) Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1989 / 90 ) Dark Shadows ( 1991 ) The Simpsons ( 1992 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 ) The X-Files ( 1994 ) The Outer Limits ( 1995 ) The X-Files ( 1996 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 ) The X-Files ( 1998 ) Now and Again ( 1999 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2000 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) Angel / CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2003 ) Lost ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) Heroes ( 2006 ) Lost ( 2007 ) Lost ( 2008 ) Lost ( 2009 ) Fringe ( 2010 ) Fringe ( 2011 ) Revolution ( 2012 ) Hannibal / Revolution ( 2013 ) Hannibal ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois_%26_Clark:_The_New_Adventures_of_Superman&oldid=801722421 '' Categories : Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman 1990s American television series 1993 American television series debuts 1997 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American action television series American adventure television series American drama television series American fantasy television series American romance television series English - language television programs Superman television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in the United States Television series about journalism Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played lex luthor in lois and clark	[ "Superman's first mission interferes with the illegal dealings of Lex Luthor (John Shea), a Metropolis business giant and benefactor. After Luthor's plot was stopped, Superman let Luthor know he is watching him and the two become arch-enemies. However, Clark respects Luthor's life, even surreptitiously using his superpowers to save Lex from bleeding to death. Luthor sees Superman as a worthy opponent; he ultimately discovers his weakness to kryptonite and realizes he has a secret identity, vowing to learn it in hopes of making the hero's life difficult." ]	[ "John Shea" ]
-216713381749555571	Malnutrition	Malnutrition - wikipedia Malnutrition Jump to : navigation , search `` Underfeeding '' redirects here . For the concept in metalworking , see Underfeeder . Malnutrition Synonyms Malnourishment An orange ribbon -- the awareness ribbon for malnutrition . Specialty Critical care medicine Symptoms Problems with physical or mental development , poor energy levels , swollen legs and abdomen Causes Eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much , malabsorption Risk factors Not breastfeed , gastroenteritis , pneumonia , malaria , measles Prevention Improving agricultural practices , reducing poverty , improving sanitation , empowerment of women Treatment Improved nutrition , supplementation , ready - to - use therapeutic foods , treating the underlying cause Frequency 793 million undernourished / 13 % of the population ( 2015 ) Deaths 406,000 from nutritional deficiencies ( 2015 ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems . It may involve calories , protein , carbohydrates , vitamins or minerals . Not enough nutrients is called undernutrition or undernourishment while too much is called overnutrition . Malnutrition is often used to specifically refer to undernutrition where an individual is not getting enough calories , protein , or micronutrients . If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy , or before two years of age , it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development . Extreme undernourishment , known as starvation , may have symptoms that include : a short height , thin body , very poor energy levels , and swollen legs and abdomen . People also often get infections and are frequently cold . The symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies depend on the micronutrient that is lacking . Undernourishment is most often due to not enough high - quality food being available to eat . This is often related to high food prices and poverty . A lack of breastfeeding may contribute , as may a number of infectious diseases such as : gastroenteritis , pneumonia , malaria , and measles , which increase nutrient requirements . There are two main types of undernutrition : protein - energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies . Protein - energy malnutrition has two severe forms : marasmus ( a lack of protein and calories ) and kwashiorkor ( a lack of just protein ) . Common micronutrient deficiencies include : a lack of iron , iodine , and vitamin A. During pregnancy , due to the body 's increased need , deficiencies may become more common . In some developing countries , overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition . Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery . Efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development aid . Breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and death in children , and efforts to promote the practice increase the rates of breastfeeding . In young children , providing food ( in addition to breastmilk ) between six months and two years of age improves outcomes . There is also good evidence supporting the supplementation of a number of micronutrients to women during pregnancy and among young children in the developing world . To get food to people who need it most , both delivering food and providing money so people can buy food within local markets are effective . Simply feeding students at school is insufficient . Management of severe malnutrition within the person 's home with ready - to - use therapeutic foods is possible much of the time . In those who have severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems , treatment in a hospital setting is recommended . This often involves managing low blood sugar and body temperature , addressing dehydration , and gradual feeding . Routine antibiotics are usually recommended due to the high risk of infection . Longer - term measures include : improving agricultural practices , reducing poverty , improving sanitation , and the empowerment of women . There were 793 million undernourished people in the world in 2015 ( 13 % of the total population ) . This is a reduction of 216 million people since 1990 when 23 % were undernourished . In 2012 it was estimated that another billion people had a lack of vitamins and minerals . In 2015 , protein - energy malnutrition was estimated to have resulted in 323,000 deaths -- down from 510,000 deaths in 1990 . Other nutritional deficiencies , which include iodine deficiency and iron deficiency anemia , result in another 83,000 deaths . In 2010 , malnutrition was the cause of 1.4 % of all disability adjusted life years . About a third of deaths in children are believed to be due to undernutrition , although the deaths are rarely labelled as such . In 2010 , it was estimated to have contributed to about 1.5 million deaths in women and children , though some estimate the number may be greater than 3 million . An additional 165 million children were estimated to have stunted growth from malnutrition in 2013 . Undernutrition is more common in developing countries . Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition , including women -- in particular while pregnant or breastfeeding -- children under five years of age , and the elderly . In the elderly , undernutrition becomes more common due to physical , psychological , and social factors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Undernutrition and overnutrition 1.2 Protein - energy malnutrition 1.2. 1 Kwashiorkor 1.2. 2 Marasmus 1.3 Undernutrition , hunger 1.4 Definition by Gomez 1.5 Definition by Waterlow 2 Effects 2.1 Signs 2.2 Cognitive development 3 Causes 3.1 Diseases 3.2 Dietary practices 3.2. 1 Undernutrition 3.2. 2 Overnutrition 3.3 Poverty and food prices 3.4 Agricultural productivity 3.5 Future threats 4 Prevention 4.1 Food security 4.2 Breastfeeding 4.3 Fortified foods 4.4 World population 4.5 Food sovereignty 4.6 Health facilities 5 Global initiatives 6 Management 6.1 Food 6.2 Micronutrients 6.3 Diarrhea 6.4 Low blood sugar 6.5 Hypothermia 6.6 Economics 7 Epidemiology 7.1 People affected 7.2 Mortality 8 Society and culture 9 Special populations 9.1 Children 9.2 Women 9.2. 1 Gender 9.2. 2 Physiology 9.2. 3 Pregnancy and breastfeeding 9.2. 4 Educating children 9.3 Elderly 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Definitions ( edit ) Child in the United States with signs of Kwashiorkor , a dietary protein deficiency . Unless specifically mentioned otherwise , the term malnutrition refers to undernutrition for the remainder of this article . Malnutrition can be divided into two different types , SAM and MAM . SAM refers to children with severe acute malnutrition . MAM refers to moderate acute malnutrition . Undernutrition and overnutrition ( edit ) Malnutrition is caused by eating a diet in which nutrients are not enough or are too much such that it causes health problems . It is a category of diseases that includes undernutrition and overnutrition . Overnutrition can result in obesity and being overweight . In some developing countries , overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition . However , the term malnutrition is commonly used to refer to undernutrition only . This applies particularly to the context of development cooperation . Therefore , `` malnutrition '' in documents by the World Health Organization , UNICEF , Save the Children or other international non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) usually is equated to undernutrition . Protein - energy malnutrition ( edit ) Undernutrition is sometimes used as a synonym of protein -- energy malnutrition ( PEM ) . While other include both micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition in its definition . It differs from calorie restriction in that calorie restriction may not result in negative health effects . The term hypoalimentation means underfeeding . The term `` severe malnutrition '' or `` severe undernutrition '' is often used to refer specifically to PEM . PEM is often associated with micronutrient deficiency . Two forms of PEM are kwashiorkor and marasmus , and they commonly coexist . Kwashiorkor ( edit ) Kwashiorkor is mainly caused by inadequate protein intake . The main symptoms are edema , wasting , liver enlargement , hypoalbuminaemia , steatosis , and possibly depigmentation of skin and hair . Kwashiorkor is further identified by swelling of the belly , which is deceiving of actual nutritional status . The term means ' displaced child ' and is derived from a Ghana language of West Africa , means `` the sickness the older one gets when the next baby is born , '' as this is when the older child is deprived of breast feeding and weaned to a diet composed largely of carbohydrates . Marasmus ( edit ) Marasmus ( ' to waste away ' ) is caused by an inadequate intake of protein and energy . The main symptoms are severe wasting , leaving little or no edema , minimal subcutaneous fat , severe muscle wasting , and non-normal serum albumin levels . Marasmus can result from a sustained diet of inadequate energy and protein , and the metabolism adapts to prolong survival . It is traditionally seen in famine , significant food restriction , or more severe cases of anorexia . Conditions are characterized by extreme wasting of the muscles and a gaunt expression . Undernutrition , hunger ( edit ) Undernutrition encompasses stunted growth ( stunting ) , wasting , and deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals ( collectively referred to as micronutrients ) . The term hunger , which describes a feeling of discomfort from not eating , has been used to describe undernutrition , especially in reference to food insecurity . Definition by Gomez ( edit ) In 1956 , Gómez and Galvan studied factors associated with death in a group of malnourished ( undernourished ) children in a hospital in Mexico City , Mexico and defined categories of malnutrition : first , second , and third degree . The degrees were based on weight below a specified percentage of median weight for age . The risk of death increases with increasing degree of malnutrition . An adaptation of Gomez 's original classification is still used today . While it provides a way to compare malnutrition within and between populations , the classification has been criticized for being `` arbitrary '' and for not considering overweight as a form of malnutrition . Also , height alone may not be the best indicator of malnutrition ; children who are born prematurely may be considered short for their age even if they have good nutrition . Degree of PEM % of desired body weight for age and sex Normal 90 % - 100 % Mild : Grade I ( 1st degree ) 75 % - 89 % Moderate : Grade II ( 2nd degree ) 60 % - 74 % Severe : Grade III ( 3rd degree ) < 60 % SOURCE : `` Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition '' Definition by Waterlow ( edit ) John Conrad Waterlow established a new classification for malnutrition . Instead of using just weight for age measurements , the classification established by Waterlow combines weight - for - height ( indicating acute episodes of malnutrition ) with height - for - age to show the stunting that results from chronic malnutrition . One advantage of the Waterlow classification over the Gomez classification is that weight for height can be examined even if ages are not known . Degree of PEM Stunting ( % ) Height for age Wasting ( % ) Weight for height Normal : Grade 0 > 95 % > 90 % Mild : Grade I 87.5 - 95 % 80 - 90 % Moderate : Grade II 80 - 87.5 % 70 - 80 % Severe : Grade III < 80 % < 70 % SOURCE : `` Classification and definition of protein - calorie malnutrition . '' by Waterlow , 1972 These classifications of malnutrition are commonly used with some modifications by WHO . Effects ( edit ) See also : Stunted growth and Wasting Malnutrition increases the risk of infection and infectious disease , and moderate malnutrition weakens every part of the immune system . For example , it is a major risk factor in the onset of active tuberculosis . Protein and energy malnutrition and deficiencies of specific micronutrients ( including iron , zinc , and vitamins ) increase susceptibility to infection . Malnutrition affects HIV transmission by increasing the risk of transmission from mother to child and also increasing replication of the virus . In communities or areas that lack access to safe drinking water , these additional health risks present a critical problem . Lower energy and impaired function of the brain also represent the downward spiral of malnutrition as victims are less able to perform the tasks they need to in order to acquire food , earn an income , or gain an education . Vitamin - deficiency - related diseases ( such as scurvy and rickets ) . Hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) can result from a child not eating for 4 to 6 hours . Hypoglycemia should be considered if there is lethargy , limpness , convulsion , or loss of consciousness . If blood sugar can be measured immediately and quickly , perform a finger or heel stick . Signs ( edit ) In those with malnutrition some of the signs of dehydration differ . Children ; however , may still be interested in drinking , have decreased interactions with the world around them , have decreased urine output , and may be cool to touch . Site Sign Face Moon face ( kwashiorkor ) , simian facies ( marasmus ) Eye Dry eyes , pale conjunctiva , Bitot 's spots ( vitamin A ) , periorbital edema Mouth Angular stomatitis , cheilitis , glossitis , spongy bleeding gums ( vitamin C ) , parotid enlargement Teeth Enamel mottling , delayed eruption Hair Dull , sparse , brittle hair , hypopigmentation , flag sign ( alternating bands of light and normal color ) , broomstick eyelashes , alopecia Skin Loose and wrinkled ( marasmus ) , shiny and edematous ( kwashiorkor ) , dry , follicular hyperkeratosis , patchy hyper - and hypopigmentation , erosions , poor wound healing Nail Koilonychia , thin and soft nail plates , fissures or ridges Musculature Muscles wasting , particularly in the buttocks and thighs Skeletal Deformities usually a result of calcium , vitamin D , or vitamin C deficiencies Abdomen Distended - hepatomegaly with fatty liver , ascites may be present Cardiovascular Bradycardia , hypotension , reduced cardiac output , small vessel vasculopathy Neurologic Global development delay , loss of knee and ankle reflexes , poor memory Hematological Pallor , petechiae , bleeding diathesis Behavior Lethargic , apathetic Source : `` Protein Energy Malnutrition '' Cognitive development ( edit ) Protein - calorie malnutrition can cause cognitive impairments . For humans , `` critical period varies from the final third of gestation to the first 2 years of life '' . Iron deficiency anemia in children under two years of age likely affects brain function acutely and probably also chronically . Folate deficiency has been linked to neural tube defects . Malnutrition in the form of iodine deficiency is `` the most common preventable cause of mental impairment worldwide . '' `` Even moderate deficiency , especially in pregnant women and infants , lowers intelligence by 10 to 15 I.Q. points , shaving incalculable potential off a nation 's development . The most visible and severe effects -- disabling goiters , cretinism and dwarfism -- affect a tiny minority , usually in mountain villages . But 16 percent of the world 's people have at least mild goiter , a swollen thyroid gland in the neck . '' Causes ( edit ) See also : List of types of malnutrition Union Army soldier on his release from Andersonville prison , 1865 Major causes of malnutrition include poverty and food prices , dietary practices and agricultural productivity , with many individual cases being a mixture of several factors . Clinical malnutrition , such as : cachexia , is a major burden also in developed countries . Various scales of analysis also have to be considered in order to determine the sociopolitical causes of malnutrition . For example , the population of a community that is within poor governments , may be at risk if the area lacks health - related services , but on a smaller scale certain households or individuals may be at an even higher risk due to differences in income levels , access to land , or levels of education . Diseases ( edit ) Malnutrition can be a consequence of health issues such as gastroenteritis or chronic illness , especially the HIV / AIDS pandemic . Diarrhea and other infections can cause malnutrition through decreased nutrient absorption , decreased intake of food , increased metabolic requirements , and direct nutrient loss . Parasite infections , in particular intestinal worm infections ( helminthiasis ) , can also lead to malnutrition . A leading cause of diarrhea and intestinal worm infections in children in developing countries is lack of sanitation and hygiene . People may become malnourished due to abnormal nutrient loss ( due to diarrhea or chronic illness affecting the small bowel ) . This conditions may include Crohn 's disease or untreated coeliac disease . Malnutrition may also occur due to increased energy expenditure ( secondary malnutrition ) . Dietary practices ( edit ) Undernutrition ( edit ) A lack of adequate breastfeeding leads to malnutrition in infants and children , associated with the deaths of an estimated one million children annually . Illegal advertising of breast milk substitutes continues three decades after its 1981 prohibition under the WHO International Code of Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes . Deriving too much of one 's diet from a single source , such as eating almost exclusively corn or rice , can cause malnutrition . This may either be from a lack of education about proper nutrition , or from only having access to a single food source . It is not just the total amount of calories that matters but specific nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency , iron deficiency or zinc deficiency can also increase risk of death . Overnutrition ( edit ) Overnutrition caused by overeating is also a form of malnutrition . In the United States , more than half of all adults are now overweight -- a condition that , like hunger , increases susceptibility to disease and disability , reduces worker productivity , and lowers life expectancy . Overeating is much more common in the United States , where for the majority of people , access to food is not an issue . Many parts of the world have access to a surplus of non-nutritious food , in addition to increased sedentary lifestyles . Yale psychologist Kelly Brownell calls this a `` toxic food environment '' where fat and sugar laden foods have taken precedence over healthy nutritious foods . The issue in these developed countries is choosing the right kind of food . More fast food is consumed per capita in the United States than in any other country . The reason for this mass consumption of fast food is its affordability and accessibility . Often fast food , low in cost and nutrition , is high in calories and heavily promoted . When these eating habits are combined with increasingly urbanized , automated , and more sedentary lifestyles , it becomes clear why weight gain is difficult to avoid . Not only does obesity occur in developed countries , problems are also occurring in developing countries in areas where income is on the rise . Overeating is also a problem in countries where hunger and poverty persist . In China , consumption of high - fat foods has increased while consumption of rice and other goods has decreased . Overeating leads to many diseases , such as heart disease and diabetes , that may result in death . Poverty and food prices ( edit ) A child with extreme malnutrition In Bangladesh , poor socioeconomic position was associated with chronic malnutrition since it inhibits purchase of nutritious foods such as milk , meat , poultry , and fruits . As much as food shortages may be a contributing factor to malnutrition in countries with lack of technology , the FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization ) has estimated that eighty percent of malnourished children living in the developing world live in countries that produce food surpluses . The economist Amartya Sen observed that , in recent decades , famine has always been a problem of food distribution and / or poverty , as there has been sufficient food to feed the whole population of the world . He states that malnutrition and famine were more related to problems of food distribution and purchasing power . It is argued that commodity speculators are increasing the cost of food . As the real estate bubble in the United States was collapsing , it is said that trillions of dollars moved to invest in food and primary commodities , causing the 2007 -- 2008 food price crisis . The use of biofuels as a replacement for traditional fuels raises the price of food . The United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food , Jean Ziegler proposes that agricultural waste , such as corn cobs and banana leaves , rather than crops themselves be used as fuel . Agricultural productivity ( edit ) Local food shortages can be caused by a lack of arable land , adverse weather , lower farming skills such as crop rotation , or by a lack of technology or resources needed for the higher yields found in modern agriculture , such as fertilizers , pesticides , irrigation , machinery and storage facilities . As a result of widespread poverty , farmers can not afford or governments can not provide the resources necessary to improve local yields . The World Bank and some wealthy donor countries also press nations that depend on aid to cut or eliminate subsidized agricultural inputs such as fertilizer , in the name of free market policies even as the United States and Europe extensively subsidized their own farmers . Many , if not most , farmers can not afford fertilizer at market prices , leading to low agricultural production and wages and high , unaffordable food prices . Reasons for the unavailability of fertilizer include moves to stop supplying fertilizer on environmental grounds , cited as the obstacle to feeding Africa by the Green Revolution pioneers Norman Borlaug and Keith Rosenberg . Future threats ( edit ) There are a number of potential disruptions to global food supply that could cause widespread malnutrition . Climate change is of importance to food security , with 95 percent of all malnourished peoples living in the relatively stable climate region of the sub-tropics and tropics . According to the latest IPCC reports , temperature increases in these regions are `` very likely . '' Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions . Many of these have great impact on agricultural production and hence nutrition . For example , the 1998 -- 2001 central Asian drought brought about an 80 percent livestock loss and 50 percent reduction in wheat and barley crops in Iran . Similar figures were present in other nations . An increase in extreme weather such as drought in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa would have even greater consequences in terms of malnutrition . Even without an increase of extreme weather events , a simple increase in temperature reduces the productivity of many crop species , also decreasing food security in these regions . Colony collapse disorder is a phenomenon where bees die in large numbers . Since many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by bees , this represents a threat to the supply of food . An epidemic of wheat stem rust caused by race Ug99 is currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and , it is feared , could wipe out more than 80 percent of the world 's wheat crops . Prevention ( edit ) Irrigation canals have opened dry desert areas of Egypt to agriculture . Food security ( edit ) Main article : Food security The effort to bring modern agricultural techniques found in the West , such as nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides , to Asia , called the Green Revolution , resulted in decreases in malnutrition similar to those seen earlier in Western nations . This was possible because of existing infrastructure and institutions that are in short supply in Africa , such as a system of roads or public seed companies that made seeds available . Investments in agriculture , such as subsidized fertilizers and seeds , increases food harvest and reduces food prices . For example , in the case of Malawi , almost five million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid . However , after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced against World Bank strictures , farmers produced record - breaking corn harvests as production leaped to 3.4 million in 2007 from 1.2 million in 2005 , making Malawi a major food exporter . This lowered food prices and increased wages for farm workers . Such investments in agriculture are still needed in other African countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The country has one of the highest prevalence of malnutrition even though it is blessed with great agricultural potential John Ulimwengu explains in his article for D + C. Proponents for investing in agriculture include Jeffrey Sachs , who has championed the idea that wealthy countries should invest in fertilizer and seed for Africa 's farmers . New technology in agricultural production also has great potential to combat undernutrition . By improving agricultural yields , farmers could reduce poverty by increasing income as well as open up area for diversification of crops for household use . The World Bank itself claims to be part of the solution to malnutrition , asserting that the best way for countries to succeed in breaking the cycle of poverty and malnutrition is to build export - led economies that will give them the financial means to buy foodstuffs on the world market . Breastfeeding ( edit ) As of 2016 is estimated that about 821,000 deaths of children less than five years old could be prevented globally per year through more widespread breastfeeding . Fortified foods ( edit ) Manufacturers are trying to fortify everyday foods with micronutrients that can be sold to consumers such as wheat flour for Beladi bread in Egypt or fish sauce in Vietnam and the iodization of salt . For example , flour has been fortified with iron , zinc , folic acid and other B vitamins such as thiamine , riboflavin , niacin and vitamin B12 . World population ( edit ) Restricting population size is a proposed solution . Thomas Malthus argued that population growth could be controlled by natural disasters and voluntary limits through `` moral restraint . '' Robert Chapman suggests that an intervention through government policies is a necessary ingredient of curtailing global population growth . However , there are many who believe that the world has more than enough resources to sustain its population . Instead , these theorists point to unequal distribution of resources and under - or unutilized arable land as the cause for malnutrition problems . For example , Amartya Sen advocates that , `` no matter how a famine is caused , methods of breaking it call for a large supply of food in the public distribution system . This applies not only to organizing rationing and control , but also to undertaking work programmes and other methods of increasing purchasing power for those hit by shifts in exchange entitlements in a general inflationary situation . '' Food sovereignty ( edit ) Main article : Food sovereignty One suggested policy framework to resolve access issues is termed food sovereignty -- the right of peoples to define their own food , agriculture , livestock , and fisheries systems , in contrast to having food largely subjected to international market forces . Food First is one of the primary think tanks working to build support for food sovereignty . Neoliberals advocate for an increasing role of the free market . Health facilities ( edit ) Another possible long term solution would be to increase access to health facilities to rural parts of the world . These facilities could monitor undernourished children , act as supplemental food distribution centers , and provide education on dietary needs . These types of facilities have already proven very successful in countries such as Peru and Ghana . Global initiatives ( edit ) In April 2012 , the Food Assistance Convention was signed , the world 's first legally binding international agreement on food aid . The May 2012 Copenhagen Consensus recommended that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition should be the first priority for politicians and private sector philanthropists looking to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending . They put this ahead of other priorities , like the fight against malaria and AIDS . The main global policy to reduce hunger and poverty are the Sustainable Development Goals . In particular Goal 2 : Zero hunger sets globally agreed targets to end hunger , achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture . The partnership Compact2025 , led by IFPRI with the involvement of UN organisations , NGOs and private foundations develops and disseminates evidence - based advice to politicians and other decision - makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years , by 2025 . The EndingHunger campaign is an online communication campaign aimed at raising awareness of the hunger problem . It has many worked through viral videos depicting celebrities voicing their anger about the large number of hungry people in the world . Another initiative focused on improving the hunger situation by improving nutrition is the Scaling up Nutrition movement ( SUN ) . Started in 2010 this movement of people from governments , civil society , the United Nations , donors , businesses and researchers , publishes a yearly progress report on the changes in their 55 partner countries . Management ( edit ) See also : Famine relief A malnourished Afghan child being treated by a medical team . A Somali boy receiving treatment for malnourishment at a health facility . In response to child malnutrition , the Bangladeshi government recommends ten steps for treating severe malnutrition . They are to prevent or treat dehydration , low blood sugar , low body temperature , infection , correct electrolyte imbalances and micronutrient deficiencies , start feeding cautiously , achieve catch - up growth , provide psychological support , and prepare for discharge and follow - up after recovery . Among those patients who are hospitalized , nutritional support improves protein , colorie intake and weight . Food ( edit ) The evidence for benefit of supplementary feeding is poor . This is due to the small amount of research done on this treatment . Specially formulated foods do however appear useful in those from the developing world with moderate acute malnutrition . In young children with severe acute malnutrition it is unclear if ready - to - use therapeutic food differs from a normal diet . They may have some benefits in humanitarian emergencies as they can be eaten directly from the packet , do not require refrigeration or mixing with clean water , and can be stored for years . In those who are severely malnourished , feeding too much too quickly can result in refeeding syndrome . This can result regardless of route of feeding and can present itself a couple of days after eating with heart failure , dysrhythmias and confusion that can result in death . Micronutrients ( edit ) Treating malnutrition , mostly through fortifying foods with micronutrients ( vitamins and minerals ) , improves lives at a lower cost and shorter time than other forms of aid , according to the World Bank . The Copenhagen Consensus , which look at a variety of development proposals , ranked micronutrient supplements as number one . In those with diarrhea , once an initial four - hour rehydration period is completed , zinc supplementation is recommended . Daily zinc increases the chances of reducing the severity and duration of the diarrhea , and continuing with daily zinc for ten to fourteen days makes diarrhea less likely recur in the next two to three months . In addition , malnourished children need both potassium and magnesium . This can be obtained by following the above recommendations for the dehydrated child to continue eating within two to three hours of starting rehydration , and including foods rich in potassium as above . Low blood potassium is worsened when base ( as in Ringer 's / Hartmann 's ) is given to treat acidosis without simultaneously providing potassium . As above , available home products such as salted and unsalted cereal water , salted and unsalted vegetable broth can be given early during the course of a child 's diarrhea along with continued eating . Vitamin A , potassium , magnesium , and zinc should be added with other vitamins and minerals if available . For a malnourished child with diarrhea from any cause , this should include foods rich in potassium such as bananas , green coconut water , and unsweetened fresh fruit juice . Diarrhea ( edit ) Examples of commercially available oral rehydration salts ( Nepal on left , Peru on right ) . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends rehydrating a severely undernourished child who has diarrhea relatively slowly . The preferred method is with fluids by mouth using a drink called oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) . The oral rehydration solution is both slightly sweet and slightly salty and the one recommended in those with severe undernutrition should have half the usual sodium and greater potassium . Fluids by nasogastric tube may be use in those who do not drink . Intravenous fluids are recommended only in those who have significant dehydration due to their potential complications . These complications include congestive heart failure . Over time , ORS developed into ORT , or oral rehydration therapy , which focused on increasing fluids by supplying salts , carbohydrates , and water . This switch from type of fluid to amount of fluid was crucial in order to prevent dehydration from diarrhea . Breast feeding and eating should resume as soon as possible . Drinks such as soft drinks , fruit juices , or sweetened teas are not recommended as they contain too much sugar and may worsen diarrhea . Broad spectrum antibiotics are recommended in all severely undernourished children with diarrhea requiring admission to hospital . To prevent dehydration readily available fluids , preferably with a modest amount of sugars and salt such as vegetable broth or salted rice water , may be used . The drinking of additional clean water is also recommended . Once dehydration develops oral rehydration solutions are preferred . As much of these drinks as the person wants can be given , unless there are signs of swelling . If vomiting occurs , fluids can be paused for 5 -- 10 minutes and then restarting more slowly . Vomiting rarely prevents rehydration as fluid are still absorbed and the vomiting rarely last long . A severely malnourished child with what appears to be dehydration but who has not had diarrhea should be treated as if they have an infection . For babies a dropper or syringe without the needle can be used to put small amounts of fluid into the mouth ; for children under 2 , a teaspoon every one to two minutes ; and for older children and adults , frequent sips directly from a cup . After the first two hours , rehydration should be continued at the same or slower rate , determined by how much fluid the child wants and any ongoing diarrheal loses . After the first two hours of rehydration it is recommended that to alternate between rehydration and food . In 2003 , WHO and UNICEF recommended a reduced - osmolarity ORS which still treats dehydration but also reduced stool volume and vomiting . Reduced - osmolarity ORS is the current standard ORS with reasonably wide availability . For general use , one packet of ORS ( glucose sugar , salt , potassium chloride , and trisodium citrate ) is added to one liter of water ; however , for malnourished children it is recommended that one packet of ORS be added to two liters of water along with an extra 50 grams of sucrose sugar and some stock potassium solution . Malnourished children have an excess of body sodium . Recommendations for home remedies agree with one liter of water ( 34 oz . ) and 6 teaspoons sugar and disagree regarding whether it is then one teaspoon of salt added or only 1 / 2 , with perhaps most sources recommending 1 / 2 teaspoon of added salt to one liter water . Low blood sugar ( edit ) Hypoglycemia , whether known or suspected , can be treated with a mixture of sugar and water . If the child is conscious , the initial dose of sugar and water can be given by mouth . If the child is unconscious , give glucose by intravenous or nasogastric tube . If seizures occur after despite glucose , rectal diazepam is recommended . Blood sugar levels should be re-checked on two hour intervals . Hypothermia ( edit ) Hypothermia can occur . To prevent or treat this , the child can be kept warm with covering including of the head or by direct skin - to - skin contact with the mother or father and then covering both parent and child . Prolonged bathing or prolonged medical exams should be avoided . Warming methods are usually most important at night . Economics ( edit ) There is a growing realization among aid groups that giving cash or cash vouchers instead of food is a cheaper , faster , and more efficient way to deliver help to the hungry , particularly in areas where food is available but unaffordable . The UN 's World Food Program , the biggest non-governmental distributor of food , announced that it will begin distributing cash and vouchers instead of food in some areas , which Josette Sheeran , the WFP 's executive director , described as a `` revolution '' in food aid . The aid agency Concern Worldwide is piloting a method through a mobile phone operator , Safaricom , which runs a money transfer program that allows cash to be sent from one part of the country to another . However , for people in a drought living a long way from and with limited access to markets , delivering food may be the most appropriate way to help . Fred Cuny stated that `` the chances of saving lives at the outset of a relief operation are greatly reduced when food is imported . By the time it arrives in the country and gets to people , many will have died . '' U.S. law , which requires buying food at home rather than where the hungry live , is inefficient because approximately half of what is spent goes for transport . Cuny further pointed out `` studies of every recent famine have shown that food was available in - country -- though not always in the immediate food deficit area '' and `` even though by local standards the prices are too high for the poor to purchase it , it would usually be cheaper for a donor to buy the hoarded food at the inflated price than to import it from abroad . '' Ethiopia has been pioneering a program that has now become part of the World Bank 's prescribed method for coping with a food crisis and had been seen by aid organizations as a model of how to best help hungry nations . Through the country 's main food assistance program , the Productive Safety Net Program , Ethiopia has been giving rural residents who are chronically short of food , a chance to work for food or cash . Foreign aid organizations like the World Food Program were then able to buy food locally from surplus areas to distribute in areas with a shortage of food . Ethiopia been pioneering a program , and Brazil has established a recycling program for organic waste that benefits farmers , urban poor , and the city in general . City residents separate organic waste from their garbage , bag it , and then exchange it for fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers . As a result , the country 's waste is reduced and the urban poor get a steady supply of nutritious food . Epidemiology ( edit ) Main article : Epidemiology of malnutrition Percentage of population affected by undernutrition by country Disability - adjusted life year for nutritional deficiencies per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . Nutritional deficiencies included : protein - energy malnutrition , iodine deficiency , vitamin A deficiency , and iron deficiency anaemia . no data < 200 200 - 400 400 - 600 600 - 800 800 - 1000 1000 - 1200 1200 - 1400 1400 - 1600 1600 - 1800 1800 - 2000 2000 - 2200 > 2200 The figures provided in this section on epidemiology all refer to undernutrition even if the term malnutrition is used which , by definition , could also apply to too much nutrition . People affected ( edit ) There were 793 million undernourished people in the world in 2015 . This was 216 million fewer people than in 1990 when it was 991 million undernourished people . This is despite the world 's farmers producing enough food to feed around 12 billion people -- almost double the current world population . Malnutrition , as of 2010 , was the cause of 1.4 % of all disability adjusted life years . Number of undernourished globally Year 1970 1980 1995 2005 2007 / 08 2014 / 16 Number in millions 843 788 848 923 793 Percentage in the developing world 37 % 28 % 20 % 16 % 17 % 13.5 % Mortality ( edit ) Deaths from nutritional deficiencies per million persons in 2012 0 - 4 5 - 8 9 - 13 14 - 23 24 - 34 35 - 56 57 - 91 92 - 220 221 - 365 366 - 1,207 Mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58 percent of the total mortality in 2006 : `` In the world , approximately 62 million people , all causes of death combined , die each year . One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished and according to the Save the Children 2012 report , one in four of the world 's children are chronically malnourished . In 2006 , more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients '' . In 2010 protein - energy malnutrition resulted in 600,000 deaths down from 883,000 deaths in 1990 . Other nutritional deficiencies , which include iodine deficiency and iron deficiency anemia , result in another 84,000 deaths . In 2010 malnutrition caused about 1.5 million deaths in women and children . According to the World Health Organization , malnutrition is the biggest contributor to child mortality , present in half of all cases . Six million children die of hunger every year . Underweight births and intrauterine growth restrictions cause 2.2 million child deaths a year . Poor or non-existent breastfeeding causes another 1.4 million . Other deficiencies , such as lack of vitamin A or zinc , for example , account for 1 million . Malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible . Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower education achievement . Their own children tend to be smaller . Malnutrition was previously seen as something that exacerbates the problems of diseases such as measles , pneumonia and diarrhea , but malnutrition actually causes diseases , and can be fatal in its own right . Society and culture ( edit ) Roughly $300 million of aid goes to basic nutrition each year , less than $2 for each child below two in the 20 worst affected countries . In contrast , HIV / AIDS , which causes fewer deaths than child malnutrition , received $2.2 billion -- $67 per person with HIV in all countries . The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) , a member of the CGIAR consortium , partners with farmers , governments , researchers and NGOs to help farmers grow nutritious crops , such as chickpea , groundnut , pigeonpea , millet and sorghum . This helps their communities have more balanced diets and become more resilient to pests and drought . The Harnessing Opportunities for Productivity Enhancement of Sorghum and Millets in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian - Subcontinent ( HOPE ) project , for example , is increasing yields of finger millet in Tanzania by encouraging farmers to grow improved varieties . Finger millet is very high in calcium , rich in iron and fiber , and has a better energy content than other cereals . These characteristics make it ideal for feeding to infants and the elderly . Some organizations have begun working with teachers , policymakers , and managed food service contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university - level institutions . Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success . The verb form is `` malnourish '' ; `` malnourishment '' is sometimes used instead of `` malnutrition . '' Special populations ( edit ) Undernutrition is an important determinant of maternal and child health , accounting for more than a third of child deaths and more than 10 percent of the total global disease burden according to 2008 studies . Children ( edit ) Main article : Malnutrition in children Malnourished children in Niger , during the 2005 famine . The World Health Organization estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide , about 1 million children . Another estimate also by WHO states that childhood underweight is the cause for about 35 % of all deaths of children under the age of five years worldwide . As underweight children are more vulnerable to almost all infectious diseases , the indirect disease burden of malnutrition is estimated to be an order of magnitude higher than the disease burden of the direct effects of malnutrition . The combination of direct and indirect deaths from malnutrition caused by unsafe water , sanitation and hygiene ( WASH ) practices is estimated to lead to 860,000 deaths per year in children under five years of age . Women ( edit ) Gender ( edit ) Researchers from the Centre for World Food Studies in 2003 found that the gap between levels of undernutrition in men and women is generally small , but that the gap varies from region to region and from country to country . These small - scale studies showed that female undernutrition prevalence rates exceeded male undernutrition prevalence rates in South / Southeast Asia and Latin America and were lower in Sub-Saharan Africa . Datasets for Ethiopia and Zimbabwe reported undernutrition rates between 1.5 and 2 times higher in men than in women ; however , in India and Pakistan , datasets rates of undernutrition were 1.5 - 2 times higher in women than in men . Intra-country variation also occurs , with frequent high gaps between regional undernutrition rates . Gender inequality in nutrition in some countries such as India is present in all stages of life . Studies on nutrition concerning gender bias within households look at patterns of food allocation , and one study from 2003 suggested that women often receive a lower share of food requirements than men . Gender discrimination , gender roles , and social norms affecting women can lead to early marriage and childbearing , close birth spacing , and undernutrition , all of which contribute to malnourished mothers . Within the household , there may be differences in levels of malnutrition between men and women , and these differences have been shown to vary significantly from one region to another , with problem areas showing relative deprivation of women . Samples of 1000 women in India in 2008 demonstrated that malnutrition in women is associated with poverty , lack of development and awareness , and illiteracy . The same study showed that gender discrimination in households can prevent a woman 's access to sufficient food and healthcare . How socialization affects the health of women in Bangladesh , Najma Rivzi explains in an article about a research program on this topic . In some cases , such as in parts of Kenya in 2006 , rates of malnutrition in pregnant women were even higher than rates in children . Women in some societies are traditionally given less food than men since men are perceived to have heavier workloads . Household chores and agricultural tasks can in fact be very arduous and require additional energy and nutrients ; however , physical activity , which largely determines energy requirements , is difficult to estimate . Physiology ( edit ) Women have unique nutritional requirements , and in some cases need more nutrients than men ; for example , women need twice as much calcium as men . Pregnancy and breastfeeding ( edit ) During pregnancy and breastfeeding , women must ingest enough nutrients for themselves and their child , so they need significantly more protein and calories during these periods , as well as more vitamins and minerals ( especially iron , iodine , calcium , folic acid , and vitamins A , C , and K ) . In 2001 the FAO of the UN reported that iron deficiency afflicted 43 percent of women in developing countries and increased the risk of death during childbirth . A 2008 review of interventions estimated that universal supplementation with calcium , iron , and folic acid during pregnancy could prevent 105,000 maternal deaths ( 23.6 percent of all maternal deaths ) . Frequent pregnancies with short intervals between them and long periods of breastfeeding add an additional nutritional burden . Educating children ( edit ) According to the FAO , women are often responsible for preparing food and have the chance to educate their children about beneficial food and health habits , giving mothers another chance to improve the nutrition of their children . Elderly ( edit ) Essential nutrients are one of the main requirements of elderly care . Malnutrition and being underweight are more common in the elderly than in adults of other ages . If elderly people are healthy and active , the aging process alone does not usually cause malnutrition . However , changes in body composition , organ functions , adequate energy intake and ability to eat or access food are associated with aging , and may contribute to malnutrition . Sadness or depression can play a role , causing changes in appetite , digestion , energy level , weight , and well - being . A study on the relationship between malnutrition and other conditions in the elderly found that malnutrition in the elderly can result from gastrointestinal and endocrine system disorders , loss of taste and smell , decreased appetite and inadequate dietary intake . Poor dental health , ill - fitting dentures , or chewing and swallowing problems can make eating difficult . As a result of these factors , malnutrition is seen to develop more easily in the elderly . Rates of malnutrition tend to increase with age with less than 10 percent of the `` young '' elderly ( up to age 75 ) malnourished , while 30 to 65 percent of the elderly in home care , long - term care facilities , or acute hospitals are malnourished . Many elderly people require assistance in eating , which may contribute to malnutrition . Because of this , one of the main requirements of elderly care is to provide an adequate diet and all essential nutrients . In Australia malnutrition or risk of malnutrition occurs in 80 percent of elderly people presented to hospitals for admission . Malnutrition and weight loss can contribute to sarcopenia with loss of lean body mass and muscle function . Abdominal obesity or weight loss coupled with sarcopenia lead to immobility , skeletal disorders , insulin resistance , hypertension , atherosclerosis , and metabolic disorders . A paper from the Journal of the American Dietetic Association noted that routine nutrition screenings represent one way to detect and therefore decrease the prevalence of malnutrition in the elderly . See also ( edit ) Hunger relief portal Agrobiodiversity Hunger Eating disorder Community Therapeutic Care NutritionDay Malnutrition in South Africa Malnutrition in India Malnutrition in Zimbabwe Malnutrition in Peru Metabolic disease Child health and nutrition in Africa References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Facts for life ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . 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( 2011 ) . `` Early Postnatal Protein - Calorie Malnutrition and Cognition : A Review of Human and Animal Studies '' . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 8 ( 2 ) : 590 -- 612 . PMC 3084481 . PMID 21556206 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph8020590 . Jump up ^ Kenton R. Holden . `` Chapter 2 Malnutrition and Brain Development : A Review . In Neurologic Consequences of Malnutrition , World Federation of Neurology Seminars in Clinical Neurology , 2008 , World Federation of Neurology , '' ( PDF ) . Demos Medical Publishing . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil Jr , Donald G. ( 2006 - 12 - 16 ) . `` In raising the world 's IQ the secret is in salt '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Fotso , J.C. ; Kuate - Defo , B. ( 2005 ) . `` Measuring socioeconomic status in health research in developing countries : Should we be focusing on households , communities or both ? '' . Social Indicators Research . 72 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 237 . doi : 10.1007 / s11205 - 004 - 5579 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dolin , ( edited by ) Gerald L. Mandell , John E. Bennett , Raphael ( 2010 ) . Mandell , Douglas , and Bennett 's principles and practice of infectious diseases ( 7th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. Chp 93 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06839 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Malnutrition at eMedicine Jump up ^ Baro , M. ; Deubel , T.F. ( 2006 ) . `` Persistent Hunger : Perspectives on Vulnerability , Famine , and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 35 : 521 -- 538 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 35.081705. 123224 . ^ Jump up to : Musaiger , Abdulrahman O. ; Hassan , Abdelmonem S. , Obeid , Omar ( August 2011 ) . `` The Paradox of Nutrition - Related Diseases in the Arab Countries : The Need for Action '' . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 8 ( 9 ) : 3637 -- 3671 . PMC 3194109 . PMID 22016708 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph8093637 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization ( 2001 ) . `` Water - related diseases : Malnutrition '' . Jump up ^ Newnham ED ( 2017 ) . `` Coeliac disease in the 21st century : paradigm shifts in the modern age '' . J Gastroenterol Hepatol ( Review ) . 32 Suppl 1 : 82 -- 85 . PMID 28244672 . doi : 10.1111 / jgh. 13704 . The epidemiology of coeliac disease ( CD ) is changing . Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule Jump up ^ Brady JP ( June 2012 ) . `` Marketing breast milk substitutes : problems and perils throughout the world '' . Arch Dis Child . 97 ( 6 ) : 529 -- 32 . PMC 3371222 . PMID 22419779 . doi : 10.1136 / archdischild - 2011 - 301299 . Jump up ^ Burchi F , Fanzo J , Frison E ( February 2011 ) . `` The role of food and nutrition system approaches in tackling hidden hunger '' . Int J Environ Res Public Health . 8 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 73 . PMC 3084466 . PMID 21556191 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph8020358 . ^ Jump up to : UNICEF ( 2013 ) . Improving Child Nutrition - The achievable imperative for global progress . UNICEF ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Gary ; Halweil , Brian ( 2000 ) . `` Escaping Hunger , Escaping Excess '' . World Watch . 13 ( 4 ) : 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Gary ; Halweil , Brian ( 2000 ) . `` Escaping Hunger , Escaping Excess '' . World Watch . 13 ( 4 ) : 5 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , MM ; Kraemer , A ( August 2009 ) . `` Factors associated with being underweight , overweight and obese among ever - married non-pregnant urban women in Bangladesh '' . Singapore medical journal . 50 ( 8 ) : 804 -- 13 . PMID 19710981 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Amartya Kumar ( 1981 ) . Poverty and famines : An essay on entitlement and deprivation . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 828463 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The role of speculators in the global food crisis '' . Spiegel Online . Jump up ^ `` Biofuel use increasing poverty '' . BBC News . 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ferrett , Grant ( 2007 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Biofuels ' crime against humanity ' '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : Dugger , Celia W. ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Ending Famine , Simply by Ignoring the Experts '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Biles , Peter ( 2006 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Zambia : fertile but hungry '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten benefactor of humanity '' . The Atlantic . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report '' ( PDF ) . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 12 -- 17 November 2007 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battisti , David S. `` Climate Change in Developing Countries . '' University of Washington . Seattle . 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Black , Richard ( August 9 , 2010 ) . `` Rice yields falling under global warming '' . BBC News ; Science & Environment . Jump up ^ Honey Bee Die - Off Alarms Beekeepers , Crop growers and researchers Jump up ^ Wells , Matt ( 2007 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Vanishing bees threaten US crops '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ; Rice , Xan ( 2007 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Millions face famine as crop disease rages '' . Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Karen ( 2009 - 06 - 14 ) . `` A time bomb for world wheat crop '' . LA Times . Jump up ^ Dugger , Celia W. ( 2007 - 10 - 10 ) . `` In Africa , prosperity from seeds falls short '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Barclay , Eliza ( 2008 - 06 - 18 ) . `` How a Kenyan village tripled its corn harvest '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ John Ulimwengu ; et al. ( March 2013 ) . `` Need in a land of planty '' . dandc.eu . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Dugger , Celia W. ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Obama enlists major powers to aid poor farmers with $15 billion '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Li , Jiming , Yeyun Xin and Longping Yuan. ( 2010 ) . Pushing the Yield Frontier : Hybrid rice in China . In MillionsFed : Proved Success in Agriculture Development . Washington , DC : International Policy Research Institute Jump up ^ Victora , CG ; Bahl , R ; Barros , AJ ; França , GV ; Horton , S ; Krasevec , J ; Murch , S ; Sankar , MJ ; Walker , N ; Rollins , NC ; Lancet Breastfeeding Series , Group ( 30 January 2016 ) . `` Breastfeeding in the 21st century : epidemiology , mechanisms , and lifelong effect . '' . Lancet . 387 ( 10017 ) : 475 -- 90 . PMID 26869575 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 15 ) 01024 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Tatum ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Firms target nutrition for the poor '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Malthus , Thomas Robert ; Appleman , Philip ( 1976 ) . An essay on the principle of population : text , sources and background , criticism . Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09202 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chapman , R. ( 1999 ) . `` No room at the inn , or why population problems are not all economic '' . Population and Environment. 21 : 81 -- 97 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02436122 . Jump up ^ Ohlin , G. ( 1967 ) . Population control and economic development . Paris : Dev Centers , OECD . Jump up ^ Nielson , K. ( 1992 ) . Global Justice , Capitalism and the Third World . ( R.A. Wilkons , Ed . ) Jump up ^ Waters , H.R. ; Penny , M.E. ; Creed - Kanashiro , H.M. ; Robert , R.C. ; Narro , R. ; Willis , J. ; Caulfield , L.E. ; Black , R.E. ( 2006 ) . `` The cost - effectiveness of a child nutrition education programme in Peru '' . Health Policy and Planning . 21 ( 4 ) : 257 -- 264 . PMID 16672293 . doi : 10.1093 / heapol / czl010 . Jump up ^ Nyonator , Frank , J Koku Awooner - Williams , James Phillips , Tanya Jones , Robert Miller . ( 2003 ) . The Ghana Community - based Health Planning and Services Initiative : Fostering Evidence - based Organizational Change and Development in a Resource - constrained Setting . In Policy Research Division Working Papers 180 . New York : Population Council . http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/180.pdf Jump up ^ Outcome of the 2012 Copenhagen Consensus Jump up ^ Description and targets for Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals Jump up ^ Compact2025 : Ending hunger and undernutrition. 2015 . Project Paper . IFPRI : Washington , DC . Jump up ^ Leadership Council members from the website of the Compact 2025 partnership Jump up ^ Scaling Up Nutrition Website , About page ^ Jump up to : National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh , Institute of Public Health Nutrition , Directorate General of Health Services , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh , May 2008 , page 18 ( 19 in PDF ) and following pages . Jump up ^ Bally , MR ; Blaser Yildirim , PZ ; Bounoure , L ; Gloy , VL ; Mueller , B ; Briel , M ; Schuetz , P ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Nutritional Support and Outcomes in Malnourished Medical Inpatients : A Systematic Review and Meta - analysis . '' . JAMA internal medicine . 176 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 53 . PMID 26720894 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2015.6587 . Jump up ^ Sguassero , Y ; de Onis , M ; Bonotti , AM ; Carroli , G ( Jun 13 , 2012 ) . `` Community - based supplementary feeding for promoting the growth of children under five years of age in low and middle income countries . '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 6 : CD005039 . PMID 22696347 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005039. pub3 . Jump up ^ Lazzerini , M ; Rubert , L ; Pani , P ( Jun 21 , 2013 ) . `` Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low - and middle - income countries . '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 6 : CD009584 . PMID 23794237 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD009584. pub2 . Jump up ^ Schoonees , A ; Lombard , M ; Musekiwa , A ; Nel , E ; Volmink , J ( Jun 6 , 2013 ) . `` Ready - to - use therapeutic food for home - based treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children from six months to five years of age . '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 6 : CD009000 . PMID 23744450 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD009000. pub2 . ^ Jump up to : Viana Lde , A ; Burgos , MG ; Silva Rde , A ( Jan -- Mar 2012 ) . `` Refeeding syndrome : clinical and nutritional relevance . '' . Arquivos brasileiros de cirurgia digestiva : ABCD = Brazilian archives of digestive surgery . 25 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 9 . PMID 22569981 . Jump up ^ Boateng , AA ; Sriram , K ; Meguid , MM ; Crook , M ( Feb 2010 ) . `` Refeeding syndrome : treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports . '' . Nutrition ( Burbank , Los Angeles County , Calif . ) . 26 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 67 . PMID 20122539 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nut. 2009.11. 017 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas D. ( 2008 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Raising the world 's IQ '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas D. ( 2009 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Hidden Hunger '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Let them eat micronutrients '' . Newsweek . ^ Jump up to : The Treatment of Diarrhoea : A manual for physicians and other senior health workers , World Health Organization , 2005 . See especially Ch. 4 `` Management of Acute Diarrhoea ( Without Blood ) '' and Ch. 8 `` Management of Diarrhoea With Severe Malnutrition . '' Jump up ^ Victora , Cesar ; Bryce , Jennifer ( Jan 2000 ) . `` Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy '' . Bulletin of the World Health Organization ( 10 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` 4 . Management of acute diarrhoea without blood '' . The Treatment of diarrhoea : a manual for physicians and other senior health workers . ( PDF ) ( 4 ed . ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . 2005 . pp. 8 -- 16 . ISBN 924159318 0 . Jump up ^ WHO Drug Information Vol. 16 , No. 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Low - osmolarity oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , Rehydrate Project , updated : April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Treatment of Diarrhoea : A manual for physicians and other senior health workers , WHO , 2005 . Specifically , 45 milliliters of potassium chloride solution from a stock solution containing 100g KCl per liter , along with one packet of ORS , two liters of water , and 50 grams of sucrose . And please remember , sucrose has approximately twice the molecular weight of glucose , with one mole of glucose weighing 180 g and one mole of sucrose weighing 342 g . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for the control of shigellosis , including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1 '' . World Health Organization , 2005 , Annex 12 - Preparation of Home Made Oral Rehydration Solution , page 51 ( 57 in PDF ) : `` Ingredients : Half a teaspoon of salt ( 2.5 grams ) , six level teaspoons of sugar ( 30 grams ) and one litre of safe drinking water '' . Jump up ^ `` Dehydration , treatments and drugs . '' Mayo Clinic 7 January 2011 . `` In an emergency situation where a pre-formulated solution is unavailable , you can make your own oral rehydration solution by mixing half teaspoon salt , six level teaspoons of sugar and one litre ( about 1 quart ) of safe drinking water . '' Jump up ^ Family Practice Notebook , Oral Rehydration Solution , Scott Moses , MD , Feb. 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh recommends , for initial hypoglycemia , a 50 milliliter bolus of 10 % glucose or sucrose . This can also be achieved by added 1 rounded teaspoon of sugar to 10.5 teaspoons of water ( which is 3.5 tablespoons of water ) . ^ Jump up to : `` UN aid debate : give cash not food ? '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cash roll - out to help hunger hot spots '' . World Food Programme . December 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew S. Natsios ( Administrator U.S. Agency for International Development ) Jump up ^ Memorandum to former Representative Steve Solarz ( United States , Democratic Party , New York ) , July 1994 Jump up ^ `` A model of African food aid is now in trouble '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002 '' ( xls ) . World Health Organization . 2002 . Jump up ^ Jean Ziegler . `` Promotion And Protection Of All Human Rights , Civil , Political , Economic , Social And Cultural Rights , Including The Right To Development : Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food , Jean Ziegler '' . Human Rights Council of the United Nations , January 10 , 2008. `` According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) , the world already produces enough food to feed every child , woman and man and could feed 12 billion people , or double the current world population . '' Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development Department . `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , 2008 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization Agricultural and Development Economics Division . `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2006 : Eradicating world hunger -- taking stock ten years after the World Food Summit '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , 2006 , p. 8 . `` Because of population growth , the very small decrease in the number of hungry people has nevertheless resulted in a reduction in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing countries by 3 percentage points -- from 20 percent in 1990 -- 92 to 17 percent in 2001 -- 03 . ( ... ) the prevalence of undernourishment declined by 9 percent ( from 37 percent to 28 percent ) between 1969 -- 71 and 1979 -- 81 and by a further 8 percentage points ( to 20 percent ) between 1979 -- 81 and 1990 -- 92 . '' . Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development Department . `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , 2008 , p. 6 . `` Good progress in reducing the share of hungry people in the developing world had been achieved -- down from almost 20 percent in 1990 -- 92 to less than 18 percent in 1995 -- 97 and just above 16 percent in 2003 -- 05 . The estimates show that rising food prices have thrown that progress into reverse , with the proportion of undernourished people worldwide moving back towards 17 percent . '' . Jump up ^ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/STATE-OF-THE-WORLDS-MOTHERS-REPORT-2012-FINAL.PDF Archived May 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Jean ( 2007 ) . L'Empire de la honte . Fayard . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 253 - 12115 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lozano R , Naghavi M , Foreman K , et al. ( December 2012 ) . `` Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2095 -- 128 . PMID 23245604 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61728 - 0 . hdl : 10536 / DRO / DU : 30050819 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malnutrition The Starvelings '' . The Economist. 2008 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. chief : Hunger kills 17,000 kids daily '' . CNN . 2009 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Alina Paul Bossuet , Nourishing Communities Through Holistic Farming `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 ... ICRISAT . Downloaded 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Jere R. Behrman ( February 1996 ) . `` The Impact of Health and Nutrition on Education '' . The World Bank Research Observer. 11 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 37 . JSTOR 3986477 . doi : 10.1093 / wbro / 11.1. 23 . Jump up ^ Manary , Mark J. ; Indi Trehan , Hayley S. Goldbach , Lacey N. LaGrone , Guthrie J. Meuli , Richard J. Wang , and Kenneth M. Maleta ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Antibiotics as Part of the Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 368 ( 5 ) : 425 -- 435 . PMC 3654668 . PMID 23363496 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1202851 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . The addition of antibiotics to therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition was associated with a significant improvement in recovery and mortality rates . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Prüss - Üstün , A. , Bos , R. , Gore , F. , Bartram , J. ( 2008 ) . Safer water , better health - Costs , benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health . World Health Organization ( WHO ) , Geneva , Switzerland ^ Jump up to : Nubé , M. ; Van Den Boom , G.J.M. ( 2003 ) . `` Gender and adult undernutrition in developing countries '' . Annals of Human Biology . 30 ( 5 ) : 520 -- 537 . PMID 12959894 . doi : 10.1080 / 0301446031000119601 . ^ Jump up to : Dewan , Manju ( 2008 ) . `` Malnutrition in Women '' ( PDF ) . Stud . Home Comm. Sci. 2 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 10 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Najma Rizvi ( March 2013 ) . `` Enduring misery '' . dandc.eu . Jump up ^ Carter , Rachel Bonham . `` Survey Reveals High Malnutrition Rates Among Pregnant Women in Kenya '' . UNICEF . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gender and Nutrition 2001 '' . Food and Agriculture of the United Nations . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhutta , Z.A. ; Ahmed , T. ; Black , R.E. ; Cousens , S. ; Dewey , K. ; Giugliani , E. ; Haider , B.A. ; Kirkwood , B. ; Morris , S.S. ; Sachdev , H.P.S. ; Shekar , M. ; Maternal Child Undernutrition Study Group ( 2008 ) . `` What works ? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival '' . The Lancet . 371 ( 9610 ) : 417 -- 440 . PMID 18206226 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 61693 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kvamme , January -- Magnus ; Olsen , Jan Abel , Florholmen , Jon , Jacobsen , Bjarne K. ( 2011 ) . `` Risk of malnutrition and health - related quality of life in community - living elderly men and women : The Tromsø study '' . Quality of Life Research . 20 ( 4 ) : 575 -- 582 . PMC 3075394 . PMID 21076942 . doi : 10.1007 / s11136 - 010 - 9788 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wellman , N.S ; Weddle , D.O , Kranz , S , Brain , C.T ( October 1997 ) . `` Elder Insecurities : Poverty , Hunger , and Malnutrition '' . Journal of the American Dietetic Association . 97 ( 10 ) : S120 -- S122 . PMID 9336570 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 8223 ( 97 ) 00744 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Saka , Bulent ; Kaya , Omer , Ozturk , Gulistan Bahat , Erten , Nilgun , Karan , M. Akif ( 2010 ) . `` Malnutrition in the elderly and its relationship with other geriatric syndromes '' . Clinical Nutrition. 29 ( 6 ) : 745 -- 748 . PMID 20627486 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clnu. 2010.04. 006 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Volkert , Dorothee ( 2002 ) . `` Malnutrition in the elderly -- prevalence , causes and corrective strategies '' . Clinical Nutrition. 21 : 110 -- 112 . doi : 10.1016 / S0261 - 5614 ( 02 ) 80014 - 0 . Jump up ^ Volkert , D. ( 2002 ) . `` Malnutrition in the elderly -- prevalence , causes and corrective strategies '' . Clinical Nutrition. 21 : 110 -- 112 . doi : 10.1016 / S0261 - 5614 ( 02 ) 80014 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mamhidir , Anna - Greta ; Kihlgren , Mona , Soerlie , Venke ; Soerlie , V ( 2010 ) . `` Malnutrition in elder care : qualitative analysis of ethical perceptions of politicians and civil servants '' . BMC Medical Ethics. 11 : 11 . PMC 2927875 . PMID 20553607 . doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6939 - 11 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bolin , T. ; Bare , M. ; Caplan , G. ; Daniells , S. ; Holyday , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Malabsorption may contribute to malnutrition in the elderly '' . Nutrition. 26 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 852 -- 853 . PMID 20097534 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nut. 2009.11. 016 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : E40 - E46 ICD - 9 - CM : 263.9 MeSH : D044342 External resources MedlinePlus : 000404 eMedicine : ped / 1360 Patient UK : Malnutrition Look up malnutrition or undernutrition in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Malnutrition at DMOZ Malnutrition or nutrition disorders ( E40 -- E68 , 260 -- 269 ) Malnutrition Protein - energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B : Beriberi / Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome ( Wernicke 's encephalopathy Korsakoff 's syndrome ) B : Riboflavin deficiency B : Pellagra ( Niacin deficiency ) B : Pyridoxine deficiency B : Biotin deficiency B : Folate deficiency B : Vitamin B deficiency Other vitamins A : Vitamin A deficiency / Bitot 's spots C : Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency / Rickets / Osteomalacia E : Vitamin E deficiency K : Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium ( Keshan disease ) Overnutrition Overweight Obesity Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E Mineral overload see inborn errors of metal metabolism , toxicity Diseases of poverty Diseases of poverty AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Measles Pneumonia Diarrheal diseases Neglected diseases Cholera Chagas disease African sleeping sickness Schistosomiasis Dracunculiasis River blindness Leishmaniasis Trachoma Miscellaneous Malnutrition Priority review voucher GND : 4138143 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malnutrition&oldid=807706573 '' Categories : Malnutrition Public health Humanitarian aid Nutrition Global issues Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT RTTID Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Eʋegbe فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Limburgs Lingála മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Sesotho sa Leboa සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in developed countries the major cause of malnutrition is	[ "The issue in these developed countries is choosing the right kind of food. More fast food is consumed per capita in the United States than in any other country. The reason for this mass consumption of fast food is its affordability and accessibility. Often fast food, low in cost and nutrition, is high in calories and heavily promoted. When these eating habits are combined with increasingly urbanized, automated, and more sedentary lifestyles, it becomes clear why weight gain is difficult to avoid.[57]" ]	[ "choosing the right kind of food" ]
-6725089313496423608	Infant visual development	Infant visual development - wikipedia Infant visual development Jump to : navigation , search This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A seven - week old human baby following a kinetic object . Infant vision concerns the development of visual ability in human infants from birth through the first years of life . The aspects of human vision which develop following birth include visual acuity , tracking , color perception , depth perception , and object recognition . Unlike many other sensory systems , the human visual system -- components from the eye to neural circuits -- develops largely after birth , especially in the first few years of life . At birth , visual structures are fully present yet immature in their potentials . From the first moment of life , there are a few innate components of an infant 's visual system . Newborns can detect changes in brightness , distinguish between stationary and kinetic objects , as well as follow kinetic objects in their visual fields . However , many of these areas are very poorly developed . With physical improvements such as increased distances between the cornea and retina , increased pupil dimensions , and strengthened cones and rods , an infant 's visual ability improves drastically . The neuro - pathway and physical changes that underlie these improvements in vision remains a strong focus in research . Because of an infant 's inability to verbally express their visual field , growing research in this field relies heavily on nonverbal cues including an infant 's perceived ability to detect patterns and visual changes . The major components of the visual system can be broken up into visual acuity , depth perception , color sensitivity , and light sensitivity . By providing a better understanding of the visual system , future medical treatments for infant and pediatric ophthalmology can be established . By additionally creating a timeline on visual perception development in `` normal '' newborns and infants , research can shed some light on abnormalities that often arise and interfere with ideal sensory growth and change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Acuity 1.1. 1 Faces 1.2 Depth perception 1.2. 1 Cues 1.3 Color sensitivity 1.4 Light sensitivity 2 Vision abnormalities in infants 2.1 Critical warning signs 2.2 Vision problems 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Acuity ( edit ) Infants ' eyes develop significantly after birth . The muscles of the eye such as ciliary muscles -- become stronger after two months of age , allowing infants to focus on particular objects through contraction and relaxation . Their retinal images are also smaller compared to adults due to shorter distances from the retina to the cornea of the infants ' eye . A newborn 's pupil grows from approximately 2.2 mm to an adult length of 3.3 mm . Visual acuity , the sharpness of the eye to fine detail , is a major component of a human 's visual system . It requires not only the muscles of the eye -- the muscles of orbit and the ciliary muscles -- to be able to focus on a particular object through contraction and relaxation , but other parts of the retina such as the fovea to project a clear image on the retina . The muscles that initiate movement start to strengthen from birth to 2 months , at which point infants have control of their eye . However , images still appear unclear at two months due to other components of the visual system like the fovea and retina and the brain circuitry that are still in their developmental stages . This means that even though an infant is able to focus on a clear image on the retina , the fovea and other visual parts of the brain are too immature to transmit a clear image . Visual acuity in newborns is very limited as well compared to adults -- being 12 to 25 times worse than that of a normal adult . It is important to note that the distance from the cornea at the front of the infant 's eye to the retina which is at the back of eye is 16 -- 17 mm at birth , 20 to 21 mm at one year , and 23 -- 25 mm in adolescence and adulthood . This results in smaller retinal images for infants . The vision of infants under one month of age ranges from 6 / 240 to 6 / 60 ( 20 / 800 to 20 / 200 ) . By two months , visual acuity improves to 6 / 45 ( 20 / 150 ) . By four months , acuity improves by a factor of 2 -- calculated to be 6 / 18 ( 20 / 60 ) vision . As the infant grows , the acuity reaches the healthy adult standard of 6 / 6 ( 20 / 20 ) at six months . One major method used to measure visual acuity during infancy is by testing an infant 's sensitivity to visual details such as a set of black strip lines in a pictorial image . Studies have shown that most one - week - old infants can discriminate a gray field from a fine black stripped field at a distance of one foot away . This means that most infants will look longer at patterned visual stimuli instead of a plain , pattern-less stimuli . Gradually , infants develop the ability to distinguish strips of lines that are closer together . Therefore , by measuring the width of the strips and their distance from an infant 's eye , visual acuity can be estimated , with detection of finer strips indicating better acuity . When examining an infants preferred visual stimuli , it was found that one - month - old infants often gazed mostly at prominent , sharp features of an object -- whether it is a strong defined curve or an edge . Beginning at two months old , infants begin to direct their saccades to the interior of the object , but still focusing on strong features . Additionally , infants starting from one month of age have been found to prefer visual stimuli that are in motion rather than stationary . Faces ( edit ) Newborns are exceptionally capable of facial discrimination and recognition shortly after birth . Therefore , it is not surprising that infants develop strong facial recognition of their mother . Studies have shown that newborns have a preference for their mothers ' faces two weeks after birth . At this stage , infants would focus their visual attention on pictures of their own mother for a longer period than a picture of complete strangers . Studies have shown that infants even as early as four days old look longer at their mothers ' face than at those of strangers only when the mother is not wearing a head scarf . This may suggest that hairline and outer perimeter of the face play an integral part in the newborn 's face recognition . According to Maurer and Salapateck , a one - month - old baby scans the outer contour of the face , with strong focus on the eyes , while a two - month - old scans more broadly and focuses on the features of the face , including the eyes and mouth . When comparing facial features across species , it was found that infants of six months were better at distinguishing facial information of both humans and monkeys than older infants and adults . They found that both nine - month - olds and adults could discriminate between pictures of human faces ; however , neither infants nor adults had the same capabilities when it came to pictures of monkeys . On the other hand , six - month - old infants were able to discriminate both facial features on human faces and on monkey faces . This suggests that there is a narrowing in face processing , as a result of neural network changes in early cognition . Another explanation is that infants likely have no experience with monkey faces and relatively little experience with human faces . This may result in a more broadly tuned face recognition system and , in turn , an advantage in recognizing facial identity in general ( i.e. , regardless of species ) . In contrast , healthy adults due to their interaction with people on a frequent basis have fine tuned their sensitivity to facial information of humans -- which has led to cortical specialization . Depth perception ( edit ) To perceive depth , infants as well as adults rely on several signals such as distances and kinetics . For instance , the fact that objects closer to the observer fill more space in our visual field than farther objects provides some cues into depth perception for infants . Evidence has shown that newborns ' eyes do not work in the same fashion as older children or adults -- mainly due to poor coordination of the eyes . Newborn 's eyes move in the same direction only about half of the time . The strength of eye muscle control is positively correlated to achieve depth perception . Human eyes are formed in such a way that each eye reflects a stimulus at a slightly different angle thereby producing two images that are processed in the brain . These images provide the essential visual information regarding 3D features of the external world . Therefore , an infant 's ability to control his eye movement and converge on one object is critical for developing depth perception . One of the important discoveries of infant depth perception is thanks to researchers Eleanor J. Gibson and R.D. Walk . Gibson and Walk developed an apparatus called the visual cliff that could be used to investigate visual depth perception in infants . In short , infants were placed on a centerboard to one side which contained an illusory steep drop ( `` deep side '' ) and another which contained a platform of the centerboard ( `` shallow side '' ) . In reality , both sides , covered in glass , was safe for infants to trek . From their experiment , Gibson and Walk found that a majority of infants ranging from 6 -- 14 months - old would not cross from the shallow side to the deep side due to their innate sense of fear to heights . From this experiment , Gibson and Walk concluded that by six months an infant has developed a sense of depth . However , this experiment was limited to infants that could independently crawl or walk . To overcome the limitations of testing non-locomotive infants , Campos and his colleges devised an experiment that was dependent on heart rate reactions of infants when placed in environments that reflected different depth scenarios . Campos and his colleagues placed six week - old infants on the `` deep end '' of the visual cliff , the six week - old infants ' heart rate decreased and a sense of fascination was seen in the infants . However , when seven month - old infants were lowered down on the same `` deep end '' illusion , their heart rates accelerated rapidly and they started to whimper . Gibson and Walk concluded that infants had developed a sense of visual depth prior to beginning locomotion . Therefore , it could be concluded that sometime at the spark of crawling around 4 -- 5 months , depth perception begins to strongly present itself . Cues ( edit ) From an infant 's standpoint , depth perception can be inferred using three means : binocular , static , and kinetic cues . As mentioned previous , humans are binocular and each eye views the external world with a different angle -- providing essential information into depth . The convergence of each eye on a particular object and the stereopsis , also known as the retinal disparity among two objects , provides some information for infants older than ten weeks . With binocular vision development , infants between four and five months also develop a sense of size and shape constancy objects , regardless of the objects location and orientation in space . From static cues based upon monocular vision , infants older of five month of age have the ability to predict depth perception from pictorial position of objects . In other words , edges of closer objects overlap objects in the distance . Lastly , kinetic cues are another factor in depth perception for humans , especially young infants . Infants ranging from three to five months are able to move when an object approaches them in the intent to hit them -- implying that infants have depth perception . Color sensitivity ( edit ) Infants are often attracted to shiny bright objects with strong contrast and bold colors . Color sensitivity improves steadily over the first year of life for humans due to strengthening of the cones of the eyes . Like adults , infants have chromatic discrimination using three photoreceptor types : long - , mid - and short - wavelength cones . These cones recombine in the precortical visual processing to form a luminance channel and two chromatic channels that help an infant to see color and brightness . The particular pathway used for color discrimination is the parvocellular pathway . There is a general debate among researchers with regards to the exact age that infants can detect different colors / chromatic stimuli due to important color factors such as brightness / luminance , saturation , and hue . Regardless of the exact timeline for when infants start to see particular colors , it is understood among researcher that infants ' color sensitivity improves with age . It is generally accepted across all current research that infants prefer high contrast and bold colors at their earlier stages of infancy , rather than saturated colors . One study found that newborn infants looked longer at checkered patterns of white and colored stimuli ( including red , green , yellow ) than they did at a uniform white color . However , infants failed to discriminate blue from white checkered patterns . Another study -- recording the fixation time of infants to blue , green , yellow , red , and gray at two difference luminance levels -- found that infants and adults differed in their color preference . Newborns and one month did not show any preference among the colored stimuli . It was found that three - month - old infants preferred the longer wavelength ( red and yellow ) to the short - wavelength ( blue and green ) stimuli , while adults had the opposite . However , both adults and infants preferred colored stimuli over non-colored stimuli . According this study , it was suggest that infants had a general preference for colored stimuli over non-colored stimuli at birth ; however , infants were not able to distinguish between the different colored stimuli until after three months of age . Research into the development of color vision using infant monkeys indicates that color experience is critical for normal vision development . Infant monkeys were placed in a room with monochromatic lighting limiting their access to a normal spectrum of colors for a one - month period . After a one - year period , the monkey 's ability to distinguish colors was poorer than that of normal monkey exposed to a full spectrum of colors . Although this result directly pertains to infant monkeys and not humans , they strongly suggest that visual experience with color is critical for proper , healthy vision development in humans as well . Light sensitivity ( edit ) The threshold for light sensitivity is much higher in infants compared to adults . From birth , the pupils of an infant remain constricted to limit the amount of entering light . In regards to pupil dimensions , newborn 's pupil grow from approximately 2.2 mm to an adult length of 3.3 mm . A one - month - old infant can detect light thresholds only when it is approximately 50 times greater than that of an adult . By two months , the threshold decreases measurably to about ten times greater than that of an adult . The increase in sensitivity is the result of lengthening of the photoreceptors and further development of the retina . Therefore , postnatal maturation of the retinal structures has led to strong light adaptations for infants . Vision abnormalities in infants ( edit ) Vision problems in infants are both common and easily treatable if addressed early by an ophthalmologist . Critical warning signs ( edit ) Excessive tearing Red or encrusted eyelids White pupils Extreme sensitivity to bright light Constant eye turning Vision problems ( edit ) Strabismus Nystagmus Amblyopia Photophobia Tumor in the eye Cataract See also ( edit ) Eye exam Orthoptist Pediatric ophthalmology Retinopathy of prematurity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hirano , S. ; Yamamoto , Y. ; Takayama , H. ; Sugata , Y. ; Matsuo , K. ( 1979 ) . `` Ultrasonic observation of eyes in premature babies . Part 6 : Growth curves of ocular axial length and its components ( author 's transl ) '' . Nippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi. 83 ( 9 ) : 1679 -- 1693 . PMID 525595 . ^ Jump up to : Banks , M.S. ; Salapatek , P. ( 1978 ) . `` Acuity and contrast sensitivity in 1 - , 2 - , and 3 - month - old human infants '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 365 . PMID 640783 . Jump up ^ Dobson , V. ; Teller , D.Y. ( 1978 ) . `` Visual acuity in human infants : A review and comparison of behavioral and electrophysiological studies '' . Vision Research . 18 ( 11 ) : 1469 -- 1483 . PMID 364823 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 78 ) 90001 - 9 . Jump up ^ Courage , M.L. ; Adams , R.J. ( 1990 ) . `` Visual acuity assessment from birth to three years using the acuity card procedure : Cross-sectional and longitudinal samples '' . Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 67 ( 9 ) : 713 -- 718 . PMID 2234832 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006324 - 199009000 - 00011 . Jump up ^ Sokol , S. ( 1978 ) . `` Measurement of infant visual acuity from pattern reversal evoked potentials '' . Vision Research . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 39 . PMID 664274 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 78 ) 90074 - 3 . Jump up ^ Maurer , D. & Maurer , C. ( 1988 ) The world of the newborn . New York . Basic Books , ISBN 0465092306 . Jump up ^ Snow , C.W. ( 1998 ) Infant development ( 2nd edition ) Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Bronson , G.W. ( 1991 ) . `` Infant Differences in Rate of Visual Encoding '' . Child Development . 62 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 54 . PMID 2022137 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8624.1991. tb01513. x . Jump up ^ Bronson , G.W. ( 1990 ) . `` Changes in infants ' visual scanning across the 2 - to 14 - week age period '' . Journal of experimental child psychology . 49 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 125 . PMID 2303772 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0965 ( 90 ) 90051 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Maurer , D. ; Salapatek , P. ( 1976 ) . `` Developmental changes in the scanning of faces by young infants '' . Child Development . 47 ( 2 ) : 523 -- 527 . PMID 1269319 . doi : 10.2307 / 1128813 . Jump up ^ Braddick , O.J. ; Atkinson , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Infants ' Sensitivity to Motion and Temporal Change '' . Optometry and Vision Science . 86 ( 6 ) : 577 -- 582 . PMID 19417703 . doi : 10.1097 / OPX. 0b013e3181a76e84 . Jump up ^ Field , T.M. ; Cohen , D. ; Garcia , R. ; Greenberg , R. ( 1984 ) . `` Mother - stranger face discrimination by the newborn '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 7 : 19 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / S0163 - 6383 ( 84 ) 80019 - 3 . Jump up ^ Frank , M.C. ; Vul , E. ; Johnson , S.P. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of infants ' attention to faces during the first year '' . Cognition . 110 ( 2 ) : 160 -- 170 . PMC 2663531 . PMID 19114280 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cognition. 2008.11. 010 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , I.W.R. ( 2001 ) . `` Mother 's face recognition in newborn infants : Learning and memory '' . Infant and Child Development . 10 : 67 -- 74 . doi : 10.1002 / icd. 248 . Jump up ^ Pascalis , O. ; De Schonen , S. ; Morton , J. ; Deruelle , C. ; Fabre - Grenet , M. ( 1995 ) . `` Mother 's face recognition by neonates : A replication and an extension '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 18 : 79 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / 0163 - 6383 ( 95 ) 90009 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pascalis , O. ; De Haan , M. ; Nelson , C.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Is Face Processing Species - Specific During the First Year of Life ? '' . Science . 296 ( 5571 ) : 1321 -- 1323 . PMID 12016317 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1070223 . Jump up ^ Kellman PJ , Banks MS . ( 1998 ) Infant visual perception . In Handbook of Child Psychology , Volume 2 : Cognition , Perception , and Language ( 1st edn ) , vol. 2 , Kuhn D , Siegler RS ( eds ) . Wiley : New York ; 103 -- 146 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , E.J. ; Walk , R.D. ( 1960 ) . `` Visual Cliff '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ Campos , J.J. Hiatt , S. , Ramsay , D. , Henderson , C. , & Svejda , M. ( 1978 ) . The emergence of fear on the visual cliff . The origins of affect . New York : Plenum . ^ Jump up to : Bornstein , M. & Lamb , M. ( 1992 ) Developmental Psychology . 3rd ed . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , NJ . Jump up ^ Kavšek , M. ; Granrud , C.E. ; Yonas , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Infants ' responsiveness to pictorial depth cues in preferential - reaching studies : A meta - analysis '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 32 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 253 . PMID 19328557 . doi : 10.1016 / j. infbeh. 2009.02. 001 . Jump up ^ Fox , R. ; Aslin , R. ; Shea , S. ; Dumais , S. ( 1980 ) . `` Stereopsis in human infants '' . Science . 207 ( 4428 ) : 323 -- 324 . PMID 7350666 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7350666 . Jump up ^ Thomasson , M.A. ; Teller , D.Y. ( 2000 ) . `` Infant color vision : Sharp chromatic edges are not required for chromatic discrimination in 4 - month - olds '' ( PDF ) . Vision Research . 40 ( 9 ) : 1051 -- 1057 . PMID 10738064 . doi : 10.1016 / S0042 - 6989 ( 00 ) 00022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Teller , D.Y. ; Peeples , D.R. ; Sekel , M. ( 1978 ) . `` Discrimination of chromatic from white light by two - month - old human infants '' . Vision Research . 18 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 48 . PMID 307296 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 78 ) 90075 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adams , R.J. ; Maurer , D. ; Cashin , H.A. ( 1990 ) . `` The influence of stimulus size on newborns ' discrimination of chromatic from achromatic stimuli '' . Vision Research . 30 ( 12 ) : 2023 -- 2030 . PMID 2288103 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 90 ) 90018 - G . Jump up ^ Adams , R.J. ( 1987 ) . `` An evaluation of color preference in early infancy '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 10 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 150 . doi : 10.1016 / 0163 - 6383 ( 87 ) 90029 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sugita , Y ( 2004 ) . `` Experience in Early Infancy is Indispensable for Color Perception '' . Current Biology . 14 ( 14 ) : 1267 -- 1271 . PMID 15268857 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2004.07. 020 . Jump up ^ Brown , A.M. ( 1986 ) . `` Scotopic sensitivity of the two - month - old human infant '' . Vision Research . 26 ( 5 ) : 707 -- 710 . PMID 3750850 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 86 ) 90084 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Boston Children 's Hospital University of Massachusetts Medical Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infant_visual_development&oldid=801045543 '' Categories : Ophthalmology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2014 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 09 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does a baby's vision fully develop	[ "One of the important discoveries of infant depth perception is thanks to researchers Eleanor J. Gibson and R.D. Walk.[18] Gibson and Walk developed an apparatus called the visual cliff that could be used to investigate visual depth perception in infants. In short, infants were placed on a centerboard to one side which contained an illusory steep drop (“deep side”) and another which contained a platform of the centerboard (“shallow side”). In reality, both sides, covered in glass, was safe for infants to trek. From their experiment, Gibson and Walk found that a majority of infants ranging from 6–14 months-old would not cross from the shallow side to the deep side due to their innate sense of fear to heights. From this experiment, Gibson and Walk concluded that by six months an infant has developed a sense of depth. However, this experiment was limited to infants that could independently crawl or walk.[18] To overcome the limitations of testing non-locomotive infants, Campos and his colleges devised an experiment that was dependent on heart rate reactions of infants when placed in environments that reflected different depth scenarios. Campos and his colleagues placed six week-old infants on the “deep end” of the visual cliff, the six week-old infants' heart rate decreased and a sense of fascination was seen in the infants. However, when seven month-old infants were lowered down on the same “deep end” illusion, their heart rates accelerated rapidly and they started to whimper. Gibson and Walk concluded that infants had developed a sense of visual depth prior to beginning locomotion. Therefore, it could be concluded that sometime at the spark of crawling around 4–5 months, depth perception begins to strongly present itself.[19]" ]	[ "4–5 months" ]
-6434200020245282779	Great Pyramid of Cholula	Great pyramid of Cholula - wikipedia Great pyramid of Cholula Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 19 ° 03 ′ 27 '' N 98 ° 18 ′ 07 '' W / 19.05750 ° N 98.30194 ° W / 19.05750 ; - 98.30194 Great Pyramid of Cholula Tlachihualtepetl From a distance the pyramid appears to be a natural hill topped by a church Location within Mexico today Location Cholula de Rivadabia , Puebla , Mexico Region Puebla Coordinates 19 ° 03 ′ 27 '' N 98 ° 18 ′ 07 '' W / 19.05750 ° N 98.30194 ° W / 19.05750 ; - 98.30194 History Periods Classic to Postclassic Site notes Architecture Architectural styles Talud - tablero Architectural details Number of temples : 1 Responsible body : Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia The Great Pyramid of Cholula , also known as Tlachihualtepetl ( Nahuatl for `` artificial mountain '' ) , is a huge complex located in Cholula , Puebla , Mexico . It is the largest archaeological site of a pyramid ( temple ) in the New World , as well as the largest pyramid known to exist in the world today . The pyramid stands 55 metres ( 180 ft ) above the surrounding plain , and in its final form it measured 400 by 400 metres ( 1,300 by 1,300 ft ) . The pyramid is a temple that traditionally has been viewed as having been dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl . The architectural style of the building was linked closely to that of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico , although influence from the Gulf Coast also is evident , especially from El Tajín . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location and etymology 2 History 2.1 Classic 2.2 Postclassic and Colonial 2.3 Modern history 3 The pyramid 3.1 Excavation history 3.2 Elements of the pyramid 3.2. 1 Building A or La Conejera 3.2. 2 Building B or Pyramid of the Painted Skulls 3.2. 3 Building C or the Pyramid of the Nine Stories 3.2. 4 Other elements 3.3 Courtyard of Altars 3.3. 1 Altars 3.3. 2 Mural work 3.4 Building D 3.5 Building I 3.6 Building F 4 Burials 5 Current importance 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading Location and etymology ( edit ) The Cholula archaeological zone is situated 6.4 kilometres ( 4 mi ) west of the city of Puebla , in the city of Cholula . To be more exact , the pyramid is located in the San Andrés Cholula , Puebla municipality , and marks the area in the center of the city where this municipality begins . The city is divided into two municipalities called San Ándres and San Pedro . This division originates in the Toltec - Chichimeca conquest of the city in the twelfth century . These pushed the former dominant ethnicity of the Olmeca - Xicalanca , to the south of the city . These people kept the pyramid as their primary religious center , but the newly dominant Toltec - Chichimecas founded a new temple to Quetzalcoatl where the San Gabriel monastery is now. The Toltec - Chichimec people who settled in the area around the twelfth century AD named Cholula as Tlachihualtepetl , meaning `` artificial hill '' . The name cholula has its origin in the ancient Nahuatl word cholollan , which means `` place of refuge '' . History ( edit ) Room with model of the various structures that make up the pyramid The Great Pyramid was an important religious and mythical centre in prehispanic times . Over a period of a thousand years prior to the Spanish Conquest , consecutive construction phases gradually built up the bulk of the pyramid until it became the largest in Mexico by volume . Classic ( edit ) Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Cholula with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . The temple - pyramid complex was built in four stages , starting from the 3rd century BC through the 9th century AD , and was dedicated to the deity Quetzalcoatl . It has a base of 450 by 450 metres ( 1,480 by 1,480 ft ) and a height of 66 m ( 217 ft ) . According to the Guinness Book of Records , it is in fact the largest pyramid as well as the largest monument ever constructed anywhere in the world , with a total volume estimated at over 4.45 million cubic metres , even larger than that of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt , which is about 2.5 million cubic metres . However the Great Pyramid of Giza is higher at 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) . The ceramics of Cholula were closely linked to those of Teotihuacan , and both sites appeared to decline simultaneously . The Postclassic Aztecs believed that Xelhua built the Great Pyramid of Cholula . At its peak , Cholula had the second largest population in Mexico of an estimated 100,000 people living at this site . Although the prehispanic city of Cholula continued to be inhabited , the Great Pyramid was abandoned in the 8th century at a time when the city suffered a drastic drop in population . Even after this drop - off in population , the Great Pyramid retained its religious importance . The site was once called Acholollan ( in Nahuatl ) meaning place of flight . This meaning has led some to believe that this site was founded after its original inhabitants fled elsewhere . Postclassic and colonial ( edit ) The Toltec - Chichimec History , a codex from the Cholula region , relates that an Olmec - Xicalanca lord with the title Aquiyach Amapane resided at the Great Pyramid . In the 12th century , after the Toltec - Chichimecas took over the city , religious focus shifted away from the pyramid and to a new temple . Even during the Postclassic period , long after the abandonment of the pyramid , many burials continued to be interred around the structure , demonstrating its continued importance . By the time the Spanish arrived , the pyramid was overgrown , and by the 19th century it was still undisturbed , with only the church built in the 16th century visible . Modern history ( edit ) Architect Ignacio Marquina started exploratory tunnelling within the pyramid in 1931 . By 1954 , the total length of tunnels came to approximately 8.0 kilometres ( 5 mi ) . Today the pyramid at first appears to be a natural hill surmounted by a church . This is the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios ( Church of Our Lady of Remedies ) , also known as the Santuario de la Virgen de los Remedios ( Sanctuary of the Virgin of Remedies ) , which was built by the Spanish in colonial times ( 1594 ) on top of the prehispanic temple . The church is a major Catholic pilgrimage destination , and the site is also used for the celebration of indigenous rites . Many ancient sites in Latin America are found under modern Catholic holy sites , due to the practice of the Catholic Church of repurposing local religious sites . Because of the historic and religious significance of the church , which is a designated colonial monument , the pyramid as a whole has not been excavated and restored , as have the smaller but better - known pyramids at Teotihuacan . Inside the pyramid are some five miles ( 8 km ) of tunnels excavated by archaeologists . The pyramid ( edit ) Artist 's conception of what the pyramid might have looked like According to myth , the pyramid was built from adobe bricks by a giant named Xelhua , after he escaped a flood in the neighboring Valley of Mexico . The pyramid consists of six superimposed structures , one for each ethnic group that dominated it . However , only three have been studied in any depth . The pyramid itself is just a small part of the greater archaeological zone of Cholula , which is estimated at 154 hectares ( 0.59 sq mi ) . Building of the pyramid began in the Preclassic Period and over time was built over six times to its final dimensions of 450 metres on each side at the base and 66 metres tall . This base is four times the size of that of Pharaoh Khufu 's Great Pyramid of Giza and is the largest pyramid base in the Americas . The earliest construction phase features talud - tablero architecture that is characteristic of the region , and that became strongly associated with the great metropolis of Teotihuacan . Some of the pyramid constructions have had burials , with skeletons found in various positions , with many offerings , especially ceramics . The last state of construction has stairs on the west side leading to a temple on top , which faced Iztaccíhuatl . During the colonial period , the pyramid was severely damaged on its north side in order to build the Camino Real to Puebla . The west was damaged later with the installation of a rail line . Excavation history ( edit ) The first study of the pyramid area was done by Adolph Bandelier , a Swiss archaeologist with an interest in Mexico . He arrived at Cholula in 1881 and published his findings about the site in 1884 . Most of Bandelier 's work involved the unearthing of various burials in the area around the pyramid , principally collecting skulls , which was standard practice at the time . Many of these wound up in storerooms in U.S. museums . He also took the first precise measurements of the structure , made some headway into how it was constructed and worked on domestic structures that coincide with the pyramid . Bandelier was also the first to make precise field notes at the site and the earliest plan of the site . Bandelier also showed interest in two nearby mounds called the Cerro de Acozac and the Cerro de la Cruz , which at that time were totally covered in vegetation . The pyramid was excavated in two phases . The first began in 1931 and ended in the 1950s . Excavations began again in 1966 and officially ended in 1970 , with the publication of the reports of the various academics who worked on Proyecto Cholula . Exploration of the pyramid itself began in 1931 under architect Ignacio Marquina who dug tunnels to explore the substructures . This was a time of political instability in Mexico , mostly due to the Cristero War . However , the decision was made to excavate the structure because of the success of the excavations of Teotihuacan by Manuel Gamio in the 1920s . The project was given to Marquina because of his experience working with Gamio in Teotihuacan . While credit is given to Marquina , he spent little time at the site . Most of the work was really done by Marino Gómez , the site guardian , who directed the digging of the tunnels . These tunnels allowed for the mapping and modelling of the pyramid 's successive layers . The pyramid had no obvious entrance , due to its deteriorated condition , but it was decided to begin tunnelling on the north side , where colonial construction had damaged it . On this side , the remains of walls and other structures could be seen . Tunnelling techniques were based on various team members ' experience at Teotihuacan and Tenayuca . These techniques were based on mining , even using small tracks and miniature coal cars to carry out debris . Examples of these are at the site museum . The base of the pyramid was constructed of sun - dried adobe bricks , which contained ceramic , obsidian and gravel for better compacting . This solid foundation allowed the excavators to only need to create `` false arches , '' like those found in Mayan constructions , rather than adding beams and other supports . The first two tunnels were built to Cris - cross the centre , one north / south and the other east / west. When the tunnels reached substructure , they then followed the contour of the structure , and eventually the various tunnels created an underground labyrinth . By 1939 , there were four km of tunnels , with two more added by 1951 . The tunnels demonstrate the real value of the pyramid , which is not visible on the surface . During the first round of excavations , sixteen holes were dug in the area by Eduardo Noguera to extract ceramic materials and establish a time line . The results of these were published in 1954 as La ceramic arqueológica de Cholula . The rescued pieces ranged from clay figures made when the settlement was just a village , to the Pre-classic . The latter ones include figures that are definitely nude females with complicated hair styles . Figures from later periods , such as those coinciding with Tula and Teotihuacan , tend to be of gods and priests . Various musical instruments , such as flutes , were also found , as well as tools for the making of textiles , amate paper and axes . One major find included a ceremonial scepter carved from bone , with images related to the concept of life and death as a duality . The first round of excavation work ended in the 1950s . The second round of excavations took place from 1966 to 1974 under the name of Proyecto Cholula . This was spurred , in part , by reconstructed pyramids in Mexico , which had become tourist attractions . This project was sponsored by both the federal and state governments , who wanted to make Cholula an attraction , as well . The archaeology and anthropology fields had experienced changes since Marquina 's work , mostly focusing on a more interdisciplinary approach . The first in charge of the site was Miguel Messmacher in 1966 . After only six months of work , Messmacher released a preliminary report in 1967 . One of the main finds during this time was that of Edificio I ( Building I ) . In addition to the excavating of the main structures of the pyramid , Messmacher , Eduardo Matos Moctezuma and others in the project worked on more multidisciplinary tasks , such as determining agricultural patterns of the site , ceramic development and water distribution systems . However , this put them in conflict with the sponsors of the project , along with the INAH , which favored a more restricted approach that focused on reconstructing the pyramid . In 1967 , INAH decided to name Ignacio Marquina as head of the team excavating the site , which prompted most of the younger researchers to leave the project . While the focus was placed back on the pyramid proper , the project did not lose all of its interdisciplinary character , keeping experts in areas such as geology , botany and paleozoology . The project began to focus on the south side of the pyramid , excavating the remains of plazas and buildings that made up a large complex . However , it was difficult to link these structures to those in the interior of the pyramid . The patios were unearthed in layers as far back as the Classic period ( 200 to 800AD ) and the beginnings of the Post-classic , during the occupation of the Olmecas Xicallancas . These structures were later reconstructed . The most important elements unearthed during this time were the Courtyard of the Altars and Edificio F ( Building F ) . By the official end of the project in 1974 , interest in the pyramid waned again as it could not be reconstructed in its entirety , like other major pyramids in Mexico . The project was abandoned , leaving only fragmentary knowledge about it . Despite the site 's pre-Hispanic importance , this pyramid is relatively unknown and unstudied , especially in comparison to others in Mexico such as Teotihuacan , Chichen Itza and Monte Albán . There are a number of possible reasons for this . One is that its existence was not greatly elaborated in a publication by the Mexican government for the 1928 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas in New York . There is only one short mention of the pyramid in the entire work . However , by this time , only Bandelier had done any work on the site . Of all the work done from the 1930s to the 1950s , there was only one presentation , at the XXVII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas de México in 1939 . In 1951 , Marquina included Cholula in a work called Arqutectura prehispánica along with information from the various major sites of the country . However , interest waned in the Cholula site in the 1950s . One reason for this was that , at the time , it was common to reconstruct the major buildings , especially pyramids , even though these reconstructions were often exaggerated . No such reconstruction is possible with the Cholula pyramid . Most of the publications that do exist are technical field reports with few syntheses of data gathered . For this reason , it has not played a significant role in the understanding of Mesoamerica as to date . Due to the condition of the surface and the large number of artifacts just under the surface , it is not possible to reconstruct the last stage of the pyramid to what it was . Elements of the pyramid ( edit ) Excavations have resulted in about eight kilometers of tunnels inside the pyramid , which began with two in 1931 to prove that the hill was an archeological find . Within , altars with offerings , floors , walls and buried human remains from around 900 AD were discovered . Today , only about 800 meters of these tunnels are open to the public , which have been made into well - lit , arched passages . Visitors enter on the north side , through the center of the pyramid and exit on the south side . There are few signs explaining the structures within , but in one section allows a view of main staircases of one of the pyramids , whose nine floors have been excavated from bottom to top . There are also two famous murals . One is called `` Chapulines , '' which consists of images of grasshoppers with a black skull in the middle . And the other is the `` Bebedores , '' which depicts various figures drinking out of vessels most commonly used for pulque . Around the pyramid are a number of other structures and patios , which form a massive complex. The Patio of the Altars was the main access to the pyramid and is named for the various altars that surround a main courtyard . Initial excavations eventually indicated that the main access to the pyramid was on the west side , which latter excavations confirmed . Both also showed that there usually were minor accesses on the northeast and southwest corners . Building a or La Conejera ( edit ) Building A is the earliest version of the pyramid also called `` La Conejera . '' This structure was discovered in the 1950s , near the end of the first round of excavations . It is a pre-Teotihuacan structure , relatively simple with an adobe core . However , it was not found directly under the other layers of the Pyramid , but rather under a structure known as the Edificio Rojo ( Red Building ) in the northeast corner . This makes the oldest pyramid of the site `` off - center '' in relation to the later pyramids . It was built with an adobe core with a base of about ten meters square . It has a wall in talud topped with a 57 cm cornice . Over this , there was a two story chamber which faced south . On one side of La Conejera , there are eight rounded steps , which were created of earth with a stone core , leading to the west side of the structure into a hallway . This bears some resemblance to the rounded pyramid of Cuicuilco . From the ceramics found with it , the structure has been dated to about 200 BC , contemporary with sites such as Zacatenco and El Arbolillo in the Valley of Mexico . La Conejera 's base , cornice and chamber were all painted . Black paint remains on the base . The cornice on the northwest corner had white squares painted over a black background . Investigators have assumed that this pattern was repeated over the rest of the cornice . Both the outer and inner walls of the chamber were painted red several times with no designs . Building B or pyramid of the painted skulls ( edit ) Building B or the Pyramid of the Painted Skulls was centered in a spot a few meters from La Conejera . Later expansions of this pyramid eventually covered La Conejera and the Edificio Rojo built over it . The Pyramid of the Painted Skulls was built between 200 and 350 AD , consisting of seven stepped levels with an adobe nucleus . It was finished with adobe and rock , and smoothed with earth mixed with lime to create a painting surface . The architecture is significant because of its talud - tablero structure , and its mural - decorated walls . This structure was constructed in two phases . The first created a rectangular platform 113 meters by 107 meters . On top of this is a two story structure , eighteen meters high with stairs on the west . This structure is made of adobe bricks , which stone and clay used in the areas with stairs . Marquina determined that this structure had an east - west orientation , similar to the Pyramid of the Sun , coinciding with the Teotihuacan civilization , and later ceramic studies placed it with Teotihuacan II . Only the murals of the upper two stories of this pyramid have been studied , on the taluds and tableros of the north side as well as those on the northeast corner . The talud has traces of black and the two meter tableros consist of a frieze measuring 46 cm wide with a double frame or border that juts out from the frieze . This is characteristic of Cholula architecture . These tableros usually have one color as the base , but with stripes of other colors on top , such as yellow , red and blue . The north side is completely free of paint on the left side , but on the right , there are pockets of color remaining . The highest story contains nine skulls painted on it , which the lower one had seven . These skulls were initially thought to be the heads of grasshoppers facing forward , but later studies determined that they depict highly stylized human skulls . These skulls look forward and are painted yellow and red over a black background . Above the skulls are decorative markers that look like arrows , which indicate the direction of the scene . Those on the left side point east , and those on the right point west . To the sides are stylized wings in red , green and ochre . One of the most important discoveries between 1932 and 1936 was the Altar of the Sculpted Skulls , which was officially reported by archeologist Eduardo Noguera in 1937 . This building is located in one of the lower levels of the northeast patio area , attached to the base of the Pyramid of the Painted Skulls . The architectural aspects of this altar , however , correspond to the Post classic period . The altar sits on a platform and faces east , in front of which are stairs to climb the platform . For this reason , it is considered a momeztli type of altar , which are placed on ceremonial platforms . It has a square base with its north , south , and west sides done in talud that rise up to a decorated section that is topped with a cornice . The access stairs have parallel beams that culminate in dados -- an element found in Tenayuca and other Mexica areas . The name comes from the three human skulls made from clay , with bulging eyes and covered in stucco , along with the rest of the structure . This ornamental feature relates to the function of the altar , which is believed to be a mausoleum . It contains the remains of a man and woman . The female skeleton is accompanied by grave goods related to domestic life such as comals , bone needles , spindles , and pots . The male skeleton probably belonged to a renowned warrior . His grave goods are far richer , with ritual vessels , and elegant vase with a multicolored design , obsidian arrowheads , and a musical instrument called an omexicahuaztli . A jawbone of a xoloitzcuintle dog was also found . Pre-Hispanic people considered dogs guides to the underworld . The function of this mausoleum was mostly likely to perpetuate the memory of the male warrior . It has two levels . One is a pyramidal platform and the other is a talud - tablero structure with a double cornice and crest in adobe , decorated with interlocked designs in low relief painted red , yellow and green . The talud is painted black as well as the bottom part of the tablero , with some minor details in ochre . The north side only shows the jaw and eye of a skull and some of the arrow and other effects seen on the pyramid it is associated with . The west side contains two skulls . One conserves about half of the original to see its open mouth and white teeth . The figure is outlined in ochre and black . The other skull contains only traces of these colors . The lower cornice on the north side is divided by horizontal bands , black above and red below . The interior cornice has double bands of green and red . To the extreme west of the painting , there are skull designs . Building C or the pyramid of the nine stories ( edit ) Building C or the Pyramid of the Nine Stories , was built over Building B between 350 and 450 AD , and is bigger by volume than the Pyramid of the Moon at Teotihuacan . This latter phase was a radial pyramid , with stairways climbing all four sides of the structure . The Pyramid of the Nine Stories was built over the oldest structure using adobe again for expansion to a pyramid with a base of 190 meters squared and a height of 34 meters . Instead of a surface of earth and lime , this pyramid was finished with rock and stucco , which is more durable . Its architectural style is distinct from the one before . It consists of nine stories with talud only , covered in stucco . Each story above is smaller than below , leaving a space of two meters . The entrance stairs were those on the southeast corner , with those on the other three serving as exits . These walls were painted black with the stucco serving as white . Associated with the Stepped Pyramid is the Jaguar Altar , which is located on the southeast corner . The west and south sides of the altar 's two levels have been explored . There is evidence that this altar was covered in decoration . On the west side of the first level , there is evidence of black , red , green and ochre paint . On the lower part of the south wall , there are fragments of red , black and ochre . Above this , there is a well conserved section of 3.15 m by 53 cm , with a black and green background with red stripes . There are also the profiles of a jaguar and two serpents. ( chapter4 135 ) The final phase covered Building C , burying it within its adobe core . The facing of this phase has collapsed to give the impression of a natural hill . Other elements ( edit ) Marquina 's first publication about the site in 1939 notes the existence of a Northeast Plaza , which was an unusual find at the time . This plaza contains three pyramid shaped structures in talud - tablero but in extremely poor condition . However , one important find about them was that their bases where painted with black square , vaguely resembling the niches of El Tajín . Courtyard of Altars ( edit ) View of the main courtyard The Courtyard of Altars is a complex of buildings adjoining the south side of the pyramid . It was one of the most important finds of the 1967 to 1970s round of excavation , named such because of several altars found here . Eduardo Matos Moctezuma had begun to touch on this area with his excavation of Edifico I in 1966 and 1967 . The structure consists of a very large open area measuring seventy by fifty four meters , bordered by the pyramid proper to the north , and on the east and west sides by two complicated raised platforms , named Patio Sureste and Gran Plaza Suroeste by the excavators . These platforms are similar to those in the Northeast plaza , but they up against the side of the main pyramid , which was done to amplify the patio 's hierarchical and ritual nature . The area was mostly likely used for large , spectacular ceremonies as well as for rites associated with the passing of power . The taluds are wide , which is characteristic of Cholula , and decorated with moldings consisting of T formations . The tableros were painted with aquatic symbols and bands of red , blue , yellow and black . The access to the two main platforms and the side of the pyramid are marked by wide stairs. The Gran Plaza Suroeste shows strong Teotihuacan influence , with four rooms over taluds that surround a patio . One of these rooms contains a model of a pyramid base that may represent the Gran Pyramid in miniature . Excavations have revealed that these annexes were built up in a series of at least six construction phases , enclosing a central courtyard . As new phases of construction took place , newer versions of buildings were built over the pre-existing version , covering the lower part and adding a new or modified facade , resulting in the reduction of the courtyard area by the gradual encroachment of the surrounding structures and added several metres to the original platform height . These are buildings were arranged on the east and west sides of an early 82 - metre ( 270 ft ) wide platform . Further structures were built against the rear facades of these buildings , forming two wide side plazas . The buildings that can be seen today date to the latest construction phase of the courtyard . Buildings on this south side contain significant mural work , including patterns on the various constructions associated with Building 3 ( Building 3 - 1 - A , Building 3 - 2 , etc . ) . It also includes the only mural with anthropomorphic figures , called the Mural of the Drinkers . Structure 4 is decorated with T - shaped frets upon its sloping taluds . Some sections of this decoration still display original colouring , with diagonal bands of red , blue , yellow , black and turquoise . The decoration also includes symbols that may represent stars . Altars ( edit ) Altar Four altars were excavated from the final construction phase of the Courtyard of Altars . Three of these altars were decorated with low relief sculpture , which has allowed for the recovery of some of the fragments of Cholula 's history . The centre section of each altar was left blank but may originally have been painted with religious designs . Altar 1 consists of a large vertical stone measuring 3.85 meters in height and 2.12 in width . When it was found , it was in twenty - two pieces . It is known that it was found in situ looking west although its offerings had long since been looted . Shortly after , its base was found . Its purpose is not clear as there are few decorative features , leading some to speculate that it was painted . New studies show similarities between this stone and decorative elements at El Tajín . Altar 2 is a more traditional ritual monument for Mesoamerica and fits the altar genre . It is a narrow rectangular stone , oriented to the east , in a horizontal position . It functioned as a kind of pedestal , with each of the sides richly ornamented . On one side , there are two feathered serpents extending along the length . Altar 3 may have been the most important as it is next to the pyramid . It faces south and is similar to Altar 1 as it is a vertical stone . Its shape is that of a rectangle topped by a triangle . Its decoration consists of a lateral band with relieves similar to those of Altar One , that is El Tajín style . When it was found , it was lying on a platform , which indicates something happened to the site , but it is not known what . Other large stone sculptures were found in the area . One is the head of a serpent with geometric designs that correspond to the Niuñe tradition in Oaxaca . There is also a giant human head , with the edges of its eyes and mouth marked in a way that resembles Xipe , which could correspond to a post-Olmec tradition , as similar figures were found in Tlaxcala . Mural work ( edit ) One of the murals of Building 3 covered by a protective roof Painting and mural work was found on various levels of the main pyramid , on the Edificio Rojo , the La Conejera , the Pyramid of the Painted Skulls , the Altar of the Painted Skulls , the Stepped Pyramid , the Jaguar Altar , Edificio D and Edificio F. Studies of the various mural fragments found so far in the pre-Hispanic city of Cholula have reflected the political , economic and social changes over time . They also help to ascertain Cholula 's relevance with the rest of Mesoamerica . There have been twenty one painted areas discovered by archaeologists , with eight mostly lost and thirteen still existing in situ . Most of the works belong to the Classic period , excepting those in the Edificio Rojo , which are from the Pre classic . The way that taluds , tableros and other surfaces were painted show changes over time in colors used as representations . The oldest have no representations , just the color red , but after 200 AD , there appear new colors such as different tones of red , as well as green , ochre , blue , black , and brown . Human like figures , animals and geometric shapes begin to appear as well . However , the Mural of the Drinkers is the only preserved mural that depicts human figures . So far , all of the discovered murals have been on outside walls , with the exception of an area called Edificio D ( Building D ) , which has its murals inside . This indicates that most murals were created for the public and probably to teach and reinforce the religious and political symbols of the time . The best conserved murals have been found on the layers inside the main pyramid and in the Courtyard of the Altars , the two most important areas of the site . The Mural of Drinkers was discovered buried at a depth of almost 7.6 metres ( 25 ft ) and is one of the longest pre-Columbian murals found in Mexico , with a total length of 57 metres ( 187 ft ) . The building containing the Mural of the Drinkers was discovered accidentally in 1969 by Ponciano Salazar Ortegón while he was exploring Edificio 3 - 1 - A. One of this building 's taluds collapsed and exposed a portion of the mural behind it to view . Excavation of this building then continued until 1971 . The building 's main facade , which faces east towards the Courtyard of the Altars , contains the mural . This work also rescued one of the first foundations of Edificio 3 . The foundation is formed by a frieze that measures ninety cm by 2.25 m in the best preserved areas . It was painted over a small talud only sixty cm long . It is possible there was a cornice here above it . The building corresponds to around 200 AD . The subject of the mural is a feast , featuring personages drinking what is most likely pulque . Several of the displayed figures are wearing cloth turbans and maxtlatl sashes , and most of them wear zoomorphic masks . The figures sit in facing pairs , serving themselves from vessels placed between them . The subject of the mural is a ceremony where the participants appear relaxed as they realize various activities , which include drinking , making offerings , serving with one vomiting and one defecating . The figures are in vignettes along the strip of wall with the elements evenly distributed along its length . A number of the elements , such as the cups and jars , are associated with the drinking of pulque . It has been claimed by Florencia Muller that this mural is the oldest known representation of the ritual of the pulque gods . The work has parts missing , but there is enough to discern three horizontal sections . The ones above and below are lines or borders framing the main central level containing the drinking figures . The mural divides into six `` walls '' ( muros ) , which show differences in technique and content , most likely due to being the work of different artists . However , all relate to ritualistic drinking of pulque . These figures along the center are then divided into two sections by a blue band seen on walls 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 . There is also evidence that the mural had been retouched several times . The mural contains 110 figures organized into pairs . The pairs are then separated by images of jars . Four can be identified as seated women and some of the figures appear to have wrinkles to depict age . Most of the men in the work are shown seated , facing front ( but with faces in profile ) with a bulging belly , with arms and legs in various positions , most with cups or other containers in hand to serve or to drink . There are a total of 168 jars , cups and other containers in the mural of various sizes and colors . There is also a depiction of an insect and two of dogs . The people are outlined in black , along with a number of other images . Most have their skin painted in ochre , but some are brown , red or black . Traces of liquid is in white . Some have earrings done in red or blue . However , there are some differences in quality and technique in the work . Section Six is more masterfully done , with the people depicted in masks painted in red and black with some ochre . Dogs and jars with complex designs can also be seen . Scene One is more brusque with far fewer details , mostly done in ochre . Other buildings in this area such as the later levels of Building 3 and Building 4 , also have mural work , but this mostly consists of geometric patterns , lines or bands and in some places , stars . Building 3 - 1 - A was superimposed over the Mural of the Drinkers at a depth of six meters below the current level of the Courtyard of the Altars . The section where this mural work is found consists of a long talud , with a tablero with double moldings , similar to those in Buildings 2 , 3 , and 4 . The mural occupies the tablero , which is topped by a double cornice . The design consists of diagonal bands of various colors such as red , green yellow and blue , outlined in black and white . Some sections contains stars . Building 3 - 1 was built over the second level of the building containing the Mural of the Drinkers , running north south , and facing northeast like the older structure . It is one of the oldest borders of the Plaza Sureste and only two sections have been explored . It is sixty meters long but only about thirty is exposed . The visible area divides into three sections , divided by stairways . The upper part of this building , where the stairs lead , has a low talud that supports a frieze topped by a cornice , which juts out . This building contains mural work on a tablero measuring 71 cm by 2.6 meters in length , but there is no evidence of painting on the talud . The first mural consists of horizontal bands in a reddish ochre and a hook like design in red surrounded by an ellipsis in the same tone over a black background . Others consist of diagonal bands of greens and reds bordered and connected by black lines simulating a woven mat , which has led to it being called the `` Petatillo '' ( small palm frond mat ) . The lower areas have diagonal lines of various colors such as black , green , ochre and red with some lines in white . Some areas have red stars . Mural work on Buildings 3.2 and 4 are similar in their use of multicolored diagonal bands with stars painted in some areas . Building D ( edit ) Building D is located on the south side of the Pyramid of the Nine Stories . It consists of pyramid like levels of talud - tablero topped with three moldings on the east and two on the west . The levels are rectangles with rounded corners , painted black on three sides with the east side in orange . The murals on the tableros have no figures on them and the cornices are painted black . The building was constructed over an area , whose interior is covered with stone pieces with red , ochre and green paint over black . This area was filled in because later constructions around it were putting pressure on it and it was in danger of collapse . Building I ( edit ) Building I was unearthed during a brief period of six months at the beginning of the second round of excavation , mostly by Eduardo Matos Moctezuma and Pablo López Valdéz . This building is located on a platform affixed onto the southwest side of the pyramid . It has four means of access , common to momoztli and contained three burials . The ceramics found with these are similar to those found at the Altar of the Sculpted Skulls , dating the structure as late into Cholula 's pre Hispanic period . These two finds show that while the pyramid was in process of abandonment , it had not lost its ritual character . Building F ( edit ) Building F Building F dates from the next to last building phase of the pyramid , between 500 and 700 AD . It is a stone stairway , consisting of three levels with large taluds facing west . The tableros are decorated with a motif that looks like a woven palm mat . This effect was created by sculpting stones , then placing them like a mosaic . For this reason , the structure is also referred to as the Piedra Laborada ( Worked Stone ) building . Using stone found from both the taluds and the tableros , the archeologists set about reconstructing this structure , using commercially made cement , leading to the structure being called the Tolteca pyramid , after the brand used . This pyramid has since been criticized for being overly reconstructed . The process yielded a large number of ceramics figurines and vessels , which were studied by Florence Müller and range from the Pre Classic to the Postclassic.It has also lost most of its coloration , with only fragments of red , ochre , white and black remaining . The best conserved fragments are on the first level on the south and north where paint was applied directly onto rock . However , it is still difficult to discern the skulls and snails , because they have severely deteriorated . Burials ( edit ) During the course of excavations of the Great Pyramid over 400 human burials have been uncovered . Most of these burials date to the Postclassic Period , showing that the Great Pyramid was an important centre of worship well after its use as a temple was discontinued . These burials include a number of human sacrifices , as demonstrated by mangled body parts and skulls from decapitated victims . The remains of eight individuals were found under the slab flooring of the Courtyard of Altars . These included the remains of a number of children that were deposited in ceramic pots . These children were ( thought to have been ) messengers to Tlaloc ( the god of rain ) due to the drought occurring at this site . The disarticulated remains of at least 46 individuals were found in the area of an altar in the centre of a plaza at the southwest corner of the pyramid . These remains included individuals of all ages and both sexes . Current importance ( edit ) Image of the Virgin of the Remedies of Cholula The pyramid remains important to modern Cholula as a religious site , an archeological site and a tourist attraction . The site receives about 220,000 visitors each year on average . Just before the arrival of the Spanish , the pyramid was considered sacred to a rain goddess called Chiconauhquiauhitl ( Goddess of the Nine Rains ) . She was replaced with an image of the Virgin of the Remedies , keeping the 8 September date for the veneration of the old rain goddess but transferring it to this image of the Virgin Mary . The Spanish built a church to this image on top of the pyramid . This church was struck and damaged by lightning several times , which was attributed in the early colonial period to the old goddess . However the change allowed the pyramid to keep its sacred nature to this day . The Virgin of the Remedies is the patron of the city of Cholula , and there are two major annual events related to it and the pyramid . The first is 8 September , when thousands come to honor the image , starting on the night of the 7th , when people spend the night with small lanterns so they can greet the image early on the eighth . The other is called the `` Bajada '' when the image comes down the pyramid to visit the various neighborhoods of the city for two weeks in May and June . Closer to the pyramid 's pre-Hispanic roots is the Quetzacoatl ritual , which is held each year on the spring equinox . This event can draw up to 20,000 visitors , leading authorities to restrict access to the exposed archeological ruins on the south side . The ritual is performed on the pyramid with poetry , indigenous dance and music and fireworks . The pyramid site accounts for only six hectares of an archeological heritage site believed to extend over 154 hectares . However , 90 hectares of this land is privately owned , and there is resistance to major archeological exploration . Despite the ancient city 's and pyramid 's importance to the history of central Mexico , the pyramid has not been extensively studied and has not of yet played a significant role in the understanding of Mesoamerica . Facade of museum entrance The pyramid is the main tourist attraction for Cholula . Images of this church on top of the pyramid with Popocateptl in the background is frequently used in Mexico 's promotion of tourism . It is one of the better known destinations in central Mexico for foreign travelers . The attraction consists of three parts : the tunnels inside the pyramid , the complex on the south side and the site museum . About eight km of tunnels were dug into the pyramid by archaeologists but only 800 meters are open to the public . The tunnel entrance is on the north side and it goes through the center of the structure . This tour passes by the Mural of the Drinkers , which is one of the most famous aspects of the site . The structures on the south side are dominated by the Courtyard of the Altars . Separated from the site by the Camino Real road is the site museum , which contains a model of the pyramid 's layers , a room dedicated to ceramics and other finds from the site and the recreation of two of the site 's murals . The pyramid 's importance has led to a number of measures taken to protect it . The archaeological zone is patrolled by a police equestrian unit from the municipality of San Ándres . This to keep motor vehicles from damaging the site . Access to parts of the site is restricted during events such as the Quetzalcoatl Ritual . Certain large fireworks have been banned by the city and the Catholic Church because they cause serious vibrations in the pyramid 's tunnels . Some of the land around the pyramid has been bought by authorities and made into soccer fields , and sown with flowers to create a buffer between the construction of homes and the pyramid . See also ( edit ) Cholula Mesoamerican site Cholula , Puebla Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coe & Koontz 1962 , 2002 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ The giant pyramid hidden inside a mountain , BBC News , retrieved on August 15 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Coe & Koontz 1962 , 2002 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 1982 , 1990 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Solanes Carraro 1991 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Puebla - San Andrés Cholula '' . Municipal Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo. 2009 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solanes Carraro 1991 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Solanes Carraro 1991 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Lehner 1997 . Jump up ^ Davies 1982 , 1990 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.aztec-history.com/cholula-pyramid.html Jump up ^ Solanes Carraro 1991 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Solanes Carraro 1991 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , John ( 2008 ) . Lonely Planet Mexico . Oakland , CA : Lonely Planet Publications . p. 226.229 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86450 - 089 - 9 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solanes Carraro 1991 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ayuntamiento de San Pedro Cholula 2008 -- 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kastelein , Barbara ( February 2004 ) . `` The Sacred City '' . Business Mexico . Mexico City . 14 ( 2 ) : 56 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ramírez 2003 . Jump up ^ Solís , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Solís , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Solís , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 62 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 63 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Solís , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 67 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 70 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 72 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Solís , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Solís , p 69 . Jump up ^ Solís , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Bullock Kreger , Meggan M ( 2010 ) . Urban population dynamics in a preindustrial New World city : Morbidity , mortality , and immigration in postclassic Cholula ( PhD thesis ) . The Pennsylvania State University . Docket AAT 3436082 . ^ Jump up to : Solís , pp. 68 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Solís , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 73 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Solanes Carraro 1991 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez , p 136 . Jump up ^ Solís , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 73 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Solís , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , pp. 133 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , pp. 136 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , pp. 152 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 71 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Solís , pp. 75 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rivas , Francisco ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Protegen a Cholula '' ( Protecting Cholula ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` San Pedro Cholula -- Tradiciones y Leyendas '' ( San Pedro Cholula - Traditions and Legends ) ( in Spanish ) . Cholula , Mexico : Ayuntamiento de San Pedro Cholula. 2008 -- 2011 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vazquez , p. 14 Jump up ^ Vazquez , p. 15 Jump up ^ Vazquez , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` San Pedro Cholula -- La Ciudad '' ( San Pedro Cholula -- The City ) ( in Spanish ) . Cholula , Mexico : Ayuntamiento de San Pedro Cholula. 2008 -- 2011 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rivas , Francisco ( April 10 , 2007 ) . `` Impiden rescatar vestigios '' ( Preventing the recovery of remains ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ramírez , Clara ( June 29 , 2003 ) . `` Es Cholula zona viva '' ( Cholula is a living zone ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Mariel ( July 13 , 2002 ) . `` Cholula : Antigedad en todos los rincones '' ( Cholula : Antiquity in every corner ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Cholula '' . Let 's Go Publications , Inc. 1960 -- 2011 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rivas , Francisco ( March 3 , 2007 ) . `` Vigilan Cholula al estilo canadiense '' ( Watching over Cholula Canadian style ) . Palabra ( in Spanish ) . Saltillo , Mexico . p. 12 . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Cholula . Ayuntamiento de San Pedro Cholula ( 2008 -- 2011 ) . `` San Pedro Cholula -- Tradiciones y Leyendas '' ( in Spanish ) . Cholula , Mexico : Ayuntamiento de San Pedro Cholula . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . Coe , Michael D. ; Rex Koontz ( 2002 ) ( 1962 ) . Mexico : from the Olmecs to the Aztecs ( 5th , revised and enlarged ed . ) . London and New York : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28346 - X . OCLC 50131575 . Davies , Nigel ( 1990 ) ( 1982 ) . The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico . Pelican Books series ( 1990 reprint ed . ) . Harmondsworth , England : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 022232 - 4 . OCLC 11212208 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . OCLC 37907456 . Ramírez , Clara ( 2003 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Es Cholula zona viva '' ( Cholula is a living zone ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 11 . Rodríguez , Dionisio ( 2007 ) . `` Capítulo IV -- La pintura mural prehisánica de Cholula '' . Sabios y arqueólogos en pos de la antigua ciudad . Mexico : CONACULTA - I NAHa . ISBN 970 - 678 - 027 - 0 . Solanes Carraro , María del Carmen ( 1991 ) . Cholula , Puebla . Mexico : Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia . OCLC 423698194 . Solís , Felipe ; Verónica Velázquez ( 2007 ) . `` Capítulo III -- Sabíos y archeólogos en pos de los restos de la antigua ciudad '' . Sabios y arqueólogos en pos de la antigua ciudad . Mexico : CONACULTA - I NAHa . ISBN 970 - 678 - 027 - 0 . Cordero Vazquez , Donato ( 2000 ) . Virgen de los Remedios en Cholula ( Virgin of the Remedies in Cholula ) ( in Spanish ) . Puebla , Mexico : Media IV Impresion Visual . ISBN 978 - 970 - 94806 - 6 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Kelly , Joyce ( 2001 ) . An Archaeological Guide to Central and Southern Mexico . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3349 - X . OCLC 45888934 . Solanes Carraro , María del Carmen ( 1995 ) . `` Cholula '' . Arqueología Mexicana ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Editorial Raíces . III ( 13 ( May -- June 1995 ) ) : 24 -- 30 . ISSN 0188 - 8218 . OCLC 29789840 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Cholula&oldid=786749252 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Puebla Archaeological sites in Puebla Archaeological museums in Mexico Museums in Puebla History of Puebla Tourist attractions in Puebla Pyramids in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Nahuatl - language text Pages using infobox ancient site with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Scots Српски / srpski Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 11 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the biggest pyramid in the world located	[ "The Great Pyramid of Cholula, also known as Tlachihualtepetl (Nahuatl for \"artificial mountain\"), is a huge complex located in Cholula, Puebla, Mexico. It is the largest archaeological site of a pyramid (temple) in the New World, as well as the largest pyramid known to exist in the world today.[1][2] The pyramid stands 55 metres (180 ft) above the surrounding plain,[3] and in its final form it measured 400 by 400 metres (1,300 by 1,300 ft).[4] The pyramid is a temple that traditionally has been viewed as having been dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl.[3] The architectural style of the building was linked closely to that of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico, although influence from the Gulf Coast also is evident, especially from El Tajín.[4]" ]	[ "Cholula, Puebla, Mexico" ]
1090894466148834980	Algorithm	Algorithm - wikipedia Algorithm Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Algorithm ( disambiguation ) . Flowchart of an algorithm ( Euclid 's algorithm ) for calculating the greatest common divisor ( g.c.d. ) of two numbers a and b in locations named A and B . The algorithm proceeds by successive subtractions in two loops : IF the test B ≥ A yields `` yes '' ( or true ) ( more accurately the number b in location B is greater than or equal to the number a in location A ) THEN , the algorithm specifies B ← B − A ( meaning the number b − a replaces the old b ) . Similarly , IF A > B , THEN A ← A − B . The process terminates when ( the contents of ) B is 0 , yielding the g.c.d. in A. ( Algorithm derived from Scott 2009 : 13 ; symbols and drawing style from Tausworthe 1977 ) . In mathematics and computer science , an algorithm ( / ˈælɡərɪðəm / ( listen ) AL - gə - ridh - əm ) is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems . Algorithms can perform calculation , data processing and automated reasoning tasks . As an effective method , an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time and in a well - defined formal language for calculating a function . Starting from an initial state and initial input ( perhaps empty ) , the instructions describe a computation that , when executed , proceeds through a finite number of well - defined successive states , eventually producing `` output '' and terminating at a final ending state . The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic ; some algorithms , known as randomized algorithms , incorporate random input . The concept of algorithm has existed for centuries and the use of the concept can be ascribed to Greek mathematicians , e.g. the sieve of Eratosthenes and Euclid 's algorithm ; the term algorithm itself derives from the 9th Century mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al'Khwārizmī , latinized ' Algoritmi ' . A partial formalization of what would become the modern notion of algorithm began with attempts to solve the Entscheidungsproblem ( the `` decision problem '' ) posed by David Hilbert in 1928 . Subsequent formalizations were framed as attempts to define `` effective calculability '' or `` effective method '' ; those formalizations included the Gödel -- Herbrand -- Kleene recursive functions of 1930 , 1934 and 1935 , Alonzo Church 's lambda calculus of 1936 , Emil Post 's Formulation 1 of 1936 , and Alan Turing 's Turing machines of 1936 -- 7 and 1939 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Informal definition 3 Formalization 3.1 Expressing algorithms 4 Implementation 5 Computer algorithms 6 Examples 6.1 Algorithm example 6.2 Euclid 's algorithm 6.2. 1 Computer language for Euclid 's algorithm 6.2. 2 An inelegant program for Euclid 's algorithm 6.2. 3 An elegant program for Euclid 's algorithm 6.3 Testing the Euclid algorithms 6.4 Measuring and improving the Euclid algorithms 7 Algorithmic analysis 7.1 Formal versus empirical 7.2 Execution efficiency 8 Classification 8.1 By implementation 8.2 By design paradigm 8.3 Optimization problems 8.4 By field of study 8.5 By complexity 9 Continuous algorithms 10 Legal issues 11 History : Development of the notion of `` algorithm '' 11.1 Ancient Near East 11.2 Discrete and distinguishable symbols 11.3 Manipulation of symbols as `` place holders '' for numbers : algebra 11.4 Mechanical contrivances with discrete states 11.5 Mathematics during the 19th century up to the mid-20th century 11.6 Emil Post ( 1936 ) and Alan Turing ( 1936 -- 37 , 1939 ) 11.7 J.B. Rosser ( 1939 ) and S.C. Kleene ( 1943 ) 11.8 History after 1950 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word ' algorithm ' has its roots in latinizing the name of Muhammad ibn Musa al - Khwarizmi in a first step to algorismus . Al - Khwārizmī ( Persian : خوارزمی ‎ , c. 780 -- 850 ) was a Persian mathematician , astronomer , geographer , and scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad , whose name means ' the native of Khwarezm ' , a region that was part of Greater Iran and is now in Uzbekistan . About 825 , al - Khwarizmi wrote an Arabic language treatise on the Hindu -- Arabic numeral system , which was translated into Latin during the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum . This title means `` Algoritmi on the numbers of the Indians '' , where `` Algoritmi '' was the translator 's Latinization of Al - Khwarizmi 's name . Al - Khwarizmi was the most widely read mathematician in Europe in the late Middle Ages , primarily through another of his books , the Algebra . In late medieval Latin , algorismus , English ' algorism ' , the corruption of his name , simply meant the `` decimal number system '' . In the 15th century , under the influence of the Greek word ἀριθμός ' number ' ( cf . ' arithmetic ' ) , the Latin word was altered to algorithmus , and the corresponding English term ' algorithm ' is first attested in the 17th century ; the modern sense was introduced in the 19th century . In English , it was first used in about 1230 and then by Chaucer in 1391 . English adopted the French term , but it was n't until the late 19th century that `` algorithm '' took on the meaning that it has in modern English . Another early use of the word is from 1240 , in a manual titled Carmen de Algorismo composed by Alexandre de Villedieu . It begins thus : Haec algorismus ars praesens dicitur , in qua / Talibus Indorum fruimur bis quinque figuris . which translates as : Algorism is the art by which at present we use those Indian figures , which number two times five . The poem is a few hundred lines long and summarizes the art of calculating with the new style of Indian dice , or Talibus Indorum , or Hindu numerals . Informal definition ( edit ) For a detailed presentation of the various points of view on the definition of `` algorithm '' , see Algorithm characterizations . An informal definition could be `` a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations . '' which would include all computer programs , including programs that do not perform numeric calculations . Generally , a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually . A prototypical example of an algorithm is the Euclidean algorithm to determine the maximum common divisor of two integers ; an example ( there are others ) is described by the flowchart above and as an example in a later section . Boolos , Jeffrey & 1974 , 1999 offer an informal meaning of the word in the following quotation : No human being can write fast enough , or long enough , or small enough † ( † `` smaller and smaller without limit ... you 'd be trying to write on molecules , on atoms , on electrons '' ) to list all members of an enumerably infinite set by writing out their names , one after another , in some notation . But humans can do something equally useful , in the case of certain enumerably infinite sets : They can give explicit instructions for determining the nth member of the set , for arbitrary finite n . Such instructions are to be given quite explicitly , in a form in which they could be followed by a computing machine , or by a human who is capable of carrying out only very elementary operations on symbols . An `` enumerably infinite set '' is one whose elements can be put into one - to - one correspondence with the integers . Thus , Boolos and Jeffrey are saying that an algorithm implies instructions for a process that `` creates '' output integers from an arbitrary `` input '' integer or integers that , in theory , can be arbitrarily large . Thus an algorithm can be an algebraic equation such as y = m + n -- two arbitrary `` input variables '' m and n that produce an output y . But various authors ' attempts to define the notion indicate that the word implies much more than this , something on the order of ( for the addition example ) : Precise instructions ( in language understood by `` the computer '' ) for a fast , efficient , `` good '' process that specifies the `` moves '' of `` the computer '' ( machine or human , equipped with the necessary internally contained information and capabilities ) to find , decode , and then process arbitrary input integers / symbols m and n , symbols + and = ... and `` effectively '' produce , in a `` reasonable '' time , output - integer y at a specified place and in a specified format . The concept of algorithm is also used to define the notion of decidability . That notion is central for explaining how formal systems come into being starting from a small set of axioms and rules . In logic , the time that an algorithm requires to complete can not be measured , as it is not apparently related with our customary physical dimension . From such uncertainties , that characterize ongoing work , stems the unavailability of a definition of algorithm that suits both concrete ( in some sense ) and abstract usage of the term . Formalization ( edit ) Algorithms are essential to the way computers process data . Many computer programs contain algorithms that detail the specific instructions a computer should perform ( in a specific order ) to carry out a specified task , such as calculating employees ' paychecks or printing students ' report cards . Thus , an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations that can be simulated by a Turing - complete system . Authors who assert this thesis include Minsky ( 1967 ) , Savage ( 1987 ) and Gurevich ( 2000 ) : Minsky : `` But we will also maintain , with Turing ... that any procedure which could `` naturally '' be called effective , can in fact be realized by a ( simple ) machine . Although this may seem extreme , the arguments ... in its favor are hard to refute `` . Gurevich : `` ... Turing 's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis : every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine ... according to Savage ( 1987 ) , an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine '' . Typically , when an algorithm is associated with processing information , data can be read from an input source , written to an output device and stored for further processing . Stored data are regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm . In practice , the state is stored in one or more data structures . For some such computational process , the algorithm must be rigorously defined : specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise . That is , any conditional steps must be systematically dealt with , case - by - case ; the criteria for each case must be clear ( and computable ) . Because an algorithm is a precise list of precise steps , the order of computation is always crucial to the functioning of the algorithm . Instructions are usually assumed to be listed explicitly , and are described as starting `` from the top '' and going `` down to the bottom '' , an idea that is described more formally by flow of control . So far , this discussion of the formalization of an algorithm has assumed the premises of imperative programming . This is the most common conception , and it attempts to describe a task in discrete , `` mechanical '' means . Unique to this conception of formalized algorithms is the assignment operation , setting the value of a variable . It derives from the intuition of `` memory '' as a scratchpad . There is an example below of such an assignment . For some alternate conceptions of what constitutes an algorithm see functional programming and logic programming . Expressing algorithms ( edit ) Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation , including natural languages , pseudocode , flowcharts , drakon - charts , programming languages or control tables ( processed by interpreters ) . Natural language expressions of algorithms tend to be verbose and ambiguous , and are rarely used for complex or technical algorithms . Pseudocode , flowcharts , drakon - charts and control tables are structured ways to express algorithms that avoid many of the ambiguities common in natural language statements . Programming languages are primarily intended for expressing algorithms in a form that can be executed by a computer , but are often used as a way to define or document algorithms . There is a wide variety of representations possible and one can express a given Turing machine program as a sequence of machine tables ( see more at finite - state machine , state transition table and control table ) , as flowcharts and drakon - charts ( see more at state diagram ) , or as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called `` sets of quadruples '' ( see more at Turing machine ) . Representations of algorithms can be classed into three accepted levels of Turing machine description : 1 High - level description `` ... prose to describe an algorithm , ignoring the implementation details . At this level we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head . '' 2 Implementation description `` ... prose used to define the way the Turing machine uses its head and the way that it stores data on its tape . At this level we do not give details of states or transition function . '' 3 Formal description Most detailed , `` lowest level '' , gives the Turing machine 's `` state table '' . For an example of the simple algorithm `` Add m + n '' described in all three levels , see Algorithm # Examples . Implementation ( edit ) Logical NAND algorithm implemented electronically in 7400 chip Most algorithms are intended to be implemented as computer programs . However , algorithms are also implemented by other means , such as in a biological neural network ( for example , the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food ) , in an electrical circuit , or in a mechanical device . Computer algorithms ( edit ) Flowchart examples of the canonical Böhm - Jacopini structures : the SEQUENCE ( rectangles descending the page ) , the WHILE - DO and the IF - THEN - ELSE . The three structures are made of the primitive conditional GOTO ( IF test = true THEN GOTO step xxx ) ( a diamond ) , the unconditional GOTO ( rectangle ) , various assignment operators ( rectangle ) , and HALT ( rectangle ) . Nesting of these structures inside assignment - blocks result in complex diagrams ( cf Tausworthe 1977 : 100,114 ) . In computer systems , an algorithm is basically an instance of logic written in software by software developers to be effective for the intended `` target '' computer ( s ) to produce output from given ( perhaps null ) input . An optimal algorithm , even running in old hardware , would produce faster results than a non-optimal ( higher time complexity ) algorithm for the same purpose , running in more efficient hardware ; that is why algorithms , like computer hardware , are considered technology . `` Elegant '' ( compact ) programs , `` good '' ( fast ) programs : The notion of `` simplicity and elegance '' appears informally in Knuth and precisely in Chaitin : Knuth : `` ... we want good algorithms in some loosely defined aesthetic sense . One criterion ... is the length of time taken to perform the algorithm ... Other criteria are adaptability of the algorithm to computers , its simplicity and elegance , etc '' Chaitin : `` ... a program is ' elegant , ' by which I mean that it 's the smallest possible program for producing the output that it does '' Chaitin prefaces his definition with : `` I 'll show you ca n't prove that a program is ' elegant ' '' -- such a proof would solve the Halting problem ( ibid ) . Algorithm versus function computable by an algorithm : For a given function multiple algorithms may exist . This is true , even without expanding the available instruction set available to the programmer . Rogers observes that `` It is ... important to distinguish between the notion of algorithm , i.e. procedure and the notion of function computable by algorithm , i.e. mapping yielded by procedure . The same function may have several different algorithms '' . Unfortunately there may be a tradeoff between goodness ( speed ) and elegance ( compactness ) -- an elegant program may take more steps to complete a computation than one less elegant . An example that uses Euclid 's algorithm appears below . Computers ( and computors ) , models of computation : A computer ( or human `` computor '' ) is a restricted type of machine , a `` discrete deterministic mechanical device '' that blindly follows its instructions . Melzak 's and Lambek 's primitive models reduced this notion to four elements : ( i ) discrete , distinguishable locations , ( ii ) discrete , indistinguishable counters ( iii ) an agent , and ( iv ) a list of instructions that are effective relative to the capability of the agent . Minsky describes a more congenial variation of Lambek 's `` abacus '' model in his `` Very Simple Bases for Computability '' . Minsky 's machine proceeds sequentially through its five ( or six , depending on how one counts ) instructions , unless either a conditional IF -- THEN GOTO or an unconditional GOTO changes program flow out of sequence . Besides HALT , Minsky 's machine includes three assignment ( replacement , substitution ) operations : ZERO ( e.g. the contents of location replaced by 0 : L ← 0 ) , SUCCESSOR ( e.g. L ← L + 1 ) , and DECREMENT ( e.g. L ← L − 1 ) . Rarely must a programmer write `` code '' with such a limited instruction set . But Minsky shows ( as do Melzak and Lambek ) that his machine is Turing complete with only four general types of instructions : conditional GOTO , unconditional GOTO , assignment / replacement / substitution , and HALT . Simulation of an algorithm : computer ( computor ) language : Knuth advises the reader that `` the best way to learn an algorithm is to try it ... immediately take pen and paper and work through an example '' . But what about a simulation or execution of the real thing ? The programmer must translate the algorithm into a language that the simulator / computer / computor can effectively execute . Stone gives an example of this : when computing the roots of a quadratic equation the computor must know how to take a square root . If they do n't , then the algorithm , to be effective , must provide a set of rules for extracting a square root . This means that the programmer must know a `` language '' that is effective relative to the target computing agent ( computer / computor ) . But what model should be used for the simulation ? Van Emde Boas observes `` even if we base complexity theory on abstract instead of concrete machines , arbitrariness of the choice of a model remains . It is at this point that the notion of simulation enters '' . When speed is being measured , the instruction set matters . For example , the subprogram in Euclid 's algorithm to compute the remainder would execute much faster if the programmer had a `` modulus '' instruction available rather than just subtraction ( or worse : just Minsky 's `` decrement '' ) . Structured programming , canonical structures : Per the Church -- Turing thesis , any algorithm can be computed by a model known to be Turing complete , and per Minsky 's demonstrations , Turing completeness requires only four instruction types -- conditional GOTO , unconditional GOTO , assignment , HALT . Kemeny and Kurtz observe that , while `` undisciplined '' use of unconditional GOTOs and conditional IF - THEN GOTOs can result in `` spaghetti code '' , a programmer can write structured programs using only these instructions ; on the other hand `` it is also possible , and not too hard , to write badly structured programs in a structured language '' . Tausworthe augments the three Böhm - Jacopini canonical structures : SEQUENCE , IF - THEN - ELSE , and WHILE - DO , with two more : DO - WHILE and CASE . An additional benefit of a structured program is that it lends itself to proofs of correctness using mathematical induction . Canonical flowchart symbols : The graphical aide called a flowchart offers a way to describe and document an algorithm ( and a computer program of one ) . Like program flow of a Minsky machine , a flowchart always starts at the top of a page and proceeds down . Its primary symbols are only four : the directed arrow showing program flow , the rectangle ( SEQUENCE , GOTO ) , the diamond ( IF - THEN - ELSE ) , and the dot ( OR - tie ) . The Böhm -- Jacopini canonical structures are made of these primitive shapes . Sub-structures can `` nest '' in rectangles , but only if a single exit occurs from the superstructure . The symbols , and their use to build the canonical structures , are shown in the diagram . Examples ( edit ) Further information : List of algorithms Algorithm example ( edit ) An animation of the quicksort algorithm sorting an array of randomized values . The red bars mark the pivot element ; at the start of the animation , the element farthest to the right hand side is chosen as the pivot . One of the simplest algorithms is to find the largest number in a list of numbers of random order . Finding the solution requires looking at every number in the list . From this follows a simple algorithm , which can be stated in a high - level description English prose , as : High - level description : If there are no numbers in the set then there is no highest number . Assume the first number in the set is the largest number in the set . For each remaining number in the set : if this number is larger than the current largest number , consider this number to be the largest number in the set . When there are no numbers left in the set to iterate over , consider the current largest number to be the largest number of the set . ( Quasi - ) formal description : Written in prose but much closer to the high - level language of a computer program , the following is the more formal coding of the algorithm in pseudocode or pidgin code : Algorithm LargestNumber Input : A list of numbers L. Output : The largest number in the list L . if L. size = 0 return null largest ← L ( 0 ) for each item in L , do if item > largest , then largest ← item return largest `` ← '' denotes assignment . For instance , `` largest ← item '' means that the value of largest changes to the value of item . `` return '' terminates the algorithm and outputs the following value . Euclid 's algorithm ( edit ) Further information : Euclid 's algorithm The example - diagram of Euclid 's algorithm from T.L. Heath ( 1908 ) , with more detail added . Euclid does not go beyond a third measuring , and gives no numerical examples . Nicomachus gives the example of 49 and 21 : `` I subtract the less from the greater ; 28 is left ; then again I subtract from this the same 21 ( for this is possible ) ; 7 is left ; I subtract this from 21 , 14 is left ; from which I again subtract 7 ( for this is possible ) ; 7 is left , but 7 can not be subtracted from 7 . '' Heath comments that , `` The last phrase is curious , but the meaning of it is obvious enough , as also the meaning of the phrase about ending ' at one and the same number ' . '' ( Heath 1908 : 300 ) . Euclid 's algorithm to compute the greatest common divisor ( GCD ) to two numbers appears as Proposition II in Book VII ( `` Elementary Number Theory '' ) of his Elements . Euclid poses the problem thus : `` Given two numbers not prime to one another , to find their greatest common measure '' . He defines `` A number ( to be ) a multitude composed of units '' : a counting number , a positive integer not including zero . To `` measure '' is to place a shorter measuring length s successively ( q times ) along longer length l until the remaining portion r is less than the shorter length s . In modern words , remainder r = l − q × s , q being the quotient , or remainder r is the `` modulus '' , the integer - fractional part left over after the division . For Euclid 's method to succeed , the starting lengths must satisfy two requirements : ( i ) the lengths must not be zero , AND ( ii ) the subtraction must be `` proper '' ; i.e. , a test must guarantee that the smaller of the two numbers is subtracted from the larger ( alternately , the two can be equal so their subtraction yields zero ) . Euclid 's original proof adds a third requirement : the two lengths must not be prime to one another . Euclid stipulated this so that he could construct a reductio ad absurdum proof that the two numbers ' common measure is in fact the greatest . While Nicomachus ' algorithm is the same as Euclid 's , when the numbers are prime to one another , it yields the number `` 1 '' for their common measure . So , to be precise , the following is really Nicomachus ' algorithm . A graphical expression of Euclid 's algorithm to find the greatest common divisor for 1599 and 650 . 1599 = 650 × 2 + 299 650 = 299 × 2 + 52 299 = 52 × 5 + 39 52 = 39 × 1 + 13 39 = 13 × 3 + 0 Computer language for Euclid 's algorithm ( edit ) Only a few instruction types are required to execute Euclid 's algorithm -- some logical tests ( conditional GOTO ) , unconditional GOTO , assignment ( replacement ) , and subtraction . A location is symbolized by upper case letter ( s ) , e.g. S , A , etc . The varying quantity ( number ) in a location is written in lower case letter ( s ) and ( usually ) associated with the location 's name . For example , location L at the start might contain the number l = 3009 . An Inelegant program for Euclid 's algorithm ( edit ) `` Inelegant '' is a translation of Knuth 's version of the algorithm with a subtraction - based remainder - loop replacing his use of division ( or a `` modulus '' instruction ) . Derived from Knuth 1973 : 2 -- 4 . Depending on the two numbers `` Inelegant '' may compute the g.c.d. in fewer steps than `` Elegant '' . The following algorithm is framed as Knuth 's four - step version of Euclid 's and Nicomachus ' , but , rather than using division to find the remainder , it uses successive subtractions of the shorter length s from the remaining length r until r is less than s . The high - level description , shown in boldface , is adapted from Knuth 1973 : 2 -- 4 : INPUT : 1 ( Into two locations L and S put the numbers l and s that represent the two lengths ) : INPUT L , S 2 ( Initialize R : make the remaining length r equal to the starting / initial / input length l ) : R ← L E0 : ( Ensure r ≥ s . ) 3 ( Ensure the smaller of the two numbers is in S and the larger in R ) : IF R > S THEN the contents of L is the larger number so skip over the exchange - steps 4 , 5 and 6 : GOTO step 6 ELSE swap the contents of R and S. 4 L ← R ( this first step is redundant , but is useful for later discussion ) . 5 R ← S 6 S ← L E1 : ( Find remainder ) : Until the remaining length r in R is less than the shorter length s in S , repeatedly subtract the measuring number s in S from the remaining length r in R . 7 IF S > R THEN done measuring so GOTO 10 ELSE measure again , 8 R ← R − S 9 ( Remainder - loop ) : GOTO 7 . E2 : ( Is the remainder zero ? ) : EITHER ( i ) the last measure was exact , the remainder in R is zero , and the program can halt , OR ( ii ) the algorithm must continue : the last measure left a remainder in R less than measuring number in S . 10 IF R = 0 THEN done so GOTO step 15 ELSE CONTINUE TO step 11 , E3 : ( Interchange s and r ) : The nut of Euclid 's algorithm . Use remainder r to measure what was previously smaller number s ; L serves as a temporary location . 11 L ← R 12 R ← S 13 S ← L 14 ( Repeat the measuring process ) : GOTO 7 OUTPUT : 15 ( Done . S contains the greatest common divisor ) : PRINT S DONE : 16 HALT , END , STOP . An Elegant program for Euclid 's algorithm ( edit ) The following version of Euclid 's algorithm requires only six core instructions to do what thirteen are required to do by `` Inelegant '' ; worse , `` Inelegant '' requires more types of instructions . The flowchart of `` Elegant '' can be found at the top of this article . In the ( unstructured ) Basic language , the steps are numbered , and the instruction LET ( ) = ( ) is the assignment instruction symbolized by ← . 5 REM Euclid 's algorithm for greatest common divisor 6 PRINT `` Type two integers greater than 0 '' 10 INPUT A , B 20 IF B = 0 THEN GOTO 80 30 IF A > B THEN GOTO 60 40 LET B = B - A 50 GOTO 20 60 LET A = A-B 70 GOTO 20 80 PRINT A 90 END The following version can be used with Object Oriented languages : / / Euclid 's algorithm for greatest common divisor integer euclidAlgorithm ( int A , int B ) ( A = Math. abs ( A ) ; B = Math. abs ( B ) ; while ( B ! = 0 ) ( if ( A > B ) A = A-B ; else B = B - A ; ) return A ; ) How `` Elegant '' works : In place of an outer `` Euclid loop '' , `` Elegant '' shifts back and forth between two `` co-loops '' , an A > B loop that computes A ← A − B , and a B ≤ A loop that computes B ← B − A . This works because , when at last the minuend M is less than or equal to the subtrahend S ( Difference = Minuend − Subtrahend ) , the minuend can become s ( the new measuring length ) and the subtrahend can become the new r ( the length to be measured ) ; in other words the `` sense '' of the subtraction reverses . Testing the Euclid algorithms ( edit ) Does an algorithm do what its author wants it to do ? A few test cases usually suffice to confirm core functionality . One source uses 3009 and 884 . Knuth suggested 40902 , 24140 . Another interesting case is the two relatively prime numbers 14157 and 5950 . But exceptional cases must be identified and tested . Will `` Inelegant '' perform properly when R > S , S > R , R = S ? Ditto for `` Elegant '' : B > A , A > B , A = B ? ( Yes to all ) . What happens when one number is zero , both numbers are zero ? ( `` Inelegant '' computes forever in all cases ; `` Elegant '' computes forever when A = 0 . ) What happens if negative numbers are entered ? Fractional numbers ? If the input numbers , i.e. the domain of the function computed by the algorithm / program , is to include only positive integers including zero , then the failures at zero indicate that the algorithm ( and the program that instantiates it ) is a partial function rather than a total function . A notable failure due to exceptions is the Ariane 5 Flight 501 rocket failure ( June 4 , 1996 ) . Proof of program correctness by use of mathematical induction : Knuth demonstrates the application of mathematical induction to an `` extended '' version of Euclid 's algorithm , and he proposes `` a general method applicable to proving the validity of any algorithm '' . Tausworthe proposes that a measure of the complexity of a program be the length of its correctness proof . Measuring and improving the Euclid algorithms ( edit ) Elegance ( compactness ) versus goodness ( speed ) : With only six core instructions , `` Elegant '' is the clear winner , compared to `` Inelegant '' at thirteen instructions . However , `` Inelegant '' is faster ( it arrives at HALT in fewer steps ) . Algorithm analysis indicates why this is the case : `` Elegant '' does two conditional tests in every subtraction loop , whereas `` Inelegant '' only does one . As the algorithm ( usually ) requires many loop - throughs , on average much time is wasted doing a `` B = 0 ? '' test that is needed only after the remainder is computed . Can the algorithms be improved ? : Once the programmer judges a program `` fit '' and `` effective '' -- that is , it computes the function intended by its author -- then the question becomes , can it be improved ? The compactness of `` Inelegant '' can be improved by the elimination of five steps . But Chaitin proved that compacting an algorithm can not be automated by a generalized algorithm ; rather , it can only be done heuristically ; i.e. , by exhaustive search ( examples to be found at Busy beaver ) , trial and error , cleverness , insight , application of inductive reasoning , etc . Observe that steps 4 , 5 and 6 are repeated in steps 11 , 12 and 13 . Comparison with `` Elegant '' provides a hint that these steps , together with steps 2 and 3 , can be eliminated . This reduces the number of core instructions from thirteen to eight , which makes it `` more elegant '' than `` Elegant '' , at nine steps . The speed of `` Elegant '' can be improved by moving the `` B = 0 ? '' test outside of the two subtraction loops . This change calls for the addition of three instructions ( B = 0 ? , A = 0 ? , GOTO ) . Now `` Elegant '' computes the example - numbers faster ; whether this is always the case for any given A , B and R , S would require a detailed analysis . Algorithmic analysis ( edit ) Main article : Analysis of algorithms It is frequently important to know how much of a particular resource ( such as time or storage ) is theoretically required for a given algorithm . Methods have been developed for the analysis of algorithms to obtain such quantitative answers ( estimates ) ; for example , the sorting algorithm above has a time requirement of O ( n ) , using the big O notation with n as the length of the list . At all times the algorithm only needs to remember two values : the largest number found so far , and its current position in the input list . Therefore , it is said to have a space requirement of O ( 1 ) , if the space required to store the input numbers is not counted , or O ( n ) if it is counted . Different algorithms may complete the same task with a different set of instructions in less or more time , space , or ' effort ' than others . For example , a binary search algorithm ( with cost O ( log n ) ) outperforms a sequential search ( cost O ( n ) ) when used for table lookups on sorted lists or arrays . Formal versus empirical ( edit ) Main articles : Empirical algorithmics , Profiling ( computer programming ) , and Program optimization The analysis and study of algorithms is a discipline of computer science , and is often practiced abstractly without the use of a specific programming language or implementation . In this sense , algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines in that it focuses on the underlying properties of the algorithm and not on the specifics of any particular implementation . Usually pseudocode is used for analysis as it is the simplest and most general representation . However , ultimately , most algorithms are usually implemented on particular hardware / software platforms and their algorithmic efficiency is eventually put to the test using real code . For the solution of a `` one off '' problem , the efficiency of a particular algorithm may not have significant consequences ( unless n is extremely large ) but for algorithms designed for fast interactive , commercial or long life scientific usage it may be critical . Scaling from small n to large n frequently exposes inefficient algorithms that are otherwise benign . Empirical testing is useful because it may uncover unexpected interactions that affect performance . Benchmarks may be used to compare before / after potential improvements to an algorithm after program optimization . Empirical tests can not replace formal analysis , though , and are not trivial to perform in a fair manner . Execution efficiency ( edit ) Main article : Algorithmic efficiency To illustrate the potential improvements possible even in well established algorithms , a recent significant innovation , relating to FFT algorithms ( used heavily in the field of image processing ) , can decrease processing time up to 1,000 times for applications like medical imaging . In general , speed improvements depend on special properties of the problem , which are very common in practical applications . Speedups of this magnitude enable computing devices that make extensive use of image processing ( like digital cameras and medical equipment ) to consume less power . Classification ( edit ) There are various ways to classify algorithms , each with its own merits . By implementation ( edit ) One way to classify algorithms is by implementation means . Recursion A recursive algorithm is one that invokes ( makes reference to ) itself repeatedly until a certain condition ( also known as termination condition ) matches , which is a method common to functional programming . Iterative algorithms use repetitive constructs like loops and sometimes additional data structures like stacks to solve the given problems . Some problems are naturally suited for one implementation or the other . For example , towers of Hanoi is well understood using recursive implementation . Every recursive version has an equivalent ( but possibly more or less complex ) iterative version , and vice versa . Logical An algorithm may be viewed as controlled logical deduction . This notion may be expressed as : Algorithm = logic + control . The logic component expresses the axioms that may be used in the computation and the control component determines the way in which deduction is applied to the axioms . This is the basis for the logic programming paradigm . In pure logic programming languages the control component is fixed and algorithms are specified by supplying only the logic component . The appeal of this approach is the elegant semantics : a change in the axioms has a well - defined change in the algorithm . Serial , parallel or distributed Algorithms are usually discussed with the assumption that computers execute one instruction of an algorithm at a time . Those computers are sometimes called serial computers . An algorithm designed for such an environment is called a serial algorithm , as opposed to parallel algorithms or distributed algorithms . Parallel algorithms take advantage of computer architectures where several processors can work on a problem at the same time , whereas distributed algorithms utilize multiple machines connected with a computer network . Parallel or distributed algorithms divide the problem into more symmetrical or asymmetrical subproblems and collect the results back together . The resource consumption in such algorithms is not only processor cycles on each processor but also the communication overhead between the processors . Some sorting algorithms can be parallelized efficiently , but their communication overhead is expensive . Iterative algorithms are generally parallelizable . Some problems have no parallel algorithms , and are called inherently serial problems . Deterministic or non-deterministic Deterministic algorithms solve the problem with exact decision at every step of the algorithm whereas non-deterministic algorithms solve problems via guessing although typical guesses are made more accurate through the use of heuristics . Exact or approximate While many algorithms reach an exact solution , approximation algorithms seek an approximation that is closer to the true solution . Approximation can be reached by either using a deterministic or a random strategy . Such algorithms have practical value for many hard problems . One of the examples of an approximate algorithm is the Knapsack problem . The Knapsack problem is a problem where there is a set of given items . The goal of the problem is to pack the knapsack to get the maximum total value . Each item has some weight and some value . Total weight that we can carry is no more than some fixed number X . So , we must consider weights of items as well as their value . Quantum algorithm They run on a realistic model of quantum computation . The term is usually used for those algorithms which seem inherently quantum , or use some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement . By design paradigm ( edit ) Another way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm . There is a certain number of paradigms , each different from the other . Furthermore , each of these categories include many different types of algorithms . Some common paradigms are : Brute - force or exhaustive search This is the naive method of trying every possible solution to see which is best . Divide and conquer A divide and conquer algorithm repeatedly reduces an instance of a problem to one or more smaller instances of the same problem ( usually recursively ) until the instances are small enough to solve easily . One such example of divide and conquer is merge sorting . Sorting can be done on each segment of data after dividing data into segments and sorting of entire data can be obtained in the conquer phase by merging the segments . A simpler variant of divide and conquer is called a decrease and conquer algorithm , that solves an identical subproblem and uses the solution of this subproblem to solve the bigger problem . Divide and conquer divides the problem into multiple subproblems and so the conquer stage is more complex than decrease and conquer algorithms . An example of decrease and conquer algorithm is the binary search algorithm . Search and enumeration Many problems ( such as playing chess ) can be modeled as problems on graphs . A graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems . This category also includes search algorithms , branch and bound enumeration and backtracking . Randomized algorithm Such algorithms make some choices randomly ( or pseudo-randomly ) . They can be very useful in finding approximate solutions for problems where finding exact solutions can be impractical ( see heuristic method below ) . For some of these problems , it is known that the fastest approximations must involve some randomness . Whether randomized algorithms with polynomial time complexity can be the fastest algorithms for some problems is an open question known as the P versus NP problem . There are two large classes of such algorithms : Monte Carlo algorithms return a correct answer with high - probability . E.g. RP is the subclass of these that run in polynomial time . Las Vegas algorithms always return the correct answer , but their running time is only probabilistically bound , e.g. ZPP . Reduction of complexity This technique involves solving a difficult problem by transforming it into a better known problem for which we have ( hopefully ) asymptotically optimal algorithms . The goal is to find a reducing algorithm whose complexity is not dominated by the resulting reduced algorithm 's . For example , one selection algorithm for finding the median in an unsorted list involves first sorting the list ( the expensive portion ) and then pulling out the middle element in the sorted list ( the cheap portion ) . This technique is also known as transform and conquer . Optimization problems ( edit ) For optimization problems there is a more specific classification of algorithms ; an algorithm for such problems may fall into one or more of the general categories described above as well as into one of the following : Linear programming When searching for optimal solutions to a linear function bound to linear equality and inequality constraints , the constraints of the problem can be used directly in producing the optimal solutions . There are algorithms that can solve any problem in this category , such as the popular simplex algorithm . Problems that can be solved with linear programming include the maximum flow problem for directed graphs . If a problem additionally requires that one or more of the unknowns must be an integer then it is classified in integer programming . A linear programming algorithm can solve such a problem if it can be proved that all restrictions for integer values are superficial , i.e. , the solutions satisfy these restrictions anyway . In the general case , a specialized algorithm or an algorithm that finds approximate solutions is used , depending on the difficulty of the problem . Dynamic programming When a problem shows optimal substructures -- meaning the optimal solution to a problem can be constructed from optimal solutions to subproblems -- and overlapping subproblems , meaning the same subproblems are used to solve many different problem instances , a quicker approach called dynamic programming avoids recomputing solutions that have already been computed . For example , Floyd -- Warshall algorithm , the shortest path to a goal from a vertex in a weighted graph can be found by using the shortest path to the goal from all adjacent vertices . Dynamic programming and memoization go together . The main difference between dynamic programming and divide and conquer is that subproblems are more or less independent in divide and conquer , whereas subproblems overlap in dynamic programming . The difference between dynamic programming and straightforward recursion is in caching or memoization of recursive calls . When subproblems are independent and there is no repetition , memoization does not help ; hence dynamic programming is not a solution for all complex problems . By using memoization or maintaining a table of subproblems already solved , dynamic programming reduces the exponential nature of many problems to polynomial complexity . The greedy method A greedy algorithm is similar to a dynamic programming algorithm in that it works by examining substructures , in this case not of the problem but of a given solution . Such algorithms start with some solution , which may be given or have been constructed in some way , and improve it by making small modifications . For some problems they can find the optimal solution while for others they stop at local optima , that is , at solutions that can not be improved by the algorithm but are not optimum . The most popular use of greedy algorithms is for finding the minimal spanning tree where finding the optimal solution is possible with this method . Huffman Tree , Kruskal , Prim , Sollin are greedy algorithms that can solve this optimization problem . The heuristic method In optimization problems , heuristic algorithms can be used to find a solution close to the optimal solution in cases where finding the optimal solution is impractical . These algorithms work by getting closer and closer to the optimal solution as they progress . In principle , if run for an infinite amount of time , they will find the optimal solution . Their merit is that they can find a solution very close to the optimal solution in a relatively short time . Such algorithms include local search , tabu search , simulated annealing , and genetic algorithms . Some of them , like simulated annealing , are non-deterministic algorithms while others , like tabu search , are deterministic . When a bound on the error of the non-optimal solution is known , the algorithm is further categorized as an approximation algorithm . By field of Study ( edit ) See also : List of algorithms Every field of science has its own problems and needs efficient algorithms . Related problems in one field are often studied together . Some example classes are search algorithms , sorting algorithms , merge algorithms , numerical algorithms , graph algorithms , string algorithms , computational geometric algorithms , combinatorial algorithms , medical algorithms , machine learning , cryptography , data compression algorithms and parsing techniques . Fields tend to overlap with each other , and algorithm advances in one field may improve those of other , sometimes completely unrelated , fields . For example , dynamic programming was invented for optimization of resource consumption in industry , but is now used in solving a broad range of problems in many fields . By complexity ( edit ) See also : Complexity class and Parameterized complexity Algorithms can be classified by the amount of time they need to complete compared to their input size : Constant time : if the time needed by the algorithm is the same , regardless of the input size . E.g. an access to an array element . Linear time : if the time is proportional to the input size . E.g. the traverse of a list . Logarithmic time : if the time is a logarithmic function of the input size . E.g. binary search algorithm . Polynomial time : if the time is a power of the input size . E.g. the bubble sort algorithm has quadratic time complexity . Exponential time : if the time is an exponential function of the input size . E.g. Brute - force search . Some problems may have multiple algorithms of differing complexity , while other problems might have no algorithms or no known efficient algorithms . There are also mappings from some problems to other problems . Owing to this , it was found to be more suitable to classify the problems themselves instead of the algorithms into equivalence classes based on the complexity of the best possible algorithms for them . Continuous algorithms ( edit ) The adjective `` continuous '' when applied to the word `` algorithm '' can mean : An algorithm operating on data that represents continuous quantities , even though this data is represented by discrete approximations -- such algorithms are studied in numerical analysis ; or An algorithm in the form of a differential equation that operates continuously on the data , running on an analog computer . Legal issues ( edit ) See also : Software patent Algorithms , by themselves , are not usually patentable . In the United States , a claim consisting solely of simple manipulations of abstract concepts , numbers , or signals does not constitute `` processes '' ( USPTO 2006 ) , and hence algorithms are not patentable ( as in Gottschalk v. Benson ) . However , practical applications of algorithms are sometimes patentable . For example , in Diamond v. Diehr , the application of a simple feedback algorithm to aid in the curing of synthetic rubber was deemed patentable . The patenting of software is highly controversial , and there are highly criticized patents involving algorithms , especially data compression algorithms , such as Unisys ' LZW patent . Additionally , some cryptographic algorithms have export restrictions ( see export of cryptography ) . Researcher , Andrew Tutt , argues that algorithms should be overseen by a specialist regulatory agency , similar to FDA . His academic work emphasizes that the rise of increasingly complex algorithms calls for the need to think about the effects of algorithms today . Due to the nature and complexity of algorithms , it will prove to be difficult to hold algorithms accountable under criminal law . Tutt recognizes that while some algorithms will be beneficial to help meet technological demand , others should not be used or sold if they fail to meet safety requirements . Thus , for Tutt , algorithms will require `` closer forms of federal uniformity , expert judgment , political independence , and pre-market review to prevent the introduction of unacceptably dangerous algorithms into the market '' . The issue of algorithmic accountability ( the responsibility of algorithm designers to provide evidence of potential or realised harms ) is of particular relevance in the field of dynamic and non-linearly programmed systems , e.g. artificial neural networks , deep learning , and genetic algorithms ( see Explainable AI ) . History : development of the notion of `` algorithm '' ( edit ) Ancient near east ( edit ) Algorithms were used in ancient Greece . Two examples are the Sieve of Eratosthenes , which was described in Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus , and the Euclidean algorithm , which was first described in Euclid 's Elements ( c. 300 BC ) . Babylonian clay tablets describe and employ algorithmic procedures to compute the time and place of significant astronomical events . Discrete and distinguishable symbols ( edit ) Tally - marks : To keep track of their flocks , their sacks of grain and their money the ancients used tallying : accumulating stones or marks scratched on sticks , or making discrete symbols in clay . Through the Babylonian and Egyptian use of marks and symbols , eventually Roman numerals and the abacus evolved ( Dilson , p. 16 -- 41 ) . Tally marks appear prominently in unary numeral system arithmetic used in Turing machine and Post -- Turing machine computations . Manipulation of symbols as `` place holders '' for numbers : algebra ( edit ) The work of the ancient Greek geometers ( Euclidean algorithm ) , the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta , and the Persian mathematician Al - Khwarizmi ( from whose name the terms `` algorism '' and `` algorithm '' are derived ) , and Western European mathematicians culminated in Leibniz 's notion of the calculus ratiocinator ( ca 1680 ) : A good century and a half ahead of his time , Leibniz proposed an algebra of logic , an algebra that would specify the rules for manipulating logical concepts in the manner that ordinary algebra specifies the rules for manipulating numbers . Mechanical contrivances with discrete states ( edit ) The clock : Bolter credits the invention of the weight - driven clock as `` The key invention ( of Europe in the Middle Ages ) '' , in particular the verge escapement that provides us with the tick and tock of a mechanical clock . `` The accurate automatic machine '' led immediately to `` mechanical automata '' beginning in the 13th century and finally to `` computational machines '' -- the difference engine and analytical engines of Charles Babbage and Countess Ada Lovelace , mid-19th century . Lovelace is credited with the first creation of an algorithm intended for processing on a computer -- Babbage 's analytical engine , the first device considered a real Turing - complete computer instead of just a calculator -- and is sometimes called `` history 's first programmer '' as a result , though a full implementation of Babbage 's second device would not be realized until decades after her lifetime . Logical machines 1870 -- Stanley Jevons ' `` logical abacus '' and `` logical machine '' : The technical problem was to reduce Boolean equations when presented in a form similar to what are now known as Karnaugh maps . Jevons ( 1880 ) describes first a simple `` abacus '' of `` slips of wood furnished with pins , contrived so that any part or class of the ( logical ) combinations can be picked out mechanically ... More recently however I have reduced the system to a completely mechanical form , and have thus embodied the whole of the indirect process of inference in what may be called a Logical Machine '' His machine came equipped with `` certain moveable wooden rods '' and `` at the foot are 21 keys like those of a piano ( etc ) ... `` . With this machine he could analyze a `` syllogism or any other simple logical argument '' . This machine he displayed in 1870 before the Fellows of the Royal Society . Another logician John Venn , however , in his 1881 Symbolic Logic , turned a jaundiced eye to this effort : `` I have no high estimate myself of the interest or importance of what are sometimes called logical machines ... it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines '' ; see more at Algorithm characterizations . But not to be outdone he too presented `` a plan somewhat analogous , I apprehend , to Prof. Jevon 's abacus ... ( And ) ( a ) gain , corresponding to Prof. Jevons 's logical machine , the following contrivance may be described . I prefer to call it merely a logical - diagram machine ... but I suppose that it could do very completely all that can be rationally expected of any logical machine '' . Jacquard loom , Hollerith punch cards , telegraphy and telephony -- the electromechanical relay : Bell and Newell ( 1971 ) indicate that the Jacquard loom ( 1801 ) , precursor to Hollerith cards ( punch cards , 1887 ) , and `` telephone switching technologies '' were the roots of a tree leading to the development of the first computers . By the mid-19th century the telegraph , the precursor of the telephone , was in use throughout the world , its discrete and distinguishable encoding of letters as `` dots and dashes '' a common sound . By the late 19th century the ticker tape ( ca 1870s ) was in use , as was the use of Hollerith cards in the 1890 U.S. census . Then came the teleprinter ( ca . 1910 ) with its punched - paper use of Baudot code on tape . Telephone - switching networks of electromechanical relays ( invented 1835 ) was behind the work of George Stibitz ( 1937 ) , the inventor of the digital adding device . As he worked in Bell Laboratories , he observed the `` burdensome ' use of mechanical calculators with gears . `` He went home one evening in 1937 intending to test his idea ... When the tinkering was over , Stibitz had constructed a binary adding device '' . Davis ( 2000 ) observes the particular importance of the electromechanical relay ( with its two `` binary states '' open and closed ) : It was only with the development , beginning in the 1930s , of electromechanical calculators using electrical relays , that machines were built having the scope Babbage had envisioned . '' Mathematics during the 19th century up to the mid-20th century ( edit ) Symbols and rules : In rapid succession the mathematics of George Boole ( 1847 , 1854 ) , Gottlob Frege ( 1879 ) , and Giuseppe Peano ( 1888 -- 1889 ) reduced arithmetic to a sequence of symbols manipulated by rules . Peano 's The principles of arithmetic , presented by a new method ( 1888 ) was `` the first attempt at an axiomatization of mathematics in a symbolic language '' . But Heijenoort gives Frege ( 1879 ) this kudos : Frege 's is `` perhaps the most important single work ever written in logic ... in which we see a '' ' formula language ' , that is a lingua characterica , a language written with special symbols , `` for pure thought '' , that is , free from rhetorical embellishments ... constructed from specific symbols that are manipulated according to definite rules `` . The work of Frege was further simplified and amplified by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell in their Principia Mathematica ( 1910 -- 1913 ) . The paradoxes : At the same time a number of disturbing paradoxes appeared in the literature , in particular the Burali - Forti paradox ( 1897 ) , the Russell paradox ( 1902 -- 03 ) , and the Richard Paradox . The resultant considerations led to Kurt Gödel 's paper ( 1931 ) -- he specifically cites the paradox of the liar -- that completely reduces rules of recursion to numbers . Effective calculability : In an effort to solve the Entscheidungsproblem defined precisely by Hilbert in 1928 , mathematicians first set about to define what was meant by an `` effective method '' or `` effective calculation '' or `` effective calculability '' ( i.e. , a calculation that would succeed ) . In rapid succession the following appeared : Alonzo Church , Stephen Kleene and J.B. Rosser 's λ - calculus a finely honed definition of `` general recursion '' from the work of Gödel acting on suggestions of Jacques Herbrand ( cf . Gödel 's Princeton lectures of 1934 ) and subsequent simplifications by Kleene . Church 's proof that the Entscheidungsproblem was unsolvable , Emil Post 's definition of effective calculability as a worker mindlessly following a list of instructions to move left or right through a sequence of rooms and while there either mark or erase a paper or observe the paper and make a yes - no decision about the next instruction . Alan Turing 's proof of that the Entscheidungsproblem was unsolvable by use of his `` a - ( automatic - ) machine '' -- in effect almost identical to Post 's `` formulation '' , J. Barkley Rosser 's definition of `` effective method '' in terms of `` a machine '' . S.C. Kleene 's proposal of a precursor to `` Church thesis '' that he called `` Thesis I '' , and a few years later Kleene 's renaming his Thesis `` Church 's Thesis '' and proposing `` Turing 's Thesis '' . Emil Post ( 1936 ) and Alan Turing ( 1936 -- 37 , 1939 ) ( edit ) Here is a remarkable coincidence of two men not knowing each other but describing a process of men - as - computers working on computations -- and they yield virtually identical definitions . Emil Post ( 1936 ) described the actions of a `` computer '' ( human being ) as follows : `` ... two concepts are involved : that of a symbol space in which the work leading from problem to answer is to be carried out , and a fixed unalterable set of directions . His symbol space would be `` a two way infinite sequence of spaces or boxes ... The problem solver or worker is to move and work in this symbol space , being capable of being in , and operating in but one box at a time ... a box is to admit of but two possible conditions , i.e. , being empty or unmarked , and having a single mark in it , say a vertical stroke . `` One box is to be singled out and called the starting point ... a specific problem is to be given in symbolic form by a finite number of boxes ( i.e. , INPUT ) being marked with a stroke . Likewise the answer ( i.e. , OUTPUT ) is to be given in symbolic form by such a configuration of marked boxes ... `` A set of directions applicable to a general problem sets up a deterministic process when applied to each specific problem . This process terminates only when it comes to the direction of type ( C ) ( i.e. , STOP ) '' . See more at Post -- Turing machine Alan Turing 's statue at Bletchley Park Alan Turing 's work preceded that of Stibitz ( 1937 ) ; it is unknown whether Stibitz knew of the work of Turing . Turing 's biographer believed that Turing 's use of a typewriter - like model derived from a youthful interest : `` Alan had dreamt of inventing typewriters as a boy ; Mrs. Turing had a typewriter ; and he could well have begun by asking himself what was meant by calling a typewriter ' mechanical ' '' . Given the prevalence of Morse code and telegraphy , ticker tape machines , and teletypewriters we might conjecture that all were influences . Turing -- his model of computation is now called a Turing machine -- begins , as did Post , with an analysis of a human computer that he whittles down to a simple set of basic motions and `` states of mind '' . But he continues a step further and creates a machine as a model of computation of numbers . `` Computing is normally done by writing certain symbols on paper . We may suppose this paper is divided into squares like a child 's arithmetic book ... I assume then that the computation is carried out on one - dimensional paper , i.e. , on a tape divided into squares . I shall also suppose that the number of symbols which may be printed is finite ... `` The behaviour of the computer at any moment is determined by the symbols which he is observing , and his `` state of mind '' at that moment . We may suppose that there is a bound B to the number of symbols or squares which the computer can observe at one moment . If he wishes to observe more , he must use successive observations . We will also suppose that the number of states of mind which need be taken into account is finite ... `` Let us imagine that the operations performed by the computer to be split up into ' simple operations ' which are so elementary that it is not easy to imagine them further divided . '' Turing 's reduction yields the following : `` The simple operations must therefore include : `` ( a ) Changes of the symbol on one of the observed squares `` ( b ) Changes of one of the squares observed to another square within L squares of one of the previously observed squares . `` It may be that some of these change necessarily invoke a change of state of mind . The most general single operation must therefore be taken to be one of the following : `` ( A ) A possible change ( a ) of symbol together with a possible change of state of mind . `` ( B ) A possible change ( b ) of observed squares , together with a possible change of state of mind '' `` We may now construct a machine to do the work of this computer . '' A few years later , Turing expanded his analysis ( thesis , definition ) with this forceful expression of it : `` A function is said to be `` effectively calculable '' if its values can be found by some purely mechanical process . Though it is fairly easy to get an intuitive grasp of this idea , it is nevertheless desirable to have some more definite , mathematical expressible definition ... ( he discusses the history of the definition pretty much as presented above with respect to Gödel , Herbrand , Kleene , Church , Turing and Post ) ... We may take this statement literally , understanding by a purely mechanical process one which could be carried out by a machine . It is possible to give a mathematical description , in a certain normal form , of the structures of these machines . The development of these ideas leads to the author 's definition of a computable function , and to an identification of computability † with effective calculability ... `` † We shall use the expression `` computable function '' to mean a function calculable by a machine , and we let `` effectively calculable '' refer to the intuitive idea without particular identification with any one of these definitions `` . J.B. Rosser ( 1939 ) and S.C. Kleene ( 1943 ) ( edit ) J. Barkley Rosser defined an ' effective ( mathematical ) method ' in the following manner ( italicization added ) : `` ' Effective method ' is used here in the rather special sense of a method each step of which is precisely determined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps . With this special meaning , three different precise definitions have been given to date . ( his footnote # 5 ; see discussion immediately below ) . The simplest of these to state ( due to Post and Turing ) says essentially that an effective method of solving certain sets of problems exists if one can build a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and ( later ) reading the answer . All three definitions are equivalent , so it does n't matter which one is used . Moreover , the fact that all three are equivalent is a very strong argument for the correctness of any one . '' ( Rosser 1939 : 225 -- 6 ) Rosser 's footnote No. 5 references the work of ( 1 ) Church and Kleene and their definition of λ - definability , in particular Church 's use of it in his An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory ( 1936 ) ; ( 2 ) Herbrand and Gödel and their use of recursion in particular Gödel 's use in his famous paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems I ( 1931 ) ; and ( 3 ) Post ( 1936 ) and Turing ( 1936 -- 37 ) in their mechanism - models of computation . Stephen C. Kleene defined as his now - famous `` Thesis I '' known as the Church -- Turing thesis . But he did this in the following context ( boldface in original ) : `` 12 . Algorithmic theories ... In setting up a complete algorithmic theory , what we do is to describe a procedure , performable for each set of values of the independent variables , which procedure necessarily terminates and in such manner that from the outcome we can read a definite answer , `` yes '' or `` no , '' to the question , `` is the predicate value true ? '' '' ( Kleene 1943 : 273 ) History after 1950 ( edit ) A number of efforts have been directed toward further refinement of the definition of `` algorithm '' , and activity is on - going because of issues surrounding , in particular , foundations of mathematics ( especially the Church -- Turing thesis ) and philosophy of mind ( especially arguments about artificial intelligence ) . For more , see Algorithm characterizations . See also ( edit ) Heuristic Abstract machine Algorithm engineering Algorithm characterizations Algorithmic composition Algorithmic synthesis Algorithmic trading Garbage in , garbage out Introduction to Algorithms ( textbook ) List of algorithms List of algorithm general topics List of important publications in theoretical computer science -- Algorithms Theory of computation Computability theory Computational complexity theory Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Any classical mathematical algorithm , for example , can be described in a finite number of English words '' ( Rogers 1987 : 2 ) . Jump up ^ Well defined with respect to the agent that executes the algorithm : `` There is a computing agent , usually human , which can react to the instructions and carry out the computations '' ( Rogers 1987 : 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` an algorithm is a procedure for computing a function ( with respect to some chosen notation for integers ) ... this limitation ( to numerical functions ) results in no loss of generality '' , ( Rogers 1987 : 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` An algorithm has zero or more inputs , i.e. , quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins '' ( Knuth 1973 : 5 ) . Jump up ^ `` A procedure which has all the characteristics of an algorithm except that it possibly lacks finiteness may be called a ' computational method ' '' ( Knuth 1973 : 5 ) . Jump up ^ `` An algorithm has one or more outputs , i.e. quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs '' ( Knuth 1973 : 5 ) . Jump up ^ Whether or not a process with random interior processes ( not including the input ) is an algorithm is debatable. Rogers opines that : `` a computation is carried out in a discrete stepwise fashion , without use of continuous methods or analogue devices ... carried forward deterministically , without resort to random methods or devices , e.g. , dice '' Rogers 1987 : 2 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , Roger L. ( 2005 ) . The History of Mathematics : A Brief Course . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781118460290 . Jump up ^ Kleene 1943 in Davis 1965 : 274 Jump up ^ Rosser 1939 in Davis 1965 : 225 Jump up ^ `` Al - Khwarizmi biography '' . www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk . Jump up ^ `` Etymology of algorithm '' . Chambers Dictionary . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogendijk , Jan P. ( 1998 ) . `` al - Khwarzimi '' . Pythagoras. 38 ( 2 ) : 4 -- 5 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Oaks , Jeffrey A. `` Was al - Khwarizmi an applied algebraist ? '' . University of Indianapolis . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brezina , Corona ( 2006 ) . Al - Khwarizmi : The Inventor Of Algebra . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 0513 - 0 . Jump up ^ Foremost mathematical texts in history , according to Carl B. Boyer . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Third Edition , 2012 s.v. Jump up ^ Stone 1973 : 4 Jump up ^ Stone simply requires that `` it must terminate in a finite number of steps '' ( Stone 1973 : 7 -- 8 ) . Jump up ^ Boolos and Jeffrey 1974 , 1999 : 19 Jump up ^ cf Stone 1972 : 5 Jump up ^ Knuth 1973 : 7 states : `` In practice we not only want algorithms , we want good algorithms ... one criterion of goodness is the length of time taken to perform the algorithm ... other criteria are the adaptability of the algorithm to computers , its simplicity and elegance , etc . '' Jump up ^ cf Stone 1973 : 6 Jump up ^ Stone 1973 : 7 -- 8 states that there must be , `` ... a procedure that a robot ( i.e. , computer ) can follow in order to determine precisely how to obey the instruction . '' Stone adds finiteness of the process , and definiteness ( having no ambiguity in the instructions ) to this definition . Jump up ^ Knuth , loc . cit Jump up ^ Minsky 1967 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Gurevich 2000 : 1 , 3 Jump up ^ Sipser 2006 : 157 Jump up ^ Knuth 1973 : 7 Jump up ^ Chaitin 2005 : 32 Jump up ^ Rogers 1987 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ In his essay `` Calculations by Man and Machine : Conceptual Analysis '' Seig 2002 : 390 credits this distinction to Robin Gandy , cf Wilfred Seig , et al. , 2002 Reflections on the foundations of mathematics : Essays in honor of Solomon Feferman , Association for Symbolic Logic , A. K Peters Ltd , Natick , MA . Jump up ^ cf Gandy 1980 : 126 , Robin Gandy Church 's Thesis and Principles for Mechanisms appearing on pp. 123 -- 148 in J. Barwise et al. 1980 The Kleene Symposium , North - Holland Publishing Company . Jump up ^ A `` robot '' : `` A computer is a robot that performs any task that can be described as a sequence of instructions . '' cf Stone 1972 : 3 Jump up ^ Lambek 's `` abacus '' is a `` countably infinite number of locations ( holes , wires etc . ) together with an unlimited supply of counters ( pebbles , beads , etc ) . The locations are distinguishable , the counters are not '' . The holes have unlimited capacity , and standing by is an agent who understands and is able to carry out the list of instructions '' ( Lambek 1961 : 295 ) . Lambek references Melzak who defines his Q - machine as `` an indefinitely large number of locations ... an indefinitely large supply of counters distributed among these locations , a program , and an operator whose sole purpose is to carry out the program '' ( Melzak 1961 : 283 ) . B-B-J ( loc . cit . ) add the stipulation that the holes are `` capable of holding any number of stones '' ( p. 46 ) . Both Melzak and Lambek appear in The Canadian Mathematical Bulletin , vol. 4 , no . 3 , September 1961 . Jump up ^ If no confusion results , the word `` counters '' can be dropped , and a location can be said to contain a single `` number '' . Jump up ^ `` We say that an instruction is effective if there is a procedure that the robot can follow in order to determine precisely how to obey the instruction . '' ( Stone 1972 : 6 ) Jump up ^ cf Minsky 1967 : Chapter 11 `` Computer models '' and Chapter 14 `` Very Simple Bases for Computability '' pp. 255 -- 281 in particular Jump up ^ cf Knuth 1973 : 3 . Jump up ^ But always preceded by IF -- THEN to avoid improper subtraction . Jump up ^ However , a few different assignment instructions ( e.g. DECREMENT , INCREMENT and ZERO / CLEAR / EMPTY for a Minsky machine ) are also required for Turing - completeness ; their exact specification is somewhat up to the designer . The unconditional GOTO is a convenience ; it can be constructed by initializing a dedicated location to zero e.g. the instruction `` Z ← 0 `` ; thereafter the instruction IF Z = 0 THEN GOTO xxx is unconditional . Jump up ^ Knuth 1973 : 4 Jump up ^ Stone 1972 : 5 . Methods for extracting roots are not trivial : see Methods of computing square roots . Jump up ^ Leeuwen , Jan ( 1990 ) . Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science : Algorithms and complexity . Volume A. Elsevier . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 88071 - 0 . Jump up ^ John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz 1985 Back to Basic : The History , Corruption , and Future of the Language , Addison - Wesley Publishing Company , Inc . Reading , MA , ISBN 0 - 201 - 13433 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tausworthe 1977 : 101 Jump up ^ Tausworthe 1977 : 142 Jump up ^ Knuth 1973 section 1.2. 1 , expanded by Tausworthe 1977 at pages 100ff and Chapter 9.1 Jump up ^ cf Tausworthe 1977 Jump up ^ Heath 1908 : 300 ; Hawking 's Dover 2005 edition derives from Heath . Jump up ^ `` ' Let CD , measuring BF , leave FA less than itself . ' This is a neat abbreviation for saying , measure along BA successive lengths equal to CD until a point F is reached such that the length FA remaining is less than CD ; in other words , let BF be the largest exact multiple of CD contained in BA '' ( Heath 1908 : 297 ) Jump up ^ For modern treatments using division in the algorithm , see Hardy and Wright 1979 : 180 , Knuth 1973 : 2 ( Volume 1 ) , plus more discussion of Euclid 's algorithm in Knuth 1969 : 293 -- 297 ( Volume 2 ) . Jump up ^ Euclid covers this question in his Proposition 1 . Jump up ^ `` Euclid 's Elements , Book VII , Proposition 2 '' . Aleph0.clarku.edu . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knuth 1973 : 13 -- 18 . He credits `` the formulation of algorithm - proving in terms of assertions and induction '' to R.W. Floyd , Peter Naur , C.A.R. Hoare , H.H. Goldstine and J. von Neumann . Tausworth 1977 borrows Knuth 's Euclid example and extends Knuth 's method in section 9.1 Formal Proofs ( pages 288 -- 298 ) . Jump up ^ Tausworthe 1997 : 294 Jump up ^ cf Knuth 1973 : 7 ( Vol . I ) , and his more - detailed analyses on pp. 1969 : 294 -- 313 ( Vol II ) . Jump up ^ Breakdown occurs when an algorithm tries to compact itself . Success would solve the Halting problem . Jump up ^ Kriegel , Hans - Peter ; Schubert , Erich ; Zimek , Arthur ( 2016 ) . `` The ( black ) art of runtime evaluation : Are we comparing algorithms or implementations ? '' . Knowledge and Information Systems . 52 ( 2 ) : 341 -- 378 . doi : 10.1007 / s10115 - 016 - 1004 - 2 . ISSN 0219 - 1377 . Jump up ^ Gillian Conahan ( January 2013 ) . `` Better Math Makes Faster Data Networks '' . discovermagazine.com . Jump up ^ Haitham Hassanieh , Piotr Indyk , Dina Katabi , and Eric Price , `` ACM - SIAM Symposium On Discrete Algorithms ( SODA ) Archived July 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Kyoto , January 2012 . See also the sFFT Web Page . Jump up ^ Kowalski 1979 Jump up ^ Knapsack Problems Hans Kellerer Springer . Jump up ^ Carroll , Sue ; Daughtrey , Taz ( July 4 , 2007 ) . Fundamental Concepts for the Software Quality Engineer . American Society for Quality . pp. 282 et seq . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87389 - 720 - 4 . Jump up ^ For instance , the volume of a convex polytope ( described using a membership oracle ) can be approximated to high accuracy by a randomized polynomial time algorithm , but not by a deterministic one : see Dyer , Martin ; Frieze , Alan ; Kannan , Ravi ( January 1991 ) , `` A Random Polynomial - time Algorithm for Approximating the Volume of Convex Bodies '' , J. ACM , New York , NY , USA : ACM , 38 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 , CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.145. 4600 , doi : 10.1145 / 102782.102783 . Jump up ^ George B. Dantzig and Mukund N. Thapa. 2003 . Linear Programming 2 : Theory and Extensions . Springer - Verlag . Jump up ^ Tsypkin ( 1971 ) . Adaptation and learning in automatic systems . Academic Press . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 095582 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tutt , Andrew ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` An FDA for Algorithms '' . Administrative Law Review . 69 . SSRN 2747994 . Jump up ^ Algorithmic accountability . Applying the concept to different country contexts . http://webfoundation.org/docs/2017/07/Algorithms_Report_WF.pdf : The Web Foundation . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eratosthenes '' . Jump up ^ Aaboe , Asger ( 2001 ) , Episodes from the Early History of Astronomy , New York : Springer , pp. 40 -- 62 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 95136 - 9 Jump up ^ Davis 2000 : 18 Jump up ^ Bolter 1984 : 24 Jump up ^ Bolter 1984 : 26 Jump up ^ Bolter 1984 : 33 -- 34 , 204 -- 206 . Jump up ^ All quotes from W. Stanley Jevons 1880 Elementary Lessons in Logic : Deductive and Inductive , Macmillan and Co. , London and New York . Republished as a googlebook ; cf Jevons 1880 : 199 -- 201 . Louis Couturat 1914 the Algebra of Logic , The Open Court Publishing Company , Chicago and London . Republished as a googlebook ; cf Couturat 1914 : 75 -- 76 gives a few more details ; interestingly he compares this to a typewriter as well as a piano . Jevons states that the account is to be found at Jan . 20 , 1870 The Proceedings of the Royal Society . Jump up ^ Jevons 1880 : 199 -- 200 Jump up ^ All quotes from John Venn 1881 Symbolic Logic , Macmillan and Co. , London . Republished as a googlebook . cf Venn 1881 : 120 -- 125 . The interested reader can find a deeper explanation in those pages . Jump up ^ Bell and Newell diagram 1971 : 39 , cf . Davis 2000 Jump up ^ * Melina Hill , Valley News Correspondent , A Tinkerer Gets a Place in History , Valley News West Lebanon NH , Thursday March 31 , 1983 , page 13 . Jump up ^ Davis 2000 : 14 Jump up ^ van Heijenoort 1967 : 81ff Jump up ^ van Heijenoort 's commentary on Frege 's Begriffsschrift , a formula language , modeled upon that of arithmetic , for pure thought in van Heijenoort 1967 : 1 Jump up ^ Dixon 1906 , cf . Kleene 1952 : 36 -- 40 Jump up ^ cf . footnote in Alonzo Church 1936a in Davis 1965 : 90 and 1936b in Davis 1965 : 110 Jump up ^ Kleene 1935 -- 6 in Davis 1965 : 237ff , Kleene 1943 in Davis 1965 : 255ff Jump up ^ Church 1936 in Davis 1965 : 88ff Jump up ^ cf . `` Finite Combinatory Processes -- formulation 1 '' , Post 1936 in Davis 1965 : 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Turing 1936 -- 7 in Davis 1965 : 116ff Jump up ^ Rosser 1939 in Davis 1965 : 226 Jump up ^ Kleene 1943 in Davis 1965 : 273 -- 274 Jump up ^ Kleene 1952 : 300 , 317 Jump up ^ Kleene 1952 : 376 Jump up ^ Turing 1936 -- 7 in Davis 1965 : 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Turing 1936 in Davis 1965 , Turing 1939 in Davis 1965 : 160 Jump up ^ Hodges , p. 96 Jump up ^ Turing 1936 -- 7 : 116 ^ Jump up to : Turing 1936 -- 7 in Davis 1965 : 136 Jump up ^ Turing 1939 in Davis 1965 : 160 Bibliography ( edit ) Axt , P ( 1959 ) . `` On a Subrecursive Hierarchy and Primitive Recursive Degrees '' . Transactions of the American Mathematical Society . 92 : 85 -- 105 . doi : 10.2307 / 1993169 . JSTOR 1993169 . Bell , C. Gordon and Newell , Allen ( 1971 ) , Computer Structures : Readings and Examples , McGraw -- Hill Book Company , New York . ISBN 0 - 07 - 004357 - 4 . Blass , Andreas ; Gurevich , Yuri ( 2003 ) . `` Algorithms : A Quest for Absolute Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science . 81 . Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references . Bolter , David J. ( 1984 ) . Turing 's Man : Western Culture in the Computer Age ( 1984 ed . ) . The University of North Carolina Press , Chapel Hill NC . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1564 - 0 . , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4108 - 0 pbk . Boolos , George ; Jeffrey , Richard ( 1999 ) ( 1974 ) . Computability and Logic ( 4th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press , London . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20402 - X . : cf . Chapter 3 Turing machines where they discuss `` certain enumerable sets not effectively ( mechanically ) enumerable '' . Burgin , Mark ( 2004 ) . Super-Recursive Algorithms . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95569 - 8 . Campagnolo , M.L. , Moore , C. , and Costa , J.F. ( 2000 ) An analog characterization of the subrecursive functions . In Proc. of the 4th Conference on Real Numbers and Computers , Odense University , pp. 91 -- 109 Church , Alonzo ( 1936a ) . `` An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory '' . The American Journal of Mathematics. 58 ( 2 ) : 345 -- 363 . doi : 10.2307 / 2371045 . JSTOR 2371045 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 89ff . The first expression of `` Church 's Thesis '' . See in particular page 100 ( The Undecidable ) where he defines the notion of `` effective calculability '' in terms of `` an algorithm '' , and he uses the word `` terminates '' , etc . Church , Alonzo ( 1936b ) . `` A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem '' . The Journal of Symbolic Logic . 1 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 41 . doi : 10.2307 / 2269326 . JSTOR 2269326 . Church , Alonzo ( 1936 ) . `` Correction to a Note on the Entscheidungsproblem '' . The Journal of Symbolic Logic . 1 ( 3 ) : 101 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2269030 . JSTOR 2269030 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 110ff . Church shows that the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable in about 3 pages of text and 3 pages of footnotes . Daffa ' , Ali Abdullah al - ( 1977 ) . The Muslim contribution to mathematics . London : Croom Helm . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 464 - 1 . Davis , Martin ( 1965 ) . The Undecidable : Basic Papers On Undecidable Propositions , Unsolvable Problems and Computable Functions . New York : Raven Press . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43228 - 9 . Davis gives commentary before each article . Papers of Gödel , Alonzo Church , Turing , Rosser , Kleene , and Emil Post are included ; those cited in the article are listed here by author 's name . Davis , Martin ( 2000 ) . Engines of Logic : Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer . New York : W.W. Nortion . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32229 - 7 . Davis offers concise biographies of Leibniz , Boole , Frege , Cantor , Hilbert , Gödel and Turing with von Neumann as the show - stealing villain . Very brief bios of Joseph - Marie Jacquard , Babbage , Ada Lovelace , Claude Shannon , Howard Aiken , etc . This article incorporates public domain material from the NIST document : Black , Paul E. `` algorithm '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . Dean , Tim ( 2012 ) . `` Evolution and moral diversity '' . Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition , Logic and Communication . 7 . Dennett , Daniel ( 1995 ) . Darwin 's Dangerous Idea . New York : Touchstone / Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80290 - 2 . Dilson , Jesse ( 2007 ) . The Abacus ( ( 1968 , 1994 ) ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press , NY . ISBN 0 - 312 - 10409 - X . , ISBN 0 - 312 - 10409 - X ( pbk . ) Yuri Gurevich , Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms , ACM Transactions on Computational Logic , Vol 1 , no 1 ( July 2000 ) , pages 77 -- 111 . Includes bibliography of 33 sources . van Heijenoort , Jean ( 2001 ) . From Frege to Gödel , A Source Book in Mathematical Logic , 1879 -- 1931 ( ( 1967 ) ed . ) . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA . ISBN 0 - 674 - 32449 - 8 . , 3rd edition 1976 ( ? ) , ISBN 0 - 674 - 32449 - 8 ( pbk . ) Hodges , Andrew ( 1983 ) . Alan Turing : The Enigma . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 49207 - 1 . , ISBN 0 - 671 - 49207 - 1 . Cf . Chapter `` The Spirit of Truth '' for a history leading to , and a discussion of , his proof . Kleene , Stephen C. ( 1936 ) . `` General Recursive Functions of Natural Numbers '' . Mathematische Annalen. 112 ( 5 ) : 727 -- 742 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01565439 . Presented to the American Mathematical Society , September 1935 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 237ff . Kleene 's definition of `` general recursion '' ( known now as mu - recursion ) was used by Church in his 1935 paper An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory that proved the `` decision problem '' to be `` undecidable '' ( i.e. , a negative result ) . Kleene , Stephen C. ( 1943 ) . `` Recursive Predicates and Quantifiers '' . American Mathematical Society Transactions . 54 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1990131 . JSTOR 1990131 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 255ff . Kleene refined his definition of `` general recursion '' and proceeded in his chapter `` 12 . Algorithmic theories '' to posit `` Thesis I '' ( p. 274 ) ; he would later repeat this thesis ( in Kleene 1952 : 300 ) and name it `` Church 's Thesis '' ( Kleene 1952 : 317 ) ( i.e. , the Church thesis ) . Kleene , Stephen C. ( 1991 ) ( 1952 ) . Introduction to Metamathematics ( Tenth ed . ) . North - Holland Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 7204 - 2103 - 9 . Excellent -- accessible , readable -- reference source for mathematical `` foundations '' . Knuth , Donald ( 1997 ) . Fundamental Algorithms , Third Edition . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison -- Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 89683 - 4 . Knuth , Donald ( 1969 ) . Volume 2 / Seminumerical Algorithms , The Art of Computer Programming First Edition . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison -- Wesley . Kosovsky , N.K. Elements of Mathematical Logic and its Application to the theory of Subrecursive Algorithms , LSU Publ. , Leningrad , 1981 Kowalski , Robert ( 1979 ) . `` Algorithm = Logic + Control '' . Communications of the ACM. 22 ( 7 ) : 424 -- 436 . doi : 10.1145 / 359131.359136 . A.A. Markov ( 1954 ) Theory of algorithms . ( Translated by Jacques J. Schorr - Kon and PST staff ) Imprint Moscow , Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1954 ( i.e. , Jerusalem , Israel Program for Scientific Translations , 1961 ; available from the Office of Technical Services , U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Washington ) Description 444 p. 28 cm . Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute , Academy of Sciences of the USSR , v. 42 . Original title : Teoriya algerifmov . ( QA248. M2943 Dartmouth College library . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Office of Technical Services , number OTS 60 - 51085 . ) Minsky , Marvin ( 1967 ) . Computation : Finite and Infinite Machines ( First ed . ) . Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , NJ . ISBN 0 - 13 - 165449 - 7 . Minsky expands his `` ... idea of an algorithm -- an effective procedure ... '' in chapter 5.1 Computability , Effective Procedures and Algorithms . Infinite machines . Post , Emil ( 1936 ) . `` Finite Combinatory Processes , Formulation I '' . The Journal of Symbolic Logic . 1 ( 3 ) : 103 -- 105 . doi : 10.2307 / 2269031 . JSTOR 2269031 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 289ff . Post defines a simple algorithmic - like process of a man writing marks or erasing marks and going from box to box and eventually halting , as he follows a list of simple instructions . This is cited by Kleene as one source of his `` Thesis I '' , the so - called Church -- Turing thesis . Rogers , Jr , Hartley ( 1987 ) . Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability . The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 68052 - 1 . Rosser , J.B. ( 1939 ) . `` An Informal Exposition of Proofs of Godel 's Theorem and Church 's Theorem '' . Journal of Symbolic Logic . 4 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 2269059 . JSTOR 2269059 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 223ff . Herein is Rosser 's famous definition of `` effective method '' : `` ... a method each step of which is precisely predetermined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps ... a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and ( later ) reading the answer '' ( p. 225 -- 226 , The Undecidable ) Santos - Lang , Christopher ( 2014 ) . `` Moral Ecology Approaches to Machine Ethics '' . In van Rysewyk , Simon ; Pontier , Matthijs . Machine Medical Ethics ( PDF ) . Switzerland : Springer . pp. 111 -- 127 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 08108 - 3_8 . Scott , Michael L. ( 2009 ) . Programming Language Pragmatics ( 3rd ed . ) . Morgan Kaufmann Publishers / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374514 - 9 . Sipser , Michael ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Theory of Computation . PWS Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 534 - 94728 - X . Sober , Elliott ; Wilson , David Sloan ( 1998 ) . Unto Others : The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Stone , Harold S. ( 1972 ) . Introduction to Computer Organization and Data Structures ( 1972 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill , New York . ISBN 0 - 07 - 061726 - 0 . Cf. in particular the first chapter titled : Algorithms , Turing Machines , and Programs . His succinct informal definition : `` ... any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot , is called an algorithm '' ( p. 4 ) . Tausworthe , Robert C ( 1977 ) . Standardized Development of Computer Software Part 1 Methods . Englewood Cliffs NJ : Prentice -- Hall , Inc . ISBN 0 - 13 - 842195 - 1 . Turing , Alan M. ( 1936 -- 37 ) . `` On Computable Numbers , With An Application to the Entscheidungsproblem '' . Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . Series 2 . 42 : 230 -- 265 . doi : 10.1112 / plms / s2 - 42.1. 230 ... Corrections , ibid , vol. 43 ( 1937 ) pp. 544 -- 546 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 116ff . Turing 's famous paper completed as a Master 's dissertation while at King 's College Cambridge UK . Turing , Alan M. ( 1939 ) . `` Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals '' . Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . 45 : 161 -- 228 . doi : 10.1112 / plms / s2 - 45.1. 161 . Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. 155ff . Turing 's paper that defined `` the oracle '' was his PhD thesis while at Princeton USA . United States Patent and Trademark Office ( 2006 ) , 2106.02 * * > Mathematical Algorithms : 2100 Patentability , Manual of Patent Examining Procedure ( MPEP ) . Latest revision August 2006 Further reading ( edit ) Bellah , Robert Neelly ( 1985 ) . Habits of the Heart : Individualism and Commitment in American Life . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25419 - 0 . Berlinski , David ( 2001 ) . The Advent of the Algorithm : The 300 - Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer . Harvest Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 601391 - 8 . Chabert , Jean - Luc ( 1999 ) . A History of Algorithms : From the Pebble to the Microchip . Springer Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 63369 - 3 . Thomas H. Cormen ; Charles E. Leiserson ; Ronald L. Rivest ; Clifford Stein ( 2009 ) . Introduction To Algorithms , Third Edition . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262033848 . Harel , David , Feldman , Yishai ( 2004 ) . Algorithmics : The Spirit of Computing . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 11784 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Hertzke , Allen D. ; McRorie , Chris ( 1998 ) . `` The Concept of Moral Ecology '' . In Lawler , Peter Augustine ; McConkey , Dale . Community and Political Thought Today . Westport , CT : Praeger . Knuth , Donald E. ( 2000 ) . Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms . Stanford , California : Center for the Study of Language and Information . Knuth , Donald E. ( 2010 ) . Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms . Stanford , California : Center for the Study of Language and Information . Wallach , Wendell ; Allen , Colin ( November 2008 ) . Moral Machines : Teaching Robots Right from Wrong . USA : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537404 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Look up algorithm in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Algorithms At Wikiversity , you can learn more and teach others about Algorithm at the Department of Algorithm Wikimedia Commons has media related to Algorithms . Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Algorithm '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Algorithms at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` Algorithm '' . MathWorld . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures -- National Institute of Standards and Technology Algorithms and Data Structures by Dr Nikolai Bezroukov Algorithm repositories OpenGenus Cosmos - Largest crowd - sourced Algorithm Repository -- OpenGenus Foundation The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository -- State University of New York at Stony Brook Netlib Repository -- University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Collected Algorithms of the ACM -- Association for Computing Machinery The Stanford GraphBase -- Stanford University Combinatorica -- University of Iowa and State University of New York at Stony Brook Library of Efficient Datastructures and Algorithms ( LEDA ) -- previously from Max - Planck - Institut für Informatik Lecture notes Algorithms Course Materials . Jeff Erickson . University of Illinois . BNE : XX527980 BNF : cb119358199 ( data ) GND : 4001183 - 5 LCCN : sh85003487 NDL : 00560337 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm&oldid=843500697 '' Categories : Algorithms Mathematical logic Theoretical computer science Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Persian - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles with example pseudocode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Lingua Franca Nova 101 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	set of rules for solving a mathematical or computational problem in finite number of steps	[ "As an effective method, an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time[1] and in a well-defined formal language[2] for calculating a function.[3] Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty),[4] the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, proceeds through a finite[5] number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing \"output\"[6] and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.[7]" ]	[ "an algorithm" ]
8253710064513283058	2017–18 EFL Cup	2017 -- 18 EFL Cup - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 EFL Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 EFL Cup League Cup Country England Wales Teams 92 Matches played 86 Goals scored 255 ( 2.97 per match ) Top goal scorer ( s ) Samuel Sáiz ( 4 goals ) ← 2016 -- 17 The 2017 -- 18 EFL Cup is the 58th season of the EFL Cup . The competition is open to all 92 English and Welsh clubs participating in the Premier League and the English Football League . It is known as the Carabao Cup due to the start of a sponsorship deal with Carabao Energy Drinks after the tournament was unsponsored the previous year . The final will be held at Wembley Stadium in London . The reigning champions are Manchester United . The winners will qualify for the third qualifying round of the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Access 1.1 Distribution 2 First round 2.1 Entry 2.2 Matches 3 Second round 3.1 Entry 3.2 Matches 4 Third round 4.1 Entry 4.2 Matches 5 Fourth round 5.1 Entry 5.2 Matches 6 Controversies 6.1 Draws 7 Top goalscorers 8 Notes 9 References Access ( edit ) All 92 clubs in the top four divisions of English football participate . In the first round , all the clubs in Football League Two and Football League One will enter alongside 22 of the 24 Football League Championship teams except for Hull City and Middlesbrough who received byes to the next round as the highest finishing teams relegated from the 2016 - 17 Premier League . In the second round , all Premier League clubs not involved in European competition enter . Arsenal , Chelsea , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur all received byes to the third round owing to their participation in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . In June 2017 , The Football League announced that the draw for the first round of the competition would be held in Bangkok , Thailand , as a result of their new sponsorship deal with Thai company Carabao . There were plans for the 2017 -- 18 EFL Cup to trial video assistant referees during matches in their first use in England . However the plans were scrapped due to a delay and would instead be trialled in the 2017 -- 18 FA Cup from the third round instead . Distribution ( edit ) Clubs involved in European competition entered at the third round . The remaining Premier League clubs and two highest - ranked Championship clubs entered at the second round . The remaining Football League clubs entered at the first round . Clubs entering in this round Clubs advancing from previous round First round ( 70 clubs ) 24 clubs from Football League Two 24 clubs from Football League One 22 clubs from Football League Championship N / A Second round ( 50 clubs ) 2 clubs from Football League Championship 13 Premier League clubs ( not involved in European competition ) 35 winners from first round Third round ( 32 clubs ) 7 Premier League clubs ( involved in European competition ) 25 winners from second round Fourth round ( 16 clubs ) No other entries 16 winners from third round Fifth round ( 8 clubs ) No other entries 8 winners from fourth round Semi-finals ( 4 clubs ) No other entries 4 winners from fifth round Final ( 2 clubs ) No other entries 2 winners from semi-finals First round ( edit ) Entry ( edit ) A total of 70 clubs played in the first round : 24 from League Two ( tier 4 ) , 24 from League One ( tier 3 ) , and 22 from the Championship ( tier 2 ) . The draw for this round was split on a geographical basis into ' northern ' and ' southern ' sections . Teams were drawn against a team from the same section . Matches ( edit ) The first round draw was made as follows : Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) v Preston North End ( 2 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) 3 -- 2 Preston North End ( 2 ) ( show ) Accrington 19 : 45 BST Richards - Everton 20 ' Clark 86 ' Kee 90 + 3 ' Report Hugill 70 ' , 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Crown Ground Attendance : 2,879 Referee : Eddie Ilderton AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) v Brentford ( 2 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) AFC Wimbledon ( 3 ) 1 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) Brentford ( 2 ) ( show ) Kingston upon Thames , London 19 : 45 BST Robinson 25 ' Report Sawyers 69 ' Watkins 105 + 1 ' Shaibu 119 ' Stadium : Kingsmeadow Attendance : 3,229 Referee : Dean Whitestone Barnsley ( 2 ) v Morecambe ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Barnsley ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 Morecambe ( 4 ) ( show ) Barnsley 19 : 45 BST Bradshaw 2 ' , 46 ' Ugbo 22 ' Hedges 90 + 5 ' Report Lavelle 45 + 1 ' Rose 49 ' ( pen . ) Oliver 82 ' Stadium : Oakwell Referee : Darren Bond Birmingham City ( 2 ) v Crawley Town ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Birmingham City ( 2 ) 5 -- 1 Crawley Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Bordesley , Birmingham 19 : 45 BST Adams 27 ' , 42 ' , 66 ' Davis 38 ' Tesche 49 ' Report Camara 86 ' Stadium : St Andrew 's Attendance : 7,814 Referee : Michael Salisbury Bradford City ( 3 ) v Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Bradford City ( 3 ) 2 -- 3 Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Bradford 19 : 45 BST Poleon 35 ' Jones 84 ' Report May 8 ' Kongolo 71 ' Whiteman 88 ' Stadium : Valley Parade Attendance : 3,175 Referee : Darren Drysdale Bristol City ( 2 ) v Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Bristol City ( 2 ) 5 -- 0 Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) ( show ) Ashton Gate , Bristol 19 : 45 BST Hegeler 2 ' Baker 14 ' Smith 19 ' Hinds 39 ' Paterson 79 ' Report Stadium : Ashton Gate Stadium Attendance : 9,838 Referee : Oliver Langford Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) v Cambridge United ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) 4 -- 1 Cambridge United ( 4 ) ( show ) Horfield , Bristol 19 : 45 BST Bodin 13 ' , 42 ' Harrison 61 ' Sercombe 70 ' Report Ikpeazu 66 ' Stadium : Memorial Stadium Attendance : 4,114 Referee : Kevin Johnson Cardiff City ( 2 ) v Portsmouth ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Cardiff City ( 2 ) 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Portsmouth ( 3 ) ( show ) Cardiff 19 : 45 BST Mendez - Laing 48 ' Halford 113 ' Report Morrison 32 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : Cardiff City Stadium Attendance : 6,592 Referee : Steve Martin Coventry City ( 4 ) v Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Coventry City ( 4 ) 1 -- 3 Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Rowleys Green , Coventry 19 : 45 BST Nazon 22 ' Report Evans 16 ' Smallwood 33 ' Samuel 56 ' Stadium : Ricoh Arena Attendance : 5,372 Referee : Darren England ( England ) Exeter City ( 4 ) v Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Exeter City ( 4 ) 1 -- 2 Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) ( show ) Exeter 19 : 45 BST Holmes 54 ' Report Clarke 72 ' Charles - Cook 79 ' Stadium : St James Park Attendance : 2,699 Referee : Tim Robinson Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) v Carlisle United ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Fleetwood Town ( 3 ) 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Carlisle United ( 4 ) ( show ) Fleetwood 19 : 45 BST Hiwula 69 ' Report S. Miller 22 ' T. Miller 101 ' Stadium : Highbury Stadium Attendance : 1,711 Referee : Graham Salisbury Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) v Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Forest Green Rovers ( 4 ) 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) ( show ) Nailsworth 19 : 45 BST Report Ariyibi 110 ' Stadium : The New Lawn Attendance : 1,608 Referee : Anthony Backhouse Luton Town ( 4 ) v Ipswich Town ( 2 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Luton Town ( 4 ) 0 -- 2 Ipswich Town ( 2 ) ( show ) Luton 19 : 45 BST Report McGoldrick 34 ' , 90 + 3 ' Stadium : Kenilworth Road Attendance : 4,610 Referee : Andy Haines Mansfield Town ( 4 ) v Rochdale ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Mansfield Town ( 4 ) 0 -- 1 Rochdale ( 3 ) ( show ) Mansfield 19 : 45 BST Report Camps 17 ' Stadium : Field Mill Attendance : 1,457 Referee : Andy Madley Millwall ( 2 ) v Stevenage ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Millwall ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Stevenage ( 4 ) ( show ) Bermondsey , London 19 : 45 BST Elliott 54 ' , 67 ' Report Stadium : The Den Attendance : 3,096 Referee : Simon Hooper Norwich City ( 2 ) v Swindon Town ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Norwich City ( 2 ) 3 -- 2 Swindon Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Norwich 19 : 45 BST Jerome 27 ' Hoolahan 39 ' Maddison 42 ' Report Lancashire 25 ' Mullin 62 ' Stadium : Carrow Road Attendance : 13,166 Referee : Geoff Eltringham Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) v Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) 2 -- 1 Shrewsbury Town ( 3 ) ( show ) Nottingham 19 : 45 BST Carayol 29 ' ( pen . ) Cummings 75 ' Report Whalley 79 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : City Ground Attendance : 7,546 Referee : John Busby Oxford United ( 3 ) v Cheltenham Town ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Oxford United ( 3 ) 3 -- 4 ( a.e.t. ) Cheltenham Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Oxford 19 : 45 BST Johnson 21 ' ( pen ) Obika 31 ' Xemi 42 ' Report Eisa 9 ' , 99 ' Wright 66 ' , 90 ' Stadium : Kassam Stadium Attendance : 3,179 Referee : Graham Horwood Peterborough United ( 3 ) v Barnet ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Peterborough United ( 3 ) 1 -- 3 Barnet ( 4 ) ( show ) Peterborough 19 : 45 BST Edwards 30 ' Report Akpa Akpro 22 ' Vilhete 39 ' Coulthirst 58 ' Stadium : London Road Stadium Attendance : 2,725 Referee : Tony Harrington Queens Park Rangers ( 2 ) v Northampton Town ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2 ) 1 -- 0 Northampton Town ( 3 ) ( show ) Shepherd 's Bush , London 19 : 45 BST N'Gbakoto 36 ' Report Stadium : Loftus Road Attendance : 4,317 Referee : Charles Breakspear Rotherham United ( 3 ) v Lincoln City ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Rotherham United ( 3 ) 2 -- 1 Lincoln City ( 4 ) ( show ) Rotherham 19 : 45 BST Proctor 39 ' Forde 78 ' Report Knott 64 ' Stadium : New York Stadium Attendance : 5,489 Referee : Seb Stockbridge Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) v Notts County ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) ( 6 -- 5 p ) Notts County ( 4 ) ( show ) Scunthorpe 19 : 45 BST Madden 69 ' ( pen . ) , 105 + 1 ' Holmes 86 ' Report Grant 22 ' Brisley 90 + 2 ' Yates 117 ' Stadium : Glanford Park Attendance : 1,874 Referee : David Webb Penalties Madden Van Veen Adelakun Townsend Redmond Holmes Smith Thompson Milsom Brisley Forte Toolte Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) v Chesterfield ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Chesterfield ( 4 ) ( show ) Owlerton , Sheffield 19 : 45 BST Fletcher 45 + 2 ' Hooper 43 ' Bannan 75 ' Hutchinson 83 ' Report Dennis 38 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Hillsborough Stadium Attendance : 11,682 Referee : Ross Joyce Southend United ( 3 ) v Newport County ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Southend United ( 3 ) 0 -- 2 Newport County ( 4 ) ( show ) Southend - on - Sea 19 : 45 BST Report McCoulsky 52 ' , 58 ' Stadium : Roots Hall Attendance : 2,998 Referee : Antony Coggins Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) v Blackpool ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 2 -- 1 Blackpool ( 3 ) ( show ) Wigan 19 : 45 BST Laurent 17 ' Flores 45 + 1 ' Report Gnanduillet 59 ' Stadium : DW Stadium Attendance : 3,391 Referee : Chris Sarginson Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) v Yeovil Town ( 4 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) 1 -- 0 Yeovil Town ( 4 ) ( show ) Wolverhampton 19 : 45 BST Dicko 76 ' Report Stadium : Molineux Stadium Attendance : 9,478 Referee : Robert Lewis Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) v Fulham ( 2 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Wycombe Wanderers ( 4 ) 0 -- 2 Fulham ( 2 ) ( show ) High Wycombe 19 : 45 BST Report Piazon 67 ' Odoi 81 ' Stadium : Adams Park Attendance : 3,639 Referee : Gavin Ward Reading ( 2 ) v Gillingham ( 3 ) 8 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Reading ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Gillingham ( 3 ) ( show ) Reading 20 : 00 BST Kelly 71 ' , 86 ' Report Stadium : Madejski Stadium Attendance : 5,936 Referee : Brett Huxtable Colchester United ( 4 ) v Aston Villa ( 2 ) 9 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) Colchester United ( 4 ) 1 -- 2 Aston Villa ( 2 ) ( show ) Colchester 19 : 45 BST Kent 39 ' Report Hogan 7 ' Kent 19 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : Colchester Community Stadium Attendance : 6,603 Referee : John Brooks Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) v Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) 9 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) Crewe Alexandra ( 4 ) 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) ( show ) Crewe 19 : 45 BST Porter 42 ' Report Armstrong 70 ' Derik 81 ' Stadium : Gresty Road Attendance : 3,167 Referee : Mark Heywood Leeds United ( 2 ) v Port Vale ( 4 ) 9 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) Leeds United ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Port Vale ( 4 ) ( show ) Leeds 19 : 45 BST Sáiz 13 ' , 60 ' , 62 ' Ekuban 83 ' Report Tonge 36 ' Stadium : Elland Road Attendance : 15,431 Referee : Peter Bankes Oldham Athletic ( 3 ) v Burton Albion ( 2 ) 9 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) Oldham Athletic ( 3 ) 2 -- 3 Burton Albion ( 2 ) ( show ) Oldham 19 : 45 BST Green 55 ' Davies 67 ' ( pen . ) Report Varney 47 ' Lund 69 ' Akins 86 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Boundary Park Attendance : 2,176 Referee : Scott Duncan Sheffield United ( 2 ) v Walsall ( 3 ) 9 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) Sheffield United ( 2 ) 3 -- 2 Walsall ( 3 ) ( show ) Sheffield 19 : 45 BST Roberts 74 ' ( o.g. ) Thomas 79 ' Lafferty 82 ' Report Bakayoko 13 ' Oztumer 90 + 1 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Bramall Lane Attendance : 5,210 Referee : Kevin Friend Bury ( 3 ) v Sunderland ( 2 ) 10 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) Bury ( 3 ) 0 -- 1 Sunderland ( 2 ) ( show ) Bury , Greater Manchester 19 : 45 BST Report Honeyman 69 ' Stadium : Gigg Lane Attendance : 3,470 Referee : Robert Jones Grimsby Town ( 4 ) v Derby County ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Grimsby Town ( 4 ) 0 -- 1 Derby County ( 2 ) ( show ) Cleethorpes 19 : 45 BST Report Vydra 53 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Blundell Park Attendance : 3,033 Referee : Trevor Kettle Note : The numbers in parentheses are the tier for the team during the 2017 -- 18 season . Second round ( edit ) Entry ( edit ) A total of 50 clubs played in the second round : 15 that entered in this round and the 35 winners from the first round . The 15 clubs entering this round were the 13 clubs from the 2017 -- 18 Premier League not involved in any European competition , plus two clubs from the EFL Championship . The two clubs from the Championship are the two clubs that finished 18th and 19th in the 2016 -- 17 Premier League . The draw for the second round was held on 10 August 2017 Matches ( edit ) The second round draw was made as follows : Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) v West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Accrington Stanley ( 4 ) 1 -- 3 West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) ( show ) Accrington 19 : 45 BST Dallison 86 ' Report Rondón 11 ' Phillips 31 ' Rodriguez 64 ' Stadium : Crown Ground Attendance : 2,699 Referee : Jeremy Simpson Aston Villa ( 2 ) v Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Aston Villa ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 3 ) ( show ) Birmingham 19 : 45 BST Hogan 19 ' , 44 ' Adomah 36 ' Bjarnason 74 ' Report Colclough 43 ' Stadium : Villa Park Attendance : 18,108 Referee : Darren Drysdale Birmingham ( 2 ) v AFC Bournemouth ( 1 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Birmingham ( 2 ) 1 -- 2 AFC Bournemouth ( 1 ) ( show ) Birmingham 19 : 45 BST Kieftenbeld 11 ' Report Fraser 46 ' Pugh 68 ' Stadium : St. Andrew 's Attendance : 8,245 Referee : Geoff Eltringham Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) v Barnet ( 4 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Barnet ( 4 ) ( show ) Brighton 19 : 45 BST Tilley 53 ' Report Stadium : Falmer Stadium Attendance : 11,414 Referee : Steve Martin Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) v Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday ( 2 ) ( show ) Bolton 20 : 00 BST Dervite 42 ' Armstrong 57 ' ( pen . ) Karacan 64 ' Report Rhodes 76 ' , 83 ' Stadium : Macron Stadium Attendance : 6,385 Referee : David Webb Cardiff City ( 2 ) v Burton Albion ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Cardiff City ( 2 ) 1 -- 2 Burton Albion ( 2 ) ( show ) Cardiff , Wales 19 : 45 BST Pilkington 76 ' Report Naylor 26 ' Fox 70 ' Stadium : Cardiff City Stadium Attendance : 5,820 Referee : John Busby Carlisle United ( 4 ) v Sunderland ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Carlisle United ( 4 ) 1 -- 2 Sunderland ( 2 ) ( show ) Carlisle 19 : 45 BST Grainger 60 ' Report Love 25 ' Gooch 80 ' Stadium : Brunton Park Attendance : 8,187 Referee : Darren Bond Crystal Palace ( 1 ) v Ipswich Town ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Crystal Palace ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Ipswich Town ( 2 ) ( show ) Selhurst , London 19 : 30 BST McArthur 76 ' , 84 ' Report Celina 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Selhurst Park Attendance : 9,837 Referee : Andy Davies Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) v Hull City ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) 2 -- 0 Hull City ( 2 ) ( show ) Doncaster 19 : 45 BST May 48 ' Rowe 54 ' Report Stadium : Keepmoat Stadium Attendance : 7,139 Referee : Graham Salisbury Fulham ( 2 ) v Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Fulham ( 2 ) 0 -- 1 Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Fulham , London 19 : 45 BST Report Harrison 13 ' Stadium : Craven Cottage Attendance : 6,243 Referee : Dean Whitestone Leeds United ( 2 ) v Newport County ( 4 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Leeds United ( 2 ) 5 -- 1 Newport County ( 4 ) ( show ) Leeds 19 : 45 BST Roofe 44 ' , 49 ' , 65 ' Sáiz 78 ' Vieira 89 ' Report Labadie 33 ' Stadium : Elland Road Attendance : 17,098 Referee : Ross Joyce Middlesbrough ( 2 ) v Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Middlesbrough ( 2 ) 3 -- 0 Scunthorpe United ( 3 ) ( show ) Middlesbrough 19 : 45 BST Fábio 17 ' Baker 30 ' Fletcher 55 ' Report Stadium : Riverside Stadium Attendance : 12,679 Referee : Andrew Madley Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) v Swansea City ( 1 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Milton Keynes Dons ( 3 ) 1 -- 4 Swansea City ( 1 ) ( show ) Milton Keynes 19 : 45 BST Seager 17 ' Report Fer 19 ' , 60 ' Abraham 71 ' Ayew 86 ' Stadium : Stadium mk Attendance : 5,162 Referee : Rob Jones Norwich City ( 2 ) v Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Norwich City ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Charlton Athletic ( 3 ) ( show ) Norwich 19 : 45 BST Murphy 21 ' , 52 ' Watkins 74 ' Trybull 89 ' Report Novak 5 ' Stadium : Carrow Road Attendance : 12,521 Referee : Andy Haines Queens Park Rangers ( 2 ) v Brentford ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Brentford ( 2 ) ( show ) Shepherd 's Bush , London 19 : 45 BST Furlong 43 ' Report Borysiuk 10 ' ( o.g. ) Egan 19 ' Maupay 32 ' Clarke 83 ' Stadium : Loftus Road Attendance : 9,719 Referee : Chris Sarginson Reading ( 2 ) v Millwall ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Reading ( 2 ) 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Millwall ( 2 ) ( show ) Reading 20 : 00 BST Bacuna 34 ' Evans 105 ' Smith 117 ' Report Ferguson 37 ' Stadium : Madejski Stadium Referee : Charles Breakspear Sheffield United ( 2 ) v Leicester City ( 1 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Sheffield United ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Leicester City ( 1 ) ( show ) Sheffield 19 : 45 BST Lavery 83 ' Report Gray 52 ' Slimani 63 ' , 67 ' Musa 90 + 3 ' Stadium : Bramall Lane Attendance : 11,280 Referee : Tony Harrington Watford ( 1 ) v Bristol City ( 2 ) 22 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Watford ( 1 ) 2 -- 3 Bristol City ( 2 ) ( show ) Watford 19 : 45 BST Capoue 47 ' Mariappa 90 + 5 ' Report Hinds 59 ' Reid 67 ' Eliasson 90 + 3 ' Stadium : Vicarage Road Attendance : 9,003 Referee : Tim Robinson Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) v Burnley ( 1 ) 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 0 -- 2 Burnley ( 1 ) ( show ) Blackburn 19 : 45 BST Report Cork 27 ' Brady 45 + 4 ' Stadium : Ewood Park Attendance : 16,313 Referee : Simon Hooper Cheltenham Town ( 4 ) v West Ham United ( 1 ) 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) Cheltenham Town ( 4 ) 0 -- 2 West Ham United ( 1 ) ( show ) Cheltenham 19 : 45 BST Report Sakho 40 ' Ayew 43 ' Stadium : Whaddon Road Attendance : 6,259 Referee : Oliver Langford Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) v Rotherham United ( 3 ) 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) 2 -- 1 Rotherham United ( 3 ) ( show ) Huddersfield 19 : 45 BST Billing 52 ' ( pen . ) Lolley 54 ' Report Ajayi 1 ' Stadium : Kirklees Stadium Attendance : 8,290 Referee : Peter Bankes Newcastle United ( 1 ) v Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) Newcastle United ( 1 ) 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) ( show ) Newcastle upon Tyne 19 : 45 BST Mitrović 3 ' Aarons 45 + 1 ' Report Cummings 29 ' , 31 ' Walker 97 ' Stadium : St. James ' Park Attendance : 27,709 Referee : Darren England Southampton ( 1 ) v Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) Southampton ( 1 ) 0 -- 2 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) ( show ) Southampton 19 : 45 BST Report Batth 67 ' Wilson 87 ' Stadium : St. Mary 's Stadium Attendance : 17,931 Referee : James Linington Stoke City ( 1 ) v Rochdale ( 3 ) 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) Stoke City ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Rochdale ( 3 ) ( show ) Stoke - on - Trent 19 : 45 BST Allen 16 ' , 42 ' Crouch 29 ' Sobhi 80 ' Report Stadium : bet365 Stadium Attendance : 9,930 Referee : Scott Duncan Barnsley ( 2 ) v Derby County ( 2 ) 12 September 2017 Barnsley ( 2 ) 3 -- 2 Derby County ( 2 ) ( show ) Barnsley 19 : 45 BST Jackson 18 ' Bradshaw 73 ' Hammill 88 ' Report Russell 6 ' Bennett 39 ' Stadium : Oakwell Referee : Eddie Ilderton Note : The numbers in parentheses are the tier for the team during the 2017 -- 18 season . Third round ( edit ) Entry ( edit ) A total of 32 clubs played in the third round : seven that entered in this round and the 25 winners from the second round . The clubs entering in this round were the seven from the 2017 -- 18 Premier League involved in European competition . The draw for the third round was held on 24 August 2017 Matches ( edit ) The third round draw was made as follows : Aston Villa ( 2 ) v Middlesbrough ( 2 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Aston Villa ( 2 ) 0 -- 2 Middlesbrough ( 2 ) ( show ) Birmingham 19 : 45 BST Report Bamford 58 ' ( pen . ) , 67 ' Stadium : Villa Park Attendance : 11,197 Referee : Steve Martin AFC Bournemouth ( 1 ) v Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) AFC Bournemouth ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1 ) ( show ) Bournemouth 19 : 45 BST King 99 ' Report Stadium : Dean Court Attendance : 10,372 Referee : Kevin Friend Brentford ( 2 ) v Norwich City ( 2 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Brentford ( 2 ) 1 -- 3 Norwich City ( 2 ) ( show ) Brentford , London 19 : 45 BST Clarke 90 + 1 ' Report Vrančić 10 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Murphy 68 ' Stadium : Griffin Park Referee : James Linington Bristol City ( 2 ) v Stoke City ( 1 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Bristol City ( 2 ) 2 -- 0 Stoke City ( 1 ) ( show ) Bristol 19 : 45 BST Diédhiou 50 ' Taylor 60 ' Report Stadium : Ashton Gate Attendance : 13,826 Referee : Geoff Eltringham Burnley ( 1 ) v Leeds United ( 2 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Burnley ( 1 ) 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 5 p ) Leeds United ( 2 ) ( show ) Burnley 19 : 45 BST Wood 89 ' ( pen . ) Brady 90 + 6 ' Report Sacko 80 ' Hernández 90 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Turf Moor Attendance : 11,799 Referee : Darren Bond Penalties Wood Barnes Brady Tarkowski Lasogga Hernández Klich Alioski Dallas Crystal Palace ( 1 ) v Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Crystal Palace ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Huddersfield Town ( 1 ) ( show ) Selhurst , London 19 : 45 BST Sako 13 ' Report Stadium : Selhurst Park Attendance : 6,607 Referee : Lee Probert Leicester City ( 1 ) v Liverpool ( 1 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Leicester City ( 1 ) 2 -- 0 Liverpool ( 1 ) ( show ) Leicester 19 : 45 BST Okazaki 65 ' Slimani 78 ' Report Stadium : King Power Stadium Attendance : 31,609 Referee : Stuart Attwell Reading ( 2 ) v Swansea City ( 1 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Reading ( 2 ) 0 -- 2 Swansea City ( 1 ) ( show ) Reading 20 : 00 BST Report Mawson 52 ' J. Ayew 83 ' Stadium : Madejski Stadium Attendance : 8,729 Referee : Andy Davies Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) v Barnsley ( 2 ) 19 September 2017 Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Barnsley ( 2 ) ( show ) London 20 : 00 BST Alli 65 ' Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 23,826 Referee : Tim Robinson West Ham United ( 1 ) v Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) West Ham United ( 1 ) 3 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers ( 2 ) ( show ) Stratford , London 19 : 45 BST Ogbonna 4 ' Sakho 31 ' Masuaku 90 + 4 ' Report Stadium : Olympic Stadium Attendance : 35,806 Referee : Simon Hooper Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) v Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Bristol Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Wolverhampton 19 : 45 BST Enobakhare 98 ' Report Stadium : Molineux Stadium Attendance : 12,740 Referee : Tony Harrington Arsenal ( 1 ) v Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Arsenal ( 1 ) 1 -- 0 Doncaster Rovers ( 3 ) ( show ) Holloway , London 19 : 45 BST Walcott 25 ' Report Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 44,064 Referee : Scott Duncan Chelsea ( 1 ) v Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Chelsea ( 1 ) 5 -- 1 Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) ( show ) Fulham , London 19 : 45 BST Kenedy 13 ' Batshuayi 19 ' , 53 ' , 86 ' Musonda 40 ' Report Darikwa 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Stamford Bridge Attendance : 40,621 Referee : Chris Kavanagh Everton ( 1 ) v Sunderland ( 2 ) 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Everton ( 1 ) 3 -- 0 Sunderland ( 2 ) ( show ) Liverpool 19 : 45 BST Calvert - Lewin 38 ' , 51 ' Niasse 83 ' Report Stadium : Goodison Park Attendance : 23,000 Referee : Oliver Langford Manchester United ( 1 ) v Burton Albion ( 2 ) 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Manchester United ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Burton Albion ( 2 ) ( show ) Old Trafford , Manchester 20 : 00 BST Rashford 5 ' , 17 ' Lingard 36 ' Martial 60 ' Report Dyer 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Old Trafford Attendance : 54,256 Referee : Graham Scott West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) v Manchester City ( 1 ) 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) 1 -- 2 Manchester City ( 1 ) ( show ) West Bromwich 20 : 00 BST Yacob 72 ' Report Sané 3 ' , 77 ' Stadium : The Hawthorns Attendance : 14,953 Referee : Mike Jones Note : The numbers in parentheses are the tier for the team during the 2017 -- 18 season . Fourth round ( edit ) Entry ( edit ) A total of 16 clubs will play in the fourth round , all winners from the third round . The draw for the fourth round was held on 20 September 2017 Matches ( edit ) The fourth round draw was made as follows : Arsenal ( 1 ) v Norwich City ( 2 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Arsenal ( 1 ) Norwich City ( 2 ) ( show ) Holloway , London 13 : 45 BST Stadium : Emirates Stadium AFC Bournemouth ( 1 ) v Middlesbrough ( 2 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) AFC Bournemouth ( 1 ) Middlesbrough ( 2 ) 13 : 45 BST Bristol City ( 2 ) v Crystal Palace ( 1 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Bristol City ( 2 ) Crystal Palace ( 1 ) 13 : 45 BST Chelsea ( 1 ) v Everton ( 1 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Chelsea ( 1 ) Everton ( 1 ) 13 : 45 BST Leicester City ( 1 ) v Leeds United ( 2 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Leicester City ( 1 ) Leeds United ( 2 ) 13 : 45 BST Manchester City ( 1 ) v Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Manchester City ( 1 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) 13 : 45 BST Swansea City ( 1 ) v Manchester United ( 1 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Swansea City ( 1 ) Manchester United ( 1 ) 13 : 45 BST Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) v West Ham United ( 1 ) 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 ) West Ham United ( 1 ) 13 : 45 BST Controversies ( edit ) Draws ( edit ) There were a number of errors in the draw for the first round . Many fans experienced problems with the sound on the live stream from Thailand , therefore relying on the graphics . However there were also a number of errors with the graphics : Charlton Athletic were shown to be drawn in two ties , while a number of other teams including AFC Wimbledon , Brentford , Swindon Town , Norwich City , Forest Green Rovers , Wolverhampton Wanderers and Yeovil Town were all shown to have been given wrong draws . The English Football League later issued a statement apologising for the errors that had been made and stating that the draw had not been compromised with all clubs receiving confirmation of their ties . Confusion also arose over the televised portion of the second round draw , in which four second round matches were announced with the incorrect location . The cup attracted even further criticism for its draws when it was announced that the third round draw would take place in Beijing at 11 : 15 China Standard Time ( 04 : 15 British Summer Time ) . Top goalscorers ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Samuel Sáiz Leeds United Che Adams Birmingham City Tom Bradshaw Barnsley Jason Cummings Nottingham Forest Scott Hogan Aston Villa Josh Murphy Norwich City Kemar Roofe Leeds United Islam Slimani Leicester City Michy Batshuayi Chelsea Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Although these matches were originally drawn as home ties for Newport County , it was agreed to reverse the fixtures due to ongoing works at Rodney Parade . Jump up ^ Fixture rearranged after the original tie on 8 August was abandoned due to torrential rain . Jump up ^ Although this match was originally drawn as a home tie for West Ham United , it was agreed to reverse the fixture due to the 2017 World Championships taking place at London Stadium . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` EFL Cup to be known as Carabao Cup from 2017 -- 18 '' . BBC Sport. 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Manchester United 3 -- 2 Southampton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kassies , Bert . `` Preliminary Access List 2017 / 18 '' ( PDF ) . RFEF . ^ Jump up to : `` EFL Cup first - round draw in Bangkok , Thailand on Friday '' . BBC Sport. 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League and Football League : Ups & downs and European qualification '' . BBC Sport. 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Martyn ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` Video referee trials in England shelved until 2018 '' . The Times . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.kentlive.news/charlton-athletic-seeded-in-league-cup-draw-with-aston-villa-birmingham-wolves-qpr-and-fulham/story-30385518-detail/story.html ^ Jump up to : `` Carabao Cup : Round One draw confirmed '' . efl.com . The Football League . 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EFL Cup first - round draw : Sunderland away to Bury , Forest Green face MK Dons '' . BBC Sport. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EFL Cup second round draw : EFL Cup second round draw : Southampton to host Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Derby Game Rearranged '' . grimsby-townfc.co.uk . Grimsby Town FC. 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carabao Cup : Clubs to learn Round Two fate '' . efl.com . The Football League . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Round Two : Confirmed Carabao Cup draw '' . efl.com . The Football League . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Draw : Carabao Cup Round Three '' . efl.com . The Football League . 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Draw : Confirmed Carabao Cup Round Three '' . efl.com . The Football League . 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Draw : Carabao Cup Round Three '' . The Football League . 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Round Four : Draw '' . efl.com . The Football League . 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EFL Cup second round draw : Southampton to host Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11938/10999271/efl-defends-decision-to-stage-carabao-cup-draw-at-4-15am-bst Jump up ^ `` English League Cup 2017 / 2018 : Top Scorers '' . World Football . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . EFL Cup Seasons 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Finals Alan Hardaker Trophy 2017 -- 18 in English football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Senior ( 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying round ) U21 ( UEFA Euro 2019 qualifying round ) U19 ( UEFA Euro 2018 qualifying round ) U17 ( UEFA Euro 2018 finals ) League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League ( Championship , League One , League Two ) Levels 5 -- 6 National League ( National , North , South ) Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League ( Premier , North , South ) Northern Premier League ( Premier , North , South ) Southern League ( Premier , Central , South & West ) Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League ( Premier , One ) East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League ( Premier , One ) Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League ( Premier , One East , One West ) Midland League ( Premier , One ) Northern Counties East League ( Premier , One ) Northern League ( One , Two ) North West Counties League ( Premier , One ) Southern Combination League ( Premier , One ) Southern Counties East League ( Premier , One ) South West Peninsula League Premier Division ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League ( Premier , One ) United Counties League ( Premier , One ) Wessex League ( Premier , One ) Western League ( Premier , One ) West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup ( Qualifying Rounds , Final ) FA Community Shield FA Trophy ( Final ) FA Vase ( Final ) EFL cups EFL Cup ( Final ) EFL Trophy ( Final ) Youth competitions Under - 23 Professional U23 Development League Premier League Cup Under - 18 Professional U18 Development League FA Youth Cup Club seasons Premier League AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Championship Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Bolton Wanderers Brentford Bristol City Burton Albion Cardiff City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Nottingham Forest Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers League One AFC Wimbledon Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bradford City Bristol Rovers Bury Charlton Athletic Doncaster Rovers Fleetwood Town Gillingham Milton Keynes Dons Northampton Town Oldham Athletic Oxford United Peterborough United Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Rochdale Rotherham United Scunthorpe United Shrewsbury Town Southend United Walsall Wigan Athletic League Two Accrington Stanley Barnet Cambridge United Carlisle United Cheltenham Town Chesterfield Colchester United Coventry City Crawley Town Crewe Alexandra Exeter City Forest Green Rovers Grimsby Town Lincoln City Luton Town Mansfield Town Morecambe Newport County Notts County Port Vale Stevenage Swindon Town Wycombe Wanderers Yeovil Town Summer 2017 transfers Winter 2017 -- 18 transfers Summer 2018 transfers 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 16 -- ' 17 ' 17 -- ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_EFL_Cup&oldid = 802269328 '' Categories : EFL Cup seasons 2017 -- 18 in English football 2017 -- 18 European domestic association football cups 2017 -- 18 English Football League Current association football seasons Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Русский ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 01 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do the premier league teams enter the league cup	[ "All 92 clubs in the top four divisions of English football participate. In the first round, all the clubs in Football League Two and Football League One will enter alongside 22 of the 24 Football League Championship teams except for Hull City and Middlesbrough who received byes to the next round as the highest finishing teams relegated from the 2016-17 Premier League.[4] In the second round, all Premier League clubs not involved in European competition enter. Arsenal, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur all received byes to the third round owing to their participation in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.[5]" ]	[ "second round" ]
-8960287282798897368	The Flintstones (film)	The Flintstones ( film ) - wikipedia The Flintstones ( film ) The Flintstones Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Brian Levant Produced by Bruce Cohen Written by Tom S. Parker Jim Jennewein Steven E. de Souza Based on The Flintstones by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Starring John Goodman Rick Moranis Elizabeth Perkins Rosie O'Donnell Kyle MacLachlan Halle Berry Elizabeth Taylor Music by David Newman Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Kent Beyda Production company Amblin Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 27 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 27 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $46 million ( equivalent to $77.78 million in 2018 ) Box office $341.6 million ( equivalent to $577.64 million in 2018 ) The Flintstones is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Brian Levant and written by Tom S. Parker , Jim Jennewein , and Steven E. de Souza . It is a live - action motion picture adaptation of the 1960 -- 1966 animated television series of the same name . The film stars John Goodman as Fred Flintstone , Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble , Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone , and Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble , along with Kyle MacLachlan as a villainous executive - vice president of Fred 's company , Halle Berry as his seductive secretary and Elizabeth Taylor ( in her final theatrical film appearance ) , as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma 's mother . The B - 52 's ( as The BC - 52 's in the film ) performed their version of the cartoon 's theme song . The film , shot in California , was theatrically released on May 27 , 1994 , and earned almost $342 million worldwide against a $46 million budget , making it a huge box office success , despite earning negative reviews from critics . Observers criticized the storyline and tone , which they deemed too adult and mature for family audiences , as well as the casting of O'Donnell as Betty and Taylor as Pearl , but praised its visual effects , costume design , art direction , and Goodman 's performance as Fred . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Marketing 5 Home media releases 6 Prequel 7 Video game 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Bedrock , Slate International 's new CEO Cliff Vandercave and his secretary Miss Stone discuss their plan to swindle the company of its vast fortune and flee . As part of the plan , they would need one of the employees to be the scapegoat . Meanwhile , Fred Flintstone loans his best friend and neighbor Barney Rubble money so that he and his wife Betty can adopt a child . The agency pairs them up with a child named Bamm - Bamm , who can only pronounce his own name . Although the Bamm - Bamm is initially difficult to control due to being raised by mastodons , and thus have super strength , he eventually warms up to his new family . Barney vows to repay his friend Fred for his debt of gratitude . Despite his mother - in - law Pearl Slaghoople 's objections , Fred 's wife Wilma remains supportive of Fred 's decision to help Barney . Fred promises he will prove himself to her one day . As part of his scheme to find the fall - guy , Vandercave holds a company - wide aptitude test , where the worker with the highest score would become the new vice president of the company . Knowing how much Fred wants the promotion , Barney secretly switches his completed test with Fred 's , since he knows that he has a better chance than Fred . Fred receives the promotion , but his first order as vice president is to dismiss Barney , since Barney 's score , having been switched with Fred 's , is the lowest score in the company . Fred does n't want to fire his friend , but Vandercave to fire both Barney and him if he refuses . Fred reluctantly accepts , but does his best to help Barney support Vandercave his family , and even invites the Rubbles to live with them so that they can rent out their home for extra income . However , Fred 's job and newfound wealth puts a strain on his relationships with Wilma and the Rubbles . Vandercave eventually tricks Fred into dismissing more workers , over the objections of his office Dictabird . Later , Barney confronts Fred after seeing worker riots on the news , and in the heat of the argument , reveals that he switched tests with Fred . The Rubbles move out , despite having nowhere to live . Wilma and Pebbles also move out to her mother 's house , leaving Fred alone . Fred goes to the quarry and realizes his mistake when he discovers Vandercave 's plan . He finds out that Vandercave has manipulated events to make it look as if Fred stole the money , and that he has reported the stolen money to the police . A manhunt for Fred ensues , led by the police and the workers . Wilma and Betty see this on the news , and break into Slate and Co. to get the Dictabird , who serves as the only witness who can clear Fred 's name . They are , however , unaware that Vandercave has been watching them from his office window . Meanwhile , Fred , while in disguise , attempts to enter a cave where the workers are seeking refuge . However , they see through his disguise and attempt to hang him . Barney is almost hanged as well after he admits his part . Fred and Barney reconcile , but before they are lynched , Wilma and Betty arrive with the Dictabird , who tells them the true story . The workers release Fred and Barney after realizing that Vandercave was the one who fired them . Vandercave kidnaps Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm and demands the Dictabird in exchange for the children 's safe return . Fred and Barney confront Vandercave at the quarry , where Vandercave has tied Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm to a large industrial mixing machine . Though they hand him the Dictabird , Vandercave still activates the mixer to stall them while he makes a getaway . Barney rescues the children while Fred attempts to destroy the mixer . The Dictabird escapes from Vandercave and lures him back to the quarry , where Miss Stone knocks him out , having had a change of heart after learning that Vandercave was planning to betray her . The police , Wilma , Betty , and Mr. Slate arrive at the quarry while Vandercave attempts to flee , but he becomes trapped by a thick liquid substance oozing out from the mixer . With the Dictabird as witness and providing evidence against Vandercave , all charges against Fred are dropped . Though Miss Stone is arrested as Vandercave 's accomplice , Fred is confident she will be granted leniency for helping them stop Vandercave . Impressed with the qualities of the liquid substance that Fred inadvertently created when he destroyed the mixing machine , Mr. Slate dubs the substance `` concrete '' in honor of his daughter Concretia and makes plans to produce it with Fred as the president of its division . With the discovery of concrete , the Stone Age comes to an end . Having realized how his life would change for the worse with his new found wealth and status as the new president , Fred declines the promotion and asks that the workers be rehired and given the job benefits that he was initially to have received . As the Flintstones and Rubbles have finally made amends , Fred and Barney get into a humorous quarrel when Fred once again asks Barney for a small amount of money for breakfast . Cast ( edit ) John Goodman as Fred Flintstone Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble Kyle MacLachlan as Cliff Vandercave Halle Berry as Miss Stone Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople Mel Blanc as Dino ( archive audio ) - Blanc previously supplied the voice of Barney and Dino in the original cartoon series . Elaine & Melanie Silver as Pebbles Flintstone Hlynur & Marinó Sigurðsson as Bamm - Bamm Rubble - Elizabeth Daily provides Bamm - Bamm 's voice , though uncredited Dann Florek as Mr. Slate Richard Moll as Hoagie Irwin Keyes as Joe Rockhead Jim Doughan as Maitre d ' Harvey Korman as the Dictabird ( voice ) - Korman previously voiced the Great Gazoo in the original cartoon series . Jonathan Winters as Grizzled Man , a co-worker of Fred and Barney 's Jack O'Halloran as Yeti The B - 52 's as The BC - 52 's Jean Vander Pyl as Mrs. Feldspar - Vander Pyl previously voiced Wilma and Pebbles in the original cartoon series . Laraine Newman as Susan Rock Jay Leno as a talk show host William Hanna as a boardroom executive Joseph Barbera as a man driving a Mersandes Sam Raimi as Cliff Vandercave look - alike Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 1985 , producers Keith Barish and Joel Silver bought the rights for a live - action feature film version of The Flintstones and commissioned Steven E. de Souza to write a script with Richard Donner hired to direct . De Souza 's script was eventually rejected and Mitch Markowitz was hired to write a script . Said to be a cross of The Grapes of Wrath , Markowitz commented that `` I do n't even remember it that well , but Fred and Barney leave their town during a terrible depression and go across the country , or whatever that damn prehistoric thing is , looking for jobs . They wind up in trailer parks trying to keep their families together . They exhibit moments of heroism and poignancy '' . Markowitz 's version was apparently too sentimental for director Donner , who disliked it . Eventually , the rights were bought by Amblin Entertainment and Steven Spielberg who , after working with Goodman on Always , was determined to cast him in the lead as Fred . Brian Levant was hired as director , knowing he was the right person because of his love for the original series . They knew he was an avid fan of the series because of his Flintstones items collection and the knowledge he had from the series . When Levant was hired , all previous scripts were thrown out . Levant then recruited what he called an `` all - star writing team '' which consisted of his writer friends from television shows such as Family Ties , Night Court , and Happy Days . `` This is a sitcom on steroids '' , said Levant . `` We were just trying to improve it . '' Dubbed the Flintstone Eight , the group wrote a new draft but four more round table sessions ensued , each of which was attended by new talent . Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel took home a reported $100,000 for just two days work . Rick Moranis was also present at Levant 's roundtables , and later described the film as `` one of those scripts that had about 18 writers '' . The effects for Dino , Dictabird , and the other prehistoric creatures were provided by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . Casting ( edit ) Actors John Candy , Jim Belushi , Dan Aykroyd , Bill Murray , and Chevy Chase were all considered for the role of Fred Flintstone , but John Candy had died before production began , the last four actors were all deemed too skinny and a fat suit was deemed too inappropriate to be used . If Goodman had turned the role down , the film would not have been made . Geena Davis , Faith Ford , and Catherine O'Hara were all considered for the role of Wilma . Elizabeth Perkins won the role . Danny DeVito was the original first choice for Barney , but he turned down the role as he felt he was too gruff to do the character properly and reportedly suggested Rick Moranis for the role . DeVito was also considered for Fred Flintstone . Although Janine Turner was considered , Rosie O'Donnell won the role of Betty Rubble with her impersonation of the cartoon character 's signature giggle . Both Tracey Ullman and Daphne Zuniga were also considered for the role . Sharon Stone was to play Miss Stone , but turned it down because of scheduling conflicts . The role was also offered to Nicole Kidman . Anna Nicole Smith was also considered . Both Audrey Meadows and Elizabeth Montgomery were considered for the role of Pearl Slaghoople . Filming ( edit ) Parts of the film were shot at Glen Canyon in Utah as well as Los Angeles County , California . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 22 % `` Rotten '' rating based on 44 reviews with an average rating of 3.7 / 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 38 out of 100 , which indicates `` generally unfavorable reviews '' , based on 15 reviews . On Siskel and Ebert , Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two marginal thumbs down . They both mentioned that its main story lines ( embezzlement , mother - in - law problems , office politics and extra-marital affairs ) were storylines for adult films , and ones that children would not be able to understand . However , many critics praised the film 's look , faithfulness to the cartoon , Rosanna Norton 's costume designs and Goodman 's performance . A few reviews were positive , including Time magazine which said `` The Flintstones is fun '' , and Joel Siegel from ABC 's Good Morning America and WABC - TV who called the film `` pre-historical , hysterical ... great fun '' . In a 1997 interview , Joseph Barbera , co-creator of The Flintstones and co-founder of Hanna - Barbera Productions , stated that , although he was impressed by the film 's visuals , he felt the story `` was n't as good as I could have made it . '' Box office ( edit ) Despite the negative reviews , The Flintstones was a box office success , grossing $130,531,208 domestically , including the $37,182,745 it made during its 4 - day Memorial Day opening weekend in 1994 . It performed even better internationally , making another $211,100,000 overseas , for a total of $341,631,208 worldwide , against a $46 million budget . Accolades ( edit ) O'Donnell won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for her performance in this film . The film also won Worst Screenplay and was nominated for two others : Taylor as Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress ( the second performance in the film nominated for this award ) and for the film as Worst Remake or Sequel . However , the film also received four Saturn Award nominations , including Best Fantasy Film , Best Costume Design and Best Supporting Actress for O'Donnell's and Berry 's performances . Marketing ( edit ) McDonald 's marketed a number of Flintstones promotions for the film , including the return of the McRib sandwich and the `` Grand Poobah Meal '' combo with it , a line of premium glass mugs , and toys based on characters and locations from the film . In the commercials and released items for the Flintstones promotion , McDonald 's was renamed `` RocDonald 's '' with stone age imagery , similarly to other businesses and proper names in the Flintstones franchise . The Flintstones : The Movie , a video game based on the film , was developed by Ocean software and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy and Mega Drive / Genesis ( Sega Channel exclusive ) in 1995 . In the United Kingdom , Tetley promoted adverts with audio from the film , including mugs starring characters from the film . Jurassic Park , the name of another movie was also seen briefly as a park in the film . Home media releases ( edit ) The film was released , first on VHS and LaserDisc on November 8 , 1994 by MCA / Universal Home Video . It later made its debut on DVD on September 24 , 1999 and finally to Blu - ray on August 19 , 2014 . Prequel ( edit ) Main article : The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas A prequel , The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , was released in 2000 . The original main cast did not reprise their roles of the characters , though O'Donnell provided the voice of an octopus who gave massages to younger versions of Wilma and Betty . Irwin Keyes returned as Joe Rockhead , the only cast member to reprise his role from the first film . Unlike its predecessor , it disappointed at the box office . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Flintstones ( Ocean Software ) A video game based on the film was released for the Game Boy , Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Channel in both 1994 and 1995 respectively , developed by Ocean Software ( SNES ) , Twilight ( GB ) , Hi - Tech ( SC ) and published by Ocean Software . In the game , the player takes control of Fred Flintstones and has to rescue Wilma , Barney , Pebbles and Bam - Bam from Cliff Vandercave . A Sega Genesis version developed by Foley Hi - Tech and published by Ocean Software was also planned , but was later canceled and was released on the Sega Channel instead See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1994 Theatrically released films based on Hanna - Barbera cartoons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE FLINTSTONES ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 31 , 1994 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , David J. ( May 31 , 1994 ) . `` ' Flintstones ' Leaves the Rest in Its Dust Movies : The live - action film takes in $37.5 million over the weekend . Ticket - price inflation notwithstanding , it establishes a record for a Memorial Day opening , based on preliminary estimates '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` A look inside Hollywood and the movies : ' YABBA DABBA WHO ? ' : Hey ! Raquel Welch Was Good in ' One Million Years B.C. ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordinier , Jeff ; Ascher - Walsh , Rebecca ( June 3 , 1994 ) . `` Bringing `` The Flintstones '' to the Big Screen `` . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Chris Hardwick ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Nerdist Podcast : Rick Moranis '' . Nerdist Podcast ( Podcast ) . Nerdist Industries . Event occurs at 1 : 13 : 36 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Britt ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` See the Cast of ' The Flintstones ' Then and Now '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of John Candy '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mell , Eila ( 2005 ) . Casting Might - Have - Beens : A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others . McFarland . ISBN 9780786420179 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Danny DeVito '' . Splitsider . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klossner , Michael ( 2006 ) . Prehistoric Humans in Film and Television : 581 Dramas , Comedies and Documentaries , 1905 - 2004 . McFarland . ISBN 9781476609140 . Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ `` The Flintstones ( 1994 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Flintstones reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 27 , 1994 ) . `` Movie review : ' The Flintstones ' succeeds at being cartoonish . But do three dozen writers make for a good script ? Do n't take it for granite '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( May 27 , 1994 ) . `` Review / Film : The Flintstones ; Lovable And Loud , With Wits Of Stone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( May 17 , 1994 ) . `` The Flintstones '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( May 27 , 1994 ) . `` Yabba - dabba Dud '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( February 26 , 1997 ) . `` ' Joseph Barbera Interview ' '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Natale , Richard ( June 13 , 1994 ) . `` Speed Drives to a Fast Start : Movies : The thriller passes ' The Flintstones , ' while ' City Slickers II ' gallops to third at the box office '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levant , Brian ( August 19 , 2014 ) , The Flintstones , Universal Studios Home Entertainment , retrieved October 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ http://total.bee-ware.ch/tests/snes/snes_Flinstones.jpg Jump up ^ http://download.abandonware.org/magazines/Consoles%20Plus/consoleplus_numero042/Consoles%20+%20042%20-%20Page%20156%20(1995-04).jpg Jump up ^ `` The Flintstones ( Ocean ) '' . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Flintstones ( film ) The Flintstones on IMDb The Flintstones at the TCM Movie Database The Flintstones at Box Office Mojo The Flintstones at Rotten Tomatoes The Flintstones Characters The Flintstones Fred Flintstone Wilma Flintstone Pebbles Flintstone Dino The Rubbles Barney Rubble Betty Rubble Bamm - Bamm Rubble Other characters Pearl Slaghoople Captain Caveman The Frankenstones The Great Gazoo The Gruesomes The Shmoo Locations Bedrock Television series The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 1966 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Flintstone Comedy Hour / The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Fred Flintstone and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) The New Fred and Barney Show ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet The Thing ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 1982 ) The Flintstone Funnies ( 1982 -- 1984 ) The Flintstone Kids ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Dino : Stay Out ! ( 1995 , part of The What a Cartoon ! Show ) Cave Kids ( 1996 ) Dino : The Great Egg - Scape ( 1997 , part of The What a Cartoon ! Show ) Yabba - Dabba Dinosaurs ! ( 2019 ) Television specials and films Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) The Flintstones on Ice ( 1973 ) Energy : A National Issue ( 1977 ) A Flintstone Christmas ( 1977 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) The Flintstones : Little Big League ( 1978 ) The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone ( 1980 ) The Flintstone Primetime Specials The Flintstones ' New Neighbors ( 1980 ) Fred 's Final Fling ( 1980 ) Wind - Up Wilma ( 1981 ) Jogging Fever ( 1981 ) Yogi 's First Christmas ( 1980 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) The Flintstones ' 25th Anniversary Celebration ( 1986 ) The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones ( 1987 ) The Flintstone Kids ' `` Just Say No '' Special ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) I Yabba - Dabba Do ! ( 1993 ) Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby ( 1993 ) A Flintstone Family Christmas ( 1993 ) A Flintstones Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) The Flintstones : On the Rocks ( 2001 ) Theatrical films Animated The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Live - action The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Direct - to - video films The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Video games The Flintstones ( 1988 ) The Flintstones : The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy ( 1991 ) The Flintstones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : Surprise at Dinosaur Peak ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : The Treasure of Sierra Madrock ( 1994 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 / 1995 ) The Flintstones : Bedrock Bowling ( 2000 ) Comics The Flintstones ( 2016 ) Other media Meet the Flintstones Pinball Pebbles cereal Flintstones Chewable Vitamins The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) See also The Jetsons Films directed by Brian Levant Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Theatrical feature films produced by or based upon works by Hanna - Barbera Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! ( 1964 ) The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) C.H.O.M.P.S. ( 1979 ) Heidi 's Song ( 1982 ) GoBots : Battle of the Rock Lords ( 1986 ) Rock Odyssey ( 1987 ) Jetsons : The Movie ( 1990 ) Tom and Jerry : The Movie ( 1992 ) Once Upon a Forest ( 1993 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Yogi Bear ( 2010 ) Top Cat : The Movie ( 2011 ) Top Cat Begins ( 2015 ) Scooby ( 2020 ) GND : 4799724 - 2 VIAF : 219200620 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flintstones_(film)&oldid=853906427 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films The Flintstones films 1990s buddy films 1990s comedy films Amblin Entertainment films American buddy films American children 's comedy films American films Buddy comedy films Dinosaur films Films about adoption Films directed by Brian Levant Films set in prehistory Films shot in California Live - action films based on animated series Hanna - Barbera films Universal Pictures films Films scored by David Newman Ten - pin bowling films Films shot in Utah Hanna - Barbera animated films Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 Use mdy dates from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 18 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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6048540618556925239	Bank holiday	Bank holiday - wikipedia Bank holiday Jump to : navigation , search This article is about public holidays in the United Kingdom and Ireland . For bank holidays elsewhere and all other uses , see Bank holiday ( disambiguation ) . A bank holiday is a colloquial and legal term for a public holiday in the United Kingdom , some Commonwealth countries , Hong Kong and the Republic of Ireland . There is no automatic right to time off on these days , although banks close and the majority of the working population is granted time off work or extra pay for working on these days , depending on their contract . The first official bank holidays were the four days named in the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , but today the term is colloquially used for Good Friday and Christmas Day which were already public holidays under common law and therefore not official bank holidays in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In the United Kingdom 2.1 Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 2.2 Royal proclamation 2.3 In Scotland 2.4 Campaigns for extra bank holidays 2.5 Proposed move of May Day Bank Holiday ( England and Wales ) 2.6 1968 Emergency Bank Holiday 2.7 UK Bank Holiday sales 2.7. 1 Boxing Day 3 List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Isle of Man 4 In Australia 5 In Hong Kong 6 In India 7 In Ireland 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Until 1834 , the Bank of England observed about 33 saints ' days and religious festivals as holidays , but in that year this was reduced to four : 1 May ( May Day ) , 1 November ( All Saints ' Day ) , Good Friday and Christmas Day . In 1871 , the first legislation relating to bank holidays was passed when Liberal politician and banker Sir John Lubbock introduced the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , which specified the days in the table below . Under the Act , no person was compelled to make any payment or to do any act upon a bank holiday which he would not be compelled to do or make on Christmas Day or Good Friday , and the making of a payment or the doing of an act on the following day was equivalent to doing it on the holiday . People were so grateful that some called the first Bank Holidays St Lubbock 's Days for a while . Scotland was treated separately because of its separate traditions : for example , New Year is a more important holiday there . Bank holidays 1871 England , Wales and Ireland Scotland New Year 's Day Easter Monday Good Friday Whit Monday First Monday in May First Monday in August First Monday in August Boxing Day / St Stephen 's Day Christmas Day The Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England , Wales , or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays : they had been customary holidays since time immemorial . In 1903 , the Bank Holiday ( Ireland ) Act added 17 March , Saint Patrick 's Day , as a bank holiday for Ireland only . New Year 's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974 . In the United Kingdom ( edit ) Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 ( edit ) Commencing in 1965 , on an experimental basis , the August Bank Holiday weekend was observed at the end of August `` to give a lead in extending British holidays over a longer summer period '' . Each year 's date was announced in Parliament on an ad - hoc basis , to the despair of the calendar and diary publishing trade . The rule seems to have been to select the weekend of the last Saturday in August , so that in 1968 and 1969 Bank Holiday Monday actually fell in September . A century after the 1871 Act , the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK , was passed . The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act : however New Year 's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively . The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August , and the Whitsun bank holiday ( Whit Monday ) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday , fixed as the last Monday in May . In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK , and the final Monday of May in Scotland , were designated as bank holidays . In January 2007 , the St Andrew 's Day Bank Holiday ( Scotland ) Act 2007 was given royal assent , making 30 November ( or the nearest Monday if a weekend ) a bank holiday in Scotland . Royal proclamation ( edit ) Under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , bank holidays are proclaimed each year by the legal device of a royal proclamation . Royal proclamation is also used to move bank holidays that would otherwise fall on a weekend . In this way , public holidays are not ' lost ' in years when they coincide with weekends . These deferred bank holiday days are termed a ' bank holiday in lieu ' of the typical anniversary date . In the legislation they are known as ' substitute days ' . The movement of the St Andrew 's Day Scottish holiday to the nearest Monday when 30 November is a weekend day is statutory and does not require a proclamation . In Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Public and bank holidays in Scotland A number of differences apply in Scotland relative to the rest of the United Kingdom . For example , Easter Monday is not a bank holiday . Also , although they share the same name , the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland , as opposed to the last Monday in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Despite this , it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first . Bank holidays do not , however , assume the same importance in Scotland as they do elsewhere . Whereas they have effectively become public holidays elsewhere in the United Kingdom , in Scotland there remains a tradition of public holidays based on local tradition and determined by local authorities ( for example , the Glasgow Fair and the Dundee Fortnight ) . In 1996 , Scottish banks made the business decision to harmonise their own holidays with the rest of the United Kingdom , with the result that ' bank holidays ' in Scotland are neither public holidays nor the days on which banks are closed . Campaigns for extra bank holidays ( edit ) The number of holidays in the UK is relatively small compared to many other European countries . However , direct comparison is inaccurate since the ' substitute day ' scheme of deferment does not apply in most European countries , where holidays that coincide with a weekend ( 29 % of fixed - date holidays ) are ' lost ' . In fact , the average number of non-weekend holidays in such countries is only marginally higher ( and in some cases lower ) than the UK . Worth mentioning is that public holidays in Europe which fall on Thursday or Tuesday typically become `` puente '' or `` bridge '' four - day or even six - day extended holiday weekends as people tend to use one or two days from their holiday entitlement to take off Monday and / or Friday . There have been calls for more bank holidays . Among the most notable dates absent from the existing list are the feast days of patron saints ; 23 April ( St George 's Day and widely regarded as the birthday of William Shakespeare ) in England and 1 March ( St David 's Day ) in Wales are not currently recognised. 17 March ( St Patrick 's Day ) is a public holiday in Northern Ireland and , since 2008 , 30 November ( St Andrew 's Day ) is a bank holiday in Scotland . St Piran 's Day ( patron saint of Cornwall ) on 5 March is already given as an unofficial day off to many government and other workers in the county , and there are renewed calls for the government to recognise this as an official bank holiday there . Proposed move of May Day bank holiday ( England and Wales ) ( edit ) After the election of the Coalition Government in May 2010 , the Department of Culture , Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October , to be a `` UK Day '' or `` Trafalgar Day '' ( 21 October ) or to St David 's Day and St George 's Day . It is suggested that a move from the May bank holiday to a St Piran 's Day bank holiday in Cornwall , on 5 March , would benefit the Cornish economy by £ 20 -- 35 million . 1968 emergency bank holiday ( edit ) During the sterling crisis of 1968 , Prime Minister Harold Wilson convened a meeting of the privy council in the early hours of 14 March to declare 15 March a non-statutory bank holiday . This allowed the UK government to close the London gold market to stem the losses being suffered by the British pound . It was this meeting that triggered the resignation of Foreign Secretary George Brown . UK bank holiday sales ( edit ) In the UK every bank holiday retailers display large sales to entice people to shop on their bank holiday days off . Sales can reach up to 70 % off across certain stores . Customers will normally wait for these sales to purchase their home electronics and furniture . The sales are on every year but the bank holiday sales dates can change from year to year . In the UK Argos , Currys and Amazon are the largest retailers that not only have the biggest sales but also see the most revenue over these days . Boxing Day ( edit ) Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated in Britain , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and other Commonwealth countries . Boxing Day originated in England in the middle of the nineteenth century under Queen Victoria . For years in which the holiday falls on a weekend , the celebration is moved to make sure workers still get a day off ( except in Canada , where it remains 26 Dec . ) In the UK it is classed as a Bank Holiday . List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the isle of man ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in the United Kingdom , Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland , and Public holidays in the Isle of Man Current bank and public holidays Date Name England and Wales ( 8 ) Scotland ( 9 ) Northern Ireland ( 10 ) Republic of Ireland ( 9 ) Isle of Man ( 10 ) 1 January New Year 's Day Y Y Y Y Y 2 January 2 January Y 17 March St Patrick 's Day Y Y The Friday before Easter Sunday Good Friday Y Y Y Y The Monday after Easter Sunday Easter Monday Y Y Y Y First Monday in May May Day , Early May Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y Y Last Monday in May Spring Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y First Monday in June June Bank Holiday Y First Friday in June TT Bank Holiday Y 5 July Tynwald Day Y 12 July The Twelfth , Battle of the Boyne Y First Monday in August Summer Bank Holiday Y Y Last Monday in August Late Summer Bank Holiday , August Bank Holiday Y Y Y Last Monday in October October Bank Holiday Y 30 November St Andrew 's Day Y 25 December Christmas Day Y Y Y Y Y 26 December Boxing Day , St Stephen 's Day Y Y Y Y Y In 1995 the May Bank Holiday was moved to 8 May for the 50th anniversary of VE Day In the past , additional one - off bank holidays have included : ( i ) Wednesday 14 November 1973 , to celebrate the Wedding of Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey ; ( ii ) Tuesday 7 June 1977 , to celebrate The Queen 's Silver Jubilee ; ( iii ) Wednesday 29 July 1981 , to celebrate the Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer at St. Paul 's Cathedral ; ( iv ) Friday 31 December 1999 , to enable people to prepare for the festivities to mark the arrival of the new millennium ; ( v ) Monday 3 June 2002 to celebrate The Queen 's Golden Jubilee ( Spring Bank Holiday was moved to Tuesday 4 June 2002 ) ; ( vi ) Friday 29 April 2011 , to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton ; ( vii ) Tuesday 5 June 2012 , to celebrate The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Notes ^ Jump up to : When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday , the following Monday is normally designated a public holiday instead . When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday ( and thus 26 December on a Sunday ) , Monday 27 December and Tuesday 28 December are the designated substitute public holidays . Jump up ^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to 8 May -- to commemorate the 50th anniversary of VE Day . Jump up ^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton , making a four - day weekend as May day was on the following Monday . `` Royal Wedding : Prince William and Kate set date '' . BBC . 23 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ In 2002 this holiday was moved to 4 June . This caused it to follow an extra bank holiday on 3 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ In 2012 this holiday was moved to 4 June . It was then followed by an extra holiday on 5 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 June 1998 , Hansard , 3 June 1998 , retrieved 28 January 2012 . In Australia ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Australia § Other holidays Public holidays are not generally known as `` bank holidays '' in Australia , although in the state of Victoria , where all statutory holidays , their substitutes , and Saturdays are legally defined as `` bank holidays '' . In two other states there are two particular public holidays , for specific occupations only , which are officially known as `` Bank Holiday '' : in New South Wales has a `` Bank Holiday '' on the first Monday in August -- for bank employees only . in Tasmania , Easter Tuesday is a holiday for bank and government employees only . In Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the term `` bank holiday '' is used colloquially to refer to public holidays , since banks are normally closed on these days , along with government offices , the legislature , courts , and educational institutions . Hong Kong has maintained a distinction between public holidays and statutory holidays , only the latter of which are mandatory for all employees ; the number of days for the latter is fewer by five days . In India ( edit ) Main article : Bank holidays in India In India , 15 of the public holidays are bank holidays . In Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland In Ireland , `` bank holiday '' is a colloquial term , sometimes used incorrectly for what are officially `` public holidays '' . A bank holiday in Ireland are only days in which Bank employees are off , e.g. Good Friday is a Bank Holiday , but not a Public Holiday . See also ( edit ) List of holidays by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays and British Summer Time : Directgov -- Government , citizens and rights '' . Direct.gov.uk. 29 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays -- GOV.UK '' . gov.uk. 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 22 May 2007 ) . `` Bank Holiday Fact File '' ( PDF ) . TUC press release . TUC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bank Holidays '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Olmert , Michael ( 1996 ) . Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p. 170 . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays ( Ireland ) Bill '' . Hansard , the Official Report of debates in Parliament . UK Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday on the Last Monday in August '' . The Times Digital Archive. 5 March 1964 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Dilemma on Diary Dates '' . The Times Digital Archive. 27 January 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday Dates For 1967 And 1968 '' . The Times Digital Archive. 4 June 1965 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Bank Holidays '' . The Times Digital Archive. 22 March 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ready , Nigel P. ; Brooke , Richard ( 2002 ) , Brooke 's notary ( 12 ed . ) , Sweet & Maxwell , p. 479 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 421 - 67280 - 2 Jump up ^ Scrope , Henry ; Barnett , Daniel ( 2008 ) , Employment Law Handbook ( 4 ed . ) , Henry Scrope , p. 135 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85328 - 674 - 2 Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ; Stowe , Moira F. ( 1980 ) , The Guinness book of answers : a handbook of general knowledge ( 3 ed . ) , Guinness Superlatives , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 202 - 1 Jump up ^ Morrow , Thomas . `` Bank Holidays a history '' . Bank Holidays a history by Thomas Morrow . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Britain Parliament House of Lords European Union Committee ( 2007 ) , Modernising European Union labour law : has the UK anything to gain ? , report with evidence , 22nd report of session 2006 -- 07 , The Stationery Office , p. 100 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 10 - 485171 - 5 Jump up ^ Union leaders are campaigning for an extra bank holiday BBC News 27 October 2004 Jump up ^ Schoenbaum 1987 , 24 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Renewed call for St Piran holiday '' . BBC News . 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ( 5 March 2009 ) . `` Cornwall workers given an unofficial day off for St Pirans Day '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.culture.gov.uk/consultations/8068.aspx Jump up ^ `` Cornish National Holiday worth £ 35m '' . Western Morning News . 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statesman who bottled out : ' Tired and Emotional : The Life of Lord George Brown ' '' . The Independent . 9 May 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Bank holidays and British Summer Time , Directgov , 8 February 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Bank holidays , NIDirect , 6 April 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Public holidays , Citizens Information Board , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://touchstoneblog.org.uk/2010/11/royal-wedding-give-workers-a-day-off-to-toast-will-and-kate/ Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/2002 Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays Act 1993 ( Vic ) s . 9 '' ( PDF ) . Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents . Parliament of Victoria . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Annual leave and public holidays ( Ireland ) Calendar of all legal Public and Bank Holidays worldwide , until 2050 FirstCaribbean International Bank : Bank Holidays in the Caribbean region Bank Holidays 2016 in India List of Bank Holidays and other significant days for the UK Bank Holiday dates for the UK , Scotland and Northern Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_holiday&oldid=831838768 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United Kingdom British culture Irish culture Holidays Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 12 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did new years day become bank holiday	[ "A century after the 1871 Act, the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK, was passed.[11] The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act: however New Year's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively.[12] The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August, and the Whitsun bank holiday (Whit Monday) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday, fixed as the last Monday in May.[13] In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK, and the final Monday of May in Scotland, were designated as bank holidays.[14]" ]	[ "1974" ]

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